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Most of the events related to the GroupPolicy source appear in pairs. Group Policy processing includes a start event and an end event. The Event IDs within the 4000 range are all start events. These events are followed by events that fall in the other ranges, which are all ending events: error, fail, information, or success. Pairing the events will help you identify problems more quickly when using the Event Viewer and logs.
Table 6 summarizes all event IDs that occur in the System log for Group Policy.
Failed Allocation: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to allocate memory fails.
DS Bind Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to authenticate to Active Directory fails.
Site Query Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when, using the credentials of the user or computer, an attempt to query the Active Directory Site fails.
GPO Query Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to query a Group Policy objects fails.
Computer Role Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to determine the role of the computer (workgroup, domain member, or domain controller) fails.
Username Resolution Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to resolve a user name fails.
DC Resolution Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to obtain the name of a domain controller fails.
Computer Name Resolution Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to resolve a computer name fails.
Policy Read Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to read the GPT.ini file of a Group Policy object fails.
WMI Evaluation Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to evaluate a WMI filter fails.
GPO Search Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to obtain a list of Group Policy objects fails.
OU Search Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to search the Active Directory Organizational Unit hierarchy fails.
CSE Failure Warning: The Group Policy service logs this event when a Group Policy CSE fails.
Excessive GPO Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when the scope of Group Policy objects for a computer or user exceeds 999.
RSOP Session Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an RSoP session fails.
WMI Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when it encounters errors with the WMI service.
RSOP CSE Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when a Group Policy CSE fails to record RSoP information.
RSOP Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an error occurs while recording RSoP information.
Registry.pol Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to read the registry.pol file fails.
Computer Token Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to read the computer’s authentication token fails.
Object Not Found Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to locate an Active Directory object fails.
WMI Filter Not Found Warning: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to locate an associated WMI filter fails.
Cross Forest GP Disabled Warning: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt is disabled to process Group Policy across a forest.
Cross Forest Discovery Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt fails to determine whether the user and computer belong to the same forest.
CSE Synchronous Warning: The Group Policy service logs this event when a Group Policy CSE requires synchronous policy processing to apply one or more policy settings.
Time Skew Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when the time on the local computer is not synchronized with the time on the domain controller.
CSE Disabled Warning: The Group Policy service logs this event when it disables a Group Policy CSE to prevent unexpected termination of the Group Policy service.
DC Connectivity Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when there is an absence of authenticated connectivity from the computer to the domain controller.
Script Failure: The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt fails to run a script.
Computer Policy Processing: The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing completes without encountering new policy settings.
User Policy Processing: The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing completes without encountering new policy settings.
Computer Policy Processing: The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing completes with new or changed policy settings.
User Policy Processing: The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing completes with new or changed policy settings.
Table 7 summarizes all Event IDs that occur in the Group Policy operational log.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing begins.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing completes with one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing begins.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing completes with one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a network change triggers the start of an instance of computer Group Policy processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a network change, completes with one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a network change, fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a network change, completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a network change triggers the start of an instance of user Group Policy processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a network change, completes with one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a network change, fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a network change, completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a manual refresh triggers the start of an instance of computer Group Policy processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a manual refresh, completes with one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a manual refresh, fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a manual refresh, completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a manual refresh triggers the start of an instance of user Group Policy processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a manual refresh, completes with one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a manual refresh, fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a manual refresh, completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a periodic refresh triggers the start of an instance of computer Group Policy processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a periodic refresh, completes with one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a periodic refresh, fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of computer Group Policy processing, triggered by a periodic refresh, completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a periodic refresh triggers the start of an instance of user Group Policy processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a periodic refresh, completes with one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a periodic refresh, fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an instance of user Group Policy processing, triggered by a periodic refresh, completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event each time a Group Policy CSE begins processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a Group Policy CSE completes its processing successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a Group Policy CSE completes its processing while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a Group Policy CSE fails to complete its processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event to mark the beginning of the service making a system call.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a system call completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a system call completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when a system call fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when it begins to process Group Policy scripts.
The Group Policy service logs this event when Group Policy scripts processing completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when Group Policy scripts processing completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when Group Policy scripts processing fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when it begins to process an individual script during the processing of Group Policy scripts.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an individual script, during Group Policy script processing, completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an individual script, during Group Policy script processing, completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an individual script, during Group Policy script processing, fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when it begins to discover an Active Directory domain controller.
The Group Policy service logs this event when the discovery of an Active Directory domain controller completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when the discovery of an Active Directory domain controller completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when the discovery of an Active Directory domain controller fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about a discovered domain controller completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about a discovered domain controller completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about a discovered domain controller fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about a computer completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about a computer completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about a computer fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display security principal information about a user completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display security principal information about a user completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display security principal information about a user fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about loopback processing mode completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about loopback processing mode completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about loopback processing mode fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display a list of applied Group Policy objects completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display a list of applied Group Policy objects completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display a list of applied Group Policy objects fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display a list of filtered Group Policy objects completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display a list of filtered Group Policy objects completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display a list of filtered Group Policy objects fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display network information completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display network information completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display network information fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about the next instance of Group Policy processing completes successfully.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about the next instance of Group Policy processing completes while encountering one or more errors.
The Group Policy service logs this event when an attempt to display information about the next instance of Group Policy processing fails to complete.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display successful information about the current instance of Group Policy processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display warning information about the current instance of Group Policy processing.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display failure information about the current instance of Group Policy processing.
The events that end in 1 in these criteria typically have more verbose information in the log, but the information is similar to those events that end in 0.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display successful information about the service waiting for the network.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display warning information about the service waiting for the network.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display failure information about the service waiting for the network.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display successful information about a notification received from Winlogon.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display warning information about a notification received from Winlogon.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display failure information about a notification received from Winlogon.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display successful information about a notification received from the Service Control Manager.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display warning information about a notification received from the Service Control Manager.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display failure information about a notification received from the Service Control Manager.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display successful information about network bandwidth.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display warning information about network bandwidth.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display failure information about network bandwidth.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display successful information about the Group Policy service’s configuration.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display warning information about the Group Policy service’s configuration.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display failure information about the Group Policy service’s configuration.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display warning information about the operability of the NLA service.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display failure information about the operability of the NLA service.
The Group Policy service logs this event to display warning information about a Group Policy CSE that failed in an earlier instance of Group Policy processing. | 2019-04-20T09:16:45Z | http://programming4.us/desktop/23712.aspx |
Hack Features:- Dumb Goalkeeper - The AI goalkeeper will stand still and not jump. Works offline & online!- Dumb Wall - The AI wall will stand still in the goal and not jump. Works offline & online!
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Reigns: Game of Thrones is the heir to the award-winning HBO® TV series Game of Thrones® and the smash-hit swipe ‘em up series Reigns from Nerial and Devolver Digital. Through the fiery visions of Melisandre, claim the Iron Throne as Cersei Lannister, Jon Snow, Daenerys Targaryen, and more to carefully navigate the complex relationships and hostile factions of the Seven Kingdoms. Employ ruthless tactics to outwit political rivals and wield impervious charm on your fickle bannerman. Maintain the balance and favor of the people to extend your reign and maybe, one day, survive the horrors of the coming winter.A Formidable Cast: Rule from the Iron Throne as Cersei Lannister, Jon Snow, Daenerys Targaryen, Tyrion Lannister, Sansa Stark, and more. Change between each king and queen you unlock to face challenges and mysteries unique to their story.Impose Your Will: Swipe left or right to change the fate of the Seven Kingdoms forever as you hear the impassioned pleas and unpredictable demands from the people of Westeros. If a particular character becomes bothersome, tear their card in half to unburden Your Majesty with their concerns – but at what cost?Reenvision Westeros: Melisandre’s visions are your playing field and extend beyond the TV series to imagine the many fates of those that would sit upon the Iron Throne. Rebuild the Great Sept of Baelor as Cersei or discover the path of the Seven Kingdoms if Sansa Stark had married Jaime Lannister.Regal Mini Games: Even the most powerful rulers need to set aside their worries and partake in more trivial matters now and then. From jousting to tavern brawls, these distractions aren’t without consequence!A Grander Reigns: Fans of the Reigns series will be delighted with the biggest, deepest entry in the series that does not simply retell the stories you know but rather lets you create new adventures at your whim.Iconic Soundtrack: Decide the fate of Westeros and those that reside in your land to the soaring score of the HBO series by Ramin Djawadi.©2018 Home Box Office, Inc. All Rights Reserved. HBO and related trademarks are the property of Home Box Office, Inc.
Hack Features:- Unlimited Hints- IAP FREE- Purchase an IAP, then tap on the 'Cancel' button to receive the in-app purchase.
Hack Features: IAP FREEClick on the in-app purchase item, the game will pop up the appleid account and password, click Cancel, it will automatically get the in-app purchase item.This hack only works on x64 or ARM64 iDevices: iPhone 5s, 6, 6 Plus, 6s, 6s Plus, 7, 7 Plus, 8, 8 Plus, X, SE, iPod Touch 6G, iPad Air, Air 2, Pro & iPad Mini 2, 3, 4 and later.
Hack Fearure: Unlock all clothes, shoes, glasses, etc.
Hack Features:- Unlimited Credits - Earn some to receive an unlimited amount.- Unlimited Medals- Unlimited Ammo - Will not decrease.
Hack Features:Weak Enemies - Enemies Have Low HP , DEF & ATK-NEWThis hack only works on x64 or ARM64 iDevices: iPhone 5s, 6, 6 Plus, 6s, 6s Plus, 7, 7 Plus, 8, 8 Plus, X, SE, iPod Touch 6G, iPad Air, Air 2, Pro & iPad Mini 2, 3, 4 and later.
Hack Features:- unlimited gems (complete some tasks )- unlimited coins (complete some tasks )- unlimited energy! Energy doesn't decrease!
Hack Features:- Freeze Crowns- Freeze Food- Freeze Gold- Freeze OilCurrency won''''t subtract when using them! Does not work for speeding up big things like buildings.Note:You are using this hack at your own risk. We will not be held responsible if something happens to your account.
It's time to start the engines. Huge trucks and European roads are waiting for exploration. Drive, sleep, upgrade, deliver, fight exhaustion and try to always be on time. Gain experience and unlock new shipments, trucks, and upgrades to improve your payout. Be the best Euro Truck Driver!With 18 European cities, 10 countries, endless roads and highways Truck Simulator PRO Europe is the first choice for each simulation fan. Endless customization, painting and upgrades options, advanced economics with assistants, fatigue system and hunger and above all breathtaking 3D graphics guarantee fun for hours of gameplay. Features:- 18 European cities and 10 countries to discover- 6 trucks with different driving models that you can customize and upgrade (more coming soon)- Over 30 different types of shipment to deliver- Breathtaking open world to explore- Realistic fuel consumption and fatigue system- Expanded customization- Realistic speed limits for each country- Hundreds of different quests- Detailed interior view of each truck- Hire additional drivers to expand your trucker empire- Realistic modes including clutch and steering wheel- Experience system with perksIf you're a truck simulator fan don't hesitate any longer. Start your euro truck adventure, download now!
Now, you can DRAW movies, AND you can draw ON movies! Cute CUT’s powerful, easy-to-use editing features put YOU in control, allowing you to make the highest quality movies, DIFFERENT from anything you’ve seen!Do you want to create your own unique movie? Cute CUT’s robust and intuitive feature set will have you doing so in no time, drawing gorgeous, one-of-a-kind movies and so much more!
We’re continually working to enrich and strengthen Cute CUT’s top-tier functionality, and its refreshingly simple, unique presence in today’s digital market. Are you with us? Join more than one million others who’ve dared to discover the delightful difference that’s Cute CUT!===================================================================Key Features:- User-Friendly UI.
Just drag and drop; you can arrange your media segments easily.Sleek, bookshelf-style organizer showcases your movies.UI supports both portrait and landscape modes.
- Make DIFFERENT movies, make movies DIFFERENT!Supports SIMULTANEOUS Adding of UP TO SIX different types of media into movie projects: Video, Photo (both from Album or Camera), as well as SELF-DRAW, Text, Music, and Voice. - Supports various Resolutions and Aspect Ratios, including HD (16:9), SD (4:3), SQUARE (1:1) and even Portrait Mode!Creating a PIP (Picture-In-Picture) movie is EASY: Merely place one movie atop another; Cute CUT even supports independent Resizing of each and every video segment! - Draw directly on movie.30+ drawing tools. - 3 Advanced Brushes for pro effects: Texture, Linear Gradient, Radial Gradient, gradients editable.- Highly customizable transitions.- 20+ Pre-Defined Transitions.- Transparency, Border, Corner, Shadow, Transform, and Sound Volume ... ALL Customizable!- Share Your Movie.Export to Camera Roll.Send to YouTube/Facebook.Send via e-mail.
-This game requires 512 megs of ram. Because of this, the game will not work on iPod gen 3 or 4 or other low-memory devices. Welcome back to the new and improved Freddy Fazbear''''s Pizza! In Five Nights at Freddy''''s 2, the old and aging animatronics are joined by a new cast of characters. They are kid-friendly, updated with the latest in facial recognition technology, tied into local criminal databases, and promise to put on a safe and entertaining show for kids and grown-ups alike! What could go wrong? As the new security guard working nights, your job is to monitor cameras and make sure nothing goes wrong after-hours. The previous guard has complained about the characters trying to get into the office (he has since been moved to day-shift). So to make your job easier, you''''ve been provided with your very own empty Freddy Fazbear head, which should fool the animatronic characters into leaving you alone if they should accidentally enter your office. As always, Fazbear Entertainment is not responsible for death or dismemberment.
Hack Features: IAP FREEClick on the in-app purchase item, the game will pop up the appleid account and password, click Cancel, it will automatically get the in-app purchase item.
Kodi is available as a native application for Android, Linux, Mac OS X, iOS, and Windows operating systems, running on most common processor architectures. A small overview of the features can be found on our about page. For each platform, we offer a stable and development release(s). For normal users we recommend installing the stable releases. IMPORTANT: The official Kodi version does not contain any content whatsoever. This means that you should provide your own content from a local or remote storage location, DVD, Blu-Ray or any other media carrier that you own. Additionally Kodi allows you to install third-party plugins that may provide access to content that is freely available on the official content provider website. The watching or listening of illegal or pirated content which would otherwise need to be paid for is not endorsed or approved by Team Kodi.
- IGF CHINA 2015 Excellence Award - GMGC 2016 Nomination - Golden Plume Award 2017 Most Expected Console Game Original Journey is a shooting game with 2D graphics in cartoon style. Its fun gameplay consists of roguelike stages and various sci-fi mechas and weapons. Deep in the universe lies a mysterious planet called the Planet Shadow--A ogreish name that implies lethal gas, floating islands and dark secrets. To save your motherland, you will be travelling to this dangerous destination with the Ato-Ma to explore the magical energy there. You will be playing as a recruit of the Ato-Ma forces, exploring the planet under the leadership of Captain Colin, the legendary hero. In order to change the destiny of your homeland, you must improve your skills, upgrade your equipments and find out all the secrets hidden behind this expedition. What would you do to save your own race, even if you are only a soldier? Feature · Breath-taking story of the Ato-Ma · Countless combinations of weapons · Deployment strategies of supportive turrets · Secrets hidden behind hundreds of roguelike maps · Various mechas · Fun side quests including the shooting match against the Old Hunter and the running race against Lovely.
Hack Features:- No Bomb- Infinite Starfruit-Slice starfruit in-game, it will give you 65525 starfruit- Center Fruit (Your fruit will spawn and stayed in center then fall)- Max Level- Always Critical- Score x10 This hack only works on x64 or ARM64 iDevices: iPhone 5s, 6, 6 Plus, 6s, 6s Plus, 7, 7 Plus, 8, 8 Plus, X, SE, iPod Touch 6G, iPad Air, Air 2, Pro & iPad Mini 2, 3, 4 and later.
Create your own adventures in a dangerous land of monsters, treasures and traps. From renowned authors Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone (co-founders of Games Workshop) and Nomad Games, Fighting Fantasy Legends is a role-playing card game set in the world of Fighting Fantasy. Travel across the land of Allansia with just a sword and some gold to your name and rise up to Legendary status. Play through the stories of three iconic gamebooks - City of Thieves, The Warlock of Firetop Mountain and Citadel of Chaos. Each location has a shuffled deck of cards which includes fiendish creatures, powerful objects and dramatic events. You must build up your collection of powerful treasures and level-up your dice to have any chance of surviving the dangerous streets of Port Blacksand, the murky depths of Firetop Mountain or the looming shadows of The Citadel. The world needs a Hero... you will give them a Legend. • Based on the multi-million selling series of Fighting Fantasy Books. • A card-based role-playing game with Roguelike elements. • Thousands of choices ensure that no two games are ever the same. • Uses the classic Skill/Stamina/Luck attributes. • Take on powerful adversaries, such as Balthus Dire, Zagor the Warlock and Zanbar Bone. • Kill monsters and add them to your Creature Codex. • Travel across the region of Northern Allansia. • Introducing a dice combat system unique to this game, where the player can upgrade their dice as they level-up. • Meet iconic characters, such as Nicodemus the Wizard, Gareth Yaztromo and O''''Seamus the Leprechaun. • Earn Titles based on your deeds. • Three difficulty levels. • Permadeath mode - not for the faint hearted. • Play exciting dice games, such as Runestones, Knifey Knifey and Dwarf Dice.
Researchers at Monash University have developed the low FODMAP diet and a corresponding app to assist in the management of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The Monash University FODMAP diet works by swapping foods high in fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs), with low FODMAP alternatives. Around 75% of people with IBS experience symptom relief on a low FODMAP diet.The app comes directly from the research team at Monash and includes the following:- General information about the FODMAP diet and IBS.- Easy to understand tutorials to guide you through the app and the 3-Step FODMAP diet.- A Food Guide detailing the FODMAP content for hundreds of foods using a simple 'traffic light system'. - A list of branded products that have been certified by Monash as low FODMAP.- A collection of over 70 nutritious, low FODMAP recipes.- Functions that allow you to create your own shopping list and add notes to individual foods- A Diary that enables you to record food eaten, IBS symptoms, bowel habits and stress levels. The Diary will also guide you through step 2 of the diet - FODMAP reintroduction.- The ability to adjust units of measurement (metric or imperial) and activate colour blindness assistance.
Hack Features:- Unlimited Coins - Spend some to receive an unlimited amount.- Unlimited Diamonds - Spend some to receive an unlimited amount.- Unlimited Tournament Tickets - Spend some to receive an unlimited amount.
Movie Box is best entertaining freeware for your smart devices such as mobile phones, tabs & iPads. This app allows users to stream & download HD videos including Movies, TV shows and Music directly on your smart device without any problem. So, that’s why millions of movie lovers are using MovieBox app all around the world at this moment.
***ON-SALE TODAY $19.99 (Reg. $29.99)***This is the original version of Vizzywig from 2012 thru 2014. The NEW 2017 version is $99 (sold separately on the AppStore). The world''''s first all-in-one, movie-making application for iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch that lets you record, edit, and preview in real time! You can even connect multiple cameras.VISIT: Vizzywig.com/support/(For YouTube Tutorials and our Quick Start Guide PDF)Import clips, add transitions, overlay snapshots and titles, set in/out points, split clips and set background music while you capture the event. When the event is over, simply tap DONE and your finished movie is rendered in minutes complete with a studio intro, titles, transitions and even Hollywood-style scrolling credits. MULTI-CAMERA RECORDINGVizzywig also lets you record and live-switch from up to 16 iOS devices at the same time using our amazing remote camera feature or create multiple-angle music videos in minutes with a single camera using our new "Create Music Video" multi-clip feature. ** Watch the demo: Vizzywig.com/demo **• Edit while filming. Add music, credits & more• Multi-camera recording & seamless sharing• WINNER: Macworld "Best of Show" Award• Import up to 30 clips or photos in one step• Seamlessly record, edit and share your videos in minutes.• Add transitions, preview your shots, trim clips and rearrange sequences.• Insert intros, titles, credits, photos and music.••• OVER 1.7 MILLION USERS WORLDWIDE •••PLUS! Connect up to 16 iOS devices over Wi-Fi so you can view, switch camera angles, record and edit… all on the fly!Here’s what the critics are saying:“Easy and powerful.” – Jackie Dove, Macworld.com“A robust multi-camera video-editing suite.” – Kelly Hodgkins, TUAW“You’ll be the next Steven Spielberg in no time!” – Zach Walton, WebProNewsCAPTURE THOSE MAGIC MOMENTS WITH EASE• NEW: Improved facial detection lets you record alone using several cameras.• NEW: Lock focus and exposure for better control.• NEW: Create multi-camera clips with a single device.• Switch between front and rear cameras while recording.• Snap photos while recording. • Add optional date & time stamps directly into the video.• Control zoom, focus, and exposure functions manually or automatically.• Supports 1920x1080, 1280x720 and 640x360 resolutions.• NEW: Hardware Video Stabilization• NEW: Audio Meter• NEW: 24p, 25p, 30p, 60p, 120p on supported devices.TAKE UP THE DIRECTOR’S CHAIR • NEW: Add multiple background music tracks• NEW: Expanded library of looping background music tracks.• NEW: Copy audio from any recorded clip or any clip in your camera roll.• Connect and simultaneously record from up to 8 devices linked over Wi-Fi. • Capture the action from up to 8 unique angles.• Receive remote camera clips at full resolution.• Send or receive pre-recorded clips between devices.EDIT YOUR VIDEOS LIKE A PRO• NEW: Insert "News Broadcast" titles over the bottom of your videos.• Preview, trim clips and process your final movie right on the spot.• Add fully customizable titles and scrolling credits.• Move, duplicate, delete or load clips without exiting the main camera view. • Enter full-featured editing mode for advanced users. • Access songs from your own music library.• Add a Hollywood feel with one of six professional-quality studio intros.• Import .MOV files or clips from many popular cameras. SHARE YOUR CREATIONS WITH THE WORLD• NEW: Upload sessions with all edit details to DropBox or via iTunes Sharing.• IMPROVED: Email or upload directly to Facebook, YouTube, Vimeo or CNNiReport.• Select from 3 sharing resolutions for faster upload speeds or higher quality.JOIN OUR WORLDWIDE REMOTE CAMERA NETWORK BETAWe are currently inviting select users to a free 30-day beta of the service. If you would like to be considered, please send us an email to (invite at vizzywig dot com).
Creating gorgeous artwork from your photos has never been easier. With Distressed FX, simply take a photo and choose from a wide range of textured images and overlays. Transform even the most mundane photo into a work of art.See our hashtag #distressedFX on Instagram to see 100k+ examples!** Featured by Mac Format and Black + White Photography MagazineJoin us at:www.facebook.com/DistressedFXwww.instagram.com/distressedfxapp/• Particularly suited to still life and landscape photography - this app will perfectly compliment your existing collection of photo apps.Distressed FX is powered by the textures of Cheryl Tarrant, a texture artist from Tennessee. Her popular and unique style is now available in your pocket, wherever you go.• Follow Cheryl on Instagram http://instagram.com/distressedfxapp• Be our friend on Facebook www.facebook.com/DistressedFX• Follow us on Twitter : @distressedfxSee examples of the Cheryl's distinctive work here: www.flickr.com/photos/jewellofdistressed/** Find out more about Distressed Textures at www.distressedfx.com & www.distressedtextures.comDistressed FX (tm) is a trademark of Cheryl Tarrant in the United States of America.
AudioTube Organize your favorite music video clips and listen whenever you want. Enjoy your music even if the app is in background. Search for the best videos or explore from highlights and by genre lists.
Hack Features:- No Skills CoolDownThis hack only works on x64 or ARM64 iDevices: iPhone 5s, 6, 6 Plus, 6s, 6s Plus, 7, 7 Plus, 8, 8 Plus, X, XR, Xs, Xs Max, SE, iPod Touch 6G, iPad Air, Air 2, Pro & iPad Mini 2, 3, 4 and later.
Take the role of a plane crash survivor stranded somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. Experience terrifying encounters both above and below an endless environment. Come face to face with some of the most life threatening scenarios that will result in a different experience each time you play. Scavenge. Discover. Survive. --- Generate an Infinite Number of Procedural Worlds - Explore Pacific islands, reefs, and bottomless ocean trenches filled with detailed biomes! No two worlds are the same - You can generate a completely new and randomized world at any time. You can also mix your own maps created with the map editor in with the procedurally created maps in the world for a more customized experience. If you feel like sharing, you can even share your world seed with other players. * Please note, currently the generated world size is limited to 6.25km2 but the final world size will be much larger. Dynamic Weather and Day-Night Cycle - Struggle to navigate stormy seas or enjoy basking with a coconut on a sunny afternoon. Unique Physically-based Crafting System - Harvest resources to create equipment by combining them together in the physical world - no crafting slots! Unique Physically-based Building System - Settle on an island and construct a shelter or venture the seas with your own built raft. Detailed Survival Aspects and Interaction - Manage your vitals of hunger, thirst, blood, and health against the harshness of mother nature. Random Loot and Collectables - Search sunken shipwrecks and islands for interesting and rare equipment. Hunting and fishing - Spear small animals in the shallows or risk the depths with a spear gun in search of larger meals. Starve an island of resources or maintain and manage its growth.
Hack Features:- Radar Hack- Unlimited Ammo- No Spread- Night Vision Enabled- No FlashBang- No MedKit CoolDownThis hack works on the latest x64 or ARM64 iDevices: iPhone 5s, 6, 6 Plus, 6s, 6s Plus, 7, 7 Plus, 8, 8 Plus, X, Xr, Xs, Xs Max, SE, iPod Touch 6G, iPad Air, Air 2, Pro & iPad Mini 2, 3, 4 and later.
The game contains 7 gamemodes for practicing your concentration:3SolitaireFind three tiles in a row (vertically, horizontally or diagonally) whose equation (first times second, plus or minus third, or any other combination of two tiles multiplied and the other added or subtracted) adds to that total.Brath:You need to find two cards giving a sum target must match the target result. New target result is generated every move.Brath X:The numbers are multiplied. Everything else is same as Brath. Classic Concentration game:Classic memory game. You can choose from 4 type of cards: letters, numbers, shapes, picture of animals.Concentration X:You need to find pairs of cards that must match the target card. Target card is updated every move.Brath for Kids:Same as Brath. Moves limitations is off. Card variants are limited to numbers 0-5.Concentration for kids:You need to find card that must match the target card. Target card is updated every move.
WORKS OFFLINE - Expand your Spanish vocabulary or find just the right word for the assignment, our comprehensive word selection and simple search options will have you using this app every day. With a minimalist display designed for functionality it features visual cues, like usage guides and regional flags, and easy navigation between detailed results.One of the largest collections of synonyms and antonyms featuring pronunciation, it includes not only single terms but phrases and complete colloquial proverbs. This wide-ranging collection of terminology is intended to be a professional writing aid for native speakers and a reliable tool for those learning the language. Internet connection needed only for spell checker.What makes this Spanish Thesaurus unique? • The fact that you may enter set phrases, not only single terms, as valid entries • The fact that you may obtain synonyms of parts of speech usually not included in other thesauruses, such as exclamations, prepositional phrases and idiomatic verbs. Even proverbs have their synonyms! • Vast database; no less than 1,329,000+ synonyms and 443,000+ antonyms.• 272,000+ words and 29,400+ images. • Meaning Descriptors to help distinguish between the different word meanings. • Strict coherence of each synonym set. Transitive verbs yield only transitive synonyms. Intransitive verbs yield intransitive synonyms. Meanings and connotations of words are never mixed. • Phonetic transcription following IPA standards for American Spanish, Caribbean Spanish, River Plate Spanish and Spanish from Spain.• Sync your favorites among your devices with Dropbox• Four incredible New premium Spanish voices! • You may enter now plurals or feminines as valid entries. • Customize using available themes, background color, and font.• Fuzzy Search: Detects misspelled words and offers close suggestions.* Please note this is a Thesaurus and therefore includes only Spanish synonyms, no translations nor verb conjugations. Our General Reference Dictionary includes all those.
This new rendition of “The Art of War” brings the clear, sure voice of Brian Browne Walker—celebrated for his translations of the I Ching, Tao te Ching, Hua hu Ching, and Wei wu Wei Ching—to the world’s most time-honored teachings on leadership, strategy, and conflict. The polished and refined new app puts this powerful strategic wisdom right at your fingertips. Read it like a regular book, receive random passages, or email any selection to a friend or colleague.
This is the official mobile port of Five Nights at Freddys!NOTE: This game requires at least 512 megs of ram to run properly; low-memory devices such as the iPod gen 3 and 4 will crash during gameplay. If you have a newer device this shouldn''''t be a problem! --------------------------------------------------------------Welcome to your new summer job at Freddy Fazbear''''s Pizza, where kids and parents alike come for entertainment and food as far as the eye can see! The main attraction is Freddy Fazbear, of course; and his two friends. They are animatronic robots, programmed to please the crowds! The robots'''' behavior has become somewhat unpredictable at night however, and it was much cheaper to hire you as a security guard than to find a repairman.From your small office you must watch the security cameras carefully. You have a very limited amount of electricity that you''''re allowed to use per night (corporate budget cuts, you know). That means when you run out of power for the night- no more security doors and no more lights! If something isn''''t right- namely if Freddybear or his friends aren''''t in their proper places, you must find them on the monitors and protect yourself if needed!Can you survive five nights at Freddy''''s?"For all the simplicity of the game’s controls and premise, Five Nights at Freddy‘s is frightening. It’s a fantastic example of how cleverness in design and subtlety can be used to make an experience terrifying. Simple still images and proper character design steal the show in this game, and show that Scott Cawthon knows quite a lot about the secret fears people feel when looking at creepy dolls and toys. It’s elegant in how it sows fear, and is a must-own for anyone who likes scary games." -Joel Couture IndieGameMag.comThis game was created using Clickteam Fusion!
Split the world with a swipe of your finger and then rearrange it to guide critters back to their spaceship. Explore colorful planets full of danger, challenging puzzles, and innovative mechanics that will make you think in new ways. The immersive soundscapes of each world, best experienced with headphones, set the tone for your journey. No advertisements or in-app purchases. More levels will be added in future updates. Progress is synchronized with iCloud across all your devices.
Ever notice how people texting at night have that eerie blue glow? Or wake up ready to write down the Next Great Idea, and get blinded by your computer screen? During the day, screens look good—they''''re designed to look like the sun. But, at 9PM, 10PM, or 3AM, you probably shouldn''''t be looking at the sun. f.lux fixes this: it makes the color of your iPhone''''s display adapt to the time of day, warm at night and like sunlight during the day. It''''s even possible that you''''re staying up too late because of your iPhone. You could use f.lux because it makes you sleep better, or you could just use it just because it makes your iPhone look better.
¡Aprender o mejorar tu inglés, a pesar de tener poco tiempo, es posible! Gracias a un método eficaz, memorizarás en tiempo récord un contenido práctico con vocabulario y frases útiles. Aprendiendo e interactuando con diferentes diálogos, desarrollarás tu comprensión oral rápidamente.Un método basado en estudios científicos y concebido por nuestro equipo de políglotas provenientes de los 5 continentes, que han estado bajo la supervisión de un profesor de inglés. Para conocer más acerca de nuestras aplicaciones y de nuestro método para aprender inglés, te invitamos a ver nuestro vídeo explicativo: http://www.mosalingua.com/es¿Sabías que unas 500 palabras bien seleccionadas pueden ser suficientes para desenvolverse durante un viaje? ¿Posees las bases de vocabulario que aprendiste hace algún tiempo pero necesitas practicar? Gracias a este método, necesitarás solamente 10 minutos al día durante dos meses para aprender 600 palabras y frases en inglés.Aprende el 20% de vocabulario que te servirá en el 80% de los casos. Especialízate en diferentes temas (viajes, deporte, trabajo, informática, etc) o prepárate para obtener los certificados ESOL, TOEFL y TOEIC. Mosalingua se adapta a tu tiempo y a tus dificultades con sesiones de revisión variadas y gracias a una planificación de aprendizaje basado en tus respuestas.CONTENIDO:► 3.000 tarjetas de aprendizaje seleccionadas que incluyen palabras y frases en inglés.► Voces de nativos en las tarjetas de aprendizaje y en los diálogos.► 14 categorías que incluyen vocabulario indispensable relacionado con alojamiento, transporte, turismo, compras, social, informática, urgencia, etc.► 10 niveles de dificultad desde el básico hasta el especializado.► 37 diálogos en diferentes situaciones comunes y durante un viaje.► Lecciones y consejos que te motivarán a seguir aprendiendo.► Más de 100 bonificaciones que desbloquearás durante tu progresión. ► Posibilidad de agregar tus propias tarjetas en la aplicaciónAPRENDE EL 20% DEL VOCABULARIO QUE TE GARANTIZARÁ UN 80% DE RESULTADOS:► Aprenderás las palabras más útiles y simples para hablar inglés.► Memorizarás un vocabulario práctico y especializado.MÉTODO DE APRENDIZAJE MUY PRÁCTICO.El método de MosaLingua está basado en el Sistema de Repetición por Espacios (Spaced Repetition System) : la aplicación ha sido creada teniendo en cuenta los resultados de varios años de investigación científica. Para saber más sobre este método visita http://www.mosalingua.com/es► Calcula las tarjetas de aprendizaje que vas aprendiendo en función de tus dificultades y para asegurarte una memorización duradera.► No perderás tiempo. Aprovecha tu tiempo dedicándote a las tareas útiles y pasa menos tiempo en las tareas difíciles.► Se adapta a tus dificultades y a tu ritmo.► Ejercita tu capacidad de memoria visual y auditiva.► Te ayuda a desarrollar un aprendizaje duradero en tu memoria de largo plazo.APRENDIZAJE EN TU MÓVIL► Sesiones de aprendizaje variable según tu tiempo libre. Puedes practicar las tarjetas aprendidas dedicando de 2 a 30 minutos.► Se adapta automáticamente a tu ritmo y a tus dificultades.► Puedes parar las sesiones de aprendizaje y retomarlas en cualquier momento.► No necesitas conexión a internet.APRENDE MIENTRAS TE DIVIERTES► Ganarás bonos a medida que aumenta tu progresión en el aprendizaje (diálogos, chistes, informaciones insólitas, proverbios y consejos).► Los diálogos se basan en situaciones reales, por lo que serán muy útiles para tus viajes.► La rapidez con la que memorizarás nuevas palabras te motivará a aprender más y más.► Las estadísticas de tu aprendizaje te ayudarán a conocer tu progreso y a seguir motivado.MosaLingua sigue en constante evolución. Si necesitas ayuda o tienes sugerencias sobre nuestro trabajo, puedes contactarnos por medio del enlace de servicio al cliente. ¡Estaremos encantados de atenderte!Todo este contenido está incluido en la aplicación, y por lo tanto, no tiene costes añadidos.
Take Storm on a magical adventure in his awesome teacup. Storm''''s brother Cloud has created an amazing dream-like world for you to explore, packed with all kinds of challenges! Guide Storm through each stage, solving puzzles, avoiding pitfalls and beating the bad guys in this outstanding platform adventure! What they said, "Yes, Storm in a Teacup is completely adorable. But it''''s also a great little platformer." — TouchArcade "It’s gorgeous, controls well and offers a good solid challenge...This one is a big deal." — Gamezebo "Storm in a Teacup mixes an excellent visual style with a smoothly flowing physics-driven platforming experience." — All About The Games • Solve Puzzles! • Avoid Pitfalls! • Beat the Baddies! • Find Hidden Stickers! • Collect all the Sugar! • Unlock Challenges! • Have an Awesome Time! More Discover more amazing Cobra Mobile games at www.cobramobile.com Support Having problems? Visit http://www.cobramobile.com/support/ to see if we can help you.
"A fun, addictive, and challenging fighting simulation RPG" 9/10 - AppAdvice "Must be experienced by gamers far and wide" 9/10 - HardcoreGamer "A rich and rewarding fight sim that gives you plenty to do, and makes sure you have fun while you''''re doing it" 9/10 - PocketGamer "Punch Club is pretty awesome" 9/10 - TouchArcade About Punch Club: Your father was brutally murdered before your eyes. Now you must train hard, eat chicken and punch dudes in the face to earn your place in the Punch Club ranks, and discover who ended your father''''s life. Punch Club is a boxing tycoon management game with multiple branching story lines. Your goal is clear, but how you get there depends on whether you want to legitimately climb the rankings, or take the more ridiculous, shady route. Along the way you''''ll want to focus your talents. Will you take the Way of the Tiger, the Way of the Turtle, or the Way of the [other one?]? Your strength, accuracy and agility all depends on whichever Way enlightens your path. Do you have stripes, or flippers? And every decision will matter, especially in your social life. You''''ll be juggling friendships, love life, work, recreational time, relationships, and possible stardom, all alongside your gym time and fighting aligators. It''''s not all just pumping iron, you know. - Boxing management sim with RPG and tycoon elements - Find out who killed your father, and maybe learn something about yourself along the way - Heavily story-driven, with multiple different narrative branches and game endings to discover - Get as deep with stats as you like, and find your own way through extensive skill trees - Gorgeous pixel visuals with 80-90s references and nostalgia all over the place - Now with cross-platform saves! - Featuring "The Dark Fist" storyline, a free content update with 3 hours of new content!
iRespring is the only non jailbroken app that can respring your device. It quickly resprings your device speeding up and refreshing the springboard for you without a reboot.
『The movement of our world has been adapted』 『Can you hear my whispering? 』 【Now Game Start!!——】 Come and fix the world movement tampered with by a mirror image code with three beauties! This is a world of the perfect combination of a cool parkour game and a traditional music game——Muse Dash!! Yes. You’re destined to be our Master! What? You don’t have nimble fingers? Meow~ Don’t be too modest! So, don’t worry! If you do not excel in playing action games, you can still overcome the difficulties by dancing to the music! Choose your favorite beauty to go through the romantic backdrop. Now let’s get started with our journey to wipe out all the adorkable monsters!!! 【Game Features】 You will go through an unprecedented experienceof the perfect visualeffects of a parkour game and the traditional gameplay of a music game. * Unique and fashionable art design. There are 30 popular songs initially. Stay tuned for continuous updates! * Different music styles are matched to different scenes, enemies and Bosses. We have beauties, adorable pets and even adorkable enemies! Believe me, you will even be impressed by the Boss! What? You’ve had enough?? Alright, that’s the most I can do for you... *Well-designed scripts and famous VO. 【Award】 Nominated， BitSummit VOL.6 2018 The Excellence in Sound Design Award Official Selection， Taipei Game Show 2018 Languages Supported: English 简体中文（Simplified Chinese） 繁体中文 （Traditional Chinese） 日本語（Japanese) Facebook:@MuseDashtheGame Twitter: @MuseDashtheGame Service email: [email protected] ©2018 X.D. Network Inc. All rights reserved.
Simply the best drawing App for kids in the Appstore. 5 ***** and featured by Apple all over the world. Making beautiful drawings has never been so easy thanks to Carl.Import Pictures and draw over them.You can even play with talking stickers that repeat anything you say with a funny voice!Enjoy many powerful and easy to use tools that helps you make great drawings.Create your own sets with Talking Carl and draw Talking Monsters!Explore creative drawing with Mirror painting.Easily share your drawings and vote for the best ones.Write your name with sticker letters.Draw mustaches or funny eyes on your friends pictures.Add stickers of Carl and his friends.Share your creations on FaceBook or by email.Save to the photo Album.FEATURES:• Easy and fun drawing tools• Talking Stickers• Magical pattern paint bucket• Mirror drawing• Cool stickers of Carl and friends• Share on Facebook Wall• Email your drawings• Import from photo libraty• Save and load• iPad compatibleSpecifically designed for kids, Drawing with Carl help you make great drawings and share them with your parents and friends.
The most handy measuring tool kit in the world. Turning your iPhone or iPad into a multi functional measuring device with: metronome, stopwatch, timer, seismometer, ruler, surface level and many more.Currently, there are 13 measuring tools + Flashlight in the tool box:- BAROMETERIt gives you a nice and clear local atmospheric pressure, obtained from the barometric sensor in your device- ALTIMETERThis tool takes advantage of the built in GPS to give you the precise elevation above the sea level.- COMPASSA pretty and well-made compass for navigation, traveling and direction reference purposes.- TESLAMETERIt takes advantage of the built-in magnetometer in your iPhone/iPod touch, allows you to monitor the strength of magnetic field all around. There are a range of real-life applications for this useful item, such as: metal detector, AC magnetic fields, or finding low-magnetic places for sleeping- METRONOMEIt is the most precise and stable metronome on the app store. Whether you are a musician, a music teacher, a beginner at playing music or even a golfer, this tool provides you a set of powerful features that can satisfy all your needs. - STOPWATCHWhenever you need a precise and professional stopwatch for sport activities like: sprints, jogging, this tool is a must have. Among its features are: intuitive interface, lap and split modes support, or send log results to your email- TIMERThere are unlimited applications of using timer in daily life, such as: egg timer, tea timer, cooking, alarm clock, etc. The timer tool satisfies all of those needs by many of its features: up to 5 timers running simultaneously, count down and count up support, intuitive and convenient duration setup using preset and gestures- SEISMOMETERTaking advantage of the built-in accelerometer in your iPhone, this tool detects and visualizes any vibrations and moves of the iPhone. So, why not using this excellent feature to help your iPhone self-protected like a car when combined with an alarm? Or another great application is to test how smooth the car is on a test drive- PLUMB BOBThis is an instrument to check if an object is perfectly vertical/plumb and has been used since the time of the ancient Egyptians. It suits any types of your needs, such as: hanging objects, carpenter work, brick layer or building construction- SURFACE LEVELThis tool facilitates the measurement of the slope of whatever surface you want to check. Most importantly, its accuracy is ensured at the maximum level by the support to different sensitivities that allow you to detect subtle slopes (floor leveling, furniture arrangement,..)- SPIRIT/BUBBLE LEVELIt is a simple but extremely useful tool in the set to check if an object is balanced. Its applications range from entertained purposes such as checking pool billiard tables in the bar to serious usages like constructions, carpenter, etc- RULERThe ruler helps you precisely know the lengths of objects all around you, such as pens, tables, pictures. We built it to become even more than just a normal ruler: longest distance measuring capability, and up to 6 units support- PROTRACTORHave you ever forgotten your protractor at school or when you urgently look for a protractor to measure any kind of angles in real life? | 2019-04-22T01:59:11Z | https://m.pandahelp.vip/app |
Baked vegetable crisps – use up root or starchy vegetables for a delicious Friday or Saturday night treat.
Adele MacConnell has been blogging on her vegan website, Vegie Head, since 2010, and her recipes have been enjoyed and recreated by tens of thousands of people all over the world. She believes you can change people’s perspective on veganism and vegetarianism without scaring them away with statistics, facts or disturbing images, or by listing what they can’t do or eat. “Instead, you can show them what they can eat and that eating vegan food is an adventure in taste and ingredients” says Adele.
1. Preheat the oven to 180°C/350°F/Gas 4. Use a wire rack over a baking tray to cook the crisps – this will ensure they are evenly cooked and crisp up well.
2. Slice all the vegetables into uniformly thin slices, preferably using a mandolin.
3. Put the vegetables in a large bowl and drizzle with the oil. Sprinkle over the flavourings and mix well to cover the slices completely.
4. Arrange the slices on the rack in a single layer and bake for 10–12 minutes until crisp and lightly golden. You may have to do this in batches. Cool and serve. Store vegetable crisps in an airtight container for up to 3 days.
These days, staying in is the new going out, and homemade deli is the way to eat gourmet! Emma Macdonald, a trained chef and founder of The Bay Tree – the UK’s premier deli ingredient company – shares her celebrated culinary secrets for the first time in her book The Bay Tree Home Deli Recipes. Try her delicious recipe for a vegetarian wellington – perfect for a Friday night supper.
“The intensely fruity, ruby-red membrillo, or Spanish quince paste or “cheese”, is perfect combined with melting Camembert in these individual baked filo pastry wellingtons. Use a Camembert that is just ripe so that it melts but doesn’t run away during baking.” suggests Emma.
1. Preheat the oven to 190°C/375°F/Gas 5 and lightly oil a large baking tray. Brush both sides of each mushroom with olive oil and put them cap-side down on a plate. Season with salt and pepper. Using a sharp knife, slice the rind off the top and the bottom of the Camembert; you can leave the rind around the sides. Cut each Camembert in half crossways to give 4 pieces.
2. Put a piece of Camembert on top of each mushroom and top with a tablespoonful of the membrillo. Leave to one side.
3. Cut each sheet of filo in half vertically. Place 3 halves of filo on top of one another, brushing each layer with a little melted butter. Keep the remaining filo covered with a damp kitchen towel to prevent it drying out. Sit the stuffed mushroom in the centre and draw up the corners of the filo to meet in the middle and make a parcel. Twist the top of the filo to seal and brush the parcel with more butter. Repeat with the remaining stuffed mushrooms and filo.
4. Place the mushroom wellingtons on the prepared baking tray. Bake for 25–35 minutes until the filo is golden and crisp. Leave to cool slightly to allow the Camembert to firm up before serving with potatoes and salad.
Having grown up on the family’s delicious, homemade Cucumber Relish, Emma Macdonald had the simple idea that full-flavored, quality chutneys and preserves needed to be brought to the specialty sector. In The BayTree Home Deli Recipes she reveals all her deli-ingredient making secrets and shows you how to create delicious meals from them.
£20 l Buy the book now!
Are winter days getting you down? Plan an adventurous expedition for some time in the spring or summer to lift your spirits.
Plan an adventurous expedition for some time in the spring or summer. Download a map from the internet and print it out on good strong paper. Annotate the map to show some of the excursions you might make. Read around the subject and write your most fascinating discoveries on your map. This then becomes your key for unlocking exciting surprises when the longed-for time comes – and to relish the prospect long in advance.
Taken from Mind, Body, Spirit Book of Days Diary for 2014. This bestselling illustrated holistic diary series offers inspiring advice on how to find new value and delight all areas of your life – friendships, relationships, creativity, spirituality, health and well-being all through the year.
Grace Cheetham’s delicious birthday cake.
It can be difficult finding a birthday cake for a friend or relative with a gluten or dairy intolerance. But you can stop looking now! Not only does Grace Cheetham’s gluten-free chocolate birthday cake fit the bill, it looks and tastes divine too – no one will be able to tell the difference.
“This heavenly birthday cake was inspired by one my sister made for her husband’s birthday. It’s light and moist, with dark truffley chocolate flavours and a rich, creamy icing, all covered with sweetly sharp raspberries” explains Grace Cheetham, author of Simply Gluten-free and Dairy-free.
1. To make the cashew nut cream put the nuts in a bowl, cover with cold water and leave to soak at room temperature overnight or for at least 12 hours.
2. Drain and rinse the nuts thoroughly, then put them in a blender. Add 250ml/9fl oz/1 cup water, the vanilla extract and dates and blend for 10 minutes or until smooth.
3. Preheat the oven to 180°C/350°F/gas 4 and lightly grease two 23cm/9in springform cake tins with dairy-free margarine. Put the chocolate in a large heatproof bowl and rest it over a pan of gently simmering water, making sure that the bottom of the bowl does not touch the water. Heat, stirring occasionally, until the chocolate has melted.
4. Using an electric mixer, beat the dairy-free margarine and sugar together in a large mixing bowl until light and fluffy. Beat in the vanilla extract, then beat in the eggs, one at a time. Using a large spoon, carefully fold in the melted chocolate mixture. Sift the flours, gluten-free baking powder and xanthan gum into the mixture and fold in. Make sure the mixture is well mixed but take care not to overmix it. Evenly divide the mixture into the cake tins and level the surfaces with the back of a spoon.
5. Bake for 35–40 minutes until firm to the touch and a skewer inserted in the centre comes out clean. Remove from the oven and leave to cool in the tins for 5 minutes, then turn out onto wire racks and leave to cool completely.
6. Meanwhile, put the chocolate for the icing in a large heatproof bowl and follow the same procedure as in step 1, above, to melt it. Put the blended nut cream and date mixture in a food processor or blender, add the melted chocolate and blend until well mixed.
7. Put 1 cake on a plate and spread half of the icing over the top. Put the other cake on top, flat-side down, and spread the remaining icing over it. Decorate with the raspberries and serve.
Whether you’re suffering from allergy-related IBS, eczema, asthma, migraines or chronic fatigue, or you’re coeliac, Simply Gluten-free and Dairy-free will show you how to use substitute ingredients and simple cooking techniques to make mouth-watering meals. Find more inspiration on Grace’s award-winning blog glutendairyfree.co.uk.
Beef Mezze – spice-encrusted roast beef, a spinach raita, a crunchy salad and warm flatbreads. Just add friends.
Try this super-fast beef mezze recipe this weekend. Inspired by the Eastern Mediterranean, it’s a delicious platter of spice-encrusted roast beef, a spinach raita, a crunchy salad and warm flatbreads.
1. Preheat the oven to 200°C/400°F/Gas 6 and take the beef out of the fridge to come to room temperature. Peel the garlic, then chuck it into a mini food processor, and add the paprika, cumin and ground coriander. Add the olive oil and a good pinch of salt and pepper. Squeeze in the juice from the lemon and blend until smooth.
2. Put the beef in a roasting tin, then tip over the paste and rub it all over the beef. Roast for 30–35 minutes until charred on the outside and beautifully tender on the inside.
3. While the beef cooks, peel and slice the garlic for the raita. Heat the oil in a wok over a high heat and add the pine nuts. Stir-fry for 30 seconds until golden, then remove from the pan and leave to one side. Add the garlic to the pan. Stir-fry for 30 seconds until golden, then add the spinach and a pinch of salt. Continue to stir-fry for 2–3 minutes until the spinach has completely wilted. Tip the spinach into a fine sieve and leave to drain.
4. To make the salad, peel and finely slice the red onions, then chuck them into a mixing bowl. Squeeze in the juice from the limes and add a good pinch of salt. Mix together and leave to one side.
5. Using the back of a spoon, squeeze any excess moisture out of the spinach. Tip into a serving bowl and add the yogurt, then squeeze in the juice from the lemon and season with salt and pepper. Mix well, top with the pine nuts, then cover.
6. Cut the tomatoes for the salad in half and squeeze out the seeds, then finely chop the flesh and put it into the bowl with the onions. Finely chop the herbs and add them to the bowl. Pour over the oil and add a pinch of pepper. Mix well.
7. Pop the flatbreads into the oven for 2 minutes to warm through. When the beef is cooked, remove it from the oven and transfer it to a carving board. Slice the beef and serve it with the warm flatbreads, spinach raita and salad. Oh, and a glass or two of red.
‘Spice master’ John Gregory-Smith shows how exciting food – inspired by street stalls all over the world – can be prepared with lightning speed. With inspiration from Asia, South America, North Africa and the Middle East, John has done the thinking for you and created recipes that are full of brilliant time-saving techniques and shortcuts.
The best way to lose weight? Be happy!
We all know that certain hormones can make us happy, but did you also know they can help you lose weight? By paying attention to the natural hormones in our body, you can to shed excess weight easily, keep it off for good, and feel happy and energetic at the same time! Lowri Turner, author of the S Factor Diet, shows you the science behind this revolutionary diet. And you can try her delicious guilt-free crumble and ice cream recipe this weekend.
“Diets don’t work, right? Old-fashioned ones certainly don’t. They make us feel depressed, lethargic and, when our weight shoots back up again afterwards, fat!” says broadcaster and journalist turned nutritionist, Lowri Turner.
“Now you can say goodbye to those awful negative feelings. The S Factor diet tackles the cause of overeating and cravings. It’s specifically designed to make you feel good about yourself, so you can forget the “diet blues” and feel motivated to eat well and exercise”, explains Lowri.
She believes that overeating can be a physiological attempt to correct imbalances in what she calls the S Factor hormones – natural chemicals we’re all supposed to produce in abundance, but which some of us don’t. When we’re low on these hormones, we feel low, and we try to boost our mood with unhealthy foods.
S Factor hormones control how hungry you feel and how satisfied you are after eating.
Serotonin: The “Good-Mood” Hormone. Good levels of serotonin make us feel calm, contented and cravings-free. Low serotonin affects sleep, makes us feel depressed and turns us into chocoholics.
Dopamine: The “High-Motivation” Hormone. Dopamine is a chemical released in our brains in response to a reward or treat. Low dopamine weakens our resolve when the office feeder proffers cupcakes, and makes walking past the chocolate display in the petrol station a nightmare.
Leptin: The “I’m-Not-Hungry” Hormone. Leptin tells our brain when we have enough body fat and then reduces our appetite and speeds up our metabolism to burn off any excess. That’s what it’s supposed to do, but as you become overweight, it stops working properly, so you feel fat and hungry.
Adrenals: The “Stress” Hormones. This group of hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol, is pumped out by the adrenal glands. The right amount of adrenal hormones gives us energy. Too much and we become tired, wired fridge-raiders.
“From a lot of complicated science, my simple message is this: you can lose weight if you get your S Factor hormones working properly”, says Lowri.
Let’s get the “Tofu! Yuck!” reaction out of the way. Making ice cream from tofu slashes the fat content. You can’t taste the tofu and instead you get the delicious flavour of the natural vanilla. This is a sorbet-style ice cream so don’t let it freeze too hard.
1. To make the ice cream, put the milk, natural sweetener and vanilla pod in a saucepan and heat over a low heat for 3 minutes until the natural sweetener has dissolved. Remove the pan from the heat and leave to stand for at least 1 hour to allow the vanilla flavour to infuse into the milk.
2. Strain the mixture into a blender or food processor, discarding the vanilla pod. Add the tofu and process until smooth. Pour the mixture into an ice cream maker and process according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Alternatively, transfer the mixture to a freezer-proof container, cover with a lid and freeze for 1–2 hours until completely frozen.
3. Meanwhile, make the crumble. Preheat the oven to 200°C/400°F/Gas 6. Peel, core and chop the apples. Put the apples and agave syrup in a saucepan and simmer over a medium-low heat for 5 minutes until the apples have softened. Remove the pan from the heat and gently stir in the blueberries. Pour the mixture into a baking dish.
4. Put the oats in a food processor and process until they resemble coarse breadcrumbs. Transfer to a bowl, add the natural sweetener and cinnamon and rub in the butter with your fingertips. Evenly sprinkle the crumble mixture over the top of the fruit and bake for 15–20 minutes until golden. Divide the crumble into 6 equal portions. Serve hot with a scoop of the ice cream.
With over 70 recipes to help balance your hormones naturally, Lowri Turner shows you how to shed excess weight easily and keep it off for good.
https://nourishbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/s-factor-preview.jpg 300 340 Victoria Lagodinsky https://nourishbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/NourishLogo340x156-300x138-300x138.png Victoria Lagodinsky2014-01-23 00:00:372015-09-17 16:24:42The best way to lose weight? Be happy!
Author of The Vegan Cookbook, Adele McConnell has been blogging vegan recipes on her award-winning website, Vegie Head, since 2010. Try her rustic vegan tart recipe this weekend, and discover vegan food that’s packed with flavour!
Adele McConnell’s recipes have been enjoyed and recreated by tens of thousands of people all over the world. She believes you can change people’s perspective on veganism and vegetarianism without scaring them away with statistics, facts or disturbing images, or by listing what they can’t do or eat. “Instead, you can show them what they can eat and that eating vegan food is an adventure in taste and ingredients” says Adele. “There’s no feeling of deprivation. There is only an abundance of healthy, filling, incredible food. Try my Rustic Vegan Tart with Spinach Pesto and you’ll be convinced”.
1. Preheat the oven to 200°C/400°F/Gas 6. Put the sweet potato on a baking sheet and add the beetroot, squash, carrot and onion, then drizzle with the oil. Roast for 45 minutes.
2. Meanwhile, snap off any woody ends from the asparagus stalks at the point where they break easily, then cut the tender spears into short pieces. Leave to one side.
3. Put all the ingredients for the tomato spread into a blender or food processor and blend until smooth. Leave to one side.
4. To make the spinach pesto, put all the ingredients in a blender or food processor and process until finely chopped. Add a little water if the mixture is too thick.
5. After 45 minutes of roasting the vegetables, add the asparagus to the baking sheet and roast for a further 10 minutes. Remove the baking sheet from the oven and leave to one side.
6. Lay the pastry sheet on a clean baking sheet, and spread with the tomato spread, leaving a 4cm/1½in border. Arrange the vegetables in a pile in the centre of the pastry, and gently fold in the edges to make a pastry border. Scatter over the cherry tomatoes. Bake the tart for 15 minutes, or until the pastry is golden brown. Drizzle the tart with the spinach pesto, then sprinkle with the chopped nuts. Serve with a big green salad.
This is an interesting thought isn’t it? We can all relate to the preoccupations involved in changing or breaking negative habits, but it’s such a wonderful and uplifting turnaround to decide instead to adopt a new habit; it sounds a lot easier for a start.
Happiness, like anxiety, is contagious.
1. Do something fun and frivolous – you are guaranteed to capture some carefree childlike energy.
2. Slow down and ‘smell the roses’. Try this when you next find yourself rushing madly from pillar to post and recognize how it feels to stop and take a breather – you deserve it.
3. Stay in the moment. Try this now by bringing all your attention to this very instant. We burden ourselves with anxieties about the future and regrets and recriminations about the past – let them go and step into the NOW now!
4. Appreciate, appreciate and then appreciate some more. A self-explanatory top tip, begin this immediately.
5. Sing in the shower and start the day with a wonderful lifting of the spirits.
6. Perform an act of kindness, and you will definitely catch some happy vibes.
7. Be glad for this day. You are a unique and incredible human being, make the most of your opportunities.
8. Smile, smile, smile. The physical act of smiling triggers a rise of endorphins (otherwise known as happiness hormones).
9. Be wholehearted about whatever you do. If a thing’s worth doing, it’s worth doing properly. My dad was always saying this to me when I was a child and now I know how right this is. Give yourself to life and life will love you back.
10. Celebrate your successes. How often we rush on to the next thing, moving the goalposts as we go. When you can stop and recognize your achievements you nourish your feelings of self-respect and happiness.
From the bestselling author of 60 Ways to Feel Amazing and Weekend Life Coach, here’s a fresh new take on how to increase your confidence in every area of your life –The Self-Esteem Coach is the complete DIY feel-good guide for the 21st century. Follow Lynda on her inspiring website lyndafield.com.
£8.99 l Buy the book now!
This pork stew recipe is perfect for your slow cooker. You could even prepare it before work, and come home to a warming winter meal.
“Don’t be alarmed by the quantity of dried herbs in this recipe – it isn’t a typing error! After the stew simmers in the slow cooker for eight hours, the herbs mellow and the flavour of mint shines through. I find this dish particularly welcome in the middle of winter, when dried herbs really come into their own” says Beverly LeBlanc, author of I Love My Slow Cooker.
1. Put the pork, chickpeas and plum tomatoes in the slow cooker.
2. Heat the oil in a large frying pan over a high heat. Reduce the heat to medium, add the onion, carrot and celery and fry, stirring, for 2 minutes. Add the garlic and fry for a further 1–3 minutes until the onion is softened.
3. Add the passata, stock, dried herbs and sugar, then season with salt and pepper and bring to the boil. Boil, stirring, for 3 minutes until the liquid has reduced by about one-third, then pour the mixture into the cooker. Stir well and add extra stock, if necessary, to just cover the chickpeas.
4. Cover the cooker with the lid and cook on LOW for 8 hours until the pork is tender. Add a little more salt and pepper, if you like. Sprinkle with mint and serve with soft polenta.
I Love My Slow Cooker gives you more than 100 slow cooker recipes for hearty soups and starters, tender meat, delicious poultry and fish dishes, inspiring vegetarian dishes and divine desserts. Each recipe is devised to take the stress out of cooking for yourself or your family.
This weekend, try Bethany Kehdy’s Chicken Basteeya recipe from her stunning debut book, The Jewelled Kitchen – it’s the perfect centrepiece for a relaxed evening with friends.
“Traditionally, basteeya is a sweet and savoury delicacy made from pigeon layered with crushed almonds and egg, enclosed in a filo-like pastry. I decided to add a literal twist to the recipe by shaping the basteeya into snakes and replacing the pigeon with chicken” explains Bethany.
1. Heat the oil in a deep, heavy-based frying pan over a medium heat. Add the onion and fry for 5 minutes or until soft and translucent.
2. Season the chicken with salt and pepper and add it to the pan. Sear for 3-4 minutes, browning on both sides, then drain off any excess fat. Add the garlic, ginger and turmeric and cook for 1 minute until aromatic, tossing the chicken to coat. Cover with 500ml/17fl oz/2 cups water and simmer for 30 minutes or until the juices from the chicken run clear when the thickest part of a thigh is pierced with the tip of a sharp knife.
3. Remove the chicken from the broth, leaving the broth in the pan, and set the chicken aside to cool in a bowl. Continue cooking the chicken broth until it has reduced by about half, then whisk in the eggs one at a time until the eggs and broth form a scramble. You may find you don’t need to use all the eggs. Set aside to cool.
4. Once the chicken has cooled slightly, shred the meat and discard the bones. Add the herbs and lemon zest and juice to the chicken.
5. Grind the almonds to a rough paste in a food processor, then mix in the icing sugar, cinnamon and orange blossom water and stir to combine. Add this to the chicken along with the egg mixture. Stir to combine. If convenient, you can prepare the recipe to this stage one day in advance.
6. Preheat the oven to 200°C/400°F/Gas 6. Remove the sheets of filo from their packaging and cover them quickly with a damp kitchen towel to stop them drying out. Working with one sheet at a time, evenly spoon 4-5 tablespoons of the chicken mixture along the long edge of a filo sheet. Roll the pastry tightly into a long tube. Repeat with the remaining filo sheets and chicken mixture.
7. Transfer the rolled sheets to a 30cm/12in square or round baking tin. Starting from the outer edge, add the filo rolls as you work inwards to cover the base of the tin like a coiled snake. Drizzle the melted butter over the coiled pastry and bake in the oven for 25–30 minutes or until golden brown. Lightly dust with cinnamon and icing sugar, then slice into small, bite-sized pieces. Serve the basteeya warm.
Looking for something with zing? Try Bethany’s Moroccan Citrus Salad for a vibrant and refreshing taste of North Africa.
Sufferers of SAD often have reduced levels of serotonin during the winter months. Serotonin plays an important role in regulating appetite – when we’re low in serotonin, we often feel more hungry. As many carbohydrate foods are rich in tryptophan, the precursor to serotonin, this may explain why we want to reach for foods like bread, pasta and pastries. These foods can cause imbalances in blood-sugar levels, which can trigger further increases in appetite and cravings.
The good news is that you can make changes to your eating habits today that will have profound and long-lasting effects on your winter mood.
If you ticked five or more symptoms, you may suffer from SAD or Seasonal Affective Disorder.
SAD is essentially caused by lack of sunlight, so it’s important to get as much natural daylight as possible. Your body makes most of its own vitamin D when your skin is exposed to sunshine. Even on a dull day, you’ll still benefit from spending time outside.
1. Eat a protein breakfast. Including protein at breakfast helps reduce cravings and control appetite. Try our recipe for poached eggs and asparagus (below) or a protein shake, nuts and seeds, or fish.
2. Balance blood sugar. Swings in blood sugar are one of the major causes of cravings so keep blood sugar stable. Eliminate sugars, fizzy drinks, fruit juice, artificial sweeteners and refined carbohydrates. Combine good protein foods with healthy fats and slow-releasing carbohydrates.
3. Include snacks during the day. Eat a couple of healthy protein-rich snacks during the day and don’t allow yourself to become too hungry.
4. Avoid eating within three hours of bedtime. This can actually increase insulin levels and may increase cravings as well as disturb blood sugar and sleep patterns.
5. Get sufficient vitamin D – not only is this important for boosting mood, low levels of vitamin D may also impair your appetite control.
6. Take natural supplements for cravings. Consider a supplement to help balance blood sugar that includes chromium. L-glutamine powder can also be very effective.
7. Include soluble fibre – this helps you feel fuller for longer and aids blood-sugar control. Eat foods such as beans, pulses, oats, nuts, seeds, vegetables and fruit such as apples and pears.
Start the day with a runny poached egg on a bed of tender asparagus. Packed with B vitamins, iron and copper – all help in the production of neurotransmitters in the brain – plus it’s quick, easy and delicious!
1. Steam the asparagus spears for 3-4 minutes until tender.
2. Meanwhile, bring a pan of water to the boil, then reduce to a simmer and poach the eggs for 3-4 minutes. Remove the eggs with a slotted spoon and drain on kitchen paper.
3. Divide the asparagus between plates, dot with butter and lay two poached eggs on top of each asparagus bundle. Scatter over a little Parmesan, if using, and season well with black pepper.
Find up-to-date nutritional science and comprehensive, accessible information on which foods to eat for optimum health and vitality in Lift Your Mood With Power Food.
Lift Your Mood With Power Food by Christine Bailey.
How to memorize your shopping list – and almost anything else!
Try these 4 steps and you will be amazed at how easily you can memorize 10 items on your shopping list. You don’t have to stop there – you can easily adapt the technique to remember almost anything.
Visualize the inside of your home. Imagine walking around its rooms from its main entrance to the kitchen, the lounge, the dining room, and so on, finishing in your bedroom.
Establish 10 stages around the house at which you could place items that you wish to remember: the mirror in the entrance hall, the sink in the kitchen, the bedside table, and so on. Visualize the stages in the order in which you come across them.
Mentally walk around your home, placing each of the following items in the correct order: cheese, milk, oranges, ice cream, cereal, bananas, bread, broccoli, fish, tomatoes. Be imaginative – the cheese is draped like a coat over the hall chair, the milk is running out of the taps in the kitchen sink, a tomato forms the base of your bedside lamp.
Wait for an hour or so, and then imagine retracing your steps. As you come to each stage, the item that you placed there should come to mind. When you go to the supermarket, recall the mental journey around your house and you won’t forget a single item!
Our brains are more likely to remain alert throughout our lives if we keep them healthy. Just as we take exercise to keep our bodies physically fit, and watch our diet to avoid illness, so we need to take care of our brain. Memory training provides an excellent mental workout, and if we make memory exercises part of our daily lives, and continue to expect our memory to serve us well, it is more likely to remain up to the task.
In How to Develop a Brilliant Memory Week by Week by Dominic O’Brien – eight-times winner of the World Memory Championship – offers us tried and tested strategies and tips that will expand your mental capacities at a realistic but impressive rate to make your memory bigger, better and sharper, week by week.
https://nourishbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/brilliant-memory-preview.jpg 300 340 Victoria Lagodinsky https://nourishbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/NourishLogo340x156-300x138-300x138.png Victoria Lagodinsky2014-01-21 11:00:472015-09-17 16:47:34How to memorize your shopping list – and almost anything else! | 2019-04-19T12:25:40Z | https://nourishbooks.com/2014/01/ |
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All check requests will be processed once a month and should be expected to be received within 6 to 8 weeks from the last business day of each month. | 2019-04-20T21:13:20Z | https://healthcare.opinionsite.com/page/27 |
In a land where women are limited by rules and religion, an Iranian woman dares to love. A man with mesmerizing eyes invites her to a forbidden territory. Their secret meetings are exciting and his touch takes her to the edge of rebellion. Fariba knows she has to keep it all a secret. Her culture, her religion and most importantly her parents would not understand, nor allow it. When her father accepts a marriage proposal on her behalf Fariba has no choice but to confess that her heart belongs to another man. For her, the game has just begun .it is the beginning of a nightmare in a place where God fails to exist. Fariba witnesses the terror of the war as her dreams shatter and her country bleeds. Fariba's world has changed and so has she. When she is about to lose all that she has, she unleashes the warrior inside.
Her heart is an ocean of love which holds secrets deep enough not to surface anytime soon. In her dreams, she holds on to the only man she ever loved. In reality, she longs to reunite with her daughter. This is a woman who won't be forgotten.
My grandmother Fariba seemed like an ordinary woman who lived a very simple life. The truth of the matter is, her life was anything but simple. Beneath her seemingly calm appearance, she lived a tormented life; a tale obscured silently and perfectly deep inside her, in the burial chamber of her heart.
Grandma was a role model to me in so many ways. I wanted to be like her. I always felt more connected to her than to my own mom, her daughter Sepideh. My mother gave me all the things I needed, but grandma was everything I wanted. I cherished everything about her; the way she laughed, the elegance in the way she dressed or did her hair, the way she walked, the soft melody in her voice, I treasured it all and I wanted to know more. The desire to know her better had pushed me to wait patiently for the day to come when she would open the pages of her life's book, to share its contents, to let me write her story. It was a journey to her past. A voyage to the most concealed part of her life—the part she kept hidden from most people. I pursued her so many times on that matter and every time she answered, "No". I remember one particular conversation I had with her on that subject.
"My dear Azale, why do you ask me to talk about my past?"
"I believe your story needs to be heard grandma."
"Why? There is nothing about it that needs to be told. It's just another life, lived and forgotten."
"It better be. Nothing good can come out by telling useless stories."
"That's where you're wrong grandma. Time has changed so many things in this country. However, there are things that may happen the same way as it did generations ago. I believe by telling your story you can help lots of women."
"How much do you know about my life anyway?"
"I have heard pieces of it from mom, but not all. It's a puzzle and I want to put all the pieces together."
"I have been asking you for a long time grandma, remember? I have been waiting for your approval."
I recall grandma being quiet so I continued, "Think about it again, grandma. You don't have to answer me now; think it through. I believe your story deserves to be heard."
I left her without having much hope for any answer other than a "no" as she had always given me. I couldn't believe my ears when two days later she called, ready to tell it, and to tell it all.
The night before my meeting with grandma I couldn't sleep. Next morning I arrived early; the magical day with grandma had finally come. The early morning sun made everything to glitter. The road shimmered and her house looked more beautiful than ever. Animated, energetic and eager to start, I rang the bell.
"It was September; I finished high school three months earlier in June. Back then at eighteen, I was pretty, full of life and energy, a daydreamer, a girl with unlimited imaginations and yet, living a very limited life." Grandma paused, reliving those memories for a few seconds.
"I remember the day so clearly, a day with sapphire sky, pleasant breeze and the smell of lilacs that filled the air. It was a beautiful summer evening when I first saw him. I was walking back home from Mino's house; a friend of mine from high school who had invited me for an afternoon tea party. She lived four blocks away from me. That day, I met the man whose existence changed my life forever and gave a new meaning to the world I knew.
I can still remember the day as if it happened yesterday. There I was, on my way home, but I had to stop by the shoe store to look at a pair of beautiful shoes behind the store's window. It wasn't the first time I had stopped to look at those shiny blue shoes; I had done it every time I passed the store. Just as any other day, I pulled my chadoor up to my ankles, so that I could imagine and visualize those shoes on my feet.
When I finally turned my head away from the window, I saw him. He stood a few steps away, looking at me the same way I looked at those shoes, as if I was the prettiest thing he' d ever seen. For a moment our eyes met. His sharp stare pierced through me like needles and I felt a rush of heat through my body.
Immediately I tried to cover my feet. I felt nervous and my hands were shaking. The chadoor slipped from my head, exposing my long black hair. Quickly, he stepped forward and helped adjust the chadoor. I felt so embarrassed that I started to walk away without even thanking him. As I walked he didn't say anything, but I could still feel the heavy weight of his eyes on me. 'Why did he look at me like that?' I wondered.
But somehow deep down in my heart, I liked it, just like any other girl of my age would have. I didn't turn around to look at him, even though I wanted very badly to do so. When I reached home, I could still feel my cheeks burning as if they were on fire. Nervously, I went inside the house and shut the door behind me.
"Fariba is that you?" I heard Mama. I entered the living room and saw Mama sitting on her floral sofa, knitting; one of her favorite activities.
"Yes, Mama, it's me." My voice was shaking and I wondered why.
"How was the party?" Mama asked.
"Wasn't bad.... Is Papa home yet?" I answered as I tried to sound normal.
"Yes, darling, he's in the basement, fixing the grass cutting machine."
It seemed she didn't notice the wobble in my voice and I couldn't be more glad, mama wasn't the type to leave things alone, if she had noticed anything out of ordinary she would have used her ways to get the truth out.
"Fariba, can I have your lavender shirt now?" My sister Ferry asked as she rushed a little too quickly into our living room. Ferry was only two years younger than me but she always acted childishly and less mature than her age.
"No, you can't have my shirt," I answered. "How many times are you going to bother me for it?"
"I'll bother you as long as it takes." Ferry said annoyingly.
"Well, you're wasting your time and energy." I told her.
"This morning you said I could have it after you returned back from the party."
"I changed my mind. Now leave me alone."
"But you said, .... Mama, .... she promised me ..."
"Okay girls, that's enough," Mama interrupted. "Ferry, I wish you would stop that for now. You behave like a little child sometimes."
"Stupid, if you ask me," I chided.
"Fariba, stop it. You're not being so nice yourself and I don't want to hear more about this." Mama's tone forced Ferry and I to stay quiet.
"Good, now I'm going to set the dinner table. Who wants to help?" Mama got up from the sofa and walked toward the kitchen. Ferry and I followed her without saying a word.
At the kitchen table, my ten-year-old sister Zina looked annoyed next to my very spoiled, five year old brother Zafa whom I used to call 'The Demolisher'. He kept asking Zina to color a picture of a cat.
"Kids, get up and take your painting papers and pencils to your room. We want to set the table for dinner." I ordered.
To my surprise, they followed my instructions with no resistance. Often they needed a few of my shouts before they could listen to anything I had to say. At that age, I didn't want to deal with my younger siblings. I didn't have patience for them and I couldn't figure out how Mama had that much understanding. She was very tolerant of Zina and Zafa. Mama had always been a very kind woman. She devoted her life to her little family and I never heard her complain about anything. Her belief in God and the power of prayer had always surprised me. "Everything happens for a reason. God knows best," she used to say. She had her own unique ways of doing things. Her medium size bone structure and her big almond shaped eyes were a heritage from her Persian mother. But her strong jaw line and pointed nose were bequest from her father and his Russian ancestors.
Mama loved to embellish the rooms; therefore, our house always looked neat and nicely decorated. She spent most of her time in the kitchen: cooking, baking and cleaning. I remember when my parents started to build the house; she insisted on having a very large kitchen with lots of wooden, spacious cabinets and at the end, she got the kitchen just the way she want it.
Ferry had a lot of Mama's genes in her. She looked so much like Mama, except that Ferry was the tomboy of the family. She wore jeans most of the time and preferred to keep her hair short.
I on the other hand, looked more like papa. I had his nose and his big brown eyes. Physically and emotionally speaking, I had more things in common with him; except for my medium size bone structure which I took from Mama. Papa looked more slender because of his tallness, long legs, and narrow shoulders. He had inherited that from his father along with grandpa's salt and pepper's hair. As long as I remembered, Papa's hair looked that way.
Papa taught literature in high school and did tutoring every day after work. He was the only bread winner of our family. An old-fashioned kind of guy, he never believed in the notion of a wife working outside of the home. But he never degraded what women did at home.
"A woman has a big job, don't ever kid yourself," he always argued with other men who believed they were the only ones with a job in their household. "Her job is at home; we work outside and women work inside and it's all the same," he used to say.
He made all the rules. Of course, we had to obey and we always did. He was very firm and at the same time, very gentle in his own way. My Papa, I remember him being well respected and well loved. Papa always told us: "Don't ever let me show you my mean side, behave properly." Somehow we never saw his mean side ... well, except for one time and I will get to that later. But for now, I'll get back to that first night.
That night at the dinner table I was more quiet than usual, but not in a way to raise any question. Physically, I sat there at that table in our house with my family, but my mind couldn't have been any farther away; wondering about that boy, traveling to where his eyes met mine, thinking about how he looked at me. He looked at me in a way I wanted to be looked at.
Somehow I felt happy about my little encounter with him. There was Something about that face, about his eyes and the way he looked at me that had lit my heart up like a burning candle, keeping me wide awake most of that night. As I thought about him more and more, I realized that all I could picture in my mind was his face and nothing else. I passed him by so fast, scared and nervous, that I didn't even look at him completely. I couldn't remember anything about him, only his undeniable face and those mesmerizing eyes.
The next morning, I decided to get out of the house, hoping that I would see him again. I needed to come up with a good excuse; I thought of something fast: "Mama, may I go to the mall?"
"Why this early? The stores won't open until ten."
"I won't call for a taxi, I'll walk. That way, by the time I reach the mall, it will be ten o'clock."
"What do you need from the mall anyway?"
"I want to buy a poster for my room."
"Fariba, we can hardly see the walls of your room. They are all covered by posters already." True, but did I want to admit that? I didn't think so.
"Please Mama, I saw a beautiful poster yesterday. It's a picture of an ocean in the sunset."
"I don't know where you're going to put that poster, but you can go. Remember to come back before your father gets home for lunch."
Oh, it was easier than I thought; she wanted me to be home before Papa and he wasn't going to be home before noon. She had basically given me permission to stay out for a couple of hours. I felt excited. 'Surely I would see the boy again.' I thought as I almost ran out of the house with my slippers instead of my shoes. Two hours later, I returned home with no luck.
I asked myself all those questions. Only I couldn't come up with a good answer. All I knew was that somehow I needed to see his face again.
'Maybe he works during the day.' I finally found an explanation for myself.
Yes, he was probably at work, and I would go out in the evening next time. My plan was formed.
Later that day, I found another reason to leave the house. Surprisingly, Mama didn't ask too many questions. I went out that evening and looked at every face, but none was the one I wanted. I wasn't able to find those piercing hazel eyes. After that day, I went out every chance I could get, and every time I hoped to see him once more. A month passed by and after finding no trace of him, I knew I had to give up that girlish dream—and I almost did.
Then, one day in early November, when I had just stepped out the house to take a bus to Zina's school, I saw him again. He was standing at the corner of Mir Avenue and Pasadena Street, one block away from our house. My knees started to tremble like they never had before. I felt happy and yet so tense at the same time.
I wanted to look at him, to let my heart take note of every inch of him. But for some reason, I couldn't look; it felt very awkward. I couldn't clearly understand why I couldn't look at him when every cell in my body yearned and searched for him. I think it must have been the way girls were brought up in a Muslim country. A girl was not to look at a man in such a way; it was a forbidden act, a shameful behavior. Weren't we told: 'Girls shouldn't look at men, at least, not eye to eye?' As a result, I started to walk up the block without looking at him.
'Look at him Fariba.' My heart yelled at me.
'Why can't I look at him now?' I questioned myself.
'Fariba, look; take your eyes off the asphalt and look at him.' My heart ordered.
'But you shouldn't.' My brain advised me. Angry at myself, I listened to the bloody debate between my heart and my brain. I had waited for this moment the whole month and I had promised myself to stare him in the eye and even smile if I ever saw him again. Instead, I felt so shy and nervous as a five-year-old child would have been. As I got steadily closer, my hands started to shake and became sweaty while my fingertips turned cold as ice. 'What if my veil fall off again? Oh wouldn't that be a real disaster? I'd rather die instead.' I thought. I prayed to God that he wouldn't see through me, that he would not be able to read my mind.
'Is he looking at me?' I wondered and hoped not.
When I reached him, my heart couldn't fit inside my chest. I passed him in a trance, as in slow motion and only then I heard his voice for the first time.
"I need to talk to you." He suddenly whispered.
He wanted to talk to me. 'What should I do now, Should I answer him or not?' I asked myself.
'You shouldn't answer him Fariba.' My brain advised as usual.
'But why not?' My heart argued.
The war between my brain and my heart continued and of course, my brain won, it always did, well, not always but for most part it did. My winner brain had told me not to answer, so I didn't answer and continued to walk. 'Oh, God what he possibly wanted to tell me?' I asked myself and came up with at least ten different answers.
'Stop Fariba, turn back and look at him.' My deepest desire yelled. 'He wants to talk, stop.' The inner voice yelled again. But my legs had a mind of their own; they kept walking.
He started to walk a few steps away behind me, all the way to the bus station and there, he stood close as I waited for the bus. I wanted him to say something again, but he didn't. Finally the bus arrived; my heart ached and I wanted to cry. I didn't want to leave; I wanted to scream at him and say, "Why didn't you say another word?" But, despite the storm inside me, I remained quiet. As I was about to put my foot on the first step to get inside the bus, he gently held my arm and whispered against my left ear.
"Please call me," He said as he handed me a piece of paper. I thought I wouldn't take the paper from him, but I guess my hands didn't want to follow my thoughts because my hand took the paper as I went inside the bus. The bus started to move, but I couldn't.
'Why couldn't I move? Why didn't my body parts work with me as a team?' I wondered.
Excerpted from He Died Twice by SHOLEH SHABANGIZ Copyright © 2012 by Sholeh Shabangiz. Excerpted by permission of AuthorHouse. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
He Died Twice 5 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. 5 reviews.
Wow i loved this book. i finished it in two days and when i was done reading ,i couldnt stop thinking about the book for days.
This was an amazing book i couldnt get enough of it. i wish the story never ended.
Sholeh Shabangiz is a promising new author and extremely talented. This book is an emotional journey you will not easily forget.For a new author,Sholeh shows a rare talent that even the most experienced authors cannot compete with.Please buy this book as soon as possible.You will not be disappointed.I can guarantee it. | 2019-04-20T20:28:26Z | https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/he-died-twice-sholeh-shabangiz/1018691714 |
Items where Subject is "C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods > C0 - General > C02 - Mathematical Methods"
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This list was generated on Sat Apr 20 02:45:15 2019 CEST. | 2019-04-20T13:30:50Z | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/view/subjects/C02.html |
A long time ago there lived in a camp of Pawnees a certain poor boy. His father had only one pony.
Once he had been a leading man in the tribe but now he seemed to be unlucky.
When he went on the war-path he brought back nothing and when he fought he did nothing, and the people did not now look up to him.
There was a chief's son who loved the poor boy and these two went together all the time. They were like brothers; they used to hunt together and go courting together, and when they were travelling the poor boy often rode one of the ponies of the chief's son, and the latter used to go to the poor boy's lodge and sleep there with him.
Once the camp went off to hunt buffalo, and the poor boy and the chief's son rode together all the time.
After the people had made camp at a certain place, the chiefs decided to stop here for four days because the buffalo were close by and they could kill plenty and dry the meat here.
North of the camp was a hill on which grew many cedar-trees, and during the day the poor boy had overheard people saying that many Indians had been killed on that hill among those trees. They said that no one ought to go there for it was a dangerous place.
That night the chief's son went over to his friend's lodge to sleep there, but before they went to bed he left the lodge for a time and while he was gone the poor boy, as he sat there waiting, began to think about himself and how unhappy he was. He remembered how poor he and his father were and how everybody looked down on them and despised them, and it did not seem to him that things would ever be any better for them than they were now.
For a long time he sat there thinking about all these things, and the more he thought of them the worse they seemed, and at last he felt that he was no longer glad to live and he made up his mind to go up into those cedars.
He went out of the lodge and started to go up toward the trees. It was bright moonlight, so that he could see well.
Just before he reached the edge of the timber he crossed a ravine, and saw there many skeletons of people who had been killed. The ground was white with these bones. He went on into the cedars, and came to a ravine leading up the hills, and followed it. As he went on he saw before him a trail and followed it, and when he came to the head of the ravine there was a big hole in the bank, and the trail led to it.
He stopped for a moment when he came to his hole, but then he went in, and when he had entered he saw there, sitting by the fire, a big she-bear and some little cubs. As the boy stood there looking at her, the she-bear said to him: "I am sorry that you have come here. My husband is the one who kills persons and brings them here for the children and me to eat. You had better go back to your people quickly, or he will eat you up. He has gone hunting, but he will soon be back again. If he finds you here, he will kill you."
The poor boy said: "Well, I came here on purpose to be killed, and I give myself up to you. I shall be glad to be eaten by you. I am here ready to be killed. I am yours. Take me."
The she-bear said: "Oh, I wish I could do something to save you, but I cannot. He is one of those bad bears -- a grizzly -- medicine. I can do nothing for you, but I will try. As soon as you hear any noise outside -- any one coming -- pick up that cub, the littlest one, and hold it in your arms. When he comes in he will tell you to put it down, but do not do so. Hold it tight; he loves that one best of all."
All at once the boy heard outside the cave the noise of a bear snorting and grunting. The she-bear said, "Pick up the cub, quick; he is coming." The boy caught up the little bear, and held it tight to his breast. All at once the noise came to the mouth of the den and stopped. It was the Bear.
The boy could hear him talking. He said: "Here! somebody has been about my house. I smell human beings. Yes, he even came in. Where is he? Let me see him, so that I may jump upon him and kill him."
When he came in he saw the boy, and seemed very angry. He stood up on his hind feet and threw up his hands, and then came down again and struck his paws on the ground, and then rose up and snorted "whoof," and blew out red dust from his nostrils, and then came down and jumped about, and sometimes sprang toward the boy, as though he were going to seize him.
He was very terrible, and the boy was very much afraid. The Bear called out to the boy in a loud voice: "How dare you take up my child and hold it? Let it go, or I will tear you to pieces and eat you." But the boy still held the cub. No matter what the Bear said or what he did, the boy held fast to the cub.
When the Bear saw that the boy would not let the cub go, he became quiet, and no longer seemed angry. He said: "Boy, you are my son. Put down your brother, for now he is your brother. He shall go with you, he shall be your companion, and shall be with you always as your guide and helper.
He has told me your story, and how you are poor, unhappy, and now he has kept you from being eaten up. I have taken pity on you, and we will send you back to your people, where you may do some good among them.
My son, I am at the head of all these animal lodges, down at Pahuk and at Pahur and everywhere else. I am at the head; there is no animal living that is stronger than I; none that I cannot kill. If a man shoots at me, I make the arrow to fall from my skin without hurting me.
Look up around my lodge. See these arrows, these guns, these leggings, these beads, and the medicine that men have brought, thinking to kill me; but I have killed them, and have taken these things, and keep them here.
I knew that your people were coming to this place to hunt. I drove the buffalo over, so that the people should stop here and hunt and kill meat, in order that you might come to my lodge. I know all your feelings. I know that you are sorry for your poor father, my brother, and I wished you to come here, so that I might make you my son and give my power to you, so that you may become a great man among your people. I know that they are now killing buffalo, and that they will be camped here for four days.
Now, my son, set your brother free. All the power that I have I give to you. I shall kill my son, your little brother there, and give you his skin to keep and to carry away with you, so that he may be your companion and may be with you always. Your brother, your friend at the camp, is looking for you, mourning for you, for he thinks you dead, but to-morrow night you shall see him, and shall tell him to rejoice for you and not to mourn. You shall tell him where you have been."
The little bear that he was holding said to the boy: "It is all right now, brother; put me down. My father means what he says. I am glad that I am going to be with you, my brother."
The boy put him down. Then the Bear said to his wife: "Get up. Take that gun."
The she-bear took the gun, and they walked around the fire-place in a circle, and sang, and the boy looked on. The Bear took the gun and told the boy to look at them, and to watch carefully everything that they did. After a little he stopped, and shot his wife, and she fell down dead.
Then he put down the gun, and went to the she-bear and put his mouth on the wound, and breathed on it and snorted "whoof," and sucked in his breath and took the bullet out, and went around the lodge, singing and making motions, and then he took hold of the she-bear and lifted her to her feet, and supported her, and pushed her around, and helped her, and at last she walked, and was well.
Then he called the boy to him and said, "Now I will do the same thing to you." And he did the same thing to the boy, and brought him to life in the same way.
Then he said, "That is one power I give you to-night." Then he gave the gun to the boy and went to the other side of the lodge, and sat up, and said, "Now I will open my mouth, and you shoot me right in the mouth."
He opened his mouth, and the boy shot him, and he fell over.
After a moment he got up on his feet and slapped his paws on his chest several times, and the bullet came out of his mouth, and he walked around the fireplace two or three times, and made motions and grunted, and then he was well.
Then he took the boy in his arms, and hugged him and kissed him and breathed on him, and said: "Now I give you my power. Go over there and I will shoot you as you shot me. Do just as I did."
The boy went over there, and the Bear shot him, and the boy did just as the Bear had done, and made himself well. The Bear then put an arrow in the gun and shot it at the boy, and when the smoke cleared away the boy found the arrow fast in his throat, the feather end sticking out. The Bear took it out and made him well, and gave him also this power.
Then the Bear told him to load the gun with a ball and to shoot it at him, and he did so, and shot the Bear, but the lead was made flat and dropped to the ground. The bullet did not go into the Bear. The Bear now told the boy to take the bow and arrow and to shoot at him with all his strength. The boy did this, but the arrow did not go through the Bear, but the spike rolled up and the shaft was split.
The Bear said: "Now you see, my son, that the gun and the bow, the bullet and the arrow, cannot harm me. You shall have the same power. When you go into battle you shall not carry a gun nor arrows, for they are not mine, but you shall take this paint and put it all over your body, then put this feather on your head, and take this club, which is part of my jawbone. All these things have my power and medicine. When you are carrying these things your enemy cannot hurt you, even if you run right on to him; but with one stroke of this club you shall kill your enemy."
That night the Bear said to him: "Hereafter you shall have the same feelings as the bear. When you get angry, you will have a grunt like a bear; and if you get too fierce, tushes like a bear's will stick out of your mouth, so that the people will know that you are very angry. You shall have my power, and you can go into any of the lodges of the animals, of which I am the chief." And he told him how to get into these lodges.
That day they stayed in the Bear's lodge, and the Bear took the claw off from his little finger and gave it and a little bundle of medicine to the boy. He said, "Take this claw and this bundle of medicine and put them on a string and wear them on your neck always, the claw hanging in front."
He taught him how to make plums grow on trees, and how to make ground-cherries come out of his mouth. That night he sent the boy back to the camp. He said: "Tell your father and mother not to mourn for you, for you will return in two days more. I have driven plenty of buffalo to this place, and they will kill them and dry the meat. Now go to the camp and get a pipe and some tobacco, and bring them here."
The boy went back to the camp. When he went into the lodge his father and mother were glad to see him. He told them not to be anxious about him, and not to say anything about his having been away. Then he went out and found his brother, the chief's son, asleep.
He said to him: "Wake up, brother. I want you to get some tobacco and a pipe from your father. Tell no one that it is for me. Bring it here. I want to smoke with you. I am going away again, but you must stay in camp. I will be back in a few days."
The chief's son got the things and gave them to the boy. He wanted to go with him, but the poor boy would not let him. That same night the boy went back to the Bear's den, carrying with him the pipe and tobacco. After he went into the lodge he filled his pipe and lighted it, and he and the Bear smoked together. The Bear said to him: "After you have gone home, whenever you smoke, always point your pipe toward my den and ask me to smoke with you. After lighting your pipe, point it first to Atius Tirawat, and then blow a few whiffs to me. Then I shall know that you still remember me. All my power comes from Atius. He made me. There will be an end to my days as there is to those of every mortal. So long as I live I shall protect you; when I die of old age, you shall die too."
After this he said, "Now bring my youngest boy here." The boy brought the little cub, and the Bear said, "Now kill him." The boy hesitated to do this. He did not want to kill the little bear, but it said to him: "Go on, my brother, kill me. After this I am going to be a spirit, and always to be with you." Then the boy killed him, and skinned him, and tanned his hide. ed medicine paint on the hide.
When this was done the Bear told him to put his paint, his feathers, and his war-club in this hide, and to wrap them up and make a bundle of them. Then he said: "Now, my son, go to your people, and when you get home hang your bundle up at the back of the lodge, and let the people know nothing of all this. Keep it secret. Wherever you go, or wherever you are, I shall be with you."
After they had reached their home, the boy told the chief's son that he wanted him to go off with him on the war-path. His brother said: "It is good. I will go." The poor boy took his bundle, and they started.
After traveling many days they came to a camp of the enemy. They went into the village in the daytime, and took many horses and started away with them, riding hard. Soon the enemy pursued them, and at length they could see them coming, and it seemed as if they must soon overtake them. Then the poor boy got off his horse and stopped, telling his brother to go on, driving the horses.
The boy had painted himself red over his whole body. He held his war-club in his hand, and had his feather tied on his head and the little bear-skin on his back. The enemy soon came up and tried to kill him, but they could not. He would run after one and kill him, and all the others would shoot at him with their arrows, but they could not hurt him, and at last they left him and went back, and he went on and overtook the chief's son.
Then his brother saw that he had great power. After this they travelled on slowly, and at last reached the village. His brother told the people that this man was powerful, that they had taken the horses in broad daylight, and the young man had staid behind on foot and fought the enemy off, while he drove on the horses.
A few days after they reached home a war-party of the enemy attacked the village. All the Pawnees went out to fight them, but the poor boy stayed behind in the lodge. He took down his bundle, filled the pipe, and pointed it first to Atius, and then toward the Bear's lodge, and smoked. Then he took the paint and mixed it with grease, and rubbed it all over his body except his face: that he painted black.
Then he put the feather on his head and the little bear-robe on his back, and took his war-club in his hand and started out. The Bear had told him that in going into battle he must never start toward the east, but must attack going toward the west. So he went around, and came on the battle-field from one side. As he came up he saw that his people were having a hard time and were being driven back. There was one of the enemy who seemed to be the bravest of all. The poor boy rushed at this man and killed him with his club, and then ran back to his own line.
When his people looked at him, and saw that it was really the poor boy who had just done so brave a deed, they knew that what the chief's son had said was true. When he started again to rush toward the enemy's line, all the Pawnees followed him. He ran among the enemy, and with his club killed one here and one there, and the enemy became afraid and ran, and the Pawnees followed and killed many of them.
That night they returned to the village, rejoicing over the victory. Everybody was praising the young man. Old men were calling his name, young women were singing about him, and old women dancing before him. People no longer made fun of his father or mother, or of him. Now they looked upon him as a great and powerful person.
The Bear had told him that when he wanted his name changed he must call himself Ku ruks la war uks ti, Medicine Bear. That night the Bear came to the boy in his sleep and spoke to him. He said: "My son, to-morrow the chief of the tribe is going to ask you to take his daughter for your wife, but you must not do this yet. I wish you to wait until you have done certain things. If you take a wife before that time, your power will go from you."
The next day the chief came to Medicine Bear and asked him to marry his daughter, and told him the people wanted him to be their head chief. He refused. Some time after this all the different tribes that had been attacked by him joined forces and came down together to fight the Pawnees.
All the people went out to meet them, but he stayed in his lodge and painted himself, and put his feather in his head and the bear-claw on his neck and his bear-skin on his back, and smoked as he always did, and took his club and went out.
When he came to the battle, the Pawnees were having a hard time, because the enemy were so many. Medicine Bear charged, and killed a man, and then came back, and the second time he charged the people charged all together, following him, and they killed many and drove the enemy off, and those who had the fastest horses were the only ones who got away.
The Pawnees went home to the village. Everybody rejoiced, and there were many scalp-dances. Now the poor boy was more highly thought of than ever. Even the chiefs bowed their heads when they saw him. They could not equal him. This time he called himself Ku ruks ti carish, Angry Bear.
After the excitement had quieted down, one day the head chief said: "Medicine Bear, in all this tribe there is no chief who is equal to you. Sit down by my daughter. Take her for your wife, and take my place as chief. I and my wife will go out of this lodge, and it shall be yours. You shall be the chief of the tribe. Whatever you say we will abide by."
The poor boy said: "My father, I will think about this. By morning I will let you know."
In the night, before he slept, he filled the pipe and smoked as the Bear had told him to do, and then he went to bed. In dreams the Bear said to him: "My son, you have done what I wished you to do. Now the power will remain with you as long as you shall live. Now you can marry, if you will."
But the boy was not yet ready to do this. The girl was very pretty, and he liked her, but he felt that before he married there were still some things that he must do. He called his brother and said to him, "Go, kill the fattest of the buffalo; bring it to me, and I will take a long journey with you."
His brother went hunting and killed a buffalo, and brought the meat home, and they dried it and made a bundle of it. Medicine Bear told his brother to carry this bundle and a rawhide rope and a little hatchet, and they started on a journey toward the Missouri River .
"Now take the bundle of meat, and I will let you down over the bank. You must put the meat on a ledge of the cliff, and when the birds come you must feed them. Give a piece to the first one that comes, and then take your sharp stick and get another piece, and so feed all the birds. They are the ones that have power, and they can take pity on you." So he let the chief's son down.
The first bird that came was a buzzard, then an eagle, then hawks and owls, all kinds of birds that kill their prey. He fed them all. While he was doing this, the poor boy was above lying on top of the bank. Late in the afternoon, just as the sun was going down, he saw, far up the river, what looked like a flock of geese coming. They came nearer and nearer, and at last passed out of sight under the bank.
Afterward, when he looked down on the river, he could see in the water red light as if it were all on fire, and as he lay on the bank he could hear down below him the sound of drumming and singing just as plain as could be, and all the time the chief's son was hanging there in front of the bank, and the poor boy would call down to him to cry and ask the animals to take pity on him.
When Medicine Bear had done this, he started back and went home, leaving the chief's son hanging there. The chief's son stayed there all the night and all the next day, and for three days and nights, and on the night of the fourth day he fell asleep.
When he awoke he was in a lodge. It was under the Missouri River . When he looked about him he saw that those in the lodge were all animals.
There was the beaver, there was the otter, two buffalo, the antelope, hawks, owls, ermines, bears, frogs, woodpeckers, catfish -- all kinds of animals.
On each side of the lodge was a little pool, and in each pool sat a goose, and every time they sang, the geese would shake their wings on the water, and it sounded just like drumming. The chief of the animals spoke to him, saying: "My son, at this time we can do nothing for you. We must first send our messenger up to the Bear's lodge to ask him what we may do for you."
While he was saying this the Bear's servant entered the lodge and said: "My father, it is all right. Our father the Bear told me to say to you that his son has sent this young man to you, and you must exert all your power for him."
Now the animals began to make ready to use their power to help the chief's son. First the Beaver talked to the young man, to tell him of his powers and his ways, so that he might perform wonderful acts. How he should take the branch of a tree and strike a man with its point and it would go through him, and then how to draw it out and to make the man well again. He gave him the power to do this. He taught him how to take a stick two feet long and swallow it, and then take it out again from his throat, and gave him this power.
The Otter gave him the power, if his enemies ever attacked him, to break their arrows with his teeth and shoot back the shaft without a spike, and if he hit an enemy with the shaft, it would kill him. "The poison from your mouth will kill him," he said. The Ground-dog said: "My son, here is my little one. I give him to you. Take him, and if you have an enemy among the doctors in your tribe, take this little one down to the water early in the morning and dip his nose in the water, and when you take it out it will have a piece of liver in its mouth. The man who has tried to kill you will be found dead."
The Owl said: "My son, I give you power to see in the night. When you go on the war-path and want to take horses, the night will be like daytime for you."
The Hawk said: "My son, I give you power to run swiftly, and I give you my war-club, which is my wing. You shall strike your enemy with it only once, and the blow shall kill him. Take also this little black rope; you shall use it when you go on the war-path to catch horses. Take also this scalp which you see hanging down from my claw. You shall be a great man for scalping."
For two days and two nights, they taught him the different kinds of power, and for two days and two nights they taught him the different kinds of roots and herbs for healing the sick. They said to him: "You shall be the great doctor of your people. Every now and then you must bring us tobacco, so that we can smoke."
They further told him that at this time they could teach him only a little, but that afterward, one at a time, they would meet him out on the prairie, and would teach him more. At last they said: "Now it is time for you to go. Your friend has come, and is waiting for you out on the prairie."
The Buffalo now stood up and said: "My son, I want to be with you always. I give you my robe. Wear it wherever you go, that the people may know that you come from this place."
All the animals said, "We want to be with you too." Each one of the birds took off a feather and put it on the robe, and each animal put one of its claws on it, and some put medicine on it. In one of the holes the Beaver tied a little sweet-grass, and others did the same. By the time they were through, the robe was all covered with feathers and claws and smelt sweet.
The animals had put their medicine on it so that it smelt sweet. Then the animals said, "Go, my son, to your people, and bring us something to smoke, so that we may be atisfied."
Presently the chief's son found himself upon the bluff, facing his brother. His brother grasped him in his arms and said: "Oh, my brother, you smell nice. What a fine robe you have on! Look at all these feathers."
They hugged each other. Then they went home together. The chief's son had a bundle that the animals had given him. Soon after this the Pawnees had a big doctors' dance. These boys went into the doctors' lodge and said: "Doctors, you are the head doctors, but we have come to-night to visit you. We want to do a few things ourselves."
The doctors all said "Lau-a." The young men took seats close to the door, which is the most important place in this dance. All the doctors were surprised, and said "Uh!"
The Bear boy got up first and began shooting at the chief's son, just as he had done with the Bear, and all the doctors thought he was powerful, shooting at this young man and curing him. When he got through, it was the other boy's turn. He would take a long sharp stick and thrust it through his brother, and then heal him again, and then take a knife and stab him, and then cure him. He did some powerful things, more so than his brother had done.
After the doctors had seen all these things they all said, "Let us have these two for our head doctors."
But the poor boy said: "Not so. This one who is sitting by me has more power than I have. He ought to be the head doctor, for I am a warrior, and can never stay in the camp to doctor people. My brother has gone into the animals' lodge, and they have given him more power than I possess."
So the chief's son was chosen to be the head doctor. When the doctors' dance was over, the two brothers at once started to go to the animals' lodge, carrying with them tobacco and a pipe. When they got there, the chief's son told his brother to wait on the bank, that he was going down to take the tobacco and the pipe to his fathers. He jumped off the steep bank into the river, down into the door of the lodge, and went in.
When they saw him all the animals slapped their mouths and called out. They were glad to see him. After smoking with them, he went back to his friend. After that the chief's son would go off by himself and would meet the animals on the hills. They would tell him about different roots, and how to doctor this disease and that. He would come back with some roots and herbs and put them away.
Finally the head chief sent for the Bear man and said to him: "My son, I offered you my lodge, my daughter, and the whole tribe. Now take all this. Let me go out of this lodge and look for another one, and you stay here with my daughter."
The young man said: "What of my brother? Send for the other chief. Let him give his daughter, his lodge, his people, to him, and this day we will accept your gifts to us. My brother will after this be the head doctor of this tribe."
The other chief when asked to do this agreed, and it was so done. The Bear man went often on the warpath, but his brother staid at home, and fought against the enemy only when they attacked the village. He took charge of the doctors' lodge.
The Bear man after this had some children, and when they had grown up he told his son the secrets of his power. He was now beginning to grow old, and his son went on the warpath, while he staid at home. One night he had a dream about his father the Bear. The Bear said to him: "My son, I made you great and powerful among your people. The hairs of my body are falling and soon I shall die. Then you too will die. Tell your son all the secret powers that I gave you. He shall keep the same power that you have had."
Soon after this the old Bear must have died, for the man died. Before he died he said to his brother: "Do not mourn for me, for I shall always be near you. Take care of your people. Cure them when they are sick, and always be their chief."
When the enemy came and attacked these people and wounded any, the chief's son was always there and always cured them. He was a great doctor. At last he also died, but his son had the same kind of power. But these two sons never had so great a power as their fathers.
HORSE - The sleek and beautiful horse is a symbol for personal power. Real power inspires others and motivates you to act in life. False power seems "controlling" or "manipulative".
When you own your talents and speak your truth you will be able to run towards your dream with the joy and grace of the powerful horse.
BEAR - The bear is the keeper of sleep, dreams, and inner wisdom. He goes into the cave and comes out renewed. There are times in life when we must go within to reassess our lives.
If you are in a period of transition you may want to go into hibernation. You may want to sleep more, be less social, and less focused on your goals. This is normal. If you are in this period of life, draw on the strength of bear to know that everything has its season and that a time for action will come once again. For now, rest is in order.
Bear is also the healer and herbalist. His curious nature motivates him to learn a great deal about the plants and their medicines. Invoke him for his healing, his powers of introspection, and his wisdom.
When the people of the other towns heard of it they were very sorry and sent their headmen to persuade the Ani Tsaguhi to stay at home and not go into the woods to live. The messengers found them already on the way, and were surprised to notice that their bodies were beginning to be covered with hair like that of animals, because for seven days they had not taken human food and their nature was changing. The Ani Tsaguhi would not come back, but said, "We are going where there is always plenty to eat. Hereafter we shall be called Yonv(a) (bears), and when you yourselves are hungry come into the woods and call us and we shall shall come to give you our own flesh. You need not be afraid to kill us, for we shall live always." Then they taught the messengers the songs with which to call them and bear hunters have these songs still. When they had finished the songs, the Ani Tsaguhi started on again and the messengers turned back to the settlements, but after going a little way they looked back and saw a drove of bears going into the woods.
Aho! We are all Related!
The lynx is not a very prominent figure in mythology. No fables or legends concerning the lynx have been found . There are a few proverbs concerning the lynx like for example "to wangle something out of someone" in German means "jemandem etwas abluchsen", which reminds us that the lynx is a very intelligent and quick hunter (Schenda 1995).
Lynx can see in the dark, noticing all those animals that are hidden by day. He teaches us to pay attention to what lies behind the scenes. If he comes into your life, look carefully at the people around you to make sure they are really who they seem to be. Look inside of yourself to discern your own truth. Lynx can show you hidden realities.
This the wise Eagle’s words.
A question he could not answer.
Is not the top of the world.
In the dirt, with the rest of us.
Moose is strong and proud. He bellows loudly announcing to all the world that he has arrived. He can teach you to be proud of your talents and to let the world know who you really are. Own your gifts, speak your truth and have the self-esteem to ask for what you want in life.
For the Zunis of Turtle Island ( Southwest United States ), Cougar was the Master Hunter, known for its high intelligence, its knowledge of other animal and life forms, its physical prowess, its strength of will, and its intuitive ability. Cougar sees the maintenance of its territory as essential for its survival. Poshaiankia, the father of the Medicine Societies, designated Cougar the duty of carrying messages from humans to the higher spirits, because of this animal’s personal power, superior knowledge, strength of will, and steadfastness. Therefore, Cougar represents the link between ourselves and the most powerful spirits in Zuni Mythology: Mother Earth, Father Sky, and the Originator of All.
At the time Cougar comes into their lives, Cougar people are often shy loners. Though working Cougar will transform them outwardly, they always tend to be people who are "alone in a crowd."
When seeking a goal, Cougar people are wary and secretive as they access the situation, and wait for the moment to strike, but when there is a choice to be made, they need to learn to take that leap, to assert themselves. Decisiveness is another Cougar lesson.
Cougar tends to tire quickly when chasing prey, this is a message to conserve strength and not overdo, but instead rest and return to the hunt later.
Despite Cougar's solitary nature in the wild, Cougars often become leaders of others. This tends to happen, not through seeking positions of power, but because others see them striding confidently upon our paths and follow. Cougar medicine will tend to attract lessons dealing with balance of power. There will be those who envy their growing strengths or wish to maintain the status quo.
Cougar people should also be aware of their own tendency to be overly forceful at times, and their impatience with others whom they do not see as being proactive enough or not carrying their own weight. When Cougar people have a cause in mind, they leap forward with swiftness and power, and expect other to do so as well.
At it's best expression, (much like the Hermit card in Tarot) Cougar energy says, "I am going there, follow me if you will, but do not follow in my footsteps, for your path must be your own. Seek instead your high goal and I will aid you on the way if I am able."
The cougar is a sleek and graceful cat with amazing balance. He knows how to manage his energy by sitting for long periods of time waiting for prey, then pouncing when the right opportunity comes along. He teaches us about the balance between action and rest. He knows about right timing.
The female cougar encourages the young to leave the den. She is always watchful and ready to save them from danger, but she allows them to grow in independence. This is the mark of the true leader.
Mouse scurries about paying close attention to the little things in life that we often miss. Mouse shows us that it is sometimes important to analyze a situation before we act. He also reminds us to balance mind with heart because if we lose sight of the big picture, we risk getting into trouble!
Beside a white lake, beneath a large grown willow tree, sat Iktomi on the bare ground. The heap of smoldering ashes told of a recent open fire. With ankles crossed together around a pot of soup, Iktomi bent over some delicious boiled fish.
"How, how, my friend!" said a voice out of the wild rice.
Iktomi started. He almost choked with his soup. He peered through the long reeds from where he sat with his long horn spoon in mid-air.
silent. He hummed an old dance-song and beat gently on the edge of the pot with his buffalo-horn spoon. The muskrat began to feel awkward before such lack of hospitality and wished himself under water.
After many heart throbs Iktomi stopped drumming with his horn ladle, and looking upward into the muskrat's face, he said: "My friend, let us run a race to see who shall win this pot of fish. If I win, I shall not need to share it with you. If you win, you shall have half of it." Springing to his feet, Iktomi began at once to tighten the belt about his waist.
unwelcome visitor; "I shall carry a large stone on my back. That will slacken my usual speed; and the race will be a fair one."
Saying this he laid a firm hand upon the muskrat's shoulder and started off along the edge of the lake. When they reached the opposite side Iktomi pried about in search of a heavy stone. He found one half-buried in the shallow water. Pulling it out upon dry land, he wrapped it in his blanket.
Off with a springing bound, he ran swiftly toward the goal. Tufts of reeds and grass fell flat under his feet. Hardly had they raised their heads when Iktomi was many paces gone. Soon he reached the heap of cold ashes. Iktomi halted stiff as if he had struck an invisible cliff. His black eyes showed a ring of white about them as he stared at the empty ground. There was no pot of boiled fish! There was no water-man in sight! "Oh, if only I had shared my food like a real Dakota, I would not have lost it all! Why did I not know the muskrat would run through the water? He swims faster than I could ever run! That is what he has done. He has laughed at me for carrying a weight on my back while he shot hither like an arrow!"
Crying thus to himself, Iktomi stepped to the water's brink. He stooped forward with a hand on each bent knee and peeped far into the deep water. "There!" he exclaimed, "I see you, my friend, sitting with your ankles wound around my little pot of fish! My friend, I am hungry. Give me a bone!" | 2019-04-26T11:37:23Z | http://snowwowl.com/animallore/rlanimalsland3.html |
SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM LOCAL BOARD NO. 11, CHEYENNE, WYOMING, et al.
Erwin N. Griswold, Sol. Gen., for respondents.
Petitioner is enrolled as a student at a theological school preparing for the ministry and was accordingly classified as IV—D by the Selective Service Board. Section 6(g) of the Selective Service Act, 62 Stat. 611, as amended, now § 6(g) of the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (see 81 Stat. 100, § 1(a)), 50 U.S.C. App. § 456(g), gives such students exemption from training and service under the Act.1 He returned his registration certificate to the Government, according to the complaint in the present action, 'for the sole purpose of expressing dissent from the participation by the United States in the war in Vietnam.' Shortly thereafter his Board declared him delinquent (1) for failure to have the registration certificate in his possession,2 and (2) for failure to provide the Board with notice of his local status. The Board thereupon changed his IV—D classification to I—A. He took an administrative appeal and lost and was ordered to report for induction.
At that point he brought suit to restrain his induction. The District Court dismissed the complaint, 280 F.Supp. 78, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. 390 F.2d 100. The case is here on a petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted. 391 U.S. 912, 88 S.Ct. 1804, 20 L.Ed.2d 651.
As noted, § 6(g) of the Act states that 'students preparing for the ministry' in qualified schools 'shall be exempt from training and service' under the Act.3 Equally unambiguous is § 10(b)(3) of the Military Selective Service Act of 1967, 81 Stat. 104, which provides that there shall be no pre-induction judicial review 'of the classification or processing of any registrant,'4 judicial review being limited to a defense in a criminal prosecution or, as the Government concedes, to habeas corpus after induction.5 See Estep v. United States, 327 U.S. 114, 123—125, 66 S.Ct. 423, 428, 90 L.Ed. 567; Eagles v. United States ex rel. Samuels, 329 U.S. 304, 67 S.Ct. 313, 91 L.Ed. 308; Witmer v. United States, 348 U.S. 375, 377, 75 S.Ct. 392, 393, 99 L.Ed. 428. If we assume, as we must for present purposes, that petitioner is entitled to a statutory exemption as a divinity student, by what authority can the Board withhold it or withdraw it and make him a delinquent?
In 1967 Congress added a provision concerning the immediate service of members of a 'prime age group' after expiration of their deferment, stating that they were the first to be inducted 'after delinquents and volunteers.' 50 U.S.C. App. § 456(h)(1) (1964 ed., Supp. III). Congress has also made criminal the knowing failure or neglect to perform any duty prescribed by the rules or regulations of the Selective Service System. 50 U.S.C. App. § 462(a) (1964 ed., Supp. III). But Congress did not define delinquency; nor did it provide any standards for its definition by the Selective Service System. Yet Selective Service, as we have noted,6 has promulgated regulations governing delinquency and uses them to deprive registrants of their statutory exemption, because of various activities and conduct and without any regard to the exemptions provided by law.
We can find no authorization for that use of delinquency. Even if Congress had authorized the Boards to revoke statutory exemptions by means of delinquency classifications, serious questions would arise if Congress were silent and did not prescribe standards to govern the Boards' actions. There is no suggestion in the legislative history that, when Congress has granted an exemption and a registrant meets its terms and conditions, a Board can nonetheless withhold it from him for activities or conduct not material to the grant or withdrawal of the exemption. So to hold would make the Boards free-wheeling agencies meting out their brand of justice in a vindictive manner.
Once a person registers and qualifies for a statutory exemption, we find no legislative authority to deprive him of that exemption because of conduct or activities unrelated to the merits of granting or continuing that exemption. The Solicitor General confesses error on the use by Selective Service of delinquency proceedings for that purpose.
We deal with conduct of a local Board that is basically lawless. It is no different in constitutional implications from a case where induction of an ordained minister or other clearly exempt person is ordered (a) to retaliate against the person because of his political views or (b) to bear down on him for his religious views or his racial attitudes or (c) to get him out of town so that the amorous interests of a Board member might be better served. See Townsend v. Zimmerman, 6 Cir., 237 F.2d 376. In such instances, as in the present one, there is no exercise of discretion by a Board in evaluating evidence and in determining whether a claimed exemption is deserved. The case we decide today involves a clear departure by the Board from its statutory mandate. To hold that a person deprived of his statutory exemption in such a blatantly lawless manner must either be inducted and raise his protest through habeas corpus or defy induction and defend his refusal in a criminal prosecution is to construe the Act with unnecessary harshness. As the Solicitor General suggests, such literalness does violence to the clear mandate of § 6(g) governing the exemption. Our construction leaves § 10(b)(3) unimpaired in the normal operations of the Act.
No one, we believe, suggests that § 10(b)(3) can sustain a literal reading. For while it purports on its face to suspend the writ of habeas corpus as a vehicle for reviewing a criminal conviction under the Act, everyone agrees that such was not its intent. Examples are legion where literalness in statutory language is out of harmony either with constitutional requirements, United States v. Rumely, 345 U.S. 41, 73 S.Ct. 543, 97 L.Ed. 770, or with an Act taken as an organic whole. Clark v. Uebersee Finanz—Korp., AG, 332 U.S. 480, 488—489, 68 S.Ct. 174, 177, 92 L.Ed. 88. We think § 10(b)(3) and § 6(g) are another illustration; and the Solicitor General agrees. Since the exemption granted divinity students is plain and unequivocal and in no way contested here,7 and since the scope of the statutory delinquency concept is not broad enough to sustain a revocation of what Congress has granted as a statutory right, or sufficiently buttressed by legislative standards, we conclude that pre-induction judicial review is not precluded in cases of this type.
We accordingly reverse the judgment and remand the case to the District Court where petitioner must have the opportunity to prove the facts alleged and also to demonstrate that he meets the jurisdictional requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
I concur in the holding that pre-induction review is available in this case, but I reach this conclusion by means of a somewhat different analysis from that contained in the opinion of my Brother DOUGLAS.
The pivotal language of § 10(b)(3), for present purposes, is the statute's proscription of pre-induction judicial review 'of the classification or processing of any registrant * * *.' I take the phrase 'classification or processing' to encompass the numerous discretionary, factual, and mixed law-fact determinations which a Selective Service Board must make prior to issuing an order to report for induction. I do not understand that phrase to prohibit review of a claim, such as that made here by petitioner, that the very statutes or regulations which the Board administers are facially invalid.
'Classification is the key to selection,' 32 CFR § 1622.1(b), and among a local Board's most important functions is 'to decide, subject to appeal, the class in which each registrant shall be placed.' 32 CFR § 1622.1(c). Classification is a highly individualized process, in which a Board must consider all pertinent information presented to it. Ibid. Thus, a Board may be required to determine, on a conflicting record, whether a registrant is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form, 32 CFR § 1622.14, or whether the registrant's deferment 'is in the national interest and or paramount importance to our national security * * *.' 32 CFR § 1622.20. A Board also exercises considerable discretion in the processing of registrants—for example, in securing information relevant to classification, 32 CFR §§ 1621.9—1621.15, scheduling of physical examinations, 32 CFR, pt. 1628, and scheduling and postponement of induction itself, 32 CFR, pt. 1632.
Congress' decision to defer judicial review of such decisions by the Selective Service Boards until after induction was, I believe, responsive to two major considerations. First, because these determinations are of an individualized and discretionary nature, a reviewing court must often examine Board records and other documentary evidence, here testimony, and resolve controversies on a sizable record. Even though the scope of judicial review is narrow, see Estep v. United States, supra, at 122—123, 66 S.Ct., at 427—428 this cannot be done quickly. To stay induction pending such review would work havoc with the orderly processing of registrants into the Nation's armed forces. See 113 Cong.Rec. 15426 (Senator Russell); cf. Estep v. United States, supra, at 137, 66 S.Ct., at 434 (Mr. Justice Frankfurter, concurring in the result).
Second, the registrant has been afforded, prior to his induction, the opportunity for a hearing and administrative appeals within the Selective Service System. 32 CFR, pts. 1624 1627. It is properly presumed that a registrant's Board has fully considered all relevant information presented to it, and that it has classified and processed him regularly, and in accordance with the applicable statutes and regulations. Greer v. United States, 5 Cir., 378 F.2d 931 (1967); Storey v. United States, 9 Cir., 370 F.2d 255 (1966); cf. United States v. Chemical Foundation, 272 U.S. 1, 14—15, 47 S.Ct. 1, 6, 71 L.Ed. 131 (1926); Chin Yow v. United States, 208 U.S. 8, 12, 28 S.Ct. 201, 202, 52 L.Ed. 369 (1908); Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat. 19, 6 L.Ed. 537 (1827).
These factors are significantly altered where the registrant contends that the procedure employed by the Board is invalid on its face.
Second, a challenge to the validity of the administrative procedure itself not only renders irrelevant the presumption of regularity,3 but also presents an issue beyond the competence of the Selective Service Boards to hear and determine. Adjudication of the constitutionality of congressional enactments4 has generally been thought beyond the jurisdiction of administrative agencies. See Public Utilities Comm'n of State of California v. United States, 355 U.S. 534, 539, 78 S.Ct. 446, 450, 2 L.Ed.2d 470 (1958); Engineers Public Service Co. v. SEC, 78 U.S.App.D.C. 199, 215—216, 138 F.2d 936, 952—953 (1943), dismissed as moot, 332 U.S. 788, 68 S.Ct. 96, 92 L.Ed. 370. The Boards have no power to promulgate regulations, and are not expressly delegated any authority to pass on the validity of regulations or statutes. Such authority cannot readily be inferred, for the composition of the boards, and their administrative procedures, render them wholly unsuitable forums for the adjudication of these matters: local and appeal Boards consist of part-time, uncompensated members, chosen ideally to be representative of the registrants' communities;5 the fact that a registrant may not be represented by counsel in Selective Service proceedings, 32 CFR § 1624.1(b), seems incompatible with the Boards' serious consideration of such purely legal claims. Indeed, the denial of counsel has been justified on the ground that the proceedings are nonjudicial. United States v. Sturgis, 3 Cir., 342 F.2d 328, 332 (1965), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 879, 86 S.Ct. 164, 15 L.Ed.2d 120; cf. United States v. Capehart, D.C., 141 F.Supp. 708, 719 (1956), aff'd, 237 F.2d 388 (1956), cert. denied, 352 U.S. 971, 77 S.Ct. 363, 1 L.Ed.2d 324.
To withhold pre-induction review in this case would thus deprive petitioner of his liberty without the prior opportunity to present to any competent forum—agency or court—his substantial claim that he was ordered inducted pursuant to an unlawful procedure. Such an interpretation of § 10(b)(3) would raise serious constitutional problems,6 and is not indicated by the statute's history,7 language, or purpose. On the foregoing basis I agree that § 10(b)(3) does not forbid pre-induction review in this instance.
Because both the District Court and the Court of Appeals passed on the merits of petitioner's challenge to the delinquency reclassification regulations, this issue is ripe for our consideration. Whatever validity the procedure may have under other circumstances, I agree that the delinquency reclassification of petitioner for failure to possess his registration certificate is inconsistent with petitioner's conceded statutory exemption as a student of the ministry.
Mr. Justice STEWART, with whom Mr. BRENNAN and Mr. Justice WHITE join, dissenting.
It is clear that in enacting § 10(b)(3) of the Military Selective Service Act of 1967,1 Congress intended to specify the exclusive methods by which the determinations of Selective Service Boards may be judicially reviewed. Since under the terms of that provision the present suit is plainly premature, I would affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.
'No judicial review shall be made of the classification or processing of any registrant by local boards, appeal boards, or the President, except as a defense to a criminal prosecution instituted under section 12 of this title, after the registrant has responded either affirmatively or negatively to an order to report for induction * * *.' It is unquestioned that the overriding purpose of this provision was 'to prevent litigious interruptions of procedures to provide necessary military manpower.'2 To be sure, the provision is somewhat inartistically drawn, but its background and legislative history clearly resolve whatever difficulties might otherwise be presented by the imprecision of the draftsman's language.
In interpreting the less explicit terms of predecessor statutes,3 this Court had established the general rule that draft classifications could not be judicially reviewed prior to the time a registrant was to be inducted. Review was held to be proper only when challenges to such determinations were raised either (1) in defense to a criminal prosecution following a refusal to be inducted, or (2) in habeas corpus proceedings initiated after induction. See Witmer v. United States, 348 U.S. 375, 377, 75 S.Ct. 392, 393, 99 L.Ed. 428; Estep v. United States, 327 U.S. 114, 66 S.Ct. 423, 90 L.Ed. 567; Billings v. Truesdell, 321 U.S. 542, 64 S.Ct. 737, 88 L.Ed. 917; Falbo v. United States, 320 U.S. 549, 64 S.Ct. 346, 88 L.Ed. 305.
It is upon those registrants, rather, whose rights are not so clear that the burden of § 10(b)(3) most harshly falls. For it is they who must choose whether to run the serious risk of a criminal prosecution or submit to induction with the uncertain hope of prevailing in a habeas corpus proceeding. Yet the Court has made plain today in Clark v. Gabriel, supra, that a registrant whose exemption from service is not clear will under § 10(b)(3) be put to just such a fateful choice. In light of Gabriel, the allowance of pre-induction review in the present case thus stands as all the more irrational and unjustified.
The United States admits for purposes of the present proceeding by its motion to dismiss that petitioner satisfies the requirements of the exemption provided by § 6(g).
Falbo had omitted a 'necessary intermediate step in a united and continuous process designed to raise an army speedily and efficiently.' Id., at 553, 64 S.Ct., at 348. In Estep v. United States, 327 U.S. 114, 66 S.Ct. 423, 90 L.Ed. 567, petitioners were Jehovah's Witnesses like Falbo who had been denied ministerial exemptions and who challenged that classification in defense to a criminal prosecution for refusing induction. In their case, however, they had exhausted their administrative remedies by reporting, and being accepted, for service, before then refusing to submit to induction. We found nothing in the 1940 Act to preclude judicial review of selective service classifications in defense to a criminal prosecution for refusing induction.
We would have a somewhat different problem were the contest over, say, the quantum of evidence necessary to sustain a Board's classification. Then we would not be able to say that it was plain on the record and on the face of the Act that an exemption had been granted and there would therefore be no clash between § 10(b)(3) and another explicit provision of the Act.
Petitioner makes several other arguments which I do not find necessary to discuss.
Moreover, a court should be hesitant to grant a preliminary injunction staying induction except upon a strong showing that the registrant is likely to succeed on the merits.
A suggestive analogy may be found in the Court's construction of the civil rights removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1443. Where state statutory procedure is valid on its face, it is presumed that the state courts will treat a defendant fairly, and removal is not permitted. Georgia v. Rachel, 384 U.S. 780, 803 804, 86 S.Ct. 1783, 1796, 16 L.Ed.2d 925 (1966); Virginia v. Rives, 100 U.S. 313, 321—323, 25 L.Ed. 667 (1880). But, subject to qualifications not here pertinent, a defendant may remove the cause when the state statutory procedure is facially invalid: 'When a statute of the State denies his right, or interposes a bar to his enforcing it, in the judicial tribunals, the presumption is fair that they will be controlled by it in their decisions * * *.' Id., at 321. See also Greenwood v. Peacock, 384 U.S. 808, 86 S.Ct. 1800, 16 L.Ed.2d 944 (1966).
It may be noted that the Selective Service System urges that the delinquency reclassification provisions have been approved by Congress. Brief for the Respondents 71.
See 32 CFR §§ 1603.3, 1604.22; Memorandum from General Hereshey, S.Doc. No. 82, 89th Cong., 2d Sess., 4; Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, March 13, 1967, p. 395; Report of the National Advisory Commission on Selective Service 74 79 (1967).
Although each local Board has assigned to it a part-time, uncompensated appeal agent—'whenever possible, a person with legal training and experience,' 32 CFR § 1604.71(c)—his pertinent responsibilities to the Board are limited to assisting its members by 'interpreting for them laws, regulations, and other directives,' 32 CFR § 1604.71(d)(4), and he must be 'equally diligent in protecting the interests of the Government and the rights of the registrant in all matters.' 32 CFR § 1604.71(d)(5).
It is doubtful whether a person may be deprived of his personal liberty without the prior opportunity to be heard by some tribunal competent fully to adjudicate his claims. Cf. Kwong Hai Chew v. Colding, 344 U.S. 590, 596—598, 73 S.Ct. 472, 477—478, 97 L.Ed. 576 (1953); Opp Cotton Mills, Inc. v. Administrator, etc., 312 U.S. 126, 152—153, 61 S.Ct. 524, 535—536, 85 L.Ed. 624 (1941); United States v. Illinois Central R. Co., 291 U.S. 457, 463, 54 S.Ct. 471, 473, 78 L.Ed. 909 (1934); Londoner v. City and County of Denver, 210 U.S. 373, 385, 28 S.T. 708, 713, 52 L.Ed. 1103 (1908); Dixon v. Alabama State Board of Education, 5 Cir., 294 F.2d 150 (1961). But cf. Ewing v. Mytinger & Casselberry, Inc., 339 U.S. 594, 70 S.Ct. 870, 94 L.Ed. 1088 (1950); Bowles v. Willingham, 321 U.S. 503, 520, 64 S.Ct. 641, 650, 88 L.Ed. 892 (1944); North American Cold Storage Co. v. City of Chicago, 211 U.S. 306, 29 S.Ct. 101, 53 L.Ed. 195 (1908). The validity of summary administrative deprivation of liberty without a full hearing may turn on the availability of a prompt subsequent hearing, cf. U.S.Const., Amdt. VI; United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116, 120, 86 S.Ct. 773, 776, 15 L.Ed.2d 627 (1966); Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51, 85 S.Ct. 734, 13 L.Ed.2d 649 (1965) something not made meaningfully available to petitioner here, either by the option of defending a criminal prosecution for refusing to report for induction, see Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908); Oklahoma Operating Co. v. Love, 252 U.S. 331, 40 S.Ct. 338, 64 L.Ed. 596 (1920); cf. Reisman v. Caplin, 375 U.S. 440, 84 S.Ct. 508, 11 L.Ed.2d 459 (1964), or by filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus after induction. See ante, at 235—236; Estep v. United States, supra, 327 U.S., at 129—130, 66 S.Ct., at 430—431 (concurring opinion of Mr. Justice Murphy).
The problem is exacerbated by petitioner's nonfrivolous argument that induction pursuant to the delinquency reclassification procedure constitutes 'punishment' for violation of collateral regulations, without jury trial, right to counsel, and other constitutional requisites. See Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 168—169, 83 S.Ct. 554, 567—568, 9 L.Ed.2d 644 (1963). It is not necessary to decide this issue. If petitioner's claim is valid, however, then postponement of a hearing until after induction is tantamount to permitting the imposition of summary punishment, followed by loss of liberty, without possibility of bail, until such time as the petitioner is able to secure his release by a writ of habeas corpus. This would, at the very least, cut against the grain of much that is fundamental to our constitutional tradition. Cf. Hart, The Power of Congress to Limit the Jurisdiction of Federal Courts: An Exercise in Dialectic, 66 Harv.L.Rev. 1362, 1380—1383 (1953).
Section 10(b)(3) was likely precipitated by the Second Circuit's well-publicized decision in Wolff v. Selective Service Local Bd. No. 16, 2 Cir., 372 F.2d 817 (1967). See dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice STEWART, post, at 247; Brief for Respondent 18 n. 4, 69, n. 32. Wolff, as well as the other 'recent cases' to which the committee reports probably referred, and this Court's decisions construing the antecedent to § 10(b)(3), all involved claims that the Selective Service Boards had maladministered or misapplied the applicable statutes or regulations, and not challenges to the validity of the laws themselves. Wolff v. Selective Service Local Bd. No. 16, supra (loss of deferment for participating in demonstration); Townsend v. Zimmerman, 6 Cir., 237 F.2d 376 (1956) (failure to follow proper appeal procedure); Schwartz v. Strauss, 2 Cir., 206 F.2d 767 (1953) (concurring opinion) (misclassification); Ex parte Fabiani, D.C., 105 F.Supp. 139 (1952) (refusal to recognize foreign medical school for deferment); Tomlinson v. Hershey, D.C., 95 F.Supp. 72 (1949) (refusal to hear request for deferment); Estep v. United States, supra (entitlement to ministerial exemption); Falbo v. United States, 320 U.S. 549, 64 S.Ct. 346, 88 L.Ed. 305 (1944) (entitlement to conscientious objector status).
50 U.S.C. App. § 460(b)(3) (1964 ed., Supp. III). The Act amends and supersedes the Universal Military Training and Service Act.
113 Cong.Rec. 15426 (1967) (Senator Russell).
'(D)ecisions of * * * local boards shall be final except where an (administrative) appeal is authorized * * *.' See also Estep v. United States, 327 U.S. 114, 119, 123—125, 66 S.Ct. 423, 427—429.
See Townsend v. Zimmerman, 6 Cir., 237 F.2d 376; Schwartz v. Strauss, 2 Cir., 206 F.2d 767 (concurring opinion); Ex parte Fabiani, D.C., 105 F.Supp. 139; Tomlinson v. Hershey, D.C., 95 F.Supp. 72.
In Wolff court allowed pre-induction review of the reclassification of two students who had demonstrated against the hostilities in Vietnam.
S.Rep.No. 209, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., 10 (1967).
H.R.Rep.No. 267, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., 30—31 (1967), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1967, p. 1333.
S.Rep.No. 209, supra, at 10.
The Court seems to limit its holding to statutory 'exemptions'; yet 'deferments' may just as 'plainly' preclude a registrant's induction. See, e.g., 50 U.S.C. App. § 456(h)(1) (1964 ed., Supp. III); 32 CFR § 1622.25 (1968) (full-time college students).
A different ground for permitting review in the present case is set out in the separate opinion of my Brother HARLAN. His opinion is founded on the proposition that constitutional problems would be presented by a system that 'deprive(d) petitioner of his liberty without the prior opportunity to present to any competent forum—agency or court—his substantial claim that he was ordered inducted pursuant to an unlawful procedure.' Mr. Justice HARLAN seeks to avoid such difficulties by viewing § 10(b)(3) as intended to prohibit, not all delays in the processing of registrants, but merely those protracted delays that result from judicial consideration of factual claims.
is invalid on its face' and challenges to a Board's factual determinations—with his recognition that the enactment of § 10(b)(3) was in substantial part a congressional reaction to the Second Circuit's decision in Wolff v. Selective Service Local Bd. No. 16, 372 F.2d 817. Wolff involved no factual dispute whatsoever; rather, that decision held that, on the basis of admitted facts, the 'delinquency' reclassification of the registrants there involved had been entirely unauthorized under both the statute and the applicable regulations.
Nor can I view the constitutional theory suggested by my Brother HARLAN as presenting a justifiable ground for decision. It is noteworthy, first of all, that no such theory has ever been advanced by the petitioner. Furthermore, persons arrested for criminal offenses are routinely deprived of their liberty—to a greater extent than are military inductees—without any prior opportunity for the adjudication of legal or constitutional claims, and often without any hope of securing release on bail. Preliminary hearings before magistrates, by and large, determine only the existence of a prima facie case for the prosecution, and do not begin to reach defenses that might be raised, whether factual, legal, or constitutional. Nor does § 10(b)(3) necessarily compel deprivation of liberty. A registrant in the petitioner's position is free to refuse induction, keeping open the option of raising his claims should a criminal prosecution be brought against him. And it is entirely possible, of course—and more than likely in the petitioner's case—that no such prosecution will ever be instituted.
The petitioner suggests that where the action of a draft board is challenged as a violation of freedom of speech, the postponement of judicial review until after the scheduled time of induction might have a 'chilling effect' upon First Amendment activity. But petitioner's complaint presents no bona fide First Amendment issue. His alleged return of his registration certificate to the Government would not be protected expression. United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 88 S.Ct. 1673, 20 L.Ed.2d 672.
'Even if there were, as the petitioner argues, a constitutional requirement that judicial review must be available to test the validity of the decision of the local board, it is certain that Congress was not required to provide for judicial intervention before final acceptance of an individual for national service.' Id., at 554, 64 S.Ct., at 348.
See also Witmer v. United States, 348 U.S. 375, 377, 75 S.Ct. 392, 393, 99 L.Ed. 428; Estep v. United States, 327 U.S. 114, 66 S.Ct. 423; Billings v. Truesdell, 321 U.S. 542, 64 S.Ct. 737.
Brief for Respondents 70, n. 33. | 2019-04-20T04:18:42Z | https://openjurist.org/393/us/233 |
We have used the BIOME4 biogeography–biochemistry model and comparison with palaeovegetation data to evaluate the response of six ocean–atmosphere general circulation models to mid-Holocene changes in orbital forcing in the mid- to high-latitudes of the northern hemisphere. All the models produce: (a) a northward shift of the northern limit of boreal forest, in response to simulated summer warming in high-latitudes. The northward shift is markedly asymmetric, with larger shifts in Eurasia than in North America; (b) an expansion of xerophytic vegetation in mid-continental North America and Eurasia, in response to increased temperatures during the growing season; (c) a northward expansion of temperate forests in eastern North America, in response to simulated winter warming. The northward shift of the northern limit of boreal forest and the northward expansion of temperate forests in North America are supported by palaeovegetation data. The expansion of xerophytic vegetation in mid-continental North America is consistent with palaeodata, although the extent may be over-estimated. The simulated expansion of xerophytic vegetation in Eurasia is not supported by the data. Analysis of an asynchronous coupling of one model to an equilibrium-vegetation model suggests vegetation feedback exacerbates this mid-continental drying and produces conditions more unlike the observations. Not all features of the simulations are robust: some models produce winter warming over Europe while others produce winter cooling. As a result, some models show a northward shift of temperate forests (consistent with, though less marked than, the expansion shown by data) and others produce a reduction in temperate forests. Elucidation of the cause of such differences is a focus of the current phase of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project.
A variety of environmental indicators show that northern hemisphere climates were radically different from present during the mid-Holocene (ca. 6,000 years ago, 6 ka). The most pronounced changes occur in the Afro-Asian region, where the expansion of moisture-demanding vegetation and the presence of large lakes attest to an enhancement of the northern hemisphere monsoons (Street-Perrott and Perrott 1993; Jolly et al. 1998; Yu et al. 1998; Prentice et al. 2000). In the mid- to high-northern latitudes, the expansion of boreal forest at the expense of tundra indicates warmer conditions during the growing season (TEMPO 1996; Tarasov et al. 1998; Edwards et al. 2000; MacDonald et al. 2000; Prentice et al. 2000; Williams et al. 2000; CAPE Project Members 2001; Bigelow et al. 2003). Both of these regional changes are associated with changes in incoming solar radiation (insolation) consequent on changes in the earth’s orbit: at 6 ka, northern-hemisphere insolation was ca. 5% greater than today during summer and ca. 5% less than today in winter.
Simulations with atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) show that the observed changes in regional climates at 6 ka are partly caused by the atmospheric response to orbital forcing (Kutzbach 1981; Kutzbach and Otto-Bliesner 1982; Kutzbach and Street-Perrott 1985; Kutzbach and Guetter 1986; COHMAP members 1988; TEMPO 1996; Masson and Joussaume 1997; Joussaume et al. 1999). However, analyses conducted in the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP: Joussaume and Taylor 2000) show that observed changes in the monsoon regions were larger than can be explained by the atmospheric response to orbital forcing alone (Joussaume et al. 1999). Similarly, AGCMs do not reproduce the pronounced asymmetry in the changes in the tundra–taiga boundary shown by the observations (TEMPO 1996; Kohfeld and Harrison 2000). These mismatches between simulated and observed regional climates indicate the importance of feedbacks in amplifying or modifying the atmospheric response to orbital forcing. Changes in ocean conditions have been invoked as important feedbacks on both monsoon and high-latitude climates (Kutzbach and Liu 1997; Hewitt and Mitchell 1998; Liu et al. 1999; Otto-Bliesner 1999; Braconnot et al. 2000a; Texier et al. 2000; Liu et al. 2004).
Several modelling groups have run coupled ocean–atmosphere model (OAGCM) simulations of 6 ka (Hewitt and Mitchell 1998; Braconnot et al. 1999; Otto-Bliesner 1999; Braconnot et al. 2000b; Voss and Mikolajewicz 2001; Weber 2001; Kitoh and Murakami 2002; Mikolajewicz et al. 2003). These simulations document the importance of ocean feedbacks for northern hemisphere climates, and should allow the strength of this feedback to be quantified. However, models differ in their construction and, as analyses of AGCM simulations conducted in the first phase of PMIP show, these differences can be important for the simulation of regional climates (Harrison et al. 1998; Joussaume et al. 1999). Unfortunately, because the existing 6 ka OAGCM simulations also use slightly different specifications of the 6 ka climate forcing, the diagnosis of differences caused by model parameterisation is not entirely straightforward. PMIP is currently running fully coupled OAGCM simulations of 6 ka climate with identical forcing (Harrison et al. 2002). Our ultimate goal is to use palaeovegetation data to assess the new PMIP simulations. The comparison of existing published simulations presented here is designed to help in (a) identifying how far specific regional climate changes are robust and how large the differences between models are, and (b) developing a robust methodology for model evaluation.
In this paper, we analyse the existing OAGCM simulations of the 6 ka climate, focusing on the changes in the mid- to high-northern latitudes. The spatial focus is motivated by the existence of a synthesis of pollen data from the high latitudes made as part of PAIN (the Pan-Arctic INitiative: Bigelow et al. 2003). These data provide a target against which to assess the realism of the 6 ka simulations. To facilitate comparisons with these data, OAGCM output is used to drive an equilibrium vegetation model (BIOME4: Kaplan et al. 2003) in order to derive the changes in vegetation patterns implied by the simulated climate changes. The simulated vegetation integrates changes in the seasonal cycles of both temperature and moisture, and thus provides a single diagnostic summarising the regional climate changes.
a southward displacement of temperate forests in Europe, where ocean feedback was insufficient to offset the orbitally forced winter cooling.
In our analysis of the published OAGCM simulations, we focus on these four responses. This allows us to determine whether the coupled-model responses to orbital forcing are robust or whether inter-model differences in e.g. parameterisations or spatial resolution produce discernable differences at a regional scale. We then examine whether the robust changes in simulated vegetation patterns are realistic and, in the case of non-robust changes, whether the available palaeoenvironmental data are sufficient to determine which response is correct.
To evaluate the response of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system to 6 ka orbital forcing we have used the output of 7 simulations made with 6 different OAGCMs to drive an equilibrium biome model (BIOME4: Kaplan et al. 2003). The simulated vegetation response integrates several aspects of climate (including changes in the seasonal cycles of temperature and moisture balance) and thus provides a single diagnostic of simulated climate changes. This approach also facilitates comparison with palaeovegetation data, allowing the realism of the simulated regional patterns to be assessed. Here, as in our former analyses (Wohlfahrt et al. 2004), the simulated vegetation patterns north of 40°N are compared with pollen-based vegetation reconstructions derived by combining the PAIN (Pan-Arctic INitiative: Bigelow et al. 2003) and BIOME 6000 (Palaeovegetation Mapping Project: Prentice et al. 2000) data sets.
Six modelling groups (Table 1) have made simulations of the response of coupled ocean–atmosphere system to 6 ka orbital forcing. One of these groups (CSM) has made two simulations, which differ with respect to the specification of the boundary conditions. The IPSL-CM1 simulation is the same simulation we used for our former analyses (Wohlfahrt et al. 2004) but has been run for longer. Thus, we are able to use a longer period of time for deriving climate averages to drive BIOME4 than was possible before. The ECHAM3/LSG model was run in periodic synchronous coupling mode; this scheme consists of alternating synchronous (15 months) and ocean-only integrations (48 months) and was used to reduce computer time (Voss and Mikolajewicz 2001). All the other models were run in fully coupled (i.e. synchronous) mode throughout the simulations.
The major change in climate forcing at 6 ka is the change in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of insolation as a consequence of changes in the earth’s orbit (Berger 1978). At 6 ka, northern hemisphere insolation was ca. 5% greater than today in summer and ca. 5% less in winter. All of the simulations adopted the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP: Joussaume and Taylor 2000) definitions for modern and 6 ka insolation. Atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] at 6 ka was lower than today and marginally lower than pre-industrial levels (Raynaud et al. 1993). In the first phase of PMIP, based on the exercise of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), it was assumed that the impact of changes in [CO2] on models with prescribed ocean conditions was negligible (Hewitt and Mitchell 1998). In its second phase (Harrison et al. 2002), PMIP has adopted the convention that the control and 6 ka simulations use the same [CO2]. Modelling groups had the choice of using a level of 345 ppmv for both simulations or, in the case where the group used a pre-existing control simulation, of setting the 6 ka [CO2] to be the same as in the control simulation. Five out of the seven OAGCM simulations examined here adopted the PMIP2 convention of using the same [CO2] for the control and 6 ka experiments (Table 1). Three have used “modern” [CO2] values (323 or 345 ppmv) for both experiments. The HADCM2 simulation used a pre-industrial (280 ppmv) level for both experiments. Only one modelling group (ECHAM) did not follow the PMIP2 protocol: the control was run with 345 ppmv [CO2] and the 6 ka simulation with 280 ppmv [CO2]. We can investigate whether this difference in forcing has a significant impact on simulated regional climates using an additional simulation made with the CSM in which [CO2] was reduced from the control value of 355 ppmv to a 6 ka value of 280 ppmv. Finally, in those models that explicitly prescribe other greenhouse gases, these were set to be the same in the control and 6 ka simulations.
The impacts of differences in the specification of [CO2] between the various simulations are likely to be small compared to the impact of differences in model formulation (Table 2). However, there are considerable differences between the models in the treatment of model sub-components known to be important for high-latitude climates (Table 2). Changes in the extent of Arctic sea-ice, for example, have large impacts on the regional climates of the northern extratropics (Kutzbach and Guetter 1986; Mitchell et al. 1988; Kutzbach et al. 1993), and differences in sea-ice parameterisation result in large differences in sea-ice extent in response to a given forcing (Hewitt et al. 2001; Vavrus and Harrison 2003). Most of the coupled models analysed here use a simple thermodynamic treatment of sea-ice based on the Semtner (1976) formulation (Table 2). However, they differ in the number of ice layers considered. Furthermore, the CSM1.2, HADCM2 and MRI models also incorporate an explicit treatment of leads in the ice and some aspects of ice dynamics through allowing advection by ocean currents. Northern high-latitude climates are also known to be affected by changes in the amount of snow and the nature of the vegetation cover (Bonan et al. 1992; Douville and Royer 1996; Levis et al. 2000; Brovkin et al. 2003). Again, the models analysed here have land-surface schemes of varying complexity. Thus, the treatment of soil moisture ranges from simple single-bucket schemes (e.g. ECBILT) to multi-layer soils with separate calculation of moisture balance and soil temperature (e.g. CSM1.2, HADCM2, ECHAM). Some of the models do not allow vegetation cover to modulate water- and energy-fluxes at the land surface (e.g. ECBILT, MRI) whereas the more complex land-surface schemes (e.g. LSM 1.0: Bonan 1998; SECHIBA: Ducoudré et al. 1993) distinguish multiple vegetation types. All of the models have a prognostic snow module, but again vary in how snow cover is estimated. Thus, in contrast to the comparatively small impact expected as a result of differences in boundary conditions between the simulations, we expect differences in model parameterisation to have much larger effects.
The models also have different spatial resolutions (Table 2), ranging from the relatively low-resolution ECBILT model (64 × 32 grid cells for both the atmosphere and the ocean) to the higher-resolution HADCM2 (96 × 73 grid cells for both atmosphere and ocean). Some of the models (e.g. CSM, IPSL and MRI) have higher resolution in the ocean than in the atmosphere. Differences in spatial resolution could be important in determining how well individual models resolve e.g. westerly storm tracks (Kageyama et al. 1999).
Finally, the models differ in the techniques used to spin-up the simulations, the length of simulation and in the length of interval over which mean climate statistics are obtained (Table 1). All of the simulations are in quasi-equilibrium with the 6 ka forcing and the ensemble climate statistics are in each case based on a minimum of 50 years, sufficient to ensure that the values are representative of the mean state of the 6 ka climate. Comparison of biome simulations calculated using the 20-year average and a 70-year average of climate data from the IPSL-CM1 model shows differences in averaging period can have an impact on the simulated area of specific biomes of up to 20%, which reflects the large interannual to decadal variability of climate in mid- and high-latitudes.
Models of the BIOME family are equilibrium biogeography models which simulate the distribution of major vegetation types (biomes) as a function of the seasonal cycle of temperature, precipitation, sunshine and soil moisture conditions. The climate data used to run the model can either be derived from observations or, as here, from the output of climate model simulations.
BIOME4 is the latest version of the BIOME model family and was explicitly developed in order to resolve a range of high-latitude vegetation types (Kaplan et al. 2003). BIOME4 distinguishes 27 biomes, including 5 types of tundra vegetation. These biomes arise from the combination of 14 plant functional types (PFTs). The distribution of PFTs is described in terms of tolerance thresholds for cold, heat, chilling, sunshine and moisture requirements. Cold tolerance is expressed in terms of monthly minimum mean temperature of the coldest month. The chilling requirement is formulated in terms of the maximum mean temperature of the coldest month (MTCO). The heat requirement is expressed in terms of growing-degree-days (GDD) above a threshold of 5°C for trees or 0°C for non-woody plants. The distinction between cool and warm grass/shrub is based on mean temperature of the warmest month (MTWA). The sunshine is expressed in terms of relative cloudiness. Moisture requirements are expressed in terms of limiting values of the ratio of actual to equilibrium evapotranspiration (α). In each grid cell, the model selects the set of PFTs which could exist in the given climate and a dominance criterion is applied. Biomes arise through combinations of dominant PFTs. BIOME4 differs from previous versions of the model because it explicitly simulates the coupled carbon- and water-flux cycles. This flux scheme determines the leaf area index (LAI) that maximises the net primary productivity (NPP). It is thus able to treat competition between PFTs as a function of relative net primary productivity (NPP), using an optimisation algorithm to calculate the maximum sustainable leaf area (LAI) of each PFT and the associated NPP.
Comparison of the simulated vegetation distribution across the high northern latitudes against field-based maps of vegetation, standard potential vegetation maps and against modern pollen surface samples shows that BIOME4 produces a reliable simulation of natural vegetation patterns (Kaplan et al. 2003; Bigelow et al. 2003). Simulated NPP values for individual biomes are similar to observed values.
For diagnostic purposes, BIOME4 was run using an anomaly procedure. BIOME4 could be run using climate-model output directly. However, this would necessitate an evaluation of the simulated vegetation patterns in both the 6 ka experiment and the control. The use of an anomaly procedure, in which the change in climate between two simulations is superimposed on a modern (observational) climatology, is designed to (a) minimise the impact of biases in the climate control simulation on the simulated vegetation change and (b) preserve the climate patterning due to sub-gridscale topography apparent in the modern climatology (see e.g. Harrison et al. 1998). The anomaly approach is therefore preferable for the diagnosis of the realism of the simulated changes in climate and vegetation. To apply this procedure, differences in the long-term averages of monthly mean precipitation, temperature and sunshine between the 6 ka and the control experiment for each model were linearly interpolated to the 0.5° grid of the BIOME4 model and then added to a modern climatology (CLIMATE 2.2.: Kaplan et al. 2003). Soil properties were specified from a data set derived from the FAO global soils map (FAO 1995). BIOME4 is calibrated for a present [CO2] concentration of 324 ppmv, and the [CO2] in the diagnostic simulations was left unchanged at this value.
The Pan-Arctic Initiative (PAIN) has reconstructed vegetation patterns at 6 ± 0.5 ka across the high northern latitudes (north of 55°N) based on pollen records from individual sites using a standard procedure based on allocation of pollen taxa to PFTs (Bigelow et al. 2003). This reconstruction represents the most extensive compilation of palaeovegetation data from the high northern latitudes currently available, and has the merit of using a classification scheme that was designed to be compatible with the scheme used in BIOME4. There are 493 sites in the PAIN 6 ka reconstruction. Reconstructions of vegetation patterns south of the PAIN window have been made as a part of the Palaeovegetation Mapping Project (BIOME 6000: Prentice and Webb 1998; Prentice et al. 2000). There are reconstructions of vegetation at 6 ka from 757 sites between 40° and 55° N in the BIOME 6000 data set (Prentice et al. 1996; Tarasov et al. 1998; Edwards et al. 2000; Williams et al. 2000). The BIOME 6000 data set does not discriminate different tundra types, but the classification of temperate and boreal forest types in the BIOME 6000 data set is compatible with the forest classification used in PAIN. Thus, the two data sets can be amalgamated without making adjustments to the biome designations. There are 1,250 sites in the combined data set for 6 ka (Fig. 1a). A total of 140 of these sites are not used in the data-model comparisons, either because the sites are poorly dated (DC = 7 using the COHMAP dating control scheme: Yu and Harrison 1995) or lie along the coast, on islands or in inland lake areas where the BIOME4 model has sea, lakes and/or rivers and thus there is no simulated vegetation for comparison.
In our comparisons of the simulated and observed vegetation response to 6 ka climate changes, we focus on regional signals previously identified in an analysis of 6 ka simulations made with the IPSL OAGCM (Wohlfahrt et al. 2004). Comparison with other OAGCM simulations enables us to determine whether these signals are robust or specific to the IPSL OAGCM. We then compare the simulated changes with palaeovegetation reconstructions to determine whether the signals are realistic, and whether some models produce more realistic patterns than others. To quantify the degree of agreement between simulated and observed vegetation patterns, we compare the reconstructed vegetation at each pollen site with the simulated vegetation in the 0.5° BIOME grid cell. When there is more than one pollen site in a 0.5° grid cell, we use the vegetation type that is reconstructed most frequently on the assumption that this represents the dominant vegetation. We are concerned with climate signals that are relatively large and result in major changes in vegetation; for quantitative comparison purposes we therefore adopted a simplified biome classification scheme that groups individual biomes into major vegetation types (Harrison and Prentice 2003). Thus our estimates of mismatches between the data and the simulations are relatively conservative.
As a result of simulated changes in climate, all of the models produce changes in vegetation patterns compared to today (Fig. 2). However, there are differences in the nature and magnitude of regional vegetation changes between the simulations. Thus, the CSM1.2Δ simulation produces a contraction of xerophytic vegetation in the western part of central North America that is not shown by the other models. Similarly, the IPSL-CM1 model produces a much larger northward migration of temperate deciduous forest than other models, such that the cool mixed forest belt in eastern North America is barely represented in this simulation.
Differences between the models could reflect differences in the number of years averaged to construct the mean climate statistics used to drive the BIOME4 simulations. To assess how far this might be the case, we compare BIOME4 simulations based on a 20-year average from the IPSL-CM1 simulation (from year 80 to 100: IPSL-CM120) and a 70-year average (from year 80 to 150: IPSL-CM170) from the same simulation (Table 3). The direction of change in vegetation is the same in both cases, although the magnitude of change in climate and the derived change in vegetation varies. Thus, both BIOME4 simulations show an increase in forest area at the expense of tundra, but the longer simulations show a smaller expansion of forest overall, reflecting the fact that the simulated mean summer warming is smaller. The difference in tundra area between the IPSL-CM120 and IPSL-CM170 runs is 2.57 × 105 km2 (equivalent to 20.5% of the change between 0 and 6 ka in the IPSL-CM170). Both BIOME4 simulations show an increase in xerophytic vegetation, but again the longer simulations show a smaller increase overall. The difference in the area of xerophytic vegetation between the IPSL-CM120 and IPSL-CM170 run is 10.36 × 105 km2 (equivalent to 37% of the change between 0 and 6 ka in the IPSL-CM170 simulation). The difference in the area of xerophytic vegetation between the two runs is greater in Eurasia than North America, due to the simulation of a larger decrease in precipitation in Eurasia than in North America. There are no differences in the extent of temperate forests between the two versions. This reflects the fact that the simulated temperature changes over eastern North America and Europe are very similar in the IPSL-CM120 and IPSL-CM170 runs.
These comparisons show that the length of averaging period does not appear to affect the direction of the simulated vegetation changes. However, the magnitude of the simulated vegetation changes is generally less extreme when the climate average is based on a longer period of time. There does not appear to be any overall trend in the surface climate fields in the latter half of the IPSL simulation. We therefore assume that the 70-year average represents the mean climate better by filtering out the impact of interannual to decadal variability. Our diagnosis of the differences between models could be affected by differences in the length of time used to create climate averages from each of the model runs (Table 1), which in turn could influence the degree to which averages from the different models represent significant changes in mean climate or sampling of different states in short-term variability. Since we have no way of assessing this directly, we use the differences between IPSL-CM120 and IPSL-CM170 as a guide to whether inter-model differences in simulated biomes are likely to be significant.
All of the models produce a northward shift in the position of the tundra–taiga boundary (Fig. 2). This shift results in a decrease in the area of tundra by between 9 × 105 and 34.9 × 105 km2 depending on the model, compared to present (Fig. 3, Table 4). The decrease in tundra area is markedly asymmetric, with most of the reduction occurring in Eurasia with 6.2–12.8 × 105 km2 (6.5–13.6%) and a smaller reduction in North America with 0.7–6.2 × 105 km2 (1.4–11.9%). The shift of forest into areas that are tundra today results in an increase in the total area of forest north of 60°N (Fig. 3). Using the difference between the IPSL-CM120 and IPSL-CM170 results as a guideline, the differences in the size of the reduction in tundra area between the models are relatively small. Only the MRI simulation produces changes that appear to be larger than the other models.
The decreased extent of tundra at 6 ka is a consequence of changes in the length of the growing season: simulated GDD is much higher at 6 ka than today. The increase in GDD is driven by higher temperatures during the summer and autumn (Fig. 4). The change in summer and autumn (June through September) temperatures explains 42% of the inter-model variation in the change in tundra area in Eurasia, and 67% of the variation in the change in tundra in North America. The increase in summer temperatures is a direct consequence of the orbitally forced increase in high latitude insolation, the prolongation of warm conditions into the autumn is caused by ocean feedbacks.
The northward shift of the tundra–taiga boundary and the asymmetry of this shift, with largest changes in Europe and Central Siberia, are qualitatively in agreement with palaeoenvironmental observations (compare Fig. 1 with Fig. 2). Quantitative comparisons between the simulated vegetation changes and the combined PAIN-BIOME6000 data set (Fig. 5) show that the models produce a relatively good match (67–70%) to observations in North America. Analyses of the mismatched sites show that the models consistently predict more forest than observed. Most of the errors occur in eastern Canada, where the observations suggest that tundra was further south than today at 6 ka but the simulations show a northward shift in forest. The failure to simulate southward expansion of tundra probably reflects the fact that the models do not include the relict Laurentide ice sheet which persisted in Quebec as late as 5,000 years B.P. and resulted in a localised cooling (Clark et al. 2000; Marshall et al. 2000). The quantitative match to observations in Eurasia is better (77–83%) than over North America. Furthermore, there is no consistent pattern to the individual mismatches: neither forest nor tundra is consistently over-represented in the simulations.
All of the models produce an expansion of xerophytic vegetation (e.g. tropical/temperate shrubland, tropical/temperate grassland, temperate sclerophyll woodlands/savannahs, and desert) in the mid-continental regions of the northern hemisphere (Fig. 2). The area of xerophytic vegetation in the mid-latitudes (Table 4) increases by 15.4–35.4 × 105 km2, with most of the increase (11.1–19.9 × 105 km2) being in Eurasia (70–140°E, 40–60°N) and particularly east of 100°E in Asia (5.3–12.8 × 105 km2). The expansion of xerophytic vegetation in Eurasia resulted in a decrease in the area of temperate and boreal forests (Fig. 6). The largest changes in the area of mid-latitude xerophytic vegetation are shown by the MRI and HADCM2 model and the CSM1.2Δ simulation. Most of the models show an expansion of xerophytic vegetation in North America, but this expansion was relatively small (0.8–4.4 × 105 km2) and confined to the western part of the continent. Surprisingly the two simulations with largest overall increase in xerophytic vegetation show smallest changes in western North America. The CSM model simulation in which [CO2] was lowered at 6 ka, however, shows a small decrease in xerophytic vegetation. With this exception, the inter-model differences in the magnitude of the expansion of xerophytic vegetation are small. Using the difference between the IPSL-CM120 and IPSL-CM170 results as a guideline; all models produce a similar expansion of dry xerophytic vegetation in the mid-continents.
The increased extent of xerophytic vegetation at 6 ka is necessarily a consequence of decreased plant-available moisture (PAM) during the growing season. Inter-model differences in the change in area of xerophytic vegetation in western North America are indeed strongly correlated (R 2 = 0.83) with changes in summer precipitation (Fig. 8c). In Eurasia, however, most of the models show an increase in summer precipitation (Fig. 7a). In earlier analyses of the expansion of xerophytic vegetation in the IPSL simulation (Wohlfahrt et al. 2004), the simulated decrease in PAM was driven by a decrease in precipitation during the spring, summer and autumn (Fig. 7, lower panels). Only ECBILT shows this pattern of decreased precipitation during the whole of the growing season, although most of the models show a decrease in spring precipitation over Eurasia. However, the decrease in spring precipitation alone is not sufficient to explain the inter-model differences in the expansion of xerophytic vegetation in this region. Although the magnitude of the change in xerophytic vegetation cannot be explained by precipitation changes (Fig. 8a), there is a strong positive correlation (R 2 = 0.80) between the change in the area of xerophytic vegetation and summer (June through August) temperatures over Eurasia (Fig. 8b). There is a similar relationship (R 2 = 0.70) between the change in xerophytic vegetation and summer temperatures over western North America (Fig. 8d). These results imply that the expansion of xerophytic vegetation is controlled by temperature-driven increases in evapotranspiration rather than any change in precipitation, although clearly decreases in precipitation may contribute to the decrease in PAM in the case of individual models.
The expansion of xerophytic vegetation in western North America is qualitatively in agreement with palaeoenvironmental observations (Harrison et al. 2003; compare Figs. 1, 2). Quantitative comparisons with the combined PAIN–BIOME6000 data set (Fig. 9) show that the models produce a relatively good match (66–77%) to observations. Analyses of the mismatched sites show that there is a tendency for the models to overestimate the amount of forest present compared to observations. There is a significantly poorer match between the simulated and observed vegetation patterns in Eurasia (42–65%). Analyses of the mismatched sites show that the models consistently over-predict the extent of xerophytic vegetation in the Asian sector (Fig. 9b).
All of the models produce a small northward expansion of the temperate deciduous broadleaf forests in eastern North America (Fig. 2). The area of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest in the zone from 40° to 55°N increases by 0.7–3.7 × 105 km2 (16–80%), generally at the expense of cold forest types (Fig. 10a) although in the case of CSM1.2, CSM1.2Δ, ECBILT, and IPSL-CM1 the increase in temperate deciduous broadleaf forest also occurs as a result of the decrease in temperate and cool evergreen and mixed forest. The increase of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest and cool-temperate mixed forest in the HADCM2 simulation is related to the decrease and northward shift of boreal forest. In the case of the CSM and IPSL simulations the decrease in cool-temperate mixed forest is larger than can be accounted for by the expansion of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, and is partly due to encroachment by non-forest types. The expansion of temperate forests is a result of winter warming. However, because the changes are relatively small and occur in discrete patches (rather than as a shift of a zonal boundary across the region) it is difficult to show a strong statistical relationship between the simulated climate and biome changes.
The northward shift of the temperate deciduous broadleaf forest is consistent with observations (Fig. 11a). Quantitative comparisons between the simulated vegetation changes and the combined PAIN–BIOME6000 data set (Fig. 12a) show that the match to the data varies considerably from model to model: the worst match (42.7%) to the observations is produced by the IPSL simulation and the best match (75.5%) by the CSM simulation. However, analyses of the mismatched sites (Fig. 12a) show that all of the models tend to predict forest types characteristic of warmer conditions than observed. The observed expansion of temperate forests in the northern part of this region was probably limited by regional cooling due to the presence of the relict Laurentide ice sheet (Clark et al. 2000; Marshall et al. 2000).
The simulated changes in temperate forest belts in Europe are not consistent from model to model (Fig. 2). Five of the models show an increase in temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, in response to the simulation of warmer winters. In the case of the ECBILT and MRI models, this warming appears to be highly localised and does not register in regional averages. In contrast, two of the models (CSM and IPSL) produce a decrease in temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, in response to the simulation of colder winters.
Observations show that the northern boundary of the temperate deciduous broadleaf forest in Europe was much further north at 6 ka than it is today (Fig. 11b). Thus, the models that produce a northward shift in the northern boundary of this forest type are qualitatively correct. However, quantitative comparison of the simulated changes indicates that even these models only produce a moderate match (44–58%) to the observations (Fig. 12b). Furthermore, analyses of the mismatches show that these models consistently underpredict the amount of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, and thus that they must underpredict the magnitude of winter warming compared to the changes implied by the observations. IPSL and CSM, the two models which produce winter cooling, show the largest over-representation of cold forests at the expense of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. The differences between model simulations, and the large discrepancies between model and data, suggest that coupled simulations do not produce a better simulation of the climate of western European region than PMIP AGCM simulations (Harrison et al. 1998; Guiot et al. 1999; Masson et al. 1999).
The ECHAM 6 ka simulation differs from the ECHAM control simulation not only with respect to insolation forcing but also because the 6 ka CO2 level was lowered from 345 ppmv (control) to 280 ppmv (6 ka). It seems unlikely that this difference in experimental design is important as a factor giving rise to inter-model differences, given that the ECHAM simulation shows the same broad-scale changes as the other models and that the magnitude of the changes in key areas lies within the range shown by the other models (which have the same CO2 level in the control and 6 ka experiment). Nevertheless, this difference in experimental design raises the issue of how changing CO2 might impact the 6 ka vegetation simulations, either directly (i.e. through affecting regional climate) or indirectly (i.e. through the effect on vegetation physiology: Harrison and Prentice 2003). We have examined this briefly by comparing two simulations made with the CSM1.2 model. In the first set of simulations (CSM1.2), there is no change in CO2 between the control and 6 ka simulations. In the second set of simulations (CSM1.2Δ), CO2 is lowered from 355 ppmv in the control to 280 ppmv at 6 ka.
Comparison of these simulations shows that changing [CO2] has an impact on northern hemisphere vegetation patterns. The CSM1.2Δ simulation shows a larger decrease in tundra area than the CSM1.2 run, predominantly in Europe (Fig. 3). This reflects the fact that the change in summer temperature (Fig. 4) in the CSM1.2Δ run is approximately double the change in the CSM1.2 run. In the mid-latitude continental regions, the CSM1.2Δ simulation produces a larger increase in xerophytic vegetation in Eurasia than the CSM1.2 but reduces the area of xerophytic vegetation in North America (Fig. 6). The reduction in the area of xerophytic vegetation in North America is a result of a large increase in summer precipitation and cooler summer temperatures (Fig. 7). In eastern North America, the CSM1.2Δ simulation produces enhanced winter warming compared to the CSM1.2 simulation in the south, allowing temperate deciduous broadleaf forest to expand in area (Fig. 10). Northward expansion of this forest belt is prevented, however, by the simulation of colder winters over eastern Canada in the CSM1.2Δ simulation, which in turn results in southward expansion of boreal and cool mixed forests (Fig. 2). Thus, much of the expansion in temperate deciduous forest is westward, into areas occupied by xerophytic vegetation in the standard CSM simulation. The [CO2] lowering produces a radical change in the signal over Europe. In CSM1.2 the winters are colder, resulting in a small reduction of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. In CSM1.2Δ, the temperate deciduous broadleaf forest expands in response to winter warming.
There are two factors which appear to influence the strength and nature of the response to lowering [CO2]. To some degree, the response appears to depend on the relative importance of the direct atmospheric response and ocean feedback in producing the change in regional climate. In those regions where the atmospheric response is strong, lowering [CO2] produces colder (e.g. eastern North America) and drier (e.g. continental Eurasia) conditions as might be expected. However, when ocean feedback has a significant impact (e.g. Europe), the effect of lowering [CO2] is to strengthen the expression of warmer and/or wetter climates. The strength and nature of the response to lowering [CO2] is also clearly affected by the nature of the vegetation transitions involved: the impact of lowering [CO2] is most clearly expressed where there are transitions between forest and non-forest xerophytic vegetation (e.g. the continental interior).
Analyses of a suite of OAGCM simulations of 6 ka show that there are a number of robust changes in regional climate and vegetation in response to orbital forcing. These robust features include (a) the reduction of tundra in high northern latitudes, (b) the northward expansion of temperate forests in eastern North America, and (c) the expansion of xerophytic vegetation in mid-continental Eurasia.
All of the models produce a northward shift in the boundary between boreal forest and tundra. This shift is markedly asymmetric, with largest changes occurring in northern Eurasia and relatively small changes occurring over North America. The changes in tundra area are caused by warmer conditions during the growing season, partly driven by orbitally forced changes in summer temperature and partly driven by warming in autumn because of ocean feedback (see Wohlfahrt et al. 2004). The marked asymmetry in the changes in the tundra–taiga boundary is not a feature of most atmosphere-only simulations (see e.g. TEMPO 1996). This suggests that changes in the Arctic Ocean play an important role in producing this asymmetry, a conclusion consistent with studies of the role of changes in sea ice on high-latitude climates (Vavrus and Harrison 2003). The simulated changes in high-latitude vegetation are in good agreement with observations: in Eurasia, for example, all the models produce a match between observed and simulated vegetation at between 77 and 83% of the actual pollen sites and there is no systematic signal in the mismatches. Non-systematic errors probably arise through differences between the scale of registration of the models and the pollen sites rather than because the large-scale climate prediction is incorrect. The coarse spatial scale of the climate models means that they cannot be expected to capture the precise location of vegetation boundaries. It is also possible that, despite screening of the original pollen records, some of these sites might reflect the influence of local factors such as soil type, slope or aspect on the vegetation rather than regional climate.
All of the models produce a northward expansion of temperate forests at the expense of boreal forest in eastern North America, in response to winter warming. Comparison with observations shows that the northward expansion of temperate forests is realistic, but too large. We have hypothesised that this overestimate of the magnitude of vegetation changes is a result of the unrealistic prescription of ice cover in the simulations, and specifically the omission of the small remnant of the Laurentide ice sheet that persisted in Quebec until well after 6 ka. Although there have been no simulations of the 6 ka climate which incorporate this ice sheet, simulations of the early Holocene (ca. 9 ka) climate made with and without the presence of ice in eastern Canada show that this ice mass has a non-negligible effect on regional temperatures (Mitchell et al. 1988). There are no plans to incorporate the relict Laurentide ice sheet in the 6 ka simulations planned within the next round of PMIP (http://www-lsce.cea.fr/pmip/), although this ice sheet will be included in planned early Holocene (11 ka) simulations. Our analyses suggest that this will limit the usefulness of comparisons with pollen-based vegetation reconstructions from eastern North America (e.g. Williams et al. 2000) and suggest that there is a need to run both mid-Holocene and early-Holocene experiments incorporating changes in ice cover in order to fully understand the evolution of North American climates during the Holocene.
All of the OAGCM simulations produce a significant expansion of xerophytic vegetation in the mid-continent of Eurasia. The robustness of this signal across the suite of simulations is a matter of concern because the simulated expansion is not consistent with observations. In a diagnosis of the IPSL-CMI simulation, Wohlfahrt et al. (2004) have shown that the expansion of xerophytic vegetation in mid-continental Eurasia is already present in atmosphere-only simulations, and is amplified by ocean feedback. When these simulated changes in vegetation are used to prescribe land-surface conditions in a second OAGCM simulation, they produce a further increase in aridity resulting in a considerable expansion of xerophytic vegetation and a further degradation of the match between simulated and observed vegetation patterns (Fig. 13). A similar result would be produced if simulated vegetation patterns from any of the OAGCM simulations analysed here were used to prescribe vegetation changes in 6 ka experiments. Previous analyses of coupled OAGCM simulations have emphasised the role of ocean feedback in improving simulated regional climates (e.g. Kutzbach et al. 2001). However, as our analyses show, the incorporation of both ocean- and land-surface feedbacks has the potential to produce less realistic simulations of the climate. The tendency for models to produce more arid conditions in central Eurasia than shown by palaeoenvironmental data was already apparent in analyses of earlier AGCM simulations (see e.g. Yu and Harrison 1996; Qin et al. 1998; Tarasov et al. 1998). However, the cause of this mismatch was unclear. Our analyses suggest that the simulated increase in aridity is primarily a function of temperature-driven increases in evapotranspiration during the growing season. Simulated changes in precipitation are not consistent from model to model, with some models producing decreased precipitation during summer and others producing a marked increase in precipitation.
Our analyses show that some features of the response of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system to 6 ka orbital forcing are not robust from model to model. Specifically, the models have different responses in (a) the mid-continent of North America and (b) over Europe. It is possible that these inter-model differences in response reflect differences between the control simulations. Analyses of the response of the northern African monsoon to 6 ka orbital forcing (Joussaume et al. 1999; Braconnot et al. 2002), for example, show that inter-model differences in the location of the simulated monsoon front in the control partly determine the magnitude of the response to changes in orbital forcing.
The models differ in the degree to which they produce an increase in xerophytic vegetation in mid-continental North America, although only the CSM1.2Δ simulation fails to produce an increase. Harrison et al. (2003) have shown that mid-continental aridity is dynamically linked to the simulation of an enhanced monsoon in western North America: precipitation is suppressed in the regions characterised by subsidence around the monsoon core. This suggests that the differences in magnitude of the expansion of xerophytic vegetation is likely to be correlated with differences in the strength of the simulated monsoon expansion in North America (not examined here) and could help to explain the correlation between changes in the area of xerophytic vegetation and summer temperature.
The simulated changes in vegetation patterns over Europe differ from model to model: most of the models produce an increase in the extent of temperate forests but the IPSL- CMI and CSM models produce a decrease. In our previous analyses of the IPSL model, we showed that ocean feedback enhanced the orbitally induced winter cooling over Europe shown in atmosphere-only simulations and that vegetation feedback was necessary to produce a quasi-realistic northward expansion of temperate forests in this region. Our current comparisons show that this conclusion needs to be revisited. In the absence of atmosphere-only simulations associated with the current OAGCM runs, we are unable to say whether the differences between the models are already apparent in the atmospheric response to orbital forcing or are a consequence of differences in ocean feedbacks. However, even those models which show winter warming over Europe fail to produce a large enough warming to reproduce the northward expansion of temperate forests show by the observations. Thus, the conclusion that vegetation feedback is necessary to simulate mid-Holocene climate changes over Europe correctly is still likely to be true.
In these analyses, we have developed a number of diagnostics based on comparison of simulated regional vegetation changes and reconstructions of northern hemisphere extratropical vegetation patterns from pollen and plant macrofossil data. These diagnostics provide both a quantitative assessment of the match between the simulations and observations, and a way of identifying the climatic implications of the mismatches. The vegetation data set that we have assembled from existing syntheses (Prentice et al. 2000; Bigelow et al. 2003) represents the most comprehensive data set for 6 ka currently available. Nevertheless, there are some regions where the data are sparse (e.g. central and north Eurasia) and other regions where the sites are not very well dated (e.g. in central Canada or eastern Europe). Both of these issues could place limits on our ability to diagnose differences between climate simulations. Thus, it is important that the work of the BIOME 6000 project is continued and the existing data sets are expanded and improved. Nevertheless, we have shown that these diagnostics can discriminate between correct (e.g. the simulation of changes in the tundra–taiga boundary) and broadly incorrect (e.g. the simulation of increased aridity in central Eurasia) model responses. We have also shown that these diagnostics can discriminate between models, for example in showing that the CSM1.2∆ simulation produces a different response in western North America to the other models. Thus, we anticipate that these diagnostics will provide a useful tool for the evaluation of coupled model simulations in the current phase of the PMIP project (Harrison et al. 2002; http://www-lsce.cea.fr/pmip2/).
This paper is a contribution to the EU-funded MOTIF project, to its international counterpart PMIP II, and to the DEKLIM project “Past climate sensitivity and variability” funded by BMBF. We thank Kerstin Sickel for her help in running the BIOME4 simulations, Patrick Bartlein for his comments on an earlier presentation of these results, Céline Bonfils for a helpful review of the original manuscript, and an anonymous reviewer for comments on the final version of the manuscript. | 2019-04-25T00:08:20Z | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-008-0415-5 |
On the other hand, re-closure above 1.4950 allows another bullish pullback to occur towards 1.5350 taking into consideration, the previous bullish rejection which was expressed around 1.4800 on April 2015.
This week, the GBP/USD pair looks oversold as it is being pushed further below the lower limit of the depicted bearish channel. That's why, early signs of bullish reversal should be considered around the price zone of 1.4660-1.4610.
Risky traders can have a valid BUY entry anywhere around the price zone of 1.4660-1.4610 if enough bullish rejection is expressed on short-term charts (H4 and H1 charts).
An obvious bearish closure below 1.0800 (the neckline of the depicted reversal pattern) allows a further bearish decline towards 1.0730 and 1.0550 again.
USD/JPY is expected to trade in a lower range as the key resistance is at 119.60. Overnight, US stock indices ended lower following a global stock-market sell-off. Earlier, China's markets were halted for the rest of the day after the 7% plunge triggered the circuit breaker. The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost another 1.6% to 17,148, the S&P 500 fell 1.5% to 2,012, while the Nasdaq Composite was down 2.1% to 4,903.
Nymex crude oil completed a volatile session with a loss of 0.8% to $36.76 a barrel, gold gained 1.3% to $1,074 an ounce, and the benchmark 10-year Treasury yield closed at 2.245%, down from 2.273% in the previous session.
While the Japanese yen strengthened across the broad (USD/JPY dropped 0.7% to 119.42), the US dollar stayed firm against most other major currencies, with EUR/USD dropping 0.3% to 1.0829, USD/CHF edging up 0.1% to 1.0016, USD/CAD rising 0.7% to 1.3951, AUD/USD plunging 1.2% to 0.7188 and NZD/USD losing 1.4% to 0.6749.The pair plunged to as low as 118.67 overnight before posting a rebound. Currently, it has peaked at levels below the key resistance at 119.60, and is trading below the 20-period (30-minute chart) moving average, which stands below the 50-period one. Meanwhile, the intraday relative strength index remains below the neutrality level of 50. As long as 119.70 holds as the key resistance, the pair should resume its downward path and return to the first downside target at 118.60.
The pair is trading below its pivot point. It is likely to trade in a lower range as long as it remains below the pivot point. Short positions are recommended with the first target at 118.60. A break of that target will move the pair further downwards to 118. The pivot point stands at 119.95. In case the price moves in the opposite direction and bounces back from the support level, it will move above its pivot point. It is likely to move further to the upside. According to that scenario, long positions are recommended with the first target at 120.20 and the second target at 120.75.
USD/CHF is expected to trade in a higher range as bias remains bullish. The pair is clearly in an uptrend, and it is also supported by a ST bullish trend line. The relative strength index is mixed to bullish above its neutrality area at 50. The recent upside breakout of 1.0000 (a key psychological level and the high of December 31) should confirm a positive view, and call for a new rise to 1.0120 and 1.0085 in extension.
The pair is trading above its pivot point. It is likely to trade in a wider range as long as it remains above its pivot point. As long as the price holds above its pivot point, it is recommended to open long positions with the first target at 1.0120 and the second target at 1.0145. In the alternative scenario, it is recommended to open short positions with the first target at 0.9970, if the price moves below its pivot points. A break of this target is likely to push the pair further downwards, and one may expect the second target at 0.9925. The pivot point is at 1.00.
NZD/USD is expected to trade in a lower range. The pair accelerated on the downside yesterday, and it is also capped by its falling 50-period moving average. Even though the relative strength index is posting some bullish divergence, it has not been confirmed by the prices yet. Hence, as long as 0.6790 is not surpassed, a new decline is more likely to occur to 0.6690 and 0.6660 in extension.
The pair is trading below its pivot point. It is likely to trade in a lower range as long as it remains below the pivot point. Short positions are recommended with the first target at 0.6690. A break of that target will move the pair further downwards to 0.6660. The pivot point stands at 0.6790. In case the price moves in the opposite direction and bounces back from the support level, it will move above its pivot point. It is likely to move further to the upside. According to that scenario, long positions are recommended with the first target at 0.6820 and the second target at 0.6840.
GBP/JPY is expected to trade in a lower range as the key resistance stands at 176.35. The pair stays below its key resistance at 176.35 and remains on the downside. Meanwhile, the relative strength index stays below 50. The first target to the downside is set at the horizontal support and overlap at 174.05. A break below this level would open the way to further weakness toward 173.25.
The pair is trading below its pivot point. It is likely to trade in a lower range as long as it remains below the pivot point. Short positions are recommended with the first target at 174.05. A break of that target will move the pair further downwards to 173.25. The pivot point stands at 176.35. In case the price moves in the opposite direction and bounces back from the support level, it will move above its pivot point. It is likely to move further to the upside. According to that scenario, long positions are recommended with the first target at 176.90 and the second target at 177.50.
Crude price downtrend has not yet shown any signals of a longer-term reversal and the current wave up should only be considered as a correction.
While moving down, WTI formed the support near the mark of 40 that later, on December 7, 2015, has been broken. The price has been moving within the descending channel, although it also has been broken to the downside providing additional confirmation of an ongoing downtrend. Currently, the price returned back the lower trend line of the broken descending channel that is acting as a resistance, which apparently was rejected.
Consider selling WTI on corrective waves up while the price is not too far from the 38.30 resistance area (R1). The 161.8% Fibonacci retracement (S2 - 31.70) applied to the latest corrective wave up could be used as the nearest target.
Since forming a double bottom in May 2015, USD/CHF has been steadily rising producing higher highs and higher lows. The price is clearly moving within the ascending channel without any signs of a reversal down.
After breaking major resistance area (S1) near 0.9840, the price returned back and tested it, but this time the support was rejected. Applying Fibonacci to the last corrective wave down that tested the ascending channel, you can see that while R1 resistance was broken, R2 has not been tested.
Consider buying USD/CHF on corrective waves down targeting 261.8% Fibonacci retracement level area (1.0440). Stop loss should be placed well below the most recent low of December 14 (0.9780).
Since our last analysis, gold has been trading sideways around the price of $1,077.00. In the daily time frame, I found testing of 50 SMA. Be careful when buying gold at this stage. The intraday trend is upward, but short- and mid-term trends are downward. In the H4 time frame, the price is above SMA 50 and 100, but moving averages are flat. According to the M30 time frame, I found a volume spike and very wide spread of the bar (buying looks very risky). I found symmetrical triangle (trend continuation pattern) and the price is trying to break to the upside, but in my opinion, we may see a potential fake breakout so be careful when buying. I expect testing of $1,050.00. I would like to see a breakout in a high volume at $1,046.00 confirming the trend continuation pattern. The first intraday support is at the price of $1,074.00. In the daily time frame, I found strong cluster resistance around the price of $1,080.00-$1,087.00.
The German unemployment fell more than expected in December. Figures released by the Federal Labor Office on Tuesday revealed that the unemployment rate stayed at the same level of 6.3%, whereas seasonally adjusted unemployment last month fell by 14,000, way more than the expected 6,000 figure. The data is signaling the overall good health of the job market in Europe's largest economy.
The EUR/USD pair has broken the important support at the level of 1.0795 (now resistance) and is trading at the next support level of 1.0762.
The UK manufacturing sector data was revealed yesterday and it turned out that business activity weakened in December. The Markit/CIPS manufacturing PMI dropped to 51.9 last month compared with 52.5 in November and the output and new order growth slowed further in the reported month. The Confederation of British Industries warned that manufacturers continue struggling with the strength of the British pound and weak demand in the eurozone, the UK main trading partner. This is the three-month low and this kind of data indicated that the sector is unlikely to contribute to the economic growth again.
The GBP/USD pair is trading closer to the important weekly support at the level of 1.4565. The next resistance is seen at the level of 1.4805.
Recently, EUR/NZD has been moving downwards. As I expected, the price tested the level of 1.6011 in an average volume. In the daily time frame, I found a supply bar and confirmed formation of a strong head-and-shoulders pattern (a broken neckline). Besides, i found a very weak yesterday bar close (bar with close near middle of the range). In the H4 time frame, the price rejected strongly our 200 SMA (1.6180) and created a bearish outside bar from 200 SMA. I placed Fibonacci retracement to find a potential end of the upward correction and got Fibonacci retracement 38.2% at the price of 1.6080 (successfully held) and Fibonacci retracement 61.8% at the price of 1.6120. According to the daily time frame, I found testing of the 200 SMA. I expect further downward movement and retesting of 1.5850 and even a potential breakout to the downside.
The NZD/USD pair has been moving in a downtrend since last week. So, according to prior events, the price of the NZD/USD pair has still been moving between the ratio of 23.6% Fibonacci retracement levels at the level of 0.6728 and 00% Fibonacci retracement at the 0.6681 level. Furthermore, the price opened below the ratio of 23.6% Fibonacci retracement levels (0.6728). Besides, the resistance is set at the 0.6730 level today. Therefore, it will be a good sign to sell below the level of 0.6730 with the first target of 0.6680. The double bottom has already been set at the price of 0.6680. However, in case a reversal takes place and the NZD/USD pair breaks through the support level of 0.6680, the market will lead to a further decline to 0.6660 in order to indicate a correctional movement at this level. Meanwhile, the H1 chart represents a strong support at 0.6680 which forms the double bottom.
According to previous events, the price of the NZD/USD pair has still been moving between 0.6730 and 0.6680.
Look for further downside with the 0.6680 and 0.6660 targets below the level of 0.6730.
The USD/CHF pair has broken a major resistance at the level of 0.9992. The new resistance was calculated and found at the level of 1.0120 and the pair is now approaching it in order to test it. Besides, you have to notice that the 0.9992 price has become a strong support on January 5, 2016. So, the USD/CHF pair will be limited by the levels of 1.000 and 1.0120, so we expect this week a range of 120 pips approximately. Therefore, it will probably start an upward movement at this area and recover again. Thus, the market will indicate a bullish opportunity at the 1.0000 level, and it will be a good sign to buy at this spot with the first target at 1.0085. It will then continue moving towards 1.0105 for forming a double top. Moreover, we look for the weekly target near the strong resistance around the spot of 1.0120 (new project today). On the other hand, if a break of 0.9992 happens, then it will be a good location for placing a stop loss at the 0.9966 level.
The US dollar index held above the support at 98 yesterday and made an upward reversal towards 99. This is a sign of the dollar's strength. However, we are again close to critical short-term resistance where the index got rejected twice. Will there be a third time?
The US dollar index has once again reached the 61.8% Fibonacci retracement of the decline from 100.50. This is an important short-term resistance.The blue trend line is also an important support, so a break below 98.20 will open the way for a move towards 97.
The gold price made a breakout above the short-term triangle pattern yesterday, but buyers were not strong enough to push the price towards $1,100. There is a high probability that gold is in a corrective phase since there is no clear upward impulsive moves seen. This implies that a new low towards $1,000 should come once this correction ends.
The gold price is trading above the Ichimoku cloud on the 4-hour chart and above the triangle pattern. We should expect the price to move higher towards $1,100 in the short term. Support is at $1,050. If it is broken, we should expect the level of $1,000 or lower one to be seen.
The weekly chart remains unchanged. The price is mainly moving sideways trapped between $1,100 and $1,050. Stochastic is oversold. The price should move higher first and then resume the downtrend.
The corrective cycle in the wave 4 might be completed as the triangle pattern on this pair is clearly visible. Nevertheless, the current upward move is not a clear five-wave progression and the market is still trading inside the neutral zone. There is still one more wave up needed to complete the impulsive wave progression, but confirmation for this wave come with the violation of the round number of 1.4000. The last wave 5 will have a new high above this level.
The buy orders from yesterday should be still kept open. SL below the level of 1.3814 and TP open for now.
The impulsive count was invalidated due to overlaps of wave 1 and wave 2. The alternative count is now in play. According to this count, the complex corrective cycle in wave B blue has not been completed yet. The wave (a) blue looks completed and the bullish divergence on the daily chart is the first clue to support this view (both on the RSI and AO indicators). The wave (b) blue should be in progress now with the projected target at the level of 131.04. After reaching this level, the market should reverse and complete the last wave to the downside - the wave (c) blue. Then, the whole corrective structure will be completed and the market should be ready to resume the uptrend in order to develop the wave C blue.
Daytraders should consider buying on the dips in this market with SL below the level of 128.65 and TP open for now.
When the European market opens, such economic news will be released as Italian Prelim CPI m/m, Core CPI Flash Estimate y/y, CPI Flash Estimate y/y, German Unemployment Change, Spanish Unemployment Change.The US will release the economic data too such as the Total Vehicle Sales, so amid the reports, EUR/USD will move low to medium volatility during this day.
In Asia, Japan will release its data on 10-y Bond Auction and Monetary Base (y/y). The United States will report on Total Vehicle Sales. So there is a big probability that the USD/JPY pair will move with low to medium volatility today.
EUR/USD: Some form of weakness is perceived on this currency trading instrument. And since it tends to go into an opposite direction of the USD/CHF, the currency trading instrument would be weak as long as the USD/CHF is strong. More bearish movement of at least 100 pips is possible within the next few days.
USD/CHF: It is good that the USD/CHF went upwards in a predictable manner yesterday. The new "buy" signal that was seen last week has now resulted in a Bullish Confirmation Pattern in the market. By all indication, price is supposed to continue moving further north, with the possibility of it reaching the resistance level at 1.0100. The price has gone above the great support level at 1.0000 already.
GBP/USD: The Cable performed some near-term upswings and downswings on Monday, while the trend in the market remains bearish. There is a high probability that the price would still go further south. The accumulation territories at 1.4650 and 1.4600 are the potential targets for this week.
USD/JPY: This pair experienced some form of weakness on Monday, just as most JPY pairs experienced weakness on the same day. The bias on the pair is bearish, and thus, further weakness is expected in the market, which might make the price go below the demand level at 119.00, which was tried before the current upward bounce (that could be transitory).
EUR/JPY: The EUR/JPY went further south on Monday. The market is now moving in a directional manner, and since the bearish bias started last week, price has dropped by 300 pips. Price is now under the supply zone at 129.50, with the possibility of reaching the demand zone at 128.50.
On a short-term basis, the USDX has been doing some bullish moves above the support level of 98.66, after gaining strong momentum around the 200 SMA to the upside and now we can expect a rally towards the 99.07 level to test again that high. We cannot discard a pullback that could be extended to the support level of 98.66. The MACD indicator is at the positive territory.
GBP/USD current intraday structure is still favored to the downside, but be aware of a possible double bottom pattern around the 1.4702 level. A rebound is expected to test the resistance zone of 1.4802 before any declines during the week. However, we should see a decline towards the support level of 1.4608 in a short-term basis. MACD indicator is entering neutral territory.
Trading recommendations for today: Based on the H1 chart, place sell (short) orders only if the GBP/USD pair breaks a bearish candlestick; the support level is at 1.4702, take profit is at 1.4608, and stop loss is at 1.4793.
Intraday bias in USD/JPY remains on the downside for the moment. A rebound from 116.13 is completed at 123.74 and a deeper fall should be seen back to the 118.05 support first. A break will target a test at 116.13. We expect strong support from there to bring a rebound. On the upside, a break of the 120.64 resistance is needed to indicate short-term bottoming. Otherwise, the outlook will stay bearish in case of recovery. The consolidation pattern from the 125.85 medium-term top is still in progress. In case of a deeper fall, we expect strong support between 116.13 and 38.2% retracement of 101.08 to 125.85 at 116.38 to contain downside. An eventual break of 125.85 is still anticipated later.
According to the shown H4 chart, the silver price remains stable below the 13.96 level to keep the negative pressure valid on the near-term and short-term bases supported by the EMA50. It underpins the continuation of the bearish trend in the upcoming period, waiting to head towards 13.50 followed by 13.00 as next main targets. The silver price is testing the key resistance 13.96, and as long as the price is below this level, we will continue suggesting the bearish trend on an intraday and short-term bases, supported by the EMA50, waiting to target 13.50 followed by 13.00 initially. Holding below the 14.25 level is important to achieve the suggested targets. In general, the bearish trend will remain valid and active unless we witness a clear breach and holding with a daily close above the 14.25 mark.
A decline in the GBP/JPY pair has accelerated to as low as 175.99 so far and intraday bias remains on the downside for the 174.86 key support level. A solid break there will indicate a larger trend reversal and target 100% projection of 195.86 to 180.36 from 188.79 at 173.9 first. On the upside, movements above 178.10 minor resistance will turn bias neutral and bring consolidation first. But the near-term outlook will stay bearish as long as the 180.36 resistance turned into support holds. In the medium term, a reversal with bearish divergence condition is possible in the weekly MACD ahead of cluster resistance of 61.8% retracement of 251.09 to 116.83 at 199.80, which is close to the 200 psychological level. A solid break of 174.86 will confirm a trend reversal and bring a deeper fall to 38.2% retracement of 116.83 to 195.86 at 165.67 and below. In case of another rise, we will be cautious about strong resistance from 199.80/200.00 to bring the reversal finally.
As anticipated, temporary bearish rejection existed around price level of 0.6840 (daily resistance level) similar to what happened previously on December 16.
Last week, lack of bullish pressure above 0.6800 was manifested. That is why, the current bearish pullback is taking place towards 0.6750.
A valid buy entry can be opened around the current price levels (0.6750-0.6700) where the depicted uptrend comes to meet the NZD/USD pair. S/L should be located below 0.6700. Initial T/P level remains located at 0.6840.
Long-term bullish targets are located at 0.6950 when the NZD/USD bulls manage to trade above 0.6845. | 2019-04-21T10:48:44Z | http://www.moneygrows.net/2016_01_05_archive.html |
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In 2003, after having published nine books and audio learning sets on psychic healing, auras, chakras, and metaphysical concepts of energy, I left my career to return to college. I made this decision after two years of self-directed study into many of the metaphysical and paranormal ideas I had based my career upon, and while leaving those ideas behind was very frightening and painful, it was a valuable learning experience (this is a joke you will understand further down the page).
I returned to college to study the social sciences (sociology, psychology, economics, history, and anthropology) because I wanted to understand what had happened in my own life, but also how spiritual beliefs are formed, how ideas are created and change over time, how social movements arise and decay, how groups create their own reality, and so on … you know, simple stuff like that.
I graduated with a degree in Social Science in 2006. Though I focused on the sociology of work & occupations, the sociology of cults & high-control groups, the sociology of murder and criminology, and career testing & guidance (okay, I’ve got a lot of interests), I also studied religions and the New Age when I could.
I am no longer working with paranormal or metaphysical ideas, though I continue to study them through the lenses of anthropology, sociology, history, neurology, and social and cognitive psychology. While I am agnostic* about whether any paranormal, spiritual, religious, or metaphysical concepts actually exist, I know that I personally am not a psychic, and that there was nothing metaphysical or paranormal about what I did in my previous healing career.
Some of my atheist friends think agnosticism is a lily-livered kind of fence-sitting, where you’re trying to keep all your options open just in case there’s hell in the offing. I say Hah! to that as well. I didn’t choose agnosticism because I’m afraid; I chose it because I’m willing to be surprised.
What I understand now after all this time is how culture formed my career as a psychic healer, but also how my natural abilities formed the core of my work. Through empathy, I was able to create a full-fledged psychic career, not because I was tricking anyone, but because I can read emotions, gestures, undercurrent, body language, and intent.
I’ve also been through intense trauma in my life, and because of that, I’m able to understand things about emotions and the human condition that many people don’t understand at all.
The work I did wasn’t about magically reading the future or past lives; rather, it was a form of peer counseling based upon my own understanding of how to rebuild a life after extreme trauma. For instance, my work with auras was focused upon teaching people who had been brutalized in childhood how to create a tangible, felt sense of protection and privacy around themselves.
Thankfully, I now understand the aura to be a neurologically mapped area called the peripersonal space (see the excellent book The Body Has a Mind of Its Own), and I’ve updated my work in The Language of Emotions so that readers can continue to learn how to set effective interpersonal boundaries.
It’s really wonderful to have discovered the neurological and physical mapping processes that create the felt-sense of an aura around us, because it’s such a helpful concept!
My work with chakras was a way to help confused and traumatized people utilize their imaginal skills to access (or more likely, re-integrate) information about multiple aspects of their personalities (each of the chakras, if you don’t know this, is thought to relate to a different aspect of the self).
My work with grounding was a way to help dissociated people re-associate and calm themselves, and my work with disembodied spirits was a way to help people who saw or felt them to gain some measure of control over their lives. Though these approaches were admittedly unconventional, they did help me and others heal from the damage we sustained in our early childhood traumas.
I’m glad I spent my early years in the New Age community, because I honestly don’t think I would have become well within the conventional psychological or medical models that were available in my early life. Now, however, there is worthwhile conventional help available to trauma survivors and sufferers of depression, and I’m no longer interested in championing metaphysical and paranormal alternatives.
I’m glad I was a part of the New Age, and I’m also grateful I left, because what I’ve discovered in my studies – about the brain, the social world, belief structures, group dynamics, memory, certainty (and other illusions), cognitive errors, the need for protective magic, the seductive nature of authority, and the social phenomenon of healing – has fascinated me.
I look forward to continuing my education as an al fresco academic (that’s a studious person who can’t afford grad school). 2013 update: Affordable or not, I’m now in grad school getting my master’s in Education and focusing on creating new empathy and social interaction curriculum for people on the Autism Spectrum (and other neurologically diverse people).
2015 update: I’m now Karla McLaren, M.Ed.! My master’s thesis focuses on autism and enforced normalization training, and my degree is in Curriculum and Learning with a concentration in Linguistic Anthropology.
When people approach me about what some have incorrectly termed my “conversion” to critical thinking and science, they seem to be looking for some evidence of a crisis of faith. But it was never a crisis of faith; it was always a crisis of conscience. As a healer, I specialized in working with survivors of severe dissociative trauma, and I knocked myself out trying to help these already-injured people feel safe, cared-for, and protected.
Therefore, I was always studying different modalities and healing approaches, and learning about the many questionable (and oftentimes troubling) alternative healing practices that were being offered to trauma survivors.
And here we arrive at the crux of the matter, and the central reason I left the New Age behind: With its time-honored “no-judgment” rule firmly in place, there is simply no formal way to test, question, or bring full critical faculties to what is offered in the New Age. And that’s not okay.
I became a healer because I wanted to help, and because I didn’t want to see people suffer. But I saw plenty of suffering in the New Age as people chased after the magical promises that come so fast, and so continuously. And because there is no formal mechanism for questioning or for consumer protection in the New Age, no one was ever held accountable when things failed to work … and I got really tired of watching it happen over and over and over again.
I also got tired of hearing these failures referred to as “valuable learning experiences.” I was working with people who had been traumatized and who were sometimes struggling through a kind of waking nightmare, and everywhere they turned, magical promises were being lobbed at them. They were wasting time, energy, and money on empty promises. That’s a hell of a lot of learning experiences.
As I searched for responsible information about all of the endless healing modalities, gurus, cures, diets, tinctures, meditation techniques, workshops, and herbs, I found a surprising thing. Because there is no mechanism for consumer protection in the New Age, an entire subculture arose to do it for us. I discovered the work of the skeptical community, and though I was put off by a great deal of the tone and behavior I found there, I’ve done enough shadow work (see my posts on the shadow here, here, and here) to know that what enrages and offends you is often the thing you most need to understand.
Though the skeptical movement was new to me, skepticism wasn’t. Since I was a child, I had questioned New Age and metaphysical ideas*, but that didn’t make me unusual. Humans question things, no matter where they are. The stereotype of the completely unwitting, undiscerning New Age dupe is fictional.
In the New Age culture, people can and do think, discern, make decisions, and root out false promises in their midst. Questioning ideas from inside the New Age – it’s not that unusual. Just because there’s no formal mechanism for questioning doesn’t mean that New Age people are incapable of questioning.
*Definitions for clarity: Spirituality is widely defined as anything that involves religion, deities, the afterlife, or the “other world.” The New Age refers to an entire spiritual movement that first arose in the late 1800s, and includes splinter Christian beliefs such as Christian Science, Religious Science, Science of Mind, and Unity – and splinter Eastern philosophies such as Theosophy, Anthroposophy, Western Buddhism, Transcendental Meditation, and so forth (some people also place Jungian and Reichian psychotherapies in the New Age category). Metaphysics is a subset of New Age philosophy that encompasses belief in the aura, chakras, chi or prana energy, psychic abilities, astrology, spirit guides, extraterrestrial beings, and cosmic energies that can influence humans or contribute to their healing.
However, while any insider can (informally) question New Age ideas up to a point, when I began to question my own work as a metaphysical author and spiritual healer – and I mean really question my work down to its historical and theoretical foundations – I was alone. Completely alone.
I had no peers, no role models, no mentors, and absolutely no one to talk to about the startling information I continually uncovered in my reading of the literature (in skepticism, history, sociology, anthropology, neurology, biology, physics, chemistry, behavioral economics, and psychology).
Despair, despondence, and the sense that I might be losing my mind – these states don’t even begin to describe the experience. Yet from October, 2001 to the time I ended my career in late 2003, I somehow soldiered onward – with equal amounts of horror and grim determination – to understand just how many questionable ideas and mistaken assumptions I had ingested. It was a brutal, awful time, and if you understand cognitive dissonance, you’ll know why. It is so difficult to accept that we might have been wrong that some people never, ever do it. No matter what.
Let me say this: I totally get those people!
Learning that I had been wrong was a gruesome thing, but that wasn’t the only problem. One of the saddest aspects of ending my career was that – because I had seen so much trouble in the New Age culture (cults, unstable spiritual teachers, health scams, extreme diets, etc.), I was actually trying to make things better with my own series of books and tapes. I truly thought that I could write to the center of the trouble in the New Age and metaphysical movements. I thought I could help people retain what was true and valuable in the New Age and separate out the rest.
I know I was thinking to myself: If I can just write well enough … if I can just present models that will help people think clearly … if I can just help people find safe resources … if I can just….
I was certainly being naïve, but I was also being like Sisyphus of the Greek myth, endlessly pushing a rock up a hill, only to watch it roll back down every time I got to the top. Never stopping, never looking up – just pushing, pushing, and telling myself that the pushing was somehow meaningful in the larger scheme of things.
Though I meant well and was honestly trying to help and protect people, I finally saw that I was doing no lasting good. The ideas of the New Age are interesting, but they unfortunately exist within a framework that can invite all sorts of confusing and even damaging information into people’s lives. Though I realized that people need to be responsible for themselves, and that I didn’t hold a hypnotic sway over my readers, my concerns were intensified because I knew my audience. I knew that many people in the New Age were there because they were in pain, because they didn’t fit in, or because they hadn’t been able to find help or comfort anywhere else.
Many people in the New Age are just fine, but there is a significant percentage of the population that is in pain, highly sensitive, and highly susceptible to suggestion and harm. However, since the conventional world had already failed them, they were unlikely to return to it. The New Age was the only support they had.
Additionally, people in pain are particularly susceptible to magical promises of hope and healing. These promises come fast and furious in the New Age; without exaggerating, I can say that new promises and cures arise (or old ones are modified) on a monthly basis.
No matter what the illness or condition, there is always some magical curative just around the corner – like new Andean spirulina, secret Native cures, new African healers, pyramid hats, magic water, new Reiki that’s totally different from the old Reiki because it’s channeled by dolphins, herbal hormones, trips to newly discovered sacred sites (sacredness picks up and moves every couple of years, apparently), new and longer meditation workshops, shamanic healings, miracle vitamins, miracle herbs, or an appointment with the Dalai Lama’s personal physician.
Until I stopped using all of my magical cures to see what would happen (nothing happened), it was almost impossible to understand what a merry-go-round I had been on. I mean, it’s hard to leave all these promises behind, because what if the next one works? Especially when people that you trust absolutely swear by this new healing or herb or whatever. Why not try it? It could be a valuable learning experience, right?
As I looked around me, I saw that the New Age almost invariably taught people – most especially women – to become more susceptible, more gullible, and less able to identify faulty assumptions, false hopes, and cognitive errors.
I was deeply concerned that so many good, caring people in the middle class (and the intelligentsia) were paying cash money to learn to think less and to question less. I realized that I was supporting a culture that had no checks or balances and almost no way to speak truth to power. This was completely unacceptable to me.
So in 2003, I ended my healing career, canceled my book contracts, pulled down my website, applied to college, and left my entire life behind. But before I did that, I wrote an essay to the skeptical community and shared my concerns about the troubling tone I found in so much of the skeptical literature (Bridging the Chasm Between Two Cultures). It appeared in the May, 2004 issue of Skeptical Inquirer and took on a life of its own.
Reformed sinner, apostate exemplar, and circus pony … hello!
I wrote my essay for the Skeptical Inquirer because I discovered a really serious problem: If people in the New Age try to seek out critical or skeptical information (if they even know such information exists) most of them will be completely turned off by its often offensive, condescending, and polarizing tone – which means that, even if they do reach out, they’ll still be completely unprotected in the face of misinformation, unverified healing modalities, and outright deception.
So before I left everything behind, I wrote Bridging the Chasm. As I look at it now, I see that I unconsciously adopted the style of Shakespeare’s “Friend, Romans, countrymen…” speech, where I came in under the defenses of the skeptical community, called myself out as their vanquished foe, and told them why I agreed with them.
However, I then gently but persistently asked them why they were such complete failures at communicating their concerns to people in my culture. The response was amazing. I only got one crank letter (this was not posted on the internet, where the responses would have been wildly cranky, and pointlessly so), and the rest were from smart people who not only could take a punch, but actually suggested that I hit a little harder next time.
It was so cool to write for people who weren’t thin-skinned, because my experience of writing dissent material for the New Age reader was that I had to be so careful that I almost couldn’t write at all. If you don’t know this, judgment, argument, and conflict are not acceptable in most New Age circles. You just don’t do it, and you especially don’t question received spiritual wisdom. I’m astonished that I got away with the amount of challenging stuff I wrote in my New Age career!
So when I wrote my piece for that skeptical mag, it was nice to take off the gloves somewhat, say some very challenging things, and then have readers take the challenge and run with it. It was fun to have people actually ask to be argued with and challenged!
I also met some very smart and dear skeptical friends who agree that the skeptical approach really doesn’t translate very well – and I met skeptics who understand that you can be skeptical and be a spiritual or religious person at the same time. For instance, I certainly was a skeptic in all of my books and tapes, and a dissenter from many New Age tenets.
Check out my work on the importance of judgment, which was – and still is – total heresy. And I think I was the only person in the New Age connecting traumatic dissociation and entry into the New Age (which seems to inadvertently select for people who have dissociative tendencies), or talking about the irreplaceable necessity of emotions in every aspect of life (in the New Age of my youth, emotions were essentially pathologized – they were seen as the opposite of spirituality and therefore were to be ignored, manipulated, or demonized).
I hadn’t walked the line with New Age ideas, and I hadn’t been anyone’s mouthpiece. The cool skeptics I met did not look down on me for an instant, though some of them had to do some mental calisthenics to fit me into their worldviews. Bully for them that they did so.
I was very glad to be welcomed by the skeptical community, but I didn’t find a way to be comfortable in the straight-up skeptical world. I wasn’t able to adapt to a number of the social rules that define membership there.
For instance, in many cases, arguing is pretty much the focus of skeptical discourse. For the most part, research doesn’t happen there, but arguing about research does. And a lot of times, it’s surprisingly untutored arguing amongst people who haven’t got degrees or work experience in the subject at hand. So it’s kind of like a fantasy football league of science fanboys — and it gets completely out of hand. I mean, I was a big D&D sci-fi geekgirl in my youth, so I get the feel of it, but huh.
Back in 2004, I was in a skeptical e-mail group where the arguing got so absurd that you’d think it was a Monty Python skit or something. It was like watching screwed-up computers play verbal street hockey until one of them exploded. Oh my word, going from the extremes of New Age non-judgmentalism to the extremes of argumentativeness in the skeptical world was too much for me! Banishing judgment is a terrible idea, but too much argument is exhausting, and I began to wonder if the people who enjoy it have problems processing emotions competently.
These people who love to argue don’t seem very sensitive to me, but the arguing may just be a cover for emotions they don’t know how to deal with. I don’t know. But I do know that there’s as much trouble in the skeptical culture as there is in the New Age culture. It’s a different kind of trouble, but it’s trouble nevertheless, and I don’t need more trouble, thanks.
I also didn’t enjoy being celebrated as a reformed sinner who finally became intelligent when she threw off the yoke of spiritual belief, or some such nonsense. I’m happy to be a skeptical person, but I don’t need a card and a coffee mug that brand me as a certified Skeptic™. I prefer hanging out with my smart, sensitive, emotionally aware, skeptical, and artistic friends who don’t like to argue merely for the sake of arguing.
I’m glad I was a part of both cultures, but now, as a person with no country, I look at these cultures from the outside and ask why? Why can’t they see the similarity of their wants and needs? They both want to educate, protect, and support people in their quest to find meaning – so why do they engage in a feud that has proven beyond a shadow of a doubt to prevent meaningful dialogue?
Certainly, both sides want to be proven right, and both sides want to win, but isn’t that how wars start? I expect ignorant, insensitive, and power-mad people to engage in futile combative behaviors, but if people want to be seen as spiritual or as critical thinkers, they need to stretch themselves and become more than tiresome, culturally constructed stereotypes.
I am personally invested in these issues, because my journey was made infinitely more harrowing by the chasm that exists between the New Age and skeptical cultures. As I wrote in my essay for the Skeptical Inquirer, in my early visits to skeptical sites, I didn’t feel like a free and unfettered reader. I felt in turns like a gullible fool or a traitor, and that’s not helpful for anyone.
People in spiritual, religious, and metaphysical cultures need to be able to access competent research on the thousands of things they are being taught, sold, and urged to believe – and they need to be able to perform their research without being insulted, or feeling as if they’re betraying their cultures, their souls, or their gods.
The internal experience of cognitive dissonance is plenty bad enough; but to pick up skeptical books or land on skeptical sites and find condescension and cultural insensitivity (and sometimes even name-calling) when you’re just trying to do research? Yow. Epic, epic fail.
The schism between these two cultures certainly hobbles all of us, but it also has the demoralizing effect of making people in both cultures feel hopeless and despairing about people in the other. Some vocal skeptics seem to think that New Age people are reality refuseniks or deliberate frauds who are incapable of rational or practical thought – just as some vocal New Agers seem to think that skeptics are rage-filled, godless reductionists who are incapable of respectful or empathetic communication.
These prejudices help all of us treat each other in insensitive and inhumane ways, and that’s unacceptable. As we can clearly see in every other fight except our own, us-versus-them thinking isn’t any kind of thinking at all.
When I originally left my career, I imagined that I might build a bridge between these two cultures, because it’s so clear that each one has a piece the other lacks. I thought that everyone would thank me for pointing this out. Hah! Cough, choke, ackkk!!!
Now I think that if I ever did manage to build a bridge between these two warring factions, one side or the other would continually try to tear it (and me) down.
And even if I managed to make the bridge strong enough, walking across that bridge would require cultural shifts that I don’t think people want to make. It’s easier to gather a group of like-minded people around you and point your fingers at the “other.” It’s easier to create moral panics about the atheist agenda or the religion-caused death of reason. It’s easier to be a hyper-opinionated tool of your cultural prejudices than it is to be a reasoned and compassionate human being.
And this makes my idea of bridge-building a pretty futile one. In my New Age career, I had already spent decades rolling the rock uphill in futility; it wasn’t any fun. I don’t want to spend any more time on that tedious rock pile, so I’ve headed out on my own journey.
Now, I am focusing on what does work. I had the great good fortune to work with two of my professors on research projects and books, and oh my word, research is the most fabulous thing ever. You don’t just stand around pontificating, or taking other people’s word for things. You work and think, and think and work, and challenge yourself, and open your mind, and you get to do and read some of the most amazing things! I mean, stuff that is so much more fascinating than anything I’ve ever seen or heard before. It’s just so cool to get your hands on real research. Oh my!
And top-notch researchers, top-notch scientists, are not smarty pants know-it-alls. No. Great researchers are adventurers, and visionaries, and astonishingly humble people, because they have to be able to balance their knowledge and expertise with the information that comes from the world they are studying. They have to be able to change their minds when the data disconfirm their cherished opinions. Genius!
Great researchers are now my model for how to be an exemplary human being, because they are smart enough to do the work required to question the universe, yet humble enough to listen to the answers they get. They’re also smart enough to stay connected with others in their field, and in far-reaching fields, so that their dataset is constantly changing and being challenged. In top-notch researchers and thinkers, the ability to tolerate cognitive dissonance is a sort of prerequisite. I like that. I respect that. I want to emulate that.
I call these idealized researchers a model, because as you can imagine, scientists can be just as unethical, myopic, egocentric, power mad, and wonky as anyone else. They can be jealous of others, married to cherished ideas, unaware of their biases and standpoints, confused by data they don’t understand or can’t accept, isolated by their own sense of importance, hypnotized by fame, money, or power, or stuck in the morass of bureaucracy and petty infighting that occurs in academia.
But even though there are tremendous obstacles in their way, we have been blessed with brilliant researchers and scientists who have helped us know more about ourselves, our world, and the universe. The tools of scientific research are kind of miraculous, considering how prone to mistakes, prejudice, bias, stubbornness, and outright error we humans and our brains can be.
That’s a good question, and my answer is: research and storytelling. I had been careful about telling the story of my transition away from metaphysical and supernatural thinking, because I didn’t agree with the assumptions many people have about what such stories are for. In sociology, these stories have a name: apostate atrocity tales.
The idea is that I’m supposed to be coming at this process with a fiery kind of anger, where I attempt to destroy the New Age because I know from the inside where the bodies are buried. But that idea is both naïve and annoying. My sociological and anthropological training really helped me understand the power of culture, and especially the almost overwhelming power of the gigantic, multi-tentacled behemoth called the New Age.
I, one person, don’t have the power to effect much change, and when I consider the deep troubles we’re all facing, I can totally understand why the New Age exists and thrives.
I’m sorry when frightening or injurious things happen in the New Age and alternative medicine, and I’m sad when people waste their time and money on promises that have little to no validity. But I totally understand the powerful, seductive pull of all those promises.
So I’m in a very Taoist place about all of it (Taoism, if you don’t know this, tends to be a kind of formalized ambivalence). Very perhaps … perhaps I’m glad to be out of the New Age, because after more than 30 years, and after getting to the top of the mountain, I saw enough to know that there was nothing there for me.
I no longer wanted to cling to a dream, or to support a group of ideologies that were not worthy of the wonderful people who were drawn to them.
But perhaps I also see the need for the New Age. Organized religion has lost its meaning for many people; it has let people down and chased them into alternative belief systems (because something still feels necessary). The spiritual feeling is an inborn longing for many of us, and it’s not going away.
And to be honest, alternative spirituality seems less odious than traditional religions in many ways, because people get to pick and choose spiritual traditions for themselves, rather than having to prostrate themselves to conventional religions that espouse so many rigid, outdated, intolerant, and injurious ideas.
I see the purpose of the New Age, and I see it as an evolutionary process of sorts. I don’t need to destroy it. I also don’t need to destroy the Skeptical™ culture, though I’m saddened and frustrated by the continued tonal inaccessibility of their information. I don’t need to destroy anyone, especially since many of my favorite people hang out in both of these places; I just need to do my own thing and continue to question everything, including the process of questioning itself.
I also don’t want to get trapped by looking at the fight between skeptics and New Agers as if it is somehow unique. It isn’t. Us-versus-them fights happen everywhere we look, and the fights (no matter which us is against which them) nearly always guarantee that effectiveness, compassion, empathy, reason, and common sense will not prevail. I want to understand, through research and storytelling, how and why polarization occurs, and how it can be avoided or alleviated.
And so, with this lengthy introduction, I link you to a series of essays called Missing the Solstice ~and~ Discovering the World, which I referenced in the notes for my book, The Language of Emotions. These essays are the story of my separation from metaphysical, paranormal, and New Age ideas and my subsequent education in the social sciences.
When The Language of Emotions came out in mid-2010, my publicist asked me to keep this aspect of my story on the quiet side, because it seemed to detract from my work on emotions. I agreed. It’s an involved story, and it was better to keep it separate.
However, people have asked to see these essays, so I created a separate blog for them. In sharing my transition away from paranormal, supernatural, and metaphysical thinking, I am not beating a drum or proselytizing for reason uber alles. I’m not creating a new us so that we can all be aligned against a new them.
Instead, I’m hoping to provide a kind of camaraderie for people who, like me, have made a sea change in their lives and left their communities and their cultures behind. | 2019-04-23T06:22:38Z | https://www.karlamclaren.com/why-i-am-not-a-psychic-or-a-skeptic/ |
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1.1 Elective home education is where parents or guardians decide to provide home-based education for their children instead of sending them to school.
It is not home tuition provided by a local education authority or where a local education authority provides education otherwise than at a school.
1.2 These guidelines recognise that elective home education is a key aspect of parental choice and therefore aims to encourage good practice in relationships between LEAs and home educators by clearly setting out the legislative position, and by providing advice on the roles and responsibilities of LEAs and parents in relation to children who are educated at home.
1.4 Home-educated children are those who, for a range of reasons, are being educated at home and in the community by parents, guardians, carers or tutors, and are not registered full time at mainstream schools, special schools, pupil referral units (PRUs), colleges, children’s homes with education facilities or education facilities provided by independent fostering agencies.
• a child’s reluctance or inability to go to school.
When a parent offers an account of their dissatisfaction with the public system of education provision, the education authority may wish to use this information as part of its ongoing review of its provision.
2.1 Parents whose children are registered pupils at a school must ensure that their names are removed from the school admissions register when they withdraw them from school to home educate. If they do not do so they may be liable to prosecution for failing to ensure their child’s regular attendance at the school where they are registered. Under the Education (Pupil Registration) Regulations, 1 995, parents are required to inform schools in writing that they are educating their children at home.
than at school. The order itself has a specified legal format - see the Education (School Attendance Order) Regulations 1 995 and further information on SAOs in Part 5 of this Section.
2.2 Immediately the school receives such a letter, the name of the child must be removed from the admissions register. The school (including those in the independent sector) must make a return (giving the child’s name and address) to the LEA within 1 0 school days of removal. Parents might be encouraged to inform the LEA, however, to enable the LEA to check that the child’s name has actually been removed from the school register.
2.3 On no account should pressure be put on parents to remove their pupils from the school register to avoid exclusion or prosecution.
• those where the school they have been attending has closed.
2.5 In order to ensure that they are aware of cases where children and young people are not receiving any education LEAs will need to continue to develop information-sharing processes with local partners such as Careers Wales, health organisations and social services departments. They will also need to ensure that they are part of national data sharing exercises, such as the Lost Pupils’ Database (see Section 5).
2.6 Where parents have notified the LEA or the LEA is otherwise made aware of a child’s withdrawal from school with the intention of being home educated, the LEA should acknowledge the receipt of this notification and consider quickly whether there is any existing evidence, either in an authority’s own records or from other services or agencies, indicating whether there may be cause for concern over the withdrawal. Previous irregular attendance at school is not of itself a sufficient cause for concern. In many cases, parents and their children have reached a crisis point, for example, with bullying, so advice should be sought from education welfare services where there is any doubt. Specific instances where they may be concerns are included in Part 6 of this Section. In these cases the LEA should immediately refer these concerns to the appropriate statutory authorities using established protocols.
2.7 Otherwise, the LEA should assume that efficient educational provision is taking place, which is suitable for the child, unless there is evidence to the contrary. There is no express requirement in the 1 996 Act for LEAs to investigate actively whether parents are complying with their duties under Section 7.
2.8 ‘Flexi schooling’ or ‘flexible school attendance’ is an arrangement between the parent and the school where the child is registered at school in the normal way but where the child attends the school only part time; the rest of the time the child is home-educated (effectively on authorised absence from school). This is sometimes done as a short-term measure for a particular reason. Flexi-schooling is a legal option provided that the head teacher at the school concerned and, in many cases, the LEA as well, agree to the arrangement Some of the advantages and disadvantages of flexi‑schooling are referred to on the Home Education UK’s website at www home-education.org.uk/articles-flexi-school.htm. Further details are contained in Section 4 of this guidance.
3.1 Education authorities should seek to build effective relationships with home educators that function to safeguard the educational interests and welfare of children and young people. Doing so will provide parents with access to any support that is available and allow authorities to understand the parents’ educational provision. A positive relationship will also provide a sound basis if the child, at some point in the future, returns to mainstream education or if the authority is required to investigate assertions from any source that an efficient education is not being provided.
3.2 Education authorities should provide parents who are, or who are considering, home educating with a named contact within the authority who is familiar with home education policy and practice and has an understanding of the relevant legislation and a range of educational philosophies. The named contact’s role could include liaising on a regular basis with already-established local groups of home educators or developing new groups where these don’t already exist.
3.3 It may also be helpful in developing positive relationships for the contact person to be referred to as an ‘adviser’, ‘home-educating consultant’ or ‘facilitator’ rather than as an ‘inspector’, ‘examiner’ or ‘assessor’ even where the usual term may be ‘educational welfare officer’ or in some cases ‘exclusions officer’.
3.4 It is recommended that LEAs should also have a written policy statement on home-educated children and their families which has been prepared in consultation with home educating families and are willing and able to provide guidance for parents and carers who request it. In addition, LEAs should organise training on the law and home education methods for all their Education Officers who have contact with home-educating families in their area.
3.5 The authority may invite the parents to meet with a named education authority officer to discuss their provision. Any such meeting should take place at a mutually acceptable location. The child should be given the opportunity to attend that meeting, or otherwise to express his or her views. Either during such a meeting, or otherwise, the parents and the authority should consider and agree what future contact there will be between them.
3.6 Any initial meetings or other forms of discussion should be taken as an opportunity to provide information for the parents or guardians. LEAs will also wish to make it clear to parents that if they choose to home-educate, they assume financial responsibility for their child’s education, including the cost of public examinations, and that the child must continue to receive suitable education until the end of ‘compulsory education’ (i.e. the last Friday in June in the academic year in which they reach age 16). If meeting in person is not possible LEAs should endeavour to provide the same information through the post.
3.7 Following any initial contact with parents, a report should be prepared by the authority, setting out any recommendations that have been discussed and made, with the reasons for them. The report should be copied to the parents, and where appropriate, the child. In exceptional cases, where there is a reasonable concern that a passage in the report might cause serious harm to the physical or mental health or condition of the applicants or a named third party, consideration should be given to withholding that part of it. In doing so authorities will need to comply with freedom of information and data protection principles.
3.8 There is no legal framework for the LEA to regularly monitor provision of home education, however such an arrangement is likely to help the LEA to fulfil their duties and can help provide new information and support to parents. The frequency with which an authority will contact parents to discuss their ongoing home education provision will vary depending on the individual circumstances of each family.
3.9 It is recommended that the authority should ordinarily make contact on an annual basis. Contact with the family should normally be made in writing and should seek a meeting or request an updated report. A report should be made after such contact and copied to the family stating whether the education authority has any concerns about the education provision. Any telephone communication should be followed up with a written confirmation of what had been discussed and agreed.
3.10 Where there are concerns about the efficiency or suitability of the education being provided for the child, more frequent contact may be required. Where concerns merit frequent contact the authority should discuss these concerns with the child’s parents, with a view to helping them improve their provision in the best interests of the child.
3.11 Authorities need to take account of the fact that parents may educate their children in a wide variety of environments and not simply in the home. Where the education is taking place in the home, LEAs should, where possible, and without placing undue pressure on parents, seek agreement to see the provision at first hand as the learning environment can have a strong bearing on the effectiveness of learning. Seeing the child responding to the educational provision of the parents may provide a strong indication that efficient education is being provided.
3.12 The authority does not however have the right to insist on seeing education in the home and some parents may not feel comfortable in allowing an education officer access to their child or family home. Trusting relationships may need time to develop before a parent is happy to invite an authority officer to visit. However, where a parent elects not to allow access to their home or their child, this does not of itself constitute a ground for concern about the education provision.
3.13 Where LEAs are not able to visit homes they should, in the vast majority of cases, be able to discuss and evaluate the parents’ educational provision by alternative means. Parents might prefer, for example, to write a report, provide samples of work, have their educational provision endorsed by a third party, meet at another venue such as a library or café or provide evidence in some other appropriate form.
3.14 Authorities should review all of their procedures and practices in relation to home education on a regular basis to see if improvements can be made to further develop relationships and meet the needs of children and parents. Home education organisations and home educating parents should be involved in this process of review. Effective reviews, together with the sensitive handling of any complaints, will help to secure effective partnership.
• facilitating access to CRB checks or approval schemes for tutors.
3.16 Authorities should also inform home educating families of any projects or programmes, such as Out of School Hours Learning (OSHL) or Study Support, whether provided by schools or other organisations, as they may be able to provide support and a range of activities for children being educated at home.
• development of numeracy and literacy skills suitable to the child’s age, aptitude and ability and taking into account any special educational needs that they may have.
• match school, age-specific standards.
However, LEAs should offer advice and support to parents on these matters if requested.
4.3 When assessing the efficiency and suitability of education provided through home education, local education authorities should take into account that parents’ educational provision will reflect a diversity of approaches and interests. Some parents may wish to provide education in a formal and structured manner, following a traditional curriculum and using a fixed timetable that keeps to school hours and terms. Other parents may decide to make more informal provisions that are responsive to the developing interests of their child. One approach is not necessarily any more efficient than another. Although some parents may welcome general advice and suggestions about resources, methods and materials, education authorities are not able to specify a curriculum which parents must follow.
4.4 If an assessment is undertaken at an early stage of provision, account will need to be taken of the fact that parents and their children might require a period of adjustment before finding their preferred mode of learning.
4.5 Parents are not required to have any qualifications or training to provide their children with an appropriate education. Their commitment to providing an efficient education that is suitable for their child may be demonstrated by their providing some indication of their objectives and resources.
4.6 The approach home educating parents take to assessing their child’s progress is likely to be dictated by their own philosophy or views, and in many cases, the absence of formal assessment may be a feature of the education provision.
4.7 There is no legal requirement for children to take a particular set of qualifications. The internal assessment component of many qualifications such as GCSEs, for example teacher assessments, can make them difficult for external candidates to achieve. These are not, however, the only qualifications which external candidates can take, and LEAs may usefully offer parents and their children information about alternative qualifications and the arrangements that they would need to make for the children to take them. LEAs should also inform parents and, where appropriate, their children of possible problems that they might encounter if their qualifications are not sufficiently recognised by employers, or further or higher education establishments. When offering advice it should be borne in mind that the opposite may also be true in that some employers and admissions staff may favour home education.
4.8 Authorities are not required to meet any costs associated with external candidates taking examinations or other qualifications. They may however, at their discretion, choose to make available any resources or support that they can offer.
4.9 Every effort should be made to resolve issues about provision by a process of ongoing dialogue before any formal proceedings are invoked. If, on considering the educational provision, there are doubts as to whether provision is adequate, the authority may choose to further investigate whether or not an efficient education is being provided. If dialogue fails a full written report on the LEA's findings should be made and copied to the parents promptly, specifying the grounds for concern and any reasons for concluding that provision is unsuitable.
4.10 It may be necessary for the LEA to serve a notice on the parents. Under Section 437(1) of the Education Act 1 996, LEAs can intervene if they have good reason to believe that parents are not providing a suitable education by serving a School Attendance Order. This will allow a period of at least 1 5 days for the parent to provide the education authority with whatever information they require to satisfy themselves about the suitability of the education. The parent may choose to do this by meeting with the authority in person, or by supplying the information in writing.
4.11 A SAO continues to be in force for as long as the child is of compulsory school age unless it is revoked. If there is a continued failure to register the child, the LEA has the option of referring to Social Services for consideration of care proceedings. In exceptional circumstances, the case may be taken to the Family Proceedings Court instead of the Magistrates Court where an application can be made for an Education Supervision Order (ESO - under Section 36(5)a of the Children Act 1 989). Where an ESO is in 10 force with respect to a child, the duties of the child’s parents under section 7 and 444 of the Education Act 1 996 (duties to secure education of children and to secure regular attendance of registered pupils) are superseded by their duty to comply with any directions in force under the ESO.
4.12 Parents may apply for SAOs to be revoked at any time because arrangements have been made for the child to receive education otherwise than at school. The LEA must comply with this request unless these arrangements are not suitable.
• at least one pupil or is looked after by a local authority.
• the manner in which complaints are handled.
6.1 As stated earlier, a parent’s decision to home educate is not in itself grounds for concern about the welfare of children. However, as with school educated children, child welfare issues may arise in relation to home-educated children. If any child welfare concerns come to light in the course of engagement with children and families, these concerns should immediately be referred to the statutory authorities for consideration. The local education authority’s nominated child protection officer can provide more detailed advice on the local protocols and procedures in place.
• where the child is the subject of a supervision requirement.
LEAs may also apply to the Court for a child assessment under the Children Act 1 989 if they have reasonable cause to do so.
6.3 Parents may choose to employ other people to educate their child, though they themselves will continue to be responsible for the education provided. They will also be responsible for ensuring that those they engage are suitable persons to have access to children. Guidance on key issues to consider in appointing individuals who work with children is set out in National Assembly for Wales Circular 34/02: Preventing Unsuitable People From Working With Children and Young Persons in the Education Service. This cannot be considered exhaustive and it is for individual employers to satisfy themselves on issues of suitability.
6.4 There may be occasions where parents who choose to educate their children at home organise group events with like-minded parents. It is important that they are aware of the mechanisms for drawing child or adult welfare concerns to the statutory authorities. Local education authority nominated child protection officers’ should ensure when promoting their role that their details are not limited to schools within the maintained sector.
7.1 Parents’ right to educate their child at home applies equally where that child has special educational needs (SEN). The fact that a child has special educational needs is not, in itself, a reason to question parents’ decision to educate at home. Additional considerations do, however, apply.
7.2 Where a child has a statement of special educational needs and is educated at home by the parents the statement does not automatically cease. While the statement is maintained it must be reviewed annually, following the procedures set out in Chapter 9 of the SEN Code of Practice for Wales. In many circumstances the child’s special educational needs identified in the statement will have been related to the school setting and the child’s needs may be readily met at home by the parents without LEA supervision. It may be appropriate, once it is established that a child’s special needs are being met without any additional support from the LEA to give consideration to ceasing the statement, if the parents agree. This may be done at the annual review or at any other time.
7.3 The parents must make suitable provision for the child’s special needs, but due to the change in the child’s educational setting, this provision may be different from that outlined in the statement which would apply in a school setting. Parents need only provide an efficient education suitable to the child’s age, ability and aptitude, and to any special educational needs the child may have as defined in Section 7 of the Education Act 1 996.
7.4 If the parents’ arrangements are suitable, then the LEA is relieved of its duty to arrange the provision specified in the statement. If, however, the parents’ arrangements for the education of their child at home fall short of meeting the child’s needs, then the parents are not making suitable arrangements and the LEA are not absolved of their responsibility to arrange the provision in the statement. In some cases a combination of provision by parents and the LEA may best meet the child’s needs.
7.5 In the case of home educated children Section 324(4A) of the Education Act 1 996 does not require the name of a school to be provided in Part 4 of the statement. There should be discussion between the authority and the parents and, rather than the name of the school, Part 4 of the statement should mention the type of school the LEA consider appropriate but go on to say that: ”parents have made their own arrangements under Section 7 of the Education Act 1 996”. The statement can also specify any provision that the LEA have agreed to make under Section 319 to help parents provide suitable education for their child at home.
8.1 Education Maintenance Allowance is a means-tested grant available to learners over the age of 1 6, if they stay on in education at school or college after GCSEs. It is not available to learners whose parents elect to educate them at home.
8.2 Guidance on Truancy Sweeps is contained on the Welsh Assembly Government’s web pages on Inclusion and Pupil Support. Those taking part in the sweeps, including police officers, should be aware that there is a range of valid reasons why school-age children may be out of school. In particular, they may encounter children who are educated at home and that these children are not required to be at school.
8.3 No further action should be taken where children indicate that they are home educated unless there is a reason to doubt that this is the case. Home-educating parents need to be made aware that professionals involved in truancy sweeps may need to verify any information given to them in these circumstances. To make sure this is a fast and efficient process, it would be advisable that the LEA maintains a list of all school-age children known to them who are home-educated. This list can then be checked by the LEA staff as part of a truancy sweep. | 2019-04-18T12:38:01Z | http://www.waleshomeeducation.co.uk/the-law.php |
OpenBMC, the open source BMC firmware project, is announcing the general availability of release 2.6, the first community release as a Linux Foundation project.
Developed by a global community, the OpenBMC 2.6 release includes hundreds of contributions from several companies.
A complete list of OpenBMC 2.6 features is available in the OpenBMC community release notes.
The OpenBMC project is a Linux distribution for embedded Baseboard Management Controllers; for devices like servers, top of rack switches or RAID appliances. The OpenBMC stack uses technologies such as Yocto, OpenEmbedded, systemd, and D-Bus to allow easy customization for your server platform.
I attended the Open Compute Project Summit this year in San Jose to see first-hand the open computing effort and players. Here are a few highlights from my experience there.
The summit was a usual mix of technical sessions and a marketing expo. It was very well run and organized, reminding me of OpenStack summits. After checking in at the registration desk and getting my badge, I got a cup of coffee and headed off to the keynotes.
There was a tremendous amount of surprisingly technical content, which I found refreshing for a conference like this. There were really useful metrics of the project, business projections and the like, but it was kept at a minimum. Instead, they dove right into the details, some of which were over my head, at least for now.
I was attending with specific interest in 2 topics: 1) OpenStack and 2) OpenBMC. It was really nice to see OpenStack mentioned in a few presentations and to be able to see some stackers in their booth on the expo floor. OpenStack seems to be the defacto standard open way of providing IaaS. The OpenBMC project has completed the move to be under the Linux Foundation umbrella of projects and that announce also made the keynote and was the subject of several sessions over the 2 day event.
Later the first day, after a great lunch with the OpenBMC folks, I went to the Open Firmware session. It was a panel session moderated by Bill Carter and was well attended. The representatives from all the founding Linux Foundation OpenBMC project companies were on stage, including IBM’s own Brad Bishop. After, it was a great opportunity for me to finally meet everyone that I’ve been talking to on calls for the last several months.
I got a chance to walk around the Expo floor for a while and talk to some of the vendors. Honestly, I wasn’t sure what to expect, but it was really quite extensive. There were large booth by all the big companies, and with more than 3000 people attending the conference, it was sometime difficult to get close to some of the more popular booths. Dell was there with a Redfish display running on a Power server. OpenPower had a booth with a few server motherboards on display. It was really interesting to get back to a hardware-based conference, there were servers, networking equipment, power systems, and of course software too, basically everything I needed to completely geek out.
Earlier that morning, I created a hangout chat for OpenBMCers that were attending the summit and it was useful for figuring out anyone that wanted to join up for meals or discussions. We met up after the Expo social that evening and went to a great little upscale Mexican food restaurant for dinner and drinks. I almost tried the fried grasshoppers (chapulines), but just couldn’t bring myself to. It was a great time with great people, it was really nice to get to know them even more.
All in all, it was a super use of two days and an event that I wouldn’t mind attending again. That says quite a bit honestly. The time in San Jose wound down with rushing off to the airport for a red-eye back home that same evening, but not without first meeting up with my new OpenBMC friends for one last pint. However, it was agreed that pretty much everyone took better group pictures than I do, here’s proof.
The week started dreary and cold, the coldest spring November in a decade, but turned out beautiful as the week went on. It made it hard to stay inside and focus on OpenStack for the three short days of Summit down under in Sydney. I planned an extra day upfront to clear my head of any jet lag and that was a really good strategy, also allowing for early registration on Sunday. I was not, however, prepared for the jet lag I experienced once I returned home, more on that later.
The keynotes, well, meh. They were entertaining, but lacked content or were just too much of a marketing pitch. The best info was the user survey overview and it was great to see that there is a strong presence for OpenStack in Australia. As usual, the best sessions were the hallway or beer sessions. Monday night was the traditional booth crawl in the Marketplace expo hall, and that was fun. The food and drink options were numerous and plentiful, and attendance was moderate. It was clear to see that this was a much smaller summit than in the past. I don’t have an idea of what the overall attendance number was, but it felt about like San Diego Summit in 2012.
I attended several of the onboarding and update sessions for a few projects and was pleasantly surprised at the progress being made. The Kolla onboarding session was done by Jeffrey Zhang and offered a good overview of the project with plenty of technical content. It was nice to get a different perspective and I learned much more about the configuration of kolla-ansible deployment process. It was lightly attended, but several interested folks had good questions and all seemed engaged.
Red Hat’s Steve Hardy did a useful session on an example architecture for using TripleO, Ansible and containers for large deployments of OpenStack. Containers are quickly becoming the new standard for packaging OpenStack services with all their necessary configuration and dependencies and Ansible is also leading the pack in configuration management. TripleO is a somewhat purist view, using OpenStack to manage deployments. It is also the preferred method for getting Red Hat OSP installed in large customer environments. Also noteworthy, the TripleO Project Update, the Kolla Ops Feedback, and Baremetal Server Management with Redfish.
I also attended a couple of sessions on community development. There is some really good information and experience being gathered from the boom and now settling of the community. The work seems to be centered around how do we keep and encourage deep development and core reviewers, while also not discouraging part-time or even one-time contributions. There were discussions on mentoring, legal simplification, and other topics to make sure the community continues adding healthy new members.
Between the sessions, I spent a fair amount of time in and around the IBM booth in the Marketplace expo. One of the fun events planned in the Marketplace was the Melbourne Cup horse race celebration. It was an all day event for some, dressing in full formal attire, but it was very successful in pulling most all attending into the Marketplace to watch the event. I have in the past had a picture of a shiny Power system displayed proudly in the IBM booth, but to everyone involved in the booth organization’s frustration, it did not make it in time. Darn.
I am still not a fan of the split summit/PTG format, and with the lowest attendance in years, I think the community is speaking but the TC and Foundation are just not listening. It is time to focus on the future of the OpenStack project and pull the summit and PTG together again. The community has spoken, few companies can afford to continue to send their developers to 4 conferences or design summits per year.
There is a lot of focus on increasing contributions, the feel is like everyone is trying to restore OpenStack to its once former glory, but the days of rapid growth and rabid over-the-top marketing are over. I feel like the project is finally becoming right-sized after being grotesquely over-invested. It is time to embrace the new reality of the size of the project. Pull in the core projects and developers, get rid of the silly big-tent, and focus on making OpenStack easier to install and use.
Ugh, the jet lag coming home was the worst I have ever experienced. I have heard to plan a day per hour of time zone difference. That might be a bit extreme, but after this trip, I’d have to say it was pretty close. I had trouble restoring my normal rhythm for several days after returning. Going westward to Sydney didn’t give me nearly as much trouble. Maybe it had something to do with the fact that my returning flight left at ~11:30 am and arrived home at ~2:15 the same day after almost a day of travel. Ouch.
Sydney is a beautiful city and I hope to be able to return some day. I’m looking forward to seeing OpenStack continue as the framework for open cloud resource management. See you in Dublin for the next PTG!
The OpenStack Denver Project Teams Gathering (PTG) was a very busy, but productive week. There were some shining moments and some things that didn’t work very well. Since I only have Atlanta PTG to compare it to, there were things this time that I would like to see done differently. In Atlanta, there were team sessions scheduled all week, with a loose cross-project focus the first two days. In Denver, this was made more formal, where the first two days were only cross-project sessions. The reason this worked in Altanta was because if you were interested in more than one project, you could pick and choose sessions spread out over the whole week that you needed to be in. Since the project-specific sessions were only the last three days in Denver, this compressed schedule made it much harder to cover everything. What happen as a result was the first two days were sparsely attended discussions, some went well and others not at all. Some developers didn’t even show up for the first two days making true cross-project discussions even harder.
Traveling to Denver was uneventful, although I still don’t much care for flying Southwest. The concept of having to fight for a seat brings back memories of general admission concerts as a teenager and being crammed against a stage. Seating becomes a competition of quickest online check-in that opens 24 hrs before flight time or upgraded “early-bird” priority for an additional cost. Not a good model, and one more thing to have to worry about when traveling.
Monday started off with breakfast with fellow IBMers. I then started off with the Documentation cross-project session. There were some good discussions on future plans and lesson learned from the previous cycle. I had lunch with another IBMer and them went to the skip-level upgrades breakout being driven by TripleO. TripleO will be shifting to using container-based services in the Queens development cycle, but the discussion basically centered around Ubuntu and how they handled migrations and upgrades. The highlight of the day was the final breakout session with representatives from the Kolla, Cinder, and Ironic teams where we discussed the alternative Kolla dev environment instead of using Devstack. There were concerns about the available functionality, but the environment is basically there and ready for developers to start using it. The more use it gets, the better it will become. We all agreed that it was too early to start planning for Devstack replacement for upstream CI testing, for projects that would be interested. Right now, the idea is to just get developers to start using the environment to work out any changes that need to be made to make it more robust. That night, the Ironic team had their team dinner, and even though I have not been as active there this last release, they were all gracious enough to let me tag along.
Tuesday morning started with team pictures, some of which turned out pretty good, but I still haven’t found the repository for all of them. A few were posted here and there, but never all of them, not sure why. Here is the pic for the Kolla team, it turned out pretty good. There were silly versions also, but, meh. Next, it was time to find a session that is interesting and hopefully useful. Success. Back to the Documentation team room where progress was made on the remaining focus items for this cycle. Doug Hellman then did a great tutorial session on the new documentation system. He did a great job laying out how it is all organized and how to use and modify the templates. Very useful for the upcoming Kolla work this release. Tuesday lunch and afternoon were a series of very useful non-PTG scheduled impromptu discussions with partners and collaborators.
That evening, IBM did a great job sponsoring the PTG Happy Hour Reception social. There was a really nice introduction made by Sean Dague, which reminded me that we’ve been at this for more than 5 years. It is amazing what has been accomplished in that time, but more importantly, the good friends I’ve made along the way. This social was a really good way to chat with all those friends and enjoy a glass of wine and some tasty food. Thanks IBM.
Wednesday started the much anticipated team specific part of PTG Denver. More devs arrived ready to dive into their team’s plans. Since Ironic, TripleO and Kolla were happening at the same time, it was hard to balance the presence at these discussions. Luckily we were able to have Mike Turek representing our team at the Ironic sessions, so that made it easier for me to focus on Kolla sessions. The session started with a generous time allotted for Kolla documentation restructuring and enhancement. The documentation team came to the session and were a big help getting us organized for a new new table of contents. There was a cross-project discussion that afternoon on TripleO and Kolla collaboration. They went through the release plans to move to using Kolla containers. This session went over some of the needs for the team to be able to use the same orchestration playbooks. That evening we had the Kolla team dinner at a local BBQ restaurant.
Thursday started with a few meetings for downstream topics back at work. I listened in to the Kolla gate discussion, while I caught up on email and followed up with the todo actions from the morning’s meetings. I went by the Cyborg room in hopes of hearing the state of accelerator resources for OpenStack, but was frustrated when I found out that the session had been rescheduled and I had missed it. I switched to the TripleO room for a good overview of their plans for migrating to containers. The plan is to at least migrate to containers in the overcloud in the Queens release, and possibly for the undercloud as well. That afternoon, Tony Breeds drove a discussion on multi-architecture support in TripleO. It went fairly smoothly, with the initial plan to continue to support x86 architecture for the undercloud, adding support for a non-x86 overcloud in Queens. We have some work to do here to make sure that the container images are available to those needing them. That evening, we had the LTC team dinner after yet another happy hour sponsored by the Foundation. It was great to get to hang out with the team in a non-work setting and the food was fantastic.
Friday was a planned work day for the Kolla team. We split up into different groups and addressed topics ranging from the documentation restructuring to upstream testing and Zuulv3. I didn’t get to spend much time with the team as I was flying home that afternoon, but I was able to get started on the patch for the new documentation restructuring table of contents. I stuffed in a few more conversations, had a quick bite of lunch and headed for the airport.
In summary, I think the Denver PTG was successful. The layout of the sessions was a little awkward, but worked fine. There were complaints about the venue and the train noise, but they never really bothered me. As usual, at any OpenStack event I have been to, the best discussions happened outside of the scheduled topics. The best parts are lunch and dinner with team members and interaction with IBMers that I never get to see face to face except at events like this. Next is Sydney for Summit and then, the just announced location of Dublin for the next PTG. I’m looking forward to seeing everyone there.
I can’t believe yet another summit has come and gone. This was the first summit after the split of Design Summit and PTG and I have to admit overall I felt like it was a success, with some caveats.
The event started off Monday morning with Keynotes – some were really good, some well, not so much. There were a lot of stats presented from the user survey about how OpenStack has grown 44%, where 2/3 of the deployments were in production. That’s great news, especially with the right-sizing that has been happening in the cloud ecosystem.
Even though I feel like OpenStack is the right horse to ride, I fear that there is still some needed correction in the number of projects and active contributors to get it back to a manageable size and focus.
After several keynote sessions that tested the effectiveness of my morning coffee, I headed off to the booth to see if any help was needed getting up and going before the opening of the Marketplace.
I was determined to increase the Server Group presence in the IBM booth and I am proud of my extended team coming together and making it happen for Boston. I had several team representatives step up and be Subject Matter Experts for Ask-me-about sessions or to give demos in the booth.
It was a smaller booth, but the layout was good and it was always packed with IBMers and interested Stackers. We had a nice new IBM POWER system on display, a new OpenPower system code named “Minsky”. This is a 2 POWER CPU system with 4 NVIDIA GPUs and up to 1TB of memory – all in a 2U rack. There were always folks around drooling over it’s serious computational horsepower.
I volunteered to help work in the booth and to also be a SME for OpenStack support on OpenPower systems. We also had other teams represented from the IBM Open Systems Development/Linux Technology Center there to answer questions about Neutron (networking), Ironic (bare metal provisioning) and Trove (database as a service). I was able to watch several of the demos and the team did a great job.
Monday concluded with the traditional “Booth Crawl” where vendors sponsor hor d’oeuvres and drinks. Since the team was all there working the booth, we didn’t get to wander around and partake, so afterwards we went across the street and had a team dinner at “Whiskey”, a fun, noisy college pub with great food.
I did get a chance to go to a few sessions Monday afternoon, but they were somewhat hit-or-miss. The Ironic Dev-Ops feedback session was good, but there were few sessions overall for Ironic, one of the projects I have been involved recently. I went to one of the Ubuntu sponsored sessions that was supposed to be on GPUs and it wound up just being a LXD sales pitch. I’m an Ubuntu fan and user, but that was a bummer.
Tuesday also started with keynote sessions, but I had a harder time seeing the importance for an OpenStack developer, with the exception of the Interop Challange and their attachment to Cockroach database. I then attended a session from AT&T on their container strategy and how OpenStack is used. They had an interesting 3 pronged approach, with valid cases for each environment, interesting real-world use of OpenStack and containers.
The afternoon was spent chasing down Ironic sessions that ended quickly and working at the booth. That evening was the one public event at the nearby Fenway park. They obviously spent a lot on this event, but honestly it would have been nice to have had a social gathering at the summit hotel, in a ballroom for instance and save the money. Don’t get me wrong, Fenway was amazing, but it was outside, raining, cold and on top of that, there was no provided transportation from the convention. It was only a few blocks, but in the cold and rain. It was a great experience to see the park and have some park grub, but other than buy beers, there wasn’t much to do. I decided that since I could by myself a beer in the dry warmth of the hotel lobby, I decided to call it an early night.
Wednesday was much more useful for me as the summit transitioned into being more Forum focused. I attended the Kolla project onboarding session. It was the highlight of the show for me since it took the basic understanding that I had of the various parts of Kolla and stitched them all together. It started high-level with an overview of the components and what they did, a review of the project goals, and then deep-dived into the details of building and deployment. My only wish was that the session was recorded for future reference and sharing.
The Forum sessions Wednesday and Thursday were useful, getting closer to what I was hoping for – something like a all-in-one midcycle. But some of the sessions could have been more useful if there was less of the “experts” pontificating the latest buzz-words and more getting down to the business at hand. My favorite buzz word from the Forum: “echo-chambering”. One session that was particularly interesting was one on comparing Kubernetes and OpenStack resource management. It was a useful comparison with clear slides and excellent description. The session slides are available and recommended. I especially enjoyed the glossary comparison of terms and parameters from each environment.
Overall, like I said, it was a good summit. I learned a lot and made new friends. But, I feel like it needs to have more direction in the selection of sessions. For one, pick a much more diverse set of session topics. Every other session was on Kubernetes. I know there were more diverse sessions proposed. Another, feel free to call it an all-in-one mid cycle instead of the Forum. That, with the Ops, Onboarding and Marketplace would make for a great event, and retain the usefulness for a quiet design meeting with just the developers. Next stop: Denver PTG!
The very first OpenStack PTG (Project Teams Gathering) in Atlanta has now come and gone. I have to admit, I was somewhat skeptical about whether splitting the design summit and the main marketing/user summit was a good idea. I have seen these kinds of splits happen in other open source communities with disastrous results. However, at least from the perspective of pure design effectiveness I have to concede that Atlanta PTG was an enormous success. We will have to see what kind of impact this split has on the Boston Summit “Forum” in May, whether we will have enough critical mass to have a meaningful marketing and end user convention.
From a experienced developer’s perspective, the Atlanta PTG was a success. The location was somewhat difficult, not because it wasn’t a nice hotel, but because there was not any grocery, shopping or restaurants close. Because of that, I’m not sure they achieved the goal of holding the event at a lower cost to the developer. I can imagine that someone attending might feel lost if they are just getting started and looking for some context or are not yet technical or wanting to contribute. There were no keynotes or getting started sessions. The assumption was that everyone there was ready to spend the week working on defining exactly what would be delivered in the Pike release of OpenStack. It actually reminded me of the earlier summits or of UDS/Linaro connect sprints where the marketing hype was very limited and the focus was on teams working together. All in all, I’d say it was a very good first effort.
The PTG was also scheduled well, at least for me. I was able to divide the week up into the two projects that I will be spending the most time in for the Pike release cycle. I spent the first two days of the PTG in Kolla. I spent the rest of the PTG with the Ironic team. The cross project meetings the first part of the week at PTG were also very productive. It was great to be able to go across the hall to another ballroom to grab someone out of the Neutron or Nova teams to ask them a question.
I was trying to save money and flew in very early Monday morning. In retrospect, that was not a wise move. I affirmed that I really do not enjoy driving to the airport at 3:00am, and it made the day very long. I would have been much better equipped to have meaningful discussions if I had made the trip a day or more in advance. It also put me in a sleep-time deficit for the week that was difficult to make up. Lesson learned.
The Kolla team started off the first of two days discussing repositories, which I missed due to traveling that morning. I arrived in the second half of the documentation planning. I found this session to be a good gentle warm-up to the deeper topics the rest of the day, especially for someone that had been up since 2:45am and just got off a train from the airport, luggage in tow. The Kolla team was well organized heading into the PTG, with good description and back-story for the session topics. For me the best design sessions always seem to happen in the halls between sessions, at lunch, or at impromptu break-out sessions with a few developers. This was the case for working out the details for supporting non-x86 hardware architecture for Kolla. The Linaro team has been actively helping OpenStack stay architecture platform independent. The first day of Kolla discussions concluded with a team dinner at the Atlanta Hard Rock Cafe. I really wanted to go, but I was so tired that I knew it would be better for me to just go back to the hotel and call it a day.
Tuesday’s Kolla sessions started off with discussions on container distros and image refactoring, topics that I found especially useful and hopefully made meaningful contributions to. There was a brief discussion about the multi-arch support, but it was basically an acknowledgement that, ok-you-all-have-that-covered, let-us-know-how-to-help kind of thing. There were really good brainstorming and framing discussions on brownfield migration and how to test that with multi-node gate testing.
I was able to introduce myself to most all of the cores and the PTL over the course of the day. That is one of the great things about these meetups, is to be able to meet and know that person that you interact with in IRC. The other great thing that happens is that I get to meet IBMers that I have worked with for years and never met in person. Tuesday, I met and had lunch with the PowerVC team and others from IBM.
Wednesday started the Ironic team discussions and after introductions we dove right into a Pike priorities overview. Driver composition came up and the need to maybe auto generate a capabilities table in the driver documentation. The discussion moved fast Wednesday and covered a lot of ground. Python 3 compatibility is a common theme and was discussed, as well as a session on CI testing. I was attending this with Mike Turek, also on my team in the IBM Linux Technology Center. It was his first OpenStack event, but you wouldn’t have known. He jumped right in and volunteered to be the scribe for all the etherpad discussions and did a great job.
A large part of Thursday discussions centered on future work for Pike and much deeper design discussions. As usual for multi-day design summits, my attention span and processing ability were diminishing. The day concluded with the team dinner, which unfortunately, Mike and I decided to not attend. It was far away from the downtown area and not easily accessible from public transportation. Since I was on a very limited budget for this trip, I decided not to get a cab or worse, rent a car. I didn’t find out until too late or I would have arranged to get a ride with someone else. But, on the upside, I was invited by Miguel Lavalle to crash the Neutron team dinner, so Mike and I went and had a great time and good food.
Friday was a short day for me as I was leaving early to catch a flight back home. It was an Ironic working session that started with a reflection discussion. It was a usual what worked, what didn’t session, and the usual topics came up, how to onboard more developers and encourage core mentoring. It was brought up the OpenStack is going through a re-adjustment period, I like to think of it as a right-sizing from the massive over-hyped beginnings of the project. Core reviewer mentoring is going to be a big concern for several projects where they are down to just a few from debs being moved off to other projects. About that time, I gave in to the growing brain mush from the design week and headed to the airport.
All in all, I think it was a success. I look forward to Boston and seeing what will need to be adjusted there to continue forward with the split summits. Stay tuned.
I finally got around to ordering a new dev board, the DragonBoard 410C. I liked the idea of the open platform so I ordered it from Arrow Electronics. It got to me really fast, I ordered it and it was delivered 4 days later. It was packed very well, and arrived safe, so nothing but praise for Arrow.
Over that past few weeks I have been learning more about the DragonBoard 410C, attending the weekly 96boards office hours. I highly recommend them if you are even slightly interested in the 96boards or ARM-based SoC dev boards. There is a wealth of experience presented every week and the topics are very informative.
I have several ideas for this board, but one of them is probably no surprise for anyone that has followed my Linaro blogs, namely Linux audio experiments. Other ideas include trying it as an OpenStack compute node, media streaming host, and maybe even an OpenBMC sandbox. I started doing research on what was possible using this board and immediately ordered one. However, I then found this page and I realized that my board did not have the audio pin header installed. I was actually surprised that this was even an option and not soldered into every board, since it might add a whopping $.50 to the cost.
My board was already on the way so I couldn’t change plans. I was slightly disappointed that I hadn’t found and purchased the specific DragonBoard 410C Audio. As it turns out, this audio bundle is a really good value, for just $14 more you get the pin header pre-installed and a power supply. No big deal for me since I already had several appropriate power supplies. I have a lot of soldering experience, but soldering a dev board and potentially bricking it is somewhat unnerving and I would have gladly paid a few dollars for it to have been done for me. I decided to wait till the board came and see what it was all about before ordering any mezzanine boards or headers required.
Next, I’ll share my experiences with bringing up a Debian environment to see what the board will do, stay tuned.
OpenStack just announced it’s 14th release, code named Newton after a historic house in Austin Texas. More than 2500 developers contributed to the release, but specifically, I’d like to highlight some of the contributions made by my team in IBM’s Linux Technology Center. We are involved in several key areas supporting scale-out POWER systems on the KVM hypervisor as well as just working in the community to make OpenStack better. We have been active contributors to the OpenStack community since the Folsom release and continue to share our experience with new teams getting started both internally to IBM and externally. I’m proud to be a part of the LTC and for our continued contributions to the OpenStack project. I’m looking forward to what we’ll accomplish in the Ocata release!
Since I was local, I decided to host an Ironic Social so everyone had a chance to get to know each other better outside of “work”. It proved to be harder than I thought to find a place close to the convention center with a wide selection of beers, wine, and mixed drinks, and a varied-enough menu to satisfy those with dietary restrictions, and large enough to handle 30-40 people at once. I talked to several places and decided on the Waller Creek Pub House. It was bar-service only which seemed to be alright, despite some lines at first when 30 people showed up and wanted to order a drink or some dinner. The staff did their best to accommodate us along with their normal Thursday night crowd. It was well attended with at least 30 showing up. I hope everyone had a good time, I certainly did. | 2019-04-20T13:14:17Z | http://www.kurttaylor.com/blog/ |
Copyright © 2016 Uttarini Pathak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Effluent from milk processing unit contains soluble organics, suspended solids, and trace organics releasing gases, causing taste and odor, and imparting colour and turbidity produced as a result of high consumption of water from the manufacturing process, utilities and service section, chemicals, and residues of technological additives used in individual operations which makes it crucial matter to be treated for preserving the aesthetics of the environment. In this experimental study after determination of the initial parameters of the raw wastewater it was subjected to batch adsorption study using rice husk. The effects of contact time, initial wastewater concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, solution temperature and the adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic parameters were investigated. The phenomenon of adsorption was favoured at a lower temperature and lower pH in this case. Maximum removal as high as 92.5% could be achieved using an adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L, pH of 2, and temperature of 30°C. The adsorption kinetics and the isotherm studies showed that the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm were the best choices to describe the adsorption behavior. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that not only was the adsorption by rice husk spontaneous and exothermic in nature but also the negative entropy change indicated enthalpy driven process.
Dairy industry, one of the largest types of food industry, contributes to a great extent to pollution with pollutants being organic in nature normally consisting of 1/3 dissolved, 1/3 colloidal, and 1/3 suspended substances, while inorganic materials are usually present mainly in solution . Considering the ever increasing demand for milk, the dairy industry in India arises as the largest industry to have the maximum waste generation and related environmental problems are of increasing importance. Thus the rapid growth of industries has not only enhanced the productivity but also resulted in the release of toxic substances into the environment, creating health hazards and hampering the normal activity of flora and fauna. The dairy industry converts the raw milk into various products like butter, cheese, yogurt, and processed milk as condensed milk and dried milk (milk powder) involving processes such as chilling, pasteurization, and homogenization. Water is used in all processes in the dairy industry in the ratio of 1 : 10 (water : milk) per liter of milk , containing high concentration of organic materials, and all these components contribute largely towards their high values of biological oxygen demand (BOD), inflated rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), high concentration of suspended solids and oil greases, liquid effluents, and slurries containing a spectrum of large quantities of casein, lactose, and fats in addition to inorganic salts, besides detergents, sanitizers, and so forth used for washing . The volume of the wastewater produced depends largely on the quantity of milk processed and type of product manufactured. It appears white in colour with heavy black sludge and strong butyric acid odors due to the decomposition of casein . It is slightly alkaline in nature and becomes acidic quite rapidly, because of the fermentation of milk sugar to lactic acid. The COD of dairy wastewater is mainly due to milk, cream, or whey. Casein and whey are the main components of dairy wastewater which are relatively hydrophobic, making it poorly soluble in water, and have a negative charge in milk. The casein micelles exist in milk as a very stable colloidal dispersion and held together by calcium ions, inorganic phosphate, citrate ions:Therefore all the above-mentioned phenomena make dairy industry, like many others, challenged with rising costs for wastewater treatment and disposal. Moreover industries have to meet the discharge standards mentioned by CPCB which becomes a great problem for the industrialists.
Technologies such as coagulation/flocculation process and oxidation process have been developed over the years to remove organic matter (expressed as chemical oxygen demand, COD) from industrial wastewater. These methods are effective in fields of reduction and time but are expensive and require skilled personnel. They also become disadvantageous in terms of pH adjustment and generation of chemical sludge that must be treated before disposal . In addition to these various treatments which are already present in the dairy industry there are biological treatments including trickling filters and activated sludge process. Though they are effective for complete treatment of the wastewater but are noneconomical, large power demand, more chemical consumption, and large area availability. Thus it is very much necessary for characterization of wastewater, treatability studies, and planning of proper units and processes for effluent treatment.
Adsorption technique emerges as promising technique in the removal efficiency (COD) economy and operation . Physical adsorption using activated carbon is effective in removal but has a high initial cost, low adsorption capacities, and separation inconvenience and needs a costly regeneration system . All these have simulated the search of cheaper alternatives and application of biosorption in environmental treatment has become a significant research area in the past years. It is widely recognized that biosorption provides a feasible technique for the removal of pollutants from wastewater. Biosorption may be defined as a process wherein a solute molecule is removed from the liquid phase in contact with a solid, usually an inexpensive adsorbent which has a special affinity for the solute particles . To explore these novel adsorbents, the use of biosorbents from numerous agroindustry wastes has received much attention and led to a constructive approach.
Rice husk which is the protective outer shell of the rice grain is abundantly obtainable as a by-product of the rice milling industries. It has been estimated that the annual production of rice husk is estimated to be around 120 million tonnes , constituting about one-fifth part of the total annual rice production throughout the world . Thus the disposal becomes a crucial factor. The composition of rice husks is found to consist of about 32% cellulose, 21% hemicelluloses, 21% lignin, 20% silica, and 3% crude protein . Moreover their granular structure containing abundant floristic fiber, insolubility in water, chemical stability, and high mechanical strength make them potential adsorbent. They also consist of functional group such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amidogen, representing a favourable characteristic of rice husk .
However the application of plant wastes as adsorbents can also bring several problems such as high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological chemical demand (BOD) as well as total organic carbon (TOC) due to release of soluble organic compounds contained in the plant materials. Silica present on the external surface of rice husks in the form of silicon-cellulose membrane is responsible for insufficient binding between functional groups existing on rice husk surfaces and adsorbate ions or molecules present in solution. Presence of wax and natural fats on the internal surface of rice husk as impurities has also got impact on the adsorption properties of rice husk chemically and physically .
In this study the potential ability of rice husk without any modification as biosorbent for the adsorption of organic pollutants from dairy wastewater was investigated. The effects of initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, solution temperature on adsorption, and the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic parameters were studied.
Wastewater sample was collected from outfall of a dairy industry at Dankuni near Durgapur Express Highway. Wastewater sample collected from the plant was placed in containers to be transported to the laboratory and stored at 4°C in a refrigerator. All the initial parameters of the wastewater were analysed in the laboratory as per the given standard methods in the handbook . All the chemicals were of analytical reagent grades and used as received, without further purifications.
The rice husk used was obtained from a nearby rice mill in Dankuni, West Bengal, India. It was washed repeatedly with double-distilled water to remove dust and soluble impurities, and this was followed by drying at 343 K for 24 h. It was sieved using meshes to get the desired adsorbent size of 30 micrometers and stored in an air tight container.
The biosorption studies were carried out in 250 mL glass-stoppered, Erlenmeyer flasks containing a fixed amount of adsorbent. Solution pH was adjusted with HCl or NaOH (0.1 N). pH had been measured by following electrometric method using a digital pH meter. A known amount of adsorbent was added to samples and was agitated at 150 rpm agitation speed, allowing sufficient time for adsorption. Then, the mixtures were centrifuged and filtered through filter paper and the final concentration was determined in the filtrate using UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The effects of various parameters on the percentage removal were observed by varying adsorbent dosage (4, 6, 8, and 10 g/L), initial pH of wastewater (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10), temperature (293 K, 298 K, 308 K, and 313 K), and concentration (183 mg/L, 195.4 mg/L, 207.4 mg/L, 219.6 mg/L, and 231.8 mg/L). The adsorption capacity was measured by the following equation: where is initial concentration (mg/L), is concentration at time (mg/L), is the volume (L) of wastewater, and is mass of biosorbent (g).
The dairy wastewater collected from the local industry had the following characteristics presented in Table 1. Various physicochemical parameters with whitish effluents along with unpleasant odor were observed. The results showed that though the wastewater did not have a very high COD value it was above the permissible limit. The COD value was found to be larger than the BOD value suggesting that the organic compounds in wastewater are slowly biodegradable . The pH was found to be slightly alkaline in the range of 7.34–7.38. The chlorides may be present due to the use of detergents and sanitizers in the cleaning of equipment but the value was not above the permissible value. Oil and grease were high due to presence of fats, lactose, and proteins with a value of 240 mg/L. The amounts of total suspended solids and total dissolved solids were quite high with values of 942 mg/L and 680 mg/L. The presence of calcium ions as a prime constituent of casein was indicated by the high value of alkalinity of 462.5 mg/L CaCO3 equivalent. Electrical conductivity of the wastewater was also recorded to be quite high.
Table 1: Characteristics of dairy wastewater.
The experiments were done under the conditions of constant temperature (30°C), agitation speed (150 rpm), constant pH of 7.38, and variable adsorbent dosage (4, 6, 8, and 10 g/L). The adsorbent dosage was varied and the percentage removal as a function of adsorbent dosage was calibrated in Figure 1(a). It was observed that the percentage removal was found to be decreasing with increase in dosage. This increase in COD value may be due to the release of soluble organic compounds contained in the plant materials. The reduction was quite steep up to 8 g/L after which there was no further reduction up to 10 g/L. It is to be noted that experiments were done for dosage beyond 10 g/L but there was no further change for adsorption or desorption. These biosorbent materials are highly pervious in nature, but the porous volume is associated with numerous minute pores causing additional diffusional resistance that causes decrease in removal [7, 14, 15].
Figure 1: (a) Effect of adsorbent dosage on percentage removal by rice husk. (b) Effect of solution pH on percentage removal by rice husk. (c) Effect of temperature on percentage removal by rice husk. (d) Effect of initial concentration on percentage removal by rice husk.
In biosorption studies pH of the solution is the most important factor influencing the process depicted in Figure 1(b). It influences not only the surface charge of the biosorbent but also the degree of ionization of the organic substances present in the solution and the dissociation of functional groups on the active sites of the sorbent. In this study the pH was varied between 2 and 10 from highly acidic range to high alkaline range keeping other parameters like adsorbent dosage at 5 g/L, temperature of 30°C, and rotational speed of 150 rpm. The removal was favoured at a lower pH and there is a sharp decrease in the percentage removal with increase of pH. This shows that organic removal is favoured at lower pH. Due to dissociation of functional groups at higher pH the adsorbent surface carries a net negative charge while at lower pH it carries a net positive charge . At low pH values, the rice husk surface would be protonated and became positive, and the surface will be surrounded by the hydrogen ions, which enhances the interactions between the organic substances and binding sites through attractive forces. On the other hand the casein has a negative charge in milk and water, resulting in electrostatic repulsion due to the reduction of electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged adsorbate molecules and the binding adsorbent sites in alkali medium.
Figure 1(c) displays the effect of variation of temperature on the adsorption process keeping other parameters same as before (like adsorbent dosage at 5 g/L, pH of 7.38, and rotational speed of 150 rpm) and the temperature was varied between 20°C and 40°C. The percentage removal decreased with increasing temperature. Due to weakening of the bonds between the adsorbate molecules and the active binding sites of the biosorbent the binding capacity decreases with increasing temperature . Since the sorption potential of the adsorbent was greater at lower temperature, it can also be said that the sorption might be an exothermic process. With regard to the effect of temperature on the adsorption, an increasing uptake of organic molecules is expected when the adsorption temperature decreases because adsorption is a spontaneous process.
The concentration of the wastewater was varied by the method of dilution keeping the other parameters same as above (adsorbent dosage at 5 g/L, pH of 7.38, temperature of 30°C, and rotational speed of 150 rpm). It was observed that on increasing the dilution or reducing the concentration the percentage removal increased. It is evident from Figure 1(d) that removal efficiency decreases slightly with the increase in initial concentration between 195.2 and 207.4 mg/L after which it remains almost constant indicating saturation of the sites. The phenomenon may be traced back to the reason due to the interference between binding sites at higher concentrations or inadequacy of solutes on solution with respect to available binding sites. Also in case of lower concentrations, the ratio of the initial number of moles of ions to the available surface area of adsorbent is large and subsequently the fractional adsorption becomes independent of initial concentration. However, at higher concentrations, the available sites of adsorption become fewer, and hence the percentage removal decreases .
In the present study the adsorption behavior was investigated since isotherms like Langmuir and Freundlich provide the most important piece of information in understanding the adsorption process. They give some idea about the underlying sorption mechanism as well as the surface affinity and properties of the sorbent . The equation is stated as follows:where is the equilibrium concentration, is the amount of ions or molecules adsorbed (mg/g), is for a complete monolayer (mg/g), and is sorption equilibrium constant. A plot of versus should indicate a straight line of slope and an intercept of .
Data for Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm were plotted for adsorption of molecules into the nanoadsorbent in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). The parameters obtained from the Langmuir ( versus ), Freundlich ( versus ) isotherm were evaluated. Further plots for adsorption equilibriums at different temperature for have been demonstrated in Figures 2(c) and 2(d). To compare the accuracy of the models quantitatively, the correlation coefficients () were calculated as 0.984 (Langmuir) and 0.941 (Freundlich) whose analysis suggested that the Langmuir isotherm model furnishes a better fit to the adsorption data as compared to Freundlich model. This indicated monolayer coverage of the molecules onto the adsorbent with ach molecule having equal activation energy and that sorbate-sorbate interaction is negligible . The essential features of Langmuir adsorption isotherm can be expressed in terms of a separation factor or equilibrium parameter () which is a dimensionless constant. The value indicates the shape of the isotherm to be irreversible (), favourable , linear (), or unfavourable () . The maximum uptake of pollutants by rice husk was calculated as 71.4285 mg/g.
Figure 2: (a) Langmuir isotherm plot for adsorption onto rice husk. (b) Freundlich isotherm plot for adsorption onto rice husk. (c) Plot of versus for adsorption isotherms onto rice husk. (d) Plot of versus at different temperature for adsorption isotherms onto rice husk. (e) Pseudo-second-order kinetic model for adsorption onto rice husk. (f) Van’t Hoff plot for estimation of thermodynamic parameters for adsorption onto rice husk.
On the other hand the Freundlich isotherm states that uptake occurs on a heterogeneous surface by monolayer adsorption and is expressed aswhere is the equilibrium concentration, is the amount of ions or molecules adsorbed (mg/g), and and are Freundlich constants related to the adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity, respectively.
The Freundlich isotherm showed that the situation is often prevalent and may be due to the distribution of surface sites or any other significant factor that causes a reduction in adsorbent-adsorbate interaction with expanding surface density .
Several kinetic models are in use to explain the mechanism of the adsorption processes in order to be able to design industrial scale separation processes. A simple pseudo-second-order equation was used: where and are the amount of adsorption at time and equilibrium, respectively, and denotes the rate constant of the pseudo-second-order adsorption process.
The experimental data for the adsorption kinetics showed that it was found to be well suited with the pseudo-second-order model. It is presented in Figure 2(e). The pseudo-second-order model constants, and , were evaluated from the slope and intercept of the plots of versus . The model parameters along with the correlation coefficient values () as 0.994 are calculated with mg/g and g mg−1 min−1. It can be also concluded that the rate limiting step may be a chemisorption process.
The thermodynamics of an adsorption process is obtained from a study of the influence of temperature on the process. Standard Gibbs energy was as follows:The equilibrium constant was evaluated at each temperature using the following relationship: is distribution coefficient for adsorption. is equilibrium concentration on the adsorbent. is equilibrium concentration in solution.
Other thermodynamic parameters such as change in standard enthalpy and standard entropy were determined using the following equations.
Both the values of energy and entropy are the actual indicators for practical application of a process factors in any adsorption process and engineering practice; these thermodynamic parameters should be considered in order to determine what processes will occur spontaneously. The thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs energy , enthalpy , and entropy changes for the adsorption process can be determined using Van’t Hoff equation: is Gibbs free energy change and is enthalpy of reaction.
The enthalpy change is determined graphically by plotting versus which gives a straight line and the values of and computed numerically from the slope and intercept shown in Figure 2(f) and Table 2. Gibbs energy values at 293 K, 298 K, 308 K, are 313 K are negative and large and increase with increase of temperature. Furthermore, decrease in the negative value of with increasing temperature suggests that the adsorption process was more favourable at lower temperatures and thermodynamically favourable. Negative value of indicates that the process is exothermic. The value of shows the feasibility of the adsorption and the increased randomness at the sorbent/solution interface during the adsorption of molecules onto rice husk. The negative value of also suggests that the process is enthalpy dominated .
Table 2: Thermodynamic parameters for adsorption onto rice husk.
The present study shows that rice husk can be effectively used as adsorbent for treatment of dairy wastewater as it could bring about a removal up to 92.5% which could be achieved using an adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L, pH of 2, and temperature of 30°C. Moreover it is a cost-effective process since it is cheaply available raw material. The entire process was favoured at lower temperature and lower pH with a little adsorbent dosage. The solution pH controls the adsorptive-adsorbent and adsorptive-adsorptive electrostatic interactions, which can have a profound effect on the adsorption process. The organic removal was favoured at lower temperature which concluded that the process is exothermic. Thermodynamic parameters stated that the process was spontaneous and enthalpy driven. The maximum uptake of pollutants by rice husk was calculated to be 71.4285 mg/g. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models fitted best. But using of rice husk without any modification can bring several problems of COD loading when used in high dosages in industrial applications because the silica on the outer and impurities (fats and waxes) on the inner surfaces cause improper binding between the active sites and molecules. Thus future studies can be done by undergoing modification of rice husk.
Dairy Processing Handbook/chapter 22, Dairy Effluents, http://www.dairyprocessinghandbook.com/chapter/dairy-effluent.
APHA, AWWA, and WEF, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA, 21st edition, 2005.
K. H. Chu and M. A. Hashim, “Removal of Copper(II) from aqueous solutions by prawn shell particles,” in Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne, Australia, September 2001. | 2019-04-25T23:55:11Z | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jther/2016/3746316/ |
Adekan mural, 2015. All rights reserved.
Thirteen human rights defenders were detained in Turkey on November 16 and Yiğit Aksakoğlu, an activist working on children rights, was imprisoned related to charges against Anadolu Kültür, a cultural association founded by philanthropist Osman Kavala. Kavala himself has been in prison for more than a year without an indictment. This is not the first time human rights defenders and civil society representatives have been put behind bars in Turkey. This time, however, political violence has reached new heights; even peaceful resistance and civil disobedience are now criminalised by the security forces.
Selective targeting of activists and pre-trial detentions are pernicious strategies to restrict civic space. Turkey is not alone in this practice. In recent years, human rights defenders suffer from unprecedented psychological, economic and social harm worldwide. If they refuse to back down, they also suffer physical harm. According to Frontline Defenders, 300 activists were murdered last year. Physical attacks, killings and forced disappearances mainly target rights-defenders demanding environmental protection and labour rights or activist journalists revealing corruption and abuse of power.
This is not random violence. I have become convinced that the incidents in question are not isolated acts but concerted attacks against those who try to embody the ideal of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
While most of the political violence takes place in consolidated long-term authoritarian systems, it is a part of a global trend of the worldwide rise of right-wing populism and democratic decline. The trend also affects human rights defence and civil society in Europe. But researchers and experts who work on the rise of populism and democratic decline do not talk about it sufficiently.
It might come as a surprise that civic space is not immune from direct and indirect political violence in Europe and the US. CIVICUS consider that civil society in the United States, France, UK, Spain and Austria has ‘narrowed’ largely due to the rise in support for extremist and far-right political views and extreme security measures and anti-terrorism laws.
Several new European democracies often use legislative power, i.e. restrictions on foreign funding or security and anti-terrorism laws, and politicised judiciary to discourage or even criminalise rights-based activism concerning issues directly related to political, social and economic rights of ‘out-groups’ such as minorities, migrants and refugees.
The gravity of the situation varies; restrictions are qualitatively different in democracies of western Europe from those in the semi-authoritarian regimes for example in Hungary, Turkey and Poland, and the intensity of political violence is much less in a semi-authoritarian regime than a consolidated autocracy like China. Yet, the global trend affects all types of governments, and core treaties that burden states to protect fundamental political and civil rights are being undermined by even the long-term advocates of these treaties.
The assault against civic space and human rights defenders has been high on the agenda of human rights organisations for at least a decade. They have been seeking ways to adapt to political violence and reopen the closed spaces in several countries.
However, academics and international donors have started to consider targeted political violence as an integral part of the global democratic decline and populist politics only lately. The institutional dimensions of democratic decline and populist political discourse still receive disproportionate attention.
Researchers have invested a great deal in agreeing on what populism means and whether certain parties are populist or not, and analysing populists’ electoral success, manifestoes and discourse. The scholarly interest in populism and the authoritarian surge does not mean that the accumulated knowledge is channelled properly towards debating its real-time effects on societies and counter-strategies. Instead, researchers have been stuck with analysing populism and authoritarianism at the macro-level – election results, institutions, high-level political discourse, societal discontent inferred from some aggregated data from polls and electoral surveys – they miss how it affects the everyday life of societies. The scholarly interest in populism and the authoritarian surge does not mean that the accumulated knowledge is channelled properly towards debating its real-time effects on societies and counter-strategies.
In addition, the bulk of the international donor community’s efforts is focused on improving institutions through electoral monitoring, the rule of law reform and fight against corruption. Despite extravagant resources spent on these areas, improvements remain meagre because the recipient governments are reluctant to carry out political reforms and also because the EU and the US, providers of most of the aid in these areas, only half-heartedly pressured these governments and have turned a blind eye when they used electoral majorities and captured parliaments, constitutional courts and civil society as a smokescreen to entrench their power.
Overall, the repercussions of democratic backsliding and right-wing populist pressure on civic participation have long been underestimated or treated as a side-product of political and institutional capture outside the circle of human rights groups.
It is high time to appreciate that democracy is no single uniform body. It has several political, civic, economic and cultural dimensions and its decline should be studied by disaggregating it to its parts and developing responses in each field.
Populist politics relies foremost on Manichean dichotomies and divisions between the people and the elite, insiders and outsiders, friends and enemies. Populism deepens existing polarisations and invents new ones in societies contaminated by it.
The rhetoric of exclusion exhausts the listeners’ attention so that complex socio-economic problems from healthcare and pensions to public transportation can be reduced to a simple answer of ‘oust the outsider, and we will restore the wonderful past and continue living like ‘before’’.
The success of slogans and simple answers for complex problems lie deep in legitimate feelings of social and economic insecurity and disenfranchisement, but also the pumped-up fear of ‘the foreigner’, which has brought electoral success to right-wing populist parties in so many countries. The politics of exclusion is inherently exclusionary, discriminatory and against participatory democracy.
Research also shows that this is not the end of the story. When mainstream parties adopt politics of fear and polarisation, they surrender public opinion to be formed by populist discourse and the misdirection of those widespread feelings of insecurity and disenfranchisement. Mondon and Winter argue right-wing populism is normalised even where right-wing populists have been unable to attain significant electoral success, by granting media platform to extremist ideas, making electoral alliances with such parties and also irresponsibly framing questions on pressing issues through the language of right-wing populism in academic or public debates.
The story continues even further. Wherever right-wing populist parties and semi-authoritarian regimes achieve political power through elections, they are not satisfied with electoral wins and monopolisation of the parliaments and the executive. They seek to shape and influence the civic space where ideas flourish, where society debates and engages in intellectual and cultural production, where majoritarian democracy and discriminatory authoritarian practices are challenged.
Turkey and Hungary are both good examples. The moment they turn to the civic space, they take the first step towards entrenching themselves securely in power by manufacturing societal consent through both conviction and fear. But just where the story gets interesting, researchers’ interest in populism and authoritarianism pretty much stops.
It should be more clearly emphasised that the climate of outrage and politics of exclusion surrounding the language of the media and the party system in many countries normalise and encourage political violence targeting human rights activism.
Activists by dint of their work campaign for the rights of disadvantaged groups, who populist discourse perceives as outsiders. In many countries, while authoritarian values, Islamophobia, antisemitism, white racism are creeping back into mainstream politics, human rights defenders are the only remaining actors brave enough to speak the truth to the face of power and campaign for the rights of refugees and migrants, ethnic and religious minorities and other disadvantaged groups.
When the political discourse and the media directly or indirectly present migrants or other outgroups as a burden on economies and societies, they continuously produce consent for their social, economic and political discrimination as ‘the new normal’.
In this political and social environment, working to improve their rights becomes a nuisance and gets demonised. This is often a starting strategy to prepare the ground for legal and legislative action that directly or indirectly restricts the civic space, the fundamental freedoms of assembling, associating and the expression of views. In turn, it gradually deprives societies at large of alternative channels of participation and the right to information and erodes the participatory quality of democracy.
The repression of civic spaces and human rights defenders is a convenient strategy for right-wing populist and authoritarian rulers to ensure that public spheres are flooded with the dominant narratives of crisis and antagonism.
Moreover, pre-emptive measures, pre-trial detentions and daily harrassment online intimidate not only activists but also millions in Turkey and beyond. Such actions deter even critical citizens from making claims outside the officially sanctioned venues. In the end, political violence targeting civic space and human rights activism affects the everyday life of societies more directly than the capture and control of formal institutions.
How do we proceed from this impasse?
The response is not to shy away from human rights activism. It is not demanding more of it from lawyers and NGOs either (the latter have already been criticised for being unaccountable and serving the neoliberal agenda). It is about directly experiencing it as citizens and even more as humans.
In other words, human rights defence does not only concern the lawyers and professional NGOs who engage in it; and it is not limited to revolutionary public square protests. Today, human rights defenders across the world should be ‘ordinary citizens’ acting within their personal and professional domains.
In the short term in many countries, the winner in this battle seems to be those conducting the populist and authoritarian assault. Paradoxically, however, where political institutions have been historically monopolised or captured, citizens have usually turned to activism to reclaim freedom of expression and the right to information.
The paradox of political violence is that sooner or later, it fuels popular movements, as long as citizens have preserved an autonomous and diffused civic space outside the realm of contemporary power relations and politics so that alternatives to current political discourse and authority can emerge.
In Turkey and many other countries where human rights defence has become a perilous struggle, the trend has been evolving in this direction. Revolutionary protests might have been forcefully oppressed in its public squares and might not be feasible given the repression in many countries. However, despite widespread political violence, activism and civic space is alive and kicking, and its nature is changing in promising ways in semi-authoritarian and democratic systems alike. Given the lack of effective access to the political field or means to change high-level political discourse, civic space becomes an arena for concerned individuals to carve out pockets of participation locally or initiate change on specific issues. Despite the risk of political violence and physical harm, when the political system is captured or unresponsive, people turn to grassroots contention.
What we witness is an apparent shift in the nature of civic activism with the emergence of local, issue-based and peaceful social movements and loose networks. My field research on the shrinking space under political violence focuses on Turkey, but I believe it offers clues for other contexts where a polarising populist discourse dominates the political agenda.
Since the 2013 Gezi demonstrations, Turkey has witnessed a multiplication of unregistered, movement-type diffuse activist networks. A younger generation seeking horizontal and direct participation has brought new vibrancy to the gendered and professionalised NGO-driven civic space. The new activists are what Pippa Norris calls ‘critical citizens’ or ‘dissatisfied democrats’ who cling to democratic values but remain dissatisfied with democracy since it has been reduced to voting and therefore, produces majoritarian and discriminatory outcomes.
Street activism is not an option. Public squares are closed these days. Are we wary about the situation? Yes, for a long time. I had to relocate consecutively for several nights during the recent arrests with a group of fellow activists. It is not to escape from detention. They find you if they want to get you. We at least wished that the police would not detain us at home [in front of our families]. We live with this yes. Organising protests is an action that we abstain from, but we try not to lose our grassroots links.
However, under the current circumstances in Turkey, activists are interested in ‘the long-term fight’. They challenge patriarchal and authoritarian social values in available public spheres. They do not shy away from asserting their identities, secular or Islamic. They seek to establish democratic forums inside their networks and reject hierarchical structures and leadership that dominates even the traditional civil society sector and replace them with horizontal deliberation and consensual decision-making.
They are open to cooperation and inclusion of various groups, but selective in participating in protests and appearing in the media. Yet, contentious action in the form of peaceful demonstrations, neighbourhood assemblies, public information campaigns and press statements is widely practised. But, the focus of their contentious action is not disrupting the government or everyday life or necessarily achieving quantifiable goals, but raising awareness on issues such as women, environment, construction and resource extraction projects, urban infrastructure, animal rights and labour rights. These issues are often considered secondary to high politics or extremely local.
They also actively search for ways to establish solidarity. To give one example, one pro-labour activist group told me they do not only demonstrate when hundreds of workers are laid off or forced to work under harsh conditions, but they also seek to organise events to raise additional subsistence for them. Last but not least, they do not believe they need formal institutions to succeed and are keen to keep their independence from political parties and often from international donors.
Similar trends are observed around the world since the 2008 financial crisis. People who were not a part of a movement or organisation before come together to raise their voice against extremism, denial of social and economic rights, gender-based violence and destruction of their livelihoods. The shift from professional NGOs to citizen-oriented activism challenges the populist and (semi)authoritarian regimes. Their power lies in the fact that they challenge ‘audience democracy’ driven by the manipulated public opinion and personalised politics that populism has generated. In its place, they promote ‘advocacy democracy’ informed by local and issue-based deliberation to shape preferences in the long-term and foster civic participation.
While engaging in human rights activism with various social and economic focal points, citizen activists experiment with a different form of democracy and discover ways to make use of these beyond voting. If researchers are concerned about the global trend of the authoritarian backlash, the lack of trust in democracy and extreme social polarisation as causes and consequences of right-wing populism, these loose networks of citizen participation could spark the process of re-legitimising and re-inventing democracy.
There is room for hope, history tells. Democratic social and political change has always originated from these peaceful, localised and issue-based community organisations and networks of long-term resistance, not from NGOs with managerial boards and lucrative grants from international donors.
The international donor community is not unaware of the changing terrain of activism or political violence, as a recent report by Eldén and Levin argues. ‘Flexible aid’ to activist networks and organisations working in populist and (semi)authoritarian regimes has become the new buzzword of the donor community. However, frank conversations with donors start and end with the same question these days: what do you think you should be doing to counter political violence targeting civic space and human rights defenders in country X? When asked about concrete strategies, they still falter.
Many countries have been the test beds for ‘democracy aid’ and ‘civil society support programmes’ in the past. What we know is that international support is crucial for ensuring the resilience of the civic space and activism under extreme pressure. Support to find and finance legal aid and ability to survive financially are the two most important areas in which international donors make a real contribution. But, they have also failed in the past because international donors expected too much ‘professionalism’ from beneficiaries and ignore the idiosyncrasies of each case by implementing ‘one size fits all’ models.
First, on the side of the international community, it is time for realism. It takes both contextual knowledge and courage. Donors should be realistic about what to expect in the short-term in each case. It is likely that miracles will not happen anywhere. It is also wrong to assume all movements, and citizen groups will eventually institutionalise themselves as a political alternative (by forming a party or a formal advocacy NGO). Professionalisation also risks turning citizens movements into career movements for a few people.
Second, international donors should be selective about their most likely ‘audience’ and start focusing on such groups first, instead of trying to address the entire public blindly. In dozens of countries where authoritarianism and right-wing populism are on the rise, a person in their mid-30s has only witnessed single-party rule or one dominant party as a voter.
Even millennials in Europe have grown up without knowing an alternative to the senior male-dominated political party system. Today’s youth is already much more vocal compared to their parents in terms of demanding agency, fighting patriarchy and questioning blind nationalism and patriotism imposed by our current party systems.
To maintain this critical corpus in societies, international donors can prioritise activist groups working with youth and on youth issues. They should not only fund one-off activities at seminar halls; but music, arts, film and sports through which young people choose to express themselves. If the fight is staged on many fronts, then the effects of repression and censorship will be alleviated as well.
Unfortunately, these are still very rarely tried methods by the international donor community. Funding cultural production as a way of challenging undemocratic practices does not rank among the top foreign policy priorities, compared to massive official development assistance channelled through governments and large project contracts granted to NGOs that are not connected to the grassroots. Funding cultural production as a way of challenging undemocratic practices does not rank among the top foreign policy priorities.
Third, another lesson that donors should have learned by now is that flexible and core support is crucial. The bulk of the aid is still tied to professional monitoring and specific outcomes. The donor community forces partners on the ground to push for unattainable goals and tick boxes on the paper for reporting purposes.
Several activist groups and small organisations I have interviewed in Turkey mentioned that they do not need massive financial resources, but seed support to be able to rent decent premises for organisational meetings and planning of activities, and to be able to establish alliances with similar networks and movements abroad to learn from each other. Without improving donor support in these two areas, their impact will remain local and issue-based.
It is also essential to avoid funding government-controlled civil society – surprisingly, it happens more often than you might think due to the incapacity of the donor to assess whether funded groups work towards participation and democracy or entrench repressive government rule, Instead, work with trustworthy local partners and let them decide the priorities that arise in the current context in each case. Loose activist networks are the ones that often have an influence on the ground in the shortest term possible. Donors should seek ways to get to know groups ‘at the frontline’ and accept that what is possible this year in one country, might not be achievable next year given the very unpredictable and discretionary nature of political violence targeting human rights defence.
Finally, while the US and the EU champion the majority of civil society support programs, they also undermine their effects. EU member states or American and European companies keep striking political deals on arms sales and trade agreements with repressive governments. Most of the time, the information technologies that provide the surveillance apparatus to track activists online are copyrighted in the US and Europe. The international community – governments, private donors and business – should be honest about the extent to which they are complicit in tolerating political violence out of political and economic interests. International support has no chance of success or gaining credibility without a political commitment.
Political violence continues targeting human rights defenders and civic spaces. But it is not the time for weakness and desperation because what has been achieved so far was not given for free, and it is currently slipping away. Civic space has not given up and is filled with voices of ordinary citizens. It will become eventually more resilient as citizens take up human rights defence in larger numbers. Researchers and experts who focus on examining and reporting the negative consequences of populist appeal and semi-authoritarian regimes at the formal institutional level should scale-up their efforts to investigate the societal repercussions and connect more with promising social movements and the cause of human rights defenders. | 2019-04-25T03:56:14Z | https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/political-violence-civic-space-and-human-rights-defence-in-era-of-populism-and-authori/ |
Later, in another dialogue, Plato went into more detail about what Atlantis might have looked like.
What Plato describes at great length is a state not unlike the city states which dominated the Mediterranean in the philosopher’s own day. It is wealthy. It is cultured. It has works of art and imposing public buildings; it is also a war-like state which threatens its neighbours; but there is no hint of any higher technology - none of the gas-balloons and crystal powered TV - which figure in later versions of the story.
It is exactly the kind of state that we can imagine a person living in ancient Greece might picture if he were to speculate about times gone by.
There are no other references to Atlantis in the ancient world that are not informed by Plato’s original story.
After that Atlantis was all-but forgotten. Until the 19th century, that is, when the Russian mystic and founder of the Theosophy movement, Madame Helena Petrova Blavatsky (1831 - 1891) revived interest in the mythical Island by mentioning it in her first book, Isis Unveiled, published in 1877. She continued her explorations of the idea in her major work, The Secret Doctrine in 1888, in which she gives many more details.
Around the same time, in 1882, US congressman Ignatius L. Donnelly (1831–1901) published his famous Atlantis: the Antediluvian World . Donnelly is usually given credit as the “father of modern Atlantis research” but from the close time connection, it seems possible that Blavatsky inspired him, and it is she who should be credited as the inspiration for the modern Atlantis movement.
In his book Donnelly includes Plato’s work as the starting point for his ideas about Atlantis and seeks to provide evidence that all ancient civilisations owed their knowledge, culture and technologies to an Atlantean past.
Donnelly even theorised that some crops like bananas were first cultivated in Atlantis and selective breeding by Atlantean scientists or farmers developed the seedless form we know today.
Atlantis was not the only island continent that went under the seas, according to some. Another place that suffered the same fate was Mu or Lemuria. In 1926 Colonel James Churchward (1851 - 1936) published The Lost Continent of Mu , the first of a series. Maps included with his books show clearly that all that is left of Mu are the Polynesian islands whilst on the other side of the globe the Canary Islands are what survived the destruction of Atlantis.
Edgar Cayce "The Sleeping Prophet"
Edgar Cayce (1877 – 1945), a popular psychic known as the “Sleeping Prophet,” famous for making predictions and diagnosing illnesses whilst in trance, had a lot to say about Atlantis including predicting that it would rise again.
According to Cayce, the people of Atlantis had gas balloons, planes, submarines, elevators, X-ray devices, “photographing at a distance machines” and televisions powered by crystals.
He maintained that many people alive today are the reincarnations of Atlantean souls, who must now face similar temptations as in their past lives. Cayce said that Atlantis suffered three major destructions, one of which was the deluge.
He predicted that evidence of Atlantis would be found in 1968-9 off Bimini, a chain of islands in the Bahamas, and in that year underwater explorer David Zink, aware of what Cayce had predicted, set sail and located a “sunken wall” off the coast of Bimini, along with some other artefacts. Debunkers claim that the divisions in the underwater rock formation he found were natural and not man-made, but Cayce’s supporters believe otherwise.
Some authors such as Prof Arysio Nunes dos Santos suggest that India was an Atlantean colony as was ancient Egypt.
Prof Santos - who says he bases his theories on research in “Geology, Astronomy, Paleontology, Archaeology, Linguistics, Ethnology, Comparative Mythology, Comparative Religion, and Philosophy,” and who is a Professor of Nuclear Physics at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil - has struck out very much on his own and come up with a new location for Atlantis, placing it firmly under what is now the South China Sea, maintaining that the Indonesian islands are all that is left. He has a book out entitled Atlantis The Lost Continent Finally Found .
Professor Santos is keen to debunk all the other suggested sites for Atlantis such as the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, Antarctica and the North Sea but he points out that the Atlanteans had colonies worldwide.
He argues that people have misunderstood the location that Plato gave because the ancients had different meanings for the names of the oceans than the ones we use today.
(1) Adashsikra; (2) Evosikra; (3) Cevorksikra; (4) Midosikra; (5) Maikosikra; (6) Lookosikra; (7) Soniasikra.
A recent theory put forward by J.M. Allen centres on the Altiplano, an upland plain in Bolivia. Allen compared Plato’s description of the location of Atlantis with physical features found in the Altiplano, and he suggests that they matched Plato’s description on almost all points.
Another item of proof that Allen gives is Plato’s mention of a gold/copper alloy known as “orichalcum” that he maintains is only found in the Andes. Allen also says that the very name Atlantis is derived from two Native American words, “atl” meaning “water”, and “antis” meaning “copper”.
Recent underwater discoveries off the west coast of Cuba are said to be physical evidence of Atlantis as well as the undersea ruins found in the Bahamas in the Bimini area, already mentioned. In the ocean around Japan underwater pyramids were discovered and photographed in 1985.
Some authorities theorise that the catastrophic destruction of Atlantis was the result of volcanic action, while others say that it was caused by a nuclear conflagration. This ties in with descriptions given in ancient Vedic scriptures of battles fought amongst gods and men.
Not everybody agrees that Atlantis was an island, however, and Irish author, researcher and alternative historian, Michael Tsarion locates it as part of the ancient continent of Appalachia, where he believes it was the base of an extraterrestrial race referred to in the Bible as the Nephilim.
Tsarion says that these beings had been pursued here from elsewhere in the universe. He says that they tried to convince their pursuers that they were on the then existing water planet of Tiamat, whilst really they were hiding on Earth. This ruse worked and Tiamat was incinerated and broke up causing the asteroid belt as well as having a completely devastating effect on the Earth when a large part of its oceans fell here causing massive deluges.
Tsarion says that the extraterrestrials broke the code of what is allowed to other worldly races by interfering with the beings living on another planet. This they did by interbreeding with humans in an effort to create a slave race to work for them by mixing the alien and human DNA. This is referred to in the Bible, he says, where it tells of how the sons of God took wives from the daughters of men. Michael puts forward the idea that the evil in the world and in us has come from this mixing of alien DNA with human.
Other sources, however, say that the Guanches were descended from the Berber tribes of North Africa; but even then, there may still be a link because the Berber people live in the Atlas Mountain range, “Atlas” and “Atlantis” having the same root meaning.
Rand and Rose Flem-Ath are the authors of When the Sky Fell: In Search of Atlantis , and The Atlantis Blueprint: Unlocking the Mystery of a Long-Lost Civilization and they say that Atlantis was where Antarctica is now.
As to what Plato might have made of it all, we’ll leave it up to you to guess.
Timaeus and Critias by Plato, available in Penguin Classics.
Atlantis, the Antedeluvian World , by Ignatius Donnelly.
Edgar Cayce on Atlantis (Edgar Cayce series) by Edgar Evans Cayce.
The Stones of Atlantis by David Zink.
Isis Unveiled (1877) & The Secret Doctrine (1888) by Madame Blavatsky.
Atlantis The Lost Continent Finally Found by Prof Arysio Nunes dos Santos.
All & Everything: Beelzebub’s Tales To His Grandson by G.I. Gurdjieff.
Atlantis, Alien Visitation and Genetic Manipulation by Michael Tsarion.
When the Sky Fell: In Search of Atlantis by Rand and Rose Flem-Ath.
Children of the Matrix by David Icke.
What Became of the Mary Celeste 'Ghost Ship'?
Why Don't People Believe in Conspiracy Theories?
Thanks for the links TheGuyHenry. I'm sure they will be of interest to my readers.
I'm an open-minded skeptic on these matters--meaning, I'm happy to believe anything as long as there's some proof--lol! Unfortunately, I can't find any proof to support the existence of a huge sunken continent anywhere on the planet. You might make a case for Thera, but that was sufficiently close to Plato's time that the myth-making process wouldn't have kicked in yet--but he could have used the eruption as a model for his cautionary tale.
I was excited to learn about the Spartel Bank, but the data doesn't add up. I personally lean toward the Black Sea flooding and subsequent diaspora as the ultimate source of the Atlantis myth.
I'm sceptical myself Brian. As I said in the piece "It is exactly the kind of state that we can imagine a person living in ancient Greece might picture if he were to speculate about times gone by". In other words I think that Plato made it up, for whatever philosophical or other reason.
Your book sounds good though Brian. I'll check out your website when I have some time.
While I love exploring this stuff, I do so with a rational--and careful--mind! Atlantis was considered a myth in Plato's time (the story may even have been invented by Plato himself to illustrate his point) and, of course, no credible modern evidence has been found to support the existence of the fabled city (here's a good link to get anyone started on the search for the truth-- http://www.ramtops.co.uk/).
That being said, Atlantis figures prominently in my new thriller novel "Emerald". In the story, one of the lead characters speculates that "Atlantis" was an advanced (in terms of language and learning) Neolithic culture (a remnant of the Cro-Magnons) living on the shores of the Black Sea. When the Aegean broke through the plug of the Bosphorus around 7,500 years ago, the Black Sea was drowned in salt water and the inhabitants around the shore were wiped out and scattered. The Atlantis myth was born.
Possible? Why not? It's fun to speculate!
Thanks for your comment lone77star. I'll check out that link. Have you written any hubs on the subject yourself?
CJ, a fascinating article. Covers a lot of territory.
There have been many structures that remain enigmatic, pre-dating known civilizations -- 200+ ton stones in Peru and Lebanon, plus stonework in Lixus, Morocco similar to the unsourced stonework in Peru. http://www.atlantisquest.com has more information on these and other aspects to the Atlantis story. That website has some pretty amazing research. Nothing on the structures says "Atlantis," but the possibility remains that Atlantis could've been real and could have created these and other structures.
My own research has uncovered proof of an Atlantis-like event about 9620 BC. Three pieces of evidence, each from a different field of science, all point to the same date. None of them directly point to Atlantis, but Plato's lost island remains the likeliest suspect since it supposedly subsided about 9600 BC. And one of those items involves a worldwide drop in sea levels by 2 meters -- consistent with an Atlantis-sized landmass subsiding about one kilometer somewhere in the oceans of Earth.
Just put a link in for a recent BBC documentary on the subject: Atlantis - The Evidence.
I suspect he made it up. But it is a classic work of literature on the subject.
Do you know where he got the map from?
The map is from Colonel James Churchward: The Lost Continent of Mu (1926).
I have read many of Icke's books and learned a great deal from him. Our extra terrestrial roots, and the suppression of information to control the masses.I would like to find more information on Lemuria.
loved reading this page, how fascinating our world is! so glad to be alive...i say aliens are to thank for our being here.
Maybe something is under the Bermuda Triangle also. That seems a more likely place for aliens!
I really enjoyed reading this hub.
Trouble is "Magi" is plural, so it depends if there's more than one of you or not. The singular is Magus. Otherwise it's a great alias.
by the way, nice nickname C.J.
anyone who reads this should vote!!!
Recently I saw a documentary about Atlantis being situated in south America, which could explain how advanced the Mayans were. but what if Atlantis is like troy, the mythical place where Achilles dies, Helen was taken and Odysseus defeated in Homer's epic the Odyssey... now proven to be real after some pre-deemed crack pot digs a hole in the ground and finds it.
Troy was myth, but now is truth. that is what myths really are, the child-like views of our ancestors, who wouldn't have had any real way of describing what they saw, so speak in the way a child does.
Eg. A child sees a shadow and says there is a great big monster outside his house, when it was just a trees shadow.
We must take what is available to us with a pinch of salt, and try to see through the eyes of the ancients.
also, has anyone heard of a series of fictitious books called 'The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel.' although it is talking of a fantasy world, it does have views of Atlantis, or Danu Talis as it is called in the books, and is made of pretty big assumptions based on what we have, and the filling in the gaps. Very good reading though.
Back on topic, Edgar Cayce is one of my favourite profits and says that he got his knowledge from a spiritual library which contains the total sum of the book of life, the sum of all human history. What if all the profits used this library to tell the future including Nostradamus, who I believe to be Edgar Cayce’s past life, and the Mayans. What if it could be accessed as easily as Cayce said, then anyone could find out the truth and enlighten us all!!!
Wouldn’t it be weird if this library used to be real and exist on Atlantis, the power they used to destroy themselves was just knowledge!!! For it was knowledge in the form of an apple which cast man from Eden, so what if this just refers to Eden as Atlantis, a paradise, and they could never return because it was sunk beneath the waves. this would mean that it might be in the centre of the Bermuda triangle, as the things that go missing there are through the ruminants of Atlantian tech or divine intervention taking people who go there as they should not be there.
It is also knowledge that drives us even now to our doom, our technological prowess sped up global warming and it is our tech that is destroying the world. Knowledge is the way of destruction, but is ignorance really any better??? I let you all decide.
All this thinking and views makes my head hurt!!!
Soz for taking up so much room on the page, which rules by the way.
CJ, Yes that is what I am describing. We may never know how extensive the land was or how deep cities are because when we come upon the first one under the current city we think that is it and we must perserve that one without ever knowing if there is a much older one than that. Kind of like a double edge sword there isn't it?
Lady G. what a fascinating thought! What you're saying is that Cayce wasn't describing the past but the future, and when he says that Atlantis will rise again, he doesn't mean physically but spiritually, as it were, in the type of civilisation we have now. Is this right? We are living in Atlantis now? How extraordinary!
I agree about the destruction of history CW. The destruction of the library at Alexandria was one of the crimes against humanity. If it wasn't for Islam all that ancient Greek culture would have been lost forever. Thank God for the Moslems for preserving it.
Religion has done quite a bit of history altering and destroying. Some attempts successful, some not. To me that is a crime against Man so heinous that I don't have words for it.
I love this. People also forget about how many cities were built upon how many other dities. How long has that been happening too--a very long time! The library had all kinds of good things in it and one of the resons it was burned was the suppression on knowldge -somehting religion did not and does not want anyone to know. I believe that Atlantis and Mu did exist. How can they not--really we have no idea what was built upon them or any of that. It seems to me that Atlantis and Mu were around before the major continents split up into what we now see. People aslo forget that part too. The land as we know it today was not the land that was then.
I think what I get out of what Cayce says about Atlantis rising--look at the political system and the 2 parties and some other things like the crytals in the Telvisions---TV before now used a crystal to bring in a picture when they first made them. There are a lot of similarities in our present day that Cayce describes as Atlantis rising again. Just look around you and see the history that we live in.
It is an exciting time with the year 2012 coming around.
You're totally right; a few hundred thousand years - depending who you ask, I guess. From 400,000 to just 200,000... either way, still babies, eh?
Somewhere along the line, religion's 2,000 years has drilled itself into my brain.
I agree. I've always been blown away by how long the dinsaurs existed before they were wiped out: One hundred and sixty million years! We always think of them as just animals, but how much evolution must have taken place in that long a time? Just look how much Man has evolved in a few thousand years.
Their reign ended some 65 million years ago, so any evidence of structures they might have built are long gone, but you know, in all that time, they weren't just spending their lives trying to eat each other. Brains and intellect evolve, in all creatures. There had to be cultures going on, tribes, ideas, etc.
Oh it would CW. I do think that current opinions about history are all wrong, and that the people we think of as "primitive" and "stoneage" were highly evolved both socially and intellectually. Take the Maya, for instance. They were "stoneage". They hadn't even invented the wheel. But they knew about time and the stars and they built magnificent structures. My view is that the "stoneage" was in fact the wood age, that is they built structrues from wood which haven't survived and that they had a highly evolved spiritual and intellectual life.
Thanks marisue: we are planning to do more stuff together. Steve is great researcher, I think precisely because he isn't sceptical, which means he doesn't dismiss stuff, which means he absorbs masses of information, which means he's always got these fascinating snippets of weird knowledge bobbing round in his head which I just love hearing about. We've written another one, on the Mayan calendar, which I will put up in due course.
Too long ago to be considered recorded history. It would cool if someone found some kind of evidence, eh?
Glad you liked it CW. My scepticism isn't about the fact that there may or may not have been advanced civilisations sometime in the distant past, it's to do with the fact that Plato's account makes it fairly clear, to my mind, that he was really talking about his own world, since he says that it was a war-like invading state and that Athens was contemporary with it. Well it's not clear what Plato is going on about, but since he says it all happened 9,500 years before his time he can't really be considered a reliable witness. What do you or I know about 9,500 years ago? Atlantis isn't even mythological, since ONLY Plato mentions it. It doesn't appear anywhere else in the record.
Fascinating stuff, CJ. I suspect there is far more to human history and the history of this planet than we can currently even imagine. I have little doubt that Atlantis was a culture destroyed by some type of catastrophe. We have evidence of this very thing happening throughout history to numerous cultures. I've noticed that the further back in history these disasters take place, the more mythological they become: "If we don't have concrete evidence of some sort, it probably didn't really happen."
Fascinating hub, both. I remain highly skeptical on Atlantis, especially the Alien claims, but I do still have my original Donovan 45 rpm Atlantis single, bought when I was about 14, I think. Trivia question - what was the B-side? Answer - a rather banal little ditty called "I love my shirt".
t.keeley It would be interesting to find out, but it has to be said that, aside from the references in Plato, there's absolutely no evidence whatsoever.
I'd love to know if it's coming back or not, and I'm under conviction it was without a doubt a real island. Can't wait to see if we conquer this "myth" in our lifetime.
terenceyap07 hi thanks. I must admit that the research was all Steve's, I just put the thing together. But I do think we work well together, and we certainly plan to do more. Glad you liked it.
Well done, my friends! This is an incredible example of excellence than can be achieved with joint research. Very well researched and immaculately presented.
Thank you Starscream. We both really enjoyed writing it too.
I just love this hub! I love so much reading about vanished worlds... Excellent Hub!!!
Hallo marisue, who knows? One day maybe Atlantis will rise again, as some people have predicted. Then again, maybe not. Mysteries stop being mysteries when we think we know all the answers, so I'd prefer to let tham remain as mysteries.
Very interesting!! I love science mysteries....I wonder if we'll ever know; if they'll reveal themselves to us....mmm?
Hi Amanda, yes it's the mysteries that feed out imagination isn't it? Glad you enjoyed the piece.
And thanks for the reference High Priest. We'll definitely take a look.
Hi Pam, it's obviously one of those synchronicities ol' CG Jung used to go on about. Maybe you should write to him or something. He could probably do with the company. Glad you liked the piece. What I like about it is it just containes references and information and leaves it up to the reader to decide.
What a great article! You guys are awesome! Congrats on selling it to Prediction. I forsee a series of Steve/CJ (CJ/Steve>?) books on the paranormal--soon to be available at our local booksellers. Seriously, you guys rock. Great collaboration.
Thanks for dropping by everyone. I'm very proud of this as an example of mine and Steve's work. The whole thing took four days - Steve doing one epic 12 hour marathon - to pull all of theinformation together and to knock it into shape, and I think that the result makes for a truly interesting read. Glad you all enjoyed it.
Thanks for posting this, Chris! I am very pleased with it as an example of our work as a team!
A fascinating study of Atlantis, the great mystery. I'm going out to buy one of the books you list. Thanks for enlightening me!
Wonderful read - and as long as we have no definite answers, the legend will continue inspiring artists all over!
Atlantis is always interesting and thought provoking. Enough so that quite a bit of money has been spent trying to prove or disprove its existence.
Paranormal activities, UFOs, crop circles, yeti, Loch Ness, Nostradamus, ghosts, lost cities and treasures.
It's rather nice that there are so many things we don't have really satisfactory answers to. | 2019-04-25T04:18:45Z | https://exemplore.com/advanced-ancients/Atlantis |
Everyday New Yorkers get one step closer to discovering who the new governor will be. For Republicans it’s one step closer to learning who will be the David to take on Goliath. Last night the Queens County Committee voted to endorse John Faso giving him a nice boost to his chance of getting to slay the dragon.
Despite endorsements within the party the real question is are New Yorkers smart enough to recognize the talent when they see it or have they been so blinded by the Rep. before the name to be able to make an informed decision. A couple of weeks ago John Faso outlined his proposed business plan to strengthen New York’s economy. With 200,000 people leaving the state a year a strong business plan would make sense. The plan, which focuses on workers comp reform, tort reform and tax cuts for businesses are really good. For economists and those familiar with how to grow an economy, his plan is nothing revolutionary but instead simple common sense to get this state going. Unfortunately common sense is something average New Yorkers are buckets short of.
John Faso and his plan are like the New York Yankees. On paper they look great and should take it all but that’s why you play the game. The question is can Faso or even Weld convince not just diehard republicans but also the clueless New Yorkers who make up the majority and by default vote for the Dem.
On May 9th John Faso will be speaking at a breakfast with Crain’s. I’ll be there with the rest of the business community to hear what he has to say but preaching to the choir is not going to win him votes. Winning votes and the election will require convincing people that Spitzer is more of a risk to the state then an asset. To do that he should start questioning the strenght of Spitzer’s relationship with big business, which like it or not are the ones that will create the jobs. Based on Spitzer’s attacks on industries of all sorts that shouldn’t be to hard, which if done right might even get brainless New Yorkers to think straight and look past the Rep.
About a month ago I wrote about how the City Council was using it’s tax payer funded website for partisan attacks against Governor Pataki to push their and their teacher union buddies agenda. The banner ads in both English and Spanish attacked the governor accusing him of holding money back from the school system. No matter who is correct on the issue, the City Council shouldn’t be using a taxpayer funded website for political attacks. The NYYRC even issued a press release to the press to see if they would bother to report it. Of course it never happened because liberal papers like the New York Times would never attack the hand that feeds them no matter how wrong. Thanks to the media’s inaction the City Council has continued to get away with using your tax dollars to attack the Governor.
Several days ago the City Council issued a press release celebrating “education funding in the State Executive Budget”. Speaker Quinn in the release stated how “Through the leadership of Governor Pataki and the State Legislature we now have the means to move forward in our five-year plan to lower class sizes, to create libraries and science labs, and to provide our children with an education that will make them the leaders for a new generation.” I know, I almost fell out of my chair too, hearing Quinn use the words “leadership” and “Governor Pataki” in the same sentence.
What I want to know is if speaker Quinn really means what she says, why does the taxpayer funded City Council website still have banner ads attacking the Governor. I also want to know why the press continues to let them get away with it (hint, hint, to any journalist who may be reading this).
Checkout the ads for yourself below and you decide if taxpayer money should go for such partisan attacks, especially since right next to it is a press release how happy Speaker Quinn is with the new funding. If you’re like me and think the Council is out of line, call your Rep. and while you’re at it, a newspaper and tell them these attacks on our dime need to stop!
In this morning FT, Marc Levinson writes an article about the “most powerful law in economics”, the law of “unanticipated consequences”. Mr. Levinson’s article is about the invention and growth of the shipping container and its affect on the world. I found the article interesting but more important it go me rethinking about something I thought about last night.
Last night myself and several other YR’s from the club went to a reception and fundraiser for Pete Ricketts here in Manhattan. Pete Ricketts is running for Senator of Nebraska taking on the incumbent, Ben Nelson. Senator Nelson holds on to the most vulnerable seat for Democrats and stands a good chance to loose to Ricketts considering Nebraska is a conservative state where Republicans have a commanding lead in voter registration.
Pete Ricketts is an impressive candidate; he’s a University of Chicago graduate and an executive at Ameritrade. His business experience is a great asset to the American people, as he understands what’s needed to continue to grow the economy. Also living through and surviving the Internet crash as an executive of an Internet company gives much needed experience at a time when our government has a major spending problem. As Pete Ricketts stated last nigh, “our government doesn’t have a tax receipt problem”, mentioning how tax receipts have gone up since the President’s tax cuts but instead it has a “spending problem”. A problem he plans on using his experience to fix.
Overall I was impressed with Pete Ricketts and thought his Q&A session with the crowd went really well. He answered all the questions as expected but did it with confidence and a belief in his eyes that he meant what he was saying. There was one answer though that had me thinking which relates to my opening paragraph above. One of the questions asked was about immigration. Pete Ricketts gave the usual response about how we need to secure our borders and start making it easier for people to come into this country the right way. He did give a little twist to the response mentioning how we need to exploit modern technology to make the process more efficient telling a story of a U.S. citizen who had to wait on line for four days at the U.S. Consulate in Mexico so he could get back into his own country.
What had me thinking about his answer and everyone else’s is that the response on immigration always stops at stopping the flow. In the spirit of “unforeseen consequences” there is something I wish our elected officials would answer. The reason for immigration in this country is not because employers are looking for cheap labor but they are looking for labor period. If you believe in free markets you would understand that wages are a reflection of education and the skill needed to do the job at hand. With that said, no one can expect someone who picks grapes to be paid the same as someone who spent $100K on a college education. Our unskilled labor force gets paid what they do because that’s how wages and labor works.
This leads to the problem at hand. Say our government was successful at stopping the flow of immigration, what is the governments plan to handle the possible “unforeseen consequence” of any labor shortage that may ensue in industries like agriculture. Our government can’t expect that if they stop immigration all of a sudden current Americans will line up and start taking jobs picking grapes in a field or busing tables at a local restaurant. On the surface it’s always easy to play politics and cater to the emotions of the American people who view immigration as a threat. The problem is the threat to the country economically is not having illegal immigration, it’s how would we handle it as a country without it. Maybe one day our elected officials will take the question one step further.
Generally I’m not one for conspiracy theories but every once and a while certain stars align that make you wonder. With prices at the pump going back over $3.00 a gallon and the summer driving season coming our leaders in the Senate are once again threatening to impose a windfall profit tax on oil companies. Here is why I think this is a big government scam.
First oil companies do not set the price of oil. Oil is a commodity and is traded on a free market where the price is decided by supply and demand. The first reason why oil has reached $75 a barrel is because the markets are concerned that supply is being threatened. What’s interesting is that the reason supply is being threatened is a result of factors that range from geopolitics to the upcoming hurricane season. These are events that oil companies have no control over and are instead at the mercy of.
Reasons why prices are up is because of things like unrest in Nigeria, a crazy Venezuelan President who is now threatening to nationalize oil after private firms spent billions building it, Iran nuclear concerns and the United States decision to force oil companies to convert to ethanol for MTBE.
Not only does our government know that oil companies have no control over the price they also know they are one of the big reasons for the rise. The governments decision to force companies to switch to ethanol at the beginning of the driving season instead of the end is head scratching. Further the Iraq war and our constant verbal attacks on Iran are not being made by Exxon but by politicians pushing prices even higher. Now that Washington has helped push prices nice and high they figure they can do the next best thing, take the money by lying to the American people. Our government is trying to shift the blame and demonize our oil industry by threatening to tax them.
It doesn’t matter that our oil industry only has about 9% profit margins the lowest of any industry, as a comparison the cable industry has margins closer to 35%. It doesn’t matter because they know figuring out percentages is something that gives the American people headaches. Politicians like Hillary Clinton and Arlen Specter know that they can throw large numbers around like $10 billion and get the American people to jump on board.
Is creating policies to get oil prices up a grand scheme to jilt the American people into letting big Gov steal money from the oil companies? I don’t know but the facts are hard to ignore. What I don know is that our government already taxes the American consumer on every gallon we purchase to the tune of 18 cents per gallon for federal taxes and varying amounts on the state level, with New York charging an additional 32 cents. If our government was not scheming and meant it when they said they were concerned about the American people they would let oil companies keep their 9% so they can invest it in more supply. Instead they should give a temporary reprieve on gas taxes to help out during the driving season. I wouldn’t hold your breath waiting but at least you now have some food for thought when the government really starts talking “windfall”.
New York, NY – The New York Young Republican Club held our general monthly meeting on Thursday, April 20 at the Union League Club. U.S. Senate Candidate KT McFarland and Manhattan Institute Fellow R.P. Eddy addressed the club. Newly elected club President Richard Brownell presided over the meeting.
Senatorial candidate KT McFarland gave members a history of her impressive government experience and explained how the events of September 11 prompted her to reenter public service. Ms. McFarland outlined her agenda and goals should she be elected to represent New York in the Senate.
R.P. Eddy, Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism at the Manhattan Institute, Executive Director of the Center for Policing Terrorism (CPT), which focuses on the role of police in the fight against terror, and Managing Director of Gerson Lehrman Group, the world’s leading primary research firm, gave an enlightening presentation on the risk of home-grown terrorists and Hezbollah.
The Community Outreach Committee recently adopted a soldier in Iraq. At the meeting they collected items for a care package to send to the soldier and her unit. At the conclusion of the meeting, members gathered for a picture to include in the care package, and signed a card thanking her for her dedicated service. The club plans on regularly corresponding with the soldier and periodically sending care packages to Iraq.
While the stock markets have been hitting multi-year highs, President Bush has been hitting multi-year lows when it comes to his approval ratings. Whether it’s a segment of the market or the Presidents declining popularity it’s always easy to jump on the bandwagon and try to catch the momentum to gain some profit. In the market when things get too hot, like Internet stocks in the late 90’s, there comes a point of capitulation where every single person is on board meaning there is only one place to go but in the opposite direction. When the reversal is about to occur there are always plenty of signs. Most of the time it’s when people who have no business being in that part of the market jump on the back of bus. They’re the late comers who couldn’t find a seat and are forced to hang on by their fingernails usually with the outcome being them falling off and getting run over by oncoming traffic.
This morning I saw the equivalent of this in politics when I went to purchase my NY Sun and on the counter was the latest issue of Rolling Stones Magazine. On the cover was a drawing of President Bush with a stupid looking face wearing a dunce cap. The headline in big letters asked if George Bush was the worst President ever and how a “historian” looks into the issue. In my opinion seeing that caused me to loose all respect for the magazine and the historian who would actually write in Rolling Stone. Rolling Stones job is to write about entertainment not politics (though politics could be viewed as such). They have no business even flirting the idea of trying to make such a claim but this is what happens when capitulation rears its ugly head.
After I got over my initial anger I actually was glad that they did it. In my opinion this is the sign that President Bush’s value has hit bottom and is ready for a sharp rebound. Rolling Stone writing about President Bush is like all those old ladies in March 2000 who couldn’t miss out and sold their CD’s to buy technology stocks only to loose it all. When you see people like that coming you know it’s time to leave the party. At this point there is no one left to jump on except maybe the people at Highlights. Based on this, I’m predicting for those short President Bush, it’s time to cover and get ready for the rise.
In the beginning it seemed Senator Schumer was making a great political move. With the American public’s lack of knowledge on trade and economics, getting on his soapbox in the Senate to champion a bill against China seemed like a good idea for his political future. With U.S. trade deficits at all time highs attacking China with their cheap labor and snails pace of currency reform made Schumer’s plan of placing 27% tariffs on Chinese goods look like he was fighting for the people. He did the TV rounds and gave speeches about how China needs to act or he would. Senator Schumer even took his saber rattling to the next level by taking a trip to China to show the American people he meant business.
Unfortunately for Schumer all his hard work appears to be coming back to bite him in the rear hurting his reputation not helping it. First as the months have passed the American public has become more educated on the topic. Thanks to the hundreds of economic experts that have been gracing the TV, the American public has learned that Senator Schumer’s plans would be a disaster for the U.S. economy and worse not change the U.S. trade deficit. Though the U.S. trade deficit is high, China account for less then 20%, which means even if China was to revalue their currency it would only lower the U.S. trade deficit by a mere 10%.
Worse then having no effect on the deficit it would open up the U.S. economy to problems. His tariffs would raise the cost of goods on thousands of products that many, including the poorest in the U.S. must consume everyday. This would mean fewer products would be consumed which would raise unemployment, as layoffs would ensue. What the American public is starting to learn is that we have tried this once before, it was called the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. The Act in an attempt to help the U.S. economy raised import tariffs on thousands of goods, what followed was the great depression.
The problem for Schumer is that everyday now the talking heads are discussing China with part of that discussion being about the “Schumer Bill”. The discussion tough is never positive with all the parties in the group agreeing the “Schumer Bill” is bad. The signs that it’s taking its toll on Schumer is the fact that he has stopped making his rounds and came back from China backpedaling saying he would not act on his tariff scheme just yet.
As someone who is not a big fan of Senator Schumer I enjoy watching him flounder in his own ignorance though as a citizen of what is the capital of finance, it’s embarrassing that the state’s senator is 90 cents short of a dollar on the topic.
The Wal-Mart issue has made it back into the news again as the chain continues to try and convince the New York City Council to please take their money. What I’m referring to is the fact that New York City continues to loose millions of tax dollars to New Jersey, Nassau, Connecticut and Westchester. On Thursday I posted how Wal-Mart was trying to find a space in Flushing, Queens. I mentioned how Wal-Mart knows City residents want Wal-Mart based on their collected credit card data that shows residents are leaving the city to shop in Wal-Mart’s elsewhere. My comments were confirmed this morning when the New York Sun reported that Wal-Mart will today release credit card data showing just how much money the city is loosing. My comments and the report had nothing to do with each other except pure coincidence and the fact that it doesn’t take a rocket scientist to know what goes into a retail company deciding where to open up shop.
Considering it doesn’t take a rocket scientist it continues to blow my mind how the City Council ignores all the obvious facts surrounding the issue. Facts like, it is known that New York City losses millions of dollars in tax receipts to surrounding areas because Wal-Mart is not here. This isn’t theory. If a Wal-Mart in Nassau takes in a credit card sale from a Queens resident we know that money would have been spent in Queens if Wal-Mart were located there. Another fact is that the city looses additional tax money through the businesses people like John Liu on the City Council are claiming to protect. They claim Wal-Mart would hurt small businesses but these businesses skim the city everyday of the week. We all have been to stores in this city where the owner told us if we pay in cash the tax would be waved. These businesses skim the city of millions of dollars every year, something Wal-Mart can’t do. Further these small businesses violate every labor law on the books by paying workers off the books, evading income taxes. Many also violate child labor laws hiring teenagers off the books without working papers. Again something Wal-Mart could never get away with.
When all the data is put on the table it becomes obvious that the city councils constant attacks against the company are ridiculous and shine a light on what the real issue is. The real issue is that the unions who view Wal-Mart as a threat control the city council. The council being the lowest people on the totem pole when it comes to politics have more strings attached to it then a wooden puppet. Even though people like John Liu and Christine Quinn know Wal-Mart would do wonders economically for the city’s cash strapped accounts they have to play dumb. Then again for the city council I guess that’s not too hard.
While she could be spending time with family over the Easter holiday, Anti-War Protestor Extraordinaire Cindy Sheehan has decided to camp out in Crawford, Texas, near the Bush ranch to protest the war in Iraq. Along with a small group of protestors, Sheehan will again skew the facts of the war and continue to besmirch the memory of her son, Casey, who died in combat in 2004.
Sheehan and her gaggle had vowed to gather in Crawford every time Bush is in town because they generally have nothing more constructive to do than to disrupt the lives of citizens of that sleepy little Texas hideaway. Bush has spent virtually every Easter in Crawford since he became president, but this year had decided to travel to Camp David instead. Naturally Sheehan says he is hiding from her. And it seems that so is much of the press these days, as Sheehan’s celebrity status among the Hollywood left and the liberal media has diminished considerably. I guess her brand of crazy just went out of style.
Yesterday Wal-Mart made news when it revealed that it was looking to place a store in Flushing in a large location that has been abandoned for years. As a resident of Flushing for 30 years I immediately knew where Wal-Mart was referring too. The location, on Roosevelt Ave off of Main Street, use to be Macy’s before they closed. I remember many of days shopping with my mom there as a little kid. The location then became a Caldor before they too packed up and left. Knowing the location I don’t know if the space would have been good for Wal-Mart for the simple reason that it’s a little small for what Wal-Mart is use too. Wal-Mart took a look anyway because their studies, not the politicians, tells them New Yorkers want Wal-Mart. They know this because their credit card receipts from stores in Long Island and New Jersey tell them people are coming from the City to shop there.
Despite the data that shows Wal-Mart would be great for the City our representatives still fight hard to keep them out. This time it was Flushing’s City Council member Democrat John Liu. John Liu after hearing the report told the New York Sun “Wal-Mart is not welcome in Flushing”. As a resident of Flushing his comments make sense. Flushing has become a stronghold for Asian nationalism in the City and John Liu is its result. He has fought hard to make sure more than just Wal-Mart isn’t welcomed as he has consistently fought local groups to make sure signs for local businesses don’t have to have English. This creates an unfriendly environment for anyone who can’t read them. The business owners also do their part for when you try to patronize their stores; many treat you poorly making you feel not welcomed. It’s also well known and something I have experienced personally, that if you attempt to call one of the real-estate offices in the neighborhood, if you’re not Asian you don’t get your call returned.
It’s funny watching John Liu attempt to get on his high horse and act as if he’s concerned about Wal-Mart bringing down this great town. Considering John Liu had no problem tearing down landmarks like 100-year-old buildings like the old Queens County Bank to build a crappy little mall, it’s amazing he would think Wal-Mart is a detriment to the town. I think Wal-Mart should try the location again but this time tell Liu they’ll put their sign in Chinese. | 2019-04-19T14:33:31Z | http://nyyrc.com/blog/2006/04/ |
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Instant Payment – Naturally, what every gambler would love is being able to make instant deposits. Well, this is a real option at all Skrill gambling sites. Namely, when you make a payment at a Moneybookers casino (Skrill), you can expect the transfer to be processed and completed within a few minutes. This means a lot to those that are impatient to start playing their favourite casino games. So, instead of going for bank transfers, which usually take up to several business days, you can always stick to making a Skrill casino deposit. Even cashouts are processed instantly via Skrill. However, the total completion time depends on the withdrawal pending time policy of the casinos that accept Skrill.
Most online casinos accept Skrill deposits – Unlike alternatives such as ecoPayz, Apple Pay and InstaDebit, Skrill is accepted at most online casino operators on the market. It really doesn’t matter what consumers the operator is targeting or what are the site’s limits. The rule is – almost all online casinos work with Skrill and accept it as both deposit as well as a withdrawal method. This is extremely useful for players who have multiple casino accounts because they can conveniently use a single payment method everywhere. Being able to have all casino transactions in a single e-wallet helps you track your uploads, cashouts and even the entire bankroll.
You can deposit & withdraw via Skrill – Casinos with Skrill deposit will usually allow you to make a payment via the method, but also cash out your funds via Skrill too. This is a serious advantage of using this particular banking method since you’ll be able to have a neat record of all your casino payments and withdrawals at the same account. Certain payment options may restrict you in this regard and demand that you use alternative withdrawal methods. Moreover, withdrawing via credit/debit cards shows the transactions on your bank records. Using Skrill, on the other hand, keeps all casino transactions away from your bank records, plus it makes depositing and withdrawing much simpler.
Safe & Easy to Use – Finally, we must mention that Skrill is incredibly safe as well as easy to use. In terms of safety, the company employs the latest SSL encryption technologies. Plus, it always keeps all customer funds safe and secure. Additionally, when you use it at Skrill deposit casinos, you only enter your e-mail address and password in order to log in. Therefore, you never provide any sensitive information such as credit/debit card details. Furthermore, for most Skrill transactions you simply need to provide your e-mail only and confirm the transaction, so it can be instantly completed. In other words, unlike other casino banking options, completing Skrill deposits and withdrawals takes no more than a few clicks.
Fees may be charged – Well, the first disadvantage of using Skrill as a payment method is associated with all other casino banking methods really. Namely, making a casino deposit Skrill may not come with casino commission, but the company does include fees on Skrill transactions. Therefore, uploading cash on Skrill comes with 1.00% charges, while withdrawing funds from Skrill may cost you £4.76 or 7.50%, depending on the used method. Moreover, even sending money with Skrill comes with charges of 1.45% and the minimum fee is set at £0.43. Even not using your Skrill account has its fees. The company charges a service fee of 3 euros to those who will not use their e-wallet at least once every 12 months.
Not all countries allow Skrill Transactions – Another serious drawback of Skrill is the long list of restricted countries. Sure, most popular markets such as the Ireland, Germany and Denmark are covered. However, players from many other countries such as the USA, Cuba, Iran and Afghanistan won’t be able to make a Skrill casino deposit. Plus, as there are many country restrictions, the service doesn’t support many languages, which may be an issue for players that can’t speak English. Skrill, however, remains a top option for Ireland gamblers as it is offered in English and supports GBP. Also, Skrill is a great choice for players from Canada and Australia, whose legislations allow punters to play at offshore sites.
Slow Support – Finally, the last con of Skrill is related to the company’s customer care. Even though these days Skrill seems dedicated to improving its customer support service, the company has a really bad reputation in this regard. There are hundreds of unsatisfied user reviews, where consumers complain about the untimely response from the Skrill support team. Moreover, the company doesn’t seem to have a dispute system in place, unlike its competitor PayPal. These two issues can be extremely irritating to users who want to get fast and professional assistance. This is especially a serious issue for high-rollers who must wait for days for their account to be verified and limits to be improved.
Skrill is the perfect payment method for playing casino games online because there are no deposit limits for gamblers. Consequently, gamblers worldwide can play with both high or low stakes at any online casino Skrill. Moreover, as the banking method is accepted by leading gambling sites and supports games by world-class providers, Skrill users get access to the industry’s best picks.
Anyone wondering if there are any Skrill slots sites, they can rest assured that the selection of such sites is huge. Namely, almost all popular online gambling sites belong into the category of Skrill slots casinos, where consumers can enjoy a vast number of top-class video slots, classic slots and even 3D slots. Most Skrill slots come with impressive graphic effects, realistic sounds and innovative features. Therefore, players have a lot to look forward to when they make deposits at Skrill online casinos. Some such picks not to miss include Gonzo’s Quest, Mega Moolah and Cleopatra.
Whichever of the Skrill casino sites featured on our list you select, you can expect thrilling variants of roulette offered there. Moreover, sometimes, using this payment method may even result in a juicy Skrill casino bonus, perfect for playing high-quality roulette games. Since top providers such as Microgaming, NetEnt and Playtech supply Skrill casinos, users at such sites can enjoy both classic and unique roulette titles. Thus, expect many amusing titles including European Roulette, La Partage Roulette and Multi-Wheel Roulette.
Spanish Blackjack, Classic Blackjack, Double Exposure Blackjack and Vegas Strip Blackjack are only a few variants of the popular table game Skrill users can try. Namely, anywhere you can make a Skrill casino deposit, you can also play numerous variants of exquisite online blackjack games. Considering that Skrill online casinos usually boast with a rich game offer, it is not surprising that their blackjack game selection can blow the minds of even the pickiest players. Plus, expect table limits that can meet the needs of all bankroll sizes.
If you enjoy authentic casino atmosphere and sharing your gambling experience with other people, there’s no need to worry! After all, every site where you can make a casino deposit Skrill probably features a top-notch live dealer casino platform. Usually, the software provider behind such platforms is Evolution Gaming, but a fair share of Skrill casinos have live tables powered by Playtech, Microgaming and NetEnt as well. The game selection at those Skrill online casinos often features live roulette, live blackjack, live baccarat and live poker.
PayPal – PayPal is probably the world’s most popular and commonly-used e-wallet. Therefore, it comes as little surprise that this method is an excellent alternative to Skrill. Using PayPal is perfectly safe as the company meets high safety standards. Moreover, PayPal also provides instant money transfers from and to your online casino account. Just like all other e-wallets, PayPal transactions come with processing fees applied by the company. These generally vary from 1.5% to 3.4%. Online casinos, nonetheless, almost never apply charges on online casino PayPal deposit. The two main disadvantages of using PayPal as a Skrill alternative, however, are the low acceptance rate and low max deposit limits. Namely, while most operators accept a Skrill casino deposit, approximately only 40% of them work with PayPal. Plus, the max PayPal payments mostly go up to modest £5,500.
Neteller – Considering the fact that Neteller and Skrill are owned by the same company, Neteller is probably the best alternative to Skrill. Neteller is actually a top-choice when it comes to online casino deposits and withdrawals. Both options are often processed instantly, plus free of charge. Naturally, the company itself applies certain charges on transactions and these fees move around 2.5%. It goes without saying that Neteller casinos are perfectly safe and secure to use, plus they are present in over 200 countries worldwide. Almost without an exception, the Neteller casino limits are identical to the Skrill casino limits. So, minimum deposit amount starts at £10 and goes up to £20, while max payment amount goes up to £80,000. We would conclude that making a deposit with Neteller casinos is quite the same with making a casino Skrill deposit.
ecoPayz or Entropay – ecoPayz and Entropay are two other popular e-wallets among online gamblers. Both options function in a similar manner i.e. provide instant transactions to and from casino accounts. ecoPayz and Entropay are safe casino deposit methods, but they are not as widely accepted as Skrill. Similarly, both ecoPayz and Entropay come with service fees on transactions, with bank withdrawals costing between $6.5 and $10. In terms of transaction limits, the minimum casino payments are in line with the other options. The maximum deposit amount, however, may be restricted as ecoPayz, for example, allows transactions of up to $10,000. In other words, ecoPayz and Entropay are good alternatives to Skrill, but we still believe that players should stick to casino deposit Skrill.
Upaycard – Upaycard is an e-wallet just like PayPal, Neteller and Skrill. This company is based in the Ireland and operates under the regulations of the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). In other words, Upaycard guarantees safety and security to all its users, regardless of why and how they use the service. Most Upaycard casino deposit and withdrawal requests are free of charge, while the company applies charges on deposits and withdrawals to and from your Upaycard wallet. These fees are pretty much similar to the fees applied by other e-wallet services, including casino Skrill deposit and ecoPayz. With this in mind, it can be concluded that using Upaycard is quite like using any of the other casino banking options. However, Upaycard has the same issue as PayPal since the method is not as widely accepted as Skrill or Neteller.
Now, when you know everything about this payment system, you can start making use of this information, get your first winnings and withdraw them with the help of it. Just create an account, choose to pay with Skrill casino deposit sites from our list and play your favourite slots and other casino games. If you still have any questions, check our FAQ section.
Skrill is one of the E-wallet payment systems highly popular both in the Ireland and in the rest of the world. There are many online casinos with this payment option and thus many players using it to make gambling deposits and play casino games for real money.
What are Skrill deposit limits?
As always, the answer to this question depends on your chosen Skrill casino. Namely, any Skrill casino deposit limits are set by the operators, thus you should always check them in the banking section. Nevertheless, generally, the minimum deposit varies between £10 and £20. On the other hand, the maximum deposit may be as low as £5,000 per transaction as well as go up to high £80,000. As you can see, Skrill casino sites have various policies when it comes to payment limits and therefore you should do your research prior to making a deposit.
Which Countries Accept Skrill Gambling Transactions?
While many payments systems are only available in selected countries, this payment solution can be used worldwide with the minor exceptions. Users from most of the countries can make casino deposit Skrill option in online gambling sites, including Ireland online casinos.
Is it Safe to Deposit or Withdraw Money via Skrill?
Would there be so many Irish online casino websites that accept Skrill if it was not safe? We don’t think so. It is the worldwide famous company that have all the corresponding licenses and makes sure that the customers’ funds and personal information are always safe. While you play in reliable gambling sites only, you can forget about frauds and hidden commissions.
Which Ireland Online Casinos Accept Skrill?
Skrill is one of the available payment options in most of the large and reliable online casinos. Our list of the best online casinos accepting Skrill includes 888 Casino, Golden Tiger Casino, Zodiac Casino, 32Red and some other. These casinos are very popular among the Ireland and international gamblers, and you can choose one of them if you are an experienced gambler or just start your way in the gambling world. The complete pay by Skrill casinos list of the casinos can be found on our website.
What Countries are Restricted from Using Skrill?
In 2016 the payment method was blacklisted in Russia by Roskomnadzor, the regulatory agency responsible for supervising all media. In some countries, including China and the US, the use of Skrill accounts is limited, and gambling deposits are not allowed. If this payment method is blocked in your country, just check our guide about Neteller, PayPal or ecoPayz which are the best alternatives. | 2019-04-20T16:11:05Z | https://irishcasinohex.com/online-casinos/skrill/ |
"Animals in war" redirects here. For the memorial in Canada, see Animals in War Memorial.
Monuments for military animals in Ottawa, Ontario.
Military animals are trained animals that are used in warfare and other combat related activities. As working animals, different military animals serve different functions. Horses, elephants, camels, and other animals have been used for both transportation and mounted attack. Pigeons were used for communication and photographic espionage. Many other animals have been reportedly used in various specialized military functions, including rats and pigs. Dogs have long been employed in a wide variety of military purposes, more recently focusing on guarding and bomb detection, and along with dolphins and sea lions are in active use today.
A U.S. Navy dog handler at the War Dog Memorial in the National War Dog Cemetery at Naval Base Guam. The cemetery honors the dogs—mostly Doberman Pinschers—that were killed in service with the United States Marine Corps during the Second Battle of Guam in 1944.
Photo released on November 12, 2001 claiming to show "the first American cavalry charge of the 21st century" in league with Northern Alliance forces in the Battle of Mazar-i-Sharif.
The horse was the most widely used animal throughout the recorded history of warfare. Early mounts could pull a chariot or carry lightly armored skirmishing forces. With the appearance of heavier mounts and the invention of the stirrup, the horse-mounted cavalry became the most prestigious combat arm in Europe for several centuries. A knight's warhorse was trained to bite and kick. The combination of the horse-mounted warrior armed with a bow made the steppe people's armies the most powerful military force in Asian history. With the appearance of modern ranged weapons and motor vehicles, horse use for military purposes fell into decline. However, horses and mules are still used extensively by various armies today for transport in difficult terrain.
While elephants are not considered domesticable, they can be trained to serve as mounts, or for moving heavy loads. Sanskrit hymns record their use for military purposes as early as 1,100 B.C. A group of elephants was employed by Hannibal during the Second Punic War. They were employed as recently as World War II by both the Japanese and Allies. Elephants could perform the work of machines in locations where vehicles could not penetrate, so they found use in the Burma Campaign.
Camels have typically seen use as mounts in arid regions (Camel cavalry). They are better able to traverse sandy deserts than horses, and require far less water. Camels were employed in both world wars. Camels are used by the Indian Army and Border Security Force for patrolling in the desert regions of Rajasthan.
Mules were used by the U.S. Army , the British Army and the Indian Army during World War II to carry supplies and equipment over difficult terrain. Pack animals that are innately patient, cautious, and hardy, mules could carry heavy loads of supplies where Jeeps and even pack horses could not travel. Mules were used in North Africa, Burma, and in Italy. They are also used for transporting supplies in mountainous regions.
Oxen have been used widely in war as beasts of burden, especially to transport heavy or siege artillery through heavy terrain.
Both Sweden and, later, the Soviet Union, attempted to utilize moose as deep-snow cavalry. Moose were discovered to be unsuitable for warfare, as they easily contracted livestock diseases, were difficult to feed, and fled the battleground. The Soviets later trained moose not to be gun-shy, but were unable to make use of their cavalry because of the Soviet-Finnish War and World War II.
A dog employed by the Sanitary Corps during World War I to locate wounded soldiers. It is fitted with a gas mask.
Dogs were used by the ancient Greeks for war purposes, and they were undoubtedly used much earlier in history. The Roman Empire, starting with Marcus Aurelius, also used dogs in combat. The Romans trained the Molossian dog (or Canis Molossus) specifically for battle, often coating them in protective spiked metal collars and mail armor, and arranging them into attack formations. During their conquest of Latin America, Spanish conquistadors used Alaunts to kill warriors in the Caribbean, Mexico and Peru. Mastiffs, as well as Great Danes, were used in England during the Middle Ages, where their large size was used to scare horses to throw off their riders or to pounce on knights on horseback, disabling them until their master delivered the final blow.
Ramses II had a pet lion which fought with him during the Battle of Kadesh.
Pliny the Elder wrote about the use of war pigs against elephants. As he relates it, elephants became scared by the squeal of a pig and would panic, bringing disaster to any soldiers who stood in their path of flight.
Dürer's Rhinoceros, a fanciful 'armoured' depiction.
It is unsubstantiated that rhinoceros were used for war functions. By analyzing Albrecht Dürer's famous 1515 woodcut, it is possible that the liberties taken with the rhino's design[clarification needed] were in fact designs for a suit of armour created for the rhinoceros's fight in Portugal. However, rhinos' apparently 'thick' or 'plated' skin is actually very sensitive and the animals have poor eyesight, heavily limiting their ability to run in a specific direction. Their overly aggressive nature would make them unsuitable for use in mounted combat.
War elephants were widely used in most parts of South Asia and North Africa, and were also employed by the Diadochi kingdoms and the Roman Empire.
According to Pr. Shi Bo, in "Trente-six Stratagèmes Chinois" (in French, ISBN 2-911858-06-9), monkeys were used in the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, in a battle between rebels of the Yanzhou (Yasuo) province and the Chinese Imperial Army, led by Zhao Yu. The monkeys were used as live incendiary devices. The animals were clothed with straw, dipped in oil and set on fire. They were set loose into the enemy's camp, thereby setting the tents on fire, and driving the whole camp into chaos.
In 1267, the sheriff of Essex was accused of plotting to release flying cockerels carrying bombs over London.
Anti-tank dogs – a Soviet, World War II weapon that had mixed success. Canines with explosives strapped to their backs were used as anti-tank weapons.
Project Pigeon – a proposed U.S. World War II weapon that used pigeons to guide bombs.
Bat bomb, a U.S. project that used Mexican free-tailed bats to carry small incendiary bombs.
Animal-borne bombs have been used by modern terrorists and insurgents in the Middle East, who have affixed explosives to animals, sometimes left wandering alone, and other times ridden by suicide bombers, in modern insurgent attacks in the Middle East.
Historical accounts of incendiary pigs were recorded by the military writer Polyaenus and by Aelian. Both writers reported that Antigonus II Gonatas' siege of Megara in 266 BC was broken when the Megarians doused some pigs with combustible pitch, crude oil or resin, set them alight, and drove them towards the enemy's massed war elephants. The elephants bolted in terror from the flaming, squealing pigs, often killing great numbers of their own soldiers by trampling them to death.
Exploding rat – dead rats were prepared for use by the British Special Operations Executive in World War II against Germany. Rat carcasses were filled with plastic explosives, to be left in locations such as factories where, it was hoped, the stoker tending a boiler would likely dispose of the unpleasant discovery by shoveling it into the furnace, causing it to explode. The rats contained only a small amount of explosive; however, a puncture of a high-pressure boiler could trigger a devastating boiler explosion.
Animal carcasses have been used to camouflage roadside improvised explosive devices during the Iraqi insurgency.
Homing pigeons have seen use since medieval times for carrying messages. They were still employed for a similar purpose during World War I and World War II. In World War II, experiments were also performed in the use of the pigeon for guiding missiles, known as Project Pigeon. The pigeon was placed inside so that they could see out through a window. They were trained to peck at controls to the left or right, depending on the location of a target shape.
Some dogs also saw use as messengers.
There is a long-standing tradition of military mascots – animals associated with military units that act as emblems, pets or take part in ceremonies.
In the years before the First World War pigeon photography was introduced to military intelligence gathering. Although employed during major battles like at Verdun and Somme, the method was not particularly successful. Various attempts in this direction were made during the Second World War as well. A CIA pigeon camera dating from the 1970s is displayed in the CIA Museum; details of CIA missions using this camera are still classified.
The Acoustic Kitty was a CIA project to use surgically modified cats to spy on the Kremlin and Soviet embassies in the 1960s. Despite expenditure of around $10 million, the project failed to produce practical results and was cancelled in 1967. Documents about the project were declassified in 2001.
In 2006, The Independent ran a story that the "Pentagon develops brain implants to turn sharks into military spies".
In 2007 Iranian authorities captured 14 squirrels, which were allegedly carrying spying equipment. The story was widely dismissed in the West as "nuts".
A number of spying scares in the Middle East involved birds. According to Israeli ornithologist Yossi Leshem, Sudanese authorities detained an Egyptian vulture in the late 1970s, and a white pelican in the early 1980s, both carrying Israeli equipment used for animal migration tracking. A more mediatized event was the 2011 capture by a Saudi farmer of a griffon vulture, which was eventually released by the Saudi authorities after they determined that the Israeli equipment it carried was used for scientific purposes. This was followed by international mockery and criticism of the Arab media outlets which uncritically had reported on the bird's alleged role in espionage. In 2012, a dead European bee-eater tagged with an Israeli leg band was found by villagers near the south-eastern Turkish city of Gaziantep. The villagers worried that the bird may have carried a micro-chip from Israeli intelligence to spy on the area. Turkish authorities examined the corpse of the bee-eater and assured villagers that it is common to equip migratory birds with rings in order to track their movements.
Dogs have been used for detecting mines; they were trained to spot trip wires, as well as mines and other booby traps. They were also employed for sentry duty, and to spot snipers or hidden enemy forces.
On land, giant pouched rats such as the Gambian giant pouched rat have been tested with considerable success as specialised mine detecting animals, as their keen sense of smell helps in the identification of explosives and their small size prevents them from triggering land mines.
Chickens were used during the Gulf Wars to detect poisonous gases in an operation called Kuwaiti Field Chicken (KFC); the designation of the US Marines for chickens used in this role was Poultry Chemical Confirmation Devices. The plan was put on hold after 41 of 43 chicken used for such purposes died within a week of arrival in Kuwait. During the First Gulf War, the Weekly World News published a fictional account how such a chicken was awarded a medal after saving a French general's life.
Beginning during the Cold War, research has been done into the uses of many species of marine mammals for military purposes. The U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program uses military dolphins and sea lions for underwater sentry duty, mine clearance, and object recovery.
Pictured with a reel of communication wire, Sergeant Reckless was a highly decorated US Marine Corps artillery horse in the Korean War.
Cats were used in the Royal Navy to control vermin on board ships. Able seacat Simon of HMS Amethyst received the Dickin Medal.
During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Nationalist pilots attached fragile supplies to live turkeys, which descended flapping their wings, thus serving as parachutes which could also be eaten by the defenders of the monastery of Santa Maria de la Cabeza.
Furthermore, use of military chickens was proposed in the British Blue Peacock project. The scheme involved burying nuclear bombs in the ground for later detonation should occupied (West) Germany be overrun by Warsaw Pact forces. The primitive electronic devices of the 1950s were unreliable in frozen ground, and the chickens were considered as a source of biogenic heat. This story has often been reported as an April Fool's joke, but when it was declassified and proven to be a true story on 1 April 2004 (April Fool's Day), the head of education and interpretation at the UK National Archives said, "It does seem like an April Fool but it most certainly is not. The Civil Service does not do jokes."
In the Battle of Pelusium (525 BC) between the Achaemenid Empire and Ancient Egypt, the Achaemenid forces used cats and other animals as psychological tactic against the Egyptians, who avoided harming cats due to religious beliefs.
Many famous generals had renowned mounts, including Julius Caesar's legendary horse with "toes" described by Suetonius, the Duke of Wellington's famed charger Copenhagen, Napoleon Bonaparte's Marengo, Alexander the Great's horse Bucephalus, and Robert E. Lee's horse Traveller.
The movie Wanted features rats strapped with explosive devices, used in a similar manner to the bats of Project X-ray during World War II.
The 2010 British film Four Lions has one of the main characters attaching home made bombs to crows, in an attempt to commit Jihad.
The EA game Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 features the Allies using dolphins, the Soviets using giant squid, and both sides using dogs.
During the British occupation of Basra, rumours of "man-eating badgers" emerged from the local population, including allegations that these beasts were released by the British troops, something that the British strenuously denied. The event received coverage in the Western press during the 2007 silly season.
^ "Marine Mammal Program". Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ "BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - War veteran elephant dies". BBC News. 26 February 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Geist, Valerius (1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology. United States of America: Stackpole Books. pp. 241–242. ISBN 0811704963.
^ TyB. "10 Historical Characters and their Unusual Pets". Listverse.com. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
^ Suggested by Glynis Ridley (2004), Clara's Grand Tour: Travels with a Rhinoceros in Eighteenth-century Europe, Atlantic Monthly Press, ISBN 1-84354-010-X, a study of Clara the rhinoceros; however, there is no mention of this in Bedini.
^ "Israel Moves Deep Into Gaza". CBS News. 27 January 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ "Dish Network Deals - Dish TV Specials - Vgernet". Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Harden, A. (2013). Animals in the Classical World: Ethical Perspectives from Greek and Roman Texts. Springer. p. 139. ISBN 9781137319319.
^ Mayor, Adrienne (2014). "Chapter 17: Animals in Warfare". In Campbell, Gordon Lindsay (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. pp. 292–293. ISBN 9780191035159.
^ British Special Operations Executive (SOE): Tools and Gadgets Gallery. BBC. Retrieved June 7, 2005.
^ "Aerial Reconnaissance". Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Ciar Byrne (11 September 2001). "Project: Acoustic Kitty". the Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ "Top 5 Crazy Government Experiments". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Connor, Steve (2 March 2006). "Pentagon develops brain implants to turn sharks into military spies". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ "BBC NEWS - Americas - US 'plans stealth shark spies'". BBC News. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ "Iranian Police Smash Squirrel Spy Ring". Sky News. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Turkey villagers see Israeli spy in migratory bird BBC, May 16, 2012.
^ Wood, Ian (18 December 2007). "Rats being used to sniff out land mines". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
^ Giant rats sniff out Mozambique's mines. IOL (29 January 2009).
^ "Bitcoin Donations Can Now Fund Mine-Detecting 'Super Rats'". CoinDesk. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ "The Chicken Defense". TIME.com. 18 February 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Murphy, Verity (11 March 2003). "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Let slip the sea lions of war". BBC News. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ France's fightin' fowl: War chicken awarded medal for bravery!. Weekly World News. 23 April 1991. p. 33. ISSN 0199-574X.
^ "He rode a remarkable horse, too, with feet that were almost human; for its hoofs were cloven in such a way as to look like toes. This horse was foaled on his own place, and since the soothsayers had declared that it foretold the rule of the world for its master, he reared it with the greatest care, and was the first to mount it, for it would endure no other rider. Afterwards, too, he dedicated a statue of it before the temple of Venus Genetrix." Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar 61.
^ "The Wellington Statue, Aldershot". .hants.gov.uk. 2012-05-23. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
Cooper, Jilly (2002). Animals In War. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-729-7.
Nocella, Anthony J. II, ed. et al., "Animals and War: Confronting the Military-Animal Industrial Complex" (2013, Lexington Books), ISBN 978-0739186510.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military animals.
An Additional “R”: Remembering the Animals (PDF), an article about memorials for animals, including military animals. HTML version, without photos.
This page was last edited on 22 March 2019, at 10:46 (UTC). | 2019-04-20T15:15:06Z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_animal |
Gyproc SoundBloc is available with ACTIVair technology.
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Thistle Multi-Finish or Thistle Board Finish To provide a plaster skim finish. or Thistle Durafinish To provide improved resistance to accidental damage. or Thistle Spray Finish Gypsum finish plaster for spray or hand application.
Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel is fixed at the head and base. Gypframe studs are fitted vertically to a friction-fit within the channel sections, and to abutments, to form the framework. This allows for adjustment during boarding. Studs are fitted so as to all face the same way. Additional framing is installed as required to support heavy fixtures. Boards are screw-fixed to framing members to form the lining. Horizontal board-end joints of face lining boards should be backed with Gypframe GFS1 Fixing Strap (single and double layer) or Gypframe GFT1 Fixing ‘T’ (single layer only). Openings Details for openings differ according to Duty requirements. See Design - Door openings later for further details.
walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 1 x 12. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.5 2 x 12.british-gypsum. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 4 75 75 75 75 80 80 80 80 100 100 WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard 1 x 12.5 2 x 15 2500 2800 2800 2800 2800 3000 3000 3700 36 36 39 42 44 46 51 45 Severe Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Severe Severe Severe 25 24 27 24 27 43 43 42 G106010 A206066 A206299 A206098 A206300 A206154 A206186 A206004 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.5 2 x 12.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 74 A Table 1a – GypWall CLASSIC 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . 6 NBS work section K10 .5 2500 2500 2500 2500 2800 2800 2800 2800 3400 3000 34 37 40 43 36 39 42 44 42 49 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Severe Severe 18 22 18 22 22 26 22 26 35 35 A206001 A206152 A206033 A206184 A206002 A206153 A206034 A206185 A206003 A206035 60 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 3 75 80 80 80 80 100 100 110 Glasroc F MULTIBOARD FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine SoundBloc F SoundBloc SoundBloc WallBoard 1 x 12.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 RR LIFETIM E . Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12. Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. whichever is the more onerous. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. Linings as in table. Linings as in table.5 1 x 12. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Linings as in table. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. Linings as in table.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12.www.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 .5 1 x 12.
A Table 1a – GypWall CLASSIC 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.5 2 x 15 2 x 15 3400 3000 3000 42 49 53 Severe Severe Severe 40 51 51 A206067 A206155 A206187 120 minutes fire resistance EN 3 4 3 100 100 110 FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 12. weight kg/m2 System reference 90 minutes fire resistance EN 3 3 4 100 110 110 FireLine SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 12.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 NBS work section K10 . Linings as in table.5 2 x 15 3000 3000 3700 42 49 45 Severe Severe Severe 40 40 49 A206067 A206099 A206156 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. Linings as in table.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 75 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E .T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.5 2 x 12. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.com SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. whichever is the more onerous.enquiries@bpb. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.
5 2500 2500 2800 2800 2800 2800 3400 3400 3400 3400 43 36 36 39 42 44 42 46 49 51 Heavy Severe Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Severe Severe Severe Severe 20 25 24 27 24 27 35 43 35 43 G106008 G106010 A206066 A206299 A206098 A206300 A206003 A206154 A206035 A206186 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.5 2 x 12.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY BS 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 5 One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 1 x 12. Linings as in table. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. Refer to 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality.2 . 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance BS 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 70 75 75 75 75 80 80 80 80 Glasroc F MULTIBOARD WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc 1 x 10 1 x 12. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. section 3.5 2 x 12. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. or reduced stud centres. Linings as in table. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 76 A Table 1b – GypWall CLASSIC 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . Linings as in table.5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx.www. 6 NBS work section K10 .4.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 RR LIFETIM E .5 2 x 12. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2800 2800 2800 2800 35 34 37 40 43 36 39 42 44 Heavy Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium 20 18 22 18 22 21 26 21 26 G106006 A206001 A206152 A206033 A206184 A206002 A206153 A206034 A206185 60 minutes fire resistance BS 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 70 75 80 80 80 80 100 100 100 100 Glasroc F MULTIBOARD Glasroc F MULTIBOARD FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine SoundBloc F WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc 1 x 10 1 x 12. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 .5 1 x 12. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.british-gypsum. Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 1 x 12. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details.Principles of robust design.
25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. or reduced stud centres. Refer to 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. Linings as in table.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 NBS work section K10 .2 . Linings as in table. section 3. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Linings as in table.5 2 x 12. One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 77 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. A Table 1b – GypWall CLASSIC 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.Principles of robust design. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.4. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations.5 3100 3400 3400 41 42 49 Severe Severe Severe 40 40 40 G106011 A206067 A206099 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. Linings as in table. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max.enquiries@bpb. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. weight kg/m2 System reference 90 minutes fire resistance BS 4 4 5 5 110 110 110 110 WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 3700 3700 3700 3700 45 49 49 53 Severe Severe Severe Severe 42 51 42 51 A206004 A206155 A206036 A206187 120 minutes fire resistance BS 4 4 5 90 100 100 Glasroc F MULTIBOARD FireLine FireLine 2 x 10 2 x 12. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.com BS 1 SP ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 4 5 One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.
and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. Linings as in table. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations.5 1 x 12. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.single layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 RR LIFETIM E . 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.british-gypsum. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 97 97 97 97 97 97 102 102 102 102 102 WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc 1 x 12.www.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 . whichever is the more onerous. Linings as in table. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 1 x 12. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. Linings as in table.5 1 x 12.5 1 x 12.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 78 A Table 2a – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs .5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 36 40 42 43 45 47 38 42 43 44 47 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Heavy Medium Medium Heavy 18 22 18 19 22 22 22 26 22 22 26 A206013 A206164 A206045 A206138 A206196 A206228 A206014 A206165 A206046 A206139 A206197 60 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 2 3 2 102 102 102 102 102 FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine FireLine SoundBloc F 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 37 42 43 44 47 Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy 24 27 24 24 27 A206078 A206301 A206110 A206141 A206302 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. 6 NBS work section K10 .5 1 x 12.
5 1 x 12.4. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. Linings as in table.5 1 x 12. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. Linings as in table. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. A Table 2b – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . Refer to section 3. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.5 1 x 12.com BS 1 SP ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 79 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality.Principles of robust design. or reduced stud centres. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 36 40 42 43 45 47 38 42 43 44 47 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Heavy Medium Medium Heavy 18 22 18 19 22 22 22 26 22 22 26 A206013 A206164 A206045 A206138 A206196 A206228 A206014 A206165 A206046 A206139 A206197 60 minutes fire resistance BS 1 1 2 3 2 102 102 102 102 102 FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine FireLine SoundBloc F 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 37 42 43 44 47 Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy 24 27 24 25 27 A206078 A206301 A206110 A206141 A206302 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.5 1 x 12. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx.5 1 x 12. Linings as in table. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance BS 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 97 97 97 97 97 97 102 102 102 102 102 WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc 1 x [email protected] layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 NBS work section K10 .2 . NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations.
50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 RR LIFETIM E . Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria).Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12.5 2 x 12. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.www. whichever is the more onerous.5 2 x 12.5 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 4600 4600 4600 3000 4000 4000 46 49 50 51 54 56 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 40 40 40 51 51 52 A206079 A206111 A206144 A206167 A206199 A206231 120 minutes fire resistance EN 1 2 3 1 2 122 122 122 132 132 FireLine FireLine FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 12.5 2 x 12. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. Linings as in table.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 . 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. Linings as in table.5 2 x 12. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 6 80 NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance EN 1 2 3 2 3 122 122 122 122 122 WallBoard WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 12.5 2 x 12. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.5 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 4600 4000 4000 4000 4900 4000 4900 4000 49 50 52 53 46 50 51 54 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 43 35 43 44 42 42 51 51 A206166 A206142 A206198 A206230 A206016 A206048 A206167 A206199 90 minutes fire resistance EN 1 2 3 1 2 3 122 122 122 132 132 132 FireLine FireLine FireLine SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 12. NBS work section K10 .5 2 x 12. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings A Table 3a – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . Linings as in table.5 4600 4600 4600 4600 4600 45 49 50 52 53 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 35 35 35 43 44 A206015 A206047 A206142 A206198 A206230 60 minutes fire resistance EN 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 122 122 122 122 132 132 132 132 SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 12. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx.5 2 x 15 2 x 15 4200 4000 4000 4900 4300 46 49 50 46 50 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 40 40 40 47 49 A206079 A206111 A206144 A206251 A206253 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.5 2 x 12.5 2 x 12.british-gypsum.5 2 x 12.
weight kg/m2 System reference 60 minutes fire resistance BS 1 1 2 3 2 3 122 122 122 122 122 122 WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 12. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. Refer to section 3. Linings as in table. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and [email protected] 2 x 12.5 2 x 12.2 . 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. A Table 3b – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx.Principles of robust design. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12. Linings as in table. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.com BS 1 SP ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 81 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.5 2 x 12. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.5 4200 4600 4600 4600 42 46 49 50 Severe Severe Severe Severe 40 40 40 41 G106013 A206079 A206111 A206144 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.5 2 x 12. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. or reduced stud centres. Linings as in table. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria).5 2 x 12.5 2 x 12.5 4600 4600 4600 4600 4600 4600 45 49 49 50 52 53 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 35 43 35 36 43 44 A206015 A206166 A206047 A206142 A206198 A206230 90 minutes fire resistance BS 1 2 1 2 3 132 132 132 132 132 WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 4900 4900 4900 4900 4900 46 50 51 54 56 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 42 42 51 51 52 A206016 A206048 A206167 A206199 A206231 120 minutes fire resistance BS 1 1 2 3 112 122 122 122 Glasroc F MULTIBOARD FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 10 2 x 12.4.double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 NBS work section K10 .
50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. 4 5 6 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance EN 1 3 2 3 1 3 4 5 97 97 97 97 102 102 102 122 SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc WallBoard 1 x 12. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.5 1 x 12.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 RR LIFETIM E .5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12.5 1 x 12.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 82 A Table 4a – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe AcouStuds . and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.5 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 4700 4000 39 42 43 44 48 50 53 58 Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Severe Severe 24 27 24 24 27 27 43 43 A206A078 A206A301 A206A110 A206A141 A206A302 A206A304 A206A166 A206A198 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. 6 NBS work section K10 . Linings as in table.5 1 x 12. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.british-gypsum.5 2 x 12. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). Linings as in table.www. Linings as in table.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 . Linings as in table.5 3800 3800 3800 3800 4000 4000 4000 4700 41 44 48 49 38 42 50 47 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Heavy Severe 22 19 22 23 22 22 26 35 A206A164 A206A138 A206A196 A206A228 A206A014 A206A139 A206A252 A206A015 60 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 2 3 2 4 5 6 102 102 102 102 102 102 122 122 FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine FireLine SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. whichever is the more onerous. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.
5 2 x 15 4200 4000 5000 49 54 49 Severe Severe Severe 40 40 49 A206A079 A206A111 A206A251 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. whichever is the more onerous. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. Linings as in table.enquiries@bpb. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. weight kg/m2 System reference 90 minutes fire resistance EN 5 6 5 122 122 132 FireLine FireLine SoundBloc 2 x 12. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 NBS work section K10 . Linings as in table. Linings as in table.5 2 x 15 4700 4700 3000 49 54 54 Severe Severe Severe 40 40 51 A206A079 A206A111 A206A167 120 minutes fire resistance EN 5 6 5 122 122 132 FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 12. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.com SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. A Table 4a – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe AcouStuds . walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Linings as in table. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max.5 2 x 12. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 83 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. 4 5 6 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.
50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.4. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 84 A Table 4b – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe AcouStuds . Linings as in table. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance BS 1 3 2 3 4 97 97 97 97 102 SoundBloc WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 12. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 RR LIFETIM E . Refer to section 3.5 2 x 12. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx.www. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 4 5 6 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.5 1 x 12.2 . Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs.5 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4700 4700 4700 39 42 43 44 48 50 47 53 58 Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Severe Severe Severe 24 27 24 24 27 27 35 43 43 A206A078 A206A301 A206A110 A206A141 A206A302 A206A304 A206A015 A206A166 A206A198 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.5 2 x 12. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). Linings as in table. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.5 1 x 12. 6 NBS work section K10 . Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. or reduced stud centres. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY BS 1 SY STEM W 2 3 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality.british-gypsum.5 1 x 15 3800 3800 3800 3800 4000 41 44 48 49 50 Medium Medium Medium Medium Heavy 22 19 22 23 26 A206A164 A206A138 A206A196 A206A228 A206A252 60 minutes fire resistance BS 1 1 2 3 2 4 5 5 6 102 102 102 102 102 102 122 122 122 FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine FireLine SoundBloc F SoundBloc F WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 . 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table.Principles of robust design. Linings as in table.5 1 x 12.
25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Refer to section 3. Linings as in table. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 NBS work section K10 [email protected] of robust design. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. weight kg/m2 System reference 90 minutes fire resistance BS 5 132 SoundBloc 2 x 15 5000 54 Severe 51 A206A167 120 minutes fire resistance BS 5 6 122 122 FireLine FireLine 2 x 12. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. or reduced stud centres. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. 4 5 6 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm.com BS 1 SP ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.4. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table.5 2 x 12.5 4700 4700 49 54 Severe Severe 40 40 A206A079 A206A111 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 85 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. A Table 4b – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe AcouStuds . Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe 70 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.2 .
Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 6 7 8 9 Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 . Linings as in table. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). 2 Increasing insulation to 50mm Isover APR 1200 will not improve this system performance.www. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 44 49 50 50 51 52 Heavy Heavy Medium Heavy Heavy Heavy 27 27 23 27 27 27 A206261 A206262 A206232 A206263 A206264 A206233 60 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 2 5 2 3 5 4 8 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 144 FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine FireLine SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. 6 NBS work section K10 . Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.british-gypsum. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair3 mm Max. Linings as in table. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 5 One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 40 44 442 46 49 50 51 52 56 (51) Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Severe 25 27 25 25 27 27 27 27 44 A206265 A206305 A206266 A206268 A206306 A206309 A206308 A206307 A206234 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 3 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 RR LIFETIM E . whichever is the more onerous. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. Linings as in table.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 86 A Table 5a – GypWall CLASSIC 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance EN 1 2 4 3 5 4 124 124 119 124 124 124 SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 12. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.
100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. whichever is the more onerous. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 87 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. 3 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. Linings as in table. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used [email protected] 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 NBS work section K10 . One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table.com SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 5 One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair3 mm Max. Linings as in table. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. weight kg/m2 System reference 90 minutes fire resistance EN 6 9 7 154 154 154 SoundBloc FireLine SoundBloc 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 5000 4000 5000 52 53 562 Severe Severe Severe 52 53 52 A206269 A206276 A206270 120 minutes fire resistance EN 6 7 9 154 154 154 FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 5900 5000 3000 50 522 53 Severe Severe Severe 52 52 53 A206273 A206274 A206276 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 6 7 8 9 Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. A Table 5a – GypWall CLASSIC 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. 2 Increasing insulation to 50mm Isover APR 1200 will not improve this system performance. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity.
and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.Principles of robust design. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. 3 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. or reduced stud centres. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 6 NBS work section K10 . Linings as in table. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.4. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. 2 Increasing insulation to 50mm Isover APR 1200 will not improve this system performance. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance BS 1 2 4 3 5 4 124 124 119 124 124 124 SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 12. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair3 mm Max. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. 6 7 8 9 Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Linings as in table. Linings as in table.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 88 A Table 5b – GypWall CLASSIC 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs .Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY BS 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 5 One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 . One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Refer to section 3.5 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 4700 4700 4500 4700 4700 4700 44 49 50 50 51 52 Heavy Heavy Medium Heavy Heavy Heavy 27 27 23 27 27 27 A206261 A206262 A206232 A206263 A206264 A206233 60 minutes fire resistance BS 1 2 2 5 2 3 5 4 8 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 144 FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine FireLine SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12.british-gypsum.2 .5 4700 4700 4700 4700 4700 4700 4700 4700 5700 40 44 442 46 49 50 51 52 56 (51) Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Severe 25 27 25 25 27 27 27 27 44 A206265 A206305 A206266 A206268 A206306 A206309 A206308 A206307 A206234 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.www. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 RR LIFETIM E .
One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. weight kg/m2 System reference 90 minutes fire resistance BS 6 7 154 154 SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 15 2 x 15 5900 5900 52 562 Severe Severe 52 52 A206269 A206270 120 minutes fire resistance BS 6 7 9 154 154 154 FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 153 2 x 153 2 x 153 5900 5900 5900 50 522 53 Severe Severe Severe 52 52 53 A206273 A206274 A206276 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. Linings as in table. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Refer to section 3.2 . 2 Increasing insulation to 50mm Isover APR 1200 will not improve this system performance. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria).5mm lining thickness is acceptable for 120 minutes BS but acoustic test data is not available. 6 7 8 9 Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. or reduced stud centres. Linings as in table. Linings as in table.Principles of robust design. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.enquiries@bpb. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 89 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 4 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. 3 x 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.com BS 1 SP ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 4 5 One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. 3 2 x 12.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 NBS work section K10 . Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. A Table 5b – GypWall CLASSIC 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair4 mm Max. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Linings as in table.4.
100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. Linings as in table. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 90 A Table 6a – GypWall CLASSIC 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds .www. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.british-gypsum.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 RR LIFETIM E . Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. whichever is the more onerous. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. 3 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance EN 1 2 3 4 124 124 124 124 SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 4000 4000 4000 4000 45 50 51 52 Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy 27 27 27 27 A206A281 A206A282 A206A283 A206A284 60 minutes fire resistance EN 1 2 1 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 144 144 144 144 FireLine FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12. 2 Increasing insulation to 50mm Isover APR 1200 will not improve this system performance. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.5 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 5000 5000 5000 5000 41 442 45 46 50 51 52 54 57 (51) 58 (53) 59 (54) Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Severe Severe Severe Severe 24 24 27 24 27 27 27 52 52 52 52 A206A285 A206A286 A206A305 A206A288 A206A306 A206A309 A206A308 A206A289 A206A290 A206A291 A206A292 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. 5 6 7 8 Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 6 NBS work section K10 .5 2 x 12. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair3 mm Max. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 .
Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 NBS work section K10 . 5 6 7 8 Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.com SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Linings as in table. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity.5 2 x 12.5 2 x 12. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria).Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 91 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . A Table 6a – GypWall CLASSIC 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds . The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. whichever is the more onerous. Linings as in table. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12.5 3000 4000 4000 3000 51 54 55 56 Severe Severe Severe Severe 52 52 52 52 A206A293 A206A294 A206A295 A206A296 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. Linings as in table. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.enquiries@bpb. weight kg/m2 System reference 120 minutes fire resistance EN 5 6 7 8 144 144 144 144 FireLine FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 12. Linings as in table.
NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. 3 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. 5 6 7 8 Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. or reduced stud centres. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. 6 NBS work section K10 .5 2 x 12. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.2 . Linings as in table.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 RR LIFETIM E . Linings as in table. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. Linings as in table. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.5 4900 4900 4900 4900 4900 4900 4900 5800 5800 5800 5800 41 442 45 46 50 51 52 54 57 (51) 58 (53) 59 (54) Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy Severe Severe Severe Severe 24 24 27 24 27 27 27 52 52 52 52 A206A285 A206A286 A206A305 A206A288 A206A306 A206A309 A206A308 A206A289 A206A290 A206A291 A206A292 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Linings as in table.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 92 A Table 6b – GypWall CLASSIC 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds . 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity.www. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.5 2 x 12. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Refer to section 3. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance BS 1 2 3 4 124 124 124 124 SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 4900 4900 4900 4900 45 50 51 52 Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy 27 27 27 27 A206A281 A206A282 A206A283 A206A284 60 minutes fire resistance BS 1 2 2 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 144 144 144 144 FireLine FireLine SoundBloc F FireLine SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc F SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 1 x 15 2 x 12. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair3 mm Max. Linings as in table. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 . or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations.Principles of robust design. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria).Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY BS 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 2 Increasing insulation to 50mm Isover APR 1200 will not improve this system performance. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. Linings as in table.4. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.british-gypsum.
100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.5 2 x 12. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.com BS 1 SP ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 4 One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). Linings as in table.4. weight kg/m2 System reference 120 minutes fire resistance BS 5 6 7 8 144 144 144 144 FireLine FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 12. or reduced stud centres.5 2 x 12. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. NBS work section K10 . NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.single and double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 GypWall CLASSIC RR LIFETIM E .Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 93 A Table 6b – GypWall CLASSIC 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds . Linings as in table. Refer to section 3. One layer of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. Linings as in table. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled.2 . or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Linings as in table. 5 6 7 8 Two layers of board each side of 92mm Gypframe AcouStuds at 600mm centres. 100mm Isover Modular Roll in the cavity. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.5 2 x 12. Linings as in table. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. Linings as in table. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality.5 5800 5800 5800 5800 51 54 55 56 Severe Severe Severe Severe 52 52 52 52 A206A293 A206A294 A206A295 A206A296 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.enquiries@bpb. Linings as in table. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max.Principles of robust design.
For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.5 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 4200 4000 4000 7900 7800 7800 50 51 51 50 51 51 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 40 40 40 46 46 46 A206091 A206151 A206123 A206180 A206181 A206254 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. 6 94 NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. Linings as in table. NBS work section K10 . and outer layer of Gyproc FireLine fixed vertically each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria).5 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 19 + 12.5 2 x 12. Inner layer of Gyproc Plank fixed horizontally. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. Linings as in table.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 19 + 12. whichever is the more onerous.5 2 x 12.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 . 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality.5 2 x 12. Linings as in table.5 2 x 12.5 2 x 12. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance EN 1 2 3 1 2 198 198 198 198 198 WallBoard WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 12. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.www.5 2 x 12.british-gypsum. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.5 4000 5000 4000 5000 4000 4000 5000 7100 51 53 55 (49) 50 51 51 56 (50) 51 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 36 43 43 42 42 43 51 54 A206149 A206178 A206210 A206028 A206060 A206150 A206179 A226002 90 minutes fire resistance EN 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 198 198 198 208 208 208 211 FireLine FireLine FireLine SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc Plank + FireLine 2 x 12.double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 RR LIFETIM E . partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx.5 2 x 12. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations.5 2 x 12.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings A Table 7a – GypWall CLASSIC 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs .5 2 x 12. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table.5 2 x 12.5 7600 7600 7600 3000 4000 4000 4000 50 51 51 56 (50) 58 (52) 59 (53) 51 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 40 40 40 51 51 52 54 A206091 A206123 A206151 A206179 A206211 A206243 A226002 120 minutes fire resistance EN 1 3 2 1 2 3 198 198 198 208 208 208 FireLine FireLine FireLine FireLine FireLine FireLine 2 x 12.5 7600 7600 7600 7600 7600 50 51 51 53 55 (49) Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 35 35 36 43 43 A206027 A206059 A206149 A206178 A206210 60 minutes fire resistance EN 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 4 198 198 198 208 208 208 208 211 WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc WallBoard WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc Plank + FireLine 2 x 12.
Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Linings as in table. Linings as in table.5 7100 7600 7600 7600 7100 48 50 51 51 51 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 40 40 40 41 54 G106014 A206091 A206123 A206151 A226002 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.5 7100 59 Severe 54 A226001 120 minutes fire resistance BS 1 1 2 3 4 188 198 198 198 211 Glasroc F MULTIBOARD FireLine FireLine FireLine Plank + FireLine 2 x 10 2 x 12. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). Linings as in table.double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 NBS work section K10 . Refer to section 3.5 2 x 12. Linings as in table.5 2 x [email protected] 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. or reduced stud centres.4. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available with ACTIVair2 Lining thickness mm Max. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. A Table 7b – GypWall CLASSIC 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.5 2 x 12. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.5 19 + 12. and outer layer of Gyproc board fixed vertically each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Inner layer of Gyproc Plank fixed horizontally. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx.5 2 x 12. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 7600 7600 7600 7600 7600 7600 50 51 51 53 55 (49) 56 (50) Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 35 36 35 43 43 43 A206027 A206149 A206059 A206178 A206210 A206244 90 minutes fire resistance BS 1 2 1 2 3 4 208 208 208 208 208 211 WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc Plank + SoundBloc 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 7900 7900 7900 7900 7900 50 51 56 (50) 58 (52) 59 (53) Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe 42 42 51 51 52 A206028 A206060 A206179 A206211 A206243 19 + 12. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled.5 2 x 12.Principles of robust design. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm.com BS 1 SP ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 4 Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 2 x 12. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.5 2 x 12. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 95 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E . or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. weight kg/m2 System reference 60 minutes fire resistance BS 1 3 2 1 2 3 198 198 198 198 198 198 WallBoard WallBoard WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 12. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs.2 .
double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 RR LIFETIM E . 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. NB For heights over 8000mm. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. Linings as in table. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Linings as in table. NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. 150mm Isover APR 1200 (100mm and 50mm) in the cavity. whichever is the more onerous. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). Gypframe Extra Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at head and base.5 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 7800 4000 4000 4000 52 (48) 59 (54) 61 (56) 61 (57) Severe Severe Severe Severe 40 51 52 53 A206A091 A206A179 A206A243 A206A255 120 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 198 208 FireLine FireLine 2 x 12. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe 146 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe 146 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.www. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. weight kg/m2 System reference 60 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 3 208 208 208 WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 5000 5000 5000 52 (47) 59 (54) 61 (57) Severe Severe Severe 42 51 53 A206A028 A206A179 A206A255 90 minutes fire resistance EN 1 1 2 3 198 208 208 208 FireLine SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 12.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 .5 2 x 15 4200 8100 52 (48) 52 (47) Severe Severe 40 50 A206A091 A206A180 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. 6 NBS work section K10 . Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.british-gypsum.Basic principles of system design) SP ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe 146 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 96 A Table 8a – GypWall CLASSIC 146mm Gypframe AcouStuds . Linings as in table.
NB For heights between 4200mm and 8000mm. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe 146 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. or reduced stud centres. weight kg/m2 System reference 90 minutes fire resistance BS 1 1 2 3 208 208 208 208 WallBoard SoundBloc SoundBloc SoundBloc 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 8100 8100 8100 8100 52 (47) 59 (54) 61 (56) 61 (57) Severe Severe Severe Severe 42 51 52 53 A206A028 A206A179 A206A243 A206A255 120 minutes fire resistance BS 1 198 FireLine 2 x 12. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.enquiries@bpb. Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at base and at head (subject to deflection criteria). Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. NB For heights over 8000mm. Gypframe Extra Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel should be used at head and base. 150mm Isover APR 1200 (100mm and 50mm) in the cavity.com BS 1 SP ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe 146 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres.4.5 7800 52 (48) Severe 40 A206A091 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. Linings as in table. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe 146 AS 50 AcouStuds at 600mm centres. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Refer to section 3 and section 14 for further details. Refer to section 3. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations.double layer board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 NBS work section K10 . For single layer Severe Duty solutions please also refer to GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME sections Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Available Lining with thickness ACTIVair2 mm Max.Principles of robust design. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx. A Table 8b – GypWall CLASSIC 146mm Gypframe AcouStuds . and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. 2 These systems have an ACTIVair option available for VOC control to improve indoor air quality.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.2 .Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 97 GypWall CLASSIC 6 RR LIFETIM E .
Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Lining thickness mm Max. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 98 A RR E .5 + 1 x 12.5 3000 49 Severe 39 H206035 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.5 + 1 x 12.5 2500 2500 3400 34 40 42 Medium Medium Severe 22 22 39 H206001 H206033 H206003 Glasroc H TILEBACKER Glasroc H TILEBACKER Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard 4 100 1 x 12. Linings as in table. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.www. Linings as in table. 6 NBS work section K10 . Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 .5 1 x 12. whichever is the more onerous. Linings as in table. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum.5 1 x 12. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.british-gypsum. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance 1 2 3 75 75 100 EN 1 x 12.Basic principles of system design) Table 9a – GypWall CLASSIC 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs .single and double layer incorporating Glasroc H TILEBACKER board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 SP LIFETIM ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 4 One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.
partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx.5 + 1 x 12.5 + 1 x 12.5 2500 2500 34 40 Medium Medium 22 22 H206001 H206033 Glasroc H TILEBACKER Glasroc H TILEBACKER 60 minutes fire resistance 3 100 BS 1 x 12.Principles of robust design.5 3400 42 Severe 39 H206003 Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard 4 100 1 x 12.single and double layer incorporating Glasroc H TILEBACKER board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 SP LIFETIM ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 4 One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. or reduced stud centres. Linings as in table.com BS 1 Table 9b – GypWall CLASSIC 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.enquiries@bpb. Linings as in table. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. NBS work section K10 . Two layers of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Lining thickness mm Max. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.5 1 x 12. Refer to section 3. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance 1 2 75 75 BS 1 x 12.5 3400 49 Severe 39 H206035 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.4.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 99 GypWall CLASSIC 6 A RR E .2 . walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.
5 4000 50 Severe 39 H206142 Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. whichever is the more onerous.5 1 x 12.5 3600 3600 3600 4600 36 42 43 45 Medium Medium Medium Severe 22 22 23 39 H206013 H206045 H206138 H206015 Glasroc H TILEBACKER Glasroc H TILEBACKER Glasroc H TILEBACKER Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard 5 122 1 x 12. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 + 1 x 12.5 + 1 x 12. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.british-gypsum. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table.com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 .www.5 4600 50 Severe 39 H206142 60 minutes fire resistance 6 122 EN 1 x 12.5 1 x 12. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. Linings as in table. Linings as in table. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.5 + 1 x 12.single and double layer incorporating Glasroc H TILEBACKER board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 SP LIFETIM ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 100 A RR E . 6 NBS work section K10 . Linings as in table. 4 5 6 Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance 1 2 3 4 97 97 97 122 EN 1 x 12.5 + 1 x 12. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Linings as in table. Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Lining thickness mm Max.Basic principles of system design) Table 10a – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.5 1 x 12.5 4600 49 Severe 39 H206047 6 122 1 x 12.
2 . Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.5 4600 45 Severe 39 H206015 Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard 5 122 1 x 12. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Lining thickness mm Max. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.single and double layer incorporating Glasroc H TILEBACKER board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 SP LIFETIM ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 + 1 x 12. Linings as in table.5 4600 50 Severe 39 H206142 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance 1 2 3 97 97 97 BS 1 x 12. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.4.com BS 1 Table 10b – GypWall CLASSIC 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs . Refer to section 3. 4 5 6 Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx.5 1 x [email protected] + 1 x 12. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Linings as in table.5 1 x 12.5 3600 3600 3600 36 42 43 Medium Medium Medium 22 22 23 H206013 H206045 H206138 Glasroc H TILEBACKER Glasroc H TILEBACKER Glasroc H TILEBACKER 60 minutes fire resistance 4 122 BS 1 x 12. Linings as in table. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. NBS work section K10 .Principles of robust design. Two layers of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. One layer of board each side of 70mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 + 1 x 12.5 4600 49 Severe 39 H206047 6 122 1 x 12. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Linings as in table. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 101 GypWall CLASSIC 6 A RR E . 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table. or reduced stud centres. Linings as in table. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.
NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. whichever is the more onerous. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. Linings as in table.5 + 1 x 12.5 7600 51 Severe 40 H206149 60 minutes fire resistance 3 198 EN 1 x 12. 6 NBS work section K10 .com GypWall CLASSIC Performance ( Refer to section 3 .www. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw (Rw + Ctr) dB Duty rating Approx.5 4000 51 Severe 40 H206149 Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard 1 The maximum heights quoted are limited by the fire state field of application or by limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. Linings as in table.5 7600 51 Severe 39 H206059 3 198 1 x 12. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout.double layer incorporating Glasroc H TILEBACKER board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1364-1: 1999 SP LIFETIM ECSURE ANTY EN 1 SY STEM W 2 3 Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 102 A RR E .5 + 1 x 12. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.5 7600 50 Severe 39 H206027 Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard 2 198 1 x 12. Linings as in table. Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Lining thickness mm Max. weight kg/m2 System reference 30 minutes fire resistance 1 198 EN 1 x 12.5 + 1 x 12.5 + 1 x 12.british-gypsum.Basic principles of system design) Table 11a – GypWall CLASSIC 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs .
5 7600 50 Severe 39 H206027 Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard Outer layer Glasroc H TILEBACKER and inner layer WallBoard 2 198 1 x 12. Greater heights can be achieved through the use of Gypframe ‘I’ Studs. 25mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. or skimmed according to British Gypsum’s recommendations. NB The fire resistance and sound insulation performances are for imperforate partitions. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres. NBS work section K10 .2 . Refer to section 3. Any variation in the specifications should be checked with British Gypsum. Linings as in table. or reduced stud centres.4.5 7600 51 Severe 40 H206149 1 Based on a limiting deflection of L/240 at 200 Pa.Principles of robust design. Linings as in table. Detail Partition thickness mm Board type Lining thickness mm Max. 50mm Isover APR 1200 in the cavity. and the Company’s fixing recommendations are strictly observed.5 + 1 x 12.double layer incorporating Glasroc H TILEBACKER board linings Solutions to satisfy the requirements of BS 476: Part 22: 1987 SP LIFETIM ECSURE ANTY SY STEM W 2 3 Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.5 + 1 x 12. Linings as in table. partition height1 mm Sound insulation Rw dB Duty rating Approx. weight kg/m2 System reference 60 minutes fire resistance 1 198 BS 1 x [email protected] 7600 51 Severe 39 H206059 3 198 1 x 12.5 + 1 x 12. walls and ceilings incorporating boards with all joints taped and filled. The quoted performances are achieved only if British Gypsum components are used throughout. Two layers of board each side of 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs at 600mm centres.Plasterboard drylinings / partitions / ceilings 103 GypWall CLASSIC 6 A RR E .com BS 1 Table 11b – GypWall CLASSIC 146mm Gypframe ‘C’ Studs .
Refer to section 3.com GypWall CLASSIC Design Planning . For special detailing that minimises the loss of acoustic performance: Refer to section 3. The cut-outs in the studs can be used for routing electrical and other small services (see Construction details – 1).5mm Gyproc plasterboard. For more information refer to the British Gypsum SITE BOOK.26.2 – Principles of building acoustics.2. a 38mm thick timber sole plate equal to the width of the channel should be used. consideration should be given to the size and weight of the damper . two rows of staggered fixings are required. Tiling. Fixing floor and ceiling channels Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channels must be securely fixed with a row of fixings at 600mm maximum centres. Switch boxes and socket outlets can be supported from Gypframe 99 FC 50 Fixing Channel fixed horizontally between studs.this will determine whether it can be supported directly from the partition or needs to be independently supported from the structure. Where Gypframe AcouStuds are used. The openings should be constructed using established metal stud procedures. Heavyweight fixtures (to BS 5234) such as wash basins and wall cupboards.2 – Principles of building acoustics.21. Access panels must be fully compatible with drywall construction and match the fire rating of the partition. or other suitable precautions taken to prevent abrasion when they pass through the metal frame. consideration should be given to the installation of a damp-proof membrane between the floor surface and the channel or sole plate. can be fixed using Gypframe Service Support Plate. Electrical The installation of electrical services should be carried out in accordance with BS 7671.british-gypsum. services are routed through 50mm x 28mm ‘H’ shaped push-outs.2. Fixtures Lightweight fixtures can be made directly to the partition linings. Independent support When designing for the installation of services such as fire dampers and associated ductwork through a GypWall partition. Deflection heads Partition head deflection designs may be necessary to accommodate deflections in the supporting floor. Deflection heads may also be required to the underside of roof structures subjected to positive and negative pressures.5 – Service installations. or a high performance socket box detail used where higher acoustic performance is required. Board finishing Refer to section 13 – Finishing systems and decorative effects.5. consideration should be given to the potential loss of sound insulation performance through the steelwork. each row at 600mm centres and each fixing 25mm in from the flange. Partition to structural steelwork junctions When designing the layout of rooms requiring separation by sound insulating walls abutting structural steelwork. For 94mm channels and above.Basic principles of system design for general guidance . Medium weight fixtures can be made to Gypframe 99 FC 50 Fixing Channel.5 – Service installations.key factors The position of services and heavy fixtures should be pre-determined and their installation planned into the frame erection stage. Framing surround for openings Where services such as horizontal ducts. If the concrete or screeded floor is new. Standard door frame detailing to suit BS 5234 Light and Medium Duty applications is shown in Construction details – 24. Refer to section 3. fire dampers and access panels are required to penetrate the wall. See Construction details – 30 . available to download from www. their position should be pre-determined in order that a framed opening can be provided. Refer to section 3.british-gypsum.www. Detailing to satisfy BS 5234 requirements for Heavy and Severe Duty is shown in Construction details – 25 .31. Refer to section 3. screw-fixed into the web of perimeter channels or vertical studs. will provide a satisfactory closure to flame or smoke. Cavity fire barriers Minimum 12. The door manufacturer should also be consulted in relation to door details.2 – Service penetrations and fixing into drywall systems. Door openings The designer should consider thickness tolerances of the partition types in relation to the proposed door frame detail. at the same centres as shown in Construction details – 1a for conventional cut-outs. Refer to section 10 – Cavity fire barriers. Tiling For further details on tiling guidance: Refer to section 13 – Finishing systems and decorative effects. Refer to Construction details – 14 . Control joints Control joints may be required in the partition to relieve stresses induced by expansion and contraction of the structure (see Construction details – 11). Services Penetrations Penetrations of fire-resistant or sound-insulating constructions for services need careful consideration to ensure that the performance of the element is not downgraded and also that the services themselves do not act as the mechanism of fire spread or sound transmission. If the floor is uneven. They should coincide with movement joints within the surrounding structure. Access for maintenance Gyproc Profilex Access Panels are available to provide access for maintenance.com 6 104 Please refer to section 3 . Cables should be protected by conduit.
Gypframe ‘C’ and Gypframe ‘I’ Studs Centres at 600mm thereafter 1a Service cut-outs .Gypframe AcouStuds Centres at 600mm thereafter 1479mm 1479mm 75mm 30mm 879mm 75mm 38mm 75mm 38mm 75mm 38mm 75mm 38mm 50mm 50mm 28mm 28mm 28mm 279mm 279mm 879mm 48mm stud 60mm stud 70mm stud 92mm stud 146mm stud 70mm 70mm AcouStud 92mm 92mm AcouStud 146mm 146mm AcouStud 2 Head and base 4 2a Base with timber sole plate 50mm 3 1 2 1 2 6 3 11 7 8 6 3 Junction with masonry and stop end detail 3 2 1 10 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Gypframe ‘C’ Stud Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel Gyproc Sealant Bulk fill with Gyproc jointing materials (where gap exceeds 5mm) Skirting 9 7 8 9 10 11 Floating screed on resilient layer Timber sole plate suitably fixed to structure Internal blockwork DriLyner BASIC wall lining system Isover insulation 105 GypWall CLASSIC 6 Construction details .T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E [email protected] 1 Service cut-outs .
detail may not be suitable for all solutions 2 1 2 1 3 6a ‘T’ junction to optimise acoustic performance and reduce flanking transmission 6b ‘T’ junction to optimise acoustic performance and reduce flanking transmission 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 7 Four way junction to optimise acoustic performance and reduce flanking transmission 8 Splayed corner 2 1 1 5 2 3 5 6 106 1 2 3 4 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Gypframe ‘C’ Stud Isover insulation Gypframe GA5 Internal Fixing Angle 5 Gypframe GA6 Splayed Angle .british-gypsum.single layer 5 ‘T’ Junction when partition with higher acoustic performance abuts a partition with lower acoustic performance.www. Acoustic principles only .com GypWall CLASSIC Construction details 4 ‘T’ junction .
com 9 Corner detail .single layer 10 Corner detail .enquiries@bpb. 107 GypWall CLASSIC 6 Construction details .T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.double layer 1 2 1 2 11 Typical control joint 12 Gypframe 99 FC 50 Fixing Channel (short legs flattened at stud positions) 16 mm 12 12 mm mm 2 5 2 3 1 1 4 13 Gypframe Service Support Plate 2 7 1 6 1 2 3 4 5 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Gypframe ‘C’ Stud Stone mineral wool (minimum density 23kg/m3) (by others) Gyproc Control Joint Gypframe 99 FC 50 Fixing Channel 6 18mm plywood 7 Gypframe Service Support Plate NB If Gypframe Service Support Plates are being installed and not immediately boarded. secure plates with a Gyproc Wafer Head Drywall Screw or Gyproc Wafer Head Jack-Point Screw.
16).www. .british-gypsum. tightly fitted between studs 6 108 NB No fixings should be made through the boards into the flanges of the head channel. Where there is a need for a deflection head in a 90 minute wall.16) or alternatively. Continuous Gyproc FireStrip must be installed as shown to maintain fire performance.com GypWall CLASSIC Construction details 14 Deflection head for 15mm downward movement and 60 minutes fire resistance 8 7 15mm 15mm 15mm 15mm 15 Deflection head for 15mm downward movement and up to 120 minutes fire resistance 8 7 4 11 4 20mm 15mm (bottom of channel to top of stud nogging) 3 2 1 12 2 1 16 Deflection head for plus or minus 25mm movement and 60 minutes fire resistance 8 17 Deflection head for 50mm downward movement and 60 minutes fire resistance 8 9 25mm 9 50mm 25mm 8 6 50mm 8 6 30mm 55mm 3 2 1 3 2 1 18 Deflection head for plus or minus 25mm movement and 60 minutes fire resistance 8 19 Deflection head for 50mm downward movement and 60 minutes fire resistance 8 25mm 50mm 10 25mm 10 50mm 8 5 8 5 55mm 30mm 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Gypframe ‘C’ Stud Gypframe GFS1 Fixing Strap Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel suitably fixed through fire-stop to structure at 600mm 5 Gypframe Extra Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel suitably fixed through fire-stop to structure at 600mm 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Gypframe Extra Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channel fixed to timber head plate Gyproc CoreBoard Gyproc FireStrip (continuous) Timber head plate suitably fixed to structure 25mm Glasroc F FIRECASE Stone mineral wool (minimum 33kg/m3) retained by stud nogging (by others) Nogging cut from Gypframe ‘C’ Stud. The arrow ( ) denotes the position of the uppermost board fixing. which should be made into Gypframe GFS1 Fixing Strap (or stud nogging in Construction details . the 120 minute solution can be used (refer to Construction details . please contact the British Gypsum Drywall Academy for further guidance.
The arrow ( 109 GypWall CLASSIC 6 Construction details .T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.helps reduce flanking transmission 12 13 1 4 13 1 4 11 11 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Gyproc FireStrip (continuous line) Gypframe Deep Flange Floor & Ceiling Channels (DC) Gypframe ‘C’ Stud Gyproc Sealant Gyproc CoreBoard Fire-stopping (by others) Glasroc F FIRECASE 9 Gypframe 99 FC 50 Fixing Channel 10 Gypframe GFS1 Fixing Strap fixed to studs with Gyproc Wafer Head Drywall Screws 11 Isover insulation 12 External cladding 13 External wall stud framework 14 Cavity barrier (subject to regulatory requirements) ) denotes the position of the uppermost board fixing. which should be made into Gypframe GFS1 Fixing Strap.enquiries@bpb. Continuous Gyproc FireStrip must be installed as shown to maintain fire performance. NB No fixings should be made through the boards into the flanges of the head channel.com 20 Deflection head parallel to floor profile for 15mm downward movement and up to 60 minutes fire resistance 2 5 9 8 15mm 15mm 21 Deflection head perpendicular to floor profile for 15mm downward movement and up to 60 minutes fire resistance 7 2 5 15mm 15mm 6 6 3 3 15mm 15mm 10 10 4 1 4 1 22 Junction with external wall 12 23 Junction with external wall when acoustic performance is a key consideration .
www.com GypWall CLASSIC Construction details 24 Door frame to satisfy BS 5234: Parts 1 & 2: 1992 .british-gypsum.Light and Medium Duty 150mm 4 6 2 3 1200mm 1200mm 5 1 7 1 2 3 4 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Gypframe ‘C’ Stud Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel cut and bent to form door head 5 Timber door frame and architrave 6 Gypframe ‘C’ Stud to maintain stud module 7 Timber sub-frame 6 NB Advice should be sought from the door manufacturer prior to the construction of these details. 110 .
111 GypWall CLASSIC 6 Construction details .enquiries@bpb. The studs each side of the opening are sleeved full height of opening with Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel.Heavy and Severe Duty 150mm 4 6 3 2 300mm 7 1200mm 1200mm 5 1 150mm 1 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board 2 Gypframe ‘C’ Stud 3 Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel to sleeve studs 4 Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel cut and bent to form door head 5 Timber door frame and architrave 6 Gypframe ‘C’ Stud to maintain stud module 7 Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel cut and bent to extend up studs NB Advice should be sought from the door manufacturer prior to the construction of these details.T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical. NB At the base. the channel is cut and bent to extend 300mm up the studs and fixed each side with two Gyproc Wafer Head Drywall Screws.com 25 Door frame to satisfy BS 5234: Parts 1 & 2: 1992 .
com GypWall CLASSIC Construction details 26 Alternative door frame to satisfy BS 5234: Parts 1 & 2: 1992 . NB At the base.british-gypsum. GypWall ROBUST and GypWall EXTREME for fixed head situations only. NB The principle of this alternative detail is only suitable for GypWall CLASSIC. The studs each side of the opening are sleeved full height of opening with Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel. the channel is cut and bent to extend 300mm up the studs and fixed each side with two Gyproc Wafer Head Drywall Screws.www. .Heavy and Severe Duty 8 7 150mm 4 6 3 2 300mm 9 1200mm 1200mm 1200mm 5 1 150mm 1 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board 2 Gypframe ‘C’ Stud 3 Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel to sleeve studs 4 Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel cut and bent to form door head 5 Timber door frame and architrave 6 Gypframe ‘C’ Stud to maintain stud module 7 Gypframe ‘C’ Studs fixed back to back with Gyproc Drywall Screws at 300mm centres staggered 8 Plasterboard infill (same type as lining) cut to fit between studs 9 Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel cut and bent to extend up studs 6 112 NB Advice should be sought from the door manufacturer prior to the construction of these details.
typical configuration 3 5 2 1 4 28 Horizontal board joint .double layer 29 Horizontal board joint .single layer 6 6 3 8 7 7 1 2 3 4 Inner layer of Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Outer layer of Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Gypframe GFS1 Fixing Strap Gypframe metal framing 5 6 7 8 Gyproc Drywall Screws Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board Gypframe ‘C’ Stud Gypframe GFT1 Fixing T (alternatively use Gypframe GFS1 Fixing Strap) 113 GypWall CLASSIC 6 Construction details [email protected] 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.com 27 Board layout .
com GypWall CLASSIC Construction details 30 Opening for service penetrations in fire-rated partitions 2 Section X .british-gypsum.X 1 3 4 Elevation X Y Section Y .Y 3 1 2 4 31 Fire tested construction in which the damper is supported by the partition (isometric view) 5 4 2 1 1 Gyproc plasterboard or Glasroc F specialist board 2 Gypframe ‘C’ Stud 3 Gypframe Floor & Ceiling Channel 6 114 4 Penetration seal (as tested by damper manufacturer or proprietary alternative. Size of damper should not exceed 1400 x 1200mm .www. Weight of damper should not exceed 57kg. confirmed as compatible by system designer / specifier (plasterboard lining around opening may not be required) 5 Damper (by others).
com 115 GypWall CLASSIC 6 .T 0844 800 1991 F 0844 561 8816 E bgtechnical.enquiries@bpb. | 2019-04-22T21:09:40Z | https://www.scribd.com/document/187957143/White-Book-Gypwall-Classic-13 |
Today's post is pretty exciting for me since I was dying to get my hands on this polish after seeing swatches floating around on other blogs. Luckily, my friend Ashley had a few extra and was willing to give me one, thanks Ashley!
Sally Hansen Pumpkin Spice is an orange glitter suspended in a dark brown, jelly base. I have heard that this is sheer on it's own so I layered two coats over Savvy Chocolate just to be safe. The application with this was great. I love the brush on the Xtreme Wear line so I've come to expect flawless application.
Pumpkin Spice is beyond gorgeous! Considering this is my first Halloween as a nail polish collector, I'm more more than happy to have this as my first Halloween nail polish.
This is a manicure I did Saturday night. I always do the more time consuming and less simple designs on the weekends, that way I can leave the weekdays open for studying and I won't be distracted.
Anyway, I saw this picture on tumblr about a month ago (I don't know who to properly credit since I saved it on my computer, sorry!) and I really wanted to try it. It was relatively easy to do but pulling off straight lines were difficult. I wish I had a white polish that I could have used for this, oh well.
I love the end result though, LOVE!
For this manicure I used OPI Skulls and Glossbones as the base. Then I created a thick gold stripe with Color Club Enchanted Holiday. Using my nail art brush and a black polish, I drew a horizontal line through the middle of my nails. The leopard tips were made with a base of Wet N Wild Heatwave. For the spots I used the same Color Club Enchanted Holiday polish as the gold stripe and the leopard outlines are made with a black polish.
These are so "in-your-face", I just love it.
I'll admit that one of my favorite parts of creating posts is coming up with a title. I'm very happy about this one! I don't know why but I just think it's cute.
Anyway, I'm excited to show you this design I created a few nights ago. I wore this throughout the beginning of this week and my sister also loved it so I recreated it for her.
I remember being so clueless when I sat down to do something on my nails. I really had no idea what design I wanted to do and then I just settled for this. I didn't think I'd love it this much though!
Also, I got this great idea from Rebecca Likes Nails who got it from Gettin' Girlie.
Ignore my dry skin, my skin has been suffering ever since I switched back to nail polish remover with acetone in it.
For this manicure I used Revlon Garden as the gorgeous, medium, muted grass green base. Then I used my dotting tool and created silver dots of Fingerpaints Easel Come, Easel Go!. I let it dry for a few minutes and went back over the silver dots with Revlon Garden, which is what creates the "O" dot effect.
I really like this and I also love the base color! When I think feminine i think pink and girly but this is very feminine to me for some reason. It's so subtle and pretty in real life.
My family doesn't have a nickname for me.
Alright, I've mentioned this before but when I am going to bed I will check and double check that my bedroom door and all bedroom windows/blinds are closed and shut tight. I can't sleep any other way.
Well, I have a fear of throwing up. Emetophobia. I have not vomited since I was a baby and even then I was too young to remember. I just assume that I threw up as a baby. The thought of food going up my throat and out of my mouth horrifies me! I'd rather ride a tortoise (I'm also scared of oversized animals) than throw up! I mean, does it hurt? Can you even breathe? It just seems really, really scary!
Set Fire to the Rain by Adele, whenever I get home from school I go straight to this song!
When people stare, I just want to go over there and punch their eyes out. It's insanely annoying.
Over thinking. I really need to deal with it because when I get nervous and anxious I overreact, over think and I start to panic. And then I bottle up my feelings and it turns out to be a huge mess.
On the very edge of the right side of the bed. As in, if you're looking from the foot of the bed.
If I could remember, I would tell you. That was forever ago.
I don't know, a Vanilla Frappuccino I guess. I like to keep it simple.
Tugging at my eyes. I know I shouldn't but sometimes it's easier to apply eyeliner that way!
Towards the shower head. It feels refreshing.
At the top of my head I would say candy. It's weird...I don't have a sweet tooth for cakes, cupcakes and that sort of thing but candy I could eat for breakfast, lunch, and dinner!
I'm so boring, I don't say anything worth telling.
Silk pajama bottoms (they're so comfortable!) and a tee shirt.
This is still Friday Poll so I'm tagging all of you! Feel free to copy and paste your answers in the comments. I really want to hear your answers on this one!
Some of you were curious to know what my nails looked like on the first day of school (Monday the 15th) so here it is!
A few nights before school started I saw this tutorial by Robin Moses and I knew that I had to try it! I'm always inspired by what she creates.
Robin makes great videos that explains everything she is doing and why she is doing it. It really helps for when you want to try something out and don't know where to begin.
Hers turned out a little more clean but...well, I'm just Shaina, she's Robin Moses.
For this manicure I used Essence Forget Me Not as the base. I began by drawing swirls and lines all over my nails with Zoya Breezi and a nail art brush. Then I drew small lines coming out of the swirls. Robin highlighted this design with glitter on the little lines, so I did too! The glitter I used is Sinful Colors Hottie. I still didn't fell like it was enough so I added white dots to random places on each nail.
Topcoat was really beneficial to this design. I wasn't sure if I liked it on me and then I added topcoat and fell in love!
Also, I discovered a new-to-me blog a couple days ago that I want to share with you. It's called Nail Nerd. Her nail art really amazes me. Her creativity is insane and she is so original!
That's all, I hope you all have a great day!
Yesterday I showed you Kleancolor Chunky Holo Black mattified but today I have the equally stunning Bluebell to show you matte!
After trying Chunky Holo Black with a matte topcoat, I knew I had to post Bluebell too. I think these were made to be worn with matte topcoats.
For this manicure I started with two coats of CCUK Midnight Blue. I then layered two coats of Kleancolor Chunky Holo Bluebell on top of that. I finished it off with Essie Matte About You.
I think the end result on this one is a lot more exciting. I just LOVE it matte!
Today is another Monday, the weekend just flew by! I guess I should start getting used to it.
So the theme this week in PAA was "Creative Layering". Which just means layering different nail polishes for a crazy and fun combination.
I didn't go too crazy since I was dying to wear Kleancolor Chunky Holo Black and also to use my new matte topcoat that I got from my sweet friend Nicola!
I got a ton of compliments at school too. Not so much "oh, that's pretty" but more like "wow, your nails look so cool" or "this is amazing, how does it do that?"
Yeah, it was a good week.
For this manicure I started off with one coat of Rimmel London Black Satin as the base. Then I layered on one coat of Kleancolor Chunky Holo Black. After letting it dry I added Essie Matte About You matte topcoat.
Apparently it wasn't dry enough when I added the matte, as you can see by my horrendous index finger. I later re-did it and was still very happy. This is one of my favorite layering combinations!
Again, nothing extravagant but I think it looks pretty amazing.
This is a design I created about two weeks ago. It was pretty random, I wanted a design that I could do without having to be super specific or perfect. This worked great for that!
I literally just started drawing random lines and dots and came up with this.
For this manicure I used Essence Forget Me Not as the light blue, shimmery base. Then I started to create lines and dots using China Glaze First Mate, Catrice Big Spender Wanted, China Glaze Starboard, Rimmel London Black Satin and Claire's Vegas. The black and silver rhinestones are from Born Pretty.
Okay, so it's not perfect, but it was a lot of fun creating this! It's like tribal print, but not really. When I created this, I wasn't going for anything specific.
It took me a long though, probably a good two hours, so I ended up with just normal polish on the other hand.
It's Friday again! Which means Dori of Kiss My Acetone has created another fun poll!
1. How has your week been so far?
Long and tiring. I feel like I've been running around school everyday. It really is like exercise. Other than that, I've been having a pretty good week. It's been nice starting school.
2. What’s on yo nails?
Kleancolor Chunky Holo Black layered over a black cream. I've gotten a lot of compliments on this polish and also a lot of people going "whoa, how does it change colors like that?!" Haha, it gets me every time.
3. What was your worst nail polish related accident (ie: spills, bottle breaks)?
Years ago, when I wasn't really into polish yet, I kept all my nail polishes in a plastic container and one day three of them just broke, out of the blue. Nail polish was everywhere and that day three people lost their lives. A gorgeous military green, a perfectly opaque white and a really gorgeous blue polish.
4. Out of all the products you use in the summertime, which ones do you love the scent of the most?
Hands down, my EOS Lip Balm in Summer Fruit. It smells and even tastes delicious.
5. If you could move anywhere in the world, where would you move to?
6. What is your favorite part of painting your nails?
A long time ago I'd say that I like getting compliments on my designs, but now, I'd say that I enjoy doing designs and nail art. I enjoy it and I find it relaxing.
7. What is your least favorite part of painting your nails?
The smell, the smell, the smell! Some people think that because I do my nails so often, that maybe I no longer smell the horrible polish stench. I'm used to it, but I can definitely still smell it.
8. What type of mp3 player do you have?
I don't own an mp3 player since I don't really listen to much music, unless it's Kate Voegele, Rihanna or Adele.
9. How often do you paint your toe nails?
Every other week, for the most part. If I chip them I'll go ahead and change it. Once it starts to get cold though, I let them go naked and wear closed toe shoes.
Don't be afraid to answer these in the comments below! Just copy, paste and answer.
Today I'm showing you the last of my three Barielle Karma Kollection polishes. I had a lot of trouble getting good pictures of this color and manicure but the colors below are pretty close to accurate.
I've been creating nail art for each shade and this one is probably my favorite design. You can still see just how pretty this color is but also the nail art is a nice touch.
I call this, "The Leopard Moon"! I love half moon manicures and I love leopard print, so why not combine both?
Here's Soul-er Powered on it's own!
Barielle Soul-er Powered is a warm toned yellow with bright yellow and gold shimmer. The shimmer on this one never gets lost, it is packed with gorgeous shimmer. I used two coats for this. It was thick, but applied nicely.
For this manicure I used Soul-er Powered as the base. I then created a half moon with Color Club Enchanted Holiday. I took my nail art brush and Rimmel London Black Satin and created black leopard spots on the half moon I previously made. To bring this design together I outlined the moon.
What are your favorite yellows?
I'm so excited to be showing you this polish today! I only have three nail polishes from the Barielle Karma Kollection but I will say that out of the three, this is my favorite.
The finish on this one is so unique and beautiful.
I also went back and created this random design. It kind of makes me think of a maze, or maybe those things that would hypnotize you?
Of course I smudged my index as soon as I started taking pictures. There was no turning back, so I continued like it wasn't even there.
Barielle Positive ZEN-ergy is a medium mossy green packed with silver shimmer. At times, I even see gold shimmer, but maybe that's just what my skin is pulling out. The formula on this one was great! I used 2-3 coats and had no problems with thickness. This color is so stunning! Everyone must own it.
For this manicure I used Positive ZEN-ergy as the base. Then, using my nail art brush, I started creating random lines with Rimmel London Black Satin. I tried to keep all the lines following one path but some of them don't.
Lately I've been really into green polish, I'm sure some of you have noticed. You'll probably be seeing more green as the weeks go by!
I'll be swatching my three Barielle Karma Kollection polishes this week and today we are starting with the gorgeous Do Unto Others!
This is the second time that I have done peacocks on my nails. I first did them a couple months ago but looking back, I don't really like how they turned out. So of course, being me, I had to re-do them!
I think they look better the second time around.
And here's Barielle Do Unto Others on it's own.
Barielle Do Unto Others is a bright turquoise cream with a bit of a minty tone to it. It applied perfectly in two coats. I probably could have done one though. This is only my second Barielle polish and I am more than impressed with the quality of their formula. The only complaint I have about this one is that it did stain my nails.
For this manicure I used Do Unto Others as the base and I created the Peacock feathers using China Glaze First Mate for the root of the feathers and then Butterfly Jungle as the yellow center. Inside of the yellow center I put a dot of Zoya Robyn and then another of China Glaze First Mate. I added blue rhinestones for accents.
I mentioned on Twitter that I would be going back to school today so I won't be able to post as I normally would. Today's post is a scheduled post. Most of the posts this week will be. But it's only until I find a posting, swatching and nail art routine that works for me.
I was inspired to do this beautiful design after seeing JaeMarie2008's tutorial on "Simple Abstract Flowers."
I fell in love with it as soon as I saw the video. It's so simple but I am obsessed with it!
Here it is with a topcoat, I prefer it matte though.
For this manicure I used Zoya Lolly--from the Mod Mattes Summer Collection--as the base. Then I started creating thin green lines all over the nails using China Glaze Starboard. Afterwards I took Wet N Wild French White Creme and I drew the flower petals. I went back in and drew the dots using Barielle Do Unto Others and a small dotting tool.
This could possibly be the most simple nail art I have ever done. It took me less than 30 minutes to create this.
I only wore this for a day because I wanted something else for my first day of school mani.
Beginner's Guide to Nail Art- Now LIVE!
Just a quick post to show you what I've been working on for almost two weeks now.
My beginner's nail art guide is now live! You can follow the link to get to it or find it under the "Check Out" section of my sidebar.
I'm really excited that I got this up! I hope it helps someone out and that it was informative enough.
I know it is long and very wordy but I felt like I had to mention everything for those who are fresh when it comes to nail art.
Please feel free to leave your suggestions on what else I should discuss. But note that I don't do stamping or water marbling.
I'll be back tomorrow with some nail art, I promise.
Another Friday means another Friday Poll, brought to us by the lovely Dori over at Kiss My Acetone!
Pretty good, blog wise and my personal life too. Finding Orly Space Cadet was a nice way to start the week!
2. Whatcha wearin on the nails?
LOL, well, one hand is bare, naked, polish-less. The other hand has Barielle Do Unto Others with peacock feather nail art (which you'll see soon!). I'll go back and do the other hand later.
3. What is your favorite store to shop for makeup at?
Ulta, no doubt about it. I like that they have drugstore brands, higher end makeup and salon brands. I don't think it gets better than that.
4. What’s your favorite store or drugstore to shop for other non-makeup supplies at?
Hm...maybe CVS Pharmacy or Wal-Mart. If I really had to choose between the two, it'd be Wal-Mart because they have more items and variety.
5. How has the weather been in your neck of the woods this week?
6. Have you had the chance to enjoy the pool/beach/river/lake yet this summer?
Nope! And that's perfectly fine with me. I'm not looking to burn this chocolate out in the sun.
7. What are some of your favorite products to use in the summer time?
Well I like Neutrogena's Pure & Free Sunblock, EOS Lip Balm, and Olay's Quench Body Lotion. I don't normally stick to one thing though, I like to try new products.
8. When do you usually transition from using summer products to fall products?
Once October starts to roll around. The heat where I live lasts until September and it starts to cool down and get a little chilly towards October.
9. What is your favorite color to wear on your nails in the summer?
Anything that is bright and/or shimmery! I especially love blue shimmers (like Orly Royal Navy).
10. What is your favorite color to wear on your toes in the summer?
I like to wear purples and pinks on my toes. One color I will never stop loving for the toes is China Glaze Ahoy! Glass flecks look amazing on the toes.
You can answer too! Copy and paste the questions and answer them in the comments.
I posted my Zoya Smoke and Mirrors Review/Swatches a few weeks back and since then I've been noticing from my stats that a lot of you are looking for comparisons of Petra and especially Jem.
I already did a comparison of Zoya Jem and Zoya Valerie in my original Smoke and Mirrors post, but I'm not entirely pleased with that comparison so I'm re-doing it.
I promise I'll have some nail art soon, but for now, see for yourselves how these polishes compare.
As you can see, there isn't really a difference between the two. I originally said that the only difference is that Jem has smaller (or finer) shimmer than Valerie, but I'm not too sure that's even true anymore. In my opinion, you really don't need both. They are practically the same polish, just with different names.
I've also noticed people searching for Zoya Petra and Zoya Kelly comparisons. These two are not the same. They are both dusty grays and have purple tones but Kelly has more blue undertones than Petra and Petra is darker than Kelly. If you were thinking or buying one of the other I'd say get both! Both of these are must haves! Absolutely gorgeous.
I'm pretty disappointed that Zoya would dupe their own nail polish. It frustrates me when companies do this. Jem and Valerie are identical twins. Luckily, this is the only one from the collection that they duped. Zoya Kelly and Zoya Petra are two different polishes, they are half sisters at the most.
Did any of you get Jem without knowing it was a dupe? Or did you buy Jem, even though you have Valerie, and you knew it was a dupe for it?
Today I'm showing you my favorite nail polish, Orly Space Cadet! I finally found it yesterday after searching for it for months.
I know there are a million swatches of this already, but lucky for you, you get to see one more.
I'll let the polish do all the talking.
I'm sure your jaw has dropped to the keyboard by now.
Orly Space Cadet is this amazing gold/orange/copper, green and purple multi-chrome foil metallic. I couldn't pick up much of the green, but believe me when I say it's there! Space Cadet is pretty sheer so I layered it over one coat of Rimmel London Black Satin.
A close dupe for this is Claire's Venomous which I posted swatches of here. The finish of these two are a bit different though.
I'm so happy I got this! It's now the best nail polish in my collection.
P.S. I guess I should bring attention to that fact that I shortened my nails a few days ago. I'm getting tired of long nails for some reason.
I just came back from Ulta where I found.....wait for it.......Orly Space Cadet! I couldn't even get my words out when I found it, I was like "Mom, I, I...look..I ..found...Mom....its...Space....Cadet!
I have mentioned wanting this SO many times. Just search "Space Cadet" in the search box and you will see all the posts where I have mentioned this beauty and now I have it, sitting right next to me!
It's weird, I've been stalking Ulta for close to 8 months hoping with some miracle I'd find it and today it was just randomly sitting out right in the front of all the other Orlys!
Anyway, this is the manicure I created for PAA, the theme this Monday is Animals/Animal Print.
For this manicure I used two coats of Wet N Wild Bite The Bullet as the base. I used my nail art brush and created the spots using Zoya Petra from the new Smoke collection. I finished off with Seche Vite top coat.
I called this The Mixed Giraffe because it was meant to be giraffe print, but it also ended up looking like cow print. But I still like it.
Alright, that's it, I'm off to play with Space Cadet!
Today I'm showing you my nail polish collection and organization as well as my nail art collection.
It's not fancy or anything but I enjoy taking pictures and showing my stash to you guys. This is my third collection post, my first one was here, and my second one was here.
I asked on Twitter if you guys wanted to see pictures now that I'm over 200 bottles and I had a pretty good response so here it is!
Remember, you can click any picture in this post to enlarge it.
This is the same storage that I used the last time I posted my collection, now it's more full and I moved the purples down to that last bottom row--which was empty to begin with. I got this at Walmart by the way.
Top shelf: Pinks, reds, oranges, and yellows. This shelf has more than any other, I'm almost running out of space.
Second Shelf: Blacks in the back, then there's silvers, whites, nudes and browns.
That Wet N Wild white you see in the front has tooth marks because the cap was super tight and I tried to unscrew it with my teeth! Bad idea.
Third Shelf: Greens and blues.
All four of the Orlys that I own are on this shelf. Also, a lot of my Zoyas are here too. I have 28 Zoyas and 11 of them are green/blue. Zoya makes some of my favorite blues and greens.
Purple had to have it's own shelf. It was taking up too much space in the first shelf so I moved it down here. The two Zoyas that look identical are Zoya Jem and Valerie. I'm telling you, they are exactly the same!
Under each shelf I have a piece of cardboard, they would all fall through if I didn't.
As of today I have exactly 205 bottles of nail polish. Zoya's taking the lead with 28, Wet N Wild is close with 21, and then I have 17 China Glaze polishes. 14 Kleancolors, 13 OPI and 10 Revlons. Check out my spreadsheet for specific polishes.
My goal is to have 369 total polishes by next summer. 369 is my favorite number.
I also have a "nail art collection". I try to keep it organized since I like to see everything, but it gets out of hand sometimes.
Wet N Wild Mega Last Swatch Spam!
Follower Appreciation Grand Prize WINNER! | 2019-04-22T09:02:04Z | http://www.hautelacquer.com/2011_08_01_archive.html |
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Suchi Mukherjee, the founder and CEO at LimeRoad has been passionate about revolutionizing the manufacture and scaling of quality consumer products in a way that is highly beneficial for all parties involved. Not just in terms of profit, but more importantly in terms of customer focus & experience. Her experiences in Skype and Gumtree significantly helped her in cultivating and achieving her vision.
Ruchi was of the opinion that online product discovery is problematic for women. Hence, she founded LimeRoad with the foresight of building a discovery platform for lifestyle products that will delight the customer with their ideation and execution.
With this platform, Suchi and her partners have been able to provide customers with gorgeous wearables at affordable prices. Since there are literally an infinite options to choose from, spread across large geographies, product discovery is becoming increasingly difficult. Limeroad solves these problems by bringing forth a highly curated range of products aided by a smooth interface.
They have done a good job at capitalizing on a great market opportunity, which although is captured mostly by major players, still has potential for a small niche.
For after all, India accounts for a whopping 20% of lifestyle product manufacture in the entire world. That’s 20% of a trillion dollar industry. Thus, Limeroad was born with a strong mission in mind - “To build the most extensive delightful discovery platform for lifestyle products.” The aim was to make all high quality affordable products from vendors far and wide make easily accessible to customers all over the country through a butter smooth interface. Limeroad’s growth since its inception has come about as a natural by-product.
Limeroad is an Indian online store that was founded by Suchi Mukherjee and Prashant Malik in 2012. Backed with their strong background in Skype, eBay and Facebook, they set out on the road to revolutionize the architecture and development of consumer products on a large scale. Hence, their name. Limeroad is your path to self discovery in fashion aesthetics. Through their simple yet powerful products, Limeroad have carved a niche in an increasingly competitive e-commerce marketplace.
“How did this come about?”, you might ask. How are they able to compete with e-tailer giants like Myntra and Jabong? Who have revenue 400 times that of Limeroad.
Props go mostly to their unique business model.
While most online stores focus on selling a pre-defined look, a custom-tailored attire - Limeroad has established a platform that encourages its customers (whom they innovatively refer to as scrap-bookers) to play around with their products and come up with their own unique look.
Apart from this, they have a team of talented individuals that avoid shortcuts and focus instead on finding scalable, long term solutions to problems. They have contributed significantly to unifying Limeroad’s vision and getting to where they are today. | 2019-04-21T00:58:14Z | https://www.woocoupons.in/limeroad-coupons |
Poland saw the ugliest face of German occupation during WW2. Uglier still was how the Polish Jews were treated. Below are some images of the Nazi occupation of Poland especially life in the infamous Warsaw Ghetto.
A little while later the only Warsaw newspaper published in Polish by the Germans provided an official comment on this subject: not only were the Jews social parasites, they also spread infection. They were not, said the report, to be shut up in a ghetto; even the word “ghetto” was not to be used. The Germans were too cultured and magnanimous a race, said the newspaper, to confine even parasites like the Jews to ghettos, a medieval remnant unworthy of the new order in Europe. Instead, there was to be a separate Jewish quarter of the city where only Jews lived, where they would enjoy total freedom, and where they could continue to practise their racial customs and culture. Purely for hygienic reasons, this quarter was to be surrounded by a wall so that typhus and other Jewish diseases could not spread to other parts of the city.
Winner of the prestigious Golden Palm award at the 2002 Cannes film festival, The Pianist is the film that Roman Polanski was born to direct. A childhood survivor of Nazi-occupied Poland, Polanski was uniquely suited to tell the story of Wladyslaw Szpilman, a Polish Jew and concert pianist (played by Adrien Brody) who witnessed the Nazi invasion of Warsaw, miraculously eluded the Nazi death camps, and survived throughout World War II by hiding among the ruins of the Warsaw ghetto. Unlike any previous dramatization of the Nazi holocaust, The Pianist steadfastly maintains its protagonist's singular point of view, allowing Polanski to create an intimate odyssey on an epic wartime scale, drawing a direct parallel between Szpilman's tenacious, primitive existence and the wholesale destruction of the city he refuses to abandon. Uncompromising in its physical and emotional authenticity, The Pianist strikes an ultimate note of hope and soulful purity. As with Schindler's List, it's one of the greatest films ever made about humanity's darkest chapter.
German soldiers on the background of a bridge near the Polish town of Sanok. In 1942.
During the Second Polish Republic (1919–1939), Sanok was a known centre of Ukrainian nationalism in Galicia, but also of cultural heritage of the Lemkos and other Rusyns. In 1943 the foundation of the Waffen-SS Division Galizien took place in heavily Ukrainian-populated Sanok, with many locals volunteering in the ethnic Ukrainian Waffen-SS. Because of fear of Ukrainian separatism by both Soviet and Polish authorities, the Ukrainian and Lemko population of Sanok and its region was mostly deported to the former eastern territories of Germany attached to Poland after World War II (the so-called Recovered Territories) during Operation Vistula (1946–1947). Some the Lemkos expelled returned to Sanok after 1989.
From the beginning, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany was intended as fulfillment of the plan described by Adolf Hitler in his book Mein Kampf as the Lebensraum. The occupation goal was to turn former Poland into ethnically German "living space", as well as to exploit the material resources of the country and to maximise the use of Polish manpower as a reservoir of slave labour. The Polish nation was to be effectively reduced to the status of Serfdom, its political, religious and intellectual leadership destroyed. One aspect of German policy in conquered Poland aimed to prevent its ethnically diverse population from uniting against Germany. In a top-secret memorandum, "The Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East", dated May 25, 1940, Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, wrote: "We need to divide Poland's many different ethnic groups up into as many parts and splinter groups as possible".
As far as the Jews are concerned I want to tell you quite frankly that they must be done away with in one way or another I know that many of the measures carried out against the Jews in the Reich at present are being criticised. Before I continue, I want to beg you to agree with me on the following formula: We will in principle have pity on the German people only and nobody else in the whole world. The others too had no pity on us. As an old National Socialist I must say this: Jews used as slave labour in Poland This war would be only a partial success if the whole of Jewry survive it, while we had shed our best blood in order to save Europe. My attitude towards the Jews will therefore be based only on the expectation that they must disappear. They must be done away with. Gentlemen, I must ask you to rid yourselves of all feeling of pity. We must annihilate the Jews wherever we find them and wherever it is possible, in order to maintain the structure of the Reich as a whole.
Two members of the Ukrainian SS, known as "Askaris", look at the bodies of women and children killed during the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto. In 1943.
During WWII, the Germans used the nickname "askari" for the East European deserters or prisoners who switched sides and collaborated with the Nazis. Members of the Latvian Arajs Kommando and Lithuanian auxiliary militia Saugumas were also nicknamed "askaris" during 1943-45. This term was also applied to the Ukrainian volunteer units like the Nachtigall Battalion, Schuma battalions, and the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS, which was used in many operations during WWII. Most of them were either Red Army deserters or anti-communist peasants recruited from Ukrainian rural areas under German occupation. Russian volunteer soldiers under German command, such as the RONA units employed during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, were also informally referred to as "askaris".
German soldiers executing Polish civilians. December 18, 1939. Polish city of Bochnia. 56 people were executed.
From 1939-1941, the Germans deported en masse about 1,600,000 Poles, including 400,000 Jews. About 700,000 Poles were sent to Germany for forced labor, many to die there. And the most infamous German death camps had been located in Poland. Overall, during German occupation of pre-war Polish territory, 1939–1945, the Germans murdered 5,470,000-5,670,000 Poles, including nearly 3,000,000 Jews. Altogether, 2,500,000 Poles were subjected to expulsions, while 7.3% of the Polish population served as slave labor.
In accordance with Reichsführer-SS (SS chief) Heinrich Himmler's October 1942 order to liquidate the Warsaw ghetto and deport its able-bodied residents to forced labor camps in Lublin District of the Generalgouvernement, German SS and police units tried to resume mass deportations of Jews from Warsaw on January 18, 1943. A group of Jewish fighters, armed with pistols, infiltrated a column of Jews being forced to the Umschlagplatz (transfer point) and, at a prearranged signal, broke ranks and fought their German escorts.
Most of these Jewish fighters died in the battle, but the attack sufficiently disoriented the Germans to allow the Jews arranged in columns at the Umschlagplatz a chance to disperse. After seizing 5,000-6,500 ghetto residents to be deported, the Germans suspended further deportations on January 21. Encouraged by the apparent success of the resistance, which they believed may have halted deportations, members of the ghetto population began to construct subterranean bunkers and shelters in preparation for an uprising should the Germans attempt a final deportation of all remaining Jews in the reduced ghetto.
ZOB commander Mordecai Anielewicz commanded the Jewish fighters in the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Armed with pistols, grenades (many of them homemade), and a few automatic weapons and rifles, the ZOB fighters stunned the Germans and their auxiliaries on the first day of fighting, forcing the German forces to retreat outside the ghetto wall. German commander SS General Jürgen Stroop reported losing 12 men, killed and wounded, during the first assault on the ghetto. On the third day of the uprising, Stroop's SS and police forces began razing the ghetto to the ground, building by building, to force the remaining Jews out of hiding. Jewish resistance fighters made sporadic raids from their bunkers, but the Germans systematically reduced the ghetto to rubble. The German forces killed Anielewicz and those with him in an attack on the ZOB command bunker on 18 Mila Street, which they captured on May 8. Though German forces broke the organized military resistance within days of the beginning of the uprising, individuals and small groups hid or fought the Germans for almost a month.
To symbolize the German victory, Stroop ordered the destruction of the Great Synagogue on Tlomacki Street on May 16, 1943. The ghetto itself was in ruins. Stroop reported that he had captured 56,065 Jews and destroyed 631 bunkers. He estimated that his units killed up to 7,000 Jews during the uprising. The German authorities deported approximately another 7,000 Warsaw Jews to the Treblinka killing center, where almost all were killed in the gas chambers upon arrival. The Germans deported almost all of the remaining Jews, approximately 42,000, to the Lublin/Majdanek concentration camp, and to the Poniatowa, Trawniki, Budzyn, and Krasnik forced-labor camps. With the exception of a few thousand forced laborers at Budzyn and Krasnik, German SS and police units later murdered almost all of the Warsaw Jews deported to Lublin/Majdanek, Poniatowa, and Trawniki in November 1943 in “Operation Harvest Festival” (Unternehmen Erntefest).
The Germans had planned to liquidate the Warsaw ghetto in three days, but the ghetto fighters held out for more than a month. Even after the end of the uprising on May 16, 1943, individual Jews hiding out in the ruins of the ghetto continued to attack the patrols of the Germans and their auxiliaries. The Warsaw ghetto uprising was the largest, symbolically most important Jewish uprising, and the first urban uprising, in German-occupied Europe.
The destruction of the Warsaw ghetto. Poland, in 1943.
On January 18, 1943, after almost four months without any deportations, the Germans suddenly entered the Warsaw ghetto intent upon a further deportation. Within hours, some 600 Jews were shot and 5,000 others rounded up. The Germans expected no resistance, but preparations to resist had been going on since the previous autumn.The first instances of Jewish armed resistance began that day. The Jewish fighters had some success: the expulsion stopped after four days and the ŻOB and ŻZW resistance organizations took control of the Ghetto, building shelters and fighting posts and operating against Jewish collaborators.
The final battle started on the eve of Passover of April 19, 1943, when a Nazi force consisting of several thousand troops entered the ghetto. After initial setbacks, the Germans under the field command of Jürgen Stroop systematically burned and blew up the ghetto buildings, block by block, rounding up or murdering anybody they could capture. Significant resistance ended on April 23, and the Nazi operation officially ended in mid-May, symbolically culminating with the demolition of the Great Synagogue of Warsaw on May 16. According to the official report, at least 56,065 people were killed on the spot or deported to German Nazi concentration and death camps, most of them to Treblinka.
The forced resettlement of Jews in urban ghetto at Lodz. March 1940.
A middle-aged Jew being arrested in Warsaw. Poland had a large Jewish population. After the invasion the Germans quickly started isolating it.
By the time we had made our way to the train the first trucks were already full. People were standing in them pressed close to each other. SS men were still pushing with their rifle butts, although there were loud cries from inside and complaints about the lack of air. And indeed the smell of chlorine made breathing difficult, even some distance from the trucks. What went on in there if the floors had to be so heavily chlorinated? We had gone about halfway down the train when I suddenly heard someone shout, ‘Here! Here, Szpilman!’ A hand grabbed me by the collar, and I was flung back and out of the police cordon.
Who dared do such a thing? I didn’t want to be parted from my family. I wanted to stay with them!
My view was now of the closed ranks of the policemen’s backs. I threw myself against them, but they did not give way. Peering past the policemen’s heads I could see Mother and Regina, helped by Halina and Henryk, clambering into the trucks, while Father was looking around for me.
He saw me and took a couple of steps my way, but then hesitated and stopped. He was pale, and his legs trembled nervously. He tried to smile, helplessly, painfully, raised his hand and waved goodbye, as if I were setting out into life and he was already greeting me from beyond the grave. Then he turned and went towards the trucks.
I shouted like someone possessed, terrified to think that now, at the last vital moment, I might not get to them and we would be parted for ever.
One of the policemen turned and looked angrily at me.
Save myself? From what? In a flash I realized what awaited the people in the cattle trucks. My hair stood on end. I glanced behind me. I saw the open compound, the railway lines and platforms, and beyond them the streets. Driven by compulsive animal fear, I ran for the streets, slipped in among a column of Council workers just leaving the place, and got through the gate that way.
Mockery of the Jews in the Lodz ghetto - they were forced to stand with a poster that said "We want war." The inscription on the cart says "The Jews are our misfortune"
A German officer instructs children from the Lublin ghetto. December 1940. "Do not forget to wash every day."
Unemployment was a major problem in the ghetto. Illegal workshops were created to manufacture goods to be sold illegally on the outside and raw goods were smuggled in, often by children. Hundreds of four to five year old Jewish children went across en masse to the "Aryan side," sometimes several times a day, smuggling food into the ghettos, returning with goods that often weighed more than they did. Smuggling was often the only source of subsistence for Ghetto inhabitants, who would otherwise have died of starvation.
Jewish children from the ghetto in the Polish city Shidlovets (Szydlowiec). December 20, 1940. During World War II. The Germans founded two ghettos here, with about 16.000 Jews gathered in them in total. In September 1942 about 10.000 Jews were taken to the extermination camp in Treblinka. In November 1942 the rest of them were taken there.
One day when I was walking along beside the wall I saw a childish smuggling operation that seemed to have reached a successful conclusion. The Jewish child still on the far side of the wall only needed to follow his goods back through the opening. His skinny little figure was already partly in view when he suddenly began screaming, and at the same time I heard the hoarse bellowing of a German on the other side of the wall. I ran to the child to help him squeeze through as quickly as possible, but in defiance of our efforts his hips stuck in the drain. I pulled at his little arms with all my might, while his screams became increasingly desperate, and I could hear the heavy blows struck by the policeman on the other side of the wall. When I finally managed to pull the child through, he died. His spine had been shattered.
Josef Blösche (February 12, 1912 – July 29, 1969) was a member of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany, and served in the SS and SD during World War II as a Rottenführer (Section Leader). Blösche became known to the world as a symbol of the Nazi cruelty inflicted on people within the Warsaw ghetto because of a famous photograph (See the image below) taken during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising which portrays a surrendering little boy in the foreground, and Blösche as the SS soldier who is facing the boy with an MP18 sub-machine gun in hand.
A corpse lies unattended on the sidewalk in the Ghetto. Life had no value.
Dozens of beggars lay in wait for this brief moment of encounter with a prosperous citizen, mobbing him by pulling at his clothes, barring his way, begging, weeping, shouting, threatening. But it was foolish for anyone to feel sympathy and give a beggar something, for then the shouting would rise to a howl. That signal would bring more and more wretched figures streaming up from all sides, and the good Samaritan would find himself besieged, hemmed in by ragged apparitions spraying him with tubercular saliva, by children covered with oozing sores who were pushed into his path, by gesticulating stumps of arms, blinded eyes, toothless, stinking open mouths, all begging for mercy at this, the last moment of their lives, as if their end could be delayed only by instant support.
You could have said, perhaps, that they caught the Gestapo spirit. As soon as they put on their uniforms and police caps and picked up their rubber truncheons, their natures changed. Now their ultimate ambition was to be in close touch with the Gestapo, to be useful to Gestapo officers, parade down the street with them, show off their knowledge of the German language and vie with their masters in the harshness of their dealings with the Jewish population.
Wladyslaw Szpilman was born in 1911. He was 28 years old when Germany invaded Poland in 1939 at the beginning of World War II. He was a musician and a Jew and in the year 1939 he and his family (father, mother, brother, and two sisters) were all living together in a third-floor apartment flat in Warsaw, Poland. | 2019-04-22T20:57:23Z | https://historyimages.blogspot.com/2012/02/poland-german-occupation-warsaw-ghetto-pictures.html |
As reflected in the title, the main objective of the paper is to explore an appropriate approach to promote technological innovation for developing countries. Aiming to this goal, the paper studies three main innovation system approaches, whose implantation is being attempted in developing countries: first, national innovation systems (NIS), which was developed in OECD countries; second, the system of innovation for development (SID), which is a concept that tries to adapt NIS to developing countries; and third, inclusive innovation which is a pro-poor innovation system. Based on the strengths and the weaknesses of each concept and their potential adaptation in developing countries, the paper proposes an integrated approach of innovation system for developing countries. Compared to developed countries, the concept of innovation system in developing countries should be more complex because it involves not only the formal sector such as enterprises, universities, research institutes, government, and financial system but it also involves NGOs, informal companies, grassroots inventors, local and indigenous knowledge, etc. The last part of the paper discusses the ideas that innovation stakeholders in developing countries can use to promote their proper innovation system.
Innovation occupies a very important place in our society. On the one hand innovation is considered as a critical factor in enhancing economic growth and competitiveness; and on the other hand innovation is considered as a crucial element for social cohesion, equality and poverty alleviation. Innovation might also be seen as a way to solve important problems relating to pollution, energy and urbanism. Yet the main focus of innovation is to create economic wealth (Lundvall and Borras 2005).
Since the early 1990s, the concept of a national innovation system (NIS) has attracted the attention of many policymakers. The concept has gained much intellectual and practical coherence over the previous decades and has been adopted by the OECD, the European Commission, UNCTAD and developed countries. The NIS was widely diffused in all corners of the world, including in developing countries. For more than a decade, NIS has increasingly become the focus of a means to address some of the more profound issues for developing nations. The NIS was developed in OECD countries. Its implementation in developing countries varied greatly based on reactions from scholars. Some of them completely rejected the notion and certain scholars proposed an adaptation to the concept to take into account the local, social, economic and political situation of developing countries.
On the hand, there is also a similar initiative to promote innovation in developing countries, for example grassroots innovation, with the ambition to use innovation to improve the productivity and livelihoods of people. Little is known about innovation, technological development, entrepreneurships and the dynamics and changes that take place between sectors, and their relationship with economic and social changes in developing countries. However, there is an increase of interest in promoting this type of inclusive innovation.
The main purpose of the paper is to explore an appropriate approach to promote technological innovation for developing countries. The elaboration of new mechanisms shall require the analysis of current approaches and existing practices to (1) understand the limitation of each concept, (2) understand the current constraints faced by the main actors and (3) propose new possible mechanisms to make innovation work in developing countries.
The paper will begin with an introduction and be followed by a discussion about the nature and the limitation of the three main innovation system approaches whose implementation is being attempted in developing countries: first, national innovation systems (NIS), which was developed in OECD countries; second, the system of innovation for development (SID), which is a concept that tries to adapt NIS to developing countries; and third, inclusive innovation which is a pro-poor innovation. To end, the paper proposes an integrated approach to promote innovation in developing countries.
The majority of science, technology and innovation (STI) policy specialists agree that notion of the National Innovation System (NIS) is based on the research of Freeman (1987), Lundvall (1992) and Nelson (1993). These researchers are considered the founding fathers of the NIS. According to Benoit Godin, the NIS concept is rooted on the system approach which was developed by the OECD back in 1960 along with the notion of the system dynamic and system analysis which were popular at the time (Godin 2007). Godin also explains that many researchers, particularly concerning management, began to use a system approach to study decisions and choices regarding STI at the end of 1950s. Therefore, the NIS concept is not completely new. However, he recognizes that that OECD has been a very early and systematic user of system approach. Lundvall – Deputy Director of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry from 1992 to 1995 – set up the concept of NIS in OECD.
To date, there is no single accepted definition of a NIS. However there is a semantic core that appears in most of the definitions. Box 1 outlines some of the definitions.
Based on these definitions, we can conclude that the basic notion of the NIS is a set of interrelated institutions; its core is made up of those institutions that produce, diffuse and adapt new technical knowledge, be they industrial firms, universities, or government agencies. The links between these institutions consist of flows: knowledge, financial, human (people being the bearers of tacit knowledge and knowhow), regulatory, and commercial.
A. The NIS adopts the systemic approaches as opposed to the linear model of innovation. In the linear model, knowledge flows are modeled quite simply: the initiator of innovation is science and an increase in scientific inputs into the pipeline will directly increase the number of new innovations and technologies. In reality, ideas for innovation can come from many sources and at any stage of research, development, marketing and diffusion. Innovation can take many forms, including adaptations of products and incremental improvements to processes (OECD 1997). This systemic approach is also arguably better suited for policymakers as it allows them to identify leverage points or weak links within the network. NIS is holistic and interdisciplinary. The operation and governance of an NIS is interdisciplinary in nature, in terms of technology convergence as well as administration. NIS covers all the technologies that operate in the nation and draws from all ministries and departments, though the science and technology (S&T) ministry might take the lead in the design of an NIS.
B. Innovation is the focus of national innovation system. It is the result of a complex interaction between various actors and institutions. Lundvall pointed out that “innovation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the modern economy. In practically all parts of the economy, and at all times, we expect to find on-going processes of learning, searching and exploring, which result in new products, new techniques, new forms of organization and new markets.” He underlined that innovation is both gradual and cumulative, and is a process rather than a stage. Therefore innovation is not merely an individual act of learning by a firm or entrepreneur, but is situated within a larger system that both enables and draws on the innovative process (Lundvall 2000).
C. There is a flow of knowledge in the NIS. There are many channels and mechanisms through which knowledge can flow among the institutions. Principally, there are four basic knowledge flows among actors in a national innovation system: 1) interactions among enterprises; 2) interactions among enterprises, universities and public research laboratories; 3) diffusion of knowledge and technology to firms; and 4) movement of personnel (OECD 1997).
D. The NIS is the networking of the firms, public research institutes, universities, financial institutions, educational system government regulatory bodies and others. They are interdependence each other. In the systems approaches, overall innovation performance of an economy depends not so much on how specific formal institutions (firms, research institutes, universities etc.) perform, but on how they interact with each other as elements of a collective system of knowledge creation and use, and on their interplay with social institutions such as values, norms, legal frameworks, and so on (Smith 1994).The linkages among the stakeholders involved in innovation are key to improving technology performance.
Between 1994 and 2001, the OECD conducted two phases of projects on NIS. The OECD countries have been using the NIS concept without much difficulty due to the fact that it was developed in OECD countries. However, many scholars have been questioning the implementation of NIS in developing countries. Taking in consideration the nature of the NIS concept, its implementation in developing countries is problematic, as shows the below synthesis.
- The key science and technology institutions of the innovation system which are often analyzed in developed countries, such as universities, research institutes and laboratories, are missing or inadequate (Pietrobelli and Rabellotti 2009). If any, there is lack of capacity to conduct advanced research (Chaminade et al. 2010). The absence or inadequacy of these institutions raises an important systemic problem.
- The developing countries have a large number of microenterprises operating in the informal sector. NIS does not take in consideration the informal sector meanwhile it is an important economic player in developing countries.
- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play an important role in promoting grassroots innovation in many developing countries. Unfortunately, NIS has not foreseen the role that they can play in NIS.
Second, the processes of innovation in developing countries are of a different nature in comparison with developed countries: incremental innovations and absorption of knowledge and technologies new to the firms are more frequent and relevant in developing countries than radical innovations that are new to the world. While the analysis of NIS in industrialized economies has increasingly focused on R&D and frontier innovation, in most LDCs, the nature of innovation is quite different (Pietrobelli and Rabellotti 2009). Furthermore, NIS focuses only on firm based innovation and neglects the grassroots innovation which has an immense potential for wealth creation and which meet the need of economically disadvantaged people. Currently, there are many successful grassroots technological innovations in developing countries, unfortunately, so far, the economic impact of these innovations has been low.
Third, regarding the flow of knowledge, as the system has very limited capacity in creating knowledge, the inflows of knowledge and technology from external sources are essential components in the innovation and learning process in the developing countries. There is a more or less important number of foreign-based firms which tend to be disconnected from the rest of the economy.
Fourth, on the contrary to the developed countries, as a whole, developing countries have a heterogeneous economy with a large number of micro-enterprises operating in the informal sector. The innovation system in developing countries is characterized by a low degree of institutional thickness and thus weak interactive learning (D’Costa 2006). Moreover, the links between informal and formal institutions seem to be weak in general (Chaminade et al. 2010).
In addition to the problems which are related to the nature of NIS concept, developing countries face several other obstacles in the race to innovation, which mainly derive from contrasting business models, poor governance and low education level.
Low educational levels : Educational levels are low in developing countries and this is a significant barrier to the development and diffusion of innovation in these countries. In fact, one can establish a clear relation between educational needs and the different phases of industrialization. In the pre-industrial phase, educational needs demand only basic literacy. In the industrial phase, more professional and medium- level skills are required. In the post-industrial phase, there is a need for a significant share of a population with tertiary education, with the rest of the population having at least functional literacy (Aubert 2004).
Weak infrastructure : There is the issue of a lack of infrastructure. Of primary importance is, of course, the telephone infrastructure and internet connection. Mobile phone technology has transformed the conditions of telecommunications in developing countries. Yet, the tele-density remains weak in a number of developing countries, inferior to what may be considered the minimal threshold for take-off (around 30 percent). Progress made with mobile phone technology can lead to rapid improvements in connectivity; however it does not solve the necessity for greater internet penetration – something which remains quite low in most developing countries. Infrastructural needs for innovation in developing countries are, however, not limited to telecommunications. Road and other transport infrastructure are of primary importance, as well as sanitation, water, and other systems (Aubert 2004). Another problem is the lack of technological support services and infrastructure (metrology, quality control, standards, etc.).
Poor quality of the business environment : In developing countries, formal rules and laws are less well developed and, more importantly, their enforcement tends to be unreliable and arbitrary (Altenburg 2008). More generally, when judging the quality of a business environment it is of crucial importance to go beyond the formal appearance of laws, to examine how laws are applied in practice in taking due account of the more or less informal relations regulating transactions among economic agents (Aubert 2004). Altenburg (2008) stated that the results of such interference rarely stimulate innovative behaviour.
Almost inexistent innovation policy : There are only a very few developing countries that have innovation policies or strategies in place. If any, most of the innovation initiatives in developing countries are hi-tech oriented that do not meet the needs of the poor or the marginalized.
In order to overcome the difficulties to implement NIS in developing countries, which were discussed in the previous section, in 2001, Charles Edquist, Director of the Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Lund University, Sweden, proposed System Innovation for Developing Countries, so called System Innovation for Development (SID). The SID concept was based on the existing OECD System of Innovation (SI) however Edquist included specific measures to guarantee its applicability in developing countries.
To better understand the difference between the two approaches, in particular the difference between innovation in developed and developing countries, Edquist has laid out the different kinds of innovation in order to provide an answer what is meant by innovation in the context of a developing country. He made a useful distinction between (i) process and product innovations, (ii) incremental and radical/ breakthrough innovations, (iii) development, diffusion and use/production of new processes and products, and (iv) innovation in low, medium and high technology sectors.
Edquist also points out that a system of innovation (SI) and a system of innovation for development (SID) have the same nine basic characteristics (listed below). For example, they place innovation at the core and they both consider the innovation process to be evolutionary, stress the differences between systems and that innovation is an interactive learning process (systemic), reject the notion of optimality , emphasize interdependence between organizational actors in a context of institutional rules, and encompass different kinds of innovations.
(1) They place innovation and other learning processes at the centre of focus.
(2) They adopt a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective.
(3) They use a historical perspective and consider innovation processes to be evolutionary.
(4) They stress differences between systems, and that the notion of optimality is irrelevant.
(6) They include product and process innovations, as well as their development and diffusion.
(8) They are associated with conceptual diffuseness.
(9) They are conceptual frameworks, rather than formal theories.
(1) Product innovations are more important than process innovations because of their effect on production structure. Such structural changes are more called for in developing countries than in developed ones, simply because achieving a more advanced production structure is an immanent part of the process of development. Therefore the difference in importance between product and process innovations is larger in developing countries.
(2) Incremental innovations are more important than radical ones in developing countries, partly because they are more attainable for them. This concerns particularly countries at an early stage of development.
(3) Absorptions (diffusion) is more important than development of innovations that are new to the world. For developing countries the generation of technological capability is primarily a matter of absorbing products and processes developed in other countries and deepening their knowledge about them over time. Therefore, the diffusion and absorption of innovations are of more interest in a SID perspective than in a general SI perspective. With regard to emphasis on different kinds of innovations, this is the most important difference between the general SI approach and the SID version.
(4) Finally, innovations in low and medium technology sectors are more easily attainable in developing countries than innovations in high technology sectors. This has to do with the fact that innovations in high technology sectors are often science based and quite sophisticated.
Despite the introduction of new elements in the SID concept, its implementation in developing countries is still difficult. Edquist (2001), himself, recognized that the implementation of this approach has a limit because many of the organizations and institutions that are instrumental and important for innovation processes are simply not in place or not appropriate in developing countries. Private organizations are often less capable of handling the absorption of innovations than firms in developed countries. Meaning that private organizations (including firms) do not produce enough innovation-based economic growth and welfare. In addition, many public organizations of innovation relevance are insufficiently integrated with other organizations in the system. Also formal institutions, like legal frameworks and incentive systems, and informal institutions like business practices and norms governing collaboration between firms are often less appropriate in developing countries. As the concept was developed based on the NIS, so SID maintains the same constrain that the NIS has.
The main issue in developing countries is poverty with a large percentage of people having limited access to basic services such as food, water, housing, health and education. Innovation can be a critical tool to overcome these challenges. What is needed is not only to reduce costs and increase the availability of goods and services, but more importantly to encourage sustainable livings and produce income-generating opportunities for the poor. Furthermore, innovation, through access to new and existing technology, can help create more and better paying jobs.
During the last decades, there has been an increase in interest of the role of innovation in developing countries. Unfortunately, with some exceptions, they do not systematically address reducing poverty or socially inclusive types of innovation because the innovation in formal sector was designed to achieve economic growth and competitiveness and not to reduce poverty (Kaplinsky 2010; STEP Centre 2010).
At least during the last several years, we witnessed the growth of interest in pro-poor innovation. This has been reflected by the growing body of literature dealing with this subject. Iizuka and SadreGhazi (2011) explain that the growing attention to “pro-poor innovation” is related to the current transformation of global challenges that requires a different approach to search for the possible solutions. First, there is an enlarging role of developing countries as new producers and markets. Second, there is a growing global awareness that the widening gap between those who have and those who do not have has been endangering long term sustainability not only for the developing countries but also for developed countries. Third, conventional approaches to international aids and their effectiveness are being widely questioned. Fourth, innovation capability, together with science and technology, are increasingly highlighted as important elements not only for the economic growth but also for poverty alleviation.
A pro-poor innovation system can be defined as a multi-stakeholder social learning process that generates new knowledge, puts it to use, and expands the capabilities and opportunities of the poor (Berdegué 2005). Inclusion of the poor in every step of innovation process is the key of success in pro-poor innovation concept. Inclusion can take place by building the capacity of the poor to produce what they already know how to and do produce, as well as building the capacity of the poor to use their innovations and outstanding traditional knowledge (World Bank 2010).
An important means of encouraging inclusive innovation is to support grassroots innovation networks and indigenous and traditional knowledge initiatives and to promote and diffuse their innovations (World Bank 2010). Grassroots innovation is primary a bottom-up approach of pro-poor innovation (Gupta 2010). It is networks of activists and organizations that generate novel bottom–up solutions for sustainable development: solutions that respond to the local situation and the interests and values of the communities involved (Seyfang and Smith 2010).
The output of a grassroots innovation is a product that caters to the local need, by offering simple-to-operate products that are transformed or no-frills versions of an existing product category. Some of them are based on indigenous knowledge, like medicine. However, such innovations are centred on a product/invention and face similar obstacles in terms of diffusion and scaling up.
Anil Gupta (2009) states that the grassroots method can help the organized (formal) sector learn from grassroots innovators and traditional knowledge holders to solve problems in an affordable, accountable and accessible manner. He explains that there are three main reasons: first, the lack of material resources spurs knowledgeintensive innovations by common people in the informal sector and thus provides a basis for sustainability by reducing entropy; second, the grassroots innovations are important not only because they are low cost and maintainable at local levels, but also because they offer the problem solving techniques which can be applied in different contexts; and third, several of these innovations can be blended.
- For instance, to encourage formal creation and commercialization efforts that focus on the challenges facing the poor, it can be very difficult to find private companies that will invest in this kind of innovation because there is no economic guarantee. Thus, funding is dependent on government subsidization. Observing many failure cases of the grassroots initiatives, policy-makers are reluctant to support these ventures.
- There are five main challenges regarding the implementation of grassroots innovation: high transaction costs of scouting and documentation, the need for value addition, for commercialization, and for finance; and unclear intellectual property rights (Utz and Dahlman 2007). These challenges make the implementation of grassroots innovation very difficult.
- Hua et al.(2010) state that individual grassroots innovation in China still faces great difficulties, due to: (i) lack of policy measures to support grassroots innovation, (ii) limited capacity of grassroots inventors and lack of inter-related social network among them, (iii) no existence of a financial system to support the grassroots innovation; (iv) the products of grassroots innovation are relatively simple (low technology) and therefore easy to imitate, which mainly make the protection of the intellectual property rights very difficult. It constrains the benefits of China’s grassroots innovation to a large extent.
- The sustainability of the activities that help informal enterprises better absorb existing knowledge is questionable as it depends on government incentives that provide resources of knowledge.
The discussion in the previous sections shows us that there are many challenges to promote both firm based and grassroots innovation in developing countries. This section will discuss about a new strategy for promoting innovation in developing countries that can overcome the difficulties in putting in place NIS, SID and inclusive innovation. The strategy should be able to create a synergy among very high diversity of the innovation stakeholders in developing countries. It requires having a capacity to foster the investment in advanced technology and promote the development of affordable technology to meet the need of the poor, as well as to develop, attract and retain strong talents for innovation.
Compared to developed countries, the concept innovation system in developing countries should be more complex because it is not only involving the formal sector such as enterprises, universities, research institutes, the government and the financial system but also NGOs, informal companies, grassroots inventors, local and indigenous knowledge, etc. The implementation of such a concept is also more difficult because the formal rules and laws are less well developed, their enforcement tends to be unreliable and they have less effective accountable governance. The innovation system in developing countries is situated in a dichotomy situation between formal and informal sector, between riche and poor, and between high and low technology. The main challenges in the governance of such an innovation system are to meet the needs of both the formal and informal sectors of economy. On the one hand, the innovation system should allow private companies to generate wealth and, on the other hand, it should also be able to improve the living conditions of the poor. The innovation system in developing countries should not exclude R&D in advance technology.
Below, I describe the basic and preliminary ideas that facilitate the elaboration of an integrated approach in promoting technological innovation in developing countries.
First and foremost, developing countries need to set up their innovation policy with targets and priorities that are based on the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the country concerning innovation. An innovation policy is an instrument to move towards a knowledge economy. It addresses specific problems of the innovation system, such as its rules and regulations conducting innovation to ensure competition, determine levels of entry and exit of firms, and allow financial markets to provide appropriate signals to investors (Altenburg 2008). Furthermore, innovation policy is crucial for development, at least for two reasons: (i) innovation and learning -understood in broad sense- are fundamental for growth and industrial competitiveness and thus for catching-up; and (ii) innovation can be targeted to solve or mitigate particular development problem (Chaminade et al. 2010).
To move towards achieving a holistic architecture of innovation policy design and implementation, broad-based societal participation must be mobilized. Reflecting the global trend towards achieving a greater democratization and transparency in the decision making process, citizens are becoming engaged in the deliberative processes of science-related governance issues. In this context, decision makers, entrepreneurs, scientists, NGOs, including women, youth, local and indigenous communities, are not only considered beneficiaries of the innovation, but also agents of change of the innovation system.
The other problem related to innovation policy is that developing countries tend to have limited capabilities to design, implement and monitor complex innovation policies. The situation is even more difficult because most developing countries do not have a special institution dealing specifically with innovation policy. Thus, special emphasize has to be given to human and institutional capacity building for innovation policy. The existence of national and regional bodies that deal with innovation policy formulation, monitoring and its evaluation is very important to ensure the effectiveness of the policy. It could be an innovation council or innovation institute. Innovation research institutes are also crucial as once innovation polices have been made they should be subject to continuous monitoring and evaluation.
Research and development (R&D) activities in developing countries is very low. It is related to the low investment in STI. Very little attention is paid to S&T research by low income developing countries because it is considered a longterm investment with very low return which results in weak R&D capacities. In order to improve their research systems, developing countries need to increase their investment in STI, particularly in two fields: building the capacity of human resources and upgrading or modernizing the research infrastructure. Capacity building is central for absorption and acquisition of knowledge and technology, which are both very important processes precedingthe technological innovation capacity. Innovation and capacity building in most developing countries would benefit from upgrading the skills of workers and farmers and from training more skilled workers and technicians. This can be done by formal education and training, but also by diffusing the concept of learning organizations among firms; the diffusion should function as heuristic device for local firms’ experimentation within specific context of learning organizational form (Chaminade et al. 2010).
Universities and other higher educational institutions are essential players in a country’s innovation system. Universities produce well-trained human resources and conduct research that generates knowledge for innovation. In general, in developing countries universities focus more on education and do little R&D. Universities in many developing countries like India, Indonesia, Colombia and other developing countries, already have the critical mass of scientists and have considerable intellectual capital that can be deployed to work on the technological problems of the poor. Universities could eventually play an important role in dealing with social, economic and environmental challenges. For example, there is a great opportunity for universities and research centres to conduct R&D to support grassroots innovation initiatives and to develop technology business incubators and science parks to host small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
The enterprise sector in developing countries is a large part composed of micro-enterprises which operate in the informal economy and which have a very low technology competency, if any. A less important segment is composed of SMEs with minimal technological capabilities. An even smaller segment is constituted of technology competent enterprises. Finally, there is small number of R&D rich enterprises (Aubert 2004). Thus, a specific approach is needed to enhance the innovation capacities of firms in developing countries. The approach should take into consideration the diverse nature of the existing enterprises. A board range of support network, including research centers, universities, firms and NGOs, need to mobilize to accelerate the absorption of technology by micro enterprises and SMEs.
Engaging in interactive learning with other organizations of the system is fundamental for development on innovation. There are thee linkages which are more important than others: (i) the interaction between indigenous firms and subsidiaries of multinationals to facilitate technology transfer; (ii) the interaction between domestic users and producers to create the condition of trust in absorption of technology; and (iii) the interaction between industry and domestic universities for the provision of human resources (Chaminade et al. 2010).
The common tools that have been used to promote the creation of knowledge-based SMEs are technology business incubators and science parks. They play a crucial element of national, regional and local innovation system. Technology business incubators are part of the basic infrastructure that supports start up SMEs by providing the physical infrastructure (facilities and rental spaces), professional services advice (management, tax, accounting, technological lectures, etc.), financial support (seed money, access to venture capital, etc.), training and mentoring. The aim of business incubation is to increase the success ratio of start-up firms even if the incubator is not a definitive place for the SMEs. The mature (graduated start-up) companies must relocate to a science park. The existence of a science park is very important to facilitate networking for innovation. It aims to enhance the innovative capacity and foster the enterprises through the interaction and close linkage among government, R&D centres, research institutes, high-tech industry: initiating university and industry partnerships, launching commercialization, marketing and providing financial support.
During the last several decades, we have been witnessing that science and technology parks play an important role in advancement of the various fields of technology, such as information and communication technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, electronics, etc. Many developing countries have also taken the initiative in developing science parks and incubators. However, many of them face problems, such as low successful rate of incubator tenants, very slow advancement of innovation, etc. I think the main cause of the problem is that there is too much focus on hi-tech, which is based on R&D, in which the developing countries have limited capacity. The potential of grassroots innovation, local and indigenous knowledge are not very well exploited. I suggest that the technology business incubators and science parks in developing countries should not only host hi-tech start-up companies, but also accommodate low-tech start-ups.
Grassroots innovation has an immense potential to be used as a tool for poverty eradication because it is based on local people’s knowledge, innovations, and practices that are largely produced and maintained at the grassroots level. Furthermore, the grassroots technological innovations are needs-based, simple and cost-effective. Our understanding and policies for innovation is inadequate for grassroots community initiatives. Research is needed to develop our understanding of local communities as sources of sustainable innovations.
Currently, there are many successful grassroots technological innovations however the economic impact of these innovations is low. There is therefore a need to build a value chain around these innovations and to provide incubation support, if the benefits from these innovations are to be disseminated to consumers far and wide. To this end, we need to mobilize a broad range of actors, including governments, NGOs, the private sector and local communities. NGOs have an important role to play in the innovation system, particularly as policy implementers and drivers of change in promoting grassroots innovation. NGOs can play their part by creating platforms that assist grassroots innovators diffuse information to people who do not have access. The involvement of NGOs will also accelerate the process of the technological appropriation by local community.
In the OECD member countries, thousands of venture capital funds operate to finance knowledge-based start-up companies. The objective of the venture capital investor is to invest in rapidly growing companies in order to sell out (typically after five to eight years), either to another entrepreneur, other parties or the stock market. The high risk of this type of investment is compensated by the high return on successful ventures. Many venture capital funds do not only provide capital. They also support the young entrepreneurs by closely monitoring them and providing technical and managerial support. Those aimed specifically at new startups almost always provide such support.
Unfortunately such financial systems do not exist in developing countries. In general, it is extremely difficult for SMEs to obtain finance, and certainly equity. Financial institutions are not interested in investing in start-up companies because there is no guarantee, high risk and the run cost of the credit is expensive. However, it is necessary to establish an appropriate financial system to support knowledge-based start-up companies in developing countries.
Finally, an innovation system has to accommodate the interchanges and connectivity among the stakeholders that have the common objective to move towards a knowledgebased society.
The main challenge in developing countries is poverty. Innovation can be a critical tool to solve this challenge and to improve access to basic services such as food, water, housing, health and education. However, in general, their current innovation systems are poorly constructed and are very fragmented which is characterized by poor business, the inexistence of research centers or a very limited research community, low education levels, weak infrastructure, inefficient public institutions, poor governance and the inexistence of an innovation policy or strategy.
The implementation of the existing innovation concepts in developing countries needs to be done carefully, by taking into consideration of the local conditions. Developing countries need to move towards achieving a more structured innovation system based on an established innovation policy. An innovation system, which can accommodate the interaction among the high varieties of stakeholders, such as enterprises, universities, research institutes and government, financial system, NGOs, informal companies, grassroots inventors, local and indigenous knowledge, etc. must be developed.
An integrated approach is needed to establish an appropriate innovation system in developing countries. An innovation system which is based on relevant innovation policies, able to accommodate both advanced innovation and grassroots innovations, involves the formal and informal sector and that aims to improve the quality life.
and Y Nur , “Rethinking the Innovation Approach in Developing Countries”, World Technopolis Review, vol. 2, no. 2, Apr 2012. | 2019-04-21T22:32:29Z | http://www.kpubs.org/article/articleMain.kpubs?articleANo=SGGHBZ_2012_v1n2_107 |
As far as you know, you’ve been exercising regularly but unfortunately you still have that belly pooch because you eat a little more from being tired because of working out hard.
Might not be true for all but how do you achieve a flat belly if you get really hungry??
After all the intense and sweat-busting workouts, how do you prevent yourself from eating more without starving yourself and having to deal with a round tummy?
Studies show that people who ate a lot, three times a day, and make dinner their largest meal have a higher chance of developing a higher BMI (Body Mass Index) which leads to being overweight or even worse obesity, and an increased chance of getting various diseases.
A doable way to make your breakfast a big meal is to eat more during breakfast and have less for dinner, and skip your snacks and lunch. When you do this you give the body a good enough time to use up stored energy sources like fat.
Eating a big breakfast gives you enough energy for the rest of the day which you can possibly spend on fasting if you wanna try to skip some meals.
After all, we evolved from our ancestors some 80,000 years ago who were hunter-gatherers. They survived a great deal of fasting during which they ate once a day or starved for a couple of days while going on treks in search of food and lands. Our ancestors were quite the hardy ones, and over a thousand multitude years we barely changed our biology and still exhibit the same characteristics.
In fact if we were to transport our fetus ancestor to our time of advanced computers and the internet age, he would have been fine and adjusted normally because evolution didn’t really change us much over the course of 80,000 years.
That means that our body still adapts well from the Paleo diet.
But what is their diet??
It includes lean meat, vegetables, berries, seafood, nuts and seeds (almonds, cashews, flaxseeds, pine nuts, walnuts, sesame seeds, macadamia), avocados, healthy oils (extra virgin olive oil, fish oil, palm oil, coconut oil) grass-fed meat, organ meats, fruits and eggs. Herbal teas like green tea is accepted (Opt for loose tea not tea bags which can cause cancer).
You want to avoid processed food (cereal, bread, pasta, rice), sugars, salt, dairy, grains, legumes (beans and peanuts), potatoes, starches, caffeine and alcohol.
If we try to follow this diet, it could mean longevity and a longer health span.
But hold on! Hunter-gatherers only reached a maximum lifespan of 21 to 37 years old, with around 57% only making it past the age of 15. The fact is infectious diseases were pretty rampant back in the ancient times when there was no hygiene and medicine. Starvation and dehydration, and other threats were also constantly looming around the corner.
This was not conclusive though as some experts pointed out that hunter-gatherers lived a lot longer than their agricultural successors (10,000 years ago) who were less healthier and spread diseases faster because of the domestication of livestock and plants, and permanent settlement.
There’s a theory that during the Paleolithic era, infectious diseases weren’t as prevalent and impactful before we transitioned to the Agricultural Age.
The environment started to be adversely affected by livestock waste and soil tillage.
Of course there were trade offs with the Agricultural or Neolithic Revolution but that meant more efficient and faster ways of doing things including the spreading of ideas and growth in the human population.
We still have hunter-gatherers up to this day, some of the best recently known cases living in Africa and the Arctic. They exhibit low incidence of chronic, debilitating diseases and experience a longer healthspan than modernized people (They stay healthy until old age).
Well for 2 things, they ate what nature gave them (no additives or pesticides), and starved themselves which helped their body use up their stored energy (fat). Our bodies have evolved so slowly over the course of thousands of years that our bodies still adapt well to the food that our ancestors ate.
Of course not everybody can follow the Paleo diet and there have been counterarguments that us humans had plenty of time, 10,000 years when the Agricultural Revolution started, to change our digestive abilities as evidenced by developing lactose or gluten tolerance.
I think this still doesn’t discredit the benefits of going Paleo because our modern diet is filled with processed foods, chemicals and so many additives which contribute to many cancers and other age-related diseases.
My advice is, whether you want to follow a Paleo, vegetarian or vegan diet, calorie restriction or another diet fad, you should continue doing what diet you think is best for you and your needs, and what makes you look good, feel good and wake up happy because you know it works for you.
1. It uses stored fat for energy not sugar.
2. It’s harder to overeat on the Paleo diet compared to normal diets.
3. It helps with physiological diseases like Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis or other autoimmune disorders.
4. It’s simple to understand and makes logical sense.
6. It works for many.
Paleo diet ultimately leads to weight loss and a flat belly.
Now that we’ve talked about Paleo diet, and the possibility of incorporating it. Let’s talk about how important eating breakfast is.
When you eat breakfast, you activate thermogenesis (heat production in organisms) which stimulates and boosts metabolism.
Metabolism is said to be greater during breakfast compared to when you eat at dinner.
1. Eat fewer calories throughout the day.
2. Eat less cholesterol and saturated fat.
3. Eat more nutritious foods.
4. Weigh less (women – 4 kg. less, men – 3 kg. less).
The key to losing weight and getting a flat, tight belly is burning more calories than we eat in a day.
Our body burns calories every second of our lives. How quickly we burn those calories is called our metabolic rate.
Even though we burn calories while we’re asleep, our metabolic rate slows down during that time and burns fewer calories per hour as a result.
Now some of you might start thinking that sleeping less will help you burn more calories and lose weight faster. This is partly true but SLEEP is an integral part of our lives and help our bodies combat stress. Also, stress makes you eat unhealthy food so sleeping less is not a healthy and viable option.
Sleeping less than 5 hours and sleeping more than 9 hours a day will contribute to weight gain. In one study, recurrent sleep deprivation in men increased their preference for high-caloric foods and increased their overall caloric intake.
We all know that exercising and leading an active lifestyle help us burn a lot more calories but doing so without eating a healthy breakfast will make these less effective.
One of the secrets to successfully kickstart our metabolism is to eat breakfast.
In fact, nothing including exercise will get our metabolism going fast again as getting 7 to 8 hours of restful sleep and eating a healthy breakfast.
When we skip breakfast, our metabolic rate goes down so does our blood sugar levels.
Low blood sugar levels results in feeling lethargic. It also makes us extra hungry later which makes us snack more and overeat.
Eating your breakfast will make you eat less throughout the day. You’ll even lose weight faster if you eat healthy, low caloric foods as they will help boost your metabolism.
Keep it light! If you go to Europe or Japan, you won’t see as much obese people around because they walk a lot and don’t typically eat a huge, heavy meal.
Make sure to eat your breakfast on time, and if you can the same time everyday so that you train your body and get a more effective burn.
You can eat your breakfast from 30 minutes to 1 1/2 hours after waking up. A good rule of thumb is eating breakfast before 10am. In 2011, studies by the US Department of Agriculture showed that eating before 10am resulted in lower body weight. If you’re a late riser, try to wake up early. If you can’t because of your job, try eating an hour after waking up.
These are not good enough excuses to miss your breakfast. The fact is you can do a LOT of things so that you don’t forsake a good breakfast.
1. Sleep earlier and wake up earlier.
You should know that breakfast is important so no matter what you’re doing or what your activities are, you should make an effort to include breakfast in your morning routine.
2. Plan ahead what you’re gonna eat.
You can prepare your breakfast food the night before if you really don’t have time in the morning.
3. Buy oatmeal or easy-to-prepare, healthy foods.
4. Set your alarm clock or phone.
It’s not only good for waking up earlier, it’s also useful for reminding you to eat breakfast when you’re a whole lot distracted at something. It’s nice to take a break from the things that we’re doing and have time to relax and enjoy our food.
5. Set aside a time to eat breakfast, and do other stuff the night before or after breakfast.
6. Exercise will make you hungry faster, as long as it doesn’t interfere with your breakfast.
7. Eat healthy foods that you enjoy or try adding fruits, raisins or goji berries to your oatmeal.
In time you’ll get used to eating healthier.
8. You can watch your favorite shows on Youtube or tv to encourage you to eat your breakfast.
9. Buy healthier snacks outside.
10. Watch videos, read recipes or tips on how you can prepare a healthy and delicious breakfast.
As you can see, there are a LOT OF WAYS that you can do about your breakfast-procrastination habits. You need nutrients early in the morning to jump-start and provide you energy throughout the day, so remember that there’s more than just the tips above.
1. Nut Butter, Banana and Chia Seed Toast.
Spread peanut butter on a toast, add 1/2 of a banana (sliced) and sprinkle chia.
This is a delicious smoothie for that morning rush. Blend frozen fruit (banana and blueberries work well), Greek yogurt and your liquid of choice (milk, juice, coconut water). You can freeze it up and thaw throughout the day. Enjoy it in the afternoon or blend in the morning!
Take your oatmeal to a whole new level! Prepare it with the usual milk or water but instead of adding cinnamon or sugar, add a pinch of salt and pepper instead. Top it up with an over-easy or poached egg, and sprinkle a little cheese for an extra kick.
Glorify your fruit cup by tossing in some quinoa. Mix or add more until the quinoa is evenly distributed. Add honey, lime or basil for extra flavor.
This is a classic substitute to hot cereals. Cook quinoa in cow, soy or almond milk. Put your ingredients in a pot and bring to a boil. Simmer, stir and top with your favorite fruits and spices. Quinoa is high in protein and essential amino acids like lysine which is essential for tissue growth and repair.
This healthy dish tastes good and is very simple to make. Take 2 lightly toasted bread. Top with smashed avocado and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Put one sunny side up egg for some protein and you get a well-rounded breakfast! Cook the yolks a bit more if you’re on the go, and stack ’em up to make them into a sandwich.
Mix chocolate pieces or chocolate liquid with your quinoa. Add fruits like berries and banana slices. Quinoa is a great source of protein so you can’t go wrong with it.
Craving dessert for breakfast?? Or breakfast for dessert? This gluten-free bowl will give you a tasty breakfast treat. Simply bake a berry blend in the oven, add chocolate shavings and milk.
Turn your classic baked loaf into oatmeal. Add shredded zucchini and throw in a handful of toasted walnuts and banana slices.
These guys are simple to make ahead of time and last all week! Blend or whisk eggs with spinach, bacon and cheese, and pour the mixture to muffin tins. Bake for 15 to 20 minutes in a preheated oven (350 degrees F or 175 degrees C) or until desired texture has been reached.
Fry the eggs. Toss arugula with olive oil and lemon juice with a dash of salt and pepper on top of your whole wheat toast. Put a layer of ricotta and sprinkle with Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese. Top it with a sunny-side up egg.
Blend peanut butter, frozen bananas, soy milk, Greek yogurt, honey and a few ice cubes. You can add a scoop of chocolate or vanilla protein for an extra protein boost!
This one’s perfect for fall. In a small glass, top with plain Greek yogurt, canned pumpkin puree, granola, a little whipped cream, and sprinkle with cinnamon. The best part is pumpkin is rich in beta-carotene which is essential for good eye health.
Cut a firm banana in half and peel. Arrange half bananas in a baking sheet or a freezer-safe plate. Insert a popsicle or stick into the banana. Spread each half with 1 tablespoon almond butter on the sides not touching the plate. Now for the fun part! Stick any topping to the almond butter. It can be granola, cinnamon, chocolate pieces, etc. Freeze for 2 to 3 hours.
Grease the pan and cook the spinach slightly. Crack an egg on the spinach. After cooking, remove eggs from the pan and top with cheese or salt and pepper. You can also cook these in muffin tins or pan in an oven preheated to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) for 15 minutes.
Here are some products that you can use to prepare a healthy breakfast for a flat belly!!
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Losing belly fat sure is a pain for guys and gals. The best thing you can do is just keep dieting sensibly. If you are not losing weight then there isn’t a good chance that you are losing any fat in the midsection.
Eating wholesome nutritious foods can keep you full and feeling satisfied throughout the day. Keeping focused and not thinking about food all day.
What and awesome post on how to cut back on belly fat. I didn’t really get any until after 40 but still maintained my strength. So, I started swimming and eating oatmeal and trying to cut back on certain foods. I don’t do fast food anymore. I think this is a great post with some great tips and I like the peanut butter and banana smoothie idea. In fact when I was a kid I used to eat it in my sandwiches. Lol.
Oh thank you so much!! I’m still 28 myself and I wanna try doing Paleo but my bro still eats pasta so I guess I still have to eat some.. but my diet has a lot of fruits, water, some veggies and no meat in the household except when we dine outside.. just fish and seafood.. And I try to stand up and move around often even when I’m at the house to avoid low back pain and leg stiffness.. I can feel that I’m younger compared to a few years back when I get stressed out a LOT and don’t eat that healthy yet.. 🙂 I also like the peanut butter and banana smoothie combo.. In fact I might try that anytime soon.. 😀 Oatmeal is certainly a GREAT way to start your morning, and yea I work in McDo but I rarely eat the food there now or fastfood in general.. I find that my taste buds have “grown” and learnt to appreciate real food more than processed food or even sweets especially lately. I go back to this post almost every morning recently so I can prepare my breakfasts healthier! XD What’s most important is you’re starting NOW and won’t regret it later.. Hope we can be more consistent and stay healthy! 😀 😀 😀 And hope you can come back for more awesome posts to come!!
Yeah, we Americans are known as the fattest country. I’m sure that’s probably true too. Most of us do everything wrong, dietary speaking. We love to eat greasy, fatty foods. Drink alcohol excessively (most people probably don’t realize how high the calories are in a single glass of wine! It’s the equivalent of the calories needed to be consumed all day! So basically, you could have a single glass of wine and not get to eat that day if you were calorie counting) . And to top it off we are aren’t consistent in our physical fitness routines.
This is a great website. I’ve subscribed so I can keep up. Thank you!
I can’t see your subscription.. I’m trying to look for an option to see it. Or did you subscribe under the comment section?
Wow, that’s a comprehensive run down on all of the things I’ll need to do to lose belly fat. I think you’ve even gone further than your article title which was focused on breakfast! Thanks for providing so much information.
One quick question I did have, you noted above that fasting encourages your body to use up stored fat supplies. I was under the impression that starving yourself often had the exact opposite effect in that it encouraged your body to store more and more the next time you ate. Can you provide a bit more detail on this?
Thank you!! I wanted to include the Paleo diet because it’s the topic that’s been of great interest to me recently, and I think it can help some people prepare healthier meals. I think you asked a really good question and a good point! The body uses up stored sugar first before using our fat reserves. The more sugar you consume, the harder it is for your body to burn up fat reserves. I talked about Paleo people in my article burning up fat reserves when they starve because these people didn’t eat as much sugars that we have today, thus making it easier for them to burn stored fat. They mainly get their sugars from fruits, and for some real-life Paleos they don’t consume as much of those.
Wow! I loved this blog! So many great tips and recipes I can’t wait to try.
I’m so keen on eating only twice a day. But I have for years due to budget restrictions. I’ve read that you should eat six small meals a day. I’ve seen people dump pounds by doing it. What do you think? I have a good friend who is on the paleo gluten-free diet. Her weight loss is impressive. My mother and niece have switched over to something similar to the paleo as prescribed by a naturopathic M.D. Talk about weight loss!
Thank you again for this informative blog. I’ll be checking back to see what other great tips you post!
Thank you so much Erika!!! It’s sooo awesome that you enjoyed this blog so much that you’d wanna see more from me! 😀 I’ve also been eating just 2 meals a day since 10 years ago I think because of budget restrictions, getting used to it or I think it’s just because of laziness in our part. XD But 2 meals is more than enough for me as I have a petite body (small stomach) and get bloated in the tummy faster if I eat a little more. I actually think that eating small meals is a great and healthier way to lose belly fat! I also thought of trying it out but haven’t started it yet. It’s better to eat light than to go all out at one time as doing the latter can really overload your stomach and contribute to obesity. Japanese people are a great example because they eat small meals and engage in a lot of walking.
Wow, this was an interesting read! I am definitely bookmarking this for all the healthy breakfast ideas! I’ve been looking for some new healthy breakfasts to try, but I was never sure WHAT to try. Everything on this list sounds so, so good! And it’s awesome that the recipes are healthy as well. | 2019-04-25T04:50:56Z | http://iwanttolosemybellyfatfast.com/healthy-breakfast-for-a-flat-belly-eat-wiser-to-lose-belly-fat |
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You are about to meet some people. you really can't forget.
People whose ambition and effort have allowed them to overcome great obstacles on their way to professional success. They come from diverse backgrounds, sometimes challenging backgrounds. Today, they will share their stories with you. Their stories demonstrate in a powerful way how much can be achieved through motivation, hard work, and education. I know. More than 60 years ago, I continued my education, even entering high school or college was invaluable for me. My parents were from Mexico, farm workers. My father died when I was six. Two years later, I became deaf from spinal meningitis. Helping my mother hold together our family of seven children was important to me. But my education was important also. I left my family to go and live in a residential school for the deaf, and fulfilled a lifelong dream, an almost unheard of dream for a Hispanic deaf person in those times to graduate from college. Positions in higher education and government followed after I received my degree. Today, I am proud to lead the finest technological university in the world for deaf and hard-of-hearing young men and women, the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, NTID. One of the most important endeavors this college has undertaken. This past decade is its affiliation with the Northeast Technical Assistance Center, NETAC. This government-funded program, based at NTID, has its own dream for young deaf and hard-of-hearing people to ensure that anyone who chooses postsecondary education will have all the support and services needed to succeed. As you watch this videotape, I hope that you will be inspired to follow your own personal dreams. With hard work, desire, and having belief in your own talents, you, too, can achieve your goals. Good luck to you.
NARRATOR: Jimmy Libman always knew those hours spent perfecting cookie recipes would pay off. After graduating from RIT's National Technical Institute for the Deaf, he decided to put his family's popular recipe to the test by opening his own business, Gimmee Jimmy's Cookies in West Orange, New Jersey. JIMMY LIBMAN (THROUGH INTERPRETER): I had always wanted to have my own business, and that was a goal I'd had for many years. My mother said to me at the time, "Why don't you think about starting a cookie business?" And I didn't listen to her, and I didn't pay attention to what she said. And she said, "Why not try it? " So for an experiment, we went to different cookie stores, and I tasted and tested different cookies and took samples, just to see what they were like. And I thought to myself, this is interesting, my mother's cookies are the best cookies, especially compared to these. So I said to my mother, well, I think maybe I will try the cookie business, or at least give it a try in an experimental way. So my mother taught me how to make them, and we decided to do it here in my hometown. We offered free samples of cookies to people, and everybody said, I love the cookies. Everybody that had them said the same thing. I love them. I love them! But the oven we had at home was so small that it was really time-consuming. So my dad decided that we should get a commercial oven. We got the new equipment, and my father was wanting to put the oven in the back of the house near the basement. But, unfortunately, the oven was too big to fit through the door. So he put everything in the front door, put it in the living room, and that's where I did my experimenting and my practicing. And it was starting to work. Many people came to us asking for cookies. So we sold more and more, and it was a really good start. We moved the store from the living room into the building. The business kept growing, and at that point, I decided to hire some employees to work with me. Through vocational rehabilitation, I was able to hire two deaf employees.
Then we hired a hearing secretary who knew sign language. And she could communicate very readily with everyone, and we had a really good relationship. So we've really gotten along very well.
JIMMY LIBMAN (THROUGH INTERPRETER): Every day we get to work, and we make cookies all the time.
We have 19 different flavors of cookies.
Good morning, this Gimmee Jimmy's. JIMMY LIBMAN (THROUGH INTERPRETER): But in the morning is when we do our phone calls. We contact the supermarkets. We get faxes. We have corporate programs that we provide for, and so we collect all the orders from these different places.
Then the tins are filled, and they're shipped either by UPS or Federal Express. Sometimes there's 50 to 200, sometimes 300 a day that need to go out.
During December, Christmas season, we have 1,000, 2,000, sometimes even 3,000 a day that go out. And that's normal for us during that time. And my employees are wonderful. They have really fast hands, and they work very quickly. And they save me a lot of labor because of their quickness.
JIMMY LIBMAN (THROUGH INTERPRETER): Because I'm deaf, I have a special light system in the store. It helps me to have the lights to know what's happening, and it worked very well. It was a great idea.
Hello, I need some cookies. JIMMY LIBMAN (THROUGH INTERPRETER): And as it turned out, I did hire three deaf employees, and they depended on the light system as well, and it's worked great.
INTERVEWER: What's the secret to the success of this business.
Honestly, yeah, they sell themselves. JIMMY LIBMAN (THROUGH INTERPRETER): I have several pictures from various famous people, and every once in a while I get a letter from somebody. For example, President Reagan tasted my cookies, and he sent me a letter saying thank you, and said how wonderful they were. My mother always said to me that word of mouth is a great way to get business going. It's the best kind of advertising. And when people start talking about it, that's how your business will grow. I'm very comfortable, and I trust the people that I work with that help me run my business. So I have no worries. They do a great job for me, and they have for a very long time. I think one of the reasons is because we work well together as a team.
God created each one of us, so unique and special with many different talents and abilities. But there's one that's over all, and when we develop that talent, that ability, and try to match that to our career, that's when things will start to take off. I was the kind of young person who growing up would have the lemonade stand in front of my house. People would walk past, I'd try to sell them lemonade. I did good, too. When people walked by, I had these little braids, and a big smile. People ask me, are you deaf or hearing? You felt? I said, no, I'm Theresa, and I fit in both worlds. What God have given me, I have a load of talent and ability, and I know that I can do anything. So as the dream of having my own company became more and more real, I decided at that point that I was going to get the knowledge I needed in order to have a business of my own.
I love life because it really helps me understand other people, and other people have different needs.
So in '94 as I started to go out and speak to more people, the business started to grow. I realized, OK, that's what I will do with my life, and I started writing my book. Actually, the book that I wrote which is called Kingme A Winner, from wishing, oh, wishing to actually having it, talks about when I sat down, and I let God talk to me. And I was talking to God saying, where do you want me to go from here? I said, OK, I want to work for me and not for someone else. And then be willing to let go of working in other businesses and to walk on your own two feet with Kingme Enterprises. And from that point, Kingme has produced three books. As I travel around the country speaking to different groups, I look forward to the day when I can look back and see the fruit of my labor, how much other people are impacted by what I have done today. Should it be a partner or business, but we want to pass on the right information. But today, my business focuses on development, consulting, helping people understand their gifts and talents, and how to apply that to their lives. That's what I want to see, OK? So you will role-play and act it out in such a way that people will understand you have bills piling up. I can see in other people who don't have confidence, people who were sitting in my office will always ask questions as it relates to them. If they're black, "Well, I lack the motivation," or "I lack people skills." And I always find myself saying, not necessarily. Maybe you might lack people skills, but you probably have a lot of other skills in this area. And I found myself always encouraging people who are at home to encourage people to come to my workshop. But that's one reason why I always include role-plays. I could have gone into many other fields, because people said, oh, I think you would be good at that. But I recognized that the people who are the most successful are those who understand what their own talents and abilities are. And they work it, they develop it from an early age. They develop that talent because they love it. It's what they like to do. There was one job I had, it was a home for young people who had some emotional and some mental problems, development problems. And I loved working there, because you see the joy when a person accomplishes something that they never had been able to accomplish before. And at the time that I was leaving, the best thing they said to me was, well, are there any other deaf people who may be interested in working here? And I was like, OK, I mean, that opened the door to show you, don't look at what the person doesn't have, but look at what they do have. And a person who's deaf cares and works as hard, if not harder than other people.
I am motivated, and I want to leave a legacy to other people. When they look back at a black, deaf woman-- I mean, woman, black, deaf, a person who was able to give something to other people so that they can feel excited about wanting to do something with their life, too. Because everyone's life matters. Everyone has something to contribute, and that's what I want to do.
NARRATOR: Elizabeth Rios was born in New York City into a hearing family and moved to Puerto Rico when she was in the fifth grade. In college she studied biology and received her bachelor's degree from the University of Puerto Rico. Later, Elizabeth earned a master's degree in deaf education and deaf studies from Lamar University in Texas. ELIZABETH RIOS (THROUGH INTERPRETER: You know, it's a lot of studying for the degree in biology. And I did it without interpreters at that time. I would always look at the students in my classroom and try to find a person who would write a lot. I would ask that person to become my tutor or note-taker. And for the tests, it was difficult-- biology, chemistry, math-- whew. But I really wanted to do it, and I passed.
NARRATOR: She's also executive director of Sordos de Puerto Rico, a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the quality of life for Puerto Rico's deaf and hard-of-hearing population. Empowered by her education, she now lives in Puerto Rico, where she's making a difference for deaf people as account manager for Sprint Puerto Rico Relay. ELIZABETH RIOS (THROUGH INTERPRETER: When I moved to Puerto Rico, I never saw any deaf people. When I started to finally meet deaf people was when I was in the second year of getting my biology degree. Then I met one boy who had two hearing aids, and at that point I thought, oh, somebody's like me, and I felt happy. I feel as though I'm really a Puerto Rican woman, you know, beautiful, same color, same culture. And so the reason that I want to stay is that deaf people need us here for role models. There are no deaf role models here in Puerto Rico. So I decided I need to stay and help all the other deaf people develop themselves to become independent. And show them they can do it, instead of depending on hearing people to do everything.
INTERPRETER: Elizabeth is one of our 22 managers.
We hired Elizabeth because she's well-known and has a strong presence in Puerto Rico. People know her there. She has proficient skills in sign language. Her communication is very effective. People love her. Elizabeth's main responsibility is to provide support and coordination for people, education for deaf, hard-of-hearing, hearing, and voice users.
There's a variety of things for them to be educated on related to the relay service. There are many people who don't know about the relay service, and Elizabeth's main responsibility is to meet people, go to workshops, and a variety of things within deaf schools, public schools, businesses. And go to these places and do some advertising and some information-sharing about Sprint, so that people know that Puerto Rico has a service that can connect deaf and hard-of-hearing communities with voice-using communities. And that they can then work together.
ELIZABETH RIOS (THROUGH INTERPRETER: Really now, I'm happy that I'm successful in getting my MA in deaf education and deaf studies. I'm happy that I did that. It was really difficult, but it was good to become more professional. The technology's improving so much, so Sprint Relay, and what that actually means, is very related to accessibility for communication with deaf and hard-of-hearing people, deaf-blind, hearing, and those who have problems speaking. That means that we have new TTYs wise and that technology has been improved. So really, right now, I've got a lot of responsibility. It's a very big challenge for me, because I'm starting from scratch. I have to advertise, do outreach, and educate all over the 78 towns that we have here in Puerto Rico, disseminate information, telling them that we can communicate.
It's important to have a degree and the knowledge that you can use to associate with hearing people and not be afraid. I have provided many activities for deaf people, not necessarily for kids but for adults and for young people, those who see me as a role model. So I try to tell them, if you want to become like me, you have to be very strong. But don't necessarily think for yourself but for the other kids of the future. Sometimes those parents are frustrated because their kid was born deaf, and they're frustrated by that. I try to have them not feel frustrated. I say, look at me, you see me? The future for your child could even be better than it was for me, and that's OK.
LEE KRAMER (THROUGH INTERPRETER): I'm a certified financial planner, a licensed stockbroker that helps with investments, estate planning, how to lower your taxes, college planning, insurance, life insurance, and long-term care, and a variety of things. I have a whole range of clients. Some have no money, some are pretty wealthy, and then there are some in the middle. I also serve deaf and hearing people.
The first year I engaged in cold-calling, letters, and advertising. The second year, it was all by word of mouth and references through the grapevine. And it's true within the deaf world, the deaf grapevine passes it on. Once they know that someone wants to help, they tell a friend, and then it spreads and spreads and more calls kept coming every day. So I haven't had to do cold calls for 15 years now.
But most of the hearing people have some association with deafness. Either their parents are deaf or they're an interpreter. Or Lee, also, he networks with people he's met through his own home. Like if he had built an addition on his home, if the contractor said, oh, I need a financial advisor. So it's people that have some experience having met deaf people. LEE KRAMER (THROUGH INTERPRETER): We're very successful. We have about 2,000 clients.
ROSENTHAL: --calls, this is Lee Kramer, how are you doing? LEE KRAMER (THROUGH INTERPRETER): We're licensed in 48 states.
ROSENTHAL: Good. I have Peter and-- LEE KRAMER (THROUGH INTERPRETER): The demand is very high here. We're very busy every day.
ROSENTHAL: Maybe we'll use, maybe we'll use the brokerage account. MAN (ON PHONE): Yes.
ROSENTHAL: That would give us a chance to start with Lockwood, then we can build up Claudia's thing. And he'll contact Lee, and then Lee will tell Lisa to write him check.
THERESA KING: That's fine with me. Wonderful.
Lee often tells his clients, he says, I treat you as if you were like my brother or my sister or, like, if I were in your shoes, what I would do? And so I feel both, like among the staff, we're very close here. And so it's a nice working environment. Lisa who's with customer service, she can communicate with Lee directly. Scott's deaf, he's the financial analyst. He can communicate directly. The only person is Mary, she's the office manager, and she doesn't sign. I think Lee's real goal is to give people peace of mind about anything to do with their finances. FRANK (THROUGH INTERPRETER): To better serve clients, Lee, myself, and another person named Danny Lacey who is also a financial advisor, he has an office in Texas. We divided it up into geographical areas from Maryland to Florida in the southeast area, plus California, Nevada, Arizona, Indiana, Idaho, and Tennessee. Danny focuses on Texas and other states. Lee concentrates on other states, and that way we can better serve clients throughout the country. LEE KRAMER (THROUGH INTERPRETER): I was born in Philadelphia. My parents were deaf, but they're oral-deaf. And my sister is also oral. I have a brother who's hearing. We moved to Massachusetts, and I went to the Clarke School. And at that school you couldn't sign. It was an oral school, strictly an oral school. So when I went to high school, I went to a prep school which was a private school. And I was the one deaf person with the whole hearing class. I had no interpreter, so I had to lip-read the teacher and get copies of the notes. I played football, basketball, and baseball. I was captain of the team, and I had help from my friends who were hearing people. College was the same for me. I went to Wesleyan University in Connecticut, and got my MBA from Northeastern in Boston. I learned to sign when I was about 20 years old. I felt like, finally, I was the same as the hearing people. We were understanding the same things that I could participate equally. The game of Monopoly, I like to play that, and I always won the championships every single time. No one could beat me. And that led me to being involved in the business world.
When I started in 1985, deaf people were resistant to meet with me, because the deaf world is so small. Deaf people aren't willing to expose themselves to the rumors that happen in the deaf community. And I had to assure them that this was a very confidential service. Your name will be completely confidential. No one will know your personal issues. So once that trust was built, then the business began to grow. And I had quite a niche, because I was the first certified planner who was deaf with an MBA. And I was a certified funds specialist. And it was the first deaf person who had this in the world. The first question I ask when I meet with a client, I analyze all the questions and all the answers they give me. And then within two weeks we get back together, and I give them recommendations. I'm not like a salesman saying buy this from me and try to sell them something. I design something that fits that individual. And all people are not the same. My philosophy is that nothing is impossible. You can do anything.
There are some deaf kids who say, I can't, I can't, because I'm deaf. And I think that's not true. You can do it. Nothing is impossible.
What are your dreams? What is it that you want to do with your life? Join host Dr. Robert Davila, vice president of the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) as he introduces successful professionals who are deaf and hard of hearing. Highlights Elizabeth A. Rios, account manager for Sprint Relay, Puerto Rico; Theresa A. King, owner of KINGME Enterprises, Washington, D.C.; Lee Kramer, certified financial planner and owner of Kramer Financial, Inc. headquartered in Germantown, Maryland; and Jimmy Libman, owner of Gimme Jimmy's Cookies, West Orange, New Jersey. Part of the "Achieving Goals! Career Stories of Individuals Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing" series. | 2019-04-22T04:29:00Z | https://dcmp.org/media/5365-achieving-goals-career-stories-of-individuals-who-are-deaf-and-hard-of-hearing-brilliant-at-business-vol-2 |
Hiatt presumably thinks that the government’s decision not to impose double taxation is somehow akin to a giveaway. But that only makes sense if you assume that government has a preemptive claim to all private income. …Hiatt wants us the think that there’s no moral, ethical, or economic difference between giving person A $5,000 of other people’s money and person B being allowed to keep $5,000 of his or her own money.
Today, I have a particularly absurd real-world illustration of this statist mindset.
Did their list of 10 “handouts” include the Export-Import Bank, which lines the pockets of big corporations? Nope.
Did it include agriculture subsidies, which provide unearned goodies for big agribusiness firms? Nope.
Did it the TARP bailout, which shielded Wall Street fatcats from capitalism? Nope.
And how about subsidized terrorism insurance, ethanol goodies, and green energy subsidies? Nope, nope, and nope.
Or the handouts in Obamacare for major pharmaceutical companies and big insurance companies? Nope and nope.
Instead, every single “handout” that the rich “get” from government is nothing more than a provision of the tax code that lets people keep more of their own money.
I’m not joking. Here’s the list, followed by my two cents.
As I’ve previously explained, I don’t think the tax code should be tilted in favor of residential real estate. But a handout is when the government takes money from Person A and gives it to Person B.
There actually isn’t a yacht tax deduction, but if you can live in something, it can be eligible for a mortgage interest deduction. I don’t think that’s wise tax policy, but it’s not an example of government taking from Person A and giving to Person B.
The authors appear to be upset that people running a business get to subtract costs from gross income when calculating net income. But that’s exactly how businesses are supposed to be taxed. And even if one thought, for some odd reason, that gross income was the right tax base, this still isn’t an example of government taking from Person A to give to Person B.
As just noted, businesses should be taxed on profits rather than gross receipts. Well, profits are the difference between total income and total costs, including the cost of business-related meals. And even if one thinks that folks in business are lying and mischaracterizing personal meals, they’re not spending other people’s money. No funds are being taken from Person A and being given to Person B.
In a good tax system, there’s no double taxation of income that is saved and invested, so the capital gains tax should be abolished. As such, the “preferential” rate in the current system is more accurately characterized as a mitigation of a penalty. But even if one believes that saving and investment should be double taxed, a lower capital gains tax rate doesn’t take money from Person A to give to Person B.
The death tax is triple taxation, so it also should be abolished. Regardless, letting a family hold onto its own money is not the same as taking from Person A to give to Person B.
The government taxes gamblers on their net winnings (if any), which is the proper approach. And even if the government gave a deduction for net losses (which isn’t the case), this wouldn’t be an example of taking from Person A and giving to Person B.
The Social Security system is supposed to be social insurance, and one of the implications of this approach is that there’s a limit on the benefits one can receive and the payments one has to make. As such, it’s silly to assert that the “wage base cap” is somehow improper. But even if one believed in turning Social Security into a pure redistribution scheme, the existing earnings limit simply means a cap on what the government takes. There’s no coerced handout from Person A to Person B.
The bad news is that we have pervasive double taxation in the internal revenue code. The good news is that some forms of retirement savings, such as IRAs and 401(k)s, are protected from double taxation. That protection does not require any money being taken from Person A and given to Person B.
I’m not a fan of companies like H&R Block that benefit from an unfair and convoluted tax code. Under a simple and fair system like the flat tax, they would go out of business. But a deduction for tax preparation costs simply allows a taxpayer to keep more of his or her income. There’s no handout from Person A to Person B.
In case you didn’t notice, there’s a strong moral component to my argument. The leftists think you’re getting a handout if you get to keep more of your own money.
And it’s also economically illiterate when applied to provisions of the tax code that make sense, such as companies getting to subtract expenses when calculating taxable income.
Or individuals not being subjected to double taxation.
P.S. Here’s some pro-Second Amendment humor, which cleverly uses the left’s “undocumented” terminology for illegal aliens and applies it in a much better fashion.
And if you like pro-gun humor, you can find lots of good links by clicking here.
P.P.S. Since I mentioned immigration, here’s a fascinating graphic that shows immigration trends over the past two centuries.
There’s no policy lesson of philosophical point. I just think this graphic is very informative and well designed.
But if you want my two cents, I like immigration but want to make sure we attract people who want to work and assimilate rather than scroungers (and worse) who want welfare and handouts.
Question of the Week: What’s More Worrisome, Big Brother Monitoring Where You Drive or Big Brother Controlling How You Drive?
If you don’t like the NSA collecting and monitoring all your communications, you probably won’t be thrilled about new technologies that will give government power to monitor where you drive and control how you drive.
Let’s look at a couple of options and then ponder which is more offensive.
We’ll start with government monitoring of where you drive. Here’s part of what Holman Jenkins wrote for the Wall Street Journal.
…the real threat to our autonomy gathers speed. “Autonomous” vehicles are part of the threat—because they won’t be autonomous at all. This column has warned for years about plate-recognition cameras, increasingly armed with face-recognition capabilities, that will make it impossible to go anywhere or do anything in public without being monitored. …The population is aging. An older, more timid society is likely to be in favor of penning up fellow citizens in a mesh of monitoring to regulate routine behavior. The authoritarianism of the weak, always a problem in society, will find an ally in the bureaucracy’s craving for resources.
Holman cites a few examples.
Traffic cameras…overwhelmingly ring up drivers for offenses that wouldn’t trouble a cop. New Jersey is just the latest state scandalized by discovery that yellow lights are set below the state minimum in order to yield more red-light camera tickets. …In some future discrimination or hate-crime lawsuit, will vehicle records be called up to show you locked your doors in a minority neighborhood but not in a white neighborhood? Will the state decide to raise your ObamaCare copays because a face-recognition camera also recognized a cigarette dangling from your lip? When our every action in space and cyberspace can be monitored and policed, we no longer police ourselves to any meaningful extent. We become not citizens but children. The state is our parent. The real threat is that many of our fellow citizens will like it this way.
This sounds very Orwellian and very bad, but there are other ways for government to make driving an unpleasant experience.
Let’s see what the UK-based Daily Mail is reporting about an obnoxious European proposal to give government control over your gas pedal.
Drivers face having their cars fitted with devices that slam on the brakes if they go over the speed limit, under draconian new road safety measures being drawn up by officials in Brussels. All new cars would have to include camera systems that ‘read’ the limits displayed on road signs and automatically apply the brakes. And vehicles already on the road could even be sent back to garages to be fitted with the ‘Big Brother’ technology… The EC’s Mobility and Transport Department hopes to roll out the ‘Intelligent Speed Adaptation’ technology (ISA) as part of a new road safety programme.
And how will this big-brother system work?
I’m glad people from the Automobile Association are warning that the system poses risks, but opposition should be based on more than utilitarian arguments. How about the freedom to be left alone and not monitored and pestered while you travel?
But let’s set that issue aside and contemplate whether it’s worse to have the government track where you drive or worse to have the government control how you drive.
Maybe this makes me a bad libertarian, but I’m not overly worried about the first option. Perhaps this is because I have a relatively staid life. I drive to work and I drive to softball. Every so often, I drive to the grocery store or to an airport. The bureaucrats tracking me would go crazy with boredom. Heck, I’d probably feel some pressure to spice up my social life simply because I’d feel sympathy for them.
Maybe they’ll force us to drive green cars?
By contrast, I would be very irritated if the government got control over my accelerator. It’s already annoying that revenue-hungry local governments and anti-automobile greenies conspire to set speed limits considerably below safe and efficient levels. But at least there’s very little risk if you drive within 10 miles of the limit and you always have the choice to drive even faster if you’re willing to take a chance that some random cop will pull you over. But if the government imposes some system that forces my car to stay within the speed limit, I won’t be a happy camper.
I’ll be very curious to read the comments for this post. In the meantime, I’m going to close with a few optimistic words.
Simply stated, government may have the technology to spy on us, but that doesn’t mean they have the brains, ability, or manpower to make much use of this power.
Money laundering laws are a good example. It’s rather offensive that the government has set up a system that forces banks and other financial institutions to spy on all of our financial transactions.
But other than imposing high costs on the financial sector, this system doesn’t have much impact on the average person. To be sure, some poor people lose access to the financial system. And, yes, there are horror stories about people who have their accounts frozen because they’ve engaged in an unusual transaction, but most of us will live our lives without ever noticing that the government has created this Orwellian regime.
Likewise, I don’t think the monitoring and collection of traffic data will impact our lives. At least not until the point the government uses its power in some of the ways described by Holman Jenkins. But I don’t think that’s going to happen anytime soon.
I’m also somewhat hopeful that car-control technologies won’t get abused. At least not right away. Local governments, for instance, would probably oppose a system to control travel speeds for the simple reason that they want to maintain the revenue from speeding tickets.
Moreover, I bet many Americans would rise up in revolt if the government tried to take control of our gas pedals. Politicians who pushed for such a scheme would lose election and bureaucrats who tried to impose such a system via regulation would get slapped down.
We’ve lost some of our freedoms and fighting spirit, but there are some lines the government still can’t cross. Driving faster than the government allows is as American as apple pie.
P.S. Speaking of American traditions, what about the young (and not-so-young) people who sometimes do a bit of romancing while in their cars? Maybe the bureaucrats (motivated by this Obama-NSA joke) will insist that we also install internal cameras in our vehicles.
What Was the Most Tragic Policy Development of 2012?
I’m not sure I could pick out a significant victory for human freedom in 2012.
Maybe I’m missing something, but the only good policy that’s even worth mentioning was the decision in Wisconsin to rein in the special privileges and excessive compensation for government workers.
But there definitely have been lots of sad developments.
The hard part is picking the most disappointing story.
1. Was it the craven decision by John Roberts to put politics before the Constitution and cast the deciding vote for Obamacare? This certainly could be the most disappointing event of the year, but technically it didn’t represent a step in the wrong direction since the Supreme Court basically gave a green light to unlimited federal power back in the 1930s and 1940s. The Obamacare case is best characterized as a failure to do the right thing. A very tragic decision, to be sure, but it maintained the status quo.
2. Was it the lawless decision by the Internal Revenue Service to impose a horrible regulation that forces American banks to put foreign law above U.S. law? This was a very bad development in the battle for tax competition, financial privacy, and fiscal sovereignty. But in the grand scheme of things, it’s just another in a long line of policies (such as FATCA) designed to increase the power of governments to impose and enforce bad tax policy.
3. Was it the Japanese government’s decision to double the value-added tax? I’m definitely not a fan of adding a VAT on top of the income tax, but Japan made that mistake years ago. The choice to increase the tax rate just shows why it’s dangerous to give politicians any new source of revenue. So this isn’t the worst policy development of 2012, particularly since the new Japanese government may suspend the tax hike.
4. Was it the delusional decision by 54 percent of California voters to impose a big, class-warfare tax hike? I thought the vote for Prop 30 was a very troubling development since it signaled that voters could be tricked into enacting class-warfare tax policy, even though they should have realized that more revenue for the state’s politicians would simply exacerbate the eventual fiscal collapse. But since I think this will be a learning experience on what not to do, I can’t put this at the top of my list.
5. Was it the French government’s punitive decision to impose a 75-percent top tax rate? This is a spectacularly misguided policy, and it’s already resulting in an exodus of entrepreneurs and other successful people. But just as I enjoy have California as a negative role model, I like using France as an example of bad policy. So it would be a bit hypocritical for me to list this as the worst policy of 2012.
6. Or was it the envy-motivated decisions by politicians in both Slovakia and the Czech Republic to replace flat tax systems with so-called progressive tax regimes? This is a strong candidate for the worst policy of the year. It’s very rare to see governments do the right thing, so it’s really tragic when politicians implement good reforms and later decide to reinstate class-warfare policies.
All things considered, I think this last option is the worst policy development of 2012. To be sure, I’m a bit biased since my work focuses on public finance issues and I’ve spent 20 years advocating for tax reform.
But I think there’s a strong case to be made, by anyone who believes in freedom, that politicians from Slovakia and the Czech Republic deserve the booby prize for worst public policy development of 2012.
Alvin Rabushka, sometimes referred to as the Father of the Flat Tax , summarizes the grim news.
On December 4, 2013, the center-left parliament of Slovakia modified the country’s historic 19% flat-rate tax… Effective January 1, 2013, the income tax rate for corporations was raised from 19% to 23%, while that on individuals earning more than €39,600 (€1=$1.30) a year was raised to 25%, thereby creating two brackets of 19% and 25%. …On November 7, 2012, the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) of the national parliament approved a proposal to impose a second higher rate of 22% on annual income exceeding Czech Koruna (CZK) 100,000 ($5,200) per month. President Vaclav Klaus signed the bill on December 22, 2012, which will take effect on January 1, 2013.
What’s especially depressing about these two defeats is that the supposedly right-wing parties deserve the blame.
In Slovakia, all but one of the right-leaning parties in the old government decided to support the Greek bailout, leading to the collapse of the government and the election of a new socialist government that then sabotaged tax reform.
And in the Czech Republic, the current right-of-center government decided to scrap the flat tax for “fairness” reasons. I’m sure that will really be comforting to the Czech people as the economy suffers from less growth.
To understand what the people of those nations are losing, here’s my video on the flat tax.
Now for a bit of good news. There are still more than 25 flat tax jurisdictions in the world, including two of my favorite places – Hong Kong and Estonia.
So there are still some pockets of rationality. It’s just very unfortunate that the scope of human liberty is getting smaller every year.
P.S. The absolute worst thing that happened in 2012, if we look beyond public policy, was Georgia falling 4 yards short of beating Alabama in the Southeastern Conference Championship.
P.P.S. Speaking of sports, the best thing about 2012 occurred in Virginia Beach back in October. | 2019-04-20T06:47:20Z | https://danieljmitchell.wordpress.com/tag/leviathan/ |
The Big Agnes Insulated Air Core Ultra is a comfortable, well-made mattress that has a number of unique features. Those features and price make it a good choice for the value conscience backpacker looking for a high quality and reasonably light mattress that will give them many seasons of use.
When I was young it seemed that I could sleep anywhere on just a thin ensolite pad and still get a good night's sleep, but as I have grown older the pads have changed to air mattresses and while they were initially around only an inch thick they are now around three inches thick and I can’t see ever going back to anything thinner.
For the last several years I have been using a 25 x 72 Big Agnes Insulated Air Core and have very much enjoyed the mattress and have never had any issues with it on the trips I have used it on. The opportunity came up here at Trailspace to review the latest version of this mattress now called the Insulated Air Core Ultra, so given my experience with the previous version I really wanted to see how the design has evolved and improved over the previous design.
The BA Insulated Air Core Ultra is positioned as BA’s economical mattress that offers several improvements over its predecessor in being easier to inflate and deflate, lighter weight, more packable, and manufactured with tougher materials. While I will get into a more detailed review below, overall the Insulated Air Core Ultra is a design that does offer notable improvements in each of the areas stated by Big Agnes when compared to the earlier design. For this review I will be reviewing the 20 x 78 inch version of the Insulated Air Core Ultra.
I have included the video below that was created by BA and provides an overview of this mattress.
Within the package the mattress comes in you get the mattress, a stuff sack that includes a cord lock, and a repair kit.
Here is a detailed view of the repair kit that is included. It contains a single larger 2 x 2 inch patch, two 1-1/4 x 1-1/4 inch patches, a set of instructions for applying the patches and a spare diaphragm for the inflation valve. It’s nice to see that BA used quality materials from 3M for their patches.
From a packed size and weight perspective, the BA Insulated Air Core Ultra is comparable to other mattresses in this price range. Here is a picture of the packaged mattress next to a typical one-liter water bottle.
The Insulated Air Core Ultra is advertized as being a lightweight mattress with an advertized weight of 23 ounces for the 20 x 78 inch mattress. When I weighed the complete package of the mattress, stuff sack and the repair kit I found the weight to be 22.0 ounces. When I weighed the mattress alone I found the weight to be 21.2 ounces.
The advertized size for the Insulated Air Core Ultra I am reviewing is 20 inches wide by 78 inches long for an inflated mattress. Just for completeness I thought I would include the dimensions of the un-inflated mattress, which are 25.75 inches wide and 79.25 inches long.
When I inflated the mattress I found the dimensions to the outer edges of the mattress to be 20.50 inches wide by 78.50 inches long, which is in agreement with what is advertized by BA for this model of the Insulated Air Core Ultra.
The one thing that I have found when considering the size of an inflated mattress is that the actual useable area can sometimes be less then the advertized size. When a mattress has design features like the tubes that make up the Insulated Air Core Ultra, the radius on the outer edge of the tubes around the perimeter of the mattress really are not that useful in providing support, especially when the mattress is inflated at a higher pressure.
The photo below helps demonstrate this point. When you measure across the crest of the tubes on the mattress you find that this dimension is only about 18.0 inches compared to the 20.0 inch overall width. The same holds true along the length of the mattress as the length along the top of the tubes is about 75.50 inches before it rolls off to the 78.0 inch overall length.
Like I stated earlier, I currently own a 25 x 72 BA Insulated Air Core that I really like, but with my height being 5' 11" the effective length of this mattress is more like 70 inches, so I always have a hard time keeping a pillow under my head without having to dangle my feet off the end of the mattress. It’s not a fault of the mattress in any way, but it is something to consider when you’re selecting a mattress to make sure it will provide the amount of support you are looking for.
Now that I have used this 20 x 78 inch Insulated Air Core Ultra for the last couple of months, I find I really like the longer length and I would recommend this length mattress to anyone close to or taller than six feet.
Before I get into the details of the Insulated Air Core Ultra design, I wanted to comment on how comfortable the mattress is to sleep on since this is the primary reason for buying a mattress. As I mentioned earlier, I have been using an earlier version of this design for a number of years and have always found it very comfortable. While my old mattress size was a 25 x 72 and the mattress I am reviewing is a 20 x 78, I found this mattress to be just as comfortable as my old mattress. So from a sleeping perspective I am a very happy camper sleeping on this mattress.
In general, I have always found that products from Big Agnes are well designed and are of good quality. The Insulated Air Core Ultra is no different and my overall impression is that the design is well thought out and the build quality is very good.
I’ll try and touch on each of these areas of improvement below.
The Insulated Air Core Ultra overall design is a basic tube style of construction that is comprised of six tubes total and where the two outer most tubes are larger in diameter then the four inner tubes. I measured the outer tubes and found them to be approximately 3.5 inches in diameter and the inner tubes I found to be about 3.00 inches in diameter. In use, I did find that the larger diameter outer tubes were effective in helping me stay on the mattress through the night.
One important feature to point out with the Insulated Air Core Ultra is that by using an equal number of tubes in the design of the mattress, your backbone will always rest in a groove between two tubes, which I find more comfortable. When a mattress is designed with an odd number of tubes your backbone always rests on the crest of the tube in the center of the mattress which can be uncomfortable and cause you to sleep more to the left or right or to drop the pressure in the mattress to a value lower then what you would normally like.
One of the advertized features of the Insulated Air Core Ultra is that it is made from more durable lightweight nylon rip-stop fabric that has a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material laminated to the rip-stop to provide for ultimate durability. The double rip-stop fabric being used is supposed to have 25% greater tear strength and durability. I didn’t do any physical tests to try and verify these claims, but from a subjective perspective the material does feel robust and appropriate for this application.
In actual use I try and avoid subjecting my mattresses to things that could cause damage by keep my tent or ground cloth clean, so I think anyone exercising a reasonable amount of care will find this mattress more than robust for backcountry use. In use, I didn’t find that the material was noisy in any way and no different from that perspective to my older Insulated Air Core.
I do think this material is slightly more slippery then what was used with my Insulated Air Core, but I didn’t find it an issue during use in contributing to sliding off the mattress during the night. When I have had problems sliding off a mattress at night it has usually been because I ended up selecting a campsite on a slope.
The Insulated Air Core Ultra incorporates a new valve assembly that has both an inflation and deflation valve and is a significantly different approach then the older style valve that is on my BA Insulated Air Core which has a single valve you unscrew to open and screw it down to close. With the new valve assembly, each of the two ports contains an attached rubber plug that is removed to open the port and reinserted to close the port. The two plugs are labeled “in” and “out” and are different diameters.
As shown in the picture below, each of the plugs has a number of ribs that run around the circumference of the plug that act as the seal when the plug is inserted into its mating pocket. The rib at the end of each plug is larger then the rest and there is a mating groove in the pocket that helps keep the plug secure in addition to being a seal to keep air in the mattress.
While I haven’t had any issues with either of the plugs leaking air, I am not totally comfortable just yet with this design approach. With the valve on my old mattress if there was any indication of air leaking out you could just tighten down the valve that much more to hopefully seal it. With the approach being taken in the Insulated Air Core Ultra, if one of the plugs leak there really isn’t much you can do about it. Also, since this design has two plugs you now have two potential leak sources instead of one when you compare this design to other mattress designs that only have a single plug or valve.
The “in” port and the “out” port of the valve assembly are different from a couple of perspectives. The out port of the valve assembly is just a plug and a hole, and it’s only intended to be used to deflate the mattress. After using this mattress for awhile now I can honestly say that the out port combined with some internal mattress design features I’ll get into later make this hands down the easiest and quickest mattress I have ever owned to deflate and get rolled back into a very small packed size.
The in port of the valve assembly is used to inflate the mattress and is also used to do fine adjustments of the internal pressure for comfort. The in port has a small flexible feature to which a diaphragm is attached that acts as a one way valve when filling the mattress with air.
In my experience with using the mattress the one-way valve worked well and never leaked any air while I was filling the mattress. The in port is also designed to accept the Pumphouse Ultra sleeping pad pump available from BA. I have not had a chance to use the Pumphouse Ultra to know how well it works, but it looks like an interesting option for people who don’t want to blow up their mattress after a long day hiking.
The use of the pressure adjustment feature is very simple. You first remove the in plug from the port which exposes the diaphragm feature, but does not allow air to escape, and then you gently take your finger like is shown in the picture below and press in the center of the diaphragm and let out air until the mattress is at the desired firmness. This feature works very well and it’s easy to just let out a very small amount of air or a lot.
With respect to the diaphragm of the in port, I think it is great that BA included one in the repair kit but at the same time it makes me a little concerned that they included it for a reason. It's not the end of the world if the diaphragm were to fail as you only lose the one-way feature of the valve. The mattress could still be inflated its just that you would need to be a littler quicker installing the plug. If you like this feature and do bring along the spare diaphragm then it would be good to know how to replace it.
Some final thoughts on the Insulated Air Core Ultra valve design.
Wear — Unknown how the sealing capability of the plug and mating socket degrades with use due to wear. I have opened and closed these features about 50 times as I have been evaluating the mattress and have not observed any issues with the mattress holding air overnight.
Temperature effects — Most materials become less compliant/stiffer at lower temperatures. The inflation and deflation valve sealing is directly dependant on the compliance of the elastomer being used for the plug and mating socket to create an air tight interference fit. I have used the mattress down to 26 degrees F and did not have any issues with the mattress leaking air or observe any noticeable change in the compliance of the plugs or sockets, so I think that BA did a good job with the material they selected for these components and I think they will perform fine for the intended three seasons that this mattress is advertized for.
Maybe I’m too much of a worrywart, but given the thoughts above, I thought a useful addition to the repair kit would be a 4 x 4 section cut from a common surgical glove that could help seal the plug to socket interface if one of the plugs started to leak for some reason. If one of the plugs were leaking you would remove the plug, lay the 4 x 4 square of material over the socket and then reinstall the plug as shown in the picture below.
There is one area where the Insulated Air Core Ultra didn’t live up to what I would have expected and this was with the insulation feature of the mattress. I have always had a good experience with my older Insulated Air Core from an insulation perspective in that when utilizing a down sleeping bag, the older mattress seemed to be providing a beneficial level of insulation. I have tested the new Insulated Air Core Ultra down to 26 degrees F and it really didn’t seem to provide much benefit at all.
BA advertizes that the insulation used in the Insulation Air Core Ultra is WRM HL. The WRM HL used in this mattress is a high loft synthetic insulation that I couldn’t find any specific information on to see how it compares to other synthetic insulations on the market today, but when you handle the deflated mattress you can feel that the insulation is physically present.
BA does not provide an overall R rating on the expected level of insulation capability that could be compared to other mattress designs, which is unfortunate. It is nice to be able to compare features so that you can pick the right product for your personal use and the lack of an R rating leaves you in a void as all you know is that this is a three-season mattress and it has some amount of insulation in it.
Because the insulation feature of this mattress is not well communicated by BA, I decided to dig a little deeper to see what is going on inside of the Insulated Air Core Ultra. The out port on the valve assembly used to deflate the mattress is just a simple opening that is reasonably large and actually large enough for me to insert a borescope to take a look at inside the mattress.
I was able to inflate the mattress and then quickly open the out port and insert the probe from my borescope. With the probe inserted I quickly sealed around the probe using a tucked in surgical glove which enabled me to look around the inside of my Insulated Air Core Ultra, which I thought was pretty cool (I’m pretty easy to keep entertained).
Utilizing the borescope provided significant insight into the design details of the insulation approach used with this mattress design.
Before I get into what I learned, I will share a short video I made that if you view it first, my discussion below will make a lot more sense. The video is of one of the smaller diameter center tubes next to the larger diameter side tubes.
One of the first things I noticed that is unrelated to the insulation is the nice large diameter holes that exist along the length of the web that separate each of the tubes of the mattress. These holes are a very nice feature as they save weight, but more importantly they really allow air to move freely within the mattress, which is key to enabling this mattress to deflate so easily and quickly. Another point worth noting is that the white coating you see on several of the surfaces inside the tube is the TPU coating I mention earlier in my review.
Getting back to the insulation, it is very clear in the video that there is a strip of insulation bonded to both the top and bottom of each tube and that runs the length of each tube. What is interesting is that the width of these strips of insulation are only a little over a third of the overall width of the tube. This width might be effective in limiting the heat being conducted if the mattress was inflated to a very high pressure so that the mattress only contacted the ground and the person who was sleeping on the mattress at the very top and bottom of each tube.
Since most people don’t inflate their mattress to that high of pressure, you end up with a large percentage of the area in contact with the ground and the person sleeping on the mattress not being insulated which results in the mattress not being much more effective than an uninsulated mattress.
The other thing that you will notice in the video is that the insulation isn’t always bonded for its full width on the top surface of the tube. Once the insulation becomes separated from the surface it is bonded to, cold air can now circulate along that surface and the insulation is no longer providing any benefit.
To give you another perspective on the width of the insulation strips inside the mattress I have included the picture below where I have a light inside the tube and it allows you to see the strip of insulation bonded to the top of the tube.
The list price of the regular long version of the insulated Air Core Ultra is $109.95. While this is not inexpensive, this is a very well made mattress, and BA is also known for standing behind their products and this mattress does go on sale at times and can be had for about $80.
Overall I think the Big Agnes Insulated Air Core Ultra is a very well made comfortable mattress that has several nice design features that make it a great choice for the individual looking for an economical mattress that is also a solid design that will survive many seasons of normal use. While I think highly of BA and the general Air Core Ultra design, I don’t think the Insulated version offers much improvement over the uninsulated version of this design and would recommend most people looking for a three-season mattress just purchase the Air Core Ultra and bring a supplemental pad like the Gossamer 1/8” Thinlight Foam Pad to use for those colder trips.
Many thanks to both Trailspace and Big Agnes for the opportunity to evaluate and test the BA Insulated Air Core Ultra for the Trailspace Gear Review Corps!
Now that's truly a closeup look at a piece of gear, Mike! Nice use of your borescope, and great testing and review of this BA pad. Thank you!
Just bought an REI FLASH Insulated air mattress (3 season version R3.7).
Hi Eric (and I really like your TS nick name by the way), I would be interested in hearing how you like your REI Flash mattress as I am always on the look out for a good air mattress.
Third time's the charm? Time will tell.
If it stays inflated there won't be any cons, IMHO.
I received this new model under warranty replacement. I had originally purchased one of the prior model that's a mute dark purple. It held air for about a week before it started to leak slowly. Within a few more days it would deflate in a matter of hours without laying on it.
After doing leak testing and not finding the culprit I sent it to BA for repair and they promptly replaced it with a new one of the same. It was worse. Testing it at home it started slowly losing air the second day until it was unusable by the third.
Mortified, I put it in storage and this was seven years ago in 2011. Cut and fast-forward to 2018 and as I'm going through excess stuff I come across it. I called CS at BA and now find they have this new model replacing the flop. Explaining the sequence to the CS rep, he sends me the warranty replacement form and requiring me to attach a pic of the old mattress with claim number written in marker near the BA company logo. No sending it in; just fill out the form and attach the picture to the form, voila!
One week later I received the new Insulated Air Core Ultra. Kudos to impeccable warranty service. Now only time will tell, but it's holding air at home.
No R value is stated by BA, only a 15 degree temp, but in comparing its specs to similar pads, most have an R value of 4-5. In temps of 35 degrees or below I find that using a foam pad beneath the inflatable makes a big difference in warmth and all so necessary if the pad deflates.
Replacement pad developed a leak after two nights; this tiny leak detected at fabric-plastic joint at old style brass valve.
Just call cs and you'll be sent the form to fill out and the instructions for the picture. You'll have the new one inside of a week. The whole lot of the purple/brown Q-Core were defective junk. I don't throw away anything with a lifetime warranty, but I'm certain that many were trashed.
Does not seem as heavy material as original Q-Core.
I had the older model Q-Core and while it took a bit to inflate, it was a very nice sleeping platform and served me well until leaks started for some reason. The first product was returned to REI after a failure of the valve that occurred during a fire camp in Washington state. It made some tough sleeping for the two weeks on that wildland fire. I deploy several times a year and sleep is pretty important after working 15 hours straight.
I repaired one leak, but no matter what I did, it would not hold air all night, and I think the pad was delaminating. REI mentioned the same thing. I lost confidence in using it so I purchased the newer model.
This newer bright orange pad sure inflates easy and has worked so far. It does move around a little on a cot. On the tent floor it does fine.
The one concern is the material just seems so much lighter (good for backpacking), but will evaluate more this season. Experience with sleeping pads is about 4 years of service if used a lot.
Thanks for the review, Jeff! Do you have any pictures of your BA pad you could show others in your review? | 2019-04-24T08:35:49Z | https://www.trailspace.com/gear/big-agnes/insulated-air-core-ultra/ |
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credit score Suisse has towering expectations for IBM ’s $34 billion acquisition of application company crimson Hat . Analysts Matthew Cabral, Dan Knauff, and Michael Allen initiated coverage of cloud providers today and argued that IBM will whirl into probably the most better of the bunch after it closes the deal.
The back story. traders haven’t appeared terribly optimistic about alien traffic Machines’ (ticker: IBM) planned large-ticket purchase of crimson Hat (RHT), which is expected to nearby the finish of this year. IBM’s inventory is the third-worst performer in the Dow Jones Industrial commonplace for the past twelve months. Even after a 26% 12 months-to-date rally, shares are 7.7% under their fee from three hundred and sixty five days in the past.
it's as a result of crimson Hat’s hefty cost tag—sixty six times its annual web profits from operations—makes it censorious for IBM to efficiently integrate the company and exhaust it to generate cash circulate and revenue increase. colossal Blue will likely concern $25 billion of debt to finance the deal, analysts say. IBM has talked about it is going to respite participate buybacks in 2020 and 2021 and exhaust that money in its spot to pay down debt.
What’s new. credit score Suisse gave a vote of self assurance to the deal in a live sensible on Thursday.
The monetary institution’s analysts are bullish on the plan of the “hybrid cloud,” or company expertise methods that operate partly with on-website servers and partly with cloud application. They referred to that most of groups are looking to keep a participate of their software on-site, in preference to poignant every unique of it to the cloud. They argued as a passage to supply IBM an aspect because the deal will enable the traffic to present both typical on-site company hardware and cloud-computing services.
searching forward. numerous questions wait about IBM’s capability to efficaciously integrate purple Hat.
“one of the vital essential hazards to display screen can live the cultural hardy between IBM and crimson Hat after the close. red Hat’s lifestyle is constructed around the company’s dedication to the open-supply neighborhood, with a company model based on promoting ‘IP-less’ utility,” the credit score Suisse analysts wrote.
IBM shares accommodate been lately up 0.5% at $143.75.
What Does It purchase to maintain a traditional Mainframe Alive?
photo: badge Richards/computing device history Museum IBM spent US $5 billion to build the gadget/360, introduced in 1964. These 9-music magnetic tape drives had been among the many S/360’s one hundred fifty-product line.
a brief record of the most transformative items of the past century and a half would comprise the lightbulb, Ford’s model T—and the IBM equipment/360. This mainframe collection always changed the laptop industry and revolutionized how corporations and governments worked, improving productiveness and making countless new initiatives feasible.
within the years leading as much as its 7 April 1964 launch, however, the 360 become probably the most scariest dramas in American enterprise. It took an almost fanatical commitment in any respect levels of IBM to bring on this fabulous assortment of machines and software. while the technological improvements that went into the S/360 accommodate been critical, how they had been created and deployed bordered on disaster. The enterprise skilled what science policy expert Keith Pavitt referred to as “tribal struggle”: individuals clashing and taking participate in a hastily turning out to live traffic with unstable, and in some situations unknown, technologies, as dubiety and ambiguity dogged every unique the protagonists.
finally, IBM turned into great and distinctive enough in skill, staffing, financing, and materiel to prevail. In an almost entrepreneurial trend, it took odds of rising technologies, no weigh number where they had been determined inside the business. In hindsight, it appeared a sloppy and unwell-suggested exercise, chaotic in execution and yet brilliantly a success. They live in an age that celebrates innovation, so inspecting situations of how innovation is finished can best illuminate their figuring out of the process.
through the conclusion of the 1950s, computing device clients confronted a reputedly intractable problem. Had it no longer been solved, it will accommodate prevented computers from fitting widespread, and any innovations of live in an recommendation Age would accommodate been fiction.
picture: IBM The S/360 turned into designed to change IBM’s 1401 mainframe, which became widespread but couldn’t live extended or upgraded.
corporations accommodate been buying computers in extraordinary numbers, automating lots of the feeble punch card operations and doing extra with facts processing. The popularity of the IBM 1401 illustrates the quick adoption of computing. Over 12,000 of these techniques had been sold from their introduction in 1959 to 1971, when IBM retired the line.
With the 1401 so dominating the laptop enterprise, any complications with it were serious. considered one of them changed into that the 1401 became too small.
users create these machines so effective that they kept piling more work on them, achieving the gadget’s skill. They then had three alternatives: circulation to a much bigger IBM system, such as an IBM 7000, install a competitor’s gadget, or purchase extra 1401s. not one of these alternate options was eye-catching. To change to an even bigger gadget required rewriting software, due to the fact that the historical software would no longer work on a special kind of laptop. The freight of rewriting may comfortably exceed the monetary benefits of relocating to an even bigger machine. Such a metamorphosis besides known as for retraining team of workers or hiring new group of workers standard with the new device. adding extra contraptions of the equal equipment changed into equally unattractive as a result of each and every unit required duplicate group of workers, gadget, and maintenance of hardware and application. customers desired techniques that had been “upgradable” or “suitable,” such that as their wants grew, they could bring in better machines but quiet flee the equal application and peripheral equipment. within the 1950s and early 1960s, it changed into a hope, and for providers an aspiration.
IBM had worse issues than its purchasers did. The 1401s accommodate been proving so confidential that engineers in Endicott, N.Y., which had developed the gadget, resisted attempts via their counterparts in Poughkeepsie to construct larger computer systems, resulting in turning out to live competition between the two corporations. As one engineer recalled, “So unreasonable changed into it that sometimes it looked as if it would exceed the contention with external rivals.” methods made by Poughkeepsie would no longer flee courses written for the 1400 collection. consumers wanting to gallop from the smaller 1400s to the larger Poughkeepsie machines spot increasing drive on IBM to supply compatibility. Senior administration had to purchase care of the charges of sustaining R&D for a half-dozen incompatible product traces and training IBMers to promote and retain so many methods.
Consensus grew that IBM needed to regain perquisite down to one gadget to simplify construction, reduce the cost of R&D, and live extra competitive against a growing array of opponents. If customers had to better within the early 1960s, they may simply as effortlessly stream to a competitor’s computer, seeing that they would should rewrite their utility anyway.
The power of compatibility turned into established within the drop of 1960, when IBM brought the extra potent 1410 to replace the 1401. utility and peripheral machine for the 1401 labored with the more recent desktop. shoppers and IBM income loved that fact. Poughkeepsie’s engineers accommodate been near finishing work on a group of four computer systems regularly occurring because the 8000s that accommodate been suitable with the 7000s.
photo: IBM To regain the S/360 off the ground, T. Vincent Learson compelled engineering factions inside IBM to cooperate.
Learson replaced the Poughkeepsie supervisor in cost of the 8000 assignment with Bob O. Evans, who had served as the engineering manager for the 1401 and 1410. Evans preferred compatibility throughout every unique future items. After ninety days in his new function, Evans informed that work on the 8000s live stopped and that both sites inaugurate working “to better a complete cohesive product line.” He besides proposed a bold new ground technology for every unique future systems, called solid righteous judgment know-how (SLT), to manufacture IBM’s machines greater competitive.
Frederick P. Brooks Jr., who led the design group for the 8000, fought lower back. Evans and Brooks had been ambitious opponents. the two engineers each had years of journey operating engineering and product construction activities at IBM, and that they had been articulate and particularly revered by passage of their staffs and senior management. Brooks changed into not as unreasonable rating as Evans, so Learson introduced in Jerrier A. Haddad, who had spent the outdated two years in freight of the advanced Engineering construction Division, to anatomize the proposed procedures of Evans and Brooks. Haddad counseled going with Evans’s ideas, and Learson killed the 8000 challenge in may additionally 1961.
Bob Evans immediately requested Brooks to enhance the map for a usurp household of computer systems. Brooks turned into flabbergasted, however he authorized, and with that the two engineering communities stopped feuding and commenced taking part. there were nevertheless opponents in the enterprise, but no count—the trajectory toward a standard system had been set.
pictures: IBM Bob O. Evans [left] recommended killing IBM’s bigger 8000 mainframe in want of a new line of compatible computer systems. Frederick P. Brooks Jr. [middle], who led the 8000’s design, objected, however Jerrier A. Haddad [right] sided with Evans. Evans then asked Brooks to work on the brand new line, which became the S/360.
Learson besides assigned John W. Haanstra, president of the customary products Division, which produced the 1400s, to chair an inside project drive known as spread (for systems Programming, research, Engineering, and development), with Evans as vice chair. Brooks later joined the stint drive. In December 1961, the community offered its technical recommendations.
Their document known as for five usurp computer systems, labeled processors (defined as the computing device, its memory, and channels to connect to peripheral gadget). The application and peripherals for one processor had been to work with every unique other processors. The map known as for the usage of ordinary hardware and application interfaces between computers and peripherals, equivalent to between disk drives and tape drives connecting to computer systems, so that the peripherals did not should live swapped out when a brand new processor was installed. The recommendations grew to become the basis for the gadget/360.
as a result of so a remarkable deal can live new, the processors would now not live usurp with IBM’s latest items. That become an totally vital point. valued clientele relocating to the brand new IBM machines would ought to rewrite latest software just once to regain on the route of the brand new equipment.
Then, IBM received a fortunate spoil. As one engineer wrote, “pretty much miraculously [Evans’s] vision of the new product line became saved by means of a last-minute technical accomplishment. In mid-1963, engineers in the Poughkeepsie and Endicott laboratories had begun exploring the occasion of including special microcode to the manage retailers of computers to extend their efficiency when simulating past IBM computer systems.” This characteristic would enable 1401 utility to flee within the two smaller fashions of the proposed new device, most effective sooner. sales acquired on board, and its executives began pressuring R&D and manufacturing administration for early introduction of the brand new processors.
From the starting they faced two dangers, both of which became enough to keep us unsleeping at nighttime. First there turned into the project of coordinating the hardware and software design work for the brand new line. They had engineering groups in every unique places america and Europe working simultaneously on six new processors and dozens of new peripherals…but within the finish every unique of this hardware would ought to plug together. The application changed into a bigger hurdle nonetheless. in order for system/360 to accommodate a common character, a all lot of programmers needed to write thousands and thousands of lines of desktop code. nobody had ever tackled that complicated a programming job, and the engineers accommodate been below top notch coerce to regain it accomplished.
A 2d set of problems worried manufacturing the electronic accessories for the brand new programs. The electronics industry changed into nascence to work on built-in circuits, and the new computer systems accommodate been going to live stuffed with these new components. To live independent, IBM needed to manufacture its own. It proved to live a dear proposition.
eventually, the corporate management committee, including Watson and the board of directors, sucked in a abysmal breath and authorized the spread suggestions. IBM was off to the races in the wildest trip of its background.
IBM could not conceal what changed into going on. New personnel flocked to Endicott, Poughkeepsie, and other labs and plants. purchasers heard rumors, the computer press changed into speculating, and executives at GE, Honeywell, Sperry Univac, and somewhere else were attempting to expect what IBM would do.
At IBM, nobody appeared satisfied with development on the brand new device. Engineering, manufacturing, sales, and company staff were in lots of circumstances working a hundred-hour weeks. Engineers moved cots into their offices. When Watson stopped in to recognize how programming turned into going, an engineer yelled at him to regain out so he may work. The chairman of IBM beat a hasty retreat.
photos: IBM On 7 April 1964, a educate from ny metropolis’s imposing Important Terminal shuttled reporters to Poughkeepsie, the spot IBM chairman Thomas J. Watson Jr. formally unveiled the system/360.
image: badge Richards/desktop background Museum among the gadget/360’s forty four peripherals turned into the 2311 disk storage power. each removable disk pack stored 7.25 megabytes.
On that day, IBM brought a mind-boggling a hundred and fifty new products: 6 computer systems; 44 peripherals, including tape drives, disk drives, printers, and manage devices; and a covenant to provide the utility indispensable to manufacture every slight thing work collectively. the clicking packet become an inch thick, and manuals describing every unique the machines, accessories, software, and their installation and operation crammed more than 50 linear toes.
The principal characteristic of the gadget/360 became, of path, its compatibility. A growing statistics middle might set up a wee 360 laptop and later upgrade to a larger one devoid of rewriting application or replacing peripheral device. as soon as regular with the system, one did not ought to gain information of a pretty righteous deal more to deal with an upgrade. The designation 360 become chosen to imply the concept of 360 levels, protecting everything.
within the first month following the S/360 announcement, customers international ordered over one hundred,000 programs. to spot that quantity in standpoint, in that equal yr within the united kingdom, every unique of Western Europe, the us, and Japan, there were by far greater than 20,000 computers of any kind installed. the primary deliveries of the smaller machines accommodate been promised for the third quarter of 1965, and deliveries of the bigger ones within the first quarter of 1966. The prolong between announcement and transport date gave valued clientele time to forward to a determination which models to purchase, regain them accredited and budgeted, map on the spot to apartment them, train staff, complete application remediation, etc. With the April announcement, IBM bought itself two years to manufacture first rate on its guarantees and knock rivals again on their heels.
From 7 April to when the traffic began delivering machines to consumers, IBM entered probably the most bad, excessive, and challenging epoch of its historical past. The enterprise spent US $5 billion (about $40 billion nowadays) to enhance the system/360, which at the time was more than IBM made in a year, and it will eventually rent greater than 70,000 new employees. each IBMer believed that failure reputed the death of IBM.
Watson assigned his brother, Arthur, to manage engineering and manufacturing going forward. Learson would flee earnings for the brand new gadget, “twisting the tails of their salesmen.” Tom Watson Jr. thought Learson had the greater difficult assignment. The possibility of customers converting to a person else’s machines in preference to to the S/360 tremendously worried Watson.
picture: IBM IBM promised to inaugurate offering the first S/360 machines in the third quarter of 1965. production issues emerged almost immediately.
as the number of orders for the S/360 kept increasing, manufacturing changed into asked in 1965 to double creation. One production supervisor mentioned it couldn't live done and turned into replaced. first-class declined. probably the most electronic circuits inside an SLT, for instance, had been now not complete, so electrons couldn't evaporate the spot they were reputed to. by using the finish of the year, the first-rate control branch had impounded 25 p.c of every unique SLT modules, bringing construction to a halt.
picture: IBM With the S/360, IBM delivered its solid righteous judgment technology (SLT), a precursor to integrated circuits. Doubling the production of the S/360 in 1965 led to defects in a quarter of the SLT modules.
After the issues accommodate been solved, manufacturing proceeded in 1966, resulting in ninety million SLT modules convey produced, in comparison to just 36 million the feeble yr. IBM opened a new plant in East Fishkill, just south of Poughkeepsie, which made greater semiconductor instruments than every unique different producers international combined. production besides multiplied to new amenities in Burlington, Vt., and in Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
To unravel manufacturing issues with the ferrite-core reminiscences, IBM set up a plant in Boulder, Colo., in 1965. nonetheless it took the craftsmanship of people in Japan to regain the creation of reminiscences as much as the necessary quantities and exceptional.
picture: badge Richards/computer history Museum The S/360’s ferrite-core recollection additionally proved extraordinarily intricate to manufacture. This aircraft incorporates 1,536 recollection cores.
As manufacturing grew to become a global effort, new problems arose in coordinating actions and fabricating machines. Arthur Watson had some journey managing IBM’s wee factories backyard the united states but not one with resolving engineering complications, let alone great world problems in construction and manufacturing. He became out of his league, and his brother challenged him to unravel the issues. meanwhile, Learson and his earnings groups wanted extra advancements to the product line. family members between Learson and Arthur absolutely deteriorated. In October 1964, IBM introduced gigantic delays in transport items.
Tom eliminated Arthur from his job and turned over his tasks to Learson, who in whirl introduced in 4 engineering managers to punch throughout the complications. Nicknamed the “four horsemen,” they had plenary authority worldwide for getting the S/360 manufactured and dropped at purchasers. Their assortment of complications, one of the crucial managers cited later, become “an absolute nightmare,” “a gray blur of 24-hour days, seven days a week—certainly not being home.” And yet, in 5 months, they'd labored out ample of the problems to start meeting birth dates. In January 1966, Learson grew to live president of IBM.
photos: IBM dealing with unacceptable production delays, Learson introduced in [left to right] Henry E. Cooley, Clarence E. Frizzell, John W. Gibson, and John Haanstra, who sorted out manufacturing complications worldwide and got the S/360 back on the perquisite track.
software problems besides slowed construction of the 360. The application construction workforce became described as being in “disarray” as early as 1963. The working system, referred to as OS/360, struggled to flee more than one job at a time, which become fundamental to creating the S/360 quick and productive. other problems surfaced with telecommunications and with application programs. Programming steer grew to become a further contentious situation.
Fred Brooks volunteered to aid, and IBM delivered 1,000 individuals to the operating equipment undertaking, costing the enterprise greater for application in 12 months than had been planned for the complete development of the S/360 device. but throwing greater programmers at the assignment did not support. based on the S/360 journey, Brooks would later expand on that theme within the legendary Man-Month (Addison-Wesley, 1975), quiet some of the most generally read books on computing. The application would purchase years to comprehensive, however in the finish it worked neatly enough to hold the transport extend to 1 month.
image: IBM A device/360 arrives at Tokai monetary institution in Japan. exact for computing grew tremendously within the years following the S/360’s launch.
regardless of the prices and nervousness, in 1965—the 12 months IBM had dedicated to shipping the first units to consumers—it managed “through some miracle” (Watson’s phrases) to deliver hundreds of medium-dimension S/360s. Their excellent didn't every unique the time hardy the fashioned design specifications. Shortages of ingredients, other elements that didn't work, and software crammed with bugs unfold to many international locations. essentially each initial consumer encountered problems.
department places of work had been hiring systems engineers to assist. SEs accommodate been faculty graduates, usually with technical degrees, who knew how to debug application and assisted the sales drive in selling and assisting computers. The SEs heroically tackled S/360’s software complications, whereas realm engineers, who installed machine, fastened hardware complications. Salesmen calmed their consumers, while branch managers worked to retain their staffs encouraged and concentrated.
And despite the various complications, “consumers had been nevertheless ordering 360s faster than they may build them,” Watson recalled, forcing delivery dates out as a righteous deal as three years. by using the conclusion of 1966, shoppers had taken nascence of 9 fashions of the S/360, for a complete of seven,seven-hundred.
IBM’s opponents answered. Burroughs, GE, Honeywell, NCR, and Sperry Rand, operating generally in the u.s., CII in France, and ICT (later ICI) in brilliant Britain delivered programs suitable with one another’s machines, however no longer usurp with IBM’s. A 2nd, smaller neighborhood selected to manufacture machines that had been compatible with IBM’s, together with RCA and others in Europe and Japan, relying on RCA’s licenses.
picture: IBM NASA purchased a couple of S/360s, together with this one at Goddard house Flight middle. a couple of others at mission control in Houston had been used to display screen Apollo eleven.
five years later, the global stock of spot in IBM computer systems had grown to $24 billion, whereas that of opponents had reached $9 billion. In different words, IBM’s S/360 elevated unprejudiced exact for computing so hugely that it raised every unique boats. The trade’s annual boom within the second half of the Sixties become in double digits yr over 12 months, as many heaps of groups expanded their exhaust of computer systems. exact for computing grew because of the technological innovations brought forth by passage of IBM, however additionally because users accommodate been gathering enough tang to recall a pc’s charge in riding down charges and performing new capabilities.
IBM additionally grew, greater than doubling from 127,000 personnel global in 1962 to 265,000 by using the finish of 1971. income rose from $3.2 billion in 1964 to $eight.2 billion in 1971.
since the S/360 was the heart of a righteous deal computing through the conclusion of the Sixties, its users constituted a world of their own. hundreds of programmers only knew the passage to exhaust utility that ran on S/360s. further heaps of statistics-processing personnel had labored most effective with IBM equipment, together with keypunch machines, printers, tape drives, disk drives, and utility, which in many cases took years to master. via the early Nineteen Seventies the computing space changed into largely an IBM world on either side of the Atlantic, in the emerging markets in Latin the united states, and in Japan.
The technology that brought out the S/360 remained unique in the business, a discrete clan bonded ferociously to IBM. Careers had been made and broken, personal lives and marriages upended. IBMers did not comprehend on the time how considerably their items would change the world, however they do.
this text is in accordance with excerpts from IBM: the upward push and drop and Reinvention of a worldwide Icon (MIT Press, 2019).
James W. Cortada is a senior analysis fellow on the institution of Minnesota’s Charles Babbage Institute. He worked at IBM for 38 years in revenue, consulting, managerial, and analysis positions.
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"Our enterprise X-Architecture for x86-based servers and solutions delivers towering performance and the highest customer satisfaction in the industry, making us number one in high-end x86 systems," said Adalio Sanchez, common manager for IBM x-86 and PureSystems Solutions. "We continue to innovate and deliver leadership performance, reliability and investment protection for mission-critical workloads with X6."
Resilient, with features that can assist extend cloud delivery models to mission-critical applications. recollection and storage extend virtual machine capacity to allow SaaS delivery of applications. Autonomous self-healing CPU and recollection systems maximize application uptime by proactively identifying potential failures and taking action to amend them. In addition, Upward Integration Modules can assist reduce the cost and complexity of system administration by allowing operators to effect management tasks through virtualization tools.
New Solutions for X6Clients poignant enterprise applications to cloud models and adopting analytics for quick traffic insights require integrated solutions for relish a flash deployment, efficiency and performance. To assist clients achieve these results, IBM is announcing new solutions for its X6 architecture for analytics, database and cloud deployment, including IBM System x Solution for DB2 with BLU Acceleration on X6 for accelerating analytics, IBM System x Solution for SAP HANA on X6 for analytics, and System x Solution for VMware vCloud Suite on X6 for infrastructure-as-a-service capabilities.
New Storage for cloud, analyticsIBM has announced the common availability of the new IBM FlashSystem 840. The new system provides nearly double the bandwidth and double the performance -- 1.1M IOPS -- of its predecessor, the FlashSystem 820 -- making it ideally suited for analytical databases, virtualization infrastructures, and public and private clouds. Supporting up to 48 terabytes of usable capacity in a 2U unit, the all-Flash array besides features IBM MicroLatency technology that significantly speeds data access times from milliseconds to microseconds (less than 135 microseconds) giving organizations faster actionable insights from real-time data analytics. In addition, a new management GUI - as well as datacenter-optimized features such as hot-swap components and concurrent code load - enable relish a flash installation and smooth management.
IBM besides is introducing the FlashSystem Enterprise Performance Solution, which bundles the FlashSystem 840 and IBM System Storage SAN Volume Controller (SVC) technology. The solution includes a suite of advanced data management features ranging from Real-time Compression, snapshots, thin provisioning, VAAI, and application sensible copies, to FlashCopy, and storage virtualization with IBM smooth Tier.
New SDE capabilities for cloudIBM is strengthening its software defined environment (SDE) portfolio with the introduction of IBM Platform Resource Scheduler for private and hybrid IBM SmartCloud clients who want to accelerate time-to-results, better infrastructure flexibility and reduce operating costs. IBM Platform Resource Scheduler provides a fully virtualized, open and programmable architecture that ensures enterprises are taking odds of every unique available IT resources -- from application software licenses to available network bandwidth.
Integrated with OpenStack, this dynamic resource management appliance provides a comprehensive set of intelligent, policy-driven scheduling features that automatically designate the perquisite resources to the perquisite job, balances workload exact with infrastructure supply and ensures adherence to service flush agreements, improving overall application performance and efficiency. The open and extensible architecture besides allows enterprises to easily reconfigure and add customized policies to meet their specific sharing and scheduling needs.
Financing for cloud and analyticsIBM Global Financing has announced new financing offerings today to assist clients quickly adopt new cloud and analytics solutions by helping reduce upfront costs and hurry revert on investment. Credit-qualified clients can obtain unprejudiced Market Value leasing when acquiring X6 architecture solutions. Other offerings announced comprise 0-percent financing and deferred payments for 90 days when they acquire IBM PureSystems, SDE and Storage technology.
Also, IBM's new mobile financing application can assist IBM traffic Partners close more traffic with their clients, allowing credit-qualified clients to acquire financing to deploy solutions for analytics, mobile computing, companionable traffic and Smarter Planet technologies quickly.
IBM Systems and Technology Group offers a plenary scope of offerings supporting public, private and hybrid cloud implementations that integrate with IBM's cloud software and services. This Systems portfolio includes IBM System x racks and BladeCenter, NeXtScale, PureFlex, Power Systems and System z servers, and IBM Storage solutions. For more information on IBM Global Financing, delight evaporate here.
Images supporting today's announcements can live create at this link.
All other company, product or service names may live trademarks or registered trademarks of others. Statements concerning IBM's future development plans and schedules are made for planning purposes only, and are subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Reseller prices may vary.
Triple the recollection capacity (Up to 6TB in 4S system; up to 12TB in 8S system) and support up to 24 DDR3 DIMMs per socket and up to 64GB LRDIMM density, based on published Intel specifications, compared with x86 competitors with offerings based on Intel's current processors.
Using internal eXFlash storage reduces or eliminates the exigency for external SAN/NAS storage. Less SAN hardware means fewer software licenses.
28 percent acquisition cost savings based on pricing of x3850 X6 at announcement on 2/18 vs. current pricing of a comparable x86 based system that includes 2 x Intel Xeon E7-4820 (v1) processors, 1TB of recollection (16GB RDIMMs) 3.6TB of HDD storage, and Dual Port 10GBe SFP+ controller. x3850 X6 includes 2 Compute Books, 2 x Intel Xeon E7 processors, 1TB of recollection (16GB RDIMMs), 3.6TB of HDD storage, and Dual Port 10GBe SFP+ controller.
46-percent device based on Intel Internal Test Report #1310, using SPECjbb*2013 benchmark, July 2013. | 2019-04-21T18:29:52Z | http://tractaricurteadearges.ro/pass4sure-cert.php?exam=00M-651 |
Meet Artemiza Martinez of the International Laboratory of Human Genome Research (LIIGH) at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Artemiza did her undergraduate studies at LIIGH before transitioning into a research assistant in Lucia Morales’ Yeast Genome Evolution lab. The Mexican national is on campus training at the Yeast Genetics & Genomics course where she is expanding her knowledge of yeast and gaining wet lab experience to further strengthen her PhD application. She also talks about the crowdfunding campaign she set up to fund a portion of her tuition.
I am working to understand evolutionary processes using yeast as a model system. In the lab, we are working with hybrid yeasts to understand the process of hybridization. At the same time I love fermentative processes because it’s really interesting how yeasts perform to obtain different products like wine.
Because there are so many different topics I am passionate about and could be happy working with, I wasn’t entirely sure what I want to study until recently. My various research internships and undergraduate thesis guided me towards studying yeast genetics, and I really love what I do.
In high school I took a genetics class and it was my favorite. After reading an article on the applications of microorganisms in many of the products we use daily, I decided to study biotechnology. I became even more passionate about science during my undergraduate thesis work at LIIGH and thanks to the investigators who work there and shared with me their life stories and the importance of scientific research.
I was motivated by my desire to learn more about yeast and to strengthen the base for my doctorate. In LIIGH, we normally focus on bioinformatics analyses so we have little wet lab experience. Many of the techniques in the course are of great utility to answer future questions in the laboratory, and I am certain this course will develop my skills and knowledge of lab protocols and methodologies.
You created an online fundraiser that helped raise funds to attend the yeast course - talk us through what brought on the initiative.
Because the US dollar has been very strong compared with my national currency (the Mexican peso) it was very difficult for me to pay for the course. Thankfully, I was able to receive financial support from the Helmsley Charitable Trust and HHMI but I needed to raise the funds to cover the remaining balance. And since attending this course is an opportunity I could not let go to waste, I decided to set up a fundraiser. My goal was $1,756 USD (which includes Donadora’s commission) and I am happy to announce that I achieved my goal. I am very thankful for the many people who donated and helped make possible my attendance to this course, and now it is my duty to learn and share my knowledge in my country.
Would you recommend future course trainees to start their own online fundraising campaign to help finance their participation in a CSHL course?
It is a good option for those who lack the funds to attend the course but it will require time to put together and get off the ground. I spent hours contacting people to convince them of the benefits of my attending a training course in the US and inform them of my fundraiser. This was hard and frustrating at first but when the donations began to come in, I felt nothing but joy and gratitude. Now, I feel even more motivated to achieve my goals which I share with those who supported me and expect the best of me.
Many of the methodologies being discussed and shown in the course are necessary for the project on which we are working. My intention is to be able to transmit this knowledge to the new students entering the lab who are interested in working with yeast.
That working in the lab can be so much fun! I have gotten to know experienced researchers working on very interesting topics who are further motivating me to pursue my goals. The ability and opportunity to share what you do and your passion for science with people from all over the world is a very gratifying sensation.
This is my first course in CSHL, I hope it is not the last.
It is an intense course that demands all your energy but it is totally worth it. The instructors and teaching assistants put so much effort and joy into preparing and teaching that instead of feeling tired, you become curious and ready to learn more and take full advantage of the course. And of course, you cannot miss out on the opportunity to train at such a beautiful institute.
Learning science here is fun and every day there is something new to enjoy.
Artemiza received a scholarship from the Helmsley Charitable Trust and financial support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) to cover a portion of her course tuition. On behalf of Artemiza, thank you to the Helmsley Charitable Trust and HHMI for supporting and enabling our young scientists to attend a CSHL course where they expand their skills, knowledge, and network.
Thank you to Artemiza for being this week's featured visitor. To meet other featured scientists - and discover the wide range of science that takes part in a CSHL meeting or course - go here.
Meet Predrag Janjic of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Republic of Macedonia). Predrag is associated with the Laboratory of Complex Systems and Networks led by Ljupco Kocarev, and with the Research Program in Psychiatric Diseases led by Andrew J. Dwork of the New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University. The research scientist is on a multi-week trip in New York – first to take part and present a poster in the 2018 Glia in Health & Disease meeting titled “Multistability in a model of membrane voltage dynamics in hippocampal astrocytes—Interplay between Kir and K2p currents” and then to meet with his States-side collaborators.
The main focus of my present work is computational modeling of glial cells, both their structure and function. Within the structural studies we try to quantitate myelin in psychiatric disease, while on the functional side, I develop dynamical models of conductivity of astrocytic membrane.
While I knew cell-level modelling would be the focus of my work, as I was considering the particular phenomena I should concentrate on, it was a striking realization that computational cellular neuroscience had almost completely ignored glial cells during the last few decades, or have modeled their roles in a rudimentary way. From a biophysical perspective, I found it unacceptable and decided to take a closer look into how biophysical theory could describe some of the basic experimental properties. For getting into closer contact with the real issues and challenges, apart of the collaboration with Columbia University on myelin, for functional cell-level modelling I collaborate with Prof. Christian Steinhaüser’s lab in Bonn and Prof. Pavle Andjus’ lab in Belgrade where advanced neurobiology of glia is being explored experimentally.
After graduating with a degree in electrical engineering and computer science, I pursued a masters in the theoretical physics of nonlinear phenomena from Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje; where my interest in dynamical descriptions of neuronal membranes began. The freedom I was given by Prof. Kocarev to explore less established areas enabled me to carry over my earlier interest into Ph.D. studies, focusing on the variations of modeling frameworks in non-excitable (or non-spiking) cells. The NIMH/Fogarty-funded research led by Columba University provided me with the critical opportunity to join a larger research program and pursue neuroscience.
Was there something specific about the Glia in Health & Disease meeting that drew you to attend?
I was attracted by: 1) the growing evidence from several labs that specific glial potassium-channel families (which I study) are implicated in more and more disordered conditions, and 2) the possibility to have face-to-face discussions on those implications and experimental observations.
During the last several years, I have struggled to find my home community. The computational neuroscience community – where I belong on paper – still unfortunately stands aside on most of the glial phenomena. On the other hand, the concepts and methods used by the computational neuroscience community are still a bit abstract for the glial biologists, where molecular studies presently dominate. Computational studies of glia will have to bridge the gap between the experimental observations and their quantitative descriptions, and CSHL is a very unique place where both experimentalists and theoreticians feel at home. The explosion of molecular findings will show researchers like me where to look when refining the computational descriptions of the phenomena we observe.
This was the first meeting I attended where a notable number of leading researchers in glial biology were present. I needed to get a first-hand account of the molecular studies aimed at showing what (de)regulates the ion channel populations I am quantitatively modeling, as well as what is the latest in the imaging and molecular studies of myelin.
As the glial biology community is definitively growing, the Glia meeting at CSHL will further gain popularity. And since both, the cell-level and molecular biological contexts are addressed here, CSHL is really a great place to get inspired while meeting and working with other glial biologists.
The CSHL campus has a unique quality conducive to relaxing and thinking about what really inspires you. The history-rich facilities, artistic touches in each and every corner, supportive staff, and the great food will make anyone feel really pleasant.
Thank you to Predrag for being this week's featured visitor. To meet other featured scientists - and discover the wide range of science that takes part in a CSHL meeting or course - go here.
Meet Doris Ling of Washington University in St. Louis. The graduate student is a member of the Barani Raman Lab which studies the insect olfactory system; as well as the Yehuda Ben-Shahar Lab which studies the genetic basis of behavior. Doris returned to CSHL to take part in the annual course on Drosophila Neurobiology: Genes, Circuits & Behavior.
I am interested in how the brain encodes complex sensory information – currently I am researching this in the fruit fly brain and how it represents chemical information such as smells.
My background is in engineering and in a previous life I was interested in developing artificial chemical sensors. I quickly came to realize that man-made chemical sensors tend to fail in complex odorant environments but natural chemical sensors, such as our noses or a fly’s antennae, easily deal with these complexities. So why not study how nature builds such robust chemical sensors?
Growing up, I had great teachers whose enthusiasm for teaching and the sciences made it easy for me to get excited about science too.
Was there something specific about the Drosophila Neurobiology: Genes, Circuits & Behavior course that drew you to apply?
I applied to this course because I wanted to learn more laboratory skills specific for studying the fruit fly nervous system. Learning such hands-on technical skills from leaders in the field has been truly invaluable in ways that I am not sure I would have been able to obtain anywhere else.
This course has provided me with such a breadth and wealth of knowledge regarding everything from the developmental neuroscience to the genetic tools available in fruit flies. It was also great to learn from people with such diverse academic backgrounds. I hope to channel everything I’ve learned to ask more informed and interesting questions about Drosophila neurobiology!
Flies are awesome. Even though their brains only have 100,000 neurons (compared to humans which have 100 billion neurons), they are still capable of so many interesting and elaborate behaviors. And considering how many biological processes are fairly conserved throughout the animal kingdom, the fly is a necessarily simple but sufficiently complex model that can teach us a lot about ourselves.
Just this one, and I attended the Neurobiology of Drosophila meeting last fall.
Do it! This course has been invaluable to me in terms of the experimental skills I have learned, the conversations I’ve had, and the people I’ve met. The instructors are so knowledgeable, but more importantly, ever so patient and kind teachers. It has been a great opportunity to get to know them and to have them on our team.
The people I met at CSHL during the course are nothing short of amazing. Their company has brought me countless laughs and gave me an unwavering faith about the future of the field. I already miss our late-night conversations and gossiping about science at every coffee break. I hope that I may one day be as motivated, diligent, and ambitious as they are.
Doris received a fellowship from the Helmsley Charitable Trust to cover a portion of her course tuition. On behalf of Doris, thank you to the Helmsley Charitable Trust for supporting and enabling our young scientists to attend a CSHL course where they expand their skills, knowledge, and network.
Thank you to Doris for being this week's featured visitor. To meet other featured scientists - and discover the wide range of science that takes part in a CSHL meeting or course - go here.
Meet Linda Rubenstein of the NASA Ames Research Center! The NASA Postdoctoral Fellow is a part of the Bone and Signaling Lab headed by Ruth Globus. She is on campus participating in her first CSHL course: Advanced Techniques in Molecular Neuroscience.
We aim to understand the responses of mammalian tissue to the spaceflight environment with the goal of developing effective countermeasures to maintain crew health during and after space missions.
My research focuses on the impact of microgravity and radiation on the brain in mice.
During my PhD, my focus was on aging. More specifically, prolonged exposure to the spaceflight environment leads to excess production of ROS and oxidative damage, culminating in an acceleration of tissue degeneration – similar to aging – and I am working to to further explore and understand this link.
My father is a chemist, and from young age, he inspired me to pursue scientific questions. I am also very lucky to have had wonderful and supportive mentors while I earned my Masters (Prof. David Lichtstein and Prof. Dvora Rubinger in the Jerusalem Hadassah Medical Center) and PhD degrees (Prof. Martin Kupiec in Tel-Aviv University). They inspired me to continue onto my postdoc.
Was there something specific about the Advanced Techniques in Molecular Neuroscience course that drew you to apply?
Since I am relatively new to the neurobiology field, I was keen to acquire the newest methods with hands-on laboratory experience and meet with the experts of the field. This course came highly recommended.
I will be able to apply the majority of the methods I have learned in the course - such as FISH, TRAP, CLIP techniques – to my work and I also plan to start working on neuronal cell cultures.
Most importantly, the wonderful people I have met here. There is a vast range of new exciting techniques (both genome wide and single cell) that are relatively accessible and fascinating topics waiting to be explored – we just have to choose the suitable method for our scientific question and per aspera ad astra. And besides the novel techniques, I was also inspired by the lectures given by the guest lectures and our instructors. I return to California with many new ideas and offers for technical support and possible future collaborations.
Taking a break from the course with a sail trip around the Bay.
I would warmly recommend this amazing course. In addition to acquiring a palette of amazing techniques, you get the chance to meet and discuss with the top researchers in the field the newest discoveries in a friendly and informal environment.
I have loved the dedication and enthusiasm of our instructors (Cary Lai, Joseph LoTurco and Anne Schaefer) and the teaching assistants in helping us understand the different methods and how they can be applied to our research. I also love the diversity and vibrancy of my fellow course participants, from whom I have also learned a lot and whose company I have enjoyed. I am sure we’ll keep in touch in the future.
Linda's attendance and travel were funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP), respectively. On behalf of Linda, thank you to HHMI and NPP for supporting and enabling scientists to attend a CSHL course where they expand their skills, knowledge, and network.
Also, thank you to Linda for being this week's featured visitor. To meet other featured scientists - and discover the wide range of science that takes part in a CSHL meeting or course - go here. | 2019-04-25T10:51:31Z | https://currentexchange.cshl.edu/blog/tag/V181 |
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The largest country in Europe and, culturally and historically, one of the most influential in the world, France has a reputation that precedes her. Before even visiting, you already know about the famous boulevards, the gourmet cuisine, the fabulous fashions and stylish cafes. You may have heard the stereotypes, about haughty French waiters, pervasive cigarette smoking and smelly cheese. To put the record straight: the waiters are formal rather than friendly, smoking is on the decline, and strong cheeses are decidedly optional. France is a country of complexities. To truly understand its allure, you have to visit.
Centuries of history have shaped France’s rich heritage, and the buildings speak volumes: from the medieval city of Carcassonne to the Renaissance chateaux of the Loire Valley, and the magnificent 19th century Haussmann boulevards in Paris. You can imagine scenes of the Belle Epoque at the Moulin Rouge as vividly as World War II battles at Omaha Beach in Normandy. Despite its weighty past, France is a thoroughly modern nation. Alongside the ancient castles and cathedrals are emphatically 21st century innovations: from the 300 kilometers-per-hour TGV rail service, to the Pompidou Center of Modern Art in Paris and a stadium-sized underground cathedral in Lourdes.
France is defined by its diverse topography. The spectacular landscape ranges from the poppy-strewn plains of Picardy to the rolling hills of Champagne, the snowy peaks of the Alps to the serene shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Each region has its own unique character. People have different accents all over the country, and the gastronomy varies as much as the scenery. President Charles de Gaulle once lamented about the difficulty of governing a nation with over 300 types of cheese – but for visitors, the variety of culture and cuisine is something to relish!
With its majestic monuments, elegant sidewalk cafes and chic shopping districts, Paris has the finest of everything – from gourmet cuisine to fabulous fashions. You could spend a whole day shopping for designer silk scarves or handmade chocolates, or wandering around the city’s perfectly manicured parks. At the center of Paris, the Notre-Dame Cathedral is a masterpiece of Gothic architecture, resplendent with flying buttresses, fearsome gargoyles, and soaring spires. The phenomenal Louvre Museum, located in the former palace of the Kings of France, is the world’s most visited art museum – renowned for masterworks such as Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Mona Lisa’ and Eugene Delacroix’s ‘Liberty Leading the People’. The world’s most important collection of Impressionist art is housed on the opposite bank of the Seine at the Musee d’Orsay, where you can drift between Monet’s water lilies, Cezanne’s rolling fields, Renoir’s bustling sidewalks, and van Gogh’s starry skies. No description of Paris would be complete without a mention of the lattice-work marvel of the Eiffel Tower – the iconic 324-meter tower that holds of the distinction of being the most visited paid monument in the world.
The food in Paris is justifiably legendary, from the exquisite patisserie shops and sophisticated salon de the to celebrated cafes such as Les Deux Magots in Saint-Germain des Pres – once the haunt of Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. Expect the waiters to be brusque and the people-watching to be captivating. The ‘City of Lights’ lives up to its name with a vibrant nightlife, from chic nightclubs to risque cabaret shows, traditional ballet to modern jazz. Paris is also famous for its lively street performances, and every June 21st the city stays up all night for a fiesta of free concerts known as La Fete de la Musique.
Just a short train ride out of Paris is one of France’s top tourist attractions, the magnificent Chateau de Versailles. Filled with precious artworks and surrounded by exquisite formal gardens, this extravagant palace stands as testimony to the glory of King Louis XIV’s reign – otherwise known as the Grand Siecle. The chateau was also the residence of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie-Antoinette, who were overthrown during the French Revolution. The most famous room is the Hall of Mirrors, which is literally dripping in chandeliers, gold leaf and fine tapestries. Seeing the opulence of Versailles helps you understand why, in 1789, the chateau was stormed by a mob of angry Parisians who could not even afford bread. Another awe-inspiring historical site near Paris is the Cathedrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and arguably the most breathtaking Gothic cathedral in France.
Brittany in northwest France is alive with ancient history, including the historic seaside town of Saint Malo and the famous medieval abbey of Mont Saint-Michel, perched on a hilltop that becomes an island at high tide. Surrounded by rugged coastline, Normandy is full of historic towns that are associated with Impressionist paintings: the lovely seaside town of Honfleur, Rouen with its famous cathedral painted by Monet, the bustling port of Le Havre, and the coastal resort of Deauville. Another evocative attraction is the Normandy Landing Beaches, where visitors can experience the momentous events of ‘D Day’ on June 6th 1944 – when 150,000 American, British and Canadian troops landed along this coast in what would become a major turning-point in World War II.
Glorious Renaissance chateaux and fairytale castles dot the lush valleys and historic towns along the Loire River in central France, where France’s royal families built their homes and hunting lodges between the 15th and 17th centuries. The immense Chateau de Chambord was built for King Francois I and encompasses a hunting estate roughly the size of the Paris metropolitan area. The largest of the Loire chateaux, the magnificent Cheverny Castle was a gift to the mistress of King Henri II. The most unique and graceful, the Chateau de Chenonceau is known as the ‘Castle of Ladies’ because it was designed and built for Katherine Briconnet and Diane de Poitiers. Each chateau has a fascinating heritage, and the tales of visionary architectural projects, grand hunts, spectacular parties, and aristocratic trysts always make for an absorbing visit.
Amid the rolling, vineyard-cloaked hills of this iconic region, you’ll find two ancient and spectacular World Heritage Sites: the medieval ‘fair town’ of Provins and the gothic Notre-Dame Cathedral of Reims. Of course, Champagne connoisseurs will also want to visit the prestigious maisons de Champagne, such as Maison Veuve Clicquot and Maison Perrier-Jouet, to sample the legendary ‘bubbly’ of this famous region.
Burgundy was once a powerful medieval duchy and, among its idyllic farmlands and lush vineyards, you’ll still find fortresses, castles, abbeys and villages from the Middle Ages. The attractive city of Beaune is the heart of the region’s famous wine trade, while Dijon is a pleasant historic city, known for its gourmet mustard production. Wine connoisseurs will delight in the region’s fine Beaujolais, Chablis and Cote d’Or varieties, and private tours can be arranged at most of the prestigious wineries. Burgundy is equally famous for its hearty country cuisine, with classic French specialties like escargot, chicken in mustard sauce, and beef stew.
Only two hours from Paris by high-speed train and an hour from the Alps, Lyon is France’s second largest city: more “French” than Paris, and with sunnier weather. The city boasts interesting Gallo-Roman archaeological sites and has an impressive Musee des Beaux Arts. Lyon is also well-known for its gastronomic excellence, with several top chefs running restaurants here, including the acclaimed Paul Bocuse and Anne-Sophie Pic – the only female French chef to be awarded three Michelin stars.
The region of Alsace on the German border has a different flavor from the rest of the country. People here speak Alsatian, a Germanic language with a bit of French influence, and the cuisine also reflects the region’s location, with specialties including sausages, sauerkraut and kugelhopf (a rich almond cake). The capital, Strasbourg, is a charming city with quaint half-timbered houses and an ornate Gothic cathedral. From Strasbourg, it’s an easy day trip to the Black Forest.
France’s two mountain ranges offer spectacular scenery, complete with snowcapped mountains, rushing waterfalls and sparkling streams. Both regions have pristine national parks with well-groomed trails ideal for hiking and mountain-biking. There are quaint villages and tiny churches to discover in remote areas, and local bars and cafes serving delicious hearty cuisine. Fondue is a specialty of the Alps, while the cheese-based dish, raclette, is enjoyed in the Pyrenees.
The sun-soaked center of southern France, Provence has a deep-rooted Roman heritage that is clearly visible in its dialect and cuisine. The beautiful Mediterranean landscape inspired Impressionist painters such as Cezanne to create vibrant works of art. The city of Arles is dominated by the ruins of a giant amphitheater dating back to the 1st century BC. Throughout the countryside, you’ll find hilltop medieval villages full of charm and character. The beautiful medieval city of Avignon is dominated by the UNESCO-listed Palais de Papes, a monumental 14th century papal palace.
Also known as the French Riviera, the Cote d’Azur attracts beach lovers, socialites, celebrities – and of course, the paparazzi. One glimpse of the alluring blue waters and astounding ocean views, and you’ll understand why the Cote d’Azur is a world-famous ‘glitterati’ destination. You can soak up the sun at upscale beach resorts or go for pleasant hikes along the sparkling Mediterranean foreshore. Attractions include the chic principality of Monaco, the picturesque seaside village of Eze, the gorgeous Rothschild Villa on Cap Ferrat, the superb art museums of Nice, and the exclusive seafront promenade in Cannes.
Two of the most ancient regions of France, Gascony and Dordogne boast rugged scenery and fascinating history. Gascony is famous for its medieval heritage, its rich foods (including foie gras and Armagnac brandy), and as the original home of the Three Musketeers. Dordogne is renowned for its significant Roman ruins and the prehistoric caves of the Vezere Valley, which house rock paintings dating back 12,000 years.
The Basque Country is a distinct region of southwest France, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, with its own language, culture and cuisine. The seaside resort of Biarritz was made fashionable by the wife of Napoleon III, the Empress Eugenie. Her private residence is now the Hotel du Palais, an extravagant hotel with ocean views and an exquisite Michelin-starred restaurant.
Romantically situated on a crescent-shaped bend of the Garonne River, Bordeaux is a stunning World Heritage City with a wealth of historic monuments. The city displays its landmarks like an open-air museum – from its Roman-era amphitheater to a splendid medieval cathedral and elegant 18th century boulevards. Bordeaux also has statements of modernity, like its surreal Water Mirror reflecting the Place de la Bourse along the river. In the surrounding vineyards and wine chateaux, the region produces some of the best Grand Cru wines in France.
Take a guided tour of the Louvre, the world’s greatest art museum, and marvel at its masterpieces of European art. From the enigmatic smile of the ‘Mona Lisa’ and the sensual curves of ‘Venus de Milo’, to legendary works by Rembrandt, Vermeer, Caravaggio and countless others, the Louvre holds some of the world’s most dazzling and valuable art treasures. Among more than 30,000 artworks are incredible collections of antiquities from ancient Rome, Greece and the Middle East, as well as one of the world’s most important collections of ancient Egyptian art.
Immerse yourself in the singular beauty of Impressionism at the Musee d’Orsay, home of Degas’ ballerinas, Gaugin’s Tahitian ladies, Toulouse-Lautrec’s cabaret dancers, and Renoir’s joyous Belle Epoque parties. Afterwards, sated on the world’s finest art, treat yourself to lunch at the museum’s exquisite restaurant – itself designated an historic monument.
Take in the best views of Paris from the Eiffel Tower, once the tallest structure in the world and without doubt the most enduring symbol of the ‘City of Light’. After soaking up the spectacular sights, there is no more civilized way to end your visit than by savoring the stunning Michelin-starred cuisine of Alain Ducasse at the Le Jules Vernes restaurant on the tower’s second level.
Experience the Parisian joie de vivre at lovely parks and legendary cafes, from the manicured lawns of the Champ de Mars next to the Eiffel Tower to the stunning botanical gardens of the Jardin du Luxembourg, close to the Latin Quarter. Pull up a chair at the Jardin de Tuileries, an elegant garden in the formal French style, where you can stop for a crepe or a light lunch at the La Terrasse de Pomone. Or soak up the inimitable atmosphere of the Germain des Pres, where you can people-watch in style on the terraces of the Cafe du Flore or Cafe Les Deux Magots.
Absorb the medieval charms of Marais, where you can wander through narrow cobblestone streets lined with cafes and boutiques, admire aristocratic palaces abandoned during the Revolution, or relax in the courtyard of the Place de Vosges – one of Paris’s most elegant squares.
Be inspired by magnificent Gothic cathedrals that reflect France’s rich spiritual heritage. Attend a Catholic mass at the Notre-Dame de Paris to soak up the heavenly aura of this immense cathedral, featuring an ornate 13th century choir area and sanctuary. Bask in the spectacular stained-glass chapel of Eglise de Saint-Chapelle, or take the train south to Chartres, where the huge vaulted ceilings, ancient stained glass, and exquisite sculptures of Chartres Cathedral are celebrated by many as the most beautiful place of worship in France.
Walk in the footsteps of pampered royalty through some of the world’s most opulent and magnificent homes – from the extravagance of the Chateau de Versailles, where France’s last monarchs lived in Paris, to the storybook splendor of the Loire Valley castles, set amid expansive estates and evergreen forests.
Discover tales of bravery and tragedy on the beaches of Normandy, where, on a single day in June 1944, 150,000 troops landed in 7,000 vessels on five beaches – in what remains the greatest seaborne invasion in modern military history. Today, the events of ‘D Day’ are commemorated through a series of informative museums and memorials, and a moving daily flag-lowering ceremony at the Normandy American Cemetery overlooking Omaha Beach.
Learn about the centuries-old French tradition of viticulture while sampling fine wines and hearty cuisine at some of the world’s oldest and most renowned vineyard estates. From sparkling wines and gorgeous chateaux in Champagne to the classic red wines and sprawling estates of Bordeaux, and the ancient castles and legendary Pinot Noirs and Chardonnays of Burgundy, no other country offers so much for wine-lovers.
Soak up the country charm and the evocative past of Provence, where you can thrill in the history of the 2,000-year-old Roman amphitheater at Arles or walk in hallowed footsteps at the towering 14th century papal palace in Avignon. Sunbathe at stylish French Riviera beach resorts, swim in the Mediterranean Sea, or tour the iconic perfume factories of Grasse – surrounded by the fields of flowers used to make their aromatic essential oils.
Savor the Basque Country’s distinctive cuisine and culture, from the picturesque ancient village of Espelette, renowned for its piquant red peppers, to the fashionable seaside resort of Biarritz, and the exquisite old-world charms and new-world spa treatments of Saint-Jean-de-Luz.
Delight in the quaint villages and postcard-perfect views of Alsace, from the lovely half-timbered houses along the river in Strasbourg to the tranquil woodlands and idyllic hamlets of the Black Forest. During the holiday season, visit the festive Christmas markets to shop for artisan products while sipping on spiced hot apple cider.
Head off the beaten track in some of Europe’s most pristine and beautiful mountains, from the spectacular lakes and hiking trails of the French Alps, to the dramatic forests and mountain-bike trails of the Pyrenees, and the starkly beautiful limestone cliffs and inlets of the Calanques – France’s newest national park.
As Ella Fitzgerald’s “I love Paris” eloquently explains, you can appreciate France at any time of the year! The spring offers mild weather, longer days and flowering gardens. Summertime is a lively season with a more lighthearted mood, as the French get ready for their annual vacations. In August, Paris tends to be hot and humid, and many Parisians vacate the city. You won’t see the typical Parisian atmosphere in August, but you may enjoy the slower pace. Expect the French Riviera and Biarritz resorts to be extremely crowded in July and August. If you prefer a more relaxing vacation at this time of year, visit the countryside, such as Provence, le Vars or the Pyrenees Mountains. In autumn, especially September in Paris and October on the French Riviera, you can enjoy great weather and fewer crowds. The holiday season is a festive time to see the Christmas markets and decorations.
Most international flights arrive at Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris, the largest in France. Other international flight hubs are the Bordeaux airport in southwest France and Lyon Saint Exupery airport in the Rhone-Alpes region. If your vacation is based in the French Riviera, you can fly into Nice, although this usually requires a layover in another European city such as Frankfurt or Amsterdam.
France has an excellent system of public transportation. Within Paris, you can rely almost exclusively on the metro subway to get to any point in the city. The state railway system covers every major city and many towns throughout the country. There are also high-speed trains known as TGV (Trains a Grande Vitesse) that travel at 300 kilometers per hour. You can take the TGV from Paris to Marseille on the Mediterranean Sea in three hours or in just two hours arrive in Lyon, which is close to many excellent ski areas in the Alps. From Paris to Arles in Provence takes about three hours and from Paris to Nice on the French Riviera takes five hours. Most visitors only need a rental car to visit smaller villages and nature sites that are not accessible by train.
France offers a wide range of accommodation to suit every budget and taste, from high-end luxury establishments like the Ritz to simple hotels with basic amenities. The French tourism authorities have a well-defined rating system, from one to four stars, which categorizes hotels based on their level of facilities. For instance, a one-star hotel probably will not have an elevator and may not have common areas, whereas a four-star hotel will have an elevator, concierge, lounge areas, restaurant and amenities such as WiFi access, cable TV and laundry services. However, the rating system does not take into account subjective criteria like a welcoming staff or the style of decor.
In France, there are many smaller hotels in charming historic buildings. For a really special experience, the prestigious Relais & Chateaux group provides distinctive luxury accommodation, usually in splendid renovated castles, farmhouses or old monasteries, and often in beautiful natural settings. Whatever your criteria and travel preferences, your Zicasso agent will help you to select the hotels that suit you best for each location on your trip.
Most non-European Union nationals require a visa for a tourist stay of 90 days or more. If you plan to stay longer than 90 days, you will need to submit a short-stay visa application at a French Consulate or Embassy before your arrival in France.
There are no health precautions for visiting France. The Center for Disease Control recommends that you are up to date on routine vaccines and your yearly flu shot. If a medical issue arises when you’re in France, you can visit a local pharmacy for medical advice. The pharmacy can contact a doctor to provide a “house call” at your hotel room. France has one of the world’s best healthcare systems, and medical fees for most services are reasonable enough to pay out of pocket. You should still consider travel health insurance, to cover the costs in the rare chance of a serious medical emergency. Before your trip, you should also check to see if your health insurance plan will cover any medical costs incurred while traveling overseas.
Although France is a very safe country, you should take precautions as with any travel experience. Be aware of pickpockets, especially in big cities like Paris and Marseille. Pay attention to your surroundings in crowded areas like the metro and train stations. Keep your passport and cash in a secure place such as a hotel safe or by wearing a money-belt. Always bring copies of credit card information, so that you can contact your credit card company in the case of theft. Before your trip, be sure to get travel insurance that covers theft and lost baggage.
Single women sometimes experience the culture shock of forward French men when traveling alone in France. Usually this is a mere inconvenience rather than a safety threat. Single women travelers should take the same precautions in France that they would elsewhere: be aware of your surroundings and avoid areas that are desolate or not well-lit at night.
France is a country steeped in customs and the tradition of good manners. The English word for “etiquette” comes from the antiquated French word “estiquette”, which means “ticket.” In the 17th and 18th centuries, the nobility were presented with tickets that prescribed specific codes of behavior permitted at the King’s court. Although manners today are less codified, they are generally more formal in France than in America. In contemporary French society, children are taught from a young age the importance of “politesse”, and you will see how French people value treating others in a polite way. The French also tend to speak at a lower volume than Americans – and you will fit in better if you lower the decibel level of your voice.
Address women as “madame” (or “mademoiselle” for a young woman) and men as “monsieur” – the equivalent of “ma’am” and “sir”. When entering a store, restaurant or other public venue, use the greeting “bonjour, madame/monsieur” or “bonsoir, madame/monsieur”. Do not call waiters “garcon” as this is considered rude. The French address strangers by their last name until the acquaintance becomes more familiar. The French language has built-in formalities; the word for “you” differs depending on how well you know the person. Use “tu” for close friends and to address someone younger, and “vous” for acquaintances and to show respect to elders. The two most essential French phrases are “s’il vous plait” and “merci” (“please” and “thank you”). Whenever you use these expressions of politesse, you will be met with appreciation and politeness.
French is the official language in France, spoken by 100% of the population. The French language is also a matter of national pride, and France has enforced the use of the French language by law. The government added an article to the constitution in 1992, stating: “The language of the Republic is French.” In 1994, France passed the Toubon law, declaring that all public notices, broadcast media and advertising must provide a translation of foreign words. In addition, France has several regional languages: Alsatian, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Flemish and Provencal. The Basque country proudly retains its language and culture; about a third of the local population is bilingual. Schools teach both Basque and French, and road signs are written in Basque as well as French.
Except in small towns, in rural areas and among the older generation, most French people speak English reasonably well. The younger generation is often fluent in English and enjoys American movies and music. As a visitor, it is not necessary to speak French: English is widely spoken at tourist locations. However, you will enjoy a much warmer reception if you attempt a few basic French phrases. You can begin by asking “Parlez vous anglais?” (“Do you speak English?”) and most often the answer will be “yes”.
In France, all restaurants include the waiter’s service fee in the bill. Including a tip is optional. Most French customers either do not leave a tip or they leave spare change. You may want to tip the staff at your hotel or your guides if you feel that they’ve provided excellent service, although this is up to your discretion. In French stores, the prices that you see are not negotiable and it is not considered good form to bargain.
With Zicasso’s customized tours, travelers are presented with hassle-free convenience of pre-packaged group tours and the flexibility of planned independent travel so there are greater options to choose from.
Whether you’re interested in learning about French gastronomy and wines from an expert or wanted to travel along the French Riviera on a customized romantic getaway, you will appreciate a variety of unique and authentic experiences meaningful to you. Your trip will be carefully crafted to ensure hassle-free logistics and the selection of the perfect accommodation arrangements.
Begin by telling us about your dream trip by filling out a Trip Request. We’ll then match you with 2 – 3 France travel specialists to design a trip just for you. | 2019-04-21T16:24:14Z | https://www.zicasso.com/luxury-tours/france/vacation-package-travel-agency |
In a market where buyers are scarce, sellers need to look at all the options to snag a sale. Owner financing is one option available to sellers, but many expats are scared to death of the courts and shy away from carrying a mortgage.
The judicial debt collection law, Ley 8624, changed collection processes significantly upon its enactment in May 2008. Before the extensive revisions made by the law to collection actions, carrying a mortgage was scary. There were so many ways a dishonest debtor could hoodwink an honest creditor. Trying to collect a debt took years in many cases, and in some, creditors just gave up because of the inefficiency of the system.
The new law is better than the old one but still has its share of problems. The old scheme allocated collection cases into the regular courts, overwhelming them in many jurisdictions. The newer law created special collection courts and put many cases in few places to process them, thus bottlenecking the system.
To this day, from the enactment of the law back in 2008, the special courts are still jammed and slow. However, even though they move like molasses, they do move and have not come to a complete standstill as with some courts under the original, outdated law.
Because of these facts, lending institutions and private individuals used guarantee trusts in lieu of mortgages.
This structure was extremely convenient for sellers because a notary transferred assets into a special trust and registered it at the Registro Nacional. There was no transfer tax on this kind of a transaction until laws 9068 and 9069, law for the enforcement of fiscal transparency and law for strengthening tax enforcement, made some major changes to Costa Rica’s code of commerce. Article 662 eliminated the tax exemption of property transfer taxes when transferring property between trustor and trustee.
If a debtor did not pay, assets were returned without too much hoopla. This changed when debtors started to complain the structures were pacto comisorio and not legal in Costa Rica. A pacto comisorio, known in English as a termination or rescission agreement, is illegal in many Latin American countries because Roman law is the foundation to most legal systems here.
Is it a good idea to carry a mortgage? The answer depends on the borrower. They are not all created equally. Some are deadbeats waiting for the right person to bamboozle, while most are honest buyers looking for an investment, second home, or simply to retire to this beautiful country.
Seth Derish of Costa Rica Investigations, an international private investigation firm, says good due diligence is key to lending money. Costa Rica has several credit reporting agencies that provide in-depth information on Costa Ricans and foreign residents alike. However, the information available on non-Costa Ricans is sketchy at best.
Derish explained that when lending to a foreigner a creditor should do a study about them in their home country. Many services to do so are available today. Paying someone to prepare a due diligence workup on a borrower is just good business and a great investment, he said. Good, credit worthy borrowers rarely default on a debt unless there are extenuating circumstances. In those cases, they usually are up front about any problems and try to work out a compromise.
Taking a mortgage on a property in Costa Rica is not the only option available for property sold here, Derish added. Taking a first deed of trust on a foreign property, perhaps in the States where there is a good legal system, is a good alternative, he said.
Offering financing to sell a home or property definitely helps to market it. It can also be profitable since interest is higher here than in other countries like the United States or Canada.
Even though the collection system in Costa Rica is not perfect and slow, it does work. The slowest part is at the beginning, waiting for the auction dates. Yes, dates, usually three, are set. The first one is for the full amount, the second for 25 percent less and the third 50 percent of the original amount.
Lenders who are collecting can bid at the auction or take back the asset if there are no bidders. One very important thing for lenders to remember is that interest in this country expires after one year. If a borrower is in default, it is important to go to collection immediately because then interest is protected.
Also, crucial, is to never make a deal with a debtor without legal counsel. Deals, deferred payments, returning of assets without a court case, or just trying to be a nice person usually backfires due to restrictions on pactos comisorio and out-of-court settlements.
Carrying a mortgage or other financial instrument when trying to sell a property can be the difference between selling or waiting forever for a buyer. There is no shortcut for using a good attorney with years of financing experience. However, most of them do not know much about international due diligence, so potential creditors must know the borrower and investigate. Good bankable advice.
The state insurance company said Friday that the holidays are the time when a lot of employers duck payment of obligatory insurance on their temporary employees.
The company, the Insituto Nacional de Seguros, offers a workman's compensation policy called riesgos del trabajo. The policy pays for work-related injuries.
The state company maintains its own hospital and recovery facilities for such injuries.
During November, December and the first part of January, the company noted, there are a lot of holiday jobs. These include temporary work in retail outlets and even work at the various fairs and festivals that are traditional.
This also is the beginning of the dry season when a homeowner may bring in persons to work on a roof or other parts of the dwelling that might be damaged by opening it to rain.
There are a lot of agricultural activities now, too.
Last year, the Instituto Nacional de Seguros said it handled 1,743 cases of employees working without the required insurance protection. The holidays seem to generate about 45 percent of such cases, it said.
As A.M. Costa Rica reported Sept. 2, hiring workers without the correct insurance can become a nightmare for an expat.
The national insurance institute is ready to sell the required policy, and it also is promoting its RT Hogar, which covers homeowners for domestic employees and for persons who do work at the residence up to three days a month.
The institute noted that this may cover gardeners or others involved in maintenance.
As Garland Baker reported in the Sept. 2 article far too many expats are playing with fire when managing their household staffs and contract workers trying to save money by not purchasing insurance.
Ministry poster at Tica Bus office.
Although the new land exit tax has been suspended, the government does not appear to want anyone to know.
In fact, there has been no official announcement of the suspension from the Dirección General de Migración or from the Ministerio de Hacienda. Even Casa Presidencial with its army of public relations writers has been mum.
The ministry, which contains the tax collecting agency, still has an announcement on its Web site that the tax has been put in force. Tica Bus continues to display a ministry poster that tells travelers to pay the tax at Bancrédito. The poster also mentions a $2 charge being levied for inspecting baggage. Travelers pay this charge even if they have no luggage.
Although the tax won legislative approval in September, the ministry did not report that it was going into effect until Nov. 29. The effective date was the following Monday, Dec. 2. The ministry announcement admitted that there was no way for travelers to pay the tax at the land borders. Payment had to be made in advance at a bank. However, the ministry did promise that soon the bank would be putting in machines to collect the tax at the major border crossing points.
Predictably, not having a way to collect the tax at the border created chaos, and officials had to suspended the tax late Dec. 2.
But they seem to be keeping this fact a secret. Those who continue to pay the tax find out that this was unnecessary when they reach the land crossing points. John Koger, an agent for Tica Bus in Alajuela, said that the bus firm is not collecting the tax and that he was told that those who have paid in the past and the tax was not collected can use the proof of payment in the future.
"My best recombination is for people to call Migración, through the call center, for the best information," he said. Except for the bus company and Koger, the bulk of the information about whether the tax is being enforced comes from travelers who made the border crossing.
Officials rushed the tax into effect to take advantage of the heavy flow of travelers over the holidays.
Some 225,000 vehicle owners have paid the 2014 road circulation tax, the marchamo, as of Friday, said the Instituto Nacional de Seguros. That figure is 14,000 vehicles higher than the same period in 2012, it noted. More than a million motorists have yet to pay.
The tax is due by the end of the year, but finding a place to make the payment after Christmas can be difficult.
The fine for driving Jan. 1 and thereafter without the 2014 window sticker is 47,000 colons, about $94, noted the insurance firm.
Vehicle owners do not need a lot of paperwork to make the payment, as has been the case in the past. A cédula and the plate number allows the cashier to look up the vehicle online. Of course, motorists also have to pay for any traffic fines they have accumulated and not paid.
I am not surprised that no one claimed responsibility for or was brave enough to add a byline to the above. Reminds me an anecdote when Mark Twain criticized an article, and the author asked him "Then how would you have written it?" "Under an assumed name," Twain retorted.
This is pretty bad stuff. Proper journalism it ain’t! More comment and speculation than fact. There is not one direct reference to or specific quote from anyone who actually voiced the sentiment stated in the head and alluded to in the story itself. Nor does it cite any specific policy statement from Villalta – the ONLY principled viable candidate in the field - which would elicit the above claim or assumption.
But assuming that such might be the case, I’m not surprised that many expat entrepreneurs would be quaking in their boots, so to speak, at the prospects of a Villalta presidency. They might be forced to pay their fair share of taxes on their profits. Such villainy and unfairness!
EDITOR'S NOTE: For clarification, the news story was written by the editor, Jay Brodell.
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and tankers with foam and water. The four-wheel driver forest trucks will be going to Turrialba, Santa Cruz, Parrita, Atenas and Poás. The tankers will go to Tres Ríos, Santo Domingo, Belén, Santa Ana and Pavas. The 11th vehicle, an ambulance, remains in the Central Valley.
A non-profit organization is not too impressed by the latest ranking of Costa Rica on a worldwide corruption index.
The country has not improved, said the organization, the Asociación Costa Rica Íntegra. It called upon official and presidential candidates to reinforce mechanisms to fight corruption.
The organization said that there is a lack of education that would reduce tolerance to corrupt practices and that the penalties and enforcement are imposed irregularly, if at all.
The index, produced by Transparency International, gave Costa Rica 53 points out of a possible 100 based on the perception of corruption gathered by five surveys.
That put the country in 49th place, up from 54th place in 2012. By contrast, the top scorers, New Zealand and Denmark have 91 points each.
America. But the country was a distant third from the top two Latin countries, Uruguay and Chile, by about 20 points, said the organization.
Judicial workers collected what was called Friday a sea of gifts for under privileged children.
The occasion was the delivery of the gifts to the Asociación de Obras del Espíritu Santo, for distribution around the country.
association's children and a tribute to the late Luis Paulino Mora Mora, the former president of the court, who was a strong proponent of the holiday gift program.
The gifts came from donations by judicial workers, ranging from prosecutors, judges, investigators and office workers. This is the seventh year of the program. Also speaking was the current president of the Corte Suprema de Justicia, Zarela Villanueva Monge.
Some former Paragon Properties buyers are trying to organize to retain ownership of the land they purchased.
Paragon was the heavily marketed real estate venture that collapsed in the face of the economic downturn.
The company purchased large tracts and sold them as retirement lots to mostly a North American clientele. The project was fueled by telephone pitchmen in Florida offering free trips to Costa Rica.
Paragon sold property in several ways as owners became more familiar with Costa Rican law. William Gale, Paragon chairman, said in early 2009 that his firms had sold 2,509 lots in some 17 projects along the Pacific coast. Many of those purchasers put down an initial deposit, perhaps 40 percent. According to a typical purchase agreement, the buyers said they would pay the balance and build a home, perhaps in as little as two years. Paragon agreed to put in roads, water systems in some projects and other infrastructure.
The owners who are trying to organize have purchased their property in the Paragon development Heights of Pacifica. Each property was a separate Costa Rican corporation and each owner was supposed to receive corporate books after the property was filed in the Registro Nacional.
held a conference call last week and "it was amazing how few knew anything about having to pay taxes, where their books were, if they even owned the property they thought. We are trying to organize and share information."
The property owners may be facing an uphill battle. A realty firm here is trying to enlist property owners as management clients to look after their land. The email fro m the firm mentioned the usual property perils, including squatters and herds of grazing cows.
Gale at one time showed a reporter documents that had been presented to the Registro. He also said he planned to make the bulk of his money building homes for his land purchasers.
A.M. Costa Rica criticized the firm for a skimpy sales contract, and a reporter took a tour of the first project at Parrita. The company did not seem much different than others during the real estate boom years, but it was clear that Paragon had high overhead with sale commissions to telephone pitchmen and free air tickets.
After the real estate bubble burst, Paragon was known to have sold substantial land in settlement of some debts. There has been no effort by the company executives to keep in contact with buyers, in part because they were facing a flurry of civil actions in Florida, where Gale was a licensed real estate broker.
Vast reservoirs of fresh water found beneath the ocean floors could potentially be tapped to provide drinking water to parts of the world that face shortages, according to researchers in Australia.
They think the reservoirs, which have been located off Australia, China, North America and South Africa, could hold up to half a million cubic kilometers of low-salinity water.
“The volume of this water resource is a hundred times greater than the amount we’ve extracted from the Earth’s subsurface in the past century since 1900,” says lead author Vincent Post of the National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training and the School of the Environment at Flinders University.
They say the amounts could sustain some regions of the world for decades and stave off, at least temporarily, a global water crisis.
These reserves formed over the past hundreds of thousands of years when on average the sea level was much lower than it is today, and when the coastline was further out, said Post.
“So when it rained, the water would infiltrate into the ground and fill up the water table in areas that are nowadays under the sea,” he said. “It happened all around the world, and when the sea level rose when ice caps started melting some 20,000 years ago, these areas were covered by the ocean.
He added that many of the aquifers are protected from seawater by layers of clay and sediment that sit on top of them.
The aquifers are similar to those below land, which much of the world relies on for drinking water. Their salinity is low enough for them to be turned into potable water, Post said.
Getting to the water could be expensive, however.
“There are two ways to access this water – build a platform out at sea and drill into the seabed, or drill from the mainland or islands close to the aquifers,” said Post.
While offshore drilling can be very costly, he said this source of freshwater should be assessed and considered in terms of cost, sustainability and environmental impact against other water sources such as desalination, or even building large new dams on land.
Post also warns that these newly discovered aquifers are non-renewable.
Winter storms hit a vast region of the United States this weekend, bringing snow, wind and ice.
An area stretching from northern Texas to the Mid-Atlantic saw snow-covered roads, car accidents and travel delays Saturday and continuing Sunday.
Another wintry snowstorm hit California, dumping 5 to 10 centimeters (two to four inches) of snow in the city of Auburn. This storm was on the move, bringing harsh conditions eastward.
In Texas, near freezing temperatures and heavy snowfall created an icy nightmare on the roads and stranded passengers in Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport. Airport officials say more than 400 flights were canceled Saturday.
As heavy snow and freezing rain continued to lash the central U.S., utility crews in Texas and Arkansas tried to restore power to the more than 100,000 households affected by the storm.
With the storms having moved east Sunday, most of the central and western part of the country face some of the coldest temperatures in years, the weather service predicted in an online forecast.
U.S. President Barack Obama has urged Congress to extend unemployment benefits.
Obama said in his weekly address Saturday 1.3 million Americans will lose their unemployment benefits if Congress does not act before it leaves for the Christmas recess.
The president said the economic lifeline is in jeopardy because "Republicans in this Congress - which is on track to be the most unproductive in history - have, so far, refused to extend it."
The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office has predicted that allowing benefits to expire will stunt economic growth next year.
President Obama said extending unemployment benefits "isn't just the right thing to do for our families -- it's the smart thing to do for our economy."
Rep. Renee Ellmers delivered the Republican weekly address. She criticized Obama's healthcare law that has resulted in some Americans losing their health insurance plans, despite a promise from the president that would not happen.
The Affordable Health Care Act was designed to make health insurance affordable for the millions of people who have no coverage.
An American Korean War veteran has returned to the United States after being detained for more than a month in North Korea.
Merrill Newman, 85, arrived at San Francisco International Airport Saturday accompanied by his wife and son.
He told reporters he is tired, but that he has experienced a great homecoming. He thanked U.S. and Swedish diplomats for helping secure his release.
Newman flew to San Francisco from Beijing, after being deported early Saturday by North Korean authorities.
He had been visiting North Korea with a tour group when he was removed from an airplane Oct. 26 as he prepared to leave the country.
Last month, the North's official Korean Central News Agency posted a video of Newman reading an apology aloud, confessing to alleged crimes during the Korean War and so-called hostile acts.
North Korea's news agency said Saturday Newman was released on humanitarian grounds because he had admitted wrongdoing and apologized.
State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf called Newman's release a positive decision, but urged Pyongyang to also release another American, Kenneth Bae, who has been held there for more than a year. Bae is a Korean-American missionary and tour operator. He is being held for alleged subversion.
Harf thanked the government of Sweden, which represents U.S. interests in North Korea because the U.S. does not have an embassy there.
Newman's release came as U.S. Vice President Joe Biden visited South Korea. Biden said he had spoken with Newman by phone after his release.
The world’s largest economy continued to build momentum with better than expected job growth in November. The U.S. government says American companies hired more workers than expected last month, cutting the unemployment rate to 7 percent, which is the lowest level in five years. Despite a steadily improving job picture, though, some doubts remain about the sustainability of the U.S. recovery.
American businesses added 203,000 jobs in November. That works out to a four-month average of more than 200,000 hires per month.
The last time unemployment was this low was five years ago. Bankrate.com’s Mark Hamrick said this month's drop in unemployment was different.
That means gains in higher paying industries. Manufacturing added 27,000 jobs, construction gained 17,000. The average work week expanded, and hourly wages grew.
And despite a weak start to the holiday shopping season, hiring at shopping malls and department stores has been steady, according to the National Retail Federation's Kathy Grannis.
“Retailers are expected to hire anywhere from 702,000 to 750,000. Very much on pace with last year, so of course, with expected growth comes the opportunity for more hires,“ said Grannis.
Although there are worries that an improving U.S. outlook might hasten a pull-back of the central bank’s easy-money policies, the strong job growth was welcome news on Wall Street.
Whether the U.S. recovery has staying power, however, remains in doubt.
Congress faces a new budget deadline Friday. Without a bipartisan agreement on spending, the government could run out of money by January.
The wealthy around the world are always looking for ways to invest their money, and for some people that means buying homes in the United States. While foreign buyers make up just more than 6 percent of overall home sales in the United States, certain cities are disproportionately affected by foreign buyers, and that includes neighborhoods in southern California.
Skeptics may call the belief in feng shui a superstition, but many Chinese consider it an art, and essential for good luck and health in a home. When Chinese native Cathay Wicks searched for a home in the United States, she looked for feng shui elements.
She said she looks for a home that has a lot of light. She said it does not have to be big, but it needs to feel bright.
Wicks is a part of a growing number of people from overseas who are interested in buying homes in major U.S. cities.
Jed Kolko is chief economist for the real estate site Trulia.com. “There are some parts of the United States that see very strong foreign demand and that helps keep prices high in lots of areas. The places where we see this impact the most is in parts of Los Angeles, Miami and New York,” he said.
The number of buyers from China has been increasing, according to Los Angeles-based real estate expert Angela Wong. In the past year, her clients from China have increased by 30 percent.
She said the first reason her clients buy homes in the United States is so their children can attend school here. The second reason: to immigrate here just like Cathay Wicks, who bought a home in a Los Angeles suburb.
Wicks said the weather in Los Angeles is good, and it also is convenient because there are more Chinese here so it does not feel like a foreign country.
More than half of the buyers from China come to California.
In Irvine, California, a new housing development is attracting the attention of potential Chinese buyers with feng shui elements inside the homes and throughout the neighborhood. Developer Emile Haddad came up with the idea. “So we have done feng shui on everything we have. We also have a consultant who looked even at street names when we named the streets. We want to make sure the names of the streets are appropriate in terms of either superstition or in terms of simple pronunciation,” said Haddad.
It is not just people from China, however, who are buying homes in the United States. People from nearly 70 countries are investing their money in U.S. homes. Realtor Shannon Miller said most foreign buyers pay cash, making housing markets such as Los Angeles extremely competitive for domestic buyers who do not have the cash.
“Most of the buyers are trying to buy their homes the traditional way through a loan, and the cash buyers are coming in and they are beating them out. They appeared when the market was full of foreclosure properties. Now their interest is in everything,” said Miller.
Another reason for buying a home in the United States: the EB-5 visa. It requires a foreigner to not only invest a certain amount of money in commercial enterprises here, but also have a U.S. home. Economists expect home prices to keep rising, so to make a profit they do not expect foreign investors to sell their homes anytime soon.
Air Canada appears close to deciding whether to buy up to 60 new narrowbody jets from Airbus or Boeing Co., a decision that could settle which of the giant plane makers wins their annual order race, industry sources said.
The Canadian flag carrier has said it is looking to renew its fleet of single-aisle aircraft, which currently includes more than 50 Airbus A320 and A321 jets, as well as 45 Embraer 190 planes.
Chief Executive Calin Rovinescu had previously said he hopes a decision will be made by the end of the year, noting the decision would involve more than 100 airplanes.
A spokesman for Air Canada said no decision had been made, but two people familiar with the matter said a decision could come as early as next week when the airline's board meets.
The airline spokesman declined to comment on the timing of any board discussions.
Industry sources said Air Canada was expected to address its fleet renewal needs in two phases, starting with a decision on whether to stick with Airbus for medium-haul jets, and pick its revamped A320neo version, or switch to the Boeing 737 MAX.
Both plane makers claim their latest medium-haul offerings provide better fuel savings and easier maintenance.
The airline is expected to opt for 30 or more jets immediately by placing firm orders and place options for up to another 30 as insurance against a faster than expected upturn in the economy, the sources said, asking not to be identified.
Such a deal would be worth up to $6 billion if all the options were exercised.
Airbus and Boeing both declined to comment.
The decision is subject to delay or changes in volume but if approved, would mark the climax to a bruising and widely watched campaign between the world's dominant plane makers.
Airbus was ahead of its U.S. rival in the number of orders in the first 11 months of the year, but the race for the 2013 order crown looks finely balanced once recent deals that have yet to make it into the order books are added to the tally.
The sources denied an industry report that Airbus had already been selected for the deal.
Boeing, which dominates Air Canada's fleet of wide-body jets, is trying to overturn Airbus as incumbent operator for medium-haul planes at Air Canada.
A win for Boeing in its home region would mark a rebound in the region after Airbus displaced it at Mexican low-cost airline VivaAerobus in a fierce contest earlier this year.
As ice at the North Pole declines, some researchers are finding a link between that phenomenon and recent bouts of extreme weather. A new study suggests rapid warming in the Arctic may be altering weather patterns across the Northern Hemisphere, but skeptics say the case is far from proven.
In the past three decades, ice around the North Pole has declined by half, according to Rutgers University climate scientist Jennifer Francis.
“If you take into account the thickness as well, we’ve lost almost three-quarters of the volume of the sea ice. So, it’s just an unbelievable amount of change that’s going on in the Arctic,” said Ms. Francis.
At the same time, the Northern Hemisphere has seen some unbelievable weather in the last decade, including record-breaking heat waves and droughts in North America and Europe, and devastating floods in East Asia, to name a few.
The question is: are they connected?
Ms. Francis and colleagues went back through 30 years of weather data and measurements of Arctic ice and snow cover in northern latitudes. Their findings did show a correlation between the two.
“What we found was, when there was less ice or less snow in any given year during the summertime, that that was more likely to occur at the same time as the occurrences of heat waves,” said Ms. Francis.
They published their findings in the journal Nature Climate Change. Ms. Francis said the loss of ice and snow is affecting the high-altitude winds called the jet stream, which push weather patterns around the Northern Hemisphere.
The jet stream is driven by the difference in temperature between the Arctic and the temperate zones. The bigger the difference, the faster the jet stream flows.
However, Ms. Francis notes that the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, which will lessen the effect of the jet stream.
“If we warm the arctic faster, then it’s decreasing the temperature difference and causing the jet stream to get weaker,” explained Francis.
A weaker jet stream is wavier, she said. Think of a stream flowing down a mountain; the steeper the height difference, the faster and straighter it runs. On level ground, that stream can meander.
As the jet stream meanders, it pulls hot weather up from the tropics or cold weather down from the Arctic.
“As these waves get larger, they tend to move more slowly from west to east. So, as they do that, whatever weather they’re causing down at the surface also changes more slowly,” said Ms. Francis.
The result is that heat waves, cold snaps and rainstorms last longer. However, Ms. Francis is quick to warn against drawing conclusions too hastily.
“It could be true, but at the moment I don’t think the evidence is there to really strongly argue the case,” cautioned Ms. Francis.
University of Exeter climate scientist James Screen is one of those not convinced.
Screen says the new study only shows a few scattered areas of the globe where the link between sea ice loss and heat waves are significant, according to mathematical tests.
“Which implies either that the relationship is quite weak, or actually, it could be interpreted that the relationship doesn’t exist at all,” said Screen.
Screen also pointed out that researchers have just begun to study the impact of Arctic melting on global weather.
“It’s a hot topic, but there’s a lot of work to be done. The jury’s still out on whether Arctic ice is influencing weather extremes,” said Screen.
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The Guanacaste English speaking community figures that one is worth plenty and is trying to raise funds for five or six defibrillators for rescue agencies and clinics there.
A resident, Hara Maderich, said a young man of 30 came very close to dying of a heart attack and there was no portable defibrillator anywhere in the area to prevent it.
The Guanacaste Veterans Association spearheaded by Linda Gray of Coldwell Banker in Hermosa has joined forces with a Papagayo ladies group, area merchants and a Playa Cocos physician to raise funds for portable defibrillators to be given to the local first responders, trained volunteers and local clinics.
Ms. Gray said a fund raiser will be Sunday with wine tasting, food, live music, a raffle, silent auction, vendor sales special items, baked goods.
Prizes will be raffled off including cases of wine, restaurant meals, auto care items, fishing trips and original art pieces. Painting by Carlos Hillier will be featured. All sales and raffle donations will contribute to the goal of purchasing the life-saving defibrillators, supplies and training. said an announcement.
Each device is said to cost from $1,000 to $1,200. The group already raised $450 at an earlier fund raiser.
A biodigester was the star attraction when the Universidad Técnica Nacional in Atenas showed 39 visitors how the gas produced by the device can be used for heating and other ways to reduce the utility bill.
Fundación Red de Energía organized the event with support form the Programa de Recursos Digitales para el Desarrollo Económico Sostenible and the Dutch Fundación HIVOS.
The biodigester, an 85-cubic meter bag, takes the waste from some 90 milk cows and converts the material into methane gas for cooking and heating. The firm Viogaz installed the system. The device is about 3,000 cubic feet.
The emphasis was on the applications in rural areas where there is a sufficient amount of material for the biodigester.
Runoff from cows is a big pollution problem, and one of the goals of the project is to eliminate that, said Diego Argüello, director of extension for the school.
Residents around Ojochal on the Pacific Coast are having a party Wednesday to celebrate the appearance of a local property in the television show House Hunters International.
Scott Dinsmore, owner and general manager of the Alma Hotel Group, is hosting the party. The hotel's restaurant, the Castillo, appeared in the show.
House Hunters has taped shows in Costa Rica in the past, including one in the Central Valley and one in Tamarindo.
The minister of commerce is praising the Bali accord as a cost-saving measure that will promote international trade.
The minster, Anabel González, represented Costa Rica at the World Trade Organization in Indonesia where the pact was approved. She had spoken in favor of the agreement earlier in the week.
"We are very pleased by the agreement reached in the ministerial conference in Bali, in particular the accord over the facilitation of commerce because it will speed up such exchanges, reduce costs and improve the competitivity and the climate of business in the country," said the minster.
The so-called Bali Pact is the first agreement that the world body has approved since the organization was founded in 1995.
Roberto Azevedo, World Trade Organization director-general, actually shed tears during the summit's closing ceremony Saturday, saying, "for the first time in history, the WTO has finally delivered."
The centerpiece of the agreement eases barriers to trade by simplifying customs procedures and making them more transparent. The deal still must be approved by all 159 member governments.
The four days of talks had been threatened when Cuba said it would not accept a deal that would not help end the U.S. embargo of the Communist nation. Cuba later dropped its threat of a veto.
Analysts estimate that the deal will add $1 trillion to the world economy and say it preserved the future of the World Trade Organization. | 2019-04-23T00:05:58Z | http://www.amcostarica.com/120913.htm |
Alfentanil Injection, USP is a sterile, non-pyrogenic, preservative free aqueous solution containing alfentanil hydrochloride equivalent to 500 mcg per mL of alfentanil base for intravenous injection. The solution, which contains sodium chloride for isotonicity, has a pH range of 4.0 to 6.0.
At doses of 8-40 mcg/kg for surgical procedures lasting up to 30 minutes, alfentanil provides analgesic protection against hemodynamic responses to surgical stress with recovery times generally comparable to those seen with equipotent fentanyl dosages.
For longer procedures, doses of up to 75 mcg/kg attenuate hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy, intubation and incision, with recovery time comparable to fentanyl. At doses of 50-75 mcg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5-3 mcg/kg/min, alfentanil attenuates the catecholamine response with more rapid recovery and reduced need for postoperative analgesics as compared to patients administered enflurane. At doses of 5 mcg/kg, alfentanil provides analgesia for the conscious but sedated patient. Based on patient response, doses higher than 5 mcg/kg may be needed. Elderly or debilitated patients may require lower doses. High intrasubject and intersubject variability in the pharmacokinetic disposition of alfentanil has been reported.
The pharmacokinetics of alfentanil can be described as a three-compartment model with sequential distribution half-lives of 1 and 14 minutes; and a terminal elimination half-life of 90-111 minutes (as compared to a terminal elimination half-life of approximately 475 minutes for fentanyl and approximately 265 minutes for sufentanil at doses of 250 mcg). The liver is the major site of biotransformation.
Alfentanil has an apparent volume of distribution of 0.4-1 L/kg, which is approximately one-fourth to one-tenth that of fentanyl, with an average plasma clearance of 5 mL/kg/min as compared to approximately 8 mL/kg/min for fentanyl.
Only 1% of the dose is excreted as unchanged drug; urinary excretion is the major route of elimination of metabolites. Plasma protein binding of alfentanil is approximately 92%.
In one study involving 15 patients administered alfentanil with nitrous oxide/oxygen, a narrow range of plasma alfentanil concentrations, approximately 310-340 ng/mL, was shown to provide adequate anesthesia for intra-abdominal surgery, while lower concentrations, approximately 190 ng/mL, blocked responses to skin closure. Plasma concentrations between 100-200 ng/mL provided adequate anesthesia for superficial surgery.
Alfentanil has an immediate onset of action. At dosages of approximately 105 mcg/kg, alfentanil produces hypnosis as determined by EEG patterns; an anesthetic ED90 of 182 mcg/kg for alfentanil in unpremedicated patients has been determined, based upon the ability to block response to placement of a nasopharyngeal airway. Based on clinical trials, induction dosage requirements range from 130-245 mcg/kg. For procedures lasting 30-60 minutes, loading dosages of up to 50 mcg/kg produce the hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation and skin incision as comparable to those from fentanyl. A pre-intubation loading dose of 50-75 mcg/kg prior to a continuous infusion attenuates the response to laryngoscopy, intubation and incision. Subsequent administration of alfentanil infusion administered at a rate of 0.5-3 mcg/kg/min with nitrous oxide/oxygen attenuates sympathetic responses to surgical stress with more rapid recovery than enflurane.
Requirements for volatile inhalation anesthetics were reduced by thirty to fifty percent during the first 60 minutes of maintenance in patients administered anesthetic doses (above 130 mcg/kg) of alfentanil as compared to patients given doses of 4-5 mg/kg thiopental for anesthetic induction. At anesthetic induction dosages, alfentanil provides a deep level of anesthesia during the first hour of anesthetic maintenance and provides attenuation of the hemodynamic response during intubation and incision.
Following an anesthetic induction dose of alfentanil, requirements for alfentanil infusion are reduced by 30 to 50% for the first hour of maintenance.
Patients with compromised liver function and those over 65 years of age have been found to have reduced plasma clearance and extended terminal elimination for alfentanil, which may prolong postoperative recovery. Repeated or continuous administration of alfentanil produces increasing plasma concentrations and an accumulation of the drug, particularly in patients with reduced plasma clearance.
Bradycardia may be seen in patients administered alfentanil. The incidence and degree of bradycardia may be more pronounced when alfentanil is administered in conjunction with non-vagolytic neuromuscular blocking agents or in the absence of anticholinergic agents such as atropine.
Administration of intravenous diazepam immediately prior to or following high doses of alfentanil has been shown to produce decreases in blood pressure that may be secondary to vasodilation; recovery may also be prolonged.
Patients administered doses up to 200 mcg/kg of alfentanil have shown no significant increase in histamine levels and no clinical evidence of histamine release.
Skeletal muscle rigidity is related to the dose and speed of administration of alfentanil. Muscular rigidity will occur with an immediate onset following anesthetic induction dosages. Preventative measures (see WARNINGS) may reduce the rate and severity.
as a primary anesthetic agent for the induction of anesthesia in patients undergoing general surgery in which endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are required.
SEE DOSAGE CHART FOR MORE COMPLETE INFORMATION ON THE USE OF ALFENTANIL INJECTION.
Alfentanil is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or known intolerance to other opioid agonists.
Alfentanil administered in initial dosages up to 20 mcg/kg may cause skeletal muscle rigidity, particularly of the truncal muscles. The incidence and severity of muscle rigidity is usually dose-related. Administration of alfentanil at anesthetic induction dosages (above 130 mcg/kg) will consistently produce muscular rigidity with an immediate onset. The onset of muscular rigidity occurs earlier than with other opioids. Alfentanil may produce muscular rigidity that involves all skeletal muscles, including those of the neck and extremities. The incidence may be reduced by: 1) routine methods of administration of neuromuscular blocking agents for balanced opioid anesthesia; 2) administration of up to 1/4 of the full paralyzing dose of a neuromuscular blocking agent just prior to administration of alfentanil at dosages up to 130 mcg/kg; following loss of consciousness, a full paralyzing dose of a neuromuscular blocking agent should be administered; or 3) simultaneous administration of alfentanil and a full paralyzing dose of a neuromuscular blocking agent when alfentanil is used in rapidly administered anesthetic dosages (above 130 mcg/kg).
The neuromuscular blocking agent used should be appropriate for the patient’s cardiovascular status. Adequate facilities should be available for postoperative monitoring and ventilation of patients administered alfentanil. It is essential that these facilities be fully equipped to handle all degrees of respiratory depression.
Severe and unpredictable potentiation of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors has been reported for other opioid analgesics, and rarely with alfentanil. Thereforewhen alfentanil is administered to patients who have received MAO inhibitors within 14 days, appropriate monitoring and ready availability of vasodilators and beta-blockers for the treatment of hypertension is recommended.
The initial dose of alfentanil should be appropriately reduced in elderly and debilitated patients. The effect of the initial dose should be considered in determining supplemental doses. In obese patients (more than 20% above ideal total body weight), the dosage of alfentanil should be determined on the basis of lean body weight.
In one clinical trial, the dose of alfentanil required to produce anesthesia, as determined by appearance of delta waves in EEG, was 40% lower in geriatric patients than that needed in healthy young patients.
In patients with compromised liver function and in geriatric patients, the plasma clearance of alfentanil may be reduced and postoperative recovery may be prolonged.
Induction doses of alfentanil should be administered slowly (over three minutes). Administration may produce loss of vascular tone and hypotension. Consideration should be given to fluid replacement prior to induction.
Diazepam administered immediately prior to or in conjunction with high doses of alfentanil may produce vasodilation, hypotension and result in delayed recovery.
Bradycardia produced by alfentanil may be treated with atropine. Severe bradycardia and asystole have been successfully treated with atropine and conventional resuscitative methods.
Following an anesthetic induction dose of alfentanil, requirements for volatile inhalation anesthetics or alfentanil infusion are reduced by 30 to 50% for the first hour of maintenance.
Alfentanil infusions should be discontinued at least 10-15 minutes prior to the end of surgery during general anesthesia. During administration of alfentanil for Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC), infusions may be continued to the end of the procedure.
Respiratory depression caused by opioid analgesics can be reversed by opioid antagonists such as naloxone. Because the duration of respiratory depression produced by alfentanil may last longer than the duration of the opioid antagonist action, appropriate surveillance should be maintained. As with all potent opioids, profound analgesia is accompanied by respiratory depression and diminished sensitivity to CO2 stimulation which may persist into or recur in the postoperative period. Intraoperative hyperventilation may further alter postoperative response to CO2. Appropriate postoperative monitoring should be employed, particularly after infusions and large doses of alfentanil, to ensure that adequate spontaneous breathing is established and maintained in the absence of stimulation prior to discharging the patient from the recovery area.
Head Injuries: Alfentanil should be used with caution in patients with head injury or increased intracranial pressure, due to the increased risk of respiratory depression. As with all opioids, alfentanil may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injuries and should be used only if clinically indicated.
Impaired Respiration: Alfentanil should be used with caution in patients with pulmonary disease, decreased respiratory reserve or potentially compromised respiration. In such patients, opioids may additionally decrease respiratory drive and increase airway resistance. During anesthesia, this can be managed by assisted or controlled respiration.
Impaired Hepatic or Renal Function: In patients with liver or kidney dysfunction, alfentanil should be administered with caution due to the importance of these organs in the metabolism and excretion of alfentanil.
Both the magnitude and duration of central nervous system and cardiovascular effects may be enhanced when alfentanil is administered in combination with other CNS depressants such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, opioids, or inhalation general anesthetics. Postoperative respiratory depression may be enhanced or prolonged by these agents. In such cases of combined treatment, the dose of one or both agents should be reduced. Limited clinical experience indicates that requirements for volatile inhalation anesthetics are reduced by 30 to 50% for the first sixty (60) minutes following alfentanil induction.
The concomitant use of erythromycin with alfentanil can significantly inhibit alfentanil clearance and may increase the risk of prolonged or delayed respiratory depression.
Cimetidine reduces the clearance of alfentanil. Therefore smaller alfentanil doses will be required with prolonged administration and the duration of action of alfentanil may be extended.
No long-term animal studies of alfentanil have been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential. No structural chromosome mutations were produced in the in vivo micronucleus test in female rats at single intravenous doses of alfentanil as high as 20 mg/kg body weight (approximately 40 times the upper human dose), equivalent to a dose of 103 mg/m2 body surface area. No dominant lethal mutations were produced in the in vivo dominant lethal test in male and female mice at the maximum intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg (60 mg/m2). No mutagenic activity was revealed in the in vitro Ames Salmonella typhimurium test, with and without metabolic activation.
Alfentanil has been shown to have an embryocidal effect in rats and rabbits when given in doses 2.5 times the upper human dose for a period of 10 days to over 30 days. These effects could have been due to maternal toxicity (decreased food consumption with increased mortality) following prolonged administration of the drug.
No evidence of teratogenic effects has been observed after administration of alfentanil in rats or rabbits.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Alfentanil should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
There are insufficient data to support the use of alfentanil in labor and delivery. Placental transfer of the drug has been reported; therefore, use in labor and delivery is not recommended.
In one study of nine women undergoing postpartum tubal ligation, significant levels of alfentanil were detected in colostrum four hours after administration of 60 mcg/kg of alfentanil, with no detectable levels present after 28 hours. Caution should be exercised when alfentanil is administered to a nursing woman.
Adequate data to support the use of alfentanil in children under 12 years of age are not presently available.
The most common adverse reactions of opioids are respiratory depression and skeletal muscle rigidity, particularly of the truncal muscles. Alfentanil may produce muscular rigidity that involves the skeletal muscles of the neck and extremities. See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, WARNINGS, and PRECAUTIONS on the management of respiratory depression and skeletal muscle rigidity.
The adverse experience profile from 696 patients receiving alfentanil for Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) is similar to the profile established with alfentanil during general anesthesia. Respiratory events reported during MAC included hypoxia, apnea, and bradypnea. Other adverse events reported by patients receiving alfentanil for MAC, in order of decreasing frequency, were nausea, hypotension, vomiting, pruritus, confusion, somnolence and agitation.
The following adverse reaction information is derived from controlled and open clinical trials in 785 patients who received intravenous alfentanil during induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. The controlled trials included treatment comparisons with fentanyl, thiopental sodium, enflurane, saline placebo and halothane. The incidence of certain side effects is influenced by the type of use, e.g., chest wall rigidity has a higher reported incidencein clinical trials of alfentanil induction, and by the type of surgery, e.g., nausea and vomiting have a higher reported incidence in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. The overall reports of nausea and vomiting with alfentanil were comparable to fentanyl.
Alfentanil is a Schedule II controlled drug substance that can produce drug dependence of the morphine type and therefore has the potential for being abused.
Opioid analgesics have been associated with abuse and dependence in health care providers and others with ready access to such drugs. Alfentanil should be handled accordingly.
Overdosage would be manifested by extension of the pharmacological actions of alfentanil (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY) as with other potent opioid analgesics. No experience of overdosage with alfentanil was reported during clinical trials. The intravenous LD50 of alfentanil is 43-51 mg/kg in rats, 72-74 mg/kg in mice, 72-82 mg/kg in guinea pigs and 60-88 mg/kg in dogs. Intravenous administration of an opioid antagonist such as naloxone should be employed as a specific antidote to manage respiratory depression.
The duration of respiratory depression following overdosage with alfentanil may be longer than the duration of action of the opioid antagonist. Administration of an opioid antagonist should not preclude immediate establishment of a patent airway, administration of oxygen, and assisted or controlled ventilation as indicated for hypoventilation or apnea. If respiratory depression is associated with muscular rigidity, a neuromuscular blocking agent may be required to facilitate assisted or controlled ventilation. Intravenous fluids and vasoactive agents may be required to manage hemodynamic instability.
The dosage of alfentanil injection should be individualized and titrated to the desired effect in each patient according to body weight, physical status, underlying pathological condition, use of other drugs, and type and duration of surgical procedure and anesthesia. In obese patients (more than 20% above ideal total body weight), the dosage of alfentanil injection should be determined on the basis of lean body weight. The dose of alfentanil injection should be reduced in elderly or debilitated patients (see PRECAUTIONS).
See Dosage Guidelines for the use of alfentanil injection: 1) by incremental injection as an analgesic adjunct to anesthesia with barbiturate/nitrous oxide/oxygen for short surgical procedures (expected duration of less than one hour); 2) by continuous infusion as a maintenance analgesic with nitrous oxide/oxygen for general surgical procedures; and 3) by intravenous injection in anesthetic doses for the induction of anesthesia for general surgical procedures with a minimum expected duration of 45 minutes; and 4) by intravenous injection as the analgesic component for monitored anesthesia care (MAC).
Infusion rates are variable and should be titrated to the desired clinical effect.
Continuous Infusion: 0.5-3 mcg/kg/min administered with nitrous oxide/oxygen in patients undergoing general surgery. Following an anesthetic induction dose of alfentanil injection, infusion rate requirements are reduced by 30-50% for the first hour of maintenance.
Changes in vital signs that indicate a response to surgical stress or lightening of anesthesia may be controlled by increasing the alfentanil to a maximum of 4 mcg/kg/min and/or administration of bolus doses of 7 mcg/kg. If changes are not controlled after three bolus doses given over a five minute period, a barbiturate, vasodilator, and/or inhalation agent should be used. Infusion rates should always be adjusted downward in the absence of these signs until there is some response to surgical stimulation.
Rather than an increase in infusion rate, 7 mcg/kg bolus doses of alfentanil injection or a potent inhalation agent should be administered in response to signs of lightening of anesthesia within the last 15 minutes of surgery. Alfentanil injection infusion should be discontinued at least 10-15 minutes prior to the end of surgery.
Usage in Children: Clinical data to support the use of alfentanil injection in patients under 12 years of age are not presently available. Therefore, such use is not recommended.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: The neuromuscular blocking agent selected should be compatible with the patient’s condition, taking into account the hemodynamic effects of a particular muscle relaxant and the degree of skeletal muscle relaxation required (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS sections).
In patients administered anesthetic (induction) dosages of alfentanil injection, it is essential that qualified personnel and adequate facilities are available for the management of intraoperative and postoperative respiratory depression.
For purposes of administering small volumes of alfentanil injection accurately, the use of a tuberculin syringe or equivalent is recommended.
The physical and chemical compatibility of alfentanil injection have been demonstrated in solution with normal saline, 5% dextrose in normal saline, 5% dextrose in water and Lactated Ringers. Clinical studies of alfentanil injection infusion have been conducted with alfentanil injection diluted to a concentration range of 25 mcg/mL to 80 mcg/mL.
As an example of the preparation of alfentanil injection for infusion, 20 mL of alfentanil injection added to 230 mL of diluent provides 40 mcg/mL solution of alfentanil injection.
Alfentanil Injection, USP is supplied in individually sealed dosage forms which pose no known risk to health care providers having incidental contact. Accidental dermal exposure to alfentanil should be treated by rinsing the affected area with water. | 2019-04-21T08:33:21Z | http://drugsdb.eu/drug.php?d=Alfentanil%20Hydrochloride&m=Hospira,%20Inc.&id=9781F06D-485E-41F0-84AA-EE177F0AD137.xml |
Space is limited so advance reservations for both are highly recommended!
David is one of the very top acoustic guitar players of all time in my opinion!
Born in Washington, D.C. in 1961, a family move to Nashville at age 3 fully immersed David Grier into the bluegrass music world, and at age 6, he began playing the guitar. Today, he is regarded as one of the premier acoustic guitarists in the world, along with his early influences, Doc Watson, Tony Rice, and family friend Clarence White. Recognized by Acoustic Guitar Magazine in 2000 as one of the Artists of the Decade, and named Guitar Player of the Year three times by the International Bluegrass Music Association, Grier has played on four Grammy Award-winning albums (True Life Blues: A Tribute to Bill Monroe; The Great Dobro Sessions; Alison Brown’s Fair Weather; and Amazing Grace 2: A Country Salute to Gospel).
Having released four albums on Rounder, beginning in 1988 with Freewheeling, Grier launched his own label, Dreadnought Recordings, with the 1998 debut release, Hootenanny, with Dirk Powell and Tim O’Brien (“endlessly inventive and tasteful” - All Music Guide). Evocative (Dreadnought 2009), featuring 10 original tunes and a rich complement of collaborators (Victor Wooten, Paul Franklin, Stuart Duncan and more), has been hailed for its “deep musical introspection” as well as its “unmatchable mastery of the guitar” (Martin Mull). Other Dreadnought releases include the highly-acclaimed Live at the Linda (2007) and I’ve Got the House to Myself (2002) (“unfettered explosive invention” - Tim O’Brien). His most recent release is Fly On The Wall (2014).
David Morris - Bluegrass Today has Intrepid CD one of his top 6 CDs of 2012 !!!
Says David: "Jim Hurst: Intrepid. “Three Hands” Hurst (he can’t possibly play that way with just two) is, for my money, right up there with Tony Rice as bluegrass guitar royalty. All the evidence needed to back up that statement is right here on this gem of an album. It’s mostly Jim and his guitar, and occasionally his voice. Nothing else is needed."
Craving to play more bluegrass, Jim joined Grammy-nominated Claire Lynch and The Front Porch String Band in 1995, during which time he teamed up with bassist Missy Raines. They began the duet Jim Hurst and Missy Raines while with Front Porch, but then broke off in 2000 to focus solely on their collaboration. Remaining faithful to their bluegrass roots, Jim and Missy explored other genres creating ground-breaking arrangements that wowed the bluegrass community. Their partnership resulted in two Pinecastle Records, Two and Synergy , receiving critical acclaim and garnering them IBMA Guitar and Bass Player of the Year for 2001 and 2002.
Desiring greater freedom to create his own musical path, Jim left the Claire Lynch Band in 2010 to embark on a solo career. Already seasoned with three solo recordings, Open Window, Second Son, A Box of Chocolates, his latest 2012 release, Intrepid, exhibits his deft guitar work and soothing vocals. His shows meet with rave reviews as he astounds his audiences with his brilliant playing yet makes people feel right at home with his humble congenial and funny persona. Jim is currently performing solo full time, both nationally and internationally, as well as teaching at camps and workshops in North America and Europe. Additionally, his highly sought-after talent has led to side projects with other bluegrass greats, most recently Rob Ickes and David Grisman. But his solo show, which allows his personal style and unique creativity to come through in spades, is what keeps his audiences mesmerized.
Steve Smith and Tim May in concert!
An evening of original, traditional and swing music with mandolinist/vocalist Steve Smith and Nashville guitarist/vocalist Tim May. The two musicians have collaborated in studio and on stages in the southwest and now bring their acoustic brand of fire on the strings to Music Junction in Alachua. Smith and May originally met while on staff at Camp Bluegrass in Levelland Texas and quickly discovered many common musical threads for exploration honoring tradition and improvisation.
Steve Smith is not only known as one of this country’s top mandolin players but also as an outstanding educator. Along with his work with the Roots/Bluegrass group The Hard Road Trio Steve has been on faculty at the California Coast Music Camp, Puget Sound Guitar Workshop, Steve Kaufman's Acoustic Music Camp, Hill Country Acoustic Music Camp, Zoukfest and Camp Bluegrass (for sixteen years running). Smith has appeared at festivals and venues including Hardly Strictly Bluegrass, High Mountain Hay Fever, Rocky Grass, Swallow Hill, Freight and Salvage, Oklahoma International Bluegrass Festival, the Big Horn Mountain Festival, and the Minnesota Old-time and Bluegrass Festival. With the Las Cruces Symphony he has performed works of William Grant Still, Gershwin and George Crumb. Along with thirty years of coast to coast touring, Smith has performed in Ireland, Germany, France, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Cuba and the US Virgin Islands. He has also performed in musical theater in Cotton Patch Gospel (multi-instrumentalist, vocalist and actor) and the Robber Bride Groom; he composed and performed the score for a production of the Sam Shepard play Curse of the Starving Class. Steve has appeared on over 30 albums as performer and producer including guitar legends Jim Hurst, Mitch Perry, and Tim May, banjoist Bill Evans, Alan Munde and Tim O'Brien. His music has been heard on countless radio stations across the US and on the Discovery Channel, The History Channel and even the Weather Channel.
All styles and levels benefit with a warm up including right hand pick direction, tremolo, double stops and scales. We'll then look at double stops as jumping off points for melodies and compare some tunes that have common ground. Next we'll be using blues patterns (Including minor pentatonic and the blues scale) for use in solos and improvisation to develop phrasing in Bluegrass and other styles based on the double stop shapes we examine and how to move in and out of the double stop patterns in any key.
Flatpicker Tim May has been working in the Nashville area for over 20 years as a sideman, session player, band member and performer. Higher profile projects have included touring with Patty Loveless and John Cowan, and working as a regular on the Grand Ole Opry with Mike Snider. Tim was the solo guitarist on Charlie Daniels’ recording of I’ll Fly Away, which was nominated for the Best Country Instrumental Performance Grammy in 2005. That same year he was session leader on the critically acclaimed Moody Bluegrass album (he later played on Moody Bluegrass II as well). The Nashville Scene selected Tim in the Best Instrumentalist category in their 2012 Reader's Choice Poll. PK Thompson Guitars, Shubb Capos, Elixir Strings, Benedetto Guitars , L.R. Baggs Pickups and Pre-amps and Breedlove Guitars all have presented professional endorsements to Tim, a serious nod to his talents.
Flatpicking guitar improvisation: all levels. Tim will unravel the mystery of improvisation and give you the tools to immediately start doing it: if you are beginner or intermediate you will leave the workshop with the ability to make up solos on the spot to most chord progressions. If you are advanced you will take your playing to the 'next level' with 'chord tone targeting' and 'limiting' exercises. Tim has developed this workshop with Flatpicking Guitar Magazine editor Dan Miller with great success all over the country. We'll look at the vocabulary of improvisation: The Big Four: 1)Scales 2)Folded Scales 3)Crosspicking 4)Harmonized Scales (will spend most of our time on the first two) and briefly look at Major Blues and Minor Blues.
Space is limited so advance reservations are highly recommended!
Come on in - sit a spell.
Mark Newton and Steve Thomas are just like a couple of good friends from down the road a piece - only they pick and sing better than most of the neighbors. Between them, they have over 60 years of musical experience, a Grammy nomination, a CMA nomination and multiple IBMA awards.
Mark was born into a musical family in the Bluegrass State near Paducah, Kentucky. He worked with the Heights of Grass and for many years with the Knoxville Grass, both very popular touring groups in the 1970's and '80s. In 1983, Mark Newton with friends Rickie and Ronnie Simpkins and Sammy Shelor founded the Vrginia Squires. After working with The Squires, Mark worked with The Tony Rice Unit and The Seldom Scene - filling in after John Duffy passed away. Mark went on to team up with the Legendary Bill Emerson and tour as Newton & Emerson, recording a highly successful album on Pinecastle Records called "A Foot In The Past A Foot In The Future”. In 1998, Mark released his first solo album for the Rebel label called "Living A Dream." One of Mark’s most recognized accomplishments was his project "Follow Me Back To The Fold" - A Tribute To Women in Bluegrass. This album won the “IBMA Recorded Event of The Year” award in 2001. In 2006, Mark collaborated with Grammy-winning producer Carl Jackson and released the album “Hillbilly Hemingway” which was nominated in 2007 as the IBMA “Album of the Year”.
For over twenty years, Steven Thomas has been a professional musician touring and working with the biggest artists in Bluegrass and Country music. As a youth, Steve played in the Roanoke Youth Symphony and went on to play with some of the best bands in and around the Roanoke area while in High school. In 1981, he won “Best Mandolin Player” at the Virginia State Championship and first place in the Grand American Fiddle Championship in Chilhowie, VA. In 1982, he won “Best Fiddler” at Galax, VA. and “Best Fiddler” at the World’s Fair in Knoxville, TN. He then hooked up with Tim Austin to form The Lonesome River Band and later went on to play fiddle with Del McCoury. He soon found himself on the stage of the Grand Ole Opry with Jim & Jesse and The Virginia Boys. Steve has recorded and performed with The Lost and Found, The Whites, The Osborne Brothers, Aaron Tippin, Barbara Mandrell, Brooks and Dunn, LeeAnn Womack, Kenny Chesney, John Michael Montgomery, Ronnie Bowman, and Lorrie Morgan. More recently, he has been working in the studio recording and producing music by The Crow Brothers, Larry Cordle, and Jesse McCreynolds.
Alan Munde needs no introduction to long-time Bluegrass fans. From his early creative work with Sam Bush in Poor Richard's Almanac to his traditional bluegrass apprenticeship with Jimmy Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys to his 21-year stint anchoring the landmark Country Gazette, Alan has blazed a trail as one of the most innovative and influential banjo players of all time. Along the way, Alan also recorded and contributed to numerous instrumental recordings, including the 2001 IBMA Instrumental Album of the Year - Knee Deep in Bluegrass. Alan has supplemented his recorded work with several instructional publications for the banjo, and, since 1986, Alan has taught Bluegrass and Country Music at South Plains College in Levelland, Texas, a program which has produced many professional musicians nationwide. In recent years, Alan has performed and recorded as a duo with his South Plains faculty colleague (and former Gazette-mate) Joe Carr. Alan's extensive body of recorded work, his instructional materials, and his work at South Plains (including the annual Camp Bluegrass) has solidified his status as one of the true 'gurus' of the 5-string. Alan currently serves on the Board of Directors of the International Bluegrass Music Association. He was profiled in the June 2005 issue of Bluegrass Now magazine.
Hear sound samples at http://alanmundegazette.com/audio/index. !
"I've been a fan of Alan Munde's banjo playing for a long time and now he may have a rival for my musical affection. I love Elliott Rogers' singing on "Wave Goodbye" and "Little Teardrops." Made to Last is a strong bluegrass project -- great instrumentals and wonderful vocals. Thanks AMG! "
Katy Daley, WAMU's Bluegrass Country, Washington, D.C.
"Many thanks for your material and very fine CD. All the songs are 100% right for my "Bluegrass around the world" radio show. Audience response is great, special for "My Kentucky dream", "Darcy farrow" and "It's never too late". But I'm spinnin' also all the other greats." Pete Lenloy, Radio Carinzia, Vienna, Austria.
There were very few role models for a young woman starting out on the bluegrass highway back in the mid ‘70’s when Claire Lynch joined a band called Hickory Wind. A native of Kingston, New York, who has lived in Northern Alabama since the age of 12, Claire was offered a position in the band, decided she was going to be a bluegrass singer, and that was pretty much that. After changing its name to the Front Porch String Band, the group worked regularly throughout the Southeast over the next several years, becoming fan favorites on the strength of its open-minded musical approach and incredible lead singer.
But by 1981, despite a handful of well-received albums (including Claire’s first solo effort, Breakin’ It) and increasing word-of-mouth acclaim, the band had tired of the grind and called it quits. A decade would pass before the band regrouped, but Claire put the time to good use. In addition to raising a family, she launched dual careers as a songwriter (her songs have been recorded by Patty Loveless, the Seldom Scene, Cherryholmes, Kathy Mattea, the Whites and Stephanie Davis) and a session vocalist. Her exquisite harmonies have graced albums by such leading artists as Emmylou Harris, Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt, Patty Loveless, Pam Tillis, Kathy Mattea, Jesse Winchester, Sarah Watkins and Ralph Stanley.
A re-energized Front Porch String Band roared back onto the scene with their 1991 album, Lines and Traces. The success of that album and the band’s resumed touring led to Claire’s second solo album, the critically-acclaimed Friends for a Lifetime in 1993. Next came the Grammy-nominated Moonlighter in 1995, followed by 1997’s sublime Silver and Gold, which also received a Grammy nomination. During the next several years on the fast-track the Front Porch String Band evolved into one of the sharpest, most exciting post-modern bluegrass bands on the circuit. Their last recording effort was Rounder’s Love Light, a collection more-than-half comprised of original Claire Lynch songs and which was described as “a masterpiece… an Americana programmer’s true delight.
In 2000, husband and mandolinist Larry Lynch, founder and instrumental mainstay of the band from the beginning decided to follow his ever-increasing musical passion for Celtic style picking. For the next few years, Claire enjoyed another hiatus from the road while searching out new players. In the fall of 2004, she formed the Claire Lynch Band and begain extensive touring.
In the Winter of 2005, Claire signed her second three-album deal with Rounder Records. The first release, New Day (March ’06), was a top favorite pick for several publications, scored a #1 song on the National Bluegrass Survey and an IBMA nomination for “Song of the Year”. Next came the anthology collection, Crowd Favorites (October 2007) which earned another couple of top ten positions on the survey. Ms. Lynch describes her follow-up CD, Whatcha Gonna Do (September 2009) as “Americana-inflected bluegrass.” It took the #1 spot on the January 2010 BMP national bluegrass CD chart and was included in several “Top Pick” CD lists for 2009. In 2010 Claire was also awarded the IBMA's Female Vocalist of the Year Award for her second time.
Jim is known throughout the Nashville TN area as one of the best in the business. His talents of singing, multi-intrumentalist abilities and well-rounded stylings have garnered him support positions and recording sessions with some of the best artists in Country and Bluegrass music. Trisha Yearwood, Sara Evans, Holly Dunn, Claire Lynch, Travis Tritt, John Cowan, Mark Schatz, Tim O'Brien and more.
Jim's most recent recording "A Box of Chocolates" - 2007 is the newest CD from the musical mind of Jim Hurst. Always looking for the new inspiration, Jim is currently working of his next recording. Jim has a multi-faceted approach to music and performance. His singing, guitar work, songwriting and live performances can entertain with calm sincerity as well as high-energy and magician-like accomplishment.
"Jim is one of the most under-rated musicians on today's acoustic scene. He always mines a deep grove and heats things up to a rolling boil. Combining strong country and bluegrass roots, subtle invention, and a big beautiful sound. Jim's music is consistently fresh and friendly."
"Jim uses his family background, along with his exceptional talent, to build upon a foundation of his own memories and inspiration to create a contemporary sound that is still able to reflect strong traditional values... Jim Hurst is a very hard-working musician with clear goals for himself."
"There's not a more inventive, talented guitar player in the bluegrass business than Jim Hurst. He brings a world of experience in so many different kinds of music and formats to everything he does."
"In a field known for great instrumental work, Hurst is as good as they come...His guitar playing is marked by pure abandon."
"Jim Hurst is one of the most versatile and tasteful guitar players I know. Whether he's flailing the rhythm for an old time fiddle tune, laying down a funky groove, or finger picking a beautiful ballad, his playing is both impeccable and creative. Accompanying this instrumental virtuosity is a rich and expressive voice with a surprising range."
"Jim Hurst has an attractive vocal delivery with his songs...but it has to take a back seat to his incredible flat-picking guitar work."
Jim also proudly plays Gallagher Guitars - Look for the "Jim Hurst" model Gallagher guitar!
Clay Hess is a Grammy award winner who first burst upon the national bluegrass music scene as the red-hot flat-picking guitarist with Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder, with whom he toured for three years. With his awesome speed and tasty sense of syncopation, Hess has established himself as one of the top flat-pickers in the business.
Clay began playing guitar at age nine after hearing Tony Rice's landmark recording, "Manzanita." From there, Clay's life was changed because all he did was play his "old cheap guitar." Before too long, Clay got his first "real" guitar when his dad bought him a new Martin D18 for his birthday. Clay continued to hone his skills and develop his own style, winning guitar contests along the way, including the Ohio State Guitar Championship in 1995. When he was 19, a friend told him about an open audition at Dollywood. Clay landed the gig, playing guitar with the band, True Blue. Fellow musicians were noticing Clay's talents. One of them was multi-Grammy Award winning country and bluegrass artist Ricky Skaggs.
Eventually Clay left Dollywood to return home to Ohio. He was working in construction and had nearly quit playing altogether when Ricky Skaggs called in 1999 and asked him to fill the guitar slot for Kentucky Thunder. Clay thought the call was a joke and hung up the phone. Ricky called a second time and convinced Clay that the offer was real. Clay then spent the next three years performing with Kentucky Thunder. While Clay was a part of the band, the International Bluegrass Music Association awarded Kentucky Thunder their Instrumental Band of the Year Award for both 1999 and 2000. Clay recorded on three projects with Skaggs, and was awarded a Grammy for his participation on the project "Soldier of the Cross."
After leaving Skaggs' band, Clay toured with The Mark Newton Band playing mandolin and then guitar before joining Mountain Heart. Eventually, he left to join another one of the hottest young bands around, Sierra Hull and Highway 111, with whom he still tours today.
Though Clay largely considers himself a bluegrass player, his influences range outside of bluegrass and include players such as Stevie Ray Vaughan, Charlie Parker and Leon Rhodes. The CF Martin guitar company has also recently began production of the Clay Hess D-18 signature model guitar in recognition of Clay's talent and influence.
Jim also proudly plays Gallagher Guitars - Look for the new "Jim Hurst" model Gallagher guitar sometime in 2008!
Claire Lynch, with Jim Hurst, Mark Schatz, and Jason Thomas.
Learn from the master! 1 hour workshop from 3-4pm (exact time to be confirmed). We will need a 4 student minimum (prepaid) to hold this workshop. | 2019-04-21T02:48:15Z | https://scottandersonmusic.com/mato-concerts |
Resistance to stress is often heterogeneous among individuals within a population, which helps protect against intermittent stress (bet hedging). This is also the case for heat shock resistance in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Interestingly, the resistance appears to be continuously distributed (vs. binary, switch-like) and correlated with replicative age (vs. random). Older, slower-growing cells are more resistant than younger, faster-growing ones. Is there a fitness benefit to age-correlated stress resistance?
Here this hypothesis is explored using a simple agent-based model, which simulates a population of individual cells that grow and replicate. Cells age by accumulating damage, which lowers their growth rate. They synthesize trehalose at a metabolic cost, which helps protect against heat shock. Proteins Tsl1 and Tps3 (trehalose synthase complex regulatory subunit TSL1 and TPS3) represent the trehalose synthesis complex and they are expressed using constant, age-dependent and stochastic terms. The model was constrained by calibration and comparison to data from the literature, including individual-based observations obtained using high-throughput microscopy and flow cytometry. A heterogeneity network was developed, which highlights the predominant sources and pathways of resistance heterogeneity. To determine the best trehalose synthesis strategy, model strains with different Tsl1/Tps3 expression parameters were placed in competition in an environment with intermittent heat shocks.
For high severities and low frequencies of heat shock, the winning strain used an age-dependent bet hedging strategy, which shows that there can be a benefit to age-correlated stress resistance. The study also illustrates the utility of combining individual-based observations and modeling to understand mechanisms underlying population heterogeneity, and the effect on fitness.
There is increasing appreciation for individuality of microbes [1, 2]. Even populations grown up from a single cell, in a constant environment can exhibit significant phenotypic heterogeneity in gene expression, protein content and physiology. Individual heterogeneity can be important to population fitness by allowing different functions (e.g. C and N fixation in filamentous cyanobacteria) and survival in a fluctuating environment. One prominent example is bacterial persistence, where a typical population contains a small fraction of slow- or non-growing “persister” cells that are not killed by antibiotics [3, 4]. Cells switch between normal and persister states in a random, binary (switch-like) manner. The ability to resist stress comes at a cost (typically reduced rates of growth or reproduction). For intermittent stress, there is an advantage to maintaining heterogeneity among individuals in a population in terms of tradeoffs between performance and survival (i.e. an insurance mechanism referred to as bet hedging [3, 5]).
For eukaryotic microbes, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cervisiae) is a model organism for studying individual heterogeneity and aging and longevity [1, 6]. Various mechanisms, including stochastic variability in regulatory pathways and production/destruction of mRNAs, and deterministic asynchronicity in cell cycle or replicative age, lead to heterogeneity in protein content and stress resistance in clonal populations [1, 7–12]. For example, copper resistance is heterogeneous and related to cell cycle and replicative age . Intrinsic and induced expression of heat shock proteins and resistance is heterogeneous [11, 14]. Expression of Tsl1, used in the synthesis of trehalose (an alpha-linked disaccharide of glucose that enhances thermotolerance, reduces aggregation of denatured proteins and protects against oxidative damage), and heat shock resistance are heterogeneous and correlated with replicative age . Natural yeast (i.e. not S. cervisiae) populations were found to have heterogeneous resistance to copper, lead and sulfur dioxide, and this phenotypic heterogeneity is a beneficial and evolvable trait . Unlike in bacteria, heat shock resistance in yeast is graded, continuous (vs. binary) and correlated with replicative age (vs. random).
The benefit of random heterogeneous expression of a stress-response factor has been demonstrated experimentally and computationally for S. cervisiae. Levy et al. hypothesized that correlating heat shock resistance with age provides an added benefit. The idea is that older, slower-growing cells are better candidates for being stress resistant because they contribute relatively less to the population growth. Is there a fitness benefit to age-correlated (vs. random) stress resistance?
This hypothesis is explored here using modeling, an approach that has been applied previously to explore the role of heterogeneity [5, 17]. The general strategy is to develop a mathematical model that includes the relevant mechanisms, and then perform numerical competition experiments to see if the age-correlated resistance trait is beneficial. Such competition and/or evolutionary optimization simulations have been used previously to determine optimal traits/parameters [18–20]. There are many potential model formulations and associated parameter sets for simulating replication, aging, resistance, etc. (reviewed below). To ensure some degree of realism, we constrain the model by calibration and comparison to relevant observations from the literature. We use agent-based modeling (ABM, aka individual-based modeling, IBM), rather than the more common population-level modeling approach [18–22]. An ABM is appropriate in this case, because it can resolve the continuous/graded distribution of various individual properties (e.g., protein levels, growth rate, resistance), and model outputs can be compared directly to the individual-based observations that are used to constrain the model [15, 23]. The model simulates intracellular mechanisms and the cell behavior emerges (systems biology). Then, it simulates many such cells and the population behavior emerges (systems ecology). This multi-level approach has been referred to as 'systems bioecology’ [19–21].
We describe the model and compare it to data from the literature, which shows that it is generally consistent with the observed patterns. A heterogeneity network is developed, which highlights the predominant sources and pathways of resistance heterogeneity. Then we perform competition experiments with strains that have different Tsl1/Tps3 expression strategies in an environment with intermittent heat shocks. For conditions with high severity and low frequency of heat shocks, an age-dependent bet hedging strategy is most beneficial, which supports the hypothesis of a fitness benefit of age-correlated stress resistance.
The model is relatively simple and resolves only those mechanisms necessary for exploring the hypothesis and comparison to the relevant data. Yeast cells take up glucose (G, g L-1) and convert it to biomass (Figure 1). Three forms of biomass are considered, including structural (m X , g dry cell-1), damaged (m D , g dry cell-1) and trehalose (m T , g dry cell-1). The total biomass (m, g dry cell-1) is the sum of these components (m = m X + m D + m T ). Structural biomass becomes damaged. A fraction of biomass is synthesized as trehalose. The model tracks the age or number of divisions in terms of bud scars (n B ). A population of individual cells is simulated using an agent-based approach.
Model schematic. Symbols: G = glucose, m X = structural mass, m D = damaged mass, m T = trehalose mass and n B = number of bud scars.
A number of metabolism models for S. cervisiae have been developed ranging from simple Monod-type growth equations to more detailed kinetic models that resolve intracellular mechanisms up to dynamic/kinetic implementations genome-scale network reconstructions [24–28].
where μ m,g (day-1) is the maximum growth rate, K g (g L-1) is the half-saturation constant for glucose, K d is the half-saturation constant and n d is the exponent for damage. The model dynamically simulates the extracellular glucose concentration considering inflow and washout (for continuous culture simulations) and uptake by the cells (see Additional file 1: SI text for details).
Cell division in S. cervisiae is via the asymmetrical budding process, where a larger mother cell gives birth to a smaller daughter cell. With subsequent births, the mother’s size increases and it accumulates bud scars and damage (see below). A number of cell cycle and replication models for S. cervisiae have been developed [29, 30].
Here, the model of Vanoni et al. is adopted. Briefly, two cell cycle phases are simulated, unbudded and budding. Budding starts at a threshold budding size (m b ), which increases from a specified daughter cell value (m b,0 ) by a factor ( a m b m n B - 1 ) with each generation. Division occurs at a threshold replication size (m r ), which is proportional to the budding size (m r = f m,r m b ). The daughter gets the mass synthesized during the budding phase. The mother gains a bud scar and preferentially retains the damage (see below). Individual phenotypic heterogeneity is introduced by randomizing the budding size. At birth, the daughter’s budding size is drawn from a global truncated normal distribution with specified mean and coefficient of variation (CV) . A truncated distribution is used to prevent unrealistic values (e.g., m b,0 < 0). This process introduces non-heritable phenotypic heterogeneity, so values are drawn from a global distribution (vs. one with the mean based on the mother).
Aging in S. cervisiae is due to a number of mechanisms, including accumulation of extrachromosomal DNA circles (ERCs) and oxidative damage (e.g., carbonylation) to proteins . At division, this damage is preferentially retained by the mother cell, although the ability to do so diminishes with replicative age [33, 34]. In addition, the mother cell has higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein damage rates and lower damaged protein degradation rates [35, 36]. Trehalose protects against ROS damage to proteins . Several generic models of aging have been presented [18, 34]. Specifically for S. cervisiae, Hirsch developed a model where cells accumulate a senescence factor at a constant rate and partitions it asymmetrically at division. The growth rate decreases with increasing amount of this senescence factor. More mechanistic models that explicitly represent ROS, the damage reaction with a protein (citrate synthase) and repair reaction with a heat shock protein (Hsp90) have been presented .
The present model considers the production of damaged mass (m D ) from structural mass (m X ) in a first-order manner, at a damage rate that increases with age ( k d = a d n B b d ). At division, the damage mass is preferentially retained by the mother, based on a split fraction (s d ).
Trehalose serves as storage carbohydrate and stress protectant [40–42]. Synthesis is highest during the stationary phase and in response to stress (incl. heat), but trehalose also accumulates under normal, non-stressed conditions [42–44]. Trehalose is synthesized by a trimeric protein complex made up of Tps1 and Tps2, and interchangeable Tps3 or Tsl1 [45, 46]. Genes involved in trehalose synthesis are induced by heat shock [46, 47]. In addition, the expression is negatively correlated with growth rate and has a stochastic component [15, 47]. Tsl1 and Tps3 promoters share a common regulatory element (stress-responsive element, STRE), but their expression can differ [9, 10, 46]. Trehalose (or more generally carbohydrate storage) has been included in metabolic models of S. cervisiae[24, 25, 48].
where f m,s is the maximum fraction, K s (mmol L-1) is the half-saturation constant and n s is the exponent for trehalose synthesis.
where e c,Tsl1 (mol L-1) is the magnitude of constant expression, e a,Tsl1 (mol L-1) is the magnitude of damage or age-dependent expression, K Tsl1 is a half-saturation constant and f r,Tsl1 is a randomization factor. Note that expression is a function of the combined effect of constant, age-dependent and stochastic terms, with their relative contribution depending on the assigned parameter values. The randomization factor (f r,Tsl1 ) is varied by drawing from a global truncated normal distribution with mean of 1.0 and specified CV, following the same approach used for m b,0 (see above). An equivalent formulation is used for Tps3.
Heat causes denaturation of proteins and there are a number of mechanisms that can prevent this. Trehalose stabilizes proteins during heat shock . Other factors include various heat shock proteins, whose intrinsic (i.e. without heat shock) expression is also heterogeneous and correlated with heat shock resistance [11, 14].
where K h is the half-saturation constant for heat shock tolerance. K h is the fraction of trehalose required to achieve a tolerance of 0.5. When a heat shock is applied, all cells with H t < H a die. H a can be adjusted to reflect different experimental conditions.
The model includes a number of deterministic sources of heterogeneity, like the uneven split of damage among mother and daughter at replication. Also, the budding mass threshold (m b,0 ) and Tsl1 and Tps3 expression factors (f r,Tsl1 and f r,Tps3 ) are varied stochastically, as described above. However, in reality there are numerous other mechanisms (e.g., stochastic expression of all genes) that contribute to heterogeneity in cellular processes [1, 7–12]. To account for this, the maximum growth rate (μ m,g ) and damage exponent (n d ) parameters are also randomized (following the same approach used for m b,0 ).
The model simulates individual yeast cells using an agent-based approach [18–22]. Each agent stores the cell state variables (e.g., m X , see Figure 1) and those parameters that are varied at the individual level (e.g., m b,0 ). For continuous culture simulations, the model includes stochastic washout of cells from the reactor (see Additional file 1: SI text for details). Differential equations (e.g., Eq. 1) are solved using an explicit numerical integration method. The model is implemented in the IAM framework [19, 20], and the source code is available from the corresponding author.
For some experiments the model explicitly simulates each individual cell. This includes the microcolony experiments that have ~105 colonies of up to ~100 cells for a total of 107 cells (e.g. Additional file 1: Figure S1B). However, for liquid cultures with larger populations, including the competition experiments, this is not feasible. For example, a 300-mL culture with a cell density of 2.6 × 108 cells mL-1 contains 7.9 × 1010 cells. Using the present model, simulating that many cells for 20 days would take approximately 15 years of CPU time and 18 PB of RAM memory. As is common in microbe ABMs, for liquid culture, the model simulates super-individuals, which are representative of a number of real individuals . Minimum/maximum numbers of agents are specified, and when the number of agents drop/rises below/above this, agents are split/combined (see Additional file 1: SI text for details). The number of agents, or the computational resolution, is set sufficiently high so that the model produces robust and reproducible results over multiple runs with different seed values for the random number generator.
This application is especially challenging from a computational perspective, because of the focus on small fractions of the population. For example, in one experiment by Levy et al. , 0.1% of the population was sorted out using flow cytometry and the growth rate distribution of that fraction was computed (Additional file 1: Figure S1I). In order for the model to adequately resolve the heterogeneity of such a small fraction of the population, it needs to have a very large number of agents.
The model was constrained by calibration and comparison to relevant observations from the literature. Several parameters were calibrated within the available literature range with the help of an automated optimization routine (see Additional file 1: SI text, Table S1, Figures S1&2). Model simulations followed the actual experimental protocols as described in the respective literature references, which could be quite involved. For example, one experiment by Levy et al. included growing cells in liquid suspension, sub-sampling based on Tsl1 expression, growing again in liquid suspension, randomly sub-sampling, growing as microcolonies, and estimating the growth rate of each microcolony based on the change in colony area (Additional file 1: Figure S1J). The resulting calibrated model is then used without any further changes to explore the underlying mechanisms and fitness effect of heterogeneous, age-correlated heat shock resistance.
To understand how heterogeneity is produced and how it propagates through the population, we developed a heterogeneity network (Figure 2F). The nodes in the network represent individual state variables (e.g. m D ), calculated variables (e.g. μ) and processes (e.g. unequal split of damage, node DAM), and the links represent causal relationships. For example, DAM causes heterogeneity in m D , which in turn causes heterogeneity in m (via mass summation, node m), μ (via Eq. 2), and e Tsl1 and e Tps3 (via Eq. 4). By turning off the heterogeneity at a node or link in the network and examining the resulting reduction in heterogeneity at a downstream node, the heterogeneity can be mapped onto the network (see Results section).
Model-data comparison and heterogeneity source and pathway analysis. (A) Damage (m D /m) vs. age (n B ). Data from . (B) Tsl1 expression (e Tsl1 ) distribution of cells. (C) Age (n B ) vs. Tsl1 expression (e Tsl1 ). (D) Heat shock survival of various Tsl1-sorted fractions. Data from . “a.u.” is arbitrary units. (E) Distribution of heat shock tolerance for base case and various diagnostic simulations (e.g. “dam” has equal damage partitioning, s d = 0.5). (F) Heterogeneity network. Line weight indicates contribution of node or link to overall heterogeneity in heat shock tolerance (based on variance of normalized H t , e.g., panel E). For details of experiments used to generate the data the reader is referred to the source publications.
To explore the role of the age-correlated resistance trait on the fitness of the yeast, numerical (i.e. simulations) competition experiments were performed. Cells were grown in a glucose-limited chemostat with constant dilution rate (D = 0.15 h-1), a set-up similar to the one used in a previous experimental study that examined the effect of mild heat shock (28 > 36°C) on S. cervisiae growth rate and gene expression . The culture was subjected to heat shocks at specified heat shock severity (H a ) and frequency (F h , h-1). A number of model strains with different Tsl1/Tps3 expression parameters were developed. For Tsl1, e c,Tsl1 controls constant expression, e a,Tsl1 controls age-dependent expression, and f r,Tsl1,CV controls stochasticity. Tsl1 and Tps3 are considered separately in the model to allow for comparison to data (Figure 2), but their effect on trehalose synthesis is identical (Eq. 3) and a strain with a high Tsl1 parameter (e.g., e c,Tsl1 ) behaves the same as a strain with an equivalently high Tps3 parameter (i.e., e c,Tps3 ). Therefore, the Tsl1 and Tps3 parameters were varied together (e.g., the ratio e c,Tps3 / e c,Tsl1 is held constant). We created 1,000 model strains, with 10 variants for each Tsl1 parameter. Doing a single simulation with all strains was not feasible. Therefore, a tournament-style competition was used. In each round, 10 strains were randomly selected and placed in competition. The winner of each match advanced to the next round and the process was repeated until one strain was left. For each condition (H a , F h ), the optimal bet hedging strategy/parameters emerged as the winner. The experiment is implicitly constrained by the metabolic cost of trehalose synthesis (reduced synthesis of structural biomass, Eq. 1a), which is traded off against the benefit of higher heat shock survival.
The model was calibrated to observations from the literature with the help of an automatic calibration routine. The database is comprised of 15 datasets [9, 10, 15, 33, 41, 43–45, 49]. The reader is referred to the original publications for experimental protocols and details. This database characterizes the relevant features of the system, including the distribution of growth rates, damage accumulation with age, Tsl1 and Tps3 expression levels, distribution of Tsl1 expression, age vs. Tsl1 expression, age distribution for all and top 1% of Tsl1 expressing cells, Tsl1 expression vs. growth rate, growth rate distributions for all, top 1% and 0.1% of Tsl1 expressing cells, trehalose content, trehalose in wild type vs. Tsl1 knockout, survival vs. Tsl1 expression, and survival vs. growth rate for wild type and Tsl1 knockout strains. Discussion of all datasets is provided in the SI and a selected subset are discussed here.
Oxidative protein damage (carbonyl levels) was observed to increase with age (bud scars), and the model reproduces this general pattern (Figure 2A). The observations suggest a step-wise increase whereas the model exhibits a more linear shape. The reason for the discrepancy is unclear. The observations are from a single study and it would be useful to obtain additional observations to confirm the shape. Damage mass increases with age due to preferential inheritance by the mother and an increase of damage rate with age. The expression of Tsl1, observed with flow cytometry and green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to Tsl1, was quite heterogeneous (Figure 2B). The modeled Tsl1 distribution was not as spread out as the observations, for example, the data extended into the negative range (presumably a measurement error at low Tsl1 levels), whereas the model restricted Tsl1 to the positive values. The heterogeneity in Tsl1 is a function of the stochastic component and the amount of Tsl1 expression that is damage correlated (Eq. 4). Applying the bud scar stain WGA-TRITC and passing cells through the flow cytometer showed that Tsl1 expression increased with age (Figure 2C). The model also shows an increase. However, for an unknown reason it over-predicts the age in the 0.03 Tsl1 bin. When Tsl1-sorted sub-populations were heat shocked, survival correlated positively with Tsl1 expression (Figure 2D). Again, the model reproduces the general increase, but it differs in the 0–0.1% Tsl1 bin. This narrow bin includes the fewest cells and is most susceptible to stochastic variability (observations and model). Overall, the model does not capture all features of the data, but it reproduced the main patterns, including an increase of damage with age, heterogeneous Tsl1 expression, and correlation of age and survival with Tsl1 expression.
We constructed a heterogeneity network (Figure 2F), which defines how heterogeneity can be produced and propagate through the population. In the present model, all heterogeneity originates at replication. The model does not consider other sources of heterogeneity, like stochastic differentiation at other times (i.e. in between replication events) or heterogeneity in the environment. There are a number of deterministic and stochastic sources of heterogeneity associated with replication (grey nodes in Figure 2F). For example, the scarring process produces heterogeneity in bud scars (n B ) in a deterministic manner, while the expression of Tsl1 is varied randomly (f r,Tsl1 ). Despite the numerous sources of heterogeneity, replication does not completely randomize or “reset” the cells, and the model allows for inter-generation memory. For example, bud scars and damage – and thus also the growth rate – are heritable (Additional file 1: Figures S1A&S3).
Where does the heterogeneity in survival originate? Sequentially removing sources and examining the resulting reduction of heterogeneity in heat shock tolerance showed that the scarring and unequal division of damage processes are the predominant sources (Figure 2E). But there are many ways the heterogeneity can go from these sources to heat shock tolerance. How does it propagate through the network? Systematically eliminating heterogeneity at links and nodes in the network (e.g., use population-average e S in Eq. 3) allowed us to map the heterogeneity onto the network. This showed that heterogeneity travels along multiple pathways, but predominantly from scarring to damage to Tps3 expression to trehalose and heat shock tolerance, a deterministic pathway that leads to age-correlated stress resistance.
The model did not capture all features of the data, but it reproduced the major patterns observed in the relevant datasets. It was then used as an experimental system to explore the hypothesis outlined in the introduction. To determine the best Tsl1/Tps3 expression strategy we performed tournament-style competition experiments between 1,000 strains with different expression parameters (e c,Tsl1 , e a,Tsl1 , f r,Tsl1,CV ) in continuous culture with intermittent heat shocks. Figure 3A shows the results from one simulation at intermediate heat shock severity and frequency. One strain clearly outcompeted the others over the course of the experiment.
Numerical competition experiments. (A) Example of one simulation at intermediate heat shock severity and frequency (H a = 0.7, F h = 0.14 d-1). Cell density of 10 competitors. Abrupt drops in concentrations correspond to heat shocks. (B) Summary of tournament-style competitions. Optimal Tsl1/Tps3 expression parameters for a number of (B1) heat shock severities (H a varies, F h = 0.14 d-1) and (B2) frequencies (H a = 0.7, F h varies). Constant: e c,Tsl1 in μM, Age-dependent: e a,Tsl1 in μM, Stochastic: f r,Tsl1 / 10. Symbols are mean +/- one standard deviation of ten replicate experiments.
We performed a number of experiments at various heat shock severities (H a ) and frequencies (F h ), ranging from no heat stress (H a = F h = 0) to the maximum heat stress the yeast can survive (Figure 3B). When no heat shocks were applied, the winning strain had no constant or age-dependent terms. It did have a stochastic term, but this is simply due to the neutrality of the parameter when constant and age-dependent terms are zero (i.e., then the stochastic parameter does not affect the expression, Eq. 4). At lower heat shock severities, the winning strategy was to express Tsl1/Tps3 in a constant manner without heterogeneity (Figure 3B1). It only takes a small amount of trehalose to survive these heat shocks and it is best to have all cells synthesize this amount. Adding heterogenity would result in some cells being killed by heat shock, which would not be beneficial, a finding consistent with previous studies . Since heterogeneity cannot be avoided with age-dependent expression, constant expression is the better strategy in this case. At higher severities, the amount of trehalose required to survive the heat shocks becomes larger and a bet hedging strategy becomes beneficial. That is, the average amount of trehalose is below what is required to survive the heat shocks, but it is heterogeneous and some cells have sufficient trehalose to survive the heat shocks, and this prevents the population from being wiped out. Under such conditions, the model predicted that age-dependent expression is better. This can be explained, as suggested in the Introduction, by the fact that the older cells contribute less to the population growth, and eliminating them is less detrimental to population growth (Additional file 1: Figure S11). If age-dependent expression is excluded (e a,Tsl1 = 0), the winning strain has constant and stochastic expression terms (Additional file 1: Figure S10). The heterogeneity introduced through the deterministic aging process is sub-optimal and it is beneficial to add more via the stochastic term. At lower heat shock frequencies, the winning strategy was age-dependent bet hedging, whereas at higher frequencies constant expression without heterogeneity was better (Figure 3B2). At lower frequencies, the growth period in between the heat shocks is relatively long and reducing the average trehalose production (as is achieved using a bet hedging strategy) is beneficial. At higher frequencies, a bet hedging strategy is not advantageous, because too many cells are lost through the frequent heat shocks.
These experiments were performed with a model designed with equations based on our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms, a parameter set that is generally consistent with the literature and main patterns consistent with observations. However, we cannot rule out that there is not another model formulation (i.e. different equations) or parameter set that produces an equal-quality calibration but a different result or conclusion about the fitness effect of age-correlated heat shock resistance. This is a common problem in model prediction and has been referred to as “equifinality” , and it can be addressed to some extent by varying model formulations [18, 34] and/or parameters . The present model is computationally very demanding. Nonetheless, we used an automated optimization routine that allows for alternate parameter values, and two runs produced essentially the same parameter set, which provides some additional support for the robustness of our conclusions.
This study explored the ecological role of heterogeneous, age-correlated heat shock resistance in S. cervisiae. A simple model was constructed based on our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and comparison to relevant data shows it is consistent with observed patterns. Competition experiments with strains that have different stress protectant synthesis strategies shows that, for high severities and low frequencies of heat shock, an age-dependent bet hedging strategy is best. This supports the hypothesis that age-correlated resistance is more beneficial than random resistance. Although the model is specific to heat shock resistance in S. cervisiae, trehalose is produced by many different organisms and also protects against other forms of stress (e.g., ethanol, ), so our results have broader relevance. However, there are also cases where resistance is negatively correlated with age (i.e., younger cells are more resistant), like Sod1p-mediated copper resistance , so these results cannot be generalized to all types of stress.
The finding that it is advantageous for older cells to invest in increasing stress tolerance has implication for understanding aging and longevity- two very different things, with different selective forces acting . Longevity is a highly adaptive trait and it is generally considered that genes promoting longer lifespan do so by improving somatic resistance in unfavorable conditions . Our results provide a clear example of how such a mechanism could operate.
Our model was designed specifically for exploring the role of age-correlated heat shock resistance in S. cervisiae. For that purpose it was kept as simple as possible, while still including the relevant mechanisms. This naturally limits the model’s applicability to other questions, although it should be useful for exploring other features related to aging, heterogeneity and stress resistance. For example, with minimal changes (i.e. Eq. 4), the present model could be used to predict expression of other proteins. The model can also serve as a stepping stone for further model development. A lot more is known about the various mechanisms involved in the problem and this knowledge is sufficient to support the development of a more detailed model. It would be interesting to bring in more mechanistically-detailed models of gene transcription and expression noise [7, 8, 12], more detailed and/or genome-scale metabolism [24, 26–28] and cell cycle control . Sub-genome scale combined signaling, gene expression and metabolism models have been developed . It seems that several pieces are in place to support the development of such a model, which would require a large community effort (as was done for the latest metabolic network reconstruction, ), but it would be worth it.
This study combined individual-based observations (IBO) and modeling (IBM) to understand mechanisms underlying population heterogeneity, and the effect on fitness . Individual-based observation and experimental technologies are advancing rapidly and are generating large amount of novel data [15, 52]. These data are different from traditional population-level observations, which were amenable to analysis using traditional population-level models, and they require new methods and models. Our study illustrates the utility of combining IBM and IBO. The IBOs of Levy et al. were used to constrain the individual-level processes in the IBM. The IBM, in turn, put the IBOs into ecological context.
This paper presents the use of a multi-scale modeling approach to investigate the role of an intracellular mechanism in the ecological fitness of an organism. Covering multiple levels of organization is a general problem in the biological sciences. Several systems approaches have been developed to address this challenge [53, 54]. The approach used here, “systems bioecology”, combines systems biology and systems ecology [19–21]. The idea is conceptually quite simple. First, the intracellular states and mechanisms of microorganisms are explicitly simulated (systems biology). Then, whole populations of these individual microbes are simulated directly using agent-based modeling (ABM), including their interaction with the environment (systems ecology). This general approach may be applicable to other questions involving the role of intracellular mechanisms at the ecosystem scale.
Thanks to Sasha Levy for help interpreting his data and Kieran Smallbone for helpful advice on yeast metabolism modeling. Two anonymous reviewers provided constructive criticism. Funding is provided by NSF IOS-1121233.
FLH and JAB designed the experiment. FLH and NDF performed the research. FLH and JAB wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. | 2019-04-20T22:51:17Z | https://bmcsystbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-0509-8-18 |
The H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society presents its all new motion picture The Whisperer in Darkness. Folklore professor Albert Wilmarth investigates legends of strange creatures in the most remote hills of Vermont. His inquiry reveals a terrifying glimpse of the truth that lurks behind the legends. H.P. Lovecraft's classic tale of suspense and alien horrors is brought to life in the style of the classic horror films of the 1930s like Dracula, Frankenstein and King Kong. Using the Mythoscope™ process — a mix of modern and vintage techniques — the HPLHS filmed on location in New England to create the most authentic and faithful screen adaptation of a Lovecraft story yet attempted.
This award-winning motion picture has screened at festivals worldwide. You can now screen it from the comfort of your own home, as it's available on DVD and on BluRay disc.
Below are samples of what some critics had to say about the film.
[The Whisperer in Darkness] it’s the most compelling proof to date that there is a way to bring H.P. Lovecraft to cinematic life. Whisperer pretends to be an artifact of the 1950s sci-fi/horror boom—it’s black and white, melodramatic, and the pacing is more of a long, slow burn than anything you’ve seen in the past year at the multiplex. But, man does it pay off; the needle on the creep-meter goes through the roof at certain climactic moments. It’s great fun.
Ultimately, however, Branney nails the spirit of Lovecraft. Through voice-over narratives and frightened faces, “The Whisperer in Darkness” conveys a sense of human sanity being unraveled by too much forbidden fruit. By film’s end, Foyer has the Thousand Yard Stare down to a science. His once-doubting Wilmarth has picked from the Tree of Knowledge, and become a reluctant believer.
You are about to encounter what very well may be the single most successful H.P. Lovecraft adaptation ever to lick fear across a screen. Shot with an aesthetic, production design and performance style angled to emulate the feel of a '30s/'40s Universal horror film - without falling into camp - WHISPERER arrives like shadows out of time, a discovered relic from another dimension. A genuinely scary film and a hellishly great time.
Those looking for Lovecraft done right should look no further than Sean Branney’s THE WHISPERER IN DARKNESS. I’ve read the story quite a few times, and though this story of otherworldly portals and demon bugs from other dimensions is not the most literal of Lovecraft’s work, I still don’t think that it’s been adapted perfectly. Until now. The filmmakers seem to not only possess the uncanny ability to translate Lovecraft’s words and themes with ease, but they also punch up the story with modern effects while giving it a timeless quality of the matinee serials. Though this film is heavy on the talk, the strong performances and full embrace of the monster movies of the fifties make every second of this film intriguing and unblinkable. Filmed in stark blacks, faded whites, and amorphous greys, THE WHISPERER IN DARKNESS is a monster movie for folks who miss going to monster movie matinees. Branney adapts this tale of science proved wrong sharply with quick line exchanges and every eerie trick in the book made to amp up the old timey thrills.
THE WHISPERER IN DARKNESS is the best adaptation that I have ever seen of an H.P. Lovecraft tale! The H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society has put together a very worthy 2-Disc Special Edition that covers all the bases, and then some. Disc 1 is where you’ll find the movie, Chapters selection, and a plethora of Subtitles to choose from (Catalan, Croatian Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Romanian, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (PT), Portuguese (BR), Swedish, Euseka, Finish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Russian and Turkish). Disc 2 is comprised of the “Making-Of” Featurettes, Extended/Deleted Scenes and Trailers; all of which can be accessed on the main menu.
The Whisperer in Darkness is a hell of a fine film, one of the best adaptations of a Lovecraft story ever made, and it’s far superior to the vast majority of bigger-budgeted films that have “H.P. Lovecraft’s” before their titles. Whisperer is faithful to a fault to the source material. What changes it does make are very welcome and actually enhance the story, as opposed to just padding things out, like so many other movies based on Lovecraft’s short stories do. It is an obvious labour of love and, when movie makers care this much, it shows in every frame of the film. If you’re a fan of H.P. Lovecraft, then this is mandatory viewing. If you’ve never read anything by HPL and always wanted to see what all the hoopla was about, this is a great place to start to get a handle on his unique and genre-changing brand of horror.
Re-recording Mixer... Erin Michael Rettig, C.A.S.
Legal... Sherry D. Spees, Esq.
These people and organizations went above and beyond the call of duty in helping us make this movie. We thank them for their generosity and support.
We know a great many people have been eagerly looking forward to the release of our next film since we debuted the trailer in October of 2007. You've clamored for the movie and for information about when it will be released. We've told you, "We're working on it". So now, at last, we're ready to tell you the strange and terrible tale of what's been going on with our movie of The Whisperer in Darkness.
For starters, it's not really that strange nor terrible. Shortly after we finished The Call of Cthulhu in late 2005, we settled on the notion of adapting HPL's "The Whisperer in Darkness" and shooting it as a feature length film, shot in the style of the early 1930s. This story -- with its strange whisperings and buzzings -- demanded sound, so we planned to shoot it as a talkie. But it would still be shot in Mythoscope® and would endeavor to capture the visual tone of the early Universal Pictures horror films like Dracula and Frankenstein. The plan was in place, all we needed was a script.
So, one of us dove in on writing an adaptation, fleshing out Lovecraft's story, tweaking its structure and reshaping it into something that would be satisfying as a movie. In the meantime, the HPL Film Festival was approaching (this is back in 2007). Early that year, we promised our pal, Andrew Migliore -- the creator of the festival -- that we'd have something for him to show. We knew the scene where Wilmarth listens to the recording of the creatures would be in the movie, so it seemed like a good place to start filming a teaser. We gathered our friends Matt Foyer (The Man in The Call of Cthulhu) and David Robertson (our Cinematographer extraordinaire) and a few other helpful friends and we shot a teaser for the movie. It came out pretty good, so we gave it to Andrew to show at the festival and we put it online. We thought it would tide people over as we finished up the shooting script and got ready for production of the actual movie.
If you've never written a feature-length screenplay, it's an arduous process, and it took the better part of a year to get the first draft completed. So the guy who wrote the screenplay gave it to the other guy to read, and he hated it. He didn't want to shoot the script. He decided what he needed to do was to write his own adaptation. So he took the better part of another year and wrote the script the way he wanted it to be. Then he gave his script to the first guy. The first guy didn't like the second script (see, we don't always agree on everything) and knew it wasn't the movie he wanted to make. So, the two fellows then sat down together to hash out a third version of the movie which was negotiated, reworked and jointly beaten into submission. And after a few months of this, and more than 20 full drafts, in April of this year HPLHS Executive Screenwriting Committee had a script they were both happy with. They tested it out with a group of actors and fellow filmmakers, made a couple of last minute changes, and in late April the shooting script was finalized.
A screenplay is the blueprint for a movie, and once it was done, we knew exactly what would be needed in terms of locations, actors, props, special effects, etc... Things needed to be made, found, acquired, borrowed, designed, and rented. And that's what we're doing now. We've got 58 scenes being shot at 14 different physical locations, some in Los Angeles, some in New England. We're working on the designs of Wilmarth's costumes, Akeley's house, and Mi-Go's anatomy. We're lining up our crew, period vehicles, rain machines, and our hellishly bizarre list of props. Friends and artists around the world are working on the movie even now. We're on track to start actually shooting footage at the end of summer. By the end of September, all work with actors should be done and we'll move onto special effects and editing. We're not sure when the movie will be done, but hopefully sometime in this winter.
We haven't told people much about what we're doing. We needed to hash out our internal differences on the story and come up with something that everyone at the HPLHS liked and stood behind. Now that we've got that, we're plunging forward with our typical reckless aplomb. We're still keeping lots of secrets from you as we're hoping to surprise you with some elements of the film. TWiD is a more liberal adaptation of the original story than The Call of Cthulhu was. We needed to make the story longer to make it suitable for a film, and let's face it, unless there's some adaptation, "The Whisperer in Darkness" would largely be a movie about a college professor reading his mail. So, we have some surprises in store for you, but we hope you'll find them in keeping with the source material and our previous Lovecraft adaptations.
So, it's getting serious now. The lawyers are involved. And the bankers. We went and got ourselves a Line Producer. And several boxes of guns.
Making a movie is complicated, and for every cool thing you see onscreen, somewhere there is paperwork that describes it, secures permission to film it, releases it, etc... As we move closer and closer to principal photography, we have are dealing with more and more pieces of paper. We had to drag our lawyer into it all to make sure that we're doing everything right: protecting ourselves and the film from any legal issues which can be avoided.
In order to keep the process of getting ready under control, we hired John Younger, a line producer. Basically his job is to really study the script and how we're planning to shoot the movie. He then figures out everything we'll need in order to do that, and from there he figures out a schedule. Once there's a schedule, we start figuring out how much everything will cost. Once we know what it will cost, then we start securing, making, fabricating, building, painting, borrowing, etc... the 10,000 things we will need to make Whisperer. It's John's job to keep us in line and let us know when we're spending too much time or money. He says, "No, you can't have Cthulhu leaping out of the sea to take down the zeppelin". He knows the zeppelin is borrowed from the National Museum of Lithuania and must be returned in pristine shape for us to get our deposit back.
Now that the legal and financial aspects are coming into focus, we're about to hire on some of the rest of the crew. Those of you who have seen the Call of Cthulhu special features may recognize some faces. And there's plenty of new faces too. Our quest for props continues to grow and we're making friends with lots of people who sell items from the 1930s on eBay. So boxes filled with strange things regularly show up at HPLHS World Headquarters these days.
Pre-production is boldly striding forward. We've hired our second member of the production team. Chris Lackey (whom those of you who have seen the Special Features on The Call of Cthulhu DVD may remember as the guy who fell through the non-euclidean angle into the pit with the cougar) has joined our team once again. He's working with our own Andrew Leman on the very long list of strange and complicated items which need to be created for the production. There's brain cylinders, the black stone of the Mi-Go and things we dare not even tell you about, and our Art Department is hard at work trying to ensure they're all made in time for the cameras to start rolling. We've pulled in extra assistance for a few special items from craftsmen in various corners of the world to help us out with some specialty items. The things they are making look great and it's nice to have the HPLHS studio once again littered with alien technologies and body parts. Well, we often have that kind of stuff around our studio, but there's even more of it now.
We've continued to flesh out the production team. David Robertson, our Director of Photography for The Call of Cthulhu is back and will be providing his keen eye for shooting in black and white to Whisperer. We'll be shooting in HiDef on the Sony F900 camera. It's the same camera we used for shooting the Whisperer teaser. The most recent Star Wars films were shot on the same camera. We've also managed to talk Troy Sterling Nies into joining the Whisperer team. He'll be on-set capturing production sound and then he'll switch to composer mode, creating another lush period symphonic score. We're busy wrangling many more members to join our crew.
We'll start shooting in New England September 22nd. We'll be there a little less than a week and then we return to Los Angeles and shoot through October 17. At that point, we'll be all done with actors and full-sized sets. We'll move on to work with our Miniatures Unit and will film miniature and stop motion sequences through the fall. We'll start editing the movie at this point too, and hopefully sometime around the end of the year we'll have a rough cut of the movie. Then we move into adding music, some special effects and putting polish on it. If all goes well, we'll have Whisperer done in early 2010.
The movie is now cast. The core cast of Whisperer features 19 actors. In the end, well over 5,000 actors submitted for roles. We sifted through all the submissions and called in roughly 100 actors to meet us in person and read from the script. Out of that group of actors, we chose the most experienced and those best suited to the roles. HPLHS fans may recognize a few faces, though there's plenty of new actors on board for the production.
Veteran film, TV and stage actor Barry Lynch will be playing the role of Henry Akeley. Barry's no stranger to HPLHS projects, having performed in The Call of Cthulhu and several episodes of Dark Adventure Radio Theatre. Special effects in the movie required that we make a life cast of Barry's head. Our special effects makeup artist, Dave Snyder, did a full cast of his head and teeth. Dave is a highly experienced professional makeup artist whose work includes (among other things) many of the corpses from HBO's Six Feet Under. From the life cast, Dave then makes a separate positive version of Barry's face which he then sculpts. After he sculpts it... well, we wont tell you exactly what we're up to, but we'll have a version of Henry Akeley that'll look really great and can do things that even Barry Lynch cannot do.
And while the makeup team is toiling away, other teams are hard at work too. We have a scenic designer drawing up the floorplans for the sets. We have our costume designer figuring out what all these people will wear. We have our in-house prop team making all kinds of weird stuff. We have talented friends near and far contributing additional props and artwork to help get everything ready. Leman and Lackey are toiling around the clock, inventing new ways to make things that mankind should not make. The things they are making or so secret, we dare not depict them here. At this point, there are nearly 50 people working on various aspects of the film.
In late August Sean and David Robertson completed the final scouting trip to New England. We looked at all the locations where we'll be shooting, met with everyone we needed to meet, and generally did our best to ensure that everything's ready on the New England side of things when we arrive. We were once again hosted by Mat & Susan Jacobson, who receive the highest HPLHS praise for their hospitality. Mat also earned our admiration for his uncanny ability to remember rural dirt roads which he visited with Sean and Andrew two years ago.
Overall, we were delighted by how friendly and cooperative everyone we met was. We would come up to people and ask if we could film their house. Most people said, "Sure! Would you like to film our barn too?". This is a pleasant change from filming in Los Angeles where such requests are often met by a crusty look, thousands of dollars in location fees, and a demand for a multi-million dollar insurance policy. People were nice to us. We were glad to be there. We're renting to houses to accommodate our cast and crew, and both are situated on lovely properties brimming with rural New England scenery.
One of our key locations is Miskatonic University. We've found a lovely and cooperative New England college where we'll be filming. We think it's got the Miskatonic vibe and its period architecture will look great on-camera. Most of our other New England locations are outdoors, several of which are the actual locations Lovecraft describes in the story. While it's expensive for us to haul all our gear and crew back east, we think it's well worth it to be able to shoot in the legend haunted mountains of Vermont and among the ivy-clad walls of a prestigious New England college.
And while Sean and Dave were traipsing around New England, Andrew, Chris and others were toiling away 100+ degree heat as fires raged not far from our studio. The prop list is daunting for Whisperer and Chris and Andrew continue to work like maniacs to get everything done before the gear truck departs for New England in the middle of September. We've commissioned certain props from several specialists around the globe, and all are hard at work to ensure we make the deadline.
The cast is now fully in place and our Costume Designer, Jessica Dalager, is working on getting everyone fitted. Our makeup artist, Glenn Alfonso, is studying everyone's faces and cutting hair as needed. Andrew Hildner is drafting construction drawings for the Akeley house set - the most complicated of the sets which will be built for the production. Line Producer, John Younger, is working on logistics for vehicles and rented equipment, all while relocating his home from Tennessee to Los Angeles. Sound man, Troy Sterling Nies, is preparing to drive from North Dakota to LA, where he will get out of his car and get into our gear truck and drive it to New England with Production Assistant Amanda Deibert.
1 October 2009 - Location!
OK, we're back from our adventure to New England. In the end, 17 of us made the trip to shoot footage in Massachussetts, Vermont and New Hampshire. Over the course of six days, we shot at numerous outdoor locations to take advantage of access the story's real locations. Where we're not on the story's actual locations, we found first-rate local substitutes. Our hearty cast and crew endured long hours, long car rides, long shoots, and fleeting moments of sleep to capture the exterior footage we shot for Whisperer. We thank them for their suffering. We hope you will too.
As foretold, we shot at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Mass. We thought the college would prove an excellent casting choice for Miskatonic and being there proved us right. We grabbed some great establishing shots of the campus and then shot a scene outside a ladies' dormitory, under the watchful eye of the dorm's residents and a drizzle of rain. We returned later in the week to shoot Miskatonic's main gates and an interior scene in one of the campus' beautifully appointed vintage classrooms.
A couple of the New England shots required background players. We put out the call through various channels and were delighted to find terrific people who heeded our call. We shot with background players at Mount Holyoke College and at the Bellows Falls, VT train station. A group of talented and enthusiastic folks dressed up, turned up and played a great role in the film.
Shooting in New England also involved plenty of work out in the field. And by that, we mean in the rivers, in the woods, and quite literally in the fields. Local folks told us plenty about the wet summer they'd had and how we should expect rain everywhere we went, but in the end we had to resort to making our own rain most of the time. In case any of you have forgotten, our crew can quickly point out that a barrel of water is very heavy. Many cast and crew members will also point out that the temperature of our our artificial rain water was unnaturally cold, especially if you've been drenched in it all night long. And after we're done, the rain rig has to be put away, the actors dried, the costumes packed up and a few scant hours later we have to pull up to the next location.
Most of the crew got back very late on Sunday. Our intrepid road warriors, Troy and Amanda, drove the FungiMobile back across the nation, logging over six thousand miles. We're now set up in Los Angeles, where most of us live, and filming began here today. We shot two indoor scenes today.
After the wilds of New England we were able to set up shop in our rented "sound" studio in Los Angeles. Our schedule has us filming three weeks in Los Angeles before we complete the portion of the film involving actors. Of that three weeks, two days were on locations in Pasadena, but the rest of it was slated to take place in the studio. As of now, we're in the middle of the second week and are bracing ourselves for a final push to the principal photography finish line.
Our very first day of shooting in LA involved a group of background players. These stalwart volunteers came down to the set and met up with our lovely and talented cast members and we shot our first scenes in the studio. All was well, although a very vocal cricket decided to cast itself as an extra. Fortunately our background team seemed to have a knack for frightening it into silence as we shot our takes on the set.
We had an even bigger herd of background players join us for a shoot at Pasadena City College, where we booked a period-appropriate lecture hall. Another group of lovely volunteers donned their period attire and joined us for a fairly long scene in which they got to be an audience attending an event at Miskatonic. They did a super job and spurred our actors on to terrific performances that we hope you will enjoy.
After dealing with the challenges of recording sound on location in New England, we were rather looking forward to the relative ease of recording sound in our own sound stage. Apparently though, where we're shooting, the term sound stage is used to denote extra sound being added to our recording process. Between neighbors who sound like they're running some kind of blacksmith competition, a semi truck repair yard across the way and the fact that the studio sounds like it's on a flight path for the Burbank airport, our sound stage has been anything but quiet. Still, we slog onward through the noise to capture every nuance of sound for our first talkie.
In general, production has gone pretty smoothly for us. Naturally there have been a few minor incidents here and there, but generally, we've had nothing to complain about. Well, that was until we get back from New England. The plan was that our set crew would build out the numerous sets we'd be shooting on in the sound stage, including one particuarly complicated one which we would use for several days of filming. We returned to find that our very complicated set was about a third of the way done. It was over budget and our builders had to leave town. So, we sent them on their way, addressed the fundamental structural flaws in the plans made by our scenic architect and dispatched a new crew to make the place shootable. They've done a bang-up job for us and while we've had to reschedule the sequence of somethings, we're on target to shoot on the big set as intended. Unfortunately, a key prop for the show was also not completed on time. This week we find ourselves having to try and create an important and complicated prop at the last minute. We've rescheduled to buy as much time as we could, but in the end, some serious last-minute prop work will be required by the lovely and tireless (don't get me wrong here, they're tired) Art Dept. crew.
This year we had to miss a favorite annual event: the HP Lovecraft Film Festival in Portland, Oregon. We were shooting and could not go. However, we were able to participate in a call-in discussion held at the festival where people in the audience could ask us questions about the production while we were actually on set shooting the movie. We were glad to be involved in the festival and appreciated the enthusiasm of the Lovecraft community for Whisperer.
So, another chapter in the making of The Whisperer in Darkness is now complete. We have finished shooting in studio. Don't start bouncing up and down just yet though, we still have two sequences involving actors to shoot, plus plenty of miniatures, models and effects shots. We're not done by any stretch of the imagination. But we have surpassed another major milestone in finishing up our studio work.
Shooting in the studio proved every bit as challenging as shooting on location. We had plenty of noise issues, but we also had the constant need to prep (design, build, paint, dress) every location in the studio, which meant wrangling plants, furniture, hay, rain (lots and lots of rain), animals, fog, actors and much more. Our stalwart crew was tough and resilient and we somehow managed to work our way through our most challenging difficulties and get the footage we needed. Hours were long, but no one cracked under the pressure.
We did have to shuffle our schedule some, we did run hideously over budget to get things done in time, but we now find ourselves quite close to being done with principal photography. The screenplay is 94 pages long. Out of that, about six pages remain to be shot. So we are indeed getting there.
We felt bad for our star, Matt Foyer, as we sprayed water at him for a week in New England. None of us - particularly not Matt - quite realized how much water would be flying indoors though as we returned to the studio. We setup our rain making equipment and day after day, it rained on Professor Wilmarth. Some days we dumped other things on his head too, but mostly it was lots of cold water. We really appreciate how tough Matt was in putting up with all of our precipitation. We also applaud many of the other performers in the film who endured extensive man-made precipitation. We really need to find the guys to wrote this and dunk them in a tank of very cold water.
5 March 2010 - No, Seriously, What Are You People Doing?
In the middle of shooting the movie we also had to find a new home for the HPLHS. We very happily shared space with Nick Offerman at his wood shop here in Los Angeles ever since we built sets there for The Call of Cthulhu, but after a few years everyone realized that both operations had grown too big to continue to be roommates. At Nick's gentle suggestion we looked for a new place, and HPLHS took up residence in a former rivet factory a couple of miles down the road. It's taken us a while to get the new HPLHS world headquarters up and running and fully functional. But we've done that now and the HPLHS is better than ever. And we're driving forward with everyone's favorite mi-go movie. So, what's going on, you ask?
The backbone of the project is now the rough cut of the movie. It shows us what we've got, what we don't have and what we need to work on. It shows us pretty clearly the things we need to do in order to get from where we are to completion of the movie. Sound is another key element that requires our attention. Our composer, Troy Sterling Nies, has his copy of the rough cut and he's batting around ideas for how to approach the picture in terms of music. In addition to the score, we also will need to do some audio work in terms of foley and looping. We have some scenes which we shot without sound for a variety of reasons. So now we need to go back and add footsteps and other sound effects to the soundless scenes. We also have a couple of scenes where the audio we captured isn't quite up to snuff. This happened most frequently in scenes in the rain where raindrops on the microphones wreak havoc with the audio. So, we'll bring the actors back in and have them try and match their original performances as we re-record a few bits of the film. Oh for the days when we were making silent movies....The last key missing ingredient is visual effects. In order to get these done, we have to look at the live action footage and use it as a template for shots where we'll integrate special effects, models or miniatures. Right now the big push is to get things ready for the live action shots in late March, but April will be all about miniatures and models. Fortunately, the new HPLHS studio space has room dedicated for exactly these purposes and we'll be able to build and shoot right here in our own digs.
28 March 2010 - And...Action!
So we shot again this weekend. We wrangled some cast members, background players, crew, locations, gear, and vehicles and shot some of the scenes we still need coverage for. Friday was a fairly easy night of shooting elements for composite shots at the new HPLHS studio. Saturday was a little more involved, as we shot at night at an outdoor location in the Hollywood hills with several large vehicles and a total group of around 30 people. We had a good shoot and got some beautiful footage of key moments in the film. Our cast members continued to endure exterior rain shots and our background team were excellent sports about letting us dump water on them too. We were very pleased that the representative for Los Angeles County who was on set to supervise the shoot turned out to be a big Lovecraft fan and was really excited we were shooting Whisperer while on his watch.
It looks like we'll still have two more days of shooting - one night of exteriors and one day of interiors - which we'll try to knock off in late April. Once we get those, we'll be done with shooting the cast and will be working on visual effects, sound effects, mixing, editing and the musical score.
At this point, we're prepping for shooting this weekend what should be the final scenes involving cast members. We have a few setups we weren't able to get to due to time constraints on our March filming session. So, we'll be doing one night of exterior pickup shots and one night of interior pickup shots. Once we have those, Wilmarth and Walter Brown can retire their costumes as their shooting will be done. No more makeup, no more wardrobe. This will be our last chance to make it rain copiously on Matt Foyer.
What else has been going on? Dave edited the footage we shot in March into the rough cut. We've started work on a few of the visual effects. Troy's started working on the score and we're cataloging all of the sound effects and foley work that will be needed, plus the few lines of dialogue that will need to be re-recorded for various reasons. Completion of the live action shooting will allow Andrew to move forward with construction of some of the miniatures that will be incorporated into the picture. As suggested in the trailer, we're gunning for having the film complete by October.
20 June 2010 - What's up?
Our miniature crew of Jason, Fred and Andrew have been working away building a variety of beautiful and small things which you'll see in various places throughout the film. Super-sculptor Dave Snyder is back with us again, creating another very special scary prop. Troy had some serious computer hardware problems, but he's back up and running and composing away on the score. Sean's sound effect work is mostly done and he's adding some polish to the sound design (after all, our fungi need to sound just right). Speaking of fungi, we've added some team members who are working specifically on some of the more fungoid parts of the film. In the spirit of keeping surprises, we won't say much more on that topic now. Dan Novy has signed on to help us with a couple of small but very tricky visual effects shots. Dave's been polishing some of the visual effects and we're getting ready to make our last round of decisions about the edit of the picture. So, you see, we have been hard at work and expect to remain so throughout the summer. But we are getting closer to being done and are happy with the progress we're making.
Yesterday we decided to try out a new camera and lens provided to us by the fine folks at Moviola (the Hollywood production equipment company from which we rent things like our camera, lenses, jibs, etc...). We were shooting some of our miniatures and the small form factor and excellent lenses of this new camera seemed like a perfect fit. But alas, our experiments yielded images which showed that our miniatures were going to work well, but this camera would not. Its image fidelity was not good enough, particularly when cut in with the existing footage from our beloved Sony F900. So, we'll toss this test footage, rent the Sony again, and re-shoot the miniatures. We knew this would be an experiment and we were glad to discover this solution was not the right one for us after only a few hours of shooting.
One of the interesting developments in making this movie is that we started running low on funds. Several aspects of production went horrifically over budget, but we were able to limp by for a while. But making it to the end of production was looking like it would be difficult without the infusion of more capital. To our tremendous delight and gratitude, Sandy Petersen decided to put up some capital to help us finish the picture. We were thrilled to get an investment of funds, but we were especially thrilled that they should come from a person of key import in the modern day Cthulhu Mythos and someone whose work proved to be a big inspiration to the HPLHS. For those of you who don't know, Sandy was the original author of Chaosium's role playing game Call of Cthulhu® some 25 years ago. It was through playing that most execellent game that we eventually found ourselves staging Cthulhu Lives! games which in turn gave birth to the HPLHS. So, if you see Sandy, thank him for his key role in helping to complete Whisperer.
See, we told you we'd be better about web updates. At the moment, one of our priorities is to lock down the edit. Troy is trying to compose a score to match the picture, and if we add a few seconds here, take out a few seconds there, and move this scene over here, it makes his life a nightmare. So, we watched the movie last week, hoping to make a few final determinations about how some scenes will be cut. We're evaluating options, negotiating and filibustering, but we should have the picture's edit locked down within a week or so. We don't actually watch the movie in sequence very often - instead we're usually working on a scene on sequence at a time. Everyone took notes (including line producer, John Younger - welcome back, John), about the current edit and things that still need attention. There's plenty of those.
Among the miniatures being built by Andrew and our modelers is the Round Mountain miniature. In one sense, it is the smallest miniature being built for the movie, at roughly 1:30 scale. But in terms of actual size, it's pretty damned big (roughly 12x16 feet). It features thousands of tiny handmade trees, individually placed by Fred Manchento, Jason Voss, and Andrew. Surviving fragments of the miniature are now at the Main Street Museum in White River Junction, Vermont.
There's many other miniatures, not the least of which is Andrew's barn. It is a scale replica of an actual barn at a property where we shot footage in southern New Hampshire. The outside of the barn had to be built to match footage of the existing property, but the inside of the barn was built to so that we could photograph it from within. What you see in the photo is the barn before it was finished, but it now has a nice roof and cupola, and on the inside there's ladders and scale hay bales.
We continue to move forward on all aspects of production. While Andrew and Fred and Jason continue to build miniatures in anticipation of the last round of shooting, Dave and Sean are concentrating on other kinds of visual effects and details, adding sound effects, compositing some miniatures into live-action plates, and basically hand-tweaking virtually every frame of the movie.
Wow, what a month it's been here at HPLHS World Headquarters. We shot again on August 27 and 28 and finally wrapped all photography on the film. No more cameras, no more lights. No more renting a deck to digitize footage. Farewell to the jib and the kinos. This round of photography was all about miniatures. We shot the Round Mountain miniature and returned to a few other setups where the footage we shot the first time around wasn't quite perfect. But this time around we got the footage we were after and were finally able to put the camera away for good.
So why aren't we done, you ask? The new footage had to be captured and cut into the picture. We also have some very special special effects shots which are being done by some of our colleagues. They're not quite done with their work yet, and the movie wouldn't be complete without it. But as they finish up each shot, they send it to us and we cut it on. These effects shots are looking great and we'll be able to tell you more about them soon. So we're finishing off the last work we have on the visuals, doing a preliminary audio mix. When that's done, we'll test the movie on a few close friends, see what they have to say, make any last minute changes, and then burn a couple of DVD screeners.
We're under deadlines to send the first screeners of the film off to some film festivals in late September. The version of the movie we send them wont be in its final state, but hopefully it'll be in good enough shape to warrant the possible inclusion of Whisperer in these important film festivals. The version of the movie we'll send on these screeners won't have our final score (it's still in the process of being composed) and the audio won't be mixed. We may continue to polish the visuals this fall until they are just right. But the movie will be pretty darned done.
Post. That's where we are. We're adding chunks of music as Troy finishes them and sends them to us. He's forecasting completing the score in late November and that gives us then December to make final adjustments and to have the full professional audio mix of the movie done. Then we'll be ready to show it to someone. Once we get a final version of the film completed, we'll finally have a screening for the cast and crew - virtually no one from the production has seen the current version of the film.
We've submitted a cut of the movie to about half a dozen film festivals. We made a screener with a temporary score made mostly from music Troy composed for us on other projects. We send it off to them and then wait and hope for the best. We should start to hear back from the first of them in December.
The glamours bits of filmmaking with lights and actors are well behind us now. At this point it our work is divided into two main categories: work to complete the movie itself and work on the movie's future.
In terms of the picture, we've been tidying up a few details - and we added one additional rotoscoped shot. We looked at the picture again and tried an alternative edit in two scenes which we were all happy with. It cut about a minute out of the film, but we think it's the better for the trim. Just before Thanksgiving we finally locked the picture's timing. That means we will not add any extra time in nor take any out. This is important as Troy is scoring the movie and it's a real headache for him when he writes a sequence of music to match the picture then we suddenly make the picture longer or shorter. Speaking of Troy, he's about 90% done with composition and we've been delighted with what he's done. We've engaged the services of Erin Rettig as our Re-Recording Mixer. He'll be blending all of the audio, setting the volumes of the many tracks of sound and then outputting it for 5.1 surround and stereo mixes. His work should be done around the end of the year. And when he's done, the movie's done.
OK, folks, we're getting pretty close. Completion of Whisperer is now scheduled for February 16. Woohoo! We're closer than ever to figuring out how the movie will be distributed and are doing our utmost to help make it so as many of you as possible will be able to see it before long.
We've talked here some about the process of mixing. Last night we met with our Production Audio Mixer, Erin Rettig, in a mixing room on the Fox studios lot here in LA. If you've ever seen pictures of this kind of work being done, the film is projected up on a large screen, and the mixer uses a board with 10,000 knobs on it to tell a computer what to do with each and every bit of sound in the movie. We're pleased to tell you that Whisperer has never sounded better than it did while being played through this fantasically high-end audio system.
We're making a couple of last minute adjustments and changes to the picture. One fun detail is that the camera we used on a few days of shooting had a dead pixel on the CCD. What that means is that each frame of the movie consists of exactly 2,073,600 pixels of information. And exactly one pixel in every frame shot on those days is dead. So we have to go back to every frame (and there's 23.97 frames in every second) and repair the dead pixel. This is why we are so glad there are powerful computers and great pieces of software to do this kind of thing.
Now that completion of the movie is nigh, we'll be back in touch with our team of translators to do some final adjustments to the translations to ensure they match the picture. Production of the DVD and BluRay is next on the agenda.
At last - 2011 - the year The Whisperer in Darkness finally comes out. At the moment, all that really remains is audio work. Troy is revising some of the sound cues and adding in a few we never had in the first place. Erin has all of the audio tracks and is working away on the final production mix. When we get the last of the audio files, we'll whisk them over to him. He'll mix those down and then output the final version of the audio.
Yes, that remains the big question. We submitted Whisperer to a few film festivals last fall and those are starting to come around. At the moment, TWID is slated to screen in March and April at SFF-Rated in Athens Greece, the Belfast Film Festival in Northern Ireland, the Imagine Film Festival in the Netherlands. There's a number of additional fests that we haven't heard back from, so we keep a watch on it day to day. We haven't yet scheduled a US premiere - which is not at all surprising as we don't yet have a final version of the movie - even the cast and crew haven't seen it yet. But we anticipate holding a screening for our gang in February. We have committed to screening it at the HP Lovecraft Film Festival. Historically, this festival has been held in Portland, Oregon. This year though, it's in San Pedro, California mid-September. As that's in the Los Angeles area, we're thinking we'll get as many of our team members involved as possible and make the event quite a Lovecraftian to-do!
As the movie is finally completed, we'll begin work on prepping the DVD and BluRay version of the film for release later in the year. As we learned with The Call of Cthulhu, making a DVD is quite a labor intensive process. We'll edit the behind-the-scenes footage, shoot some interviews, design menus and dive in on all the prep that goes into making a DVD. We don't know when it will become commercially available, but it's unlikely that would be before this summer. The good news is that it's equally unlikely that it will be later than this summer. We'll keep you posted.
And it's done. Really. Finished.
What does that mean? It means the final audio has been completed, screeners have been made of the movie in its final form. It means tomorrow we'll be having a screening for the cast and crew. It mean's we're not reworking the content of the movie in a significant way. Now we're putting it on different media - we burned our first BluRay this week - and testing it on different audio and video systems. So far the results have been pleasing. The HD image holds up very well on BluRay, and the Dolby Surround Sound sounds great when you play a DVD or BluRay back in an environment with the right hardware.
Now that we're done making the movie, we begin nursing it through the next phase of its life. We have begun screening at festivals and are working hard to line up additional screenings worldwide throughout the year. We're working on the other items that go on the DVD or BluRay in addition to the movie: special features and subtitled translations. And we're working on some poster designs to help promote the film.
In March the movie finally had its public premiere at the SFF-Rated Film Festival in Athens, Greece. The folks there were incredibly hospitable and Whisperer screened at a pair of sold-out showings. The film was very well received and they even sent us home with their Audience Award for Best Director. We thank Alecos Papadopolous and his team for providing an outstanding premiere. Click for photo of a real Mythos sighting in Athens.
April 1 we screened at the Belfast Int'l Film Festival in Northern Ireland (click for photo of venue). A good crowd turned out at Belfast's Waterfront Hall to see Whisperer along with AM1200 and Die Farbe - a new German adaptation of The Colour Out of Space. We had a lively Q&A following the screening - we offer our gratitude to Andy Thomas, the crew at the Waterfront and the rest of the Belfast FF team.
Many translations of the film are now complete and the final translations then need to be matched up with timecoded subtitles that will match the actors performance. There are 904 subtitles in the movie. There's about 25 languages. There's a lot of work in managing subtitles, especially when we can't read Hungarian.
In addition to the festivals where we've been screening, we've got more lined up across the globe. This weekend Whisperer will also screen at the Berkshire International Film Festival in Pittsfield, Massachusetts (Mi-Go country!), and mid June we'll screen at the Southside Film Festival in Pennsylvania. Things turn international again in July with screenings at Fantasia in Montreál, Canada; Fantaspoa in Porto Alegre, Brazil; PiFan in Puchon, Korea; and RioFan in Rio de Janero, Brazil. We have more festivals later in the year in Warsaw, Reno, Buffalo, and of course the HP Lovecraft Film Festival. We anticipate adding more festivals to the lineup; most of them dont notify films until roughly 8 weeks before the festival, so if you're wondering if we're coming to your neighborhood, our answer at the moment is we really don't know.
Beyond festival life though, we continue to work on the assets for the DVD. Prepping a DVD is actually a pretty involved process. For the special features, we have to find, digitize and organize all of our Behind the Scenes footage and photos (and there are several thousand photographs from the making of this film). The we have to to schedule interviews, shoot them and edit the whole mess in an effort to make something that should be fun to watch. So we're working on that.
The DVD also has its many languages. The HPLHS Volunteer Translator Corps has done a great job of rendering the final text of the film into a translation. We then take that translation and break it into timecoded phrases which we then synchronize to the actors' performances. As some sentences require many more words when translated (I'm talking to you, Finnish), each language is a sort of a jigsaw puzzle with 1,100 or so pieces. We are getting there though.
Onward, ever onward. Whisperer finally had its US Premiere at the Seattle Int'l Film Festival. David Robertson, Andrew Leman and Sean Branney were there and had a great time at the festival. The crowds were big and enthusiastic and the SIFF team did a great job organizing the event. We followed the SIFF screening others in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. July has several more and we continue to line up screenings all over the world for the rest of the year. | 2019-04-22T22:25:09Z | http://hplhs.org/mptwid.php |
本发明涉及包含嵌入相和基质相的复合非织造纤维网，嵌入相具有形成基本上连续的三维网的一组颗粒，基质相包含围绕颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 The present invention relates to a composite comprising a nonwoven fibrous web embedded phase and the matrix phase, embedded in a substantially continuous phase is formed having a set of three-dimensional network of particles, the matrix phase comprising a group of fibers is formed around a three-dimensional network of particles. 本发明也涉及制备复合非织造纤维网的方法，该方法包括：形成嵌入相，嵌入相具有基本上连续的三维网中的一组颗粒；和形成基质相，基质相包含围绕颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 The present invention also relates to a method of making a composite nonwoven fibrous web, the method comprising: forming an embedded phase, fitted with a set of particles having a substantially continuous three-dimensional network; and a matrix phase is formed, the matrix phase comprising a three-dimensional network is formed around the particles a group of fibers. 本发明也公开了由根据上述方法制备的复合非织造纤维网制成的制品。 The present invention also discloses an article of composite nonwoven fibrous web prepared according to the method described above is made. 在示例性实施例中，该制品可以包括气体过滤制品、液体过滤制品、吸声制品、表面清洁制品、细胞生长支承制品、药物递送制品、个人卫生制品和伤口敷料制品。 In an exemplary embodiment, the article may include a gas filtration article, a liquid filtration article, a sound absorption article, a surface cleaning article, a cellular growth support article, a drug delivery article, a personal hygiene article, and a wound dressing article.
本申请要求于2007年12月31日提交的美国临时专利申请No. 61/017，842的优先权，该专利的公开内容全文以引用方式并入本文。 This application claims priority to US provisional patent on December 31, 2007 filed Application No. 61 / 017,842, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
本发明涉及具有至少一种连续颗粒相的非织造纤维网以及制备和使用这种网的方法。 The present invention relates to a nonwoven fibrous web, and methods of making and using such a continuous web of at least one particulate phase. 本发明还涉及可用在吸收制品中的复合非织造纤维网，该复合非织造纤维网包含亚微米纤维和/或微纤维。 The present invention further relates to composite nonwoven fibrous web can be used in the absorbent article, the composite nonwoven fibrous web comprises sub-micrometer fibers and / or microfibers.
非织造纤维网已用于制备吸收制品，这些吸收制品可用作例如用于表面清洁的吸收擦拭物、用于过滤介质的气体和/或液体吸收剂和用于吸声和/或吸热的屏蔽材料。 The nonwoven webs have been used to prepare absorbent articles, such absorbent articles useful, for example for cleaning the surface of the absorbent wipes, filter media for gas and / or liquid absorbent for absorbing and / or absorbing heat shielding material. 在要求吸收性高的一些应用中，可能有利的是使用由表面积大的细小纤维形成的孔隙度高的非织造料片。 In some applications of high absorbency requirements, it may be advantageous to use a nonwoven web formed by a high porosity high surface area fines. 对于某些气体或液体过滤应用，也可能有利的是将细小吸附剂颗粒掺入由细小非织造纤维形成的料片中。 For certain gas or liquid filtration applications, it may be advantageous for the fine sorbent particles in the tablet is formed by the incorporation of fine nonwoven. 然而，细小纤维在处理时具有伸缩或压碎的趋势，从而减小可用于吸收的孔隙度和/或表面积，同时增加液体穿过非织造制品的压降。 However, the fine fibers have a tendency to flex or crush in handling, thereby decreasing the porosity and / or surface area available for absorption, while increasing the fluid pressure drop across the nonwoven article. 特别是对于气体和液体过滤应用，可能有利的是甚至在保持高吸收性的同时保持穿过非织造制品的低压降。 Particularly for gas and liquid filtration applications, it may be advantageous even while maintaining high absorbency holding a low pressure drop through the nonwoven article.
仍然存在提供紧凑型液体过滤系统（例如家用滤水系统）的需求。 still exists to provide a compact liquid filtration system (e.g. home water treatment systems) requirements. 也希望使在形成液体过滤制品的处理期间可用作过滤介质的非织造纤维网的劣化或对其造成的损坏最小化。 Also desirable to deterioration of the nonwoven web during the process of forming a liquid filtration article may be used as a filter medium or causing damage thereto is minimized. 也需要提供这样的液体过滤制品，这种制品具有主动吸收和/或吸附颗粒的高负载，而不增加整个水过滤系统上的压降。 Also a need to provide a liquid filtration article, which absorbent article has active and / or highly loaded adsorbent particles, without increasing the overall pressure drop across the water filtration system. 也有利的是，提供这样的颗粒加载的非织造纤维网，这种非织造纤维网有效地将颗粒保持在纤维基质内，从而预防颗粒释放到渗透液体中。 It is also advantageous to provide such a nonwoven web loaded particles, which nonwoven web is effective to keep the particles within the fiber matrix, thereby preventing release of particles into the liquid permeate. 另外，一直需要提供使用寿命和过滤有效性得到改进的液体过滤制品。 In addition, a continuing need to provide improved service life and filtration effectiveness of liquid filtration products.
在一个方面，本发明涉及包含嵌入相和基质相的复合非织造纤维网，所述嵌入相还包含形成基本上连续的三维网的一组颗粒，所述基质相包含围绕颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 In one aspect, the present invention relates to a composite comprising a nonwoven fibrous web embedded phase and the matrix phase, the embedded phase further comprises a set of forming a substantially continuous three-dimensional network of particles, comprising a matrix phase surrounding the particles form a three dimensional a group of the web.
在另一方面，本发明涉及制备包含嵌入相和基质相的复合非织造纤维网的方法，所述嵌入相具有基本上连续的三维网中的一组颗粒，所述基质相包含围绕颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making a composite nonwoven fibrous web embedded phase and the matrix phase, said set of embedded phase of particles having a substantially continuous three-dimensional network in said matrix phase comprising about particles form three-dimensional network of a group of fibers.
在额外的方面，本发明涉及由根据上述方法制备的复合非织造纤维网制备的制品。 In an additional aspect, the present invention relates to articles made from a composite nonwoven fibrous web prepared according to the method described above. 在示例性实施例中，所述制品选自气体过滤制品、液体过滤制品、吸声制品、表面清洁制品、细胞生长支承制品、药物递送制品、个人卫生制品和伤口敷料制品。 In an exemplary embodiment, the article is selected from a gas filtration article, a liquid filtration article, a sound absorption article, a surface cleaning article, a cellular growth support article, a drug delivery article, a personal hygiene article, and a wound dressing article.
根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网的示例性实施例可以具有使其能够在多种应用中使用的结构特征；可以具有优越的吸收性和/或吸附性；当用作液体过滤介质时，可以显示具有高孔隙度、高流体渗透性和/或低压降；并且可以以高性价比和有效的方式进行制备。 it may have a variety of applications can be used in the structural characteristics according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the composite nonwoven fibrous web; may have superior absorbency and / or adsorbent; when used as a liquid filter medium It may be displayed with a high porosity, high fluid permeability and / or low pressure drop; and may be prepared in a cost effective and efficient manner.
对本发明的示例性实施例的各个方面和优点进行了汇总。 Various aspects and advantages of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention are summarized. 上述发明内容并非意图描述本发明呈现的某些示例性实施例的每一个图示实施例或每种实施方式。 The above summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment of the certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention is presented embodiment or every implementation of the embodiment. 附图和具体实施方式更具体地举例说明了使用本文所公开的原理的某些优选实施例。 The drawings and the detailed description more particularly exemplify some of the principles disclosed herein using preferred embodiments.
图4为用于形成根据本发明的另外的示例性实施例的包含基本上连续颗粒相的复合非织造纤维网的示例性设备的整体示意图。 FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary apparatus integrally comprising a composite nonwoven fibrous web substantially continuous particulate phase of a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention is formed.
“微纤维”意指中值直径为至少一微米的纤维。 "microfibers" means a median diameter of at least one micron.
“亚微米纤维”意指中值直径小于一微米的纤维。 "Sub-micrometer fibers" is meant a median fiber diameter of less than one micron.
当本文中提及某一特定种类的微纤维批、组、阵列时，如“亚微米微纤维阵列”时，其意指该阵列中的微纤维的完整组，或单个的微纤维批的完整组，而不仅仅是指属于亚微米尺寸的阵列或批中的一部分。 When When referred to herein microfibers batch of a particular kind of the group, when the array, such as "sub-micrometer fiber array," it means the complete population of microfibers in that array, or a single microfibrils batch is complete, and not only that portion of the array or batch belongs to the submicron size.
“连续取向的微纤维”意指从模具放出并通过处理工位移动的基本上连续的纤维，纤维在处理工位中被永久性地拉伸且纤维内聚合物分子的至少部分被永久性地取向成与纤维的纵向轴线准直（相对于纤维使用的“取向的”意指纤维聚合物分子的至少部分沿着纤维的纵向轴线准直）。 "Continuous oriented microfibers" means issuing from a die and substantially continuous fibers, the fibers are permanently stretched in the processing station by a mobile processing station and at least partially within the fiber polymer molecule is permanently oriented with the longitudinal axis of the collimated fibers (vs. "oriented" means fibers used fiber polymer molecules along the fiber at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the collimator).
“熔喷纤维”意指通过将熔化的成纤材料穿过模具中的喷丝孔挤出进入高速气体流而制备的纤维，挤出的材料在该气体流中首先被拉细，然后硬化成一团纤维。 "meltblown fibers" means by molten fiber-forming material through orifices in a die into the extruded fiber prepared by the high velocity gas stream, the extruded material is first attenuated gas flow, then hardened into a ball fiber.
“单独制备的微纤维”意指从微微纤维成形设备（如模具)制备的微纤维流，该设备被布置为微纤维流初始与较大尺寸的微纤维流在空间上分隔（如在约I英寸（25mm)或更大的距离上），但在移动行程中与之合并以及分散到其中。 "separately prepared microfibers" means slightly from fiber forming apparatus (mold) prepared microfiber stream, the apparatus is initially arranged as a stream of microfibers and larger size of the microfiber stream separated (as in space about I inch on the (25mm) or greater distance), but the stroke movement combined therewith and dispersed therein.
“非织造网”意指以纤维缠结或点粘结为特征的纤维网。 "nonwoven web" means a fiber entanglement or point bonding characterized web.
“自支承”意指纤维网具有足够的抱合力和强度，以便在基本上不会被撕裂或破裂的情况下适于悬挂和可处理。 "self-supporting" means a web having sufficient coherency and strength to the suspension and may be adapted to process without substantial tearing or rupture.
根据IOcmX IOcm网样品的重量计算“网基重”。 Calculation "web basis weight" The weight IOcmX IOcm web sample.
在施加压力为150Pa的条件下，使用具有尺寸为5cmX 12. 5cm的测试仪管脚的厚度测试计在IOcmX IOcm的网样品上测量“网厚度”。 under conditions of applied pressure of 150Pa, having a size of tester pins 5cmX 12. 5cm thickness tester on the web sample measured IOcmX IOcm "thickness of the web."
“堆密度”是取自文献的构成网的聚合物或共混聚合物的堆密度。 "Bulk density" is taken from the bulk density of the polymer or polymer blend constituting the web document.
“分子相同聚合物”意指具有基本相同的重复分子单元的聚合物，但其在分子量、制备方法、商业形式等等方面可以不相同。 "same polymer molecule" is meant a polymer having essentially the same repeating molecular unit, but which may differ in molecular weight, method, etc., business forms.
“熔喷”和“熔喷工艺”意指通过下列方式形成非织造网的方法：将纤维形成材料穿过多个喷丝孔挤出以形成原丝，同时使原丝和空气或其他细化用流体接触以将原丝细化成纤维，随后收集细化纤维层。 "meltblown" and "meltblown process" is meant a nonwoven web formed by the following manner: The fiber-forming material is extruded through a spinneret orifice to form a plurality of filaments, while the filaments and air or other thinning fluid to attenuate the filaments into contact with the fiber, refined fiber layer subsequently collected.
“将原丝细化为纤维”意指将一段原丝转变成长度更长且直径更小的一段。 "attenuate the filaments into fibers" means a period of transition to a length of filaments longer and smaller diameter section.
“纺粘法”和“纺粘加工”意指通过下列方式形成非织造纤维网的方法：将粘度低的熔体穿过多个喷丝孔挤出以形成原丝，用空气或其他流体将原丝骤冷，以硬化至少原丝的表面，将至少部分硬化的原丝与空气或其他流体接触，以将原丝细化成纤维，并收集以及任选地压延细化纤维层。 "spunbonding" and "spun bond process" method means a nonwoven web formed by the following manner: a low viscosity melt through a plurality of spinneret holes to form filaments extruded, with air or other fluid quenching the filaments, at least at the surface hardening of the filaments, the filaments at least partially hardened with air or other fluid contact, in order to attenuate the filaments into fibers and collecting and optionally calendering layer of the attenuated fibers.
“纺粘纤维”意指利用纺粘方法制成的纤维。 "spunbond fibers" refers to fibers made using the spunbond process. 这种纤维一般是连续的且充分缠结或点粘结的，因此，通常不能从一团这种纤维中取出一根完整的纺粘纤维。 Such fibers are generally continuous and are entangled or point bonded sufficiently, thus, generally can not remove one complete spun bond fiber from a mass of such fibers.
“模具”意指在聚合物熔化处理和纤维挤出处理中使用的处理组件，包括（但不限于）熔喷和纺粘处理。 "mold" means melt processing and fiber extrusion processing components used in the process, including (but not limited to) polymer meltblown and spunbond process.
“粒子”和“颗粒”基本上可交换使用。 "particles" and "particulate" are used interchangeably substantially. 一般来讲，粒子或颗粒意指细碎形式的材料的不同小块或各个部分。 In general, different pieces or parts of the means in the form of finely divided particles or particulate material. 然而，颗粒也可以包括细碎形式的相关或群聚在一起的单独粒子的集合。 However, finely divided form may also include a collection of individual particles associated or clustered together particles. 因此，本发明的某些示例性实施例中所使用的单独粒子可以聚集、物理地互相结合、静电地相关或者说是相关以形成颗粒。 Thus, certain exemplary embodiments of single particles used in the present invention may be aggregated, physically intermesh, electro-statically associate or that associate to form particulates. 在某些实例中，可有意形成单独粒子团形式的颗粒，例如在美国专利No. 5，332，426 (Tang等人）中所述的那些。 In certain instances, the group may be intentionally formed in the form of particles of single particles, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,426 (Tang et al.) Those.
“粒子加载的熔喷介质”或“复合非织造纤维网”意指具有开放式结构的缠结的纤维整体的非织造网，例如亚微米纤维，任选地为微纤维，该非织造纤维网包含在纤维当中被结合的粒子，该粒子任选地为吸收剂和/或吸附剂。 The entire fiber nonwoven web "particle-loaded meltblown media" or "composite nonwoven fibrous web" means an open-structured entangled, for example, sub-micrometer fibers, optionally microfibers, the non nonwoven web comprises fibers which are incorporated in the particles, which particles optionally be absorbent and / or adsorbent.
“被结合”意指粒子分布且物理地保持在网的纤维中。 "incorporated" means that the particle distribution and physically held in the web. 一般来讲，沿着纤维和粒子存在点接触和线接触，从而粒子的几乎整个表面积可与流体交互。 Generally, there is point contact and line contact along the fibers and particles, so that substantially the entire surface area of the particles can interact with the fluid.
“自生粘结”意指在烘箱或通风粘结器中，在未施加例如点粘结或压延的固体接触压力的条件下而获得的高温下的纤维间的粘结。 The bonding between fibers at an elevated temperature "autogenous bonding" means bonding ventilated oven or vessel, at point-bonding or calendering of solid contact pressure is not applied, for example, obtained. “压延”意指使产品（例如聚合物吸收剂加载的网)穿过辊以获得压缩材料的工艺。 "calendering" means that the product (e.g., a polymer absorbent loaded web) to pass through the process to obtain a roll of compressed material. 可任选地是，可以对辊进行加热。 Optionally, the rolls may be heated.
“致密化”意指下述处理，通过该处理，在沉积之前或之后，对直接或间接沉积到过滤器卷绕心轴或轴柄上的纤维进行压缩，并通过设计或作为处理形成过滤器或形成的过滤器的一些方法的人为结果使得这些纤维整体或局部形成孔隙度低的区域。 "densified" means a process before or after deposition, deposited directly or indirectly to the filter winding arbor or fibers on the mandrel by the compression process, and by design or as a processing Some methods artifact of the filter or filters are formed such that the fibers formed totally or partially formed of a low porosity region. 致密化也包括压延网的处理。 Densifying calendering process also includes network.
“流体处理单元”或“流体过滤系统”意指包含过滤介质的系统和将原始流体（例如未处理过的水）与处理过的流体分离的方法。 "fluid treatment unit" or "fluid filtration system" means a system comprising a filter medium and the original fluid (e.g. water untreated) method of separating the treated fluid. 这通常包括用于过滤元件和出口的过滤器壳体，以使处理过的流体以合适的方式离开过滤器壳体。 This typically includes a filter element and the outlet of the filter housing, so that the treated fluid in a suitable manner away from the filter housing.
“空隙体积”意指多孔主体（例如过滤器）内未填充空间的百分比或分数值，该百分比或分数值通过测量过滤器的重量和体积、然后将过滤器重量与该相同体积的相同组分材料的实体的理论重量进行比较来计算。 "void volume" means a percentage or fractional value of the porous body unfilled space within (e.g., filter), the percentage or fraction value obtained by measuring the weight and volume of the filter, and the filter weight with the same volume theoretical weight of the same component material entity comparing calculated. “孔隙度”意指材料中的空隙空间的测量。 Measurement "porosity" means the void space in the material. 孔和空隙的尺寸、频率、数量和/或互连性影响材料的孔隙度。 Size of the holes and voids, the frequency, number, and / or affect the porosity of the material interconnectivity.
“层”意指两个主表面之间形成的单层。 "Layer" means a single stratum formed between two major surfaces. 层可以在单个网内以内部方式存在，如具有限定网厚度的第一主表面和第二主表面的单个网中形成有多层的单层。 Layer may exist internally within a single web, such as a single layer having a single web thickness of the web defining a first major surface and a second main surface formed with a plurality of layers. 层也可以存在于包含多个纤维网的复合制品中，如当具有限定网厚度的第一主表面和第二主表面的第一网被具有限定第二网厚度的第一主表面和第二主表面的第二网覆盖或垫起时（在这种情况下，第一网和第二网中的每一个均形成至少一层）第一网中的单层。 Layer may also exist in a composite article comprising a plurality of webs, such as when the first web first major surface and second major surface having a web thickness is defined having a first major surface defining a second thickness and a second web when the second web is overlaid or underlaid main surface (in this case, the first and second webs are formed in each of the at least one) of the single network. 另外，层可以同时存在于单个网内、该网和一个或多个其它网之间，每一个网形成一层。 In addition, layers may simultaneously exist within a single web and between that web and one or more other networks, each web forming a layer.
参照特定的第一层的“邻接”意指在下述位置与另一个第二层接合或附接，在所述位置，第一层和第二层彼此紧邻（即相邻）并且彼此直接接触，或彼此邻接但不直接接触(即在第一层和第二层之间居间存在一个或多个额外的层）。 with reference to specific "adjacent" is meant in the following the first layer the second layer is bonded to another position or attached in said position, the first and second layers adjacent to each other (i.e., adjacent) to each other and in direct contact with, or adjacent to, but not in direct contact (i.e. there are one or more additional layers intervening between the first and second layers) with each other.
“颗粒密度梯度”、“吸附剂密度梯度”和“纤维组密度梯度”意指特定纤维组内的颗粒、吸附剂或纤维材料的量（如网的整个限定面积上每单位体积的给定材料的数量、重量或体积）在整个复合非织造纤维网上不必均一，并且它可有差别，从而在某些区域中获得较多的材料，并且在其它区域中获得较少的材料。 "particle density gradient", "sorbent density gradient," and "fiber density gradient group" means a group of particles in a particular fiber, the amount of sorbent or fibrous material (e.g., the entire defined area per unit volume of the web to the number, weight or volume of a given material) throughout the composite nonwoven fibrous web not necessarily uniform, and it may be a difference, thereby obtaining more material in certain areas, and less material is obtained in the other regions.
现在将具体参照附图对本发明的多种示例性实施例进行描述。 Now with particular reference to the accompanying drawings various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described. 本发明的某些示例性实施例中的示例性实施例可以在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下具有多种修改和更改。 Exemplary embodiments certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention may have various modifications and alterations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 因此，应当理解，本发明的实施例不应限于以下所述的示例性实施例，但应受权利要求及其任何等同物中示出的限制的控制。 Thus, it should be understood that the embodiments of the present invention should not be limited to the exemplary embodiments described below, but the control of the claims and any equivalents thereof shall be shown by the restriction.
在一个方面，本发明提供包含嵌入相和基质相的复合非织造纤维网，所述嵌入相还包含形成基本上连续的三维网的一组颗粒，所述基质相包含围绕颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 In one aspect, the present invention provides a composite comprising a nonwoven fibrous web embedded phase and the matrix phase, said set of embedded particles of a substantially continuous three-dimensional network phase further comprises forming a matrix phase surrounding the particles comprising a three-dimensional a group of the web.
在本发明的一个示例性实施例中，将颗粒掺入包含微纤维和/或亚微米纤维的非织造纤维网中，使得颗粒形成基本上连续的第一相，第一相分布于包含微纤维和/或亚微米纤维的基本上连续的第二相中。 In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, comprising the particles into microfibers and / or nonwoven webs of sub-micrometer fibers, such that the particles form a substantially continuous first phase, a first phase distributed in They comprise microfibers and / or sub-micrometer fibers substantially continuous second phase. 因此，第一相和第二相均基本上共同连续。 Therefore, the first and second phases are substantially co-continuous.
在本发明的另一个示例性实施例中，将亚微米纤维掺入包含微纤维的非织造纤维网中，使得亚微米纤维形成基本上连续的第一相，第一相分布于包含微纤维的基本上连续的第二相中。 In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the sub-micrometer fibers into a nonwoven web comprising microfibers, so that the sub-micrometer fibers form a substantially continuous first phase distributed in a first phase comprising a second phase of a substantially continuous microfibers. 因此，第一相和第二相均基本上共同连续。 Therefore, the first and second phases are substantially co-continuous.
在本发明的额外的示例性实施例中，将颗粒和不连续（例如短）微纤维掺入包含微纤维和/或亚微米纤维的非织造纤维网中，使得颗粒和短微纤维形成基本上连续的第一相，第一相分布于包含微纤维和/或亚微米纤维的基本上连续的第二相中。 In an additional exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the particles and a discontinuous (e.g., short) incorporating microfibers comprise microfibers and / or nonwoven webs of sub-micrometer fibers, such that the particles and short microfibers form a substantially continuous first phase distributed in a first phase comprising the microfibers and / or a substantially continuous phase of a second sub-micrometer fibers. 因此，第一相和第二相均基本上共同连续。 Therefore, the first and second phases are substantially co-continuous.
参见图1A，该图示出了示出根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网的一个示例性实施例的示意图。 Referring to Figure 1A, which illustrates a schematic view showing a composite nonwoven fibrous web according to the present invention exemplary embodiments. 单层复合非织造纤维网10由嵌入相和基质相形成，嵌入相包含细小粒子形式的一组颗粒14，该组颗粒14形成基本上连续的三维网，基质相包含形成围绕颗粒14的三维网的一组纤维12。 Single-layer composite nonwoven fibrous web 10 is formed by an embedded phase and the matrix phase, a set of particles embedded phase comprising a fine particle form 14, the set of particles 14 form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network matrix phase comprising a three-dimensional network is formed around the particles 14 12 is a set of fibers.
在图IA的图示实施例中，颗粒14显示为形成嵌入相的不同的单独粒子，在这些粒子中，每一个单独粒子与至少一个其它粒子以面到面的方式接触，所述嵌入相由单独粒子(如粒子链）的基本上连续的三维网形成。 In the illustrated embodiment of FIG IA, the particles 14 is shown as formed separately embedding a different phase particles, these particles, the individual particles are in contact with each of the at least one other manner to the surface of the particles to the surface of the fitted with a single particles (e.g. particle chains) are substantially continuous three-dimensional network is formed.
虽然图IA中的单独粒子显示为几何形状不均一的固态粒子，但应当理解，该组颗粒可以包括任何形状和/或构造的粒子。 While Figure IA single particles in display unevenness is a solid particle geometry, they should be understood that the group of particles may comprise any particle shape and / or configuration. 例如，粒子中的一些或所有粒子可以具有均一的规则几何形状（如球形、椭圆形、多边形、类似针形等等）或甚至不规则的形状。 For example, some or all of the particles in the particles may have a uniform regular geometric shape (e.g., spherical, elliptical, polygonal, needle-like, etc.) or even an irregular shape. 另外，可以使用中空粒子或多孔粒子。 In addition, hollow particles or porous particles.
在图IB中示出的另一个示例性实施例中，单层复合非织造纤维网20由嵌入相和基质相形成，所述嵌入相包含不连续纤维形式的一组颗粒24，该组颗粒24形成基本上连续的三维网，所述基质相包含一组纤维22，该组纤维22形成围绕颗粒24的三维网。 Another exemplary embodiment illustrated exemplary embodiment, the single-layer composite nonwoven fibrous web 20 in FIG. IB phase formed by phase embedded in the matrix and, embedded in the particulate phase comprises a set of discontinuous fibers in the form of 24, the group particles 24 form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network, the matrix phase comprises a set of fibers 22, the group of fibers 22 is formed around a three-dimensional network of particles 24. 在图IB的图示实施例中，颗粒24显示为形成嵌入相的各个不连续纤维，在这些纤维中，每一个单独不连续纤维与至少一个其它不连续纤维以面到面的方式接触，所述嵌入相由单独粒子（如单独不连续纤维链）的基本不连续三维网形成。 In the illustrated embodiment of FIG IB, the particles 24 shows the various fibers to form discontinuous phases embedded in these fibers, each individual discontinuous fibers with at least one other discontinuous fiber in a face to face contact manner, the embedding said particles from a separate phase (e.g., a single chain discontinuous fibers) in substantially continuous three-dimensional network is formed.
在图IC中示出的另一个示例性实施例中，单层复合非织造纤维网30由嵌入相和基质相形成，嵌入相包含与多个不连续纤维36粘结在一起的单独粒子形式的一组颗粒34，该颗粒形成基本上连续的三维网，基质相包含一组纤维32，该组纤维32形成围绕颗粒34的三维网。 Another exemplary embodiment illustrated exemplary embodiment, the single-layer composite nonwoven fibrous web 30 is formed by an embedded phase and the matrix phase in an IC, the insert comprising a single phase with a plurality of discontinuous fibers 36 bonded together a set of particles in the form of particles 34, the particles form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network matrix phase contains a set of fibers 32, the group of fibers 32 is formed around the three-dimensional network of particles 34.
在图IC的图示实施例中，颗粒34显示为形成嵌入相的不同的单独粒子，在这些粒子中，每一个单独粒子与至少一个其它粒子以面到面的方式接触，所述嵌入相由单独粒子(如粒子链）的基本上连续的三维网形成。 In the illustrated embodiment of FIG IC, the embedded particles 34 is shown as formed of single particles of different phases, these particles, the individual particles are in contact with each of the at least one other particle in surface-to-face manner, the fitted with a single particles (e.g. particle chains) are substantially continuous three-dimensional network is formed. 然而，单独颗粒34不必如所示那样以面到面的方式接触，因为单独颗粒34的至少一部分被多个不连续纤维36保持在一起，并且每一个单独不连续纤维与至少一个其它不连续纤维或另一个颗粒以面到面的方式接触，从而形成嵌入相，嵌入相由单独粒子（如单独不连续纤维链）的基本上连续的三维网形成。 However, not necessary that the individual particles 34 in the manner to the contact surface plane, as shown, since at least a portion of the individual particles 34 are a plurality of discontinuous fibers 36 held together, and each individual discontinuous fibers with at least one other discontinuous fiber or other particles to the surface of the surface contacting manner, thereby forming the embedded phase embedded phase formed of single particles (e.g., single chain discontinuous fibers) in a substantially continuous three-dimensional network.
此外，虽然图IC中的单独粒子显示为几何形状不均一的固态粒子，但应当理解，该组颗粒可以包括任何形状和/或构造的粒子。 Further, although in FIG IC single particles display unevenness of a solid particle geometry, they should be understood that the group of particles may comprise any particle shape and / or configuration. 例如，粒子中的一些或所有粒子可以具有均一的规则几何形状（如球形、椭圆形、多边形、类似针形等等）或甚至不规则形状。 For example, some or all of the particles in the particles may have a uniform regular geometric shape (e.g., spherical, elliptical, polygonal, needle-like, etc.), or even irregular shape. 另外，可以使用中空粒子或多孔粒子。 In addition, hollow particles or porous particles.
在图ID中示出的另一个示例性实施例中，形成多层复合非织造纤维网。 In FIG. ID another exemplary embodiment shown, is formed a multilayer composite nonwoven fibrous web. 多层复合纤维网40包含支承层50。 The multilayer composite web 40 comprising a support layer 50. 如图ID所示，支承层50可以支承图IC中示出的由嵌入相和基质相形成的单层复合非织造纤维网30，嵌入相包含与多个不连续纤维36粘结在一起的单独粒子形式的一组颗粒34，该颗粒形成基本上连续的三维网，基质相包含形成围绕颗粒34的三维网的一组纤维32。 FIG. ID, the support layer 50 may be supported in an IC layer composite nonwoven fibrous web by the embedded phase and the matrix phase formation 30 shown, fitted with a plurality of separate phase comprising discontinuous fibers bonded together with 36 in the form of particles of a set of particles 34, the particles form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network matrix phase comprising a group of fibers 32 is formed around the three-dimensional network of particles 34. 或者，任选支承层可以用于支承图IA的单层复合非织造纤维网10 (未示出），或图IB的单层复合非织造纤维网20 (未示出）。 Single-layer composite nonwoven fibrous web 10 (not shown), or IB of FIG layer composite nonwoven fibrous web or, optionally may be used for supporting the support layer 20 of FIG. IA (not shown).
虽然图ID中示出双层构造，但应当理解，其它多层复合非织造纤维网也在本发明的范围内。 Although FIG ID shows a double structure, it should be understood that, within the scope of other multi-layer composite nonwoven fibrous web according to the present invention also. 因此，例如包含3、4、5或任何数量层、具有任何结构和/或组成、按任何顺序排列的多层复合非织造纤维网构造都在本发明的范围内，前提条件是至少一层包含嵌入相和基质相，嵌入相还包含一组颗粒，该颗粒形成基本上连续的三维网，基质相包含一组纤维，该纤维形成围绕颗粒的三维网。 Thus, for example comprising five or any number of layers, having any structure and / or composition, multi-layer composite nonwoven fibrous web structure are arranged in any order within the scope of the present invention, with the proviso that at least one layer comprising embedded phase and the matrix phase, embedded phase further contains a set of particles, which particles form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network matrix phase contains a set of fibers which is formed around the three-dimensional network of particles.
已经发现的是，可以通过以下方式形成包含一组纤维的基质相：将亚微米纤维流与微纤维流结合，在一些示例性实施例中，微纤维流可以是中值直径为一微米或二微米或更小的非常细小的纤维流，然后，亚微米纤维被微纤维流捕集，并分散在微纤维当中。 It has been found that the matrix phase contains a set of fibers may be formed by the following ways: combining the sub-micrometer fiber stream with the microfiber stream, in some exemplary embodiments, the micro fiber stream may be a median diameter two microns or micrometers or less very fine fiber flow, then, sub-micrometer fiber stream is trapped microfibers, the microfibers and dispersing them. 当与美国临时专利申请No. 61/071，230的公开内容结合时，这种实施例在本发明的范围内。 When the disclosure U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 071,230 in conjunction with such embodiments within the scope of the present invention. 因此，在以上结合的公开内容的范围内的某些示例性实施例（未示出）中，构成基质相的该组纤维的至少一部分可以包含亚微米纤维。 Thus, certain exemplary embodiment (not shown) within the scope of the disclosure of the above in combination, at least a part of the group of fibers constituting the matrix phase may comprise sub-micrometer fibers. 在其它示例性实施例中，构成基质相的该组纤维的至少一部分包含一组亚微米纤维，基质相还包含一组微纤维。 In other exemplary embodiments, constituting at least a portion of the set contains a set of sub-micrometer fibers of the fibrous matrix phase, the matrix phase further contains a set of micro fibers. 在额外的示例性实施例（未示出）中，该组亚微米纤维形成有该组微纤维。 In an additional exemplary embodiment (not shown), the set of sub-micrometer fibers is formed with the micro fibers. 在其它示例性实施例（未示出）中，该组亚微米纤维的至少一部分与该组微纤维分开形成。 (Not shown) formed in the other exemplary embodiment of the set of at least a portion of the microfibers separate sub-micrometer fibers. 在一些示例性实施例（未示出）中，该组微纤维在组成上与该组亚微米纤维相同。 In some exemplary embodiments (not shown), the set with the same microfibers sub-micrometer fibers in the composition.
在以上结合的公开内容的范围内的额外的示例性实施例（未示出）中，复合非织造纤维网具有厚度，亚微米纤维数与微纤维数的比率在复合非织造纤维网的整个厚度上有差别。 Additional exemplary embodiment (not shown) within the scope of the disclosure above in combination, the composite nonwoven fibrous web has a thickness, the ratio of sub-number-micrometer fibers to the number of microfibers in a composite nonwoven fibrous web the entire thickness difference. 在一些示例性实施例（未示出）中，亚微米纤维数与微纤维数的比率在复合非织造纤维网的整个厚度上递减。 , The ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of microfibers decreases in the entire thickness of the composite nonwoven fibrous web in some exemplary embodiments (not shown). 在其它示例性实施例（未示出）中，亚微米纤维数与微纤维数的比率从靠近由复合非织造纤维网的一半厚度限定的中心线的峰值变化到在复合非织造纤维网的表面处的较低值。 In other exemplary embodiments (not shown), the ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of microfibers varies from a peak defined by a thickness close to half of the composite nonwoven fibrous web to the center line of the surface of the composite nonwoven fibrous web at a lower value.
另外，通过使用上述结合的公开内容的某些示例性实施例，可以粘结收集的微纤维，优选通过自生热粘结步骤来粘结收集的微纤维，以形成自支承的连贯基质，在连贯基质中，微纤维被牢靠地支承和保护，所以，可以以微纤维的最小损失或压碎来处理和使用网。 Further, by using the above embodiments certain exemplary embodiments of the disclosure in combination, can be collected microfibers bonded, preferably thermally bonded by autogenous bonding step to collect the microfibers to form a coherent self-supporting matrix in coherent matrix, the microfibers being firmly supported and protected, it is possible to minimize the loss of microfibers or crushed to handle and use networks. 优选地，微纤维为由半结晶性聚合物材料构成的取向的纤维，从而增加了该网的机械特性或物理特性。 Preferably, microfibers by the orientation of the semicrystalline polymer material fibers, thus increasing the mechanical or physical property of the net.
此外，在以上结合的公开内容的范围内的额外的示例性实施例中，可以将颗粒的至少一部分粘结到该组纤维的至少一部分。 Furthermore, additional exemplary embodiments within the scope of the disclosure of the above in combination, at least a portion of the particles adhered to at least a portion of the group of fibers. 在某些额外的实施例中，可以将颗粒的至少一部分粘结到分开形成的该组纤维的至少一部分。 At least a portion of the additional group of fibers in certain embodiments, the particles may be bonded to at least a portion of the separately formed. 在某些目前优选的实施例中，可以将颗粒的至少一部分粘结到该组微纤维的至少一部分。 In certain presently preferred embodiments, at least a portion of the particles may be bonded to at least a portion of the microfibers.
就根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网的示例性实施例中的任何者而言，网将显示具有可以根据该网的特定的最终用途而有差别的基重。 According to an exemplary embodiment of a composite nonwoven fibrous web according to the present invention, any person concerned, the web may exhibit differential depending upon the particular end use of the web basis weight. 通常，纤维网的基重为小于约1000克/平方米（gsm)。 Typically, the basis weight of the web is less than about 1000 grams / square meter (gsm). 在一些实施例中，网的基重为从约I. Ogsm到约500gsm。 In some embodiments, the basis weight of the web is from about I. Ogsm to about 500gsm. 在其它实施例中，网的基重为从约IOgsm到约300gsm。 In other embodiments, the basis weight of the web is from about IOgsm to about 300gsm.
与基重一样，复合非织造纤维网将显示具有可以根据该网的特定的最终用途而有差别的厚度。 with the basis weight, the composite nonwoven fibrous web may exhibit a difference depending on the particular end use of the web thickness. 通常，网的厚度为小于约300毫米（_)。 Typically, the thickness of the web is less than about 300 mm (_). 在一些实施例中，网的厚度为从约O. 5mm到约150mm。 In some embodiments, the thickness of the web is from about O. 5mm to about 150mm. 在其它实施例中，网的厚度为从约I. Omm到约50mm。 In other embodiments, the thickness of the web is from about I. Omm to about 50mm.
在其它示例性实施例中，复合非织造纤维网可以具有厚度，并显示具有小于10%的密实度。 In other exemplary embodiments, the composite nonwoven fibrous web may have a thickness and exhibits a Solidity of less than 10%. 特别是，本申请人相信，迄今为止，还不知道，为了控制所得复合非织造纤维网的孔隙度和渗透性，通过控制复合非织造纤维网内的亚微米纤维数与微纤维数的比率来将密实度控制到小于10%。 In particular, the present applicants believe that, to date, do not know, in order to control porosity and permeability of the resulting composite nonwoven fibrous web, by controlling the ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of micro fibers within the composite nonwoven fibrous web to the control solidity to less than 10%.
现在将对根据本发明的示例性复合非织造纤维网的多种特性和组分进行描述。 will now be described in terms of various properties and components of exemplary composite nonwoven fibrous web according to the present invention.
如上所述，根据本发明的示例性复合非织造纤维网包括含有一组颗粒的嵌入相。 As described above, according to exemplary composite nonwoven fibrous web according to the present invention comprises a set of particles containing embedded phases. 可以选择任何合适的颗粒材料。 You may select any suitable particulate material. 合适的颗粒可以具有多种物理形式（如固态粒子、多孔粒子、中空泡、团块、不连续纤维、短纤维、薄片等等）；形状（如球形、椭圆形、多边形、针形等等）；形状均匀度（如单分散、基本上均一、不均一或不规则等等）；组成（如无机颗粒、有机颗粒或它们的组合）；和尺寸（如亚微米尺寸、微尺寸等等）。 Suitable particles may have a variety of physical forms (e.g., solid particles, porous particles, hollow bubbles, agglomerates, discontinuous fibers, staple fibers, flakes, etc.); a shape (such as spherical, elliptical, polygonal, needle-like) ; uniformity of shape (e.g., monodisperse, substantially uniform, non-uniform or irregular, etc.); composition (e.g., inorganic particles, organic particles, or a combination thereof); and size (e.g., sub-micron size, micro size, etc.).
在另外的示例性实施例中，颗粒包含一组中值直径至多为约2. 000 μ m、更优选地至多为约1，000 μ m、最优选地至多为约500 μ m的一组微尺寸的颗粒。 In further exemplary embodiments, the particle comprises a set of median diameter of up to about 2. 000 μ m, more preferably at most about 1,000 μ m, most preferably at most about 500 μ m of a group of micro-sized particles. 在其它示例性实施例中，颗粒包含一组中值直径最多为约10 μ m、更优选地至多为约5 μ m、甚至更优选地至多为约2 μ m的一组微尺寸的颗粒。 In other exemplary embodiments, the particle comprises a set of median diameter of up to about 10 μ m, more preferably up to about 5 μ m, and even more preferably at most a group of micro-sized particles of from about 2 μ m. 在某些示例性实施例中,颗粒可以包含具有上述中值直径的不连续纤维。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the particles may comprise discontinuous fibers having the above-described median diameter.
在单个成品网内，也可以使用多种类型的颗粒。 The finished within a single network, may be used various types of particles. 通过使用多种类型的颗粒，即使颗粒类型中的一种不与相同类型的其它粒子粘结，也可以生成连续的颗粒纤维网。 By using various types of particles, one particle type is even not bond with other particles of the same type, may generate a continuous particulate webs. 这种类型系统的实例将会是这样一种系统，在该系统中，使用两种类型粒子，一种类型的粒子将颗粒(如不连续聚合物纤维颗粒）粘结在一起，另一种类型的粒子起到用于网的所需用途的活性粒子（如吸附剂颗粒（例如活性炭））的作用。 Examples of this type of system would be one system, in the system, two types of particles, the particles of one type of particle (e.g., a discontinuous polymeric fiber particulate) bonded together, another type particles function as an active particles (e.g., particles of adsorbent (e.g. activated charcoal)) role for the desired use of the web. 这种示例性实施例对于流体过滤应用可能特别可用。 For this exemplary embodiment may be particularly useful in fluid filtration applications.
在某些这种示例性实施例中，可能有利的是，使用具有下述表面的至少一种颗粒，该表面可被制备为粘性的或“发粘的”，以便将颗粒粘结在一起，以形成用于纤维组分的网片或支承基质。 In some such exemplary embodiments, it may be advantageous to use at least one particle has a surface, the surface may be prepared as sticky or "tacky" so that the particles are bound together to form a mesh or support matrix for the fiber component. 就这一点而言，可用的颗粒可以包含聚合物，例如可以为不连续纤维形式的热塑性聚合物。 In this regard, useful particles may comprise a polymer, for example, may be a form of discontinuous fibers of a thermoplastic polymer. 合适的聚合物包括聚烯烃，特别是热塑性多烯键弹性体（TPE，如可得自Exxon-Mobil Chemical 公司（Houston,Texas)的VISTMAXX™)。 Suitable polymers include polyolefins, especially multi-ethylenically thermoplastic elastomer (TPE, such as available from Exxon-Mobil Chemical Company (Houston, Texas) is VISTMAXX ™). 在另外的不例性实施例中，由于TPE—般一定程度地发粘（这可以有助于在添加纤维以形成复合非织造纤维网之前将颗粒粘结在一起以形成三维网），所以包含TPE的颗粒（特别是作为表面层或表面涂层）可以是优选的。 In a further embodiment not embodiment, since a certain degree as TPE- tacky (which may facilitate the addition of fibers to form a composite nonwoven fibrous web before the particles bonded together to form a three dimensional network), it contains TPE particles (especially as a surface coating or surface layer) may be preferred. 在某些示例性实施例中，包含VISTMAXX™TPE的颗粒可以提供改善的抗苛刻化学环境的能力，特别是在PH低（如不大于约3的pH)和pH高（如为至少约9的pH)和在有机溶剂中的环境。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the particles comprise VISTMAXX ™ TPE may offer improved resistance capacity to harsh chemical environments, particularly at low PH (such as not greater than about pH 3) and high pH (eg at least about 9 pH) environment and in an organic solvent.
在额外的示例性实施例中，可能有利的是，使用至少一种吸附剂粒子，例如吸收齐U、吸附剂、活性炭、阴离子交换树脂、阳离子交换树脂、分子筛或它们的组合。 In an additional exemplary embodiment, it may be advantageous to use at least one sorbent particles, such as absorption Qi U, an adsorbent, activated carbon, an anion exchange resin, cation exchange resin, molecular sieves, or a combination thereof. 可采用多种吸附剂粒子。 Variety of sorbent particles can be employed. 有利地，吸附剂粒子能够吸收或吸附预计在拟定使用条件下存在的气体、气溶胶或液体。 Advantageously, the sorbent particles capable of absorbing or adsorbing the presence of expected conditions of use in the preparation of gases, aerosols or liquids.
吸附剂粒子可呈任何可使用的形式，包括小珠、薄片、颗粒剂或团块。 sorbent particles can be in any usable form including beads, flakes, granules or agglomerates. 优选的吸附剂粒子包括活性炭；氧化铝和其它金属氧化物；碳酸氢钠；可通过吸附、化学反应或汞齐化从流体移除组分的金属粒子（如银粒子）；粒状催化剂，例如霍加拉特（其可催化一氧化碳的氧化）；粘土和其他由酸性溶液（例如乙酸）或碱性溶液（例如氢氧化钠水溶液）处理过的矿物；离子交换树脂；分子筛和其他沸石；二氧化硅；杀生物剂；杀真菌剂和杀病毒剂。 Preferred sorbent particles include activated carbon; alumina and other metal oxides; sodium bicarbonate; a, chemical reaction or amalgamation remove the metal particle component (e.g., silver particles) from a fluid by adsorption; particulate catalyst, e.g. Huo Gallate (which can catalyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide); clay and other processing by the acidic solution (e.g. acetic acid) or basic solution (e.g. aqueous sodium hydroxide) through the mineral; ion exchange resin; molecular sieves and other zeolites; silica ; biocides; fungicide and virucide. 活性炭和氧化铝是特别优选的吸附剂粒子。 Activated carbon and alumina are particularly preferred sorbent particles. 尽管也可采用吸附剂粒子的混合物（如以吸收气体混合物），但在实践中，对于处理气体混合物来说，制造在各个层中采用单独的吸附剂粒子的多层薄片制品可能较好。 Although the mixture may also be employed (e.g., to absorb mixtures of gases), but in practice, for the process gas mixture, the individual sorbent particles employed for producing a multilayer sheet article may be preferably in the sorbent particles in the individual layers.
所需的吸附剂粒度可能有很大差别，且通常部分地根据拟定使用条件来选择。 The desired sorbent particle size can vary widely, and is generally selected in part on the intended service conditions. 作为一般指导，吸附剂粒子在尺寸方面可以有差别，中值直径为从约O. 001到约3000 μπι。 As a general guide, the sorbent particles may differ in size, the median diameter of from about O. 001 to about 3000 μπι. 优选地，吸附剂粒子的中值直径为从约O. 01到约1500 μ m、更优选地从约O. 02到约750 μ m、最优选地从约O. 05到约300 μ m。 Preferably, the median diameter of the sorbent particles is from about O. 01 to about 1500 μ m, more preferably from about O. 02 to about 750 μ m, most preferably from about O. 05 to about 300 μ m. 在某些示例性实施例中，吸附剂粒子可以包含一组中值直径小于I μ m的纳米粒子。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the sorbent particles may contain a group median diameter of less than I μ m nanoparticles. 多孔纳米粒子可以具有提供用于从流体介质吸附污染物（如吸收和/或吸附）的大表面积的优点。 The porous nanoparticles may have the advantage of providing for adsorbing contaminants from a fluid medium (e.g., absorption and / or adsorption) of large surface area.
也可采用由尺寸范围不同的吸附剂粒子的混合物（如双峰的混合物），但在实际中，制备在上游层采用较大的吸附剂粒子而在下游层采用较小的吸附剂粒子的多层薄片制品可能较好。 may also be a mixture of different size ranges (e.g., bimodal mixtures) of sorbent particles, but in practice, the upstream layer was prepared using a larger and a smaller sorbent particles in a downstream layer of the adsorbent the particles may be preferred multilayer sheet article. 将至少80重量％的吸附剂粒子、更优选为至少84重量％以及最优选为至少90重量％的吸附剂粒子在纤维网中结合。 At least 80 weight percent sorbent particles, more preferably at least 84 wt% and most preferably 90 weight percent sorbent particles are incorporated at least in the web. 以网基重表达，对于相对细小（如亚微米尺寸）的吸附剂粒子，吸附剂粒子装填量可以为例如至少约500gsm，对于相对粗糙（如微尺寸）的吸附剂粒子，吸附剂粒子装填量可以为例如至少约2，OOOgsm。 Expression in the web basis weight, for relatively fine (e.g. sub-micrometer-sized) sorbent particles, sorbent particle loading level may for example be at least about 500 gsm for relatively coarse (e.g., micro-sized) sorbent particles, sorbent particle loading level It may be, for example, at least about 2, OOOgsm.
如上所述，根据本发明的示例性复合非织造网包含基质相，基质相包含围绕颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 As described above, according to exemplary composite nonwoven web of the present invention comprises a matrix phase, the matrix phase comprising a population of fibers is formed around a three-dimensional network of particles. 合适的纤维组可以包含亚微米纤维、微纤维、超细微纤维或它们的组合。 Suitable fiber component may comprise sub-micrometer fibers, microfibers, ultrafine fibers, or combinations thereof.
在某些示例性实施例中，该组纤维可以为取向的。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the set of fibers may be oriented. 取向的纤维为在纤维内存在分子取向的纤维。 Oriented fibers are fibers where the fiber orientation of the molecules. 完全取向和部分取向的聚合物纤维是已知的，并且可商购获得。 Oriented completely and partially oriented polymeric fibers are known and commercially available. 可以以许多方式测量纤维取向，包括双折射率、热收缩量、X射线散射和弹性模量（参见如Principlesof PolymerProcessinR (聚合物处理原理),Zehev Tadmor and Costas Gogos, Johnffileyand Sons, New York,1979,pp.77-84)。 Can be measured in many ways fiber orientation, including birefringence, thermal shrinkage, X-ray scattering, and elastic modulus (see, e.g. Principlesof PolymerProcessinR (Polymer Processing principle), Zehev Tadmor and Costas Gogos, Johnffileyand Sons, New York, 1979, pp.77-84).
重要的是应当指出，由于结晶材料和非结晶材料两者均可显示具有与结晶无关的分子取向，所以分子取向与结晶度不同。 important to note that, since both the crystalline material and the amorphous material can exhibit molecular orientation independent of the crystal, the different molecular orientation and crystallinity. 因此，即使市售的已知的通过熔喷或静电纺纱制备的亚微米纤维不是取向的，但存在将分子取向赋予使用这些方法制备的纤维的已知方法。 Thus, the orientation of sub-micrometer fibers is not even known commercially available or prepared by an electrostatic melt-blown spinning, but there are known methods to impart molecular orientation preparation methods using these fibers. 然而，Torbin所述的工艺（参见如美国专利No. 4，536，361)没有显示制备分子取向的纤维。 However, Torbin the process (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,361) fibers made of molecular orientation is not shown.
本发明的复合非织造纤维网可以包含一种或多种细小亚微米纤维组分。 The composite nonwoven fibrous webs of the present invention may comprise one or more fine sub-micrometer fiber component. 在一些实施例中，优选的细小亚微米纤维组分为包含中值纤维直径小于一微米（ym)的纤维的亚微米纤维组分。 In some embodiments, a preferred fine sub-micrometer fiber component is a sub-micrometer fiber component comprises fibers median fiber diameter of less than one micrometer (YM) of. 在一些示例性实施例中，亚微米纤维组分包含中值纤维直径在从约O. 2 μ m到约O. 9 μ m的范围内的纤维。 In some exemplary embodiments, the sub-micrometer fiber component comprises fibers having a median fiber diameter in the range of from about to about O. 2 μ m is O. 9 μ m. 在其它示例性实施例中，亚微米纤维组分包含中值纤维直径在从约O. 5 μ m到约O. 7 μ m的范围内的纤维。 In other exemplary embodiments, the sub-micrometer fiber component comprises fibers having a median fiber diameter of from about O. 5 μ m in the range of O. to about 7 μ m is.
在本发明中，通过以下方式确定给定的亚微米纤维组分中的纤维的“中值纤维直径”:例如通过使用扫描电镜来制备纤维结构的一副或多幅图像；测量所述一副或多幅图像中的清晰可见的纤维的纤维直径，从而得到总数为X的纤维直径；以及计算X个纤维直径的中值纤维直径。 In the present invention, it is determined "median fiber diameter" of a given sub-micrometer fiber component of the fiber in the following manner: for example, one or more images of preparing the fiber structure by using a scanning electron microscope; measurements said one or more images of the fiber diameter of clearly visible fibers, resulting in a total fiber diameter of X; and X is calculated median fiber diameter of a fiber diameter. 通常，X大于约50，并且范围从约50到约200是有利的。 Typically, X is greater than about 50, and ranges from about 50 to about 200 is advantageous.
在一些示例性实施例中，亚微米纤维组分可以包含一种或多种聚合物材料。 In some exemplary embodiments, the sub-micrometer fiber component may comprise one or more polymeric materials. 合适的聚合物材料包括（但不限于）聚烯烃，例如聚丙烯和聚乙烯；聚酯，例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯；聚酰胺（尼龙-6和尼龙_6，6);聚氨酯；聚丁烯；聚乳酸；聚乙烯醇；聚苯硫醚；聚砜；液晶聚合物；聚乙烯-共-乙酸乙烯酯；聚丙烯腈；环状聚烯烃；聚氧甲烯；多烯键热塑性弹性体；或它们的组合。 Suitable polymeric materials include (but are not limited to) a polyolefin, such as polypropylene and polyethylene; polyesters such as poly (ethylene terephthalate) and poly (butylene terephthalate); polyamides (nylons - 6 and nylon _6,6); polyurethanes; polybutene; polylactic acid; polyvinyl alcohols; polyphenylene sulfide; polysulfone; liquid crystal polymer; polyethylene - co - vinyl acetate; polyacrylonitrile; cyclic poly olefin; polyoxymethylene; multi-ethylenically thermoplastic elastomer; or a combination thereof.
亚微米纤维组分可以包括含有上述聚合物或共聚物中的任何一种的单组分纤维。 The sub-micrometer fiber component may comprise monocomponent fibers comprising any one of the above-described polymers or copolymers of. 在这个示例性实施例中，单组分纤维可以包含下述添加剂，但包含选自上述聚合物材料的单种纤维形成材料。 In this exemplary embodiment, the monocomponent fibers may contain additives as described below, but comprise a single fiber forming polymeric material selected from the above materials. 此外，在该示例性实施例中，如果存在，单组分纤维通常包括至少75重量％的上述聚合物材料中的任何一种以及高达25重量％的一种或多种添加剂。 Further, in the exemplary embodiment, if present, is typically monocomponent fibers comprising any one of at least 75 wt% of said polymeric material and one or more additives of up to 25% by weight. 有利地，单组分纤维包括至少80重量％、更有利地至少85重量％、至少90重量％、至少95重量％以及100重量％之多的上述聚合物材料中的任何一种，其中所有重量都是基于纤维的总重量。 Advantageously, monocomponent fibers comprising at least 80 wt%, more advantageously at least 85%, at least 90% by weight, as much as any of the above polymeric material and at least 95 wt% in 100 wt%, wherein all weight based on the total weight of the fiber.
亚微米纤维组分也可以包含由以下物质形成的多组分纤维：（I)上述聚合物材料中的两种或更多种，和（2)下述一种或多种添加剂。 sub-micrometer fiber component may also comprise multi-component fibers formed from the following materials: two of the above polymeric materials (I) or more, and (2) consists of one or more additives. 如本文所用，术语“多组分纤维”是用于指由两种或更多种聚合物材料形成的纤维。 As used herein, the term "multicomponent fiber" is used to refer to a fiber formed from two or more polymeric materials. 合适的多组分纤维构型包括（但不限于）皮芯构型、并列构型和“海岛”构型。 Suitable multi-component fiber configurations include (but are not limited to a) sheath-core configurations, parallel configurations, and "island" configuration.
对于由多组分纤维形成的亚微米纤维组分，有利地，基于纤维的总重量，多组分纤维包含：（1)从约75重量％到约99重量％的上述聚合物中的两种或更多种，和（2)从约25重量％到约I重量％的一种或多种额外的纤维形成材料。 For sub-micrometer fiber components formed from multi-component fibers, advantageously based on the total weight of the fibers, multicomponent fibers comprising: (1) from about 75 wt% to about 99 wt% of said polymer two or more, and (2) from about 25 wt% to about I weight percent of one or more additional fiber-forming material.
本发明的复合非织造纤维网可以包含一种或多种粗纤维组分，例如微纤维组分。 The present invention a composite nonwoven fibrous web may comprise one or more coarse fiber components such as the micro-fiber component. 在一些实施例中，优选的粗纤维组分为包含中值纤维直径为至少I ym的纤维的微纤维组分。 In some embodiments, a preferred coarse fiber component is a fiber microfiber component comprises at least I ym of the median fiber diameter. 在一些示例性实施例中，微纤维组分包含中值纤维直径为从约2 μ m到约100 μ m的范围内的纤维。 In some exemplary embodiments, the microfiber component comprises fibers median fiber diameter of from about 2 μ m to 100 μ m in a range of about. 在其它示例性实施例中，微纤维组分包含中值纤维直径为从约5 μ m到约50 μ m的范围内的纤维。 In other exemplary embodiments, the microfiber component comprises fibers median fiber diameter of from about 5 μ m in a range of about 50 μ m.
在本发明中，通过以下方式确定给定的微纤维组分中的纤维的“中值纤维直径”：例如通过使用扫描电镜来制备纤维结构的一副或多幅图像；测量所述一副或多幅图像中的清晰可见的纤维的纤维直径，从而得到总数为X的纤维直径；以及计算X个纤维直径的中值纤维直径。 Prepared, for example one or more images of the fiber structure by using a scanning electron microscope; the measurement: In the present invention, it determines a given fiber of the microfiber component "median fiber diameter" in the following manner one or more images fiber diameter of clearly visible fibers, resulting in a total fiber diameter of X; and X is calculated median fiber diameter of a fiber diameter. 通常，X大于约50，并且范围从约50到约200是有利的。 Typically, X is greater than about 50, and ranges from about 50 to about 200 is advantageous.
在一些示例性实施例中，微纤维组分可以包含一种或多种聚合物材料。 In some exemplary embodiments, the microfiber component may comprise one or more polymeric materials. 一般来讲，任何形成纤维的聚合物材料均可以用于制备微纤维，尽管通常且优选纤维成形材料是半结晶性的。 Generally, any fiber-forming polymeric material may be used in the preparation of microfiber, though usually and preferably the fiber-forming material is semi-crystalline. 特别可用的是通常用于纤维形成物的聚合物，例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、尼龙和聚氨酯。 Particularly useful are polymers commonly used in fiber formation such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, and polyurethane. 也可以由非晶态聚合物（例如聚苯乙烯）来制备网。 Network may also be prepared from amorphous polymers (e.g., polystyrene). 这里所列的具体聚合物仅为示例，并且多种其它聚合物材料或纤维成形材料为可用的。 Specific polymers listed here are merely examples, and a variety of other polymeric or fiber-forming materials are useful.
合适的聚合物材料包括（但不限于）聚烯烃，例如聚丙烯和聚乙烯；聚酯，例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯；聚酰胺（尼龙-6和尼龙-6，6);聚氨酯；聚丁烯；聚乳酸；聚乙烯醇；聚苯硫醚；聚砜；液晶聚合物；聚乙烯-共-乙酸乙烯酯；聚丙烯腈；环状聚烯烃；聚氧甲烯；多烯键热塑性弹性体；或它们的组合。 Suitable polymeric materials include (but are not limited to) a polyolefin, such as polypropylene and polyethylene; polyesters such as poly (ethylene terephthalate) and poly (butylene terephthalate); polyamides (nylon-6 and nylon-6,6); polyurethanes; polybutene; polylactic acid; polyvinyl alcohols; polyphenylene sulfide; polysulfone; liquid crystal polymer; polyethylene - co - vinyl acetate; polyacrylonitrile; cyclic polyolefins; polyoxymethylene; multi-ethylenically thermoplastic elastomer; or a combination thereof. 可以利用多种合成纤维成形聚合物材料，包括热塑性塑料，尤其是可延展的热塑性塑料，例如线性低密度聚乙烯（如可以商标名D0WLEX™购自Dow Chemical公司(Midland, Michigan)的那些）、热塑性多烯键弹性体(TPE,如可以商标名ENGAGE™购自Dow Chemical公司（Midland, Michigan)的那些；和可以商标名VISTAMAXX™购自Exxon-Mobil Chemical公司(Houston, Texas)的那些）、乙烯-α -烯经共聚物（如可以商标名EXACT™购自Exxon-Mobil Chemical公司（Houston, Texas)和可以商标名ENGAGE™购自Dow Chemical公司（Midland, Michigan)的乙烯-丁烯、乙烯-己烯或乙烯-辛烯共聚物）、乙烯-醋酸乙烯聚合物（如可以商品名ELVAX™购自EI DuPont deNemours&Co. (Wilmington,Delaware)的那些）、聚丁烯弹性体（如可以商品名CRASTIN™购自EI DuPont de Nemours&Co. (Wilmington, Delaware)和可以商品名POLYBUTENE-l™ 购自Basell Polyolefins (Wilmington, Delaware)的 may utilize a variety of synthetic polymeric molding material comprises a thermoplastic, especially extensible thermoplastics such as linear low density polyethylene (e.g., trade name D0WLEX ™ available from Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Michigan) of those), the thermoplastic multi-ethylenically elastomer (TPE, such as the trade name ENGAGE ™ available from Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Michigan) those; and trade name VISTAMAXX ™ available from Exxon-Mobil Chemical company (Houston, Texas) of those), an ethylene [alpha - ene copolymers by (e.g., trade name EXACT ™, available from Exxon-Mobil Chemical company (Houston, Texas) and under the trade name ENGAGE ™ available from Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Michigan) ethylene - butoxy , ethylene - hexene or ethylene - octene copolymers), ethylene - vinyl acetate polymers (such as available under the tradename ELVAX ™ available from EI DuPont deNemours & Co (Wilmington, Delaware), those), polybutylene elastomers (e.g. tradename CRASTIN ™ available from EI DuPont de Nemours & Co. (Wilmington, Delaware), and the trade name POLYBUTENE-l ™ purchased from Basell Polyolefins (Wilmington, Delaware) of 那些）、弹性体苯乙烯嵌段共聚物（如可以商品名KRAT0N™ 购自Kraton Polymers (Houston, Texas)和可以商品名S0LPRENE™ 购自Dynasol Elastomers (Houston, Texas)的那些）和聚醚嵌段共聚多酰胺弹性体材料（如可以商品名PEBAX™购自Arkema (Colombes, France)的那些)。 Those), elastomeric styrene block copolymer (e.g., trade name KRAT0N ™ available from Kraton Polymers (Houston, Texas) and those S0LPRENE ™ trade name available from Dynasol Elastomers (Houston, Texas)) of polyether block body and copolyamide elastomeric materials (e.g., commercially available under the tradename PEBAX ™ from those Arkema (Colombes, France) in). TPE是尤其优选的。 TPE is particularly preferred.
根据本发明的示例性实施例，也可以将多种天然纤维形成材料制备成非织造微纤维。 According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, it may be formed in a variety of natural fiber nonwoven microfiber material as prepared. 优选的天然材料可以包括柏油或浙青（如用于制备碳纤维）。 Preferred natural materials may include bitumen or Zhejiang cyan (such as for the preparation of carbon fibers). 纤维形成材料可以是熔化形式或承载于合适的溶剂中。 Fiber-forming material can be in molten form or carried in a suitable solvent. 也可利用反应性单体，当它们通过或穿过模具时，它们与彼此反应。 Reactive monomer may also be utilized, or when they pass through the die, they react with each other. 非织造纤维网可以将纤维混合物包含在单层（例如使用两个密集间隔的共享通用模具顶端的模具腔体来制备）、多个层（例如使用以叠堆布置的多个模具腔体来制备）或多组分纤维的一层或多层（例如在Krueger等人的美国专利No. 6，057, 256中所述的那些）中。 The nonwoven fibrous web may be in a single layer comprising a mixture of fibers (e.g. prepared using two mold cavities sharing a common die tip closely spaced), a plurality of layers (e.g., using a plurality of mold cavities arranged in a stack prepared ) or one or more component fibers (e.g., Krueger et al., U.S. Pat. No., those) in the 256 in 6,057.
也可以由材料的共混物形成纤维，包括已经某些添加剂已经共混到其中的材料，例如颜料或染料。 fibers may be formed from a blend of materials, including certain additives have been blended into the material therein, such as pigments or dyes. 可以制备例如皮芯型或并列型双组分纤维的双组分微纤维（本文的“双组分”包括具有两个或更多个组分的纤维，每一个组分占据纤维横截面积的一部分并且基本上在纤维的整个长度上延伸），如可以是双组分亚微米纤维。 Can be prepared, for example, sheath-core or side by side bicomponent fibers of bicomponent microfibers ( "bicomponent" herein includes fibers having two or more components, each component occupying a cross-sectional area of the fibers part and extends substantially over the entire length of the fiber), as may be bicomponent sub-micrometer fibers. 然而，本发明的示例性实施例利用单组分纤维可以是特别可用的和有利的（其中纤维在其整个横截面上具有基本相同的组成，但“单组分”包括共混物或包含添加剂的材料，其中基本上均一组成的连续相在整个横截面和纤维长度上延伸）。 However, exemplary embodiments of the present invention using a single-component fibers may be particularly useful and advantageous (wherein the fibers have essentially the same composition throughout its cross-section, but the "one-component" includes blends or additive comprising material, wherein the continuous phase of substantially uniform composition extends across the cross-section and fiber length). 在其它有益效果当中，能够使用单组分纤维降低了制备的复杂性，并且对网的使用限制较少。 Among other beneficial effects, to use a single-component fibers reduces complexity of manufacturing and places fewer restrictions on the use of the network. 除了以上提及的纤维形成材料之外，还可以将多种添加剂添加到熔化并挤出的纤维以将添加剂掺入纤维中。 In addition to the above-mentioned fiber-forming material, various additives may also be added to the fiber melt and extruded to incorporate the additive into the fiber. 通常，基于纤维的总重量，添加剂的量小于约25重量％，有利地高达约5. O重量％。 Typically, based on the total weight of the fiber, the amount of additive is less than about 25% by weight, advantageously up to about 5. O wt%. 合适的添加剂包括（但不限于）颗粒、填充剂、稳定剂、增塑剂、增粘齐IJ、流动控制剂、固化缓聚剂、粘合增进剂（例如硅烷和钛酸盐）、辅助剂、抗冲改性剂、可膨胀的微球体、导热颗粒、导电颗粒、二氧化硅、玻璃、粘土、滑石、颜料、着色剂、玻璃珠或泡、抗氧化剂、荧光增白剂、抗微生物剂、表面活性剂、阻燃剂和含氟化合物。 Suitable additives include (but are not limited to) particles, fillers, stabilizers, plasticizers, tackifying IJ Qi, flow control agents, cure rate retarders, adhesion promoters (e.g., silanes and titanates), adjuvants , impact modifiers, expandable microspheres, thermally conductive particles, electrically conductive particles, silica, glass, clay, talc, pigments, colorants, glass beads or bubbles, antioxidants, optical brighteners, antimicrobial agents , surfactants, flame retardants, and fluorochemicals.
上述添加剂中的一种或多种可以用于减少所得纤维和层的重量和/或成本、调节粘度、或改变纤维的热特性或使衍生自添加剂物理特性活性的物理特性具有一定的范围，包括电学特性、光学特性、与密度相关的特性、与液体阻隔或粘合剂粘着性相关的特性。 A or more of the above additives may be used to reduce the weight and the layer and / or cost, to adjust the viscosity or alter the thermal properties of the fiber or to the physical properties derived from the physical characteristics of the active additive has a certain range, including electrical properties, optical properties, density-related, liquid barrier or adhesive tack related properties.
本发明的复合非织造纤维网还可以包含支承层，例如图ID中示出的示例性多层复合非织造纤维制品40的支承层50。 The present invention a composite nonwoven fibrous web may further comprise a support layer, such as the exemplary multi-layer composite nonwoven fibrous article 40, the support layer 50 shown in FIG. ID. 当支承层存在时，支承层可以提供复合非织造纤维制品强度中的大部分。 When the support layer is present, the support layer may provide most of the strength of the composite nonwoven fiber article. 在一些实施例中，上述亚微米纤维组分往往会具有非常低的强度，并可在正常处理期间被损坏。 In some embodiments, the above-described sub-micrometer fiber component tends to have very low strength, and can be damaged during normal handling. 亚微米纤维组分附接到支承层为亚微米纤维组分增加强度，同时保持低密实度，因此，保持所需的亚微米纤维组分的吸收剂性质。 Sub-micrometer fiber component is attached to the support layer is a sub-micrometer fiber component to increase the strength, while maintaining low density, thus maintaining the desired absorbent properties of the sub-micrometer fiber component. 多层复合非织造纤维网结构也可以提供用于进一步加工的足够的强度，所述进一步加工可以包括（但不限于）将网卷绕成辊形式、从辊移除网、模铸、成褶、折叠、网装固定、织造等等。 Multi-layer composite nonwoven fibrous web structure may also provide sufficient strength for further processing, the further processing may include (but are not limited to) winding the web into roll form, removing the web roll, molding, pleating , folding, stapling, weaving, and the like.
在本发明中可以使用多种支承层。 variety of support layers may be used in the present invention. 合适的支承层包括（但不限于）非织造物、织造物、针织织物、泡沫层、膜、纸质层、背胶层、金属薄片、网片、弹性织物（即上述具有弹性性能的织造、针织或非织造物中的任何者）、开孔网、背胶层或它们的任意组合。 Suitable support layers include (but are not limited to) non-woven, woven, knitted fabric, a foam layer, a film, a paper layer, an adhesive layer, metal foil, mesh, an elastic fabric (i.e., having the above-described woven elastic properties, in any of the knitted or nonwoven), an apertured web, adhesive layer, or any combination thereof. 在一个示例性实施例中，支承层包含聚合物型非织造物。 In one exemplary embodiment, the support layer comprises a polymeric nonwoven fabric. 合适的非织造聚合物织物包括（但不限于）纺粘织物、熔喷织物、短长度纤维（即纤维长度小于约IOOmm的纤维）梳理成网、针刺织物、裂膜网、水刺网、气流短纤维网或它们的组合。 Suitable nonwoven polymeric fabrics include (but are not limited to) spunbond fabrics, meltblown fabrics, staple length fibers (i.e., a fiber length of less than about IOOmm fibers) carded, needled fabric, a split film web, a hydroentangled web, airlaid staple fiber web, or a combination thereof. 在某些示例性实施例中，支承层包含粘结的短纤维网。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the support layer comprises staple fibers bonded. 如下进一步所述，可以使用例如热粘结、粘合剂粘结、粉状粘结剂粘结、水刺法、针刺法、压延或它们的组合来进行粘结。 As described further below, bonding may be performed using, for example thermal bonding, adhesive bonding, powdered binder bonding, hydroentangling, needlepunching, calendering, or a combination thereof.
支承层的基重和厚度可以取决于复合非织造纤维制品的特定的最终用途。 basis weight and layer thickness of the support may depend on the particular end use of the composite nonwoven fibrous article. 在本发明的一些实施例中，理想的是，使复合非织造纤维制品的总基重和/或厚度保持在最小水平。 In some embodiments of the present invention, it is desirable that the total basis weight of the composite nonwoven fibrous article and / or kept to a minimum thickness. 在其它实施例中，给定的应用可能要求最小的总基重和/或厚度。 In other embodiments, a given application may require a minimum total basis weight and / or thickness. 通常，支承层的基重为小于约150gsm。 Typically, the base support layer weight of less than about 150gsm. 在一些实施例中，支承层的基重为从约5. Ogsm到约lOOgsm。 In some embodiments, the support layer basis weight is from about to about 5. Ogsm lOOgsm. 在其它实施例中，支承层的基重为从约IOgsm到约75gsm。 In other embodiments, the support layer basis weight is from about IOgsm to about 75gsm.
I. Omm到约35mm。 I. Omm to about 35mm. 在其它实施例中，支承层的厚度为从约2. Omm到约25mm。 In other embodiments, the thickness of the support layer is from about 2. Omm to about 25mm.
在某些示例性实施例中，支承层可以包含微纤维组分，例如多个微纤维。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the support layer may comprise a microfiber component, for example, a plurality of microfibers. 在这种实施例中，可能优选的是，将上述亚微米纤维组直接沉积到微纤维支承层上以形成多层复合非织造纤维网。 In such embodiments, it may be preferred that the above-described sub-micrometer fiber population directly deposited onto the microfiber support layer to form a multi-layer composite nonwoven fibrous web. 可任选地是，上述微纤维组可与亚微米纤维组一起沉积在微纤维支承层上或沉积在微纤维支承层上的亚微米纤维组的上方。 Optionally, the above-described microfiber population may be deposited with a sub-micrometer fibers above the sub-micrometer fibers on the microfiber support layer on the microfiber support layer or deposition. 在某些示例性实施例中，构成支承层的多个微纤维在组成上与形成覆盖层的该组微纤维相同。 The same set of microfibers In certain exemplary embodiments, a plurality of micro fibers constituting the support layer and the covering layer in composition.
亚微米纤维组分可以被永久性地或暂时性地粘结到给定的支承层。 sub-micrometer fiber component may be permanently or temporarily bonded to a given support layer. 在本发明的一些实施例中，亚微米纤维组分被永久性地粘结到支承层（即亚微米纤维组分被附接到支承层，旨在永久性地被粘结到支承层）。 In some embodiments of the present invention, the sub-micrometer fiber component is permanently bonded to the support layer (i.e. sub-micrometer fiber component is attached to the support layer, intended to be permanently adhered to the support layer).
在本发明的一些实施例中，上述亚微米纤维组分可以被暂时性地粘结到（如可从其移除）支承层（例如隔离衬垫）。 In some embodiments of the present invention, the above-described sub-micrometer fiber component may be temporarily bonded to (e.g., removable from) a support layer (e.g., release liner). 在这种实施例中，可以使亚微米纤维组分在暂时支承层上支承所需的时间长度，可任选地是，可以在暂时支承层上进一步对亚微米纤维组分进行处理，随后将亚微米纤维组分永久性地粘结到第二支承层。 In such embodiments, sub-micrometer fiber component may be supported so that the length of time required on a temporary support layer may optionally, be further sub-micrometer fiber component is processed on a temporary support layer, followed by sub-micrometer fiber component is permanently bonded to a second support layer.
在本发明的一个示例性实施例中，支承层包括含有聚丙烯纤维的纺粘织物。 In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the support layer comprises a spunbonded fabric comprising polypropylene fibers. 在本发明的另外的示例性实施例中，支承层包含短长度纤维梳理成网，其中短长度纤维包括：(i)低熔点或粘结纤维；和（ii)高熔点或结构纤维。 In a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the support layer comprises a carded web of staple length fibers wherein the staple length fibers comprise: (i) low-melting point or binder fibers; and (ii) a high melting point or structural fibers. 通常，虽然粘结纤维和结构纤维的熔点之差可以大于10°c，但粘结纤维的熔点小于结构纤维的熔点至少10°C。 Typically, although the difference between the melting point of the binder fibers and structural fibers may be greater than 10 ° c, but the melting point of the binder fibers than the melting point of the structural fibers of at least 10 ° C. 合适的粘结纤维包括（但不限于）上述聚合物纤维中的任何者。 Suitable binder fibers include (but are not limited to) any of the above-described polymer fiber's. 合适的结构纤维包括（但不限于）上述聚合物纤维以及无机纤维（例如陶瓷纤维、玻璃纤维和金属纤维）和有机纤维（例如纤维素纤维）中的任何者。 Suitable structural fibers include (but are not limited to) any of the above are inorganic fibers and polymeric fibers (such as ceramic fibers, glass fibers and metal fibers) and organic fibers (e.g. cellulose fiber) was added.
7. 62 cm)。 7. 62 cm).
如上所述，支承层可以包含彼此结合的一层或多层。 As described above, the support layer may comprise one or more layers bonded to each other. 在一个示例性实施例中，支承层包含第一层（例如非织造物或膜）和第一层上与亚微米纤维组分相背的粘合剂层。 In one exemplary embodiment, the support layer comprises a first layer (e.g., nonwoven or film) and the first layer opposite the sub-micrometer fiber component of the adhesive layer. 在这个实施例中，粘合剂层可覆盖第一层的一部分或整个外表面。 In this embodiment, the adhesive layer may cover a portion of or the entire outer surface of the first layer. 粘合剂可以包含任何已知的粘合剂，包括压敏粘合剂、可热激活粘合剂等。 The adhesive may comprise any known adhesive, including pressure sensitive adhesives, heat activatable adhesive or the like. 当粘合剂层包含压敏粘合剂时，复合非织造纤维制品还可以包含隔离衬垫，从而得到压敏粘合剂的暂时保护。 When the adhesive layer comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive, the composite nonwoven fibrous article may further comprise a release liner, to obtain a temporary protection of the pressure-sensitive adhesive.
本发明的复合非织造纤维网可以包含与颗粒加载的纤维层、任选支承层或上述两者结合的额外的层（图中未示出）。 The present invention a composite nonwoven fibrous web may comprise fibers of the layer and the particle loading, support layer optionally additional layers or both in combination (not shown).
合适的额外的层包括（但不限于）包含颜色的层（如印刷层）；上述支承层中的任何者；具有明显不同的平均纤维直径和/或物理组成的一种或多种额外的亚微米纤维组分；用于额外的隔离性能的一种或多种次细小亚微米纤维层（例如熔喷网或玻璃纤维织物）；泡沫；粒子层;金属薄片层;膜；装饰织物层；隔膜（即具有受控渗透性的膜，例如透析膜、反渗透膜等）；结网；网片；布线网或管网（即用于传输电的线层或用于传输多种流体的管组，例如用于加热毯的布线网和使冷却剂流经冷却毯的管网）；或它们的组合。 Suitable additional layers include (but are not limited to) a color layer (printed layer); and the support layer by any; one composition having a distinct average fiber diameter and / or physical or more additional sub-micrometer fiber component; for an additional barrier properties or more secondary fine sub-micrometer fiber layer (e.g., a meltblown web or a glass fiber fabric); foams; particle layer; a metal foil layer; film; decorative fabric layer; a separator (i.e., a film having a controlled permeability, such as dialysis membranes, reverse osmosis membrane); netting; mesh; wire mesh or network (i.e., a transmission line layer for transmitting electrical or more fluids tubing set, for example, wire mesh and a blanket for heating the coolant flowing through the cooling blanket network); or combinations thereof.
在某些示例性实施例中，本发明的复合非织造纤维网还可以包含一种或多种附接装置，以允许将复合非织造纤维制品能够附接到基底。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the composite nonwoven fibrous web of the present invention may further comprise one or more attachment means, to allow the composite nonwoven fibrous article to be attached to a substrate. 如上所述，粘合剂可以用于附接复合非织造纤维制品。 As described above, the adhesive may be used to attach the composite nonwoven fibrous article. 除了粘合剂外，还可以使用其他附接装置。 In addition to the binder, it may also be used other attachment means. 合适的附接装置包括（但不限于）任何机械紧固件，例如螺杆、钉子、夹片、U形钉、缝合针、螺纹、钩环材料等。 Suitable attachment means include (without limitation) any mechanical fasteners, such as screws, nails, clips, U-shaped staples, suture needle, thread, hook and loop materials.
一个或多个附接装置可以用来将复合非织造纤维制品附接到多个基底。 One or more attachment means may be used to attach the composite nonwoven fibrous article to a plurality of substrates. 示例性基板包括（但不限于）车辆部件；车辆内部（即客厢、发动机舱、行李箱等）；建筑物壁（即内壁表面或外壁表面）；建筑物天花板（即内天花板表面或外天花板表面）；用于形成建筑物壁或天花板的建筑材料（如天花板贴片、木材部件、石膏板等）；隔间；金属薄片；玻璃基板；门；窗；机械部件；器具元件（即器具内表面或器具外表面）；管道或软管的表面；计算机或电子元件；声音记录或复制装置；用于器具、电脑等的外壳或箱体。 Exemplary substrates include (but are not limited to) members of the vehicle; a vehicle interior (i.e. the passenger compartment, engine compartment, trunk, etc.); building wall (i.e. the inner wall surface or exterior wall surface); ceiling of a building (i.e., interior ceiling surface or exterior ceiling surface); means for forming a wall or ceiling of a building construction materials (e.g., ceiling tile, wood component, gypsum board, etc.); compartment; metal foil; glass substrates; doors; windows; mechanical member; tool elements (i.e., within the appliance appliance surface or exterior surface); pipe or hose surface; a computer or electronic component; a sound recording or reproducing apparatus; for appliances, computers, housing or casing.
颗粒加载的复合非织造纤维网是已知的。 The composite particle loaded nonwoven webs are known. 用于生成颗粒加载的非织造纤维网的已知方法一般要求非织造纤维网自身具有用于支承结合非织造/颗粒系统的足够的强度和物理特性。 Nonwoven webs known method for generating a particle-loaded nonwoven web generally require itself has sufficient strength for supporting the binding and physical characteristics of the nonwoven / particles system. 如果对于特定应用，非织造网没有用于支承颗粒的足够的强度或硬度，则已知方法极不凑效。 If there is no sufficient strength for supporting the hardness of the particles, or for a particular application, the nonwoven web, the known method is not very ridiculous. 由于在形成颗粒系统之后将纤维掺杂在粘结颗粒系统内是非常困难的，所以制备粘结的颗粒加载的纤维网也有问题。 Since the system after formation of the particles within the doped fiber bonded particulate system is very difficult, so the particle loaded web of the bonded also a problem.
本发明的某些示例性实施例可以通过形成下述复合非织造纤维网来克服这个问题，在所述复合非织造纤维网中，在将非织造纤维与颗粒相互缠结以形成复合非织造纤维网之前，颗粒形成基本上连续的三维网。 Certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention can overcome this problem by forming a composite nonwoven fibrous web below, the composite nonwoven fibrous web, the fibrous nonwoven entangled with each other to form a composite particle before nonwoven web, the particles form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network. 在某些实施例中，这种复合非织造纤维网不依赖于非织造纤维网的物理特性来支承颗粒加载的非织造纤维网的结合结构。 In certain embodiments, the composite nonwoven fibrous web does not depend on the physical properties of the nonwoven web to support the binding nonwoven fibrous web particle loading.
通过首先将一组颗粒形成基本上连续的三维网，可以避免在将纤维自身粘结或粘结到颗粒时所产生的问题。 problems in the fibers themselves adhered or bonded to the particles produced by a first set of particles form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network, it can be avoided. 特别是，直径非常小的纤维（如亚微米纤维）或天然的脆弱或不连续的纤维通常生成强度非常小的粘结性差的网。 In particular, very small diameter fibers (e.g., sub-micrometer fibers) or natural fibers or discontinuous frangible typically generate very little strength poor adhesion network. 制备这种脆弱网的方法的实例包括熔喷、Torobin方法和一些商品形式的气流成网法。 Examples of methods for preparing such frangible webs include meltblown, Torobin methods, and some commercial forms of air-laying.
使用强度不是很高的颗粒纤维也可以提供优于使用强度较高的纤维的优点。 The particles used is not very high strength fibers may also provide advantages over the use of high strength fibers. 由于亚微米纤维和超细微纤维的本身的脆弱性质，所以它们提供非常高的比表面积，非常高的比表面积对例如过滤和隔离这样的应用有利。 Due to the fragile nature of the sub-micrometer fibers and ultrafine fibers themselves, they provide very high specific surface area, very high specific surface area of such advantageous applications such as filtration and isolation. 主要由于直径小的纤维（如亚微米纤维和超细微纤维）的脆弱性，所以它们也具有压碎成较高密度结构的较大趋势。 Mainly due to the vulnerability of small diameter fibers (e.g., sub-micrometer fibers and ultrafine fibers), they have a greater tendency to crush higher density structure. 通过形成分散在整个成品网中的连续颗粒嵌入相，可支承脆弱的纤维，并可以避免过度压紧。 By continuously forming the particles dispersed throughout the finished mat is embedded in the phase, may support the fragile fiber, and to avoid excessive compression. 与密度较高的网相比，密度较低的细小纤维网一般会显示具有较低的压降，同时由于直径不变而仍显示具有大的比表面积。 Compared to higher network density, low density fine webs typically exhibit lower pressure drop, and because a constant diameter and still exhibit a large specific surface area. 这种密度较低的结构也可以使被纤维或其它颗粒填塞的颗粒表面的量最小化。 Such low density structure may be that the amount of the particle surface is packed fibers or other particles is minimized.
因此，在另一方面，本发明提供制备复合非织造纤维网的方法，该方法包括：形成嵌入相，嵌入相具有基本上连续的三维网中的一组颗粒；和形成基质相，基质相包含围绕颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 Thus, in another aspect, the present invention provides a method of making a composite nonwoven fibrous web, the method comprising: forming an embedded phase, fitted with a set of particles having a substantially continuous three-dimensional network; and a matrix phase is formed, the matrix phase comprising a population of fibers forming a three-dimensional network around the particles.
在某些示例性实施例中，可以通过生成颗粒流并将该颗粒流与气载纤维流结合来进行用于形成根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网的处理。 In certain exemplary embodiments, and the particle stream may be airborne fiber stream and combination process for forming a nonwoven web in accordance with the present invention by generating a composite particle stream. 然后可以将结合的流收集到网中。 The combined stream may then be collected into the network. 在一些示例性实施例中，可以在混合或收集处理期间或在单独的处理步骤中将颗粒粘结到纤维。 In some exemplary embodiments, or it may be a separate process step in the particles adhered to the fibers during the mixing process or collection.
已知用于将颗粒流添加到非织造纤维流的多种方法。 known for adding a plurality of particle flow to a nonwoven fiber stream. 在美国专利No. 4，118，531 (Hauser)、No. 6，872，311 (Koslow)和No. 6，494，974 (Riddell)中以及在美国专利申请公布No. 2005/0266760 (Chhabra 和Isele)、No. 2005/0287891 (Park)和No. 2006/0096911 (Brey等人）中描述了合适的方法。 (Riddell) in US Patent No. 4,118,531 (Hauser), No. 6,872,311 (Koslow) and No. 6,494,974 and the publication No. 2005/0266760 (Chhabra and patent applications in the US Isele), No. 2005/0287891 (Park), and No. 2006/0096911 (Brey et al) describes a suitable method. 本申请人已经发现的是，通过首先在基本上连续的三维网中形成一组颗粒，可以避免当将颗粒流与纤维流结合时将纤维自身粘结或将纤维粘结到颗粒时所产生的问题。 The Applicant has found that when a group of particles by first forming a substantially continuous three-dimensional network of particles can be avoided when the combined flow stream with the fibers, the fibers bonded to itself or to bond the fibers to the granules produced when problem. 优选地，在将颗粒嵌入在非织造纤维流中以形成非织造纤维网之前，将颗粒粘结在一起以形成基本上连续的三维网。 Preferably, the particles are embedded prior to the nonwoven fiber stream to form a nonwoven web, the particles are bonded together to form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network.
在一些示例性实施例中，在将非织造纤维与颗粒相互缠结以形成复合非织造纤维网之前，将颗粒粘结在一起以形成基本上连续的三维网。 In some exemplary embodiments, before the nonwoven fibrous entangled with each other to form a composite particle nonwoven fibrous web, the particles are bonded together to form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network. 在某些示例性实施例中，可以利用热量、压力、溶剂、粘合剂、辐射（如通过颗粒的固化性组分的辐射固化）、缠结、振动等等实现颗粒粘结。 In certain exemplary embodiments, it is possible using heat, pressure, solvents, adhesives, radiation (e.g., curable by radiation curing of composite particles), entanglement, vibration or the like particles to achieve bonding.
在某些示例性实施例中，可以在网内（例如轴向或径向）形成颗粒密度梯度。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the particle density gradient can be formed in the network (e.g., axial or radial). 轴向形成颗粒密度梯度意指沿着与网厚度方向垂直的方向上的网长度，在网的一端处的每平方面积的颗粒量与在另一端处的量不同。 Mean particle density gradient is formed axially along the web length in the direction perpendicular to the direction of web thickness, the amount of particles per square at one end of the web with different amounts at the other end. 另一方面，径向的颗粒密度梯度（如当将网旋拧成基本圆柱形时）意指颗粒量沿着网的径向（如厚度）方向有差别。 On the other hand, the radial gradient of the particle density (e.g., when the spin-twisted substantially cylindrical mesh) means the amount of particles along a radial web (such as thickness) direction of the difference.
密度（如基于数量、重量或体积的颗粒、吸附剂或纤维组浓度）的变化不必是线性的，而是可根据需要而有差别。 Density (e.g., based on the number, weight or volume of particles, fibers, or groups adsorbent concentration) changes need not be linear, but may be differentiated according to need. 例如，密度可随着轴向或径向梯度、网的整个厚度上增加或减小数量浓度梯度、从靠近厚度方向上的网中心线的峰值减小为限定网厚度的一个或两个主表面附近的较低值的数量浓度梯度而以单阶跃变化、多阶跃变化、正弦的方式而有差别。 For example, with axial or radial density gradients, across the thickness of the web to increase or decrease the number of concentration gradient decreases from the peak in the network close to the centerline of the thickness direction or both major surfaces defining a thickness of the web number concentration gradient near the lower value of the change in a single step, multi-step change, a difference sinusoidal manner.
合适的纤维流（由其制备根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网)包括生成非织造纤维的已知方法以及提供将形成为基本上连续的三维网的颗粒与在纤维网形成处理期间形成的纤维流结合的机会的任何其它方法。 During the Suitable fiber flows (prepared therefrom The composite nonwoven fibrous webs of the invention) comprises generating a known method and to provide a nonwoven formation process of forming a substantially continuous three-dimensional network of particles in the web any other method of binding fibers chance stream. 在某些示例性实施例中，纤维流可以包含亚微米纤维、微纤维或亚微米纤维和微纤维的共混物。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the fiber stream may comprise sub-micrometer fibers, microfibers or blends of sub-micrometer fibers and microfibers.
许多处理可以用于制备亚微米纤维流，包括（但不限于）熔喷、熔体纺丝、静电纺纱、气体射流原纤化或它们的组合。 treatment may be used to prepare a number of sub-micrometer fiber stream, including (but not limited to) melt blowing, melt spinning, electrospinning, gas jet fibrillation, or combination thereof. 特别合适的方法包括（但不限于）在美国专利No. 3, 874, 886 (Levecque 等人）、No. 4, 363, 646 (Torobin)、No. 4, 536, 361 (Torobin)、No. 5，227，107 (Dickenson 等人）、No. 6，183，670 (Torobin)、No. 6，269，513 (Torobin)、No. 6，315，806 (Torobin)、No. 6，743，273 (Chung 等人)、No. 6，800，226 (Gerking)、德国专利DE 19929709C2 (Gerking)和PCT 申请公布No. WO 2007/001990A2 (Krause 等人）中所公开的方法。 Particularly suitable methods include (without limitation) in U.S. Patent No. 3, 874, 886 (Levecque et al.), No. 4, 363, 646 (Torobin), No. 4, 536, 361 (Torobin), No. 5,227,107 (Dickenson et al.), No. 6,183,670 (Torobin), No. 6,269,513 (Torobin), No. 6,315,806 (Torobin), No. 6,743, 273 (Chung et al), No. 6,800,226 (Gerking), German Patent DE 19929709C2 (Gerking) and the method of PCT application Publication No. WO 2007 / 001990A2 (Krause et al.) disclosed.
合适的用于形成亚微米纤维的方法也包括静电纺纱法，例如在美国专利No. I, 975, 504 (Formhals)中所述的那些方法。 Method suitable for forming sub-micrometer fibers also include electrospinning method, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. I, 975, those 504 (Formhals) in the. 在美国专利No. 6, 114, 017 (Fabbricante 等人）、No. 6，382，526B1 (Reneker 等人)和No. 6，861，025B2 (Erickson 等人)中描述了其它合适的用于形成亚微米纤维的方法。 In U.S. Patent No. 6, 114, 017 (Fabbricante et al.), No. 6,382,526B1 (Reneker et al.) And No. 6,861,025B2 (Erickson et al.) Describes other suitable for forming a method of sub-micrometer fibers.
许多方法也可以用于制备微纤维流，包括（但不限于）熔喷、熔体纺丝、原丝挤出、丛丝形成、纺粘法、湿纺丝、干纺丝或它们的组合。 Many methods may be used for preparing micro fiber stream, including (but not limited to) melt blowing, melt spinning, extruding filaments, plexifilament formation, spunbonding, wet spinning, dry spinning, or The combination. 在美国专利No. 6，315，806 (Torobin)、No.6, 114,017 (Fabbricante 等人）、No.6，382，526B I (Reneker 等人）和No. 6, 861, 025B2 (Erickson等人）中描述了合适的用于形成微纤维的方法。 In U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,806 (Torobin), No.6, 114,017 (Fabbricante et al.), No.6,382,526B I (Reneker et al.) And No. 6, 861, 025B2 (Erickson et al. ) describe a suitable method for forming microfibers. 或者，可以使用例如美国专利No. 4, 118, 531 (Hauser)中所述的方法,将一组微纤维形成或转变为短纤维，并将其与一组亚微米纤维结合。 Alternatively, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4, 118, 531 (Hauser) according to the method, a set of microfibers formed or converted to staple fibers and combined with a population of sub-micrometer fibers.
在一些示例性实施例中，制备复合非织造纤维网的方法包括：通过混合纤维流、水刺法、湿法形成、丛丝形成或它们的组合来将粗微纤维组与细小微纤维组、超细微纤维组或亚微米纤维组结合。 In some exemplary embodiments, the method of making a composite nonwoven fibrous web comprising: mixing fiber streams, hydroentangling, wet forming, plexifilament formation, or a combination thereof to the fine and coarse micro fiber population fiber groups, ultrafine or sub-micrometer fibers of the fiber group binding group. 在将粗微纤维组与细小、超细或亚微米纤维组结合时，可以使用一种或两种类型的多个纤维流，并可按任何顺序结合这些纤维流。 In crude and fine microfibers, ultrafine or sub-micrometer fibers when combined, the plurality of fibers may be used one or two types of streams, and these fibers may be combined in any order streams. 这样，可以形成非织造复合纤维网，从而显示具有多种所需的浓度梯度和/或分层结构。 In this manner, nonwoven composite fibrous web formed thereby exhibit various desired concentration gradients and / or layered structure.
例如，在某些示例性实施例中，可将该组细小、超细或亚微米纤维与该组粗微纤维结合以形成不均一的纤维混合物。 For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, the set may be fine, ultrafine or sub-micrometer fibers are combined with the set of crude microfibers to form an inhomogenous mixture of fibers of. 在某些示例性实施例中，将该组细小、超细或亚微米纤维的至少一部分与该组微纤维的至少一部分混合。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the population of fine, mixing at least a portion of at least a portion of the microfibers of ultrafine or sub-micrometer fibers. 在其它示例性实施例中，可将该组细小、超细或亚微米纤维形成为包含该组微纤维的垫层上的覆盖层。 In other exemplary embodiments, the set may be fine, ultrafine or sub-micrometer fibers is formed on the underlayer comprising microfibers of the cover layer. 在某些其它示例性实施例中，可将该组微纤维形成为包含该组细小、超细或亚微米纤维的垫层上的覆盖层。 In certain other exemplary embodiments, the microfibers may be formed as a group including the fine, the covering layer on an underlayer of ultrafine or sub-micrometer fibers.
在其它示例性实施例中，与形成混合的原丝气流相反，可以操作两个或更多个纤维形成模具以形成单独的层。 In other exemplary embodiments, the gas stream to form a mixed strand contrary, may operate two or more fiber-forming mold to form a separate layer. 当元件横越在旋转轴柄上时，模具也可并列操作以形成不同的分层效果。 When the element traverses on the rotating mandrel, the mold may operate in parallel to form different layered effect. 可以通过在模具中的一个或多个中使用不同的聚合物或多组分纤维进行额外的性能改变。 Additional properties may be altered by one or more in a mold used in different polymer or multicomponent fibers.
也可以使用推进收集器轴柄使粒子加载器将颗粒仅添加到网的目标区域来形成梯度或均匀分层的过滤元件。 may also be used to promote particle collector mandrel loading will cause the particles to the target area network only added to form a uniform or gradient layered filter element. 这可通过与较宽的模具接合使用狭窄的粒子加载器或通过在粒子加载器中使用图案化进料辊而实现。 This may be achieved by engagement with the wider use of narrow particle loader mold or by using a patterned feed roll in the particle loader. 进料辊使用机加工的腔体来控制辊相对于刮粉刀翻转时的体积进料速率。 Feed rollers using machined cavities to control the volume of the feed roller with respect to the rate at which the doctor blade flip. 通过改变进料辊的整个面上（或周围）的腔体体积，可控制颗粒的局部进料，因此，控制所得的网中局部增加的颗粒重量。 By changing the cavity volume of the entire surface of the feed roll (or around), the feed particles can be controlled locally, so that locally control the resulting increase in net weight of the particles.
另一种方法是在粒子加载器中使用分段料斗。 Another method using a segmented hopper in the particle loader. 将颗粒仅添加到想进行进料的分段区域。 The particles were added to a staging area only want to feed. 这种方法也会允许在分段区域中使用不同的粒子，以允许使用两种粒子尺寸或控制处理过的吸附剂或具有特殊性能的吸附剂的添加。 This approach also allows the use of different particles in the segmented regions to allow the use of two particle sizes or controlling the addition of the adsorbent or adsorbent-treated with special properties. 多个粒子加载器可用于改变加载到目标区域中的粒子的量或类型。 Loading a plurality of particles may be used to change the amount or type of particle loaded into the target area.
通过使用这些方法，可以形成为特定应用而定制的直接形成的复合非织造纤维网。 By using these methods, it may be formed for specific applications tailored composite nonwoven fibrous web is formed directly. 例如，细小聚丙烯纤维的内层可形成为与有助于减少坍陷和脱落的轴柄芯直接相邻。 For example, an inner layer of fine polypropylene fibers can be formed with the help reduce sloughing and shedding shank directly adjacent the core. 可紧邻内层设置用于一次分离的粒子加载的网的中间层。 It may be provided for the inner layer adjacent to the primary separation of particles loaded intermediate layer web. 另外，在中间层上，可形成所需的功能的外层，例如外层可具有较大的孔尺寸以在到达一次分离层之前移除较大的污染物和/或具有较大直径的纤维以充当额外的预过滤层。 Further, on the intermediate layer, the outer layer of desired functionality can be formed, for example, the outer layer may have a larger pore size to remove larger contaminants and / or fibers having a larger diameter before reaching the primary separation layer to act as additional pre-filter layer. 本领域的技术人员也可实现许多其它可以的布置方式，预计这些布置方式将落在本发明的范围内。 Those skilled in the art may also be implemented in many other arrangements can be expected that these arrangements fall within the scope of the present invention.
在收集期间，根据纤维的状况和微纤维和亚微米纤维的相对比率，在纤维和颗粒之间以及纤维本身之间可以进行一些粘结。 During the collection, depending on the condition of the fibers and the relative ratio of sub-micrometer fibers and microfibers is, in and between the fibers and particles between the fibers themselves can make some bonding. 然而，可能理想的是在收集的网中在纤维和颗粒或纤维本身之间进行进一步粘结，从而得到所需的抱合力的基质，从而使网更可处理且能够更好地将任何亚微米纤维保持在基质内（“粘结”纤维本身意指将纤维牢固粘附在一起，因此，当网经受正常处理时纤维一般不会分离）。 However, it may be desirable to further bond between the fibers and the particles or the fibers themselves in the collected web to give the desired cohesion of the matrix, so that the web can be further processed and may be any better submicron fibers held within the matrix ( "bonding" is meant the fibers of the fiber itself firmly adhered together, thus, the fibers generally do not separate when the web is subjected to normal handling).
在某些示例性实施例中，可以将微纤维和亚微米纤维的共混物粘结在一起。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the adhesive may be a blend of micro fibers and sub-micrometer fibers together. 例如，可以使用热粘结、粘合剂粘结、粉状粘结剂、水刺法、针刺法、压延或它们的组合而实现粘结。 For example, thermal bonding, adhesive bonding, powdered binder, hydroentangling, needlepunching, calendering, or a combination thereof and effect bonding. 可使用在点粘结工艺中施加热和压力或通过平滑压延辊的常规粘结技术，但此类工艺可能引起不期望的纤维变形或网压缩。 Applying heat and pressure may be used in point-bonding process or by smooth calender rolls conventional bonding techniques, but such processes may cause undesired deformation of fibers or web compression. 在美国专利申请公布No. 2008/0038976A1中公开了更加优选的用于粘结纤维、特别是微纤维的技术。 In U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0038976A1 discloses a more preferred method for bonding fibers, particularly microfibers in the art.
(10)通过粘合剂或包括（但不限于）夹片、托架、螺栓/螺杆、钉子和条带的任何其他附接装置将复合非织造纤维网附接到另一基板。 (10) by adhesive or including (but not limited to) clips, any other attachment means bracket, bolts / screws, nails and strips the composite nonwoven fibrous web attached to the other substrate.
参见图2，该图示出用于制备根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网的设备300的一个示例性实施例的示意图。 Referring to Figure 2, which shows a schematic view of an exemplary embodiment for the preparation of the composite apparatus embodiment of the present invention according to a nonwoven fibrous web 300. 图2示出用于制备非织造颗粒加载的网的颗粒加载设备60。 Figure 2 shows a particle loading apparatus 60 for making nonwoven particle network loading. 颗粒74通过料斗76，穿过进料辊78和刮粉刀80。 Particles 7476 passing through the feed roller 78 and the doctor blade 80 through a hopper. 电动刷辊82使进料辊78旋转。 Electric brush roller 82 so that rotation of the feed rollers 78. 可使螺纹调整器84移动以改进幅材横向均匀度和通过进料辊78的颗粒渗漏速率。 Adjustment screw 84 can move in order to improve cross-web uniformity and through the feed rollers 78 of the leak rate of particles. 总颗粒流速可通过改变进料辊78的旋转速率来调整。 The total flow rate of the particles by varying the rate of rotation of the feed rollers 78 can be adjusted. 可以改变进料辊78的表面以优化用于不同颗粒的进料性能。 Feed rollers may be varied to optimize the surface 78 of the feed performance for different particles. 颗粒74的瀑布状物86从进料辊78穿过斜槽88落下，并移出沟槽94，从而形成颗粒流96。 86 particles was 74 falls through chute 88 fall from a feed roller 78, and out of the grooves 94, 96 so that the particle stream is formed.
颗粒流96形成基本上连续的三维网14中的一组颗粒。 particle stream 96 is formed of a set of particles 14 in a substantially continuous three-dimensional network. 在某些优选实施例中，粘结这些颗粒的至少一部分以形成基本上连续的三维网。 In certain preferred embodiments, at least a portion of the bonding of the particles to form a substantially continuous three-dimensional network. 可使用例如热量、压力、溶剂、粘合齐U、辐射、振动、缠结等等而实现颗粒之间的粘结。 E.g. heat, pressure, solvents, bonding together U, radiation, vibration, etc. to achieve entanglement bonding between the particles may be used. 图2示出一个目前优选的实施例，在该实施例中，颗粒流96包含热塑性聚合物颗粒，并且通过加热粘结颗粒使颗粒表面软化。 Figure 2 illustrates a presently preferred embodiment, in this embodiment, the particle stream 96 comprising a thermoplastic polymer particles, bonding the particles by heating the particles to soften the surface. 可以通过使用任何手段（例如使用从任选加热元件102和/或102'流出的热空气流）进行加热。 It may be (e.g., using heat and / or 'hot air flow coming out of element 102, optionally 102) by use of any means of heating.
如图2整体所示，从纤维形成设备101流出的纤维流100拦截颗粒流96。 As shown in FIG 2 as a whole, the device 101 exiting the fiber stream 100 is formed from the fiber stream to intercept particles 96. 如图2中虚线所示，可从任选纤维形成模具IOla将任选第二纤维流IOOa引入颗粒流96中。 2 in dotted lines, may be formed in an optional second mold IOla IOOa fiber stream 96 is introduced from the particle stream optionally fibers. 这些纤维流在经过距离21时合并，并变成在收集设备3上沉积为复合非织造纤维网10'。 These streams are combined in the fiber over a distance 21, and becomes deposited on the collection apparatus 3 as a composite nonwoven fibrous web 10 '.
本发明的示例性实施例可以通过以下方式来实施：在连续筛网型收集器（例如图2所示的带型收集器19)上、在筛网覆盖筒（未示出）上或使用本领域已知的替代方法来收集复合非织造纤维网10'。 Exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in the following way: In the continuous screen-type collector (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2 type collector belt 19), in a screen-covered drum (not shown) or to collect a composite nonwoven fibrous web 10 'using alternative methods known in the art. 可以将复合非织造纤维网10'卷绕成卷23。 May be a composite nonwoven fibrous web 10 'is wound into a roll 23.
在图2中示出的某些示例性实施例，复合非织造纤维网1(V可以被移动收集器19承载于受控加热装置200下方，受控加热装置200安装在收集器19上方。在示例性加热装置200中，将受热空气（通过空气导管207供应给加热装置200)的细长或刀状流210吹到在加热装置200下方的收集器19上移动的复合非织造纤维网10'上。 In certain exemplary embodiments FIG. 2 embodiment illustrated, the composite nonwoven fibrous web 1 (V collector 19 may be moved to a controlled heating means below the carrier 200, controlled heating means 200 mounted in collector 19 above. in the exemplary heating device 200, the heated air (supplied through air conduit 207 to heating means 200) is an elongated or knife-like stream 210 is blown in the heating device 19 moves on the collector 200 beneath the composite nonwoven fibrous network 10 '.
大量空气穿过微纤维形成设备，当纤维在区域215中到达收集器时，必须对这些空气进行处置。 large amount of air passing through the micro fibers forming apparatus, when the fibers reach the collector in the region 215, the air must be disposed of. 排气装置214优选充分延伸以位于加热装置200的狭槽209下方（以及如下所述，沿着幅材纵向延伸距离218超过受热的流210并穿过标记为220的区域）。 Exhaust means 214 preferably extends sufficiently to the heating apparatus 200 of the slot 209 below (and as described below, extends longitudinally along the web 210 and from the region labeled 220 through 218 over a heated stream). 足够的空气穿过区216中的网和收集器以使网在多种处理空气流下保持在适当的位置上。 Sufficient air passes through the region 216 and the collector of the network so that the network in a variety of process air flow is maintained at an appropriate position. 在热处理区217下部的板中的足够的开度允许处理空气穿过网，同时提供足够的阻力以保证空气的均匀分配。 A sufficient degree of opening in a lower portion of the plate 217 allows the heat treatment zone in the process air through the mesh, while providing enough resistance to ensure even distribution of air. 为了进一步控制加热，使聚集团块在施加受热空气流210之后迅速经受淬火。 To further control heating, aggregated lumps applying heated air stream 210 after subjected to quenching quickly. 这种淬火可通过在聚集团块离开受控热控制流210之后立即抽出复合非织造纤维网10'上方和遍及整个复合非织造纤维网10'的周围空气而获得。 Such quenching may be aggregated clumps away controlled thermal flow control 210 immediately after extraction composite nonwoven fibrous web 10 'above and throughout the composite nonwoven fibrous web 10' is obtained by ambient air. 图2中的数字220代表下述区域，在该区域中，在网穿过热空气流之后通过排气装置抽取穿过网的周围空气。 Numeral 220 represents the following regions in FIG. 2, in this region, after the web passes through the stream of hot air through the ambient air drawn through the exhaust sites. 排气装置(未示出）可以沿着收集器延伸距离218超过加热装置200以确保整个复合非织造纤维网10'的彻底冷却和/或淬火。 Exhaust means (not shown) may extend along the collector from more than 218 to ensure that the heating device 200 throughout the composite nonwoven fibrous web 10 'is completely cooled and / or quenched.
图3示出用于制备根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网的设备400的替代的示例性实施例的示意图。 Figure 3 shows a schematic view according to an alternative preparation of a composite nonwoven fibrous web according to the present invention, apparatus 400 according to an exemplary embodiment. 图3示出用于以熔喷法制备非织造纤维网的颗粒加载设备60的用法。 Figure 3 illustrates the use of particles for the meltblown nonwoven web prepared SYSTEM loading device 60. 熔化形成纤维的聚合物材料通过入口63进入非织造模具62，流过模具腔体66的模具狭槽64 (都用虚线示出），并作为一系列原丝68通过喷丝孔（例如喷丝孔67)退出模具腔体66。 Molten fiber-forming polymeric material through the inlet 63 enters nonwoven die 62, flows through the mold cavity of the mold 66 the slot 64 (both shown in dashed lines), and as a series of strands 68 through a nozzle (e.g., nozzle hole 67) to exit the mold cavity 66. 通过空气歧管70输送的细化用流体（通常为空气）在模具出口72处将原丝68细化成纤维98。 Thinning fluid (usually air) delivered through the air manifold 70 of the die 72 at the outlet of the filaments 68 into fibers 98.
同时，颗粒74通过料斗76，穿过进料辊78和刮粉刀80。 Meanwhile, particles 7476 passing through the feed roller 78 and the doctor blade 80 through a hopper. 电动刷辊82使进料辊78旋转。 Electric brush roller 82 so that rotation of the feed rollers 78. 可使螺纹调整器84移动以改进幅材横向均匀度和通过进料辊78的颗粒渗漏速率。 Adjustment screw 84 can move in order to improve cross-web uniformity and through the feed rollers 78 of the leak rate of particles. 总颗粒流速可通过改变进料辊78的旋转速率来调整。 The total flow rate of the particles by varying the rate of rotation of the feed rollers 78 can be adjusted. 可以改变进料辊78的表面以优化用于不同颗粒的进料性能。 Feed rollers may be varied to optimize the surface 78 of the feed performance for different particles. 颗粒74的瀑布状物86从进料辊78穿过斜槽88落下。 86 particles was 74 falls through chute 88 fall from a feed roller 78. 空气或其它流体穿过歧管90和腔体92，并导向原丝68当中的流96中穿过沟槽94落下的颗粒74和聚合物材料的纤维98。 Air or other fluid through the manifold 90 and the cavity 92, the flow guide 96 and among the strands 68 through the slot 94 in the falling particles 74 and fibers 98 of the polymeric material. 颗粒74和纤维98的混合物形成自支承复合非织造纤维网10”，并着陆于多孔收集器150。可任选地是，可以从任选辊152进料任选支承层50，任选支承层50可以用于收集和支承复合非织造纤维网10”。 Mixture of particles 74 and fibers 98 are formed self-supporting composite nonwoven fibrous web 10 ", and lands on the porous collector 150. Optionally, the can 50, the support layer optionally feed roller 152 optionally support layer optionally and the support 50 can be used to collect the composite nonwoven fibrous web 10. "
图4示出用于制备根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网的设备500的另一个示例性实施例。 FIG. 4 illustrates the preparation of another exemplary embodiment of an apparatus for the composite nonwoven fibrous web 500 in accordance with the present invention. 图4示出用替代的熔喷纤维形成法制备复合非织造纤维网的颗粒加载设备60的用法。 Figure 4 illustrates the use of particles prepared by a composite nonwoven fibrous web loading apparatus 60 for forming an alternative meltblown fibers.
如图4总体所示，示例性设备500利用两个大致垂直的、倾斜设置的熔喷模具66，这两个熔喷模具66朝收集器100喷射大致相对的熔喷纤维流162、164。 As shown in FIG 4 Overall, the exemplary device 500 with two generally vertical inclined meltblowing die 66, the die 66 toward two meltblowing collector 100 generally opposite the injection stream 162 of meltblown fibers, 164. 同时，颗粒74穿过料斗166并进入导管168中。 Meanwhile, particles 74 pass through hopper 166 and into conduit 168. 气动涡轮170迫使空气穿过第二导管172，并因此将颗粒从导管168抽到第二导管172中。 Air turbine 170 forcing air through a second conduit 172, and thus the particles are drawn into the second conduit 172 from the conduit 168. 颗粒穿过喷嘴174作为内聚的颗粒流176而喷出，内聚的颗粒流176与熔喷纤维流162和164结合。 Particles through the nozzle 174 as stream 176 discharged cohesive particles, cohesive particle stream 176 combined with the stream of meltblown fibers 162 and 164. 颗粒流176与熔喷纤维流162和164形成自支承非织造纤维网10'"，并着陆于多孔收集器150。关于使用图4设备进行熔喷的方式的进一步的细节对于本领域的技术人员将是熟悉的。 Particle stream stream 176 of meltblown fibers 162 and 164 form a self-supporting nonwoven web 10 '', and landed on the porous collector 150. Further details regarding the manner of FIG. 4 using a device meltblown apparent to those skilled in the art It will be familiar.
本发明也涉及在多种吸收应用中使用本发明的复合非织造纤维网的方法。 The present invention also relates to methods of using the composite nonwoven fibrous web of the present invention in a variety of absorption applications. 在示例性实施例中，制品可以用作气体过滤制品、液体过滤制品、吸声制品、表面清洁制品、细胞生长支承制品、药物递送制品、个人卫生制品或伤口敷料制品。 In an exemplary embodiment, the article may be used as a gas filtration article, a liquid filtration article, a sound absorption article, a surface cleaning article, a cellular growth support article, a drug delivery article, a personal hygiene article, or a wound dressing article.
在某些示例性气体过滤应用中，例如本文所述的网可以提供得到很大改进的粒子捕集，而没有过度的压降。 In certain exemplary gas filtration applications, such as described herein may provide the network greatly improved particle collection, without excessive pressure drop. 颗粒本身可主动从空气捕集目标物质或气溶胶。 Particles themselves actively capture a target substance or an aerosol from the air. 通过利用较低纤维密度，这种系统将会比高度堆积的细小纤维层具有较低的压降。 By using a low fiber density, such a system will have a lower pressure drop than the height of the fine fiber layer deposited. 纤维和颗粒也可被充电为驻极体，从而提供额外的颗粒捕集性能。 Fibers and particles may also be electret charged, to provide additional particulate collection performance.
另外，由于密实度低而使得压降减小，所以本发明的某些示例性实施例的密实度低的复合非织造纤维网在气体过滤应用中可能是有利的。 Further, due to the low density such that the reduced pressure drop is low Solidity certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a composite nonwoven fibrous web in gas filtration applications be advantageous. 降低纤维网的密实度一般会减小其压降。 Decreasing the Solidity fiber web will generally reduce its pressure drop. 也可以导致在本发明的密实度低的亚微米复合非织造纤维网加载颗粒时压降增大降低。 It may also result in increased pressure drop decrease at low Solidity sub-micrometer of the present invention the composite particle loaded nonwoven fibrous web. 部分由于细小亚微米纤维网的密实度较高，所以目前用于形成颗粒加载的亚微米纤维的方法导致较粗微纤维网的较高压降。 Methods section due to the higher Solidity of the fine sub-micrometer fiber web, it is currently used to form a particle-loaded sub-micrometer fibers results in higher pressure drops coarser micro fiber web.
另外，由于亚微米纤维可以提供改进的颗粒捕集效率，所以将亚微米纤维用在气体过滤中可能是特别有利的。 Further, since the sub-micrometer fibers may provide improved particle capture efficiency, the sub-micrometer fibers in gas filtration may be particularly advantageous. 特别是，亚微米纤维可以比较粗纤维更好地捕集直径小的气载颗粒。 In particular, sub-micrometer fibers may be relatively coarse fibers to better capture small diameter airborne particulates. 例如，亚微米纤维可以更有效率地捕集维度小于约1000纳米（nm)、更优选地小于约500nm、甚至更优选地小于约lOOnm、最优选地低于约50nm的气载颗粒。 For example, sub-micrometer fibers may more efficiently capture a dimension of less than about 1000 nanometers (nm), more preferably less than about 500 nm, and even more preferably less than about lOOnm, and most preferably below about 50nm of airborne particulates. 气体过滤器（例如本例）在以下应用中可能特别可用：个人防护呼吸器；暖通空调（HVAC)过滤器；汽车空气过滤器（如汽车发动机空气清洁器、汽车排气过滤、汽车客舱空气过滤）；和其它气体颗粒过滤。 A gas filter (e.g. in this example) may be particularly useful in the following applications: personal protection respirators; HVAC (HVAC) filters; automotive air filters (e.g., automotive engine air cleaners, automotive exhaust gas filtration, automotive passenger compartment air filtration); and other gas-particulate filtration.
本发明的某些示例性复合非织造纤维网形式的密实度低的包含亚微米纤维的液体过滤器也可以具有下述优点：在保持用于捕集亚微米的液载颗粒的小孔尺寸的同时，改进深度加载。 Certain exemplary Solidity composite nonwoven fibrous web according to the present invention forms a low liquid filter comprises sub-micrometer fibers may have the following advantages: the liquid contained in a small holding sub-micron particle capture pore size, while improving the depth of loading. 这些性质通过允许过滤器捕集测试用颗粒中的更多者而不发生堵塞来改进加载性能。 These properties allow the filter by collecting test more of particles to improve the load performance without clogging occurs.
另外，对于某些液体过滤应用，连续颗粒相可以允许限定的孔结构，从而提供深度过滤功能。 In addition, the liquid was filtered for some applications, may allow for the continuous pore structure of the particulate phase is defined so as to provide depth filtration function. 此外，较大的纤维和/或颗粒表面积可以用于促进与过滤器的化学粘结或反应。 In addition, larger fibers and / or particle surface area may be used to facilitate chemical bonding of the filter or the reaction. 颗粒相也可以用于抑制由于处理、加工或使用而导致的压碎。 Particulate phase may also be used to suppress the handling, processing, or use of crushing.
本发明的某些示例性复合非织造纤维网也可以用作隔热或隔音材料。 Certain exemplary composite nonwoven fibrous webs of the invention can also be used as thermal or acoustic insulation material. 将网用作隔热材料可有利地利用本发明的某些实施例所提供的低纤维密度。 The web as insulating material may advantageously utilize low fiber density certain embodiments of the present invention is provided. 纤维密度较低可以允许隔离捕获更多的滞留空气，从而减小导热率。 Lower fiber density allows isolating capture more air entrapment, thereby reducing the thermal conductivity. 细小纤维的增大的表面积也可以用于消音和吸音。 Fines increased surface area may also be used for noise and sound absorption. 可以用于这种实施例的颗粒包括（但不限于）相变材料、气味吸收剂和气凝胶。 Particles may be used for this embodiment include (but are not limited to) the phase change material, odor absorbers and aerogels.
根据本发明的某些示例性实施例的低密度复合非织造纤维网也可以用在用于表面清洁（例如个人卫生和清洁应用中）的擦拭物中。 The low density composite nonwoven fibrous web of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention may also be used in a wipe for cleaning the surface (e.g., personal hygiene and cleaning applications) in. 密度低的结构可以允许用于更好的流体控制，同时可选择颗粒，从而得到例如吸收性、抗微生物性或气味控制的性质。 Low density structures may allow for better fluid control, while select particles to obtain properties such as absorbency, antimicrobial or odor control. 当用作擦拭物时，密度低的结构也提供更好的将灰尘、污垢和碎屑捕获在织物内的机会。 When used as a wipe, low density structure will provide a better opportunity within the fabric dust, dirt and debris capture. 某些示例性实施例的密实度低的复合非织造纤维网所提供的结构也可以有效地用于提供柔软的擦拭物，同时密实度低可以提供用于清洁剂的贮存器和用于捕获碎屑的孔体积大的优点。 Some structures low Solidity exemplary embodiment of the composite nonwoven fibrous web may also be provided effectively used to give a soft wipe, while low Solidity may be provided a reservoir for cleaning agents and for capturing broken the pore volume of the advantages of large chips. 本发明的一些示例性实施例的密实度低的包含亚微米纤维的复合非织造纤维网也可以是用于支承隔膜的优选基底。 Some low Solidity exemplary embodiment of a composite nonwoven fibrous web comprises sub-micrometer fibers The present invention may also be preferred substrate for supporting the diaphragm. 密实度低的细小纤维网可充当隔膜的物理支承，但也可充当深度预过滤器，从而提高隔膜的寿命。 Low Solidity fine web may act as a physical support for the membrane, but may also act as a depth pre-filter, thereby increasing the life of the diaphragm. 使用这种系统可充当高效对称或不对称的隔膜。 Using such a system can act as effective symmetric or asymmetric membrane. 这种隔膜的应用包括离子滤出、超滤、反渗透、选择性粘结和/或吸附以及燃料电池传送和反应系统。 Such applications include ion membrane was filtered off, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, selective binding and / or adsorption, and fuel cell transport and reaction systems.
本发明的一些特定实施例的密实度低的亚微米复合非织造纤维网也可以是用于促进细胞生长的可用的合成基质。 Some specific embodiments of low Solidity sub-micrometer composite nonwoven fibrous webs of the invention may also be available for synthetic substrate to promote cell growth. 具有细小亚微米纤维的开放式结构可以是模拟天然存在系统，并促进更类似于体内的行为。 Open structure with fine sub-micrometer fibers may be an analog of naturally occurring systems and promotes more in vivo like behavior. 这与目前的产品（例如可得自Donaldson Corp.(Minneapolis, Minnesota)的Donaldson Ultra-ffeb™ 合成ECM)，在该产品中，高密实度纤维网充当合成基底膜，在纤维基质内很少有细胞渗透或没有细胞渗透。 This current products (e.g., available from Donaldson Corp. (Minneapolis, Minnesota) in Donaldson Ultra-ffeb ™ Synthesis of the ECM), in the product, the web acts as a high-density synthetic basement membrane, there is little in the fiber matrix no cell penetration or cell infiltration.
根据本发明的某些示例性实施例的密实度低的粒子加载的亚微米纤维网也可以用于促进非织造网内的细胞生长。 The low Solidity certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the particle-loaded sub-micrometer fiber web may also be used to facilitate cell growth in a nonwoven web. 具有足够细小的纤维可使得细胞可将纤维用作合成基质，同时颗粒可用于供应营养物质、生物活性化合物、抗微生物制剂等等。 Having a sufficiently fine fibers such as synthetic fibers may be the cell matrix, while the particles may be used to supply nutrients, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial formulation and the like. 如果非织造纤维网的密实度过高，则目标细胞不可能在纤维基质内生长，从而可能导致不同的细胞行为。 If compacting the nonwoven web is too high, the target cell can not grow in the fiber matrix, which may result in a different cell behavior.
在一些应用中，根据本发明的某些示例性实施例的非织造复合纤维网可以用于药物递送和/或伤口敷料。 In some applications, according to certain exemplary embodiments the nonwoven composite web embodiment of the present invention may be used in drug delivery and / or wound dressings. 例如，颗粒可被选择为用于递送到伤口进行处理的药物。 For example, the particles may be selected for delivery to a wound treatment medicament.
在某些示例性实施例中，如所述的复合非织造纤维网也可以具有许多有利的独特的处理优点。 In certain exemplary embodiments, as the composite nonwoven fibrous web may have a number of unique advantageous process advantages. 例如，在某些示例性实施例中，可制备可用的成品，该成品仅包含单层，但包含颗粒和纤维的混合物，所述纤维可以包含微纤维、超细微纤维和/或亚微米纤维。 For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, may be prepared by the finished product, the finished product contains only a single layer, but comprising a mixture of particles and fibers, the fibers may comprise microfibers, ultrafine microfibers and / or sub-micrometer fibers. 这种单层纤维网可以提供重要的制备效率；例如，通过去除层合工艺及设备并通过减少中间材料的数量，可以降低产品复杂性和浪费。 Such single-layer fiber web may provide important production efficiency; e.g., by removing the laminating processes and equipment and by reducing the number of intermediate material, the product can reduce the complexity and waste. 考虑到制备本发明的某些示例性实施例的网的直接网形成性质，本发明的某些示例性实施例的网可以是十分经济的，在所述直接网形成性质中，在一个必要的直接操作中将形成纤维的聚合物材料转变到网中。 Considering the net net direct certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention is prepared forming properties, some exemplary network embodiment of the present invention can be very economical, the web is formed directly in nature, in a necessary direct fiber-forming operation in the transition to the polymeric material web. 另外，如果网的纤维均具有相同的聚合物组合物，则该网可完全回收利用。 Further, if the web fibers have the same polymer composition, the web may be completely recyclable.
另外，本发明的某些示例性实施例的复合非织造纤维网可以用于制备多层产品，也可以以多种物理形式使用该复合非织造纤维网。 Further, the composite nonwoven fibrous web of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be used to prepare multilayer product may be using the composite nonwoven fibrous web in a variety of physical forms. 例如，它可以是模制的或褶皱的，并可以以其收集的网形式使用它。 For example, it may be a molded or pleated, and may be used with its gathered web form. 在本发明的某些示例性实施例中，可以通过使用直径非常小的纤维（如超细微纤维和/或亚微米纤维），为网提供极大增加的纤维表面积，从而具有例如改进过滤和隔热或隔音性能这种有益效果。 In certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, by the use of very small diameter fibers (e.g., ultra-fine fibers and / or sub-micrometer fibers), to provide significant net increase in fiber surface area, thereby improving filtration and separated with e.g. thermal or sound insulation performance of such benefit. 在一些实施例中，可以通过使用不同直径的纤维为特定用途定制流体过滤和吸音中的吸收性。 In some embodiments, the fluid may be customized filtration and sound absorption in the absorbent fibers for specific purposes by using different diameters. 遍及复合非织造纤维网的压降也可以较低。 Throughout the composite nonwoven fibrous web may drop lower.
在某些示例性实施例中，根据本发明的复合非织造纤维网公开了多孔片材材料可以用于捕集或吸附多种化学材料，包括有机溶剂、无机蒸气和本领域技术人员熟悉的其它材料。 In certain exemplary embodiments, the composite according to the present invention, discloses a nonwoven web of sheet material may be porous for trapping or more chemical adsorbing material comprises an organic solvent, and inorganic vapor skilled in the art other materials familiar.
正如本领域的技术人员所熟知，也可以采用一个或多个额外的层，如覆盖网、加强层、粒状过滤层（例如带电的非织造网或其他功能层或装饰层）。 As the skilled person in the art, may be used one or more additional layers, such as overlay, the reinforcement layer, the granular filtering layer (e.g. a nonwoven web of charged or other functional or decorative layers). 本发明所公开的复合非织造纤维网对于制备旨在用于包含溶剂的大气环境中的个人呼吸器的可置换滤筒可能是尤其可用的。 The composite nonwoven fibrous web according to the present invention is disclosed for the preparation of personal respirators intended for containing a solvent atmosphere in a replaceable cartridge may be particularly useful. 然而，本发明所公开的复合非织造纤维网可具有多种额外的用途。 However, the composite nonwoven fibrous web as disclosed in the present invention may have a variety of additional uses.
例如，示例性的复合非织造纤维网可以用于个人或集体防护设备，如化学防护套装、罩子、单独的封闭结构（如隔绝室）、掩蔽结构（如帐篷或其他便携式或永久式结构）以及其他的空气被所述多孔薄片制品过滤后进入其中的个人或集体防护设备。 For example, exemplary composite nonwoven fibrous web may be used for personal or collective protective equipment, such as chemical protective suits, cover, separate closed structure (e.g., isolation chamber), the masking structure (such as tents or other portable or permanent formula ) as well as other air entering the porous sheet article wherein individual or collective protective equipment after filtration. 本发明所公开的网也可以由适当的外壳支承，从而得到过滤器，以用于调节进入或在封闭区（例如建筑物或车辆）内循环的气体。 The network disclosed in the present invention may also be supported by a suitable housing, whereby the filter, or for adjusting into the enclosed area (such as a building or a vehicle) within the circulating gas. 本发明所公开的网也可与另外的（如现有的）过滤器结构组合起来，用于形成预过滤器或后过滤器。 The network disclosed in the present invention may also be combined with additional (e.g., conventional) filter arrangement for forming a pre-filter or post-filter. 其他用途是本领域的技术人员所熟知的。 Other uses are those of skill in the art.
以上描述了本发明的示例性实施例，并在以下通过下面的实例进一步对本发明进行说明，不应当以任何方式将这些实例理解为对本发明范围的限制。 the above described exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and the present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, without in any way should these examples be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. 相反，应当清楚地理解，可以采取多种其他实施例、修改形式及其等同物，在本领域的技术人员阅读本文的说明之后，在不脱离本发明的精神和/或所附权利要求书的范围的前提下，这些其他实施例、修改形式及其等同物将显而易见。 Instead, it should be clearly understood, may take various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which, after reading those skilled in the art described herein, without departing from the spirit and / or claimed in the appended claims of the present invention, under the scope of these other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof will become apparent. 此外，虽然阐述本发明广义范围的数值范围和参数是近似值，但在具体实施例中所列出的数值是尽可能精确地记录的。 In addition, although the numerical ranges and parameters set forth in the broad scope of the present invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples embodiments is recorded as precisely as possible. 然而，任何数值固有地包含某些误差，这些误差不可避免地存在于各自测试测量中的标准偏差所致。 However, any numerical value inherently contains certain errors, which inevitably exist in the respective testing measurements the standard deviation caused. 在最低程度上，每一个数值参数不是意图将等同原则的应用限制于权利要求保护的范围，但至少应该根据所报告的有效数字的数、并运用惯常的四舍五入法来解释每一个数值参数。 At a minimum number, each numerical parameter is not intended to be of significant figures of the doctrine of equivalents to limit the application scope of the claims, but should at least be based on the reported and by applying ordinary rounding techniques each numerical parameter.
可通过美国专利No. 4，536，361中所述的方法将各个颗粒流与纤维流结合来制备示例性复合纤维网。 each particle stream can flow to the fiber by the method described in U.S. Patent No. 4,536,361 will be prepared in conjunction with exemplary composite fibrous web. 该方法被构造为使得朝水平真空收集器将纤维形成模具定位在水平面下方成大约45度的角度。 The method is configured such that the horizontal vacuum collector positioned below the fiber-forming die at an angle of approximately 45 degrees in a horizontal plane. 从纤维模具上方的托盘筛出颗粒，使得颗粒流竖直地落到纤维流中。 Fibers from the tray above the mold sieved particles, so that the fibers fall vertically particle flow stream. 在真空收集器上收集复合纤维网，并从收集带将该复合纤维网卷起。 Composite web was collected on the vacuum collector and the collection belt from the composite web winding. 在收集带上形成网之后，没有进行任何额外的粘结。 After the collection belt to form a web, without any additional adhesive.
纤维处理使用 Total Petrochemicals (Houston, Texas)的3960 级聚丙烯。 fiber treatment using Total Petrochemicals (Houston, Texas) 3960 grade polypropylene. 使用3/4"直径单螺杆挤出机将聚合物熔化，并将该聚合物进料到亚微米纤维形成模具。将模具加热到290°C，并以每分钟7克的速率向模具进料聚合物。在每平方英寸80磅的压力下将室温空气进料到模具。对所有样品，纤维处理条件保持恒定。 3/4 "diameter single screw extruder melts the polymer and the polymer is fed into the sub-micrometer fibers forming the mold. The mold was heated to 290 ° C, and at a rate of 7 grams per minute fed to the mold polymer. at a pressure of 80 pounds per square inch of room temperature air fed to the mold. kept constant for all samples, fiber treatment conditions.
样品E : 240粗粒氧化铝研磨粉末。 Sample E: 240 grit aluminum oxide abrasive powder.
使用扫描电子显微镜法测量样品A的中值纤维直径；样品A的中值纤维直径为0. 86微米。 Median fiber diameter of Sample A was measured using a scanning electron microscopy; median fiber diameter of Sample A 0.86 microns. 测量每一个样品的基重，并在表I中记录结果。 Measuring the basis weight of each sample and the results recorded in Table I below.
根据每一个样品中的纤维的基重计算的纤维质量比率在所有样品中几乎保持恒定。 In all the samples remains almost constant in accordance with the mass ratio of the fibers in each sample fiber basis weight calculations.
测量取决于所施加的压力的每一个样品的厚度，作为颗粒加载的网样品的抗压碎性的测量。 The thickness of each sample measurements are dependent on the applied pressure, as an anti-particle-loaded web sample measurements of crushing. 使用15、30、60、120、150和225帕斯卡压力，并以密耳为单位测量网厚度（一密·耳对应于25微米）。 Use 15,30,60,120,150 and 225 pascals pressure, and is measured in mils thickness of the web (corresponding to a secret-ear 25 microns). 抗压碎性结果被表达为在给定的所施加的压力下测量的网厚度与15Pa压力下的网厚度的比率，因此，被归一化为100%。 Crush resistance results are expressed as the ratio of web thickness and web thickness measured under a pressure of 15Pa at a given pressure being applied, thus, normalized to 100%. 表II中示出测量厚度和抗压碎性随施加的压力结果而变。 Table II shows the results of measuring the pressure and the thickness applied with the crush resistance becomes. 所有颗粒加载的复合纤维网显示出与对照网相比得到改进的抗压缩性。 All particle loading composite web exhibits improved as compared with the control network resistance to compression.
定特征、结构、材料或特性包括在本发明的某些示例性实施例中的至少一个实施例中。 Feature, structure, material, or characteristic comprises at least one exemplary embodiment] In certain embodiments of the present invention. 因此，贯穿本说明书的多处出现的短语（例如“在一个或多个实施例中”、“在某些实施例中”、“在一个实施例中”或“在实施例中”）并非不可避免地参见本发明的某些示例性实施例中的同一实施例。 Thus, appearances of the phrases throughout this specification (e.g., "in one or more embodiments," "in some embodiments", "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment") is not impossible Referring to avoid certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention in the same embodiment. 此外，某些特征、结构、材料或特性可以任何适合的方式在一个或多个实施例中结合。 Moreover, certain features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be in any suitable manner in conjunction with one or more embodiments.
虽然本说明书详细描述了某些示例性实施例，但应当理解，本领域的技术人员在理解上述内容后，可以易于设想这些实施例的更改形式、变型形式和等同形式。 While the specification has described in detail certain exemplary embodiments, it is to be appreciated that those skilled in the art upon understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to these embodiments, modifications and equivalents. 因此，应当理解，本发明不应不当地受限于以上示出的示例性实施例。 Accordingly, it should be understood that the present invention is not to be unduly limited to the above exemplary embodiment shown. 特别是，如本文所用，端点的数值范围的表述旨在包括该范围内所包括的所有数值（如I至5包括I、1. 5、2、2. 75、3、3. 80、4和5)。 In particular, as used herein, the expression numerical ranges by endpoints is intended to include all numbers subsumed within that range includes (e.g., I to 5 comprising I, 1. 5,2,2. 75,3,3. 80,4 and 5). 另外，假设本文所使用的所有数值都用术语“约”修饰。 It is assumed that all numbers used herein by the term "about". 此外，本文提及的所有出版物和专利全文以引用方式并入本文，犹如被特别地和单独地指出的各个出版物或专利都以引用方式并入的程度。 Furthermore, all publications and patents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in entirety as if each was specifically and extent publication or patent were individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 以上描述了多种示例性实施例。 Above describe various exemplary embodiments. 这些实施例和其它实施例都在以下权利要求书的范围内。 These embodiments and other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
1. 一种复合非织造纤维网，包含： 嵌入相，所述嵌入相包含一组颗粒，每个单独颗粒与至少一个其它颗粒面对面接触，由此形成颗粒链状的由单独颗粒构成的基本上连续的三维网；以及基质相，所述基质相包含围绕所述颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 1. A composite nonwoven fibrous web, comprising: embedding the phase, the phase comprises a set of embedded particles, each of the individual particles with particles of at least one other face to face contact, thereby forming a chain of particles consisting essentially of individual particles continuous three-dimensional network; and a matrix phase, said matrix phase comprising a population of fibers forming a three-dimensional network around the particles.
2.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组颗粒选自无机颗粒、有机颗粒或它们的组合。 2. The composite according to claim nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein said particles are selected from a group of inorganic particles, organic particles, or a combination thereof.
3.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组颗粒包含非均一的固态颗粒、基本上均一的固态颗粒、中空泡、短纤维或它们的组合。 3. The composite according to claim nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein the set of non-uniform particles comprise solid particles, substantially uniform solid particles, hollow bubbles, staple fibers, or combinations thereof.
4.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组颗粒包含吸收剂、吸附剂、活性炭、阴离子交换树脂、阳离子交换树脂、分子筛或它们的组合。 According to claim composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein the particles comprise a set of an absorbent, an adsorbent, activated carbon, an anion exchange resin, cation exchange resin, molecular sieves, or a combination thereof.
5.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组颗粒的中值直径为至少一微米（μ m)。 According to claim composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein the set median particle diameter of at least one micrometer (μ m).
7.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中包含所述一组纤维的三维网为基本上连续的。 According to claim composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein three-dimensional network comprising a set of fibers is substantially continuous.
8.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组纤维为取向的。 According to claim composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein the group of fibers are oriented.
10.根据权利要求9所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组纤维的中值纤维直径在从O. 2 μ m到O. 9 μ m的范围内。 Claim 10. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 9, wherein said set of fibers median fiber diameter of from 2 [mu] m into the O. O. 9 μ m in range.
12.根据权利要求11所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组纤维的中值纤维直径在从2 μ m到50 μ m的范围内。 Claim 12. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 11, wherein said set of fibers median fiber diameter of from 2 μ m to 50 μ m in the range.
13.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述纤维网具有厚度，并显示具有小于10%的密实度。 Claim 13. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein the fibrous web has a thickness and exhibits a Solidity of less than 10%.
14.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组纤维包含聚合物纤维。 Claim 14. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein the group of fibers comprise polymeric fibers.
15.根据权利要求14所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述聚合物纤维包含聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二酸丁二醇酯、聚酰胺、聚氨酯、聚丁烯、聚乳酸、聚乙烯醇、聚苯硫醚、聚砜、液晶聚合物、聚乙烯-共-乙酸乙烯酯、聚丙烯腈、环状聚烯烃、聚氧甲烯、多烯键热塑性弹性体或它们的组合。 Claim 15. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 14, wherein said polymeric fibers comprise polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate , polyamide, polyurethane, polybutene, polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, liquid crystal polymers, polyethylene - co - vinyl acetate, polyacrylonitrile, cyclic polyolefm, polyoxymethylene alkenyl, multi-ethylenically thermoplastic elastomer or a combination thereof.
16.根据权利要求14所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述聚合物纤维包含聚烯烃纤维。 Claim 16. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 14, wherein the polymeric fibers comprise polyolefin fibers.
17.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组颗粒的至少一部分被粘结到分开形成的纤维的至少一部分。 Claim 17. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, wherein at least a portion of the population of particulates are bonded to at least a portion of the separately formed fibers.
18.根据权利要求17所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中粘结到分开形成的纤维的至少一部分的所述一组颗粒利用以下方法进行粘结：热粘结、粘合剂粘结、粉状粘结剂粘结、摩擦粘结、水刺法、针刺法、压延或它们的组合。 Claim 18. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 17, wherein at least a portion of the fibers bonded to a separate set of particles formed by the following bonding methods: thermal bonding, adhesive bonding, powder shaped adhesive bonding, friction bonding, hydroentangling, needlepunching, calendering, or a combination thereof.
19.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中围绕所述颗粒形成三维网的所述一组纤维包含亚微米纤维。 19. The composite nonwoven fibrous web in claim I wherein said particles are formed around the three-dimensional network of fibers comprising a set of sub-micrometer fibers.
20.根据权利要求19所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述基质相还包含一组微纤维。 20. The composite nonwoven fibrous web according to claim 19, wherein said matrix phase further contains a set of micro fibers.
21.根据权利要求20所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组微纤维在组成上与所述一组亚微米纤维相同。 Claim 21. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 20, wherein the microfibers and sub-micrometer fibers to the same compositionally.
22.根据权利要求20所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述一组微纤维与所述一组亚微米纤维分开形成。 Claim 22. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 20, wherein the microfibers are formed with the set of sub-micrometer fibers to separate.
23.根据权利要求20所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述复合非织造纤维网具有厚度，并且亚微米纤维数与微纤维数的比率在所述复合非织造纤维网的整个厚度上有差别。 Claim 23. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 20, wherein the composite nonwoven fibrous web has a thickness, and the ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers and microfibers have a number across the thickness of the composite nonwoven fibrous web difference.
24.根据权利要求23所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述亚微米纤维数与所述微纤维数的比率在所述复合非织造纤维网的整个厚度上递减。 Claim 24. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 23, wherein the ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of micro fibers decreases in the entire thickness of the composite nonwoven fibrous web.
25.根据权利要求23所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述亚微米纤维数与所述微纤维数的比率从峰值变化到较低值，所述峰值靠近由所述复合非织造纤维网的一半厚度限定的中心线，所述较低值在所述复合非织造纤维网的表面处。 Claim 25. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 23, wherein the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the ratio of the number of micro fibers varies from a peak to a lower value, close to the peak from the composite nonwoven fibrous web the half of the thickness center line is defined, a lower value at the surface of the composite nonwoven fibrous web.
26.根据权利要求I所述的复合非织造纤维网，还包含支承层。 Claim 26. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim I, further comprising a support layer.
27.根据权利要求26所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述支承层包含非织造物、织造物、针织织物、泡沫层、膜、纸质层、背胶层或它们的组合。 Claim 27. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 26, wherein said support layer comprises a nonwoven, a woven, a knitted fabric, a foam layer, a film, a paper layer, adhesive layer, or a combination thereof.
28.根据权利要求26所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述支承层包含聚合物型非织造物。 Claim 28. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 26, wherein said support layer comprises a polymeric nonwoven fabric.
29.根据权利要求26所述的复合非织造纤维网，其中所述支承层包含粘结的短纤维网，并且其中所述支承层利用以下方法进行粘结：热粘结、粘合剂粘结、粉状粘结剂、水刺法、针刺法、压延或它们的组合。 Claim 29. The composite nonwoven fibrous web of claim 26, wherein said support layer comprises a bonded staple fiber webs, and wherein said support layer bonded by the following methods: thermal bonding, adhesive bonding , powdered binder, hydroentangling, needlepunching, calendering, or a combination thereof.
30. 一种制备复合非织造纤维网的方法，包括： a.形成嵌入相，所述嵌入相包含基本上连续的三维网中的一组颗粒，每个单独颗粒与至少一个其它颗粒面对面接触，由此形成颗粒链；以及b.形成基质相，所述基质相包含围绕所述颗粒形成三维网的一组纤维。 30. A composite nonwoven fibrous web prepared, comprising:. A form fitted with a set of embedded particulate phase comprising a substantially continuous three-dimensional network of particles of each individual particle in contact with at least one other face to face, thereby forming chains of particles; and b. forming a matrix phase, said matrix phase comprising a population of fibers forming a three-dimensional network around the particulates.
31.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组颗粒包含非均一的固态颗粒、基本上均一的固态颗粒、中空泡、短纤维或它们的组合。 31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the set of non-uniform particles comprise solid particles, substantially uniform solid particles, hollow bubbles, staple fibers, or combinations thereof.
32.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组颗粒包含吸收剂、吸附剂、活性炭、阴离子交换树脂、阳离子交换树脂、分子筛或它们的组合。 32. The method according to claim 30, wherein the particles comprise a set of an absorbent, an adsorbent, activated carbon, an anion exchange resin, cation exchange resin, molecular sieves, or a combination thereof.
33.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组颗粒的中值直径为至少一微米（μπι)。 33. The method according to claim 30, wherein the median diameter of a set of particles of at least one micrometer (μπι).
34.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组颗粒的中值直径小于I μ m。 34. The method according to claim 30, wherein the median diameter of a set of particles smaller than I μ m.
35.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中包含所述一组纤维的三维网为基本上连续的。 35. The method according to claim 30, wherein said set comprising three-dimensional network of fibers is substantially continuous.
36.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组纤维为取向的。 36. The method according to claim 30, wherein said set of fibers are oriented.
37.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组纤维的中值直径小于I μ m。 37. The method according to claim 30, wherein the median diameter of a set of fibers is less than I μ m.
38.根据权利要求37所述的方法，其中所述一组纤维的中值纤维直径在从O. 2 μ m到O. 9μπι的范围内。 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein said set of fibers median fiber diameter in the range from the O. 2 μ m is O. 9μπι.
39.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组纤维的中值直径为至少Ιμπι。 39. The method according to claim 30, wherein the median diameter of a set of fibers is at least Ιμπι.
41.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述纤维网具有厚度，并显示具有小于10%的密实度。 41. The method according to claim 30, wherein said web has a thickness and exhibits a Solidity of less than 10%.
42.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组纤维包含聚合物纤维。 42. The method according to claim 30, wherein said set of fibers comprise polymeric fibers.
43.根据权利要求42所述的方法，其中所述聚合物纤维包含聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二酸丁二醇酯、聚酰胺、聚氨酯、聚丁烯、聚乳酸、聚乙烯醇、聚苯硫醚、聚砜、液晶聚合物、聚乙烯-共-乙酸乙烯酯、聚丙烯腈、环状聚烯烃、聚氧甲烯、多烯键热塑性弹性体或它们的组合。 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein said polymeric fibers comprise polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyurethane, polybutene, polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, liquid crystal polymers, polyethylene - co - vinyl acetate, polyacrylonitrile, cyclic polyolefm, polyoxymethylene, polyenes key thermoplastic elastomer or a combination thereof.
44.根据权利要求42所述的方法，其中所述聚合物纤维包含聚烯烃纤维。 44. The method according to claim 42, wherein said polymeric fibers comprise polyolefin fibers.
45.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述一组颗粒的至少一部分被粘结到分开形成的纤维的至少一部分。 At least a portion 45. The method of claim 30, wherein the population of particulates are bonded to at least a portion of the separately formed fibers.
46.根据权利要求45所述的方法，其中粘结到分开形成的纤维的至少一部分的所述一组颗粒利用以下方法进行粘结：热粘结、粘合剂粘结、粉状粘结剂粘结、摩擦粘结、水刺法、针刺法、压延或它们的组合。 46. The method according to claim 45, wherein at least a portion of said fibers bonded to a separate set of particles formed by the following bonding methods: thermal bonding, adhesive bonding, powdered binder bonding, friction bonding, hydroentangling, needlepunching, calendering, or a combination thereof.
47.根据权利要求30所述的方法，其中围绕所述颗粒形成三维网的所述一组纤维包含亚微米纤维。 47. The method according to claim 30, wherein said particles are formed around the set of three-dimensional network of fibers comprising sub-micron fibers.
48.根据权利要求47所述的方法，其中所述基质相还包含一组微纤维。 48. The method according to claim 47, wherein said matrix phase further contains a set of micro fibers.
49.根据权利要求48所述的方法，其中所述一组微纤维在组成上与所述一组亚微米纤维相同。 49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the microfibers and sub-micrometer fibers to the same compositionally.
50.根据权利要求48所述的方法，其中所述一组微纤维与所述一组亚微米纤维分开形成。 50. The method according to claim 48, wherein said forming a set of said microfibers with a separate set of sub-micrometer fibers.
51.根据权利要求48所述的方法，其中所述复合非织造纤维网具有厚度，并且亚微米纤维数与微纤维数的比率在所述复合非织造纤维网的整个厚度上有差别。 51. The method according to claim 48, wherein the composite nonwoven fibrous web has a thickness, and the ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of microfibers difference across the thickness of the composite nonwoven fibrous web.
52.根据权利要求51所述的方法，其中所述亚微米纤维数与所述微纤维数的比率在所述复合非织造纤维网的整个厚度上递减。 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of micro fibers decreases in the entire thickness of the composite nonwoven fibrous web.
53.根据权利要求51所述的方法，其中所述亚微米纤维数与所述微纤维数的比率从峰值变化到较低值，所述峰值靠近由所述复合非织造纤维网的一半厚度限定的中心线，所述较低值在所述复合非织造纤维网的表面处。 53. The method according to claim 51, wherein the ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of microfibers varies from a peak value to a lower value, defined by the peak and close to half the thickness of the composite nonwoven fibrous web centerline, the lower value at the surface of the composite nonwoven fibrous web.
54.根据权利要求30所述的方法，还包括为所述嵌入相和所述基质相中的一者或两者提供支承层。 54. The method of claim 30, further comprising providing a support layer to one or both of the embedded phase and the matrix phase.
55.根据权利要求54所述的方法，其中所述支承层包含非织造物、织造物、针织织物、泡沫层、膜、纸质层、背胶层或它们的组合。 55. The method of claim 54, wherein said support layer comprises a nonwoven, a woven, a knitted fabric, a foam layer, a film, a paper layer, adhesive layer, or a combination thereof.
56.根据权利要求54所述的方法，其中所述支承层包含聚合物型非织造物。 56. The method according to claim 54, wherein said support layer comprises a polymeric nonwoven fabric.
57.根据权利要求54所述的方法，其中所述支承层包含粘结的短纤维网，并且其中所述粘结的短纤维的至少一部分利用以下方法粘结到所述嵌入相和所述基质相中的一者或两者：热粘结、粘合剂粘结、粉状粘结剂、水刺法、针刺法、压延或它们的组合。 57. The method of claim 54, wherein said support layer comprises a bonded staple fiber webs, and wherein at least a portion of the staple fibers using a method of bonding the insert is bonded to the matrix phase and one or both phases: thermal bonding, adhesive bonding, powdered binder, hydroentangling, needlepunching, calendering, or a combination thereof.
58. 一种包含根据权利要求30所述的方法制备的复合非织造纤维网的制品，所述制品选自气体过滤制品、液体过滤制品、吸声制品、表面清洁制品、细胞生长支承制品、药物递送制品、个人卫生制品和伤口敷料制品。 58. A method comprising the composite nonwoven fibrous web prepared according to the method of claim 30 article, the article is selected from a gas filtration article, a liquid filtration article, a sound absorption article, a surface cleaning article, a cellular growth support article, a drug delivery article, a personal hygiene article, and a wound dressing article. | 2019-04-22T06:19:48Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/CN101952498B/en |
Spending hours on Pinterest searching for decorating ideas for your toddler's play room is a uniquely modern activity, but the instinct behind it--decorating your living space to enhance its comfort and appearance--is almost as old as humanity. The earliest cave paintings, discovered at Maros in Indonesia, date back over 35,000 years. Who can deny that these early designs represent the earliest expressions of home decor?
The Romans in particular were lavish interior decorators, with their intricate mosaics, rich tapestries, and plush upholstered couches. The Romans pioneered home comforts such as the hypocaust (an early form of central heating) and glass-paned windows, an innovation that died out along with the Roman Empire. Glass-paned windows didn't reappear until the Middle Ages, when Saxons resurrected the practice.
Many design trends were born from function, not style. The four-poster bed that later generations associated with status and wealth? That innovation of the Middle Ages was designed for warmth and protection--the frames were used to hang heavy rugs and quilts to protect against winter drafts.
For much of history, home decor was the province only of the rich; fine furniture, fabrics, textiles, and rugs were made by hand and far too expensive for common folk. It took the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, and the advent of mass production, to unleash the inner home decorator in every Victorian.
In the late 19th century, home decorating as a hobby or profession puttered along without much attention from Victorian hobbyists. Feminist author Mary Haweis wrote a widely read series of essays around the turn of the century in which she advocated rejecting the decorating conformity being pushed by popular retailers of the time. She wrote, "One of my strongest convictions, and one of the first canons of good taste, is that our houses, like the fish's shell and the bird's nest, ought to represent our individual taste and habits." Mary’s assertion was in fact a shocking idea that paved the way for a brand new profession: the interior designer.
Home decorating took off with the advent of mass culture in the early 1900s, and the last 100 years have seen a remarkable revolution in the way we approach home decor.
Pittsburg's KDKA, the nation's first radio station, hit the airwaves in 1920, and by 1923, there were over 500 stations across the country, and there were radios in 12 million American homes by the end of the decade. For most families, the radio became the center of family life, and living rooms were generally arranged around this new and remarkable piece of technology.
Design trends of the Decade of Excess included the opulent influence of the Art Deco era as well as the modern, pared down modernism of the Bauhaus movement in Europe. Black and white tile floors, shiny modern surfaces such as mirror, glass, and chrome, and furniture upholstered with glittering metallic-touched fabrics were the height of style in 1920s homes.
The glamour of Hollywood played a role in home fashions as well. Cocktail carts and smoking loungers were desirable touches, as were exotic accents from Africa and the Orient. Furniture by Le Corbusier and Eileen Gray set the standard for a fashionable home, accentuated by an opulent display of ostrich feathers.
The 1920s housewife was introduced to modern conveniences such as the washing machine, electric flat iron, ice box, and vacuum cleaner, but few women could enjoy them because home electricity wasn't widely available outside large cities. The excesses of the 20s screeched to a halt with the stock market crash, resulting in a much more austere 1930s.
In the 1930s, interior design's focus turned towards function and form. A living room chair needed an ottoman or footstool properly placed, as well as a table with a lamp for reading. The concept of proper furniture placement emerged, and designers stressed convenience and traffic flow in choosing furniture pieces.
Furniture manufacturers capitalized on this new trend by introducing matching "suites" of furniture that included everything from coordinating lamps and vases. One popular 14-piece living room suite came with one sofa, two accent chairs, two foot stools, three matching tables, two table lamps, two floor lamps, two vases, and a sofa "cushion," the precursor to today's throw pillow.
Hanging modular shelving became popular in the 30s so that households could display their favorite knickknacks, trinkets, and ceramics. Souvenir spoon collections, which were introduced at the turn of the century, were wildly popular with the housewives of the 30s. The electric table fan was introduced in 1931, and every family with a few dollars to spare clamored to buy one.
The Federal Housing Administration, created by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1934, set standards for what a home must have to be eligible for a mortgage. In 1939, for example, if a home didn't have bedrooms with doors that closed, adequate lighting and ventilation, an accessible bathroom, space to do laundry, and closets for blankets, linens, and cleaning supplies, it wouldn't qualify for a mortgage loan. For the first time, the government took steps to ensure a uniform standard of housing, an important step given the housing boom of the 40’s.
After the soldiers returned from World War II, the country experienced a housing boom unseen in its history. The GIs and their brides moved en masse out of the crowded cities into planned neighborhoods in the suburbs packed with affordable tract homes. The wartime generation then started making lots of babies--the first baby boomers were born in 1946.
After the deprivation and austerity of the Great Depression and the war era, wives of the 40s wanted bright, colorful, welcoming homes. The focus was comfort. Unlike homes of earlier eras, many 40s era homes had carpeting in each room, and wallpaper replaced paneling as the interior finish of choice.
Home interiors bloomed with floral fabrics in cheerful reds, blues, and yellows. Sofas and chairs plumped up, with extra layers of stuffing and better strung seats. Potted plants popped up in corners, and table displays were more carefully cluttered with books, family photos, and knick-knacks which was a notable change from the bare, formal look of past decades. The iconic rooster figurines so popular with collectors of retro kitsch hit peak popularity in the kitchens and living rooms of 1940s homes.
The Victorian-style front porch was replaced with enclosed sleeping porches at the rear of the house, which was the result of noisy cars and trucks on the streets in front and the birth of the suburban backyard, a luxury not found in the urban homes of past decades. Families of the 40s wanted outdoor living space with their new backyards, and the sleeping porch evolved into spacious screened porches, sunrooms, and covered patios with space to relax and have an outdoor meal, a desire that shaped the home plans of the 50s.
The suburban explosion kicked into high gear in the 50’s, with millions of ranch homes springing up with surprising rapidity. These suburban neighborhoods teemed with children, earning them campy nicknames like "Fertility Row," and "Rabbit Hutch." The American economy was in overdrive, and people were optimistic about the future. The 50’s was the decade of the family--over 4 million babies were born each year, more than any other period in history.
Homes reflected the decade’s focus on the family; in fact, this decade introduced the family room into American architecture, and most homes of the era were designed with at least two baths. Attached two-car garages became the norm, as did sliding glass doors and outdoor decks. Garbage disposals, fireplaces, kitchens with matched range and refrigerator and dual sinks, walk-in closets, and walk-in ceramic tile showers with glass doors were home innovations of the 1950’s. Interiors were open and airy, with just screens and lattices to break up open living spaces.
While women in past decades showed interest in home decorating, the women of the 50’s embraced it with a passion. They had spacious new homes and yards--and the time and disposable income to decorate them. The popular women's magazines of the day, such as Good Housekeeping, Woman and Home, My Home, and Home Journal, reflected this zeal for creating a lovely, comfortable, and well-run home.
Decor trends of the era were heavily influenced by Scandinavian furniture styles and modern materials such as lucite, vinyl, and chrome. This look, known as Mid-Century Modern, featured two color palettes: Modern (electric primary colors matched with black and white) and pastel (pink, aqua, and mint matched with blonde woods). The iconic Eames lounge chair paired with a chrome and lucite table topped with candid family photos in boxy acrylic frames was the height of modern living room style.
The 1950’s kitchen was the heart of the home; families ate dinner there, eschewing the formal dining room of the past. A formica and chrome Duncan Phyfe dinette with matching vinyl-covered chairs was a must-have for a fashionable kitchen. Occasionally, an indulgent mom would let the family take a casual meal in the family room on new-fangled metal TV trays while watching I Love Lucy or The Jack Benny Show.
Design trends of the 60’s seem almost schizophrenic, perhaps because they were a mashup of the two main influences of the era: The space race and the countercultural "hippy" movement. Colors inspired by nature were ramped up to intense, almost painful hues that were found on everything from cars to appliances to furniture. At the other end of the spectrum, energetic pinks and oranges in psychedelic patterns and oversized florals accosted the senses.
Batiks, cotton fabrics from Morocco, bold tie-dyes, and saris from India were used for everything from bed spreads to curtains. The iconic yellow smiley face was designed by Harvey Ross Ball in 1963 and hit peak popularity in the late 60’s, popping up in home decor on fabrics, pillows, and even on vinyl furniture.
America's infatuation with the space program showed up in many ways in the home. Furniture made from heavy duty plastic, PVC tubing, and chrome set a distinctly futuristic look. Mies van der Rohe's popular plastic S-chairs set the stage for 1967's epochal Panton chair, driving fashion-forward women out in droves to snap them up to complement their modern black and white decor. Modular adjustable shelving units in brushed copper or chrome anchored family room walls or served as airy room dividers.
For good or ill, shag carpeting made its debut in the 1960’s, blanketing suburban living rooms in vivid hues of moss green, rusty brown, saffron yellow, and even weaves of all three. Girls bedrooms of the 60’s featured bubble-gum pink shag and white and gold Princess furniture. The country's shag-mania even led to such decor blunders as shag toilet seat and tank covers, shag-covered chairs, and even shag bed spreads.
Posters as wall art went vogue in the 60’s, with Andy Warhol's popular Campbell's soup print taking center stage in modern kitchens. "Mod" was the operative word, and lava lamps and fiber optic lighting was de riguer in bedrooms and family rooms. 60’s favorites included ceramic Siamese cat figurines, anything mushroom--think mushroom-shaped candles, cookie jars, even salt and pepper shakers--and owl pictures and figurines. The daisy delivered the ultimate "flower power," and daisy print fabrics were popular for curtains and tablecloths.
Tom Wolfe, the American writer, called the 70’s the "Me Decade;" perhaps it's not surprising that Self magazine launched in the 70’s. This new-found self-awareness led many Americans to seek spiritual enlightenment in ancient Asian religions, a trend that showed up in the decor of the 70’s. Paradoxically, as Americans were turning inward, they were also turning outward. Environmentalism was elevated to national prominence--Earth Day was established in 1970, and Greenpeace was founded in 1971. These two trends had a significant impact on home decor.
The decade's color palette was anchored in nature, with browns, greens, and blues paired with sunny yellows and oranges. White was a hugely popular furniture color--white wicker patio sets, white vinyl kitchen dinettes, white leather sofas, white Saarinen tulip chairs--accented with bursts of color and bold floral patterns. One designer of the era called the 70’s post-modern look "eco-tripping back to nature."
Ranch homes were still the rage, with new enhancements such as sunken living rooms, floating staircases, and finished basement "rec rooms" containing a billiards table and bar. Exposed brick walls, dark wood paneling and ceiling beams, and skylights were common features in a 1970’s home, and atriums and indoor gardens were growing in popularity. A well-appointed home featured at least a few pots of creeping ivy in a macramé hanger.
The 70’s were also notable for the introduction of faux fur as an upholstery choice for sofas and chairs; a faux fur bean bag was a particular prize. Faux fur rug islands bobbed in a deep brown sea of wall-to-wall shag. Living room furniture had a square, boxy appearance, and chunky sectionals were in vogue. It wasn't uncommon for a single wall in the family room to be papered with a photo mural of a forest or beach.
Harvest Gold was the color of choice for kitchen appliances, although you could also buy them in Coppertone and Avocado. Electric fondue pots were all the rage for family dining. Other kitchen innovations of the decade include jack-in-the-box dishwashers that opened from the top, hot air popcorn poppers, food processors, and the ultra-exclusive microwave oven.
Other regrettable 1970’s fashions included white globe lighting, indoor-outdoor carpeting for sunrooms and patios, and bright pink, yellow, and blue bathroom sinks and even toilets--swathed in more brightly colored shag covers.
While some of the cultural icons of the 80’s are making a comeback, 80’s home fashions definitely aren't. In fact, it's been persuasively argued that the 80’s was the ugliest decade for home decor. Home interiors of the 80’s typically fell in one of three camps--Southwestern, Country Chic, or Prep--and sometimes a busy combination of all three.
Color schemes were invariably pastel, with peach and "sea foam green" being a hugely popular combination for formal living rooms and bedrooms. Delicate floral prints a la Laura Ashley decorated everything from ruffled tablecloths and bedspreads to sofa pillows and curtains. Even southwest-inspired palettes were subdued shades of rose and teal accenting the ubiquitous "Navajo white" paint.
Furniture of the 80’s tended to be overstuffed and upholstered in shiny floral chintz or thick velour. No longer content with its place on patios and porches, rattan furniture made its way into living rooms and family rooms, where a La-Z-Boy recliner was also a must. Polished brass was the finish of choice for table legs, indoor planters, bed frames, and even bathroom faucets. Glass-topped tables were de rigueur in living rooms, kitchens, and dining rooms, where metal framed chairs with caned backs and velvet cushions rounded out the dining tableau.
The short-lived Fern Bar trend of the era made its way into the home; 80’s decor featured plenty of feathery ferns and greenery hanging from ceilings and flowing over tables. Wallpaper borders snaked their way around bedroom, dining room, and kitchen walls, and vinyl vertical blinds dominated sliding glass doors. Track lighting popped up in family rooms and dens, even making its way over butcher block islands in large eat-in kitchens.
Kitchens of the era featured dark wooden cabinets, brass and ceramic knobs and pulls, and revolutionary Corian countertops. The truly stylish kitchen demanded an overhead rack hung with copper pots and pans—and only copper would do. The most desirable homes featured either a kitchen island or a kitchen nook, and often featured both.
"The Official Preppy Handbook," published in 1980, had a strong influence on design trends of the decade. Horizontal stripes, crisp navy and white color schemes, nautical themes, and plenty of canvas evoked the Hamptons look memorialized in the book. White wicker forests with blue pin striped cushions occupied furniture on porches and patios.
The words "hunter green" and "dusty rose" conjure up 90’s decor like no other, except perhaps "sponge painting." Anyone who grew up in a 90’s decorated home likely had a hunter green accent wall in the family room, a dusty rose living room, and a bedroom or bath with sponge-painted walls. And who can forget the ever-present ivy stencils gracing 90’s kitchen walls?
Homes in the 90’s woke up with a pastel floral hangover and treated it with a heavy dose of beige and bright colors. The tiny prints of the previous decade were replaced with plaids and stripes in bright bold colors. Clean white melamine cabinets without knobs or pulls replaced the dark wood kitchens of the 80’s and well-dressed kitchens of the era featured square wicker baskets of silk ivy plants placed atop cabinets and trailing down walls.
Wallpaper borders were banished and replaced with stenciled rows of ivy, flowers, fleur de lis, nautical designs and even inspirational words and phrases ("live well, laugh often, love much"). Sponge painting and faux finished walls popped up in family rooms, bedrooms, and baths.
America's passion for crafting included silk flower arrangements. Baskets and vases were filled with silk flowers and greens, and mounds of silk blossoms covered grapevine wreaths to hang on walls and doors. No room was too small to escape a floral design; even bathroom vanities, lit with classic 90’s-era Hollywood lighting, were topped with small floral arrangements.
The 90’s was a decade of conspicuous consumption; the bigger the better. The homes of the era, derisively called McMansions, featured soaring two-story foyers, ostentatious brass chandeliers, arched doorways, and huge, multi-paned windows covered in layers of ornate curtains and drapes. Three, four, and even five bay garages, "garage mahals" in 90’s parlance, were common, as were in-ground pools and huge multi-tiered decks.
Big, bulky sectionals festooned with pillows and throws were the family room furniture of choice, and light-finished pine was the preferred for tables, buffets, curios, and desks. The fashionable living room featured a large entertainment armoire to discreetly disguise the TV, VCR, and in progressive homes, DVD players.
Kids of the 90’s will remember other trends from the time including inflatable furniture, glow-in-the-dark plastic ceiling stars, celestial-themed bathrooms, and garish bed-in-a-bag bedroom decor.
As the century--and the extravagance of the 90’s--came to a close, Americans re-evaluated their relationships with their homes and living spaces. New technology and flexible work opportunities led to a rise in telecommuting, and the home office, along with the media room and the mud room, became the most in-demand rooms in a home.
The formal living room and dining room gave way to spacious multi-purpose great rooms designed to enhance family interaction. Home theaters, complete with theater-style seating and Dolby surround sound, slowly evolved into modern media rooms equipped with flat screen TVs, video on demand, sophisticated sound systems with almost invisible speakers, and sleek, cozy sofas and leather lounge chairs.
For many 21st century families, environmental awareness and sustainable living affected buying decisions as much as factors such as price and appearance. Hardwood, stone, tile, and bamboo replaced wall-to-wall carpets as the flooring of choice, and recycled materials turned up in countertops, furniture, and even art.
Families ditched the oversized sectionals of the 90’s in favor of slimmer pieces that defined each space and room in the home. The old rules governing matching pieces were turned on their heads and eclectic mix-and-match styles expressed each home's individual features.
Shoppers returned to the light, airy Scandinavian styles that marked Mid Century Modern but with contemporary twists like nubby natural fabrics and recycled wood. The rise of flat-pack furniture--and an Ikea within driving distance of nearly every address--made stylish, well-furnished interiors possible for everyone, even new families on limited budgets. Kitchens of the decade progressed beyond the black and white appliances of the 80’s and 90’s; stainless steel surged in popularity, along with countertops made with natural materials like granite, marble, and wood.
Outdoor spaces took on outsized importance; al fresco dining spaces and even outdoor kitchens became almost necessities. The formal landscaping of 90’s homes gave way to herb and vegetable gardens, whether planted in suburban back yards or in grown in containers on urban patios and decks. The 21st century home integrated both indoor and outdoor spaces into a comfortable, functional, sustainable whole.
The social sharing platform Pinterest revolutionized the way families decorated their homes, with creative individuals sharing everything from decorating ideas, DIY projects, entertaining possibilities, and party planning. Working moms who want to repurpose a linen closet into a functional workspace or find ways to make flat-pack furniture their own find creative solutions from like-minded women, in a personal way they can adopt as their own.
What will the homes of the 2020s look like? The International Furnishings and Design Association has some excellent predictions. According to their most recent survey, the homes of 2025 will look radically different from the homes of the last 100 years.
Homes will be smaller, with fewer--but larger--multipurpose living spaces. Formal living and dining spaces will go the way of the dinosaur, replaced by large, open rooms that accommodate all the activities of 21st century families. The home office will become space for telecommuting while combining space for homework, projects, and even entertainment.
The kitchen, still the heart of the home, will grow larger, with plenty of space for preparing and eating home-cooked meals; families of the 2020s will devote more time to cooking and eating together. Kitchens of the future will include innovative features such as smart faucets that dispense both ice and carbonated water, in-sink dishwashers that can wash dinner dishes in five minutes or less, integrated modular conduction cooking elements, and composting drawers that turn food scraps into food for the garden.
Luxurious spa baths will replace multi-car garages as the must-have feature for 21st century homes. Deep soaking tubs, free-form walk-in showers with multiple shower heads, and natural materials such as granite and stone will be the hallmarks of a well-designed bath. The master bedroom and bath will become a welcome retreat for busy couples.
Modular, multi-purpose furniture that is easily moved and scaled to smaller 21st century homes will replace room-specific pieces; built-ins and big furniture have no place in the homes of the future. Technology will be completely integrated, with fixtures and appliances remotely controlled by smartphone apps.
The Internet of Things will connect everything from the thermostat and coffeepot to the car and the calendar. Everything from heating to air conditioning, lights, and even motorized window coverings will be sensor or voice-controlled. Gauzy curtains, Roman shades, and even naked windows will overtake the overdressed windows of previous years.
Outdoor living space will grow in importance, and tiled terraces and brick courtyards furnished with outdoor fireplaces or fire pits will become the norm. An outdoor prep sink for cleaning home-grown produce, a smoker for curing meat and fish, and even a fully functional outdoor kitchen will be must-haves in 2020’s homes.
The houses of the future will be smaller, more efficient, technologically integrated, and focused on convenience. In short, they will be comfortable homes where families enjoy spending time together. | 2019-04-25T18:29:11Z | https://www.copypress.com/images/interactives/tinyprints/ |
As I sit here and write another rejection to a candidate I wonder how truthful recruiters can be or SHOULD be?
Being vague specifically with rejection letters really bothers me. Being vague is a quick and easy way to confuse people. A person takes the time to write and submit a resume, comes in and is interviewed, gets the impression that everything is going well and then BAMN! Gets a rejection letter, which doesn’t explain anything and it’s all over. The rejected candidate then moves on to the next interview and possibly makes the same mistakes.
Many readers have told me that they would love honest feedback so they can work on whatever it is that they’re doing wrong so they can actually get a job – but do you really?
Do you really want to hear that you had too many jobs in the last few years? How about that your communication skills are terrible? That you talked way too much and you verbally threw-up over the hiring manager? That you are overqualified for the job and the company is looking for someone that is serious about the role? You didn’t convey any bit of passion or enthusiasm for the job? Or that you didn’t listen and therefore didn’t answer the interview questions well?
Employers don’t have to contact candidates to notify them of their employment decision. Even though they don’t have to all employers SHOULD notify their candidates if they want to continue to attract the best and the brightest.
Probably 90% of most company’s state that “employees are our most important asset” somewhere in their mission/vision statement. If this statement was true than companies understand that their reputation and how they treat their prospective employees is extremely important. If companies want the opportunity to hire the best in the workforce than it’s in their best interest to notify their candidates if they are not hired.
I think HR departments and recruiters need to re-read companies mission, vision and values statements. They are the ones that often forget how to be courteous and value candidates.
Thank you for your interest in X role with Y company. It was a pleasure speaking with you on Z date but after conducting other phone interviews with other candidates we (the company) feel that you are overqualified and will not be moving forward with you for this role. During your interview you also had trouble answering some of the questions particularly when asked why you were interested in the role. We hope this feedback is helpful and we thank you again for your time and interest. We wish you all the best in your future endeavors.
As the rejected candidate you need to understand that companies want to hire people that will stay in that job for a few years. If you’re overqualified or just applied to get your foot in the door and are really after a more senior job than don’t be shocked when you get this rejection response. Companies spend a lot of time and money on recruitment and want to make sure that they find the person that is serious about the role. This rejection also tells you that you did not communicate well. You only get one chance to make a first impression so when a recruiter calls you make sure that you take the interview seriously and that you are well prepared and don’t let your nerves take over.
After the first face-to-face interview the company usually learns if you are indeed qualified for the role and if you will fit in with the company culture.
X Company thanks you for your time and interest in the role/company but after interviewing a number of candidates the company has determined that another candidate is the most qualified for our requirements for this role and you have not been selected for the position. In regards to your interview, we feel that your past experience with handling customer complaints does not match our vision when communicating with clients. We hope this feedback was helpful and we thank you again for your time and interest. We wish you all the best in your future endeavors.
As the rejected candidate you need to really understand the rejection. The company feels that another candidate would be more suitable for the role. This tells you that they haven’t found them yet but they know that you are not a fit for the role/company. It’s not just about the perfect amount of years of experience or the degree that you hold that makes you the successful candidate. Your fit in the company’s culture is very important. How you make decisions and how you reacted to past situations tells a company a lot about you and your fit with the team. We all have different personalities and different ways to approach situations. Employers are just trying to find the right candidate that will be able to work, communicate and make important decisions with the other members of the team.
X company thanks you for your time and interest in the role/company but after some serious consideration we have decided not to move forward with you for this role. In regards to your interview, the interviewers felt that you had a very difficult time talking about your current accomplishments. You seemed to have a hard time articulating your thoughts, which resulted in either poor, unclear or short answers. We hope this feedback was helpful and we thank you again for your time and interest. We wish you all the best in your future endeavors.
As the rejected candidate you can clearly see that you need to work on your communication skills. Most professional recruiters know how to look past someones nerves but sometimes nerves can really effect your interview performance. You also need to be comfortable and prepared to answer the common interview questions. If you haven’t signed up yet to get this blog sent to you by email you should. After signing up you receive over 80 common interview questions that you can practice with plus questions that you should ask the interviewer. The point is, there is not excuse not to be prepared to answer common interview questions.
X company thanks you for your time and interest in the role/company. You were a great candidate but the company has decided to select another candidate for the position. You have many great qualities but for this role the company was looking for someone with a stronger background in pharmaceutical sales. In regards to your interview performance, the interviewers felt that you could have been more concise with your answers. You often drifted off topic and gave lengthy responses, which made your responses difficult to follow. We hope this feedback was helpful and we thank you again for your time and interest. We wish you all the best in your future endeavors.
As the rejected candidate you need to understand that getting further into the interview process makes the decision to hire more difficult. The company usually has 2 or 3 candidates that make it to the final interview stage. Usually these interviews are with the top executives of the company. This is where you need to be articulate and represent yourself as a true professional. The way you behave and obviously your communication skills are being scrutinized. At this point as well, you hopefully developed a good relationship with the previous interviewers so they have painted a great picture of you to the executive. In the final interview you need to stay calm, be articulate and be yourself but at the same time don’t let you guard down to much and remember that even though this stage may seem less formal at times that it is still an interview.
During interviews employers try to figure out if the prospective employee is a good cultural fit. This mysterious word is brought up in every workplace but what does it mean?!
Culture is actually difficult to define because you can’t see it. Culture is the environment that surrounds you at work. It’s the personality of your company. In a person, personality is made up of the values, beliefs, upbringing and experiences that creates a persons behaviour. Culture in a workplace is the values, beliefs, life experiences, attitudes and behaviours shared by a group of people.
Even though culture is difficult to define recruiters and hiring managers generally know when they have found an employee who appears to be a fit because they just simply feel right.
Most rejected candidates just want the truth and honest feedback in regards to their interview performance so they can try to improve for future interviews. Unfortunately, most companies feel that the only feedback that they are able to provide is that they decided to hire another candidate. Most companies will not go into more detail for fear of being sued.
If an employer states that they found a more qualified candidate in a rejection letter, the rejected candidate could possibly sue the employer for discrimination. Lawyers could then request a copy of all the documents (interview notes, resumes) of every candidate who was considered for a role. The purpose of the trial would then be to find out if in fact other candidates were more qualified.
No company wants to be sued so they keep it safe by being vague and just letting you know that another candidate has been chosen for the role.
Providing a candidate with honest feedback is a slippery slope and in some instances not the easiest thing to do, but being up front and offering the truth will hopefully better prepare a candidate for future interviews. For some people hearing the truth can be really difficult. An honest rejection letter could cause one person to give up on their dreams and another to work harder. I just believe that the sooner the candidate knows that they are not going to be hired the better. There is no need to keep people waiting for days or weeks when companies know that they will not be moving forward with them.
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Dear Dorothy: Thank you for this enlightening post. I guess I would rather know the truth than be left guessing, or worse, imagining (and I do have a wild imagination) why they did not hire me. Otherwise, I have a tendency to blame myself in a myriad of ways.
However, I did not consider the “lawsuit” aspect of the game. You’re absolutely right there–we do live in a litigious society.
I wanted to share something with you that may or may not give you or others a good belly laugh. I made it thru the 15 minute interview. I was asked to come in for a two-hour interview, and with two other candidates, was given some skills tests, face-to-face interviews, tours of the building, etc. Man, these folks were pros–they would have been great at high stakes poker ’cause they weren’t giving anything away.
Two days later, I received an automated rejection letter. Since I was vastly overqualified for the job (data entry), I expect this. Right after that, I got another e-mail–asking for MY feedback on THEIR interview process!
Quite frankly, I thought they had a lot of nerve. Of course I realize it too was automated…but jeepers, after they reject me with a standard say-nothing letter, they want MY feedback!
I’d be interested to hear your take on this one. Have you ever heard of this happening?
Thanks! and Happy New Year to you and yours.
Automated rejection letters are the worst; how lazy of HR!!!???
I agree smarties66. I think if a recruiter interviews a candidate face-to-face the candidate deserves more than an automated rejection. Thanks for leaving a comment.
I went through two phone interviews with two different people and one in house interview with two people. I received a rejection E-mail than the next day they called me on the phone and offered me a six month contract position. I retuned back to negotiate / review the contract. Found out it was really to reapply for the same position through their in house temp agency. What is your take on this situation?
I just checked the company’s career board and the job is open again. It looks as though I am being used as a place holder until they find a regular full time person. What do you think?
How badly do you want to work? Why not apply and if you get the job even if it’s just a short contract at least you can keep searching for a full-time position while being employed. Good Luck!
I am elated a happened upon your article. It has truly been therapeutic. I interviewed for a position and sadly was not selected. I prepared for days for this position. I researched, composed a PowerPoint presentation, and a tabbed folder containing a plan of action for the school term for each interviewer. I was passionate about making a difference in their school. I was sobbing when I found out it was not ment to be. Thanks again for posting.
Why do you feel I did not get the job.
I’ve found this website very helpful in helping me deal with a recent string of rejections for internal postings at the company I work for. The last one being the most difficult.
The interview went extremely well and I was told there were only five applicants selected out of an overwhelming repsonse. Myself, three from the Branch I was applying to and one from outside the company. She immediately dismissed that individual for not having enough experiance in our industry. Towards the end we discussed moving towards the second interview and touched on salary. Reviewer brought that one up and said we’d discuss it further in the second interview. She told me she needed to speak with her current assistant manager, as that person was on holiday and she would contact me in two weeks time.
During the course of the next two weeks my manager and supervisor had both been contacted about me. The feed back was very strong and I was extremely confident. Let me say that HR has told me I am management material, to continue with my education and that it’s only a matter of time before I move up into the management stream. All my performance reviews have been stellar, I put 200% into every aspect of the operation and have been the, “go to”, person at my Branch for many issues.
Then I get an e-mail that tells me I was a close 2nd and as the successful candidate was a new hire, they would be subject to a 90 day probationary period. If the new candidate didn’t work out she MAY call me to fill the spot. The company posting the next day announced someone I know in the same industry, who was the successful candidate. This individual is very skilled and accomplished, but has moved from three different companies in our industry over the past 5 to 7 years.
I was absolutely devestated at this turn of events.
I’m certain this candidate was a late comer and presented by someone within that Branch Location.
I feel really betrayed as I had instructed by our HR department to take courses in finance to bolster that skill set. I’m one course shy of a Business Certificate, at my own expense and time, and this position was given to someone outside of the company.
I’ve applied to eight postions over the last three years and have been interviewed for six. Each time the interviews and response has increased forward and I have been very happy with the progress. The only thing every single interviewer commented on was how valuable my going back to school weighted in my favour.
Now I’m not so sure. I know I had this job. In my gut and my current Manager felt the same way. I’m guessing this is a, “networked”, success for the other lady, but a real set back for me. Further, as three of the other candidates were from our company, it implies that none of us were good enough. Our company is now trending towards consolodating postions, so when someone leaves the position isn’t necessarily filled or posted. What message does that send existing employees?
Given my age, 56, and I should mention I’m very fit and look 40, I believe this was the dagger through the heart of my career. I’m really upset by this turn of events and have found it very difficult to move forward. I will, I know I will move forward, but I’m now faced with the prospect of not becoming a Manager or even an Assistant Manager within my company. In my mind, and my Manager’s, this position and location was a perfect fit. This loss has really taken the heart out of me. I sobbed and cried and have only just started to get a grip on this. I’m normally extremely resilient, but this has really gotten under my skin. The rejection was two days ago. And the new hire is starting immediately. | 2019-04-24T00:12:45Z | https://dorothyrawlinson.com/can-you-handle-the-truth/ |
Emoti-Con 2016 (6/11/16) was our biggest yet- over 300 attendees and 30+ projects! Check out the winners, keynotes and judges below.
Panda’s Box is a joystick controlled assistive wheelchair attachment that allows users with limited mobility to have easy access to personal items such as metrocards, wallet, keys etc.
Kaylah M., Noel P., Rafia A., Zaheer C.
Styling with the Stars: Election Edition is a game aimed to make election season more fun. To make electing a new president fun, we have decided to style the candidates ourselves for any event they have to attend. At first the game was just going to be styling any character by using fun stickers like Trumps’s hair, but that led to thinking about other candidates with Trump’s hair and a sombrero. This game is for anyone who likes to think of Obama in a Kanye shirt, Hillary in Jordans, and Trump wearing a sombrero or simply wants to be more entertained by the candidates.
Alana C., Candy R., Melissa C., Perla F., Dylan J.
An innovative new alarm clock system that will ensure that a busy and tired student will not oversleep in the morning. Nowadays, most people use their phones as their alarm clocks, however, it is very easy to click snooze or turn off your alarm altogether on today’s smartphones. This prevents students from actually getting out of bed and, instead, allowing them to oversleep. Our invention is a pair of alarm clock slippers that will require the user to actually get out of bed and place their feet into the slippers for a few seconds in order to turn them off.
Justin L., Madison L., Sandy L., Tyler L., Zi J.
From the Brooklyn Middle School, School for Human Rights, a podcast about how youth feel and think about racism. They used soundscape, interviews, music, commentary, and reporting to create audio that makes the audience think deeply about this issue. Using Audacity to create an experience that put young reporters inside people’s heads so that they can have empathy for youth and experience their thoughts and feelings.
Athina G., Gladys S., Randy B.
A 1/4 scale prototype of a vacuum designed for the NYC subway tracks. It was built to address the problem of trash and track fires in the NYC subway system. Our system is a compilation of two motors, a storage container, pneumatic cylinders and a remote so it may work automatically. The end user will be the MTA so they may save money and have a more efficient method for cleaning the tracks.
Abraham A., Amanda V., Amro H., Chen X., Hai-Lu L., Ho Y., Jia Z., Johnstone T., Louis L., Shannon L., Shi L.
| Kaho Abe is a game designer and media artist based in NYC interested in improving social and personal experiences through the use of technology, fashion and games. She makes games with custom controllers that require multiple people to play together in the same physical space, often face-to-face. Recently she has been exploring costumes as wearable gestural game controllers and immersive social virtual reality experiences. She shares her experiences teaching game design and custom controllers at NYU and Eyebeam. Kaho is a former Eyebeam Fellow and is currently the Artist in Residence at the NYU Game Innovation Lab.
Lucy is a native of Wales and has lived in New York since enrolling in Parsons School of Fashion in 2011. She recently won the inaugural “Social Innovator” fellowship, an award which granted a year-long residency at Eileen Fisher in partnership with the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA). The project will conclude with a solution for the “Green Eileen” damaged garments and will be presented in July 2016. Since arriving in the States, Jones has been thoroughly engaged in ‘design for disabilities’, a goal that stemmed from a conversation with her cousin who has hemiplegia. It is her ambition to marry style and function in the realm of ‘mainstream’ fashion with the intent of addressing a larger portion of society often overlooked in the fashion design process. Jones’ project ‘Accessible Design’ was awarded a William Randolph Hearst scholarship for ‘social innovation’ and two Royal Society of the Arts awards for ‘design innovation’ and ‘fashion leadership’. In October 2014 Jones was one of four students from Parsons selected to attend the UN World Summit for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. In May 2015, with her Thesis entitled “Seated Design”, Jones was awarded Parsons’ Womenswear Designer of the Year and the prestigious Kering X style.com ‘Empowering Imagination’ 4.0 Award. She was recently listed Forbes 30 Under 30 Class of 2016 for the Arts and Style category. Jones’ work has been featured in numerous publications such as Style.com, BBC, CFDA, NPR, Forbes, Fast Company, Seventeen Magazine, Women’s Wear Daily, Independence Care Systems, AOL online, ITV Wales, Vogue, The Impression, Plan de Ville, Fashionista amongst others.
Ramsey Nasser is an award winning game designer who puts people in situations they’ve never been been in before. He’ll make you wake up bears, shoot your friends, play golf through Twitter, and get scolded by a cartoon condom, all in the name of play. When he’s not making games, he’s designing programming languages or rebuilding his motorcycle, which – he swears – is so close to running this time. Ramsey has a B.S. in Computer Science from the American University of Beirut, an M.F.A. in Design and Technology from Parsons The New School for Design, an Eyebeam Fellowship and over a decade of professional experience. You can follow him on twitter at @ra or check out his work at http://nas.sr/.
A native New Yorker, Nelson Almanzar has more than 15 years of professional experience in user-experience design. In 2011, Nelson left his full-time job at A&E Networks to cofound Talos Digital, a full-scale software development agency. His company builds websites, apps, and other digital products for businesses. They now have offices in New York, Austin, Montreal, and Medellin with over 55 staff members. Nelson earned a BA in communication design from Parsons The New School for Design. He is a United States Marine Corps Reserve veteran. In his free time, he enjoys cooking, drawing, and traveling the world.
A leading advocate for global education, a girl champion and former refugee from Sierra Leone, Chernor Bah is currently an Associate at the Population Council, leading a collaborative initiative to provide solutions to adolescent girls affected by the Ebola Outbreak. In 2012, he was appointed by the United Nations Secretary General to serve as the Youth Representative on the High Level Steering Committee for the Secretary General’s Global Education First Initiative. From 2012-2015, Bah also served as the Chair of the initiative’s Youth Advocacy Group- leading a dynamic group of young advocates for global education. Bah was a Co- Founder and Youth Engagement lead at A World at School-a digital mobilization and campaign organization for global education- where Bah started and led the Global Youth Ambassador initiative with over 500 young leaders campaigning for education around the world. As a teenager, he founded and led the Children’s Forum Network, Sierra Leone’s Children’s Parliament and was an Executive Producer for the Voice of Children Initiative- leading children and youth participation in his country’s peace building process. Chernor has spoken at the United Nations, the World Bank, the European Union and African Union as well as at Harvard, Yale and Columbia Universities among others. He has been featured in the New York Times, The Guardian, the BBC, Al Jazeera and the Huffington Post. In 2014, he received the Women’s Refugee Commission’s Voice of Courage Award and the Population Council’s Ideas with Impact Award for his global efforts on behalf of girls, children and youth affected by disaster. He holds a Masters Degree from the University of Notre Dame and a Bachelors Degree from the University of Sierra Leone.
Lori oversees all aspects of the YMCA of Greater New York’s Healthy Lifestyles and Membership initiatives. In this role, she works to ensure all YMCA Healthy Lifestyles and Membership departments support a broad range of fitness options and operate within and above Association standards. Prior to the YMCA of Greater New York, Lori served as Executive Director, Office of School Wellness Programs at New York City’s Department of Education (DOE). She implemented policies and designed initiatives to increase the quality and quantity of physical and health education for 1.1 million students in 1,700 public schools. Lori introduced NYC FITNESSGRAM, an annual student fitness assessment, which is now the country’s largest web-based longitudinal data base on childhood obesity and physical fitness.
Rolando Brown is a dynamic growth strategist, web developer and artist focused on the growth of social enterprises. He currently serves as the Growth Strategist and Engineer for the Advocacy Institute. He drives advancement of the Advocacy Institute’s technology tools and infrastructure. An award winning community developer, Rolando cultivated his blended approaches to infrastructure development and creative capacity building while working as a consultant for several startups, small businesses, and nonprofit organizations.
Sparkle Labs began in 2005, when Ariel Churi and Amy Parness graduated from the Interactive Telecommunication Program at NYU. After collaborating on many projects in school, they wanted to continue working together on both commercial and non-commercial projects. Sparkle Labs’ goal is to realize the beneficial aspects of play in communication and learning. Sparkle Labs brings their expertise in design, branding, usability, and education to create hi-tech, hi-touch products and environments.Years of experience in commercial and educational product design has informed both their client, and art work. Sparkle Labs’ focused mix of art, craft, and science empowers people to access and experiment with new, often inaccessible technologies. Sparkle Labs’ work blurs the line between art and consumer products and has been featured at shows in Seattle, New York, South Korea and China. Today, Amy and Ariel are opening up their understanding of electronics by creating new electronics kits, teaching aids and releasing new interactive products.
Iltimas is a New York native, graduate of the Lab School for Collaborative Studies and current Design + Technology student at Parsons School of Design. His work explores surveillance and the impact that it has on youth and the city. You can follow him at @iltimasd.
David is currently Executive Producer of DIYdoc, a crowdsourced filmmaking app start-up that is launching in the early spring. He most recently led teams as Executive Producer of BrainPOP (BrainPOP.com), an award winning educational animation and game development studio for 6 years. While in this role, his team developed apps for BrainPOP, BrainPOP Jr. and BrainPOP ESL across all mobile platforms and in multiple languages. David holds a Masters in Instructional Technology and Media from Columbia University (TC). Prior roles include: Senior Producer for the Sundance Channel, where he led online production for “The Green” (one of the first weekly television series promoting sustainable lifestyles), conceptualizing the first Google map-based social network and producing geolocated video segments; Senior Producer for the Scholastic Teacher Channel, where he was awarded a Webby for his work redesigning the Teacher Community; and Instructional Designer for BMW University. Ultimately, he has 15 years of expertise creating video, mobile apps, games, online communities, and educational products that make learning fun.
Chanell is a seasoned human rights/international development professional with over ten years of experience. Ms. Hasty received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science with a concentration in International Affairs from Spelman College in 2004, and her Master of Arts in Diplomacy and International Relations with specializations in International Law and International Organizations from Seton Hall University. Today, Chanell is the Founder and President of Fashion Redefining Justice, Inc. – a creative international development non-profit organization that seeks to uniquely revolutionize the way adolescent orphans and vulnerable children access justice - through the provision of livelihood and life skills training within the global fashion industry.
Eli is the founder of The Coding Space, an after school program where kids learn to code while developing critical thinking and problem solving skills. Prior to The Coding Space, Eli worked at Mozilla Firefox and Remind.com. Eli was also the President of Innoblue where he co-founded the Summer Founders Program, a program that gives Penn State entrepreneurs $10,000 to work on their ideas over the summer.
Jessica is dedicated to connecting people and ideas through new technologies and interactive experiences. As a community-based designer, Jessica is currently the Design Director at Bocoup, where she promotes openness and creativity. Prior to Bocoup, she was the Creative Lead of the Hive at Mozilla, crafting tools to support formal and informal learning environments. She created the Hackasaurus project which helps teens learn how to code through hacking. This project later became part of the larger Webmaker ( www.webmaker.org ) platform. Jessica began her career in the curatorial department of Prints, Drawings and Photos at the Brooklyn Museum of Art. Over the last decade, she has worked at a variety of institutions dedicated to learning including the Museum of Arts & Design, The Rubin Museum of Art, The Institute of Play, Startl, The Hive and Sesame Workshop. She founded OceanLab NYC, a project which asked parents, teachers and kids in the NYC community to investigate their urban coastal environment through casual interaction and play. A Rockaway Beach native, Jessica co-founded Rockaway Help in the wake of Hurricane Sandy and was named a White House Champion of Change for her civic hacktivism and CSR award from City & State Reports for excellence in promoting community engagement through technology. Jessica has earned an M.F.A in Design and Technology from Parsons and an B.A. in Art History from Mount Holyoke College.
DB Lampman is the co-founder and Associate Director of Staten Island MakerSpace. She oversees all administrative and programming at the makerspace, including education programs for children and adults, STEAM programs for schools, libraries, and other CBOs, marketing, development and fundraising. In the two years since starting Staten Island MakerSpace, DB has developed and overseen over 500 in-house skill building workshops and provided education programs to approximately 3000 children. Formerly, she was the Program Director at the Noble Maritime Collection, a maritime museum, for six years. DB holds a BFA from Maryland Institute, College of Art and an MFA from the School of Visual Arts. DB has experience developing curriculum and teaching art to all ages from pre-kindergarten students through adults. DB is also an actively working artist who specializes in mixed media sculpture and performance art. Her work has been exhibited internationally. Recent projects include “The Dance,” a large scale public art sculpture exhibited at Tappen Park and Conference House Park in Staten Island.
Arielle is a current freshman at Parsons The New School for Design where she is obtaining her BFA in Design and Technology and is Minoring in Data Visualization. She has a passion for visual design and aesthetics and enjoys expressing herself through traditional media as well as through new and emerging technologies. Dedicated to the growing field of technology, she is interested in expanding her knowledge of computers and the relationship humans share with technology, and one day wishes to teach children about creative computer science to create a new generation of designers and creative thinkers. Arielle is fond of computer science and graphic design, and recreationally she enjoys going to live music performances all around New York City.
When Dennis first started working with lasers 22 years ago, he thought lasers were for shooting and blowing things up! Then he learned how to use them to capture beautiful patterns of light in film that could recreate exact, unbelievable replicas of the world around us frozen in time. When he started working in atomic physics 18 years ago, he thought atoms were only the tiny pieces of the universe that swirled around us, and combined to make up what we see in everyday people and things. Then he learned how to use them to measure time and frequency to a level of precision that would enable vehicles to circumnavigate the globe unassisted, finding their way when they were far from home. When he started playing video games 35 years ago, games were something he dropped twenty-five cents into almost everyday instead of buying his elementary school lunch. Then he learned to make games that could change the fundamental way school lunches are prepared, packaged, distributed, and recycled, so school administrators could save money and be rewarded for cleaner disposal. Now, he is working with the data that humans produce, which swirls and expands around us daily, recreating exact, unbelievable replicas of who we are in this world… Wonder what he will learn next.
Aurelia is a developer and curious cartographer building communities around code at Mozilla Open Science. Previously of Ushahidi, Internews Kenya, and CartoDB, she’s been working in the open tech and non-profit journalism space for a few years, and recent projects have had mapping sensor data to support agricultural security and sustainable apis ecosystems in the Global South.
Ashley is an educator, design thinker, and brand strategist passionate about bringing design thinking principles into K-12 schools. She is the founding 7th grade English teacher at Girls Prep Bronx Middle School, where she learns alongside the world’s best 7th grade girls. Ashley continues to work on projects through her business, Looking Glass Strategy, consulting with educational organizations, non-profits, and start-ups to bring human-centered strategy, messaging, and processes to their work. Ashley cut her professional teeth at design and innovation firm IDEO, where she learned the design thinking approach, brainstormed ideas and pitched clients as part of the Toy Lab, and taught design thinking to corporate clients. She worked closely with IDEO’s Education group on projects including: redesigning an after-school science program with NYC DOE and the American Museum of Natural History; teaching design thinking to university students in Colombia; and developing a design thinking curriculum for a national education non-profit. After her inspiring stint at IDEO, Ashley ran US business development for brand strategy firm Clear, an M&C Saatchi Company, and led the Creative Team at Tough Mudder. She has a BA in English Literature from Georgetown University and a Masters in Education from Harvard University.
Jerelyn Rodriguez is the Co-Founder and CEO of The Knowledge House. Previously, she coordinated STEM after-school programming at Beyond Z and was the Bronx Field Director for Reshma Saujani’s 2013 campaign for New York City Public Advocate. In 2011, Jerelyn joined Students for Education Reform (SFER) as the National Program Director, organizing and coaching college students in 35 states to advocate for education reform. Prior to SFER, Jerelyn worked in the public school system, teaching and designing student programs. Jerelyn has recently spoken on panels at SXSWedu, the New York City Social Innovation Festival and NASA’s SpaceApps Challenge. She is on the leadership council for South Bronx Rising Together, a founding Datanaut at NASA, a fellow at Camelback Ventures, and has recently been honored as one of Forbes’ 30 under 30 in Education at Jerelyn has a degree in film studies from Columbia University.
Andy is the Director of Operations for NY Tech Meetup (NYTM), a non-profit organization that runs the largest Meetup group in the world with over 46,000 members and a mission to build a more sustainable and diverse technology industry for all New Yorkers. He also co-organizes the Gay Tech Meetup NYC group and advocates for increased diversity in tech. He’s a lover of coffee, food, spirits and the conversation that happens while enjoying them.
Nikki is an interaction designer and artist who makes things that are subversive, useful, and adorable. Her latest work To Park or Not to Park? is a guerrilla parking sign redesign project currently saving drivers from parking tickets in Los Angeles, Brisbane, and New Haven. She also documents herself eating carefully at eating carefully. Her work has been widely covered in the news and heatedly debated on discussion threads. Nikki also freelances as a design consultant and advisor based out of Orbital, a space in Manhattan’s Lower East Side, home to independent folks developing and launching new ideas. She holds an MFA from the Interaction Design program at the School of Visual Arts. Prior to that, she spent five years researching materials and designing spaces at interior architecture firms in Los Angeles.
Tania is a multimedia producer dedicated to inspiring people’s natural curiosity through video and interactive experiences. Her work has taken her to some of the most amazing places on earth – she has hiked up 18,000 foot mountains in Peru to tell the story of climate change, flown on an LC-130 to learn about cosmic inflation in the South Pole and squeezed through 18-inch high caves following a team of researchers. Having started her career in children’s television she continues to seek out projects that encourage playful learning, whether her intended audience is children or adults. When she’s not working she can be found kayaking on the East River or hiking in the Adirondacks. | 2019-04-23T16:13:15Z | https://www.emoti-con.org/events/emoti-con-2016 |
1 HER HONOUR: The defendants’ Notice of Motion, filed on 21 August 2009, seeks leave to file a Further Amended Defence in proceedings brought by the plaintiff in trespass, and in the nature of declaratory and injunctive relief. The Notice of Motion is opposed by the plaintiff.
2 The proceedings arise out of the entry by the defendants onto land leased and occupied by the plaintiff, who conducted the business of a piggery, in July 2006. The defendants went onto the property without the consent of the plaintiff in order to take photographs and film footage of the piggery, in the expectation that the defendants could establish that the plaintiff was failing to comply with appropriate standards for the maintenance and care of the animals.
3 After the defendants left the property, they caused the photographs and film to be shown to representatives of Animal Liberation NSW and to be publicised, thereby intending to provoke a prosecution by the relevant authorities. However, despite an investigation by police and the RSPCA, no action was taken against the plaintiff.
4 The plaintiff commenced proceedings in this Court on 31 January 2008 and later filed a Statement of Claim on 20 March 2008. This Statement of Claim sought aggravated and exemplary damages arising out of trespass. There were various directions hearings over the next five months, culminating in an Amended Statement of Claim on 29 August 2008, which sought declaratory and injunctive relief in relation to the film footage and photographs in the possession of the defendants. In particular, the plaintiff sought an order delivering up the photographs and film to the plaintiff, on the basis that the copyright in those images is held by the defendants on trust for the plaintiff. In the alternative, the plaintiff claimed that the defendants be restrained from any further publication.
5 Such amendments to the Statement of Claim that have occurred since August 2008 have been inconsequential. A Further Amended Statement of Claim was filed on 2 December 2008 in order to join the third defendant whose identity was revealed during discovery, and a Second Further Amended Statement of Claim was filed on 6 July 2009 in order to correct the name of the plaintiff.
6 The Defence filed in the proceedings thus far by all three defendants (on 2 October 2008 and 14 January 2009) were substantially the same, that is, they consisted of bare denials and non admissions. Following a series of unanswered letters to the defendants’ solicitors wherein the plaintiff’s solicitors drew attention to the absence of any substantive defence, the plaintiff ultimately moved on a Notice of Motion filed 2 December 2008 to have the defences struck out pursuant to rule 14.28. The Notice of Motion was heard by James J on 6 April 2009.
There is no doubt that the defence filed on behalf of the defendants was seriously defective. It was reasonable for the plaintiff's solicitors to believe that the defendant's defence would not be limited to simply traversing the plaintiff's claim to possession and that the defendants would wish to raise some affirmative matter by way of defence, the nature of which had not been disclosed in the defence which had been filed. As I have indicated, that belief on the part of the plaintiff's solicitors was well founded. Even if the first order sought in the notice of motion would not have been an appropriate order for the Court to make, in my opinion the second order sought in the notice of motion by way of alternative relief was an appropriate order to seek. The plaintiff's solicitors gave notice on several occasions of their intention to file an application in respect of the defective defence.
8 His Honour directed that the defendants file any amended defence on or before 21 April 2009 and that any matter involving the raising of any affirmative defence should be specifically pleaded.
9 On 21 April 2009 the defendants filed an Amended Defence. Significantly, for present purposes, the defence to the plaintiff’s pleading, that the defendants held the copyright in the photographs and film on trust for the plaintiff (par. 6B of the Further Amended Statement of Claim), was that, in taking the photographs and film footage, the defendants committed no wrong recognisable at law and they denied that they held copyright on trust for the plaintiff.
10 Further directions hearings were held over the following three months, during which the plaintiff was directed to file and serve its evidence by 30 June 2009. It did so. The defendants were directed to file and serve their evidence by 28 July 2009, with the plaintiff to file and serve any evidence in reply by 11 August 2009. The defendants did not comply with that timetable. Discovery is virtually complete and the matter was ready for a date for trial, subject to the defendants filing their evidence.
11 Before proceeding to a consideration of the issues, it is important to appreciate that the claim in trespass is defended simply on the basis that the plaintiff will be put to proof of its entitlement to possession of the property. The defendants admit that they intentionally entered on the land occupied by the piggery without permission. In these circumstances, it may be reasonably assumed that the defendants’ prospects of defeating the plaintiff’s claim on that score are dim.
12 Any restrictions that may be imposed upon the defendants in the future use that might be made of the photographs and film, particularly with respect to the defendants’ links to Animal Liberation, appears to be the most contentious aspect of the litigation. The defendants are in fact funded by Animal Liberation, the Executive Director of which has played an active part in the conduct of the litigation: see Affidavit of Susan Goodman of 28 August 2009, Exhibit SUG 1 tabs 7, 8, 9 and 10.
13 One further observation should be made. The alleged trespass is at the heart of the proceedings. The plaintiff’s claim, that the defendants’ copyright in the photographs and film is held on trust for the plaintiff, turns upon the defendants’ unlawful entry onto the plaintiff’s property, for the purpose of attempting to discredit the plaintiff with respect to the operation of the piggery. This inextricable link between the alleged trespass and the claim for declaratory and injunctive relief, which has been pleaded since August 2008, could not have escaped the defendants’ attention.
14 It is against that background that the application to file a Further Amended Defence, which raises for the first time a positive defence to the plaintiff’s claim for declaratory and injunctive relief, must be assessed. The defendants have been aware of this aspect of the pleadings since August 2008 and were put on notice by James J that an affirmative defence was to be specifically pleaded by 21 April 2009.
(f)(iv) they rely on a defence of unclean hands in respect of the poor welfare of pigs kept by the plaintiff at the Windridge piggery, Young, to the extent shown in the Cinematograph Film and Photographs, where that is capable of constituting cruelty within the definition of that term in the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979.
17 The proposed Further Amended Defence gives the following particulars of cruelty, namely, that the film depicted pigs experiencing distress and suffering caused by the conditions in which they were kept, including the allegedly inadequate floor area of the stalls, overcrowding, pigs with pressure sores and bursitis resulting from inactivity, excess weight and hard substrate, and pigs with other symptoms said to indicate poor welfare, suffering and distress. It is further particularised that the cage size of the plaintiff’s piggery did not conform to the Model Code of Practice, supported by a finding by the New South Wales Police, inter alia, that "the report found no breaches of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. Although stall sizes were not the size recommended under the code of practice (pigs), the company managed this problem by placing larger sows in community pens."
18 I note that defendants’ counsel informed the Court, and the defendants’ written submissions confirm, that the defendants seek to establish from the photographs and the film that the conditions under which the pigs were farmed were relevantly cruel, but not by reference to the conditions as they appeared later when the piggery was investigated. It is proposed to call expert evidence in that regard. This aspect of the defence will necessarily cause the plaintiff to seek out and call its own expert evidence. Expert evidence has not previously figured in the proceedings.
The poor welfare of pigs shown in the Photographs and .. Film is capable of constituting cruelty within the definition of that term in the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act by the plaintiff in keeping pigs at the Windridge piggery which precludes the plaintiff in good conscience from any relief under a constructive trust in favour of the plaintiff against the defendants as owners of copyright in the Photographs and .. Film.
Otherwise they rely on the freedom of expression or communication in respect of government or political matters implied in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia recognized in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520.
(b) that leave be granted to a party to amend any document in the proceedings.
(2) Subject to section 58, all necessary amendments are to be made for the purpose of determining the real questions raised by or otherwise depending on the proceedings, correcting any defect or error in the proceedings and avoiding multiplicity of proceedings.
(b) the terms in which any such order or direction is to be made, the court must seek to act in accordance with the dictates of justice.
(vii) such other matters as the court considers relevant in the circumstances of the case.
(d) the timely disposal of the proceedings, and all other proceedings in the court, at a cost affordable by the respective parties.
(2) This Act and any rules of court are to be so construed and applied, and the practice and procedure of the courts are to be so regulated, as best to ensure the attainment of the objects referred to in subsection (1).
24 The principles enshrined by ss 56, 57 and 58 of the Act operate as a mandatory framework for the determination of pre-trial applications: Dennis v ABC NSWCA 37 ; Arthur Anderson Corporate Finance v Buzzle Operation Pty Ltd NSWCA 104 ; Haplin & Ors. v Lumley General Insurance Ltd NSWCA 372 ; Hans Pet Constructions Pty Limited v Cassar NSWCA 230. The focus of the Court’s enquiry must be, whether granting leave to amend compromises the just, timely and efficient disposition of the real issues between the parties: see Commissioner of Police for New South Wales v Industrial Commission of New South Wales & Raymond Sewell NSWCA 198 per Spigelman CJ at .
25 Considerations of cost, not just to the parties but to the judicial and administrative resources of the Court, play a significant role in the exercise of the discretion to grant leave. Of course, the exercise of the discretion assumes that the amendment will not be futile, in the sense that it would survive a motion to strike it out.
26 The defendants contend that it is fairly arguable that, to the extent that the photographs and film over which the constructive trust is claimed by the plaintiff demonstrates that the plaintiff was in fact failing to comply with appropriate standards for maintaining and/or operating the piggery, it constitutes an impropriety with "an immediate and necessary relation to the equity sued for" : Kation Pty Ltd v Lamru Pty Ltd ; Lewis v Nortex Pty Ltd (in liq) NSWCA 145 per Hodgson JA (Allsop P agreeing). In this respect, it is said that the plaintiff is precluded from claiming in good conscience that the defendants hold copyright in the images on a constructive trust. In other words, it is submitted that the plaintiff comes to equity with unclean hands.
27 Further, it is submitted that, because the relief sought is equitable relief, the plaintiff’s "clean hands" was always an issue in the proceedings. The defendants’ explanation for failing to plead this defence at an earlier time is, in effect, that it did not occur to the defendants’ solicitor until he had read the plaintiff's affidavits, which contained assertions that the plaintiff had not committed any wrongdoing in relation to the welfare of the animals at the piggery.
28 It is difficult to understand how the defendants’ solicitor could not have appreciated from the inception of the proceedings that the plaintiff disputed that its management of the piggery was in any way improper or illegal. The plaintiff’s Statement of Claim of August 2008 referred to the publication of the photographs and film “for the purpose of alleging that the plaintiff was failing to comply with appropriate standards for maintaining the animals at the piggery”. I do not find the defendants’ attempts to justify this aspect of the proposed pleadings very persuasive.
29 There are a number of intermediate steps that are implicit in and necessary to the defendants’ argument. First, the pleading that “the poor welfare of the pigs” is solely attributable to the plaintiff’s conduct or omission assumes that expert evidence is capable of establishing that proposition from an inspection of the photographs and film, without more. Second, the pleading assumes that those images provide a sufficient basis upon which an expert can express the opinion that the condition of the pigs is as a result of treatment by, or omission on the part of, the plaintiff that is capable of constituting cruelty under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. I remain doubtful that an expert opinion derived in that manner would have the necessary factual basis, but for present purposes I am prepared to assume such evidence is available and admissible. Even so, the proposed defence falls short of alleging that the plaintiff has committed a legal wrong. At its highest, it claims that the plaintiff may have committed a legal wrong.
30 The real difficulty with the defendants’ argument is the lack of the requisite nexus between the right claimed by the plaintiff as the basis for the equitable relief (ownership of the copyright) on the one hand, and the alleged conduct of the plaintiff in conducting the piggery on the other. The former arises out of the defendants’ trespass, which bears no relationship to acts of cruelty allegedly committed by the plaintiff towards the pigs.
161 ...., the operation of the maxim is not triggered by any act of wrongful conduct by a defendant, regardless of its nature or connection to the subject matter of the suit.
163 Similarly, Brandeis J has referred to there being a limitation on the types of bad conduct which trigger the operation of the maxim by saying: “Equity does not demand that its suitors shall have led blameless lives”: Loughrin v Loughrin 292 US 216 at 229 (1934). Young J has expressed the limitations on the operation of the maxim by saying, “Unless there is established one of the equitable defences, then general naughtiness or the desire of the court to censor the plaintiff’s conduct, does not enter into the equation when one is considering whether the plaintiff should get relief”: FAI Insurances Ltd v Pioneer Concrete Services Ltd (1987) 15 NSWLR 552, at 554.
179 If a plaintiff needs to prove his own bad conduct to be able to prove the circumstances which he says entitles him to an equitable remedy, that bad conduct has an immediate and necessary relation to the equity sued for.
33 I do not accept that anything said by Allsop P and/or Hodgson JA in Kation Pty Ltd v Lamru Pty Ltd ; Lewis v Nortex Pty Ltd (in liq) NSWCA 145 was intended to dilute the meaning of “an immediate and necessary relation” as discussed in these authorities. The defendants’ submissions seem to suggest that Hodgson JA qualified the requirement by observing that it was not necessary for “the relation [to] be of the nature of contributing to or constituting the equity sued for”. However, that remark must be seen in the context of the facts of that case. The Court found that the relation between fraudulent practices, carried on by two persons over a period of time and later continued by one of them, and the equity sued for was that the practices were conducive to the understatement and disposal of stock in a company, and provided an essential part of the evidentiary material supporting the finding that the equity sued for existed. The Court found that the temporal and evidentiary connection was sufficiently close to justify the application of the unclean hands doctrine.
* The defendants trespassed on the plaintiff’s land.
* The defendants took photographs and film footage.
* The copyright in the photographs and film was obtained by the defendants as a result of the trespass.
* The photos and film were published for the purpose of alleging that the plaintiff was mistreating the pigs.
35 Does the plaintiff need to prove that it mistreated the pigs in any way in order to prove these matters? The answer is demonstrably, no. The defendants’ purpose in publishing the photographs and film is admitted by the defendants. In relying upon that motive for the publication, the plaintiff does not, and need not, assert anything in relation to its treatment of the pigs. The defendants’ contention that the doctrine of unclean hands applies in the circumstances of this case must be rejected. I do not regard this proposed defence as arguable.
36 According to the plaintiff, the true explanation for the late introduction of this pleading lies in the very thinly veiled strategy of Animal Liberation to use these proceedings as a platform for the promotion of its campaign against practices in the pig-farming industry, by way of exploring the conditions of the pigs at the plaintiff’s piggery. If I am wrong in reaching the conclusion that this aspect of the proposed pleading has no prospects of success, the plaintiff’s submission that the proposed defence constitutes an abuse of process acquires additional significance, that is, if the submission is made out, it may provide a further basis for refusing leave to amend (s 58(2)(b)(vii) of the Civil Procedure Act).
To say that a purpose of a litigant in bringing proceedings which is not within the scope of the proceedings constitutes, without more, an abuse of process might unduly expand the concept. The purpose of a litigant may be to bring the proceedings to a successful conclusion so as to take advantage of an entitlement or benefit which the law gives the litigant in that event.
court by proceedings he has abused.
38 The onus is on the plaintiff to show that the defence of unclean hands is pleaded for the purpose of obtaining a collateral advantage or a benefit not reasonably related to an order that could be obtained in the proceedings : Van Der Lee & Ors v State of New South Wales & Ors NSWCA 286, per Hodgson JA (Santow JA agreeing).
I was subpoenaed to the New South Wales Supreme Court to give evidence as to the details of the individuals who allegedly trespassed and provided the evidence that was later given to the police. Interestingly the police refused to give the management a statement to assist their potential bringing of civil trespass charges. It was decided to give information to the piggery management because we decided it would be better to defend them (the trespassers) vigorously against any potential charges. The reason for this decision is that we will be able to call a lot of evidence of how the industry fails to meet its own agreed code standards and how the RSPCA fails to pursue cases of cruelty of undersized stalls particularly after they had won such a case against Boen Boe piggery after I took A Current Affair there in 1998.
40 The exhibit also contains a number of e-mails between 14 March 2007 and 22 July 2008 between Mark Pearson and, variously, members of the committee of Animal Liberation and the individual defendants, wherein the threatened action for trespass by the plaintiff is raised as a matter for urgent discussion before the next committee meeting and a teleconference between Mr Pearson and the defendants is scheduled.
41 The combination of this evidence, together with the admitted facts that Mr Pearson was compelled by the threat of court process to disclose the identity of two of the defendants, that the photographs and film taken by the defendants were given to Mr Pearson and utilised by him to advance the objects of Animal Liberation, and that the defence is being funded by Animal Liberation NSW, found a compelling inference that the proposed pleading of unclean hands is mounted for the purpose of allowing the defendants to explore the conditions in which the pigs are kept by the plaintiff.
42 In this respect, the defendants are using the proposed pleading as a means of obtaining an advantage beyond any that is available under the law and one that is not reasonably related to a judgment in the plaintiff's favour on the issue of trespass.
43 The defendants concede that "there is evidence to suggest that one purpose in defending these proceedings is to raise awareness of the condition of pigs in a commercial piggery, namely the plaintiff's farm." (Defendants’ written submissions in reply) The defendants submit however, that it is not the predominant purpose and that the plaintiff has not discharged the heavy onus it bears to satisfy the Court that there is an abuse of process. Further, it is submitted that the proposed amendment to the defence is for the predominant purpose of "vindicating the defendants in the exercise of their exclusive rights as copyright owners .... , where the imposition of a constructive trust or injunction would deprive or restrain them in the use of those rights."
44 This submission appears to ignore the fact that it is the defendants’ trespass for an ulterior purpose which gives rise to the availability of the equitable remedy sought by the plaintiff. Apart from putting the plaintiff to proof on its occupancy and exclusive possession of the property, the defendants have no arguable defence to the trespass. The plaintiff offered, before the commencement of proceedings by way of Statement of Claim, to settle the matter by the recovery of its costs, an offer that was declined. There has been an attempt at mediation which has failed. The defendants’ entry onto the property was motivated solely by the desire to gather evidence, on behalf of Animal Liberation NSW, of some wrong committed by the plaintiff towards its animals. Given that the relevant authorities failed to prosecute on the basis of that evidence, a remaining avenue is the construction of a defence that is designed to re-agitate that evidence.
45 These factors persuade me to the view that the plaintiff has discharged its onus to satisfy the Court that the proposed amended defence of unclean hands constitutes an abuse of process. This finding constitutes an alternative basis upon which I would refuse the defendants leave to amend.
The Proposed Defence of Freedom of Political Communication.
The regulation of animal welfare within Australia is generally a responsibility of state parliaments and courts. ... The parliaments of the states are provided for in the federal Constitution. Ultimately, they now draw their authority from that Constitution. The states are part of the "indissoluble Federal Commonwealth". The federal Constitution appears to contemplate that state parliaments, by analogy with the federal parliament, will be representative of the people of the state and democratically elected. No other view would be compatible with the exceptional powers afforded to the parliaments of the states in relation to the composition of the senate.
..... broadcasting of ideas about government or politics relevant to the activities of the federal or of a state parliament would fall within the principle expressed in Lange.
47 The defendants characterise the communication of the photographs and film by the defendants to Animal Liberation NSW as matters concerning the regulation of animal welfare. It is further submitted that the regulation of animal welfare is an issue that was already in existence in the proceedings before the application to amend. The first proposition may be self-evident, however the second proposition once again refuses to acknowledge that the plaintiff has only ever taken proceedings for the tort of trespass. There is no aspect of the plaintiff’s pleadings up to the present time, nor is there any aspect of the defendants’ pleadings prior to the application to amend, that puts in issue the regulation of animal welfare generally or pigs in particular.
48 The High Court in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation HCA 25; (1997) 189 CLR 520 held that there existed an implied freedom of political communication but that this entitlement is not freestanding or absolute and extends only so far as is necessary to give effect to those provisions of the Constitution that prescribe the federal system of responsible government. Further, the Court held that the implied freedom will not invalidate a law enacted to satisfy some other legitimate end, provided the law is compatible with the maintenance of the constitutionally prescribed system of government and the law is reasonably appropriate and adapted, or proportional to that end.
49 The first hurdle in the way of the defendants’ argument is the absence of authority in support of the proposition that the communications between the defendants and Animal Liberation NSW are capable of coming within the scope of the principle expressed in Lange, as expounded by Kirby J. in Lenah Game Meats.
50 The latter case involved an application for interlocutory injunctive relief in order to restrain the ABC from distributing, publishing, copying or broadcasting a video of the applicant’s activities in its possum meat processing plant in Tasmania. The video had been obtained by unknown persons who had unlawfully entered onto the premises and passed the film to Animal Liberation Ltd. That organisation subsequently supplied a copy of the film to the ABC. To the extent that a trespass had been committed, the ABC was not complicit in any illegality or impropriety.
The Constitution's protection of freedom of political communication, for example, precludes the curtailment of such freedom by the exercise of legislative or executive power. It restricts lawmaking power and executive action. And, because the common law of Australia conforms to the Constitution, it has an important role in the formulation of common law principle. But it is not a mere balancing factor in a discretionary judgment as to the preferred outcome in a particular case, to be given such weight as to a court seems fit.
The regulation of animal welfare within Australia is generally a responsibility of State parliaments and courts. On the other hand, the appellant, as a corporation established under federal law, has powers and responsibilities that extend to facilitating political and governmental discourse throughout the Commonwealth. Common experience suggests that, in Australia, many of the subjects of such discourse extend across State borders. Modern media of communications have reinforced nationwide discussion of matters of general political concern. The parliaments of the States are provided for in the federal Constitution. Ultimately, they now draw their authority from that Constitution. The States are part of the "indissoluble Federal Commonwealth". The federal Constitution appears to contemplate that State parliaments, by analogy with the Federal Parliament, will be representative of the people of the State and democratically elected. No other view would be compatible with the exceptional powers afforded to the parliaments of the States in relation to the composition of the Senate. Moreover, the respondent is engaged in an export business and that business would be damaged by the broadcast of the videotape restrained by the injunction.
In these circumstances, and in respect of the activities of the appellant in this case, I would be prepared to accept, for the purposes of the present appeal, that broadcasting of ideas about government or politics relevant to the activities of the Federal Parliament or of a State parliament would fall within the principle expressed in Lange.
However, this principle does not uphold an inflexible rule. Australian law does not embrace absolutes in this matter. Many regulatory laws, federal and State, continue to operate in ways that are compatible with the representative democracy established by the Constitution. Restrictions, imposed by law, for limited purposes (even where they may incidentally diminish completely uninhibited discussion of issues of government or politics) may yet be compatible with the Constitution. It is only if the law in question is inconsistent with the intended operation of the system of government created by the Constitution that the implied constitutional prohibition has effect.
Conclusion: no invalid law: There is nothing in the general language of the Tasmanian legislation, conferring on the Supreme Court the power to grant interlocutory injunctions, that is inconsistent with the representative democracy created by, or implied in, the Constitution. Nor is this power itself incompatible with the representative democracy created by the Constitution. To the contrary, the power is a feature of that democracy.
53 Further, at , Kirby J noted that "this was a matter of federal concern .. because the product involved was wholly exported and the appellant is the national broadcaster, established by federal law with national functions."
54 To the extent that Kirby J. expressed a view in relation to the application of the implied freedom of political communication to matters pertaining to animal welfare, it was a view that was confined to the facts of the particular case. Most importantly, it was a view formulated on the basis that both of the parties to the proceedings were engaged in activities at a federal level. That is patently not the position with respect to the defendants. The evidence before the Court is silent with respect to the activities of the plaintiff, that is, whether the plaintiff exports its products.
55 Furthermore, even acknowledging the theoretical availability of the power to grant injunctive relief in the circumstances of Lenah Game Meats, his Honour was of the view that the type of relief sought by the plaintiff in this case is not inconsistent or incompatible with representative democracy, rather it is a feature of it. His Honour expressly recognised that the grant of an injunction to restrain the use of information such as photographs and film obtained as a result of a trespass, where that use would be unconscionable, was not in any way incompatible with the implied freedom of communication with respect to political matters.
56 In short, Kirby J's judgment in Lenah Game Meats does not support the defendants’ argument on this limb of the proposed defence. The proposed amendment would, in my view, be futile.
57 The plaintiff submits that the history of the proceedings discloses an element of delay by the defendants in the conduct of their case. The affidavit of Susan Goodman establishes that it took approximately 6 weeks for the plaintiff to properly serve the first defendant with the summons, that it took the first and second defendants over one year to file a properly pleaded defence, that the first and second defendants were over five months late in providing discovery, that the third defendant further failed to provide discovery in accordance with the Court's directions, that the defendants have failed to reply to the plaintiff's letter raising possible defects in the defendants’ discovery and finally, that the defendants have failed to file and serve their affidavit evidence despite being ordered to do so by 28 July 2009.
58 The defendants’ response to these submissions assert that to the extent that there has been delay it has been of a minimal nature and there has been delay on both sides. The defendants are represented by a firm of solicitors based in Melbourne and that has on occasions contributed to the late service and filing of documents.
59 Of more concern however, is the prospect of further delay in the setting of a hearing date, should the defendants be granted leave to amend. I have already adverted to the necessity for both sides to put on expert evidence in the event that the Court is required to decide whether the photographs and film depict any relevant cruelty in the treatment or maintenance of the pigs. I am not persuaded that any of the explanations advanced by the defendants for the failure to plead affirmative defences in compliance with the timetable set by James J are satisfactory.
60 These considerations alone may not have been sufficient to warrant a refusal of leave to amend, had the defendants been able to persuade the Court that the proposed defences were necessary in order to resolve the real issues in the proceedings or that they had any prospects of success. When they are taken into account, together with the conclusions I have reached with respect to the futility of the proposed defences, the outcome is even more compelling.
61 For all of the above reasons, I dismiss the defendants’ Notice of Motion with costs. | 2019-04-25T23:56:09Z | https://www.animallaw.info/case/windridge-farm-pty-ltd-v-grassi |
This memo describes the state of standardization of protocols used in the Internet as determined by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). This memo is an Internet Standard. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
A discussion of the standardization process and the RFC document series is presented first, followed by an explanation of the terms. Sections 6.2 - 6.10 contain the lists of protocols in each stage of standardization. Finally are pointers to references and contacts for further information.
This memo is intended to be issued approximately quarterly; please be sure the copy you are reading is current. Current copies may be obtained from the Network Information Center (INTERNIC) or from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) (see the contact information at the end of this memo). Do not use this edition after 1-Mar-95.
See Section 6.1 for a description of recent changes. In the official lists in sections 6.2 - 6.10, an asterisk (*) next to a protocol denotes that it is new to this document or has been moved from one protocol level to another, or differs from the previous edition of this document.
The Internet Architecture Board maintains this list of documents that define standards for the Internet protocol suite. See RFC-1601 for the charter of the IAB and RFC-1160 for an explanation of the role and organization of the IAB and its subsidiary groups, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). Each of these groups has a steering group called the IESG and IRSG, respectively. The IETF develops these standards with the goal of co-ordinating the evolution of the Internet protocols; this co-ordination has become quite important as the Internet protocols are increasingly in general commercial use. The definitive description of the Internet standards process is found in RFC-1602.
The majority of Internet protocol development and standardization activity takes place in the working groups of the IETF.
Protocols which are to become standards in the Internet go through a series of states or maturity levels (proposed standard, draft standard, and standard) involving increasing amounts of scrutiny and testing. When a protocol completes this process it is assigned a STD number (see RFC-1311). At each step, the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) of the IETF must make a recommendation for advancement of the protocol.
To allow time for the Internet community to consider and react to standardization proposals, a minimum delay of 6 months before a proposed standard can be advanced to a draft standard and 4 months before a draft standard can be promoted to standard.
In cases where there is uncertainty as to the proper decision concerning a protocol a special review committee may be appointed consisting of experts from the IETF, IRTF and the IAB with the purpose of recommending an explicit action.
Because it is useful to document the results of early protocol research and development work, some of the RFCs document protocols which are still in an experimental condition. The protocols are designated "experimental" in this memorandum. They appear in this report as a convenience to the community and not as evidence of their standardization.
Other protocols, such as those developed by other standards organizations, or by particular vendors, may be of interest or may be recommended for use in the Internet. The specifications of such protocols may be published as RFCs for the convenience of the Internet community. These protocols are labeled "informational" in this memorandum.
In addition to the working groups of the IETF, protocol development and experimentation may take place as a result of the work of the research groups of the Internet Research Task Force, or the work of other individuals interested in Internet protocol development. The the documentation of such experimental work in the RFC series is encouraged, but none of this work is considered to be on the track for standardization until the IESG has made a recommendation to advance the protocol to the proposed standard state.
A few protocols have achieved widespread implementation without the approval of the IESG. For example, some vendor protocols have become very important to the Internet community even though they have not been recommended by the IESG. However, the IAB strongly recommends that the standards process be used in the evolution of the protocol suite to maximize interoperability (and to prevent incompatible protocol requirements from arising). The use of the terms "standard", "draft standard", and "proposed standard" are reserved in any RFC or other publication of Internet protocols to only those protocols which the IESG has approved.
In addition to a state (like "Proposed Standard"), a protocol is also assigned a status, or requirement level, in this document. The possible requirement levels ("Required", "Recommended", "Elective", "Limited Use", and "Not Recommended") are defined in Section 4.2. When a protocol is on the standards track, that is in the proposed standard, draft standard, or standard state (see Section 5), the status shown in Section 6 is the current status.
gateways, routers, terminal servers, workstations, and multi-user hosts. The requirement level shown in this document is only a one word label, which may not be sufficient to characterize the implementation requirements for a protocol in all situations. For some protocols, this document contains an additional status paragraph (an applicability statement). In addition, more detailed status information may be contained in separate requirements documents (see Section 3).
Anyone can submit a document for publication as an RFC. Submissions must be made via electronic mail to the RFC Editor (see the contact information at the end of this memo, and see RFC 1543).
The RFC series comprises a wide range of documents, ranging from informational documents of general interests to specifications of standard Internet protocols. In cases where submission is intended to document a proposed standard, draft standard, or standard protocol, the RFC Editor will publish the document only with the approval of the IESG. For documents describing experimental work, the RFC Editor will notify the IESG before publication, allowing for the possibility of review by the relevant IETF working group or IRTF research group and provide those comments to the author. See Section 5.1 for more detail.
Once a document is assigned an RFC number and published, that RFC is never revised or re-issued with the same number. There is never a question of having the most recent version of a particular RFC. However, a protocol (such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP)) may be improved and re-documented many times in several different RFCs. It is important to verify that you have the most recent RFC on a particular protocol. This "Internet Official Protocol Standards"
memo is the reference for determining the correct RFC for the current specification of each protocol.
The RFCs are available from the INTERNIC, and a number of other sites. For more information about obtaining RFCs, see Sections 7.4 and 7.5.
There are three other reference documents of interest in checking the current status of protocol specifications and standardization. These are the Assigned Numbers, the Gateway Requirements, and the Host Requirements. Note that these documents are revised and updated at different times; in case of differences between these documents, the most recent must prevail.
Also, one should be aware of the MIL-STD publications on IP, TCP, Telnet, FTP, and SMTP. These are described in Section 3.4.
The "Assigned Numbers" document lists the assigned values of the parameters used in the various protocols. For example, IP protocol codes, TCP port numbers, Telnet Option Codes, ARP hardware types, and Terminal Type names. Assigned Numbers was most recently issued as RFC-1700.
This pair of documents reviews and updates the specifications that apply to hosts, and it supplies guidance and clarification for any ambiguities. Host Requirements was issued as RFC-1122 and RFC-1123.
The Internet and the DoD MIL-STD specifications for the FTP, SMTP, and Telnet protocols are essentially the same documents (RFCs 765, 821, 854). The MIL-STD versions have been edited slightly. Note that the current Internet specification for FTP is RFC-959 (as modified by RFC-1123).
Note that these MIL-STD are now somewhat out of date. The Gateway Requirements (RFC-1009) and Host Requirements (RFC-1122, RFC-1123) take precedence over both earlier RFCs and the MIL-STDs.
These documents are available from the Naval Publications and Forms Center. Requests can be initiated by telephone, telegraph, or mail; however, it is preferred that private industry use form DD1425, if possible.
"informational" or "historic". The second is the "requirement level" or STATUS of this protocol, one of "required", "recommended", "elective", "limited use", or "not recommended".
The status or requirement level is difficult to portray in a one word label. These status labels should be considered only as an indication, and a further description, or applicability statement, should be consulted.
When a protocol is advanced to proposed standard or draft standard, it is labeled with a current status.
At any given time a protocol occupies a cell of the following matrix. Protocols are likely to be in cells in about the following proportions (indicated by the relative number of Xs). A new protocol is most likely to start in the (proposed standard, elective) cell, or the (experimental, not recommended) cell.
Every protocol listed in this document is assigned to a "maturity level" or STATE of standardization: "standard", "draft standard", "proposed standard", "experimental", or "historic".
The IESG has established this as an official standard protocol for the Internet. These protocols are assigned STD numbers (see RFC- 1311). These are separated into two groups: (1) IP protocol and above, protocols that apply to the whole Internet; and (2) network-specific protocols, generally specifications of how to do IP on particular types of networks.
The IESG is actively considering this protocol as a possible Standard Protocol. Substantial and widespread testing and comment are desired. Comments and test results should be submitted to the IESG. There is a possibility that changes will be made in a Draft Standard Protocol before it becomes a Standard Protocol.
These are protocol proposals that may be considered by the IESG for standardization in the future. Implementation and testing by several groups is desirable. Revision of the protocol specification is likely.
Protocols developed by other standard organizations, or vendors, or that are for other reasons outside the purview of the IESG, may be published as RFCs for the convenience of the Internet community as informational protocols.
This document lists a "requirement level" or STATUS for each protocol. The status is one of "required", "recommended", "elective", "limited use", or "not recommended".
This section discusses in more detail the procedures used by the RFC Editor and the IESG in making decisions about the labeling and publishing of protocols as standards.
Here is the current decision table for processing submissions by the RFC Editor. The processing depends on who submitted it, and the status they want it to have.
(2) Bogus. Inform the source of the rules. RFCs specifying Standard, or Draft Standard must come from the IESG, only.
(3) Refer to an Area Director for review by a WG. Expect to see the document again only after approval by the IESG.
(4) Notify both the IESG and IRSG. If no concerns are raised in two weeks then do Discretion (5), else RFC Editor to resolve the concerns or do Refer (3).
(5) RFC Editor's discretion. The RFC Editor decides if a review is needed and if so by whom. RFC Editor decides to publish or not.
The IESG has designated the IESG Secretary as its agent for forwarding documents with IESG approval and for registering concerns in response to notifications (4) to the RFC Editor. Documents from Area Directors or Working Group Chairs may be considered in the same way as documents from "other".
There is a part of the STATUS and STATE categorization that is called the standards track. Actually, only the changes of state are significant to the progression along the standards track, though the status assignments may change as well.
The states illustrated by single line boxes are temporary states, those illustrated by double line boxes are long term states. A protocol will normally be expected to remain in a temporary state for several months (minimum six months for proposed standard, minimum four months for draft standard). A protocol may be in a long term state for many years.
A protocol may enter the standards track only on the recommendation of the IESG; and may move from one state to another along the track only on the recommendation of the IESG. That is, it takes action by the IESG to either start a protocol on the track or to move it along.
Generally, as the protocol enters the standards track a decision is made as to the eventual STATUS, requirement level or applicability (elective, recommended, or required) the protocol will have, although a somewhat less stringent current status may be assigned, and it then is placed in the the proposed standard STATE with that status. So the initial placement of a protocol is into state 1. At any time the STATUS decision may be revisited.
The transition from proposed standard (1) to draft standard (2) can only be by action of the IESG and only after the protocol has been proposed standard (1) for at least six months.
The transition from draft standard (2) to standard (3) can only be by action of the IESG and only after the protocol has been draft standard (2) for at least four months.
Occasionally, the decision may be that the protocol is not ready for standardization and will be assigned to the experimental state (4). This is off the standards track, and the protocol may be resubmitted to enter the standards track after further work. There are other paths into the experimental and historic states that do not involve IESG action.
Sometimes one protocol is replaced by another and thus becomes historic, or it may happen that a protocol on the standards track is in a sense overtaken by another protocol (or other events) and becomes historic (state 5).
1719 - Not yet issued.
A status report on the parameters (i.e., numbers and keywords) used in protocols in the Internet community.
1699 - Not yet issued.
IGMP -- The Internet Architecture Board intends to move towards general adoption of IP multicasting, as a more efficient solution than broadcasting for many applications. The host interface has been standardized in RFC-1112; however, multicast-routing gateways are in the experimental stage and are not widely available. An Internet host should support all of RFC-1112, except for the IGMP protocol itself which is optional; see RFC-1122 for more details. Even without IGMP, implementation of RFC-1112 will provide an important advance: IP-layer access to local network multicast addressing. It is expected that IGMP will become recommended for all hosts and gateways at some future date.
SMI, MIB-II SNMP -- The Internet Architecture Board recommends that all IP and TCP implementations be network manageable. At the current time, this implies implementation of the Internet MIB-II (RFC-1213), and at least the recommended management protocol SNMP (RFC-1157).
PPP -- Point to Point Protocol is a method of sending IP over serial lines, which are a type of physical network. It is anticipated that PPP will be advanced to the network-specifics standard protocol state in the future.
state or status of protocols. This subsection is for information only.
process of being replaced. This process may take a year or two.
Please send your comments about this list of protocols and especially about the Draft Standard Protocols to the Internet Architecture Board care of Abel Winerib, IAB Executive Director.
The protocol standards are managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
Please refer to the document "Assigned Numbers" (RFC-1700) for further information about the status of protocol documents. There are two documents that summarize the requirements for host and gateways in the Internet, "Host Requirements" (RFC-1122 and RFC-1123) and "Gateway Requirements" (RFC-1009).
The file "in-notes/std/std1.txt" may be copied via FTP from the FTP.ISI.EDU computer using the FTP username "anonymous" and FTP password "guest".
RFC's may be obtained from DS.INTERNIC.NET via FTP, WAIS, and electronic mail. Through FTP, RFC's are stored as rfc/rfcnnnn.txt or rfc/rfcnnnn.ps where 'nnnn' is the RFC number. Login as "anonymous" and provide your e-mail address as the password. Through WAIS, you may use either your local WAIS client or telnet to DS.INTERNIC.NET and login as "wais" (no password required) to access a WAIS client. Help information and a tutorial for using WAIS are available online. The WAIS database to search is "rfcs".
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To access the InterNIC Gopher Servers, please connect to "internic.net" port 70. | 2019-04-24T05:50:50Z | http://tinf2.vub.ac.be/~dvermeir/mirrors/andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc1720.html |
The report has provided an insight into the annual report of BHP Billiton for the assessing, analysing and evaluating the role, responsibilities and duties of auditor. The report has developed the requirement for maintaining independence and nature of non-audit services. The report has also provided the reason for considering some matter to be key areas for auditor judgement. Material information is the information which affects the decision of users of accounts and financial statements. The auditor of Company has covered the material information inappropriate manner.
With the increase in corporate accounting scandals in the last decades, strict efforts are continuously being made by the accounting and auditing body for improving the quality of audit reporting. Accounting scandals such as the collapse of WorldCom, Enron and Lehman brother were the great shock to the whole world. It has resulted in the enhancement of reporting standards and requirements of auditing. This report seeks to analyse and evaluate the role of the auditor in assuring the financial statement of entities and control the environment. The report will review and cover all the sections about the auditor role of ASX listed Company and will discuss independent auditor’s report, remuneration, role, functions, responsibilities, and key audit matters.
BHP Billiton is a multinational mining Company headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. The company is engaged in trading of mining, petroleum, and metals. Presently, Company is working with more than 60000 employees and earned revenue of US $38.285 billion in the year 2017(BHP, 2017). The auditor of the Company is KPMG.
Auditor independence refers to the process of the audit which includes integrity and objectivity. Auditor independence requires an auditor to carry its responsibilities freely and in an objective manner.
As per section 307C of Corporation Act, 2001, an auditor is required to give a declaration in writing that auditor has not contravened the independent requirement of the auditor as per the act and code of professional conduct.
Furthermore, the auditor of BHP Billiton has not engaged in audit activity concerning Company at any particular time. There is also no conflict of interest arise which is required to be disclosed by the auditor. The auditor did not commit any offence under subsection (2) of Section-324CA (BHP, 2017). The auditor of BHP Billiton has declared its independence in the financial statements as required under the act. In other words, the auditor is complying with the provisions of the Corporation Act, 2001 and APES 110. The auditor is successful in keeping the distance with any of director or officer in personal interest and also presenting the true and fair auditor report and financial statements. Independence requirement is also followed in complying with the non-audit services both by director and auditor.
Non-audit services are services which have no connection with the audit process of an auditor and provided by the auditor during the engagement of the audit period. Non-audit services of BHP Billiton are anti-corruption, insurance and security (Trompeter and Wright, 2010). The auditor of BHP Billiton may also provide other services such as the role of advocate, activities which normally take place under the function of management and may be required by the auditor to perform its own job.
Non-audit services of Company have been approved under the process set for the provision of audit and other services by the external auditor. The company did not avail any non-audit services out of the policy. Non-audit services are performed by Company with the prior approval of RAC. The services are incompatible with the general standards for maintenance of auditor’s independence.
As per the annual report of BHP Billiton, 2017 the remuneration of auditor includes the fees payable to the group’s auditor for the purpose assurance services, fees payable to the group’s auditors for other services (Norman et al., 2010). All amounts are paid to the KPMG and the affiliated firm of KPMG. The fees of the auditor as per the above table are presented in the dollar and billed in US dollars after considering the exchange rate at the beginning of the relevant financial year. Auditor fees do not include the audit of pension funds. Audit-related assurance services consist of half-year review reports and work of audit in the association of section-404 of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Other assurance services include assurance for sustainability reporting of BHP Billiton.
Furthermore, other services are related to corporate finance services such as divestment, rising of debt and acquisitions transactions. Other services also include non-statutory assurance based procedures, services related to tax compliances and advice on matters of accounting. As per above table the fees of auditor has been increased to $3381 million in the year 2017 from $3126 million in the year 2016. The fees have slightly decreased from the year 2015 (Spira and Page, 2010). In case of other services by auditor, the fees reduced from the last two years due to a decrease in the requirement of other services by the company.
Asset valuation Because of the size of balances and requirement of level of judgment in evaluation of reasonableness in inputs and for the evaluation of the recoverable value of assets. Auditor adopted testing key controls for the valuation of BHP Billiton property, equipment and plant. This also includes the determination of reversals and impairments of the asset.Assessment of prices of forecast commodity with comparison value as per the market.Comparison of future capital expenditure with operating and reserve life data in association with the latest approved budgets and mine plans. Assessment of impact from the changes in the value of assets on the carrying value of assets.
Taxation Due to multiple reach and size of Company and application of a number of tax legislation of different countries. The legislation is complex and specialized which requires judgment for the evaluation of the tax exposure and contingent liabilities. Testing key control procedure was adopted for the evaluation of disclosures of tax and accounting (Larcker, et. al., 2015).Assessment of the assumptions made, provision and contingent liabilities and comparison of assumption with the public statements and disclosure.
Samarco The number of complex judgment for accounting involved with the failure of Samarco dam. There were significant claims and uncertainty in the estimation required level of judgment for ascertaining the legal claim and obligations of Billiton Brazil’s obligations. Testing key controls were performed as auditor procedure. The assessment made for the existence of legal and constructive obligations. Evaluation of Key assumptions made for the recording of potential funding obligation. Assessing the discount rate, foreign exchange rate and timing of forecasting of cash flows.Ascertainment of the completeness of the disclosures in relation to the contingent liabilities via inspection, and observation of internal documents, senior management, and legal personnel.
Closure and rehabilitation provision Due to size and level of judgment need for estimation of management’s quantum and timing involved for future cost and assessing the rate applied on discount the cost back to the present value. Testing key controls auditor procedure adopted for assessing the work of BHP Billiton such as rehabilitation and legislative requirements and methodology against the practice of the industry.Assessment of key economic assumptions in relation to the calculation including the discount rate and net present value (Hammersley, et. al., 2011).Further, comparing the assumptions of market observable data with risk-free rates.
BHP Billiton has an audit and risk committee comprising of three members having two non-executive directors and one chairperson who is not the chair of the board. The members are Frank Cooper (Chairman), David Crawford (Non-executive director) and Futhi Mtoba(Non-executive director). All the members are financial and accounting expertise and have a great understanding of the industry in order to discharge the mandate of the committee effectively.
Overseeing the reporting process of corporate in order to safeguard the integrity of financial reporting.
Monitoring and examine the related party transactions (Dechow, et. al., 2011).
Reviewing and monitoring the independence of external auditor and performance.
Giving consent on the fees of external auditor and policy containing the non-audit services. Further, monitoring those services.
Administrating and overseeing the effectiveness, objectivity, and independence of function of internal audit and also findings of the internal audit.
Giving consent on the appointment, engagement terms, and removal of the head of risk and assurance that is answerable to both CEO and committee.
The arrangement of meeting with the head of risk and assurance at least once a year.
Overseeing the establishment, development, and management of risk management system in the light of risk appetite set by the board and appraise the effectiveness of the framework for risk management.
Auditor of BHP Billiton has provided an unqualified opinion with respect to the financial statements and other compliances. Consolidated financial statements are also giving a true and fair picture of the group and properly prepared in consideration of international financial reporting standards. The reports have also complied with UK accounting standards; FRS 101 reduced disclosure framework and article 4 of the IAS Regulation (Chan and Vasarhelyi, 2018). But the auditor has drawn the attention of the going concern basis of accounting having no material uncertainties which may cast doubt on the group.
The financial instruments and going concern accounting is materially inconsistent as per the auditors and they have nothing to report in these respects. The remuneration report of the Company is complying with the section 300A of the Corporation Act, 2001. Auditor in his report has mentioned that they have nothing to report on the matters where adequate accounts are not kept, appropriate returns are not received from branches, and certain disclosures of remuneration of the director are not made and if any information or explanation is not received for the audit process.
Directors are responsible for the preparation of financial statements which can provide a true and fair picture of financial position. Director0s are also requiring ensuring that the financial statements are as per the relevance framework of financial reporting. Further, directors are also responsible for implementation of the necessary internal control which can enable the preparation of financial statements free from any fraud and error and does not contain any material misstatement (Arens, et. al., 2013).
Directors have to evaluate the ability of BHP Billiton to continue as a regular concern. For this proper disclosure on matters related to going concern and use of accounting of going concern unless they have an intention of ceasing the operations or liquidate the BHP Billiton and have no alternative realistic but to do so.
Auditors are responsible for obtaining the reasonable assurance on fairness and truthfulness of financial statements and to ensure that financial statements are not materially misstated whether due to fraud, error or irregularities. Auditors are also required to issue auditor report containing the opinion on the operations of BHP Billiton, internal control, risk management and other aspects required under the act.
In the year 2015, Company faced the Samarco dam failure which is in Minas Gerais, Brazil. There was the release of mine tailings, flooding which resulted in charges for Company such as legal, advisory charges and loss of million amounted to $134 million (BHP, 2017). Dam failure impacted the communities of Gesteria, Bento Rodrigues, and Paracatu and other downstream communities. Samarco has been jointly owned by BHP Billiton having an equity investment of 50%.
The company identified contingent liabilities and provisions as a consequence of the failure of Dam. The company enters into a framework agreement and a preliminary agreement with the federal government and federal prosecutors in Brazil. This was executed with the purpose of developing and executive socio-economic programs in remediating the damage and outlining the negotiation for $20 billion.
The auditor report of BHP Billiton has demonstrated a clear view of the material and non-material information. Risk strategies, internal control system, operations and provision of remuneration have been observed by the auditor and presented in the report effectively (Murphy and Sandino, 2010).
Auditor has covered more on the financial statements and accounting but failed to put more light on the other non-financial information which can be material for the users of financial statements. The information in relation to the investment, divestment or risk management strategies could have also been stipulated in a more effective manner.
The failure of Samarco dam seems to be under-reported. Although, Company has covered this material information in the annual report but failed to make it transparent. After such an incident, for an intended user, this information is extremely significant to understand the financial position of Company.
Nevertheless, the annual report of BHP Billiton has covered useful information fully explained. But all the information should be included with simple statements understandable by an intended user. The company has complied with each regulation to cover up all material information.
At the annual general meeting, I would like to ask the auditor of BHP Billiton about the matters in relation to the internal investigation of whistleblowers. I will also ask about the results of the mechanism. I will also for any deficiency in the internal control and if it is there then I will ask for an explanation in detail and any material weakness (Spira and Page, 2010). I will also ask for any unadjusted error schedule which has been disagreed by management and the reason of not correcting such error.
The report went insight of the annual report and revealed about many aspects of auditor included in the annual report of BHP Billiton. The report covered the requirement of independence, non-audit services, remuneration, responsibilities, key audit matters, and the audit committee. From the report, it has been learned that the auditor of Company has performed its duty independently and effectively to great extent. Material information should be provided with clarity by the auditor and must also get equal support from the director in doing so.
Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M.S., 2013. Auditing and assurance services. Pearson Higher Ed.
Boiral, O., Heras-Saizarbitoria, I. and Brotherton, M.C., 2017. Assessing and improving the quality of sustainability reports: The auditors’ perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-19.
Chan, D.Y. and Vasarhelyi, M.A., 2018. Innovation and practice of continuous auditing. In Continuous Auditing: Theory and Application (pp. 271-283). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Dechow, P.M., Ge, W., Larson, C.R. and Sloan, R.G., 2011. Predicting material accounting misstatements. Contemporary accounting research, 28(1), pp.17-82.
Fiolleau, K., Hoang, K., Jamal, K. and Sunder, S., 2013. How do regulatory reforms to enhance auditor independence work in practice?. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(3), pp.864-890.
Hammersley, J.S., Johnstone, K.M. and Kadous, K., 2011. How do audit seniors respond to heightened fraud risk?. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 30(3), pp.81-101.
Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016. Auditing: Assurance and risk. Routledge.
Larcker, D.F., McCall, A.L. and Ormazabal, G., 2015. Outsourcing shareholder voting to proxy advisory firms. The Journal of Law and Economics, 58(1), pp.173-204.
Mock, T.J. and Turner, J.L., 2013. Internal Accounting Control Evaluation and Auditor Judgement: An Anthology. Routledge.
Murphy, K.J. and Sandino, T., 2010. Executive pay and “independent” compensation consultants. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 49(3), pp.247-262.
Norman, C.S., Rose, A.M. and Rose, J.M., 2010. Internal audit reporting lines, fraud risk decomposition, and assessments of fraud risk. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(5), pp.546-557.
Spira, L.F. and Page, M., 2010. Regulation by disclosure: the case of internal control. Journal of Management & Governance, 14(4), pp.409-433.
Trompeter, G. and Wright, A., 2010. The world has changed—Have analytical procedure practices?. Contemporary Accounting Research, 27(2), pp.669-700. | 2019-04-25T17:50:42Z | https://www.fundamentalsofaccounting.org/audit-assurance-and-compliance-a-case-study-of-bhp-billiton/?utm_source=WP+Float+Related+Posts&utm_medium=Popup+Banner&utm_campaign=wprp-12022019 |
Is Change Really That Hard?
I’m going to let you all into a little secret. Technologies changes.
Phew … thank goodness I was able to get that one off my chest. It has been eating me up ever since I got involved in technology in education all those years ago!
Ok, tongue firmly in cheek but you would be surprised the looks I get when I say that. People will start with tales of woe and regret from where they have seen schools to scared to change, failing to plan to change, or constantly changing for no discernible reason.
Talking with many IT Support colleagues I tend to hear anecdotes where a school has failed to plan for change and set suitable targets for measuring the impact of the change. We all know that some change is inevitable and outside of our control, such as the demise of support for an operating system or the end of a period of warranty.
Recent changes from both Apple and Microsoft seem to be strongly discussed right now, whether when I visit schools, on twitter, blogs or EduGeek.net. Yet there is a lot of information out there to support schools with the changes which are coming in or are already available.
For Microsoft, the big change hitting schools right now is the advent of Office365. As well as the benefits you can get from the existing Live@Edu service there are other features including LyncOnline and SharepointOnline. The questions I tend to see at the moment are technical and operational so I usually point people to the UK Education Cloud blog or to people like James Marshall (@Jamesbmarshall on twitter and EduGeek.net), but I really wanted to highlight a set of training videos for those dealing with the technical setup more than anything else. If you haven’t been following the UK Education Cloud blog then have a look at this post.
Where Can I Get Office 365 For Education Deployment Training?
And then we get those facing the prospect of putting in more to their Apple ecosystem. The growth of iPads / iPods in schools has been a drive for this and rather than get involved in the argument about whether this is a good thing or bad thing, I want to be pragmatic with helping people realise that if the kit is being purchased then you have to get on a deal with it.
I tend to recommend that schools work with an Apple Solutions Expert as this can give access to best practice, links in with Apple Distinguished Educators to ensure that education is central to the project and also to think about getting the right level of expertise with the school support staff or from contractors you bring in. As part of this I want to point people to the range of seminars that Apple now run online..
https://edseminars.apple.com/seminars/ are a little US centric but can be invaluable for when working with partners to deploy Apple solutions.
There are plenty of good CPD events out there available for people looking to change how the technology is deployed or used within their school, both on a technical and educational level. These will range from weekly Google Hangout sessions with the likes of Leon Cych, the educational chats on twitter, course run via VITAL.AC.UK or simply spending time reading threads on EduGeek.net.
If change is going to happen … no … scrap that … *when* change is going to happen then you should be ready, have a plan and see how much it makes a difference.
This entry was posted in education, ict vision, Uncategorized and tagged Apple, change management., edugeek, FITS, innovation, IT manager, Microsoft on July 11, 2012 by Tony Sheppard.
It was interesting to finally get to an opening keynote at BETT and it turns out to be Mr Gove, Secretary of State for Education. Having read a few newspaper articles over breakfast most of us knew the basics of what the speech was going to say, but we all know and appreciate that, short of publishing the whole speech in a newspaper, there will always be some element of selective editing … and some important bits can be missed.
I did video the whole speech and will probably do some selective clips in a later post to highlight certain points but the key things (for me) can be drawn out of the full text which is available on the DfE website, which also has a copy of the video.
Over the last few months we have seen a bit of softening from Mr Gove on some parts of technology and ICT. The initial lack of any comment or ideas on technology were disconcerting for many, and the rawness of the demise of Becta, coupled with the scaling back of LA involvement, had hit a nerve with many. Whatever the good reasons for such a rapid change, it was detrimentally viewed due to so many other issues it was causing. The political flags waved on all sides and some tended to forget a key fact … lack of information and unsure direction was having a detrimental effect on schools who were delaying adopting good use of technology often because they were waiting for the next hoop to jump through.
Well, the core of the speech helped solve some of that. Some of the hoops are going. The Programme of Study is going under consultation with a view to being scrapped by September 2012. No hanging around waiting for alternatives to be formulated, discussed, dissected, tested, implemented and reviewed … but a quick change to let schools get on with doing what they know best. There is still a requirement to teach ICT, but no prescription about what / how.
Of course, it is worth saying that some of what Michael Gove was saying raises even more questions. The repeated bashing on about the ICT curriculum being poorly taught to bored children seems to a little away from demonstrations I saw at the show, from what I saw at the TeachMeet, with what I see in local schools. I am not saying there are not times when it is boring and mundane, and is merely hoop jumping for tick box curricula … we all know that some courses and work can be done that way, but it doesn’t mean that it is *all* done that way … and the knocking of ICT by some to promote other agendas (including Computer Sciences) seems to have been jumped on by our political masters. Of course, we can argue that this would not be done without evidence and cause, but I worry about the good being thrown out with the bad. At least now, after the speech, I can hopefully say that those schools who are still doing good stuff with ICT will continue to do so.
But Computing … that is the next big thing. Lots of reports abound about how we are missing the skills for this and the various groups working on dealing with this are coming from different positions. Ian Livingstone spoke at the recent Microsoft Partners in Learning event about the role of computing and creativity (linked in with the games and creative industries), with STEM ambassadors stressing the link with science … and naturally you will come across many IT Professionals who will push computing / computer science with a greater understanding on the use and management of computers.
And so we get back to the core of the Speech. Mr Gove says that Computing is important … because lots of notable people and some important reports say so. No direction will be given on exactly how this will turn out but references to work from BCS (actually from CAS, which BCS are helping to co-ordinate, but supported by Microsoft, Google and others), mention of NAACE and talk about commercial firms providing knowledge and expertise.
So where does this leave us? Or rather where does it leave IT Professionals working in schools?
If computing is going to have a larger role in schools then we have to make sure that schools have ready methods of allowing computer studies / computing / coding to take place. There have been a number of comments to me that teachers in some schools (thankfully a small number but still over 100 in the last 2 years) have experienced problems with their IT Support staff blocking changes. Yet I know of many schools where teachers and children code on a regular basis. When asked about this at the NAACE conference last year I had to explain that there is no standard way of saying to schools, “this is how you do it” … because there is no standard for IT facilities in schools … not even in those with managed services under BSF.
And after the speech we know that there will be a number of different ways of enabling the different options for computing to take place in schools … in fact it is an important part of the speech … no central prescription … schools choose what they think is best. So the only way it will work is if IT Support staff and companies become even more flexible. It means ensuring that you are actively talking with other staff in school now about what they are planning, it is all about instead of saying ‘no’ to something tying to explain what the issues are, what compromises can be made and making people aware of the legal requirements which you have to comply with no matter how important the educational needs are. It is about talking to other schools in the same position. It is about taking part in the planning of the curriculum as well.
So I look forward to the next 12 months and what it brings to IT Professionals in schools and the impact of Mr Gove’s speech. hopefully it also brings more professional recognition as well as fostering closer working between them and teaching staff.
This entry was posted in adventure, Conferences / shows, education, ict vision, Uncategorized and tagged BCS, BETT, CAS, change management., computing, google, gove, Microsoft, naace, strategy on January 22, 2012 by Tony Sheppard.
It may seem a little strange to write a summary without having written the other posts … but best to keep things short and sweet.
There will be more posts, but rather than the initial splurge of activity post-BETT I thought I would share ideas, opinions, what I saw, conversations I had, etc … but over a longer period … and it also means that I have the benefit of looking at blog posts from others too … and this year there are a plethora of posts!
From the point of view of a regular visitor / exhibitor … a few new things, not much of a change of emphasis (i.e. no sudden swings to IWBs, VLEs, tablets, content, $new_revolutionary_tech, etc) but more emphasis on showing use in classrooms / the difference it makes to a school.
Strategy … a fair chunk of the show was taken over by the idea that schools have to make the decisions now (a good thing) because there is no-one there to help them. I felt this is not quite true as there are a raft of people around to help schools … LAs still exist, communities of other schools are collaborating more, there are plenty of formal groups ranging from The Schools Network and NAACE through to think tanks and special interest groups such as Computing At Schools, and this is before we get to the amount of support and sharing going on via the exhibitors at the show. To some extent Mr Gove’s opening speech covered the importance of taking control of your own destiny and so on … but more on that in other posts.
Networking … for many this is the key to the show. We are not talking about the movers and shakers meeting in closed rooms, but innovative and exciting teachers / senior leaders / IT Support having a chance to meet with others of the same ilk, sharing ideas and projects. These range from people from the K-Team through to fellow EduGeek members. Sometimes it is a mutual friend who introduces people, sometimes it is the fringe events giving chance for people to find new connections (Collabor8 4 change) and sometimes it is the exhibitors joining the dots.
So, a hectic 4 days followed by a few weeks of picking through the various notes I made, videos and pictures taken, emailing new people I met and keeping in contact with old friends.
I will also try to link to specific blogs and articles I have found of interest during or post event … and looking forward to reading a lot more of how other felt about the show.
This entry was posted in Conferences / shows, education, ict vision, IT Management, Uncategorized and tagged BETT, Collabor8 4Change, innovation, it support, K team, Microsoft, strategy on January 18, 2012 by Tony Sheppard.
After reading the various blog posts from the great and good of the world of SharePoint you don’t need me to talk technical, about the architecture of the servers, about the importance of design and branding, about particular functionality in an education or business environment … so what on earth am I going to write about?
Well, I specialise in facilitation, introducing people and things, suggestions about how people can approach new technologies … oh dear … I am starting to sound like a special advisor to a Minister of the UK Government.
So where do we start with SharePoint? Well, I can tell you what it is not. It is not a Learning Platform. It is not a replacement for an aging file server. It is not a cheap way of getting Office applications. It is not a complex system. It is not a solution to the lack of ideas you have about how to manage your life and your work. It is not the only tool in the world that allows for collaboration. Ok … one of those statements is correct … and it is the last one.
Sharepoint is a complex, powerful, wide-ranging tool that can address a number of areas in your school … if you just sit and think for a few minutes. Go on … I’ll still be here.
Over the next couple of posts I will look at simple tools and simple ideas about how Sharepoint can be used to make a difference in how your school manages school business, and where possible I will make direct reference to blog posts that have already appeared to help you get a wider picture. Today I am going to talk about team sites.
Well, we all work in teams in one form or another. We all tend to generate stuff during that work. Files, conversations, lists of information, meeting dates, minutes of meetings, lists of jobs / tasks … it can go on, and on, and on, and on … and whilst we all have years of experience of emailing stuff to one another, forgetting to email stuff to one another, emailing the wrong versions, emailing the wrong people, writing meeting dates in a paper diaries and then forgetting to change the dates when a meeting has to be rescheduled resulting in you being the person that turns up 3 hours early to a meeting and wondering if you have no friends because you are in a room all by yourself … go on, admit it, we have all been there.
So what is a Team Site?
Out of the box a Team Site has all the generic functionality you come across a Sharepoint site. It is a blank canvas, and one which is handy to play with to learn how to get around Sharepoint. But it is only as useful as you make it. So let us look at the needs of an average secondary school department, having a quick thought about a few important functions which go on behind the scenes and away from the classrooms.
Where does this fit into Sharepoint then? And let us keep this as simple as we can to start with (no InfoPath or workflows yet).
The Team Site is available to those who teach GCSE English and to other key staff such as the Exams Officer and SLT. This gets you looking at permissions. It also means you are looking at who the data owners are (in data protection speak) and ensures accountability.
The Calendar is a shared calendar which can be used instead of a sheet of paper passed round with deadline dates. It contains the meeting times, dates and locations. The meetings can also include relevant documents just like an email attachment … but we will mention that again later. The meetings can have alerts so you know when work is due to be completed prior to meetings.
Now most logs and records of coursework and marks will be on paper or spreadsheets. It is the work of a moment to use a spreadsheet to create a list. The spreadsheet already has the information you want, or at least the headings. This then allows for records to be created or amended for students as their coursework as it is completed and then marked. The spreadsheet is viewable by all and creates an open atmosphere between staff as they look at who is late completing the work. It also allows senior teachers in the department to provide additional support to staff who are not meeting the targets or deadlines.
Document libraries will contain files, videos, etc from the exam board or versions of work to use for moderation comparison. These can be linked to within the meeting appointments rather than attached (see, I said we would come back to it).
And this isn’t even looking at Wikis … a fantastic collaborative tool for sharing best practice. And we also haven’t covered the use of discussion forums to allow for healthy and private discussions between the team without it being all email traffic and the risk of emails being spread outside of those who need to be involved.
Now, none of this is exactly rocket science, has been mentioned by many other educational sharepoint enthusiasts, it is flexible enough to allow schools and departments to say “actually … I like the list bit and the discussion bit, but we already meet on a regular basis so no need for that” and it is powerful enough to have more functionality to add as people become more adept at using the team site.
So, there we have it. Team Sites and why a business tool can mean effective and improved management of a secondary school English department.
This entry was posted in education, IT Management, Sharepoint, Uncategorized and tagged it support, Microsoft, senior leadership, sharepoint, Sharepoint365, strategy on July 17, 2011 by Tony Sheppard.
The Mac FanBoi / Open Source Evangelist goes to Reading.
Most people who take a butchers at my blog, peruse my EduGeek posts, try to decipher my deliberations or are simply mindful of my meandering thoughts, are aware of my use of Apple products and my preference to ensuring Open Source Software is always considered when looking at options.
So I take great delight in mentioning that I have been accepted to join others at Microsoft’s Summer Camp on 23rd & 24th August in Reading, and a big thank you has to be given to Jan Webb and Stuart Ball for running this event again.
I’ve been to a number of Innovative Education Forum / Partners in Learning events now and I am always impressed with the number of ideas you see shared. Now I get a chance to be part of that sharing with a closer group and I hope to come away with a lot more to be able to pass on to schools and contribute to it too, if the output from friends who attended last year is anything to go by.
This entry was posted in adventure, education, Mobile Learning, Uncategorized and tagged innovation, it support, Microsoft, technology on July 12, 2011 by Tony Sheppard.
There have been many folk who have had many a rant about the cost of licences from the various companies out there … whether it is the cost … whether it is the arguments about the suitability of proprietary software (even if it does work and work well too!) … or the complexity about the various options that are out there.
And many of us would agree because *we* are the people who have done that rant … and occasionally there is light at the end of the tunnel.
Over the last few weeks I’ve had a few interesting conversations with a number of resellers and it was brilliant to to see the news finally come out on Ray Fleming’s blog earlier about changes to Schools Agreement licences.
Full details will be out around BETT 2011 but here is a short extract from Ray’s blog with some important things for you to look at now.
If you are going to renew a School Agreement between now and the 1st March, ask your Microsoft partner whether you’d be best to get a short-term extension for your School Agreement. This would give you 3 months of cover, to take you through until you can switch to EES. Your Microsoft Partner will be able to advise you if this is likely to save you money.
If you’re planning to buy any Microsoft software in the next year, then consider coming along to our BETT stand in January, and having a chat with us about your best option. If your Head Teacher is reluctant to sign off a day out of school, then point out how much you might save with the new way of counting (staff, not computers).
If you’re not buying your software under a School Agreement subscription already, then take a look at this, and have a chat with other schools locally that are. Although the new EES scheme isn’t the same, you’ll get a good idea of the benefits of subscriptions over other methods, and that will help you to make the right informed choice for next year.
Now, I know many people are against subscriptions … and I have been there too. The idea of buying a perpetual licence sounds good to us all, especially if you don’t upgrade with every new version of the OS or Office Suite when it comes out, so we would all be forgiven for getting frustrated with the cost of upgrades (especially when you don’t get all the features with standard upgrade packages and need to cough up a bit more cash) against an annual cost. However, the new scheme actually comes out pretty good on the prices when you look at the cost of when you upgrade versions of your OS and various software packages … for most secondaries you would find that it wasn’t worth the cost to go to an annual model unless you had some major software replacement needs … but now … it is looking pretty good.
The full figures should be out in Jan (the scheme goes live for schools in March … and is live now for FE/HE) but if you are looking at buying under Select licences (especially if you are using software assurance) then make plans to look at ESS instead.
Your reseller should be talking to you about the changes shortly, but if they don’t then tell them you want more information. If you are already on the Schools Agreement then make sure that you only sign up for an extension and not for a full year. You need to make sure you get your extension in *before* your SA deal runs out. Make sure your reseller gets the forms to you sharpish.
So … there you have it … a major change in the approach to licences from Microsoft … so, they obviously have listened. There will still be those that want it for free, and those who say you shouldn’t use those products anyway … but a reality check here … people are using MS products and will continue to for some time so you need to keep an eye on this.
Will it ever be free? Who knows? All I know is that this is a chance for a lot of my local schools to save considerable amounts of money as well as getting more benefits too.
This entry was posted in Conferences / shows, ict vision, IT Management, Uncategorized and tagged ESS, Microsoft, Software Licensing on December 6, 2010 by Tony Sheppard.
You know how it is … you get a reputation for being a fanboi! (ok … I own a few few Apple gadgets) or there are folk who are convinced you are an open source hippy … and then you get those who think you are a Microsoft drone (all descriptions of me from the last 3 months from various online groups / networks).
I’ve always been pretty up front about how I will work with pretty much anything I have access to and through personal choice over the years I have tended to find Apple kit / OS just makes me that bit more productive. I do continue to use a fair bit of open source software and MS software though so feel I have a good balance, but after reading how people are constantly pushing themselves to try different ways of working I have opted to dedicate more time to different systems.
From 1st September I will be working purely on Windows 7 for a month. This will be on a MacBookPro as that is the hardware I have available (I do like running MS OSes on Mac hardware though … I had an install of Vista on one machine that ran like a dream … made me wonder if we were all so wrong about Vista!) but unless I have a very real need to access something on the Mac side then BootCamp will be my friend. Over the coming week I will be looking at a variety of pieces of software to make sure I am as tooled up as I can be, that my files are somewhere secure and my access through various networks is enabled.
From 1st October I will be going down the open source route. I’ll probably set up a VM of Redhat or Ubuntu and using that unless I can dig out another laptop (not enough space to triple boot this machine but can easily run a VM off an external drive). So I will spend that last week in September looking for all the suitable OSS I need.
And then from 1st November I will run solely MacOS and associated software.
Most of my requirements will be for office, web 2 and social network access. I may have to dig into some video / audio editing and perhaps some graphics work, but most of the stuff planned is based around boring work I’m afraid, but I hope to take a bit of time out to try to look at a range of different tools that I may not have touched before and even try my hand at some of the activities I see the software being used for (screen recording them for the general amusement of others).
I haven’t really been bothered enough to this before … when I did my month without Google I ended up discovering that I can do it, it is a bit of a nuisance and that the non-Google stuff I was already doing was what worked well. I am trying to be open-minded about doing the same with this … so if people think I am slipping them please let me know.
I am also happy to read and digest anything that people have from others who have done similar (or if you have done it yourself already) so that I can compare experiences.
This entry was posted in adventure, alternative technology, Uncategorized and tagged Apple, Microsoft, open source on August 23, 2010 by Tony Sheppard. | 2019-04-22T13:10:24Z | http://www.grumbledook.me.uk/blog/tag/microsoft/ |
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August 24, 2015: Extensive update based on the Automattic Inc. TOS language noted above (version dated 30 June 2015). Added new preamble; new Limitation of Liability, Governing Law, and Termination; Severability sections; retitled Indemnification section to Representations and Indemnification with revised language; retitled No Warranty to Disclaimer of Warranties with revised language; added note to Revisions section regarding disputes and changes of version. Reorganized and revised Comment Policy for greater clarity, added contractors, partners, licensors, and employees to comment indemnification. Clarified that we may publish excerpts of messages received via the comment forms to support other users or clarify your request. Added Trademark Use to Reprint/Reuse Policy. Revised Copyright Violations language. Various minor wording and editorial changes throughout. Added BY-SA 4.0 licensing. | 2019-04-23T12:51:04Z | https://ateupwithmotor.com/terms-and-conditions/ |
Many new links Pentecostal/charismatic Bible schools, institutes, and seminaries are now listed by region on School Links page.
If you have not yet read the article "Pentecost and the Inside-Out Church" by Brian White, be sure to do so. This on-line article from the Pneuma Review was added March 11, 2002.
The Pneuma Foundation has been given a special opportunity of connecting with a group of Pentecostal/charismatic educators, scholars, and ministers. The Foundation has an opportunity of sending a one-time mailing to members of the Society for Pentecostal Studies. As SPS members have become friends of the Foundation, they become some of our strongest supporters. Most, if not all of them, share our vision for leading Pentecostal/charismatic believers to a greater understanding of God's Word. Several SPS members have written articles or series that have appeared in the Pneuma Review. Materials that have been and are being written by Pentecostal/charismatic scholars that make up the SPS are the very kinds of balanced biblical teaching that the Foundation wishes to get into the hands of Pentecostal/charismatic church leaders.
Please pray that the finances needed for this special mailing will be provided and that the best kind of flyers or materials can be sent to SPS members to capture their attention and interest them in connecting with the Pneuma Foundation. If you would like information about this special project or how you can help, please contact Raul Mock at Member Services by putting the note to his attention.
Please note that although the SPS and the Pneuma Foundation have many similarities, the organizations are in no way connected. The SPS is an academic society and the Pneuma Foundation is an educational ministry dedicated to leading Pentecostal/charismatic believers to a greater understanding of God's Word. The SPS publishes an academic theological journal entitled PNEUMA: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies. The Foundation publishes a quarterly journal called the Pneuma Review, a journal of ministry resources and theology for Pentecostal and charismatic ministries and leaders.
Atheists may be adamant about the separation of church and state, but some don't mind if televangelists preach at them. According to the latest study by the Barna Research Group, a "surprisingly large proportion" of atheists, agnostics and non-Christians "intentionally absorb information from the Christian media."
"More than one-fourth of that group listened to Christian radio, one-quarter watched Christian TV, and one-seventh read a Christian book," George Barna said. "In other words, of the 50 million adults who are not aligned with Christianity, there were more than 15 million who had some degree of exposure to Christianity."
Released July 2, 2002, the nationwide survey of 1,007 adults also discovered that more adults experience Christianity not by attending church, but through Christian radio, television or books. Focusing on the Christian media's pervasiveness in American culture, the study found that more than 6 in 10 adults (63 percent, or 132 million) attended a church service during the past month. In contrast, 2 of 3 adults (67 percent, or 141 million) were exposed to Christian radio, television or books in the last month.
"The Christian media industry has come a long way from the days when it simply aired or transcribed sermons," Barna said. "Much of the substance now available directly addresses the felt needs of contemporary society, using the technology and information that makes the presentations interesting and relevant."
Source: Charisma News Service July 03, 2002 edition. Used by permission.
"One of our workers took some Bibles to a house church in central China, and gave them to two new believers, Lily and Zhang, sisters who had been saved that day in the house church," reports Open Doors' Pierre Tschanz. "Around two years later, another member of our staff was in the same town, and met Lily and Zhang. He wanted to know what they had done since becoming Christians. Ashamed, the two girls blushed and bowed their heads, as though it were an exam. "We planted churches," they said. "How many?" The girls looked at each other cautiously: "only 29." Astonished, the Open Doors representative asked how many members the churches have. "In the smallest, only 300 come for prayer," they said humbly, "and in the largest, no more than 5,000".
"Such reports may seem unbelievable, but in Open Doors, we regularly hear such reports," says Tschanz. "A missionary in southern Henan province was active in a house church movement with 10,000 members. He was sent to Singapore for training for three years; when he returned, his movement had multiplied 30-fold to 300,000 members. We estimate that there are 10,000 new believers in China every day."
Source: Pierre Tschanz, Open Doors Switzerland by way of Friday Fax 2002: 29.
After pressure from a civil liberties group specializing in religious issues, Orlando, Florida officials recently dropped their action against a couple's home Bible study. The Orange County Code Enforcement Division had last month warned Paul and Dawn Bosch that they had violated the zoning code by operating a religious organization in a residential area without obtaining a special exception.
The family was ordered to take "corrective action" and warned that failure to comply could result in a possible fine of up to $250 daily. The Bosches then contacted Liberty Counsel, which demanded that officials withdraw the citation.
"I am very pleased with the response of Orange County to resolve this matter short of litigation," Liberty Counsel's Mathew Staver said. "Many homeowners...conduct Bible studies or prayer meetings. The Bosches were not attempting to start a religious institution, but were merely carrying out practices consistent with their religious belief to meet in small group fellowships for Bible study and prayer."
Source: Charisma News Service 4:83. Used by permission.
Richard Twiss, of Wiconi International, reports on his remarkable trip to Peru.
Writing here on the plane ride home, I am finishing my closing report from Peru. I can hardly believe so much has happened in so few days. God is so gracious. We will by God's grace be returning to Peru in August of 2003 with a team of 20-30 First Nations leaders for a country-wide ministry journey. Here is my report.
What an incredible place Macchu Picchu is. It is the ancient Inca "City in the Clouds." We traveled four hours by train from Cusco, going from very cold weather at 11,000 ft. elevation down to about 8000 ft of the high jungles of the Andes. It became very warm and tropical, yet it is hard to imagine being in the jungle at that altitude. Our old train swayed and clickity-clacked along a beautiful mountain river. Macchu Picchu, a temple fortress city, high in the Andes, is located on wide ridge between two peaks. The stonework still baffles modern engineers who cannot figure out how they carved and fitted the rocks together so tightly that you cannot fit a piece of paper between them. These gargantuan boulders range from many hundreds to several tons in size, yet these stone blocks were assembled using only "crude" building techniques. The Incas were a remarkable people.
Upon arriving in Cusco we did not have any solid appointments, though several phone calls had been made to Christian leaders in the area prior to arrival. After we arrived more calls were made, and this effort produced a television interview, a meeting with the founder and director of a Bible School, and local pastor. Again, the favor of God was so profound.
My TV interview was on local viewer call-in program for probably fifteen minutes at best. She asked me a few questions about why I was there and what I thought about Cusco and if some of the challenges among North American tribes are similar to Peruvian. I had worn my traditional worship and eagle feather headdress. Afterward the station manager asked me more about our proposed trip in August 2003 and he got very excited about the team's visit. He said how much the people of Cusco would enjoy our team's visit because they had never had North American Indians in their city before and most had never seen one before except in the movies. He committed to promote the event through their television station and to help raise support from the community for free posters and assist with arrangements to secure use of their indoor stadium and he would make sure the sound equipment and staging was provided at no cost. His friend is a city manager and said he would discuss with him how the city could help support or sponsor our team.
Then we met with the director of the Bible school briefly who just loved the idea because they work primarily with indigenous students and are working hard to help them develop contextualized approaches to ministry among their people and offered to cooperate fully with us. Then we met with an American pastor who has been in Peru for seven years whose church hosts a dozen or more teams a year and said he would commit to helping us work with the churches in the city and find churches for our guys to speak in, schools for presentations, and outlying village meetings.
Upon arriving back in Lima we arranged for two Native leaders from the jungle to come in the next day and then I did a radio interview that night. The station manager who interviewed me said his home (the station) was my home and he wants to promote the event because he feels it will help Peru work through the issues with her own indigenous people.
The next morning I spoke at the weekly charismatic pastors meeting (FIPAC) and shared the vision of the teams visit. They said they would help support the event and make arrangements and expressed great interest and appreciation for the message I gave. Two of the largest churches in Lima were represented, one has 4000 and the other 6000 members. The associate pastor of the 4000 member church wanted me to stay a few more days so I could speak at their three Sunday services this weekend. Then a wonderful thing happened. The mission's pastor of the same church had heard me twice and was very moved by the message and challenge. As I shared with him my need for a national coordinator, office space and a phone for people to get more information about the events, he offered to do it all. He said he would take on the responsibility of coordinator and provide an office and receptionist at his church. As we talked more, he also offered to help translate my materials into Spanish through their church and create a three-minute promo video in Spanish. Amazing! Several other pastors spoke with me afterward saying they would like a Native pastor in their church and looked forward to the team's arrival. The head of FIPAC, pastor of the 6000-member church, said he would work together with me to help make the event a success in the city.
Then I spoke to a packed-out class of students and faculty of the Anthropology Department at the University of San Marcos. It was a great time teaching about Native history, values, and customs to these eager students who asked some very astute questions. I concluded by saying to them that political ideologies and structures were important, economic development needed, and social equality necessary, but without a spiritual foundation, the human heart would remain the same: greedy and full of selfishness, and human societies would be subject to their flawed leaders. I said what was needed was a spiritual revolution and told how many of us Native leaders have become followers of Jesus and through Him have had our hearts changed to love, do justly and love mercy. The professor in charge of the department was very impressed and generous with his appreciation and invited our whole team to come to the university when we return.
Finally at 11:00 that night at the airport, I was able to sit down with the two tribal leaders who had arrived earlier from the jungle. What humble men of strength and integrity these men are. They both have had to organize efforts to fight the Shining Path Terrorist Groups as they tried to control their tribal areas, lead the way to bring education and economic development to their people, give the Native church leaders a broader vision of the Kingdom, while raising their own families. We shared our stories as Native leaders and found many of the struggles similar. After sharing past 1:00 AM, they extended official invitations to bring teams to their respective areas and committed to make all necessary arrangements to organize events for us. They both felt this would be an invaluable help to their people to help them break out of the enemies schemes to keep them ashamed, bound by a sense of inadequacy and inferiority, and still suffering from oppression. They were so thankful about the possibility of seeing their pastors and leaders being taught and equipped by our First nations leaders to succeed as tribal Christians in the bigger "white" world.
A friend reminded me that at our first Many Nations Celebration in 1999 in Kansas City, I shared with some people that it was time for me to start learning Spanish because I had begun feeling a stirring in my sprit that we had a debt to out First nations people of the South. This trip to Peru has confirmed beyond a shadow of a doubt that as First Nations believers, we have a very real, God-given opportunity to make a difference for Jesus Christ and impact the history of entire nations for the glory of our Heavenly Father!
Our aim is to take 25-30 First Nations folks to Peru the first two weeks of August in 2003. I want to extend an invitation to my First Nations brethren to prayerfully consider joining me for this historic ministry tour. We will have major citywide stadium outreaches in the capital, Lima, and also Ayacucho and Cusco. We will send teams to major tribal centers for discipleship training and evangelistic cultural gatherings in the evenings. Please pray with us now for everything needed to carry out this "Macedonian journey" from the First Nations people of the North to those of the South in Peru.
Thanks again for all your prayers and support. Many blessings in your journey in Christ.
With deep gratitude the board of directors would like to thank all of the wonderful volunteers that assist with the day-to-day operations of the Pneuma Foundation.
President Jim Dettmann would like to give a special thanks to Erin Mock for her continued assistance of her husband, Raul, as he carries out his many responsibilities of being Executive Editor and Director. She does so much even though she has three children to care for, including five-month-old twin boys. Erin assists with correspondence with our members and friends and helps with the preparation and mailing of the Pneuma Review.
It is also time to say goodbye to writer Dave Johnson who has contributed book reviews and articles for the Pneuma Review. Dave and his wife Deb are Assemblies of God missionaries in the Philippines. His present responsibilities of being a missionary and regional missions director, translator and study Bible editor, and educator (just to name a few) are such that he has asked to step down from being a contributing editor to the Pneuma Review. Although we are going to miss his perspective, we are rejoicing with him about the great things happening in the Philippines and wish him the best. You will continue to see updates and prayer requests from the field. Thank you for your serving with us, Dave.
Like to surf the web looking for good Christian sites? Ever wanted to learn how to write HTML code? Do you know how to type and would like to help make biblical teaching materials available to believers worldwide? Own a scanner?
Dave Driggs, Pneuma Foundation WebMaster, is looking for individuals who could take an active role in assisting with being the WebMaster of the PF site. He desires to focus on building a membership system and other features that have been desired for some time. Assistants need only have basic computer experience to be trained for the tasks they can help accomplish.
As is the case for all volunteers, any expenses incurred for voluntary service may be tax-deductible. For example, a portion of a monthly high-speed internet connection bill might be tax-deductible if used to support the Pneuma Foundation.
Please contact Dave Driggs webservant for more information.
This website from www.web-evangelism.com discusses the advantages and strategies for creating and distributing computer media for the purpose of sharing Jesus with the world. Includes links and information about numerous projects already available, including interactive computer games that challenge and instruct.
Thanks to Brigada Today for this referring to this resource. For a free subscription to Brigada's weekly missions publication, write [email protected] or visit Brigada on the web at www.brigada.org.
The Pneuma Review is a quarterly journal of ministry resources and theology for Pentecostal and charismatic ministries and leaders.
The full article is now available at PneumaReview.com: PneumaReview.com/workmen-or-captives-avoiding-the-snare-of-subjectivity.
From "The Secret Codes in Matthew: Examining Israel's Messiah"
The full article is now available at PneumaReview.com: PneumaReview.com/secret-codes-in-matthew6-kwilliams.
Please pray for John, a friend of the ministry, who wrote to tell us of his grief at the loss of his wife Diane. Please pray for John and Diane's families as they go through this difficult season of grief.
Isaiah Selva, a friend of the ministry in India, has asked for prayer for his ministry of evangelism. He writes: "At present I am working as a System Administrator in computer field. Whenever we got time myself and my friends we will go to some villages start prayer cells and lead them to Jesus. Then we strengthen the prayer cells, like regular visit, and conduct Holy Sprit meetings. Some times we will share God's words in some churches too. Our only aim is to see India be saved." He reports that not all calling themselves Christians in India are true believers and that false teachings have arisen which are leading some away from biblical faith. Please pray for open doors and open hearts.
Allan Asang, working among tribal groups in the Philippines writes, "Please keep us in your prayers we are now facing with very difficult situation due of the very low of our economy here in the Philippines because of the war conflict between Muslims rebel, but we are stand firm in faith continue to work hard to spread the gospel of Christ to the lost souls." Please pray for a great harvest of souls on Mindanao Island.
Stephen, a friend of the ministry, has asked for prayer that God would open a way for the restoration of his marriage.
Please pray for Christians suffering under growing tension and persecution in former Soviet countries. Pastor Nikolai Kalutsky of a Russian-language Pentecostal church in Tbilisi, Georgia reported to Keston News Service that they were attacked on the weekend of July 3-5. It was reported that this attack was instigated by two Russian Orthodox priests, "the mob of about thirty or forty people burst into the house, beat people, frightened the children, stole Bibles, rummaged through people's bags and uttered very many threats ' to the believers and to our family. It was a pogrom."
Anand David, who ministers to the Narikoravas Gypsy people in Tamil Nadu, India, has asked for prayer for effective outreach to these often neglected and forgotten people. Efforts include establishing prayer groups and organizing social and economic programs. He is praying for financial resources to support ministers that can travel as needed and support the families of these evangelists.
Please join the Pneuma Foundation volunteer staff in praying for recent expenses related to the repair of office equipment. The total expense is approximately $400 in unplanned printer repair and equipment upgrades. | 2019-04-22T13:37:12Z | http://pneumafoundation.org/pi_7_2002.jsp |
The Committee went through the sixth draft of the Financial Intelligence Centre Bill that included mainly technical amendments. The Committee adopted the Bill.
There was an unscheduled discussion of the Provincial Tax Regulation Process Bill. The DP was unhappy with certain inconsistencies in the Bill and the Chair decided to give the party an opportunity to discuss the concerns with the aim of deciding whether to have the Bill sent back to the Committee for further debate.
As the Bill was to be debated that afternoon in the House, a few non-substantive amendments pointed out by the DP would be passed in the House. The Committee was not able to consider the substantive amendments proposed by the DP.
Mr Phillips, a member of the drafting team, went through the amendments contained in the sixth draft of the Bill. Throughout the Bill there were many technical amendments such as all references to 'shall' have changed to 'must' to conform to new drafting convention. Amendments of this nature will not be referred to.
Clause 1 - The definition of money laundering was amended to concentrate the definition on what exactly money laundering is.
Clause 3 - A grammatical change is effected. 'Further objectives' is replaced with 'other objectives' the former being regarded as being too clumsy.
Clause 6(3) - The first time that the Minister appoints a director he does not need to consult with the Council. He only needs to consult with the Council in respect of subsequent appointments.
The amendment reflects this principle.
Clause 10(4) - The Minister had to consult with the Council when prescribing the policy framework subject to which the Director performs his functions. The clause is now amended so that the minister does not have to consult with the Council.
Clause 12 deals with the security screening of the staff. The heading is changed to reflect that this clause does not refer to the Director. Clause 13 deals with the security screening of the Director by the Minister.
Clause 15 states that the Auditor-General must audit and report on the accounts and financial records of the Centre. Treasury had to check that the Auditor General is happy with the language and the AG subsequently confirmed that the language is fine.
Mr Phillips pointed out that there were only technical and grammatical changes to Clause 19(3) & 19(4). Mr Andrew (DP) was unhappy with 19(4) because it allowed the accountable institutions and supervisory bodies to change their representatives whenever they consider it appropriate to do so. He submitted that this could hinder the ability of the Council to make decisions. He suggested that the person that replaces the representative be a designated alternative.
Mr Phillips suggested that 19(4) be broken up into two subsections. The first will allow the body to send and alternate to the council and the second will allow the body to change the representative.
Mr Andrew and the Committee were happy with this suggestion.
Chapter 3 deals with intergovernmental coordination. Ms Hogan expressed the ANC view that the type of coordination in this chapter falls under the scope of government and should not be in legislation. Legislation was too rigid and the ANC would prefer if this clause were removed.
Mr. Andrew said that from what was related to him by members of Justice is that when there is no statutory obligation to get together and because of the rivalries between departments, meetings just never take place. For this reason he thinks that this chapter should be included in the Bill.
Mr Phillips expressing the view of the task team and National Treasury said that intergovernmental coordination must occur but it was their strong view that it should not be dealt with in the Bill. Even if it is in the Bill, it does not mean that the various departments will meet because there are no penalties if they do not.
Mr Andrew said that he understood the points raised but failed to see how the chapter contributes to rigidity.
Ms Hogan replied that Chapter 3 is not the heart of coordination. There is coordination on the ground all the time so it would be superfluous to have the chapter in the Bill.
Prof. Turok said that if two people want to call a meeting they can force everyone to join and this is where rigidity comes in.
It was agreed in the Committee that this chapter be deleted.
Mr Phillips noted that there would now be consequential changes to the numbering in the final draft as a result of the deletion.
Clause 22 (Duty to identify clients) - There was concern in previous meetings that accountable institutions would not be able to transact with existing clients until the information on the existing clients is collected. To deal with this concern a new clause 84(3) is added in the short title and commencement clause. This new clause states that the commencement of clause 22(2) is suspended until one year after the commencement of clause 22(1).
The old clause 27(6) is turned into a separate clause 28 to accommodate the request of the Committee to have it stand on its own.
Clause 30 (Suspicious and unusual transactions) - All the references to oblige a person to report a transaction if they reasonably ought to have suspected that it is in connection with unlawful activity is deleted. A person must have actual knowledge or suspicion. The drafters were unhappy with clause 30(1)(b)(iv) because it assumed that a person would know that a depositor was attempting to evade tax. The clause was deleted and replaced by a clause borrowed from Australian legislation. The new clause now requires a person to report a transaction if there is a suspicion that it may be relevant to the investigation of tax evasion.
In clause 33(2) the references to supervisory bodies and SARS are removed because other parts in the Bill deal with the exchange of information in relation to these bodies.
Mr Phillips raised a concern made by the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) that brokers cannot know who stands behind the institutions they deal with. The nature of trading is such that there is a trail of the transaction and clause 35(4) is not needed to try and establish this trail. All that 35(4) accomplishes is that it disrupts trading where even a few seconds is vital.
Mr Phillips said that the aim of the Bill is to establish a paper or an electronic trail therefore 35(40 is not needed because other parts of the Bill already achieves this.
It was agreed that this clause could be deleted.
Clause 36 (Monitoring orders) - To address previous concerns this clause was amended to make it clearer that a monitoring order can only be obtained if the director personally approaches the court or if he has authorised it in writing. The Finance Ministry is of the opinion that this is not needed because Clause 10 specifically states that only the director is responsible for the performance by the Centre of its functions.
Clauses 39(2) & (3) deal with the competency and compellabality of a witness. As it stands now a witness is competent but not compellable. Mr Phillips reminded the Committee of Adv. De Lange's (Chair Justice) view that he does not see why a witness cannot be compelled to testify and suggests that this clause be deleted. Mr Phillips advised that the banking industry would want this clause to foster confidence.
Ms Hogan said that they would follow the wish of the banking industry and retain the clauses.
Clause 46(30 is a new clause. If a Centre refers a matter to a supervisory body or any other body for investigation in terms of clause 45 and they do not do anything, then the Centre will be able to investigate.
Clause 53(2) - If a person negligently fails to report listed activities then an offence is committed. This is included to cater for the deletion of the concept that a person reasonably ought to know that a transaction should be reported.
Clause 54 - If a person referred to in clause 30(3) discloses facts or information in respect of a report for any purpose except those contained in clause 30(3) is guilty of an offence.
Clause 56 - A failure to send a report to the Centre is an offence. People likely to send a report are custom and border officials. If people bring money in to the Republic then that official is obliged to send a report to the Centre.
Clause 60 - The offence that was contained in this clause is now deleted to address the concerns of the JSE.
Clause 63 - It is an offence if an accountable institution fails to formulate internal rules, fails to make internal rules available to employees and fails to make internal rules available to the Centre when requested.
Clause 70 simplifies the penalties that apply to the various offences. Offences are considered to be serious and less serious. The offences grouped in the first sub clause are serious and carry a max jail term of 15 years and a maximum fine of R10 000 000.00. The lesser offences carry a maximum jail term of 10 years and R 1 000 000.00.
Ms Hogan was concerned about the sentences but said that the Justice Portfolio Committee had asked for harsh penalties and that the Finance Portfolio Committee had no knowledge of how the penalties worked legally. Therefore the penalties should remain as is.
Clause 75(3) - If an accountable institution needs to be added or deleted from schedule this clause states that before this is gazetted it must be approved by Parliament first. The Ministry of Finance has submitted that this clause must be deleted and the process can be dealt with in terms of the parliamentary rules.
Ms Hogan advised that Adv. de Lange had said that the Schedule is part of an Act. Consequently if it is to be amended, it must come before Parliament. Thus it would be fine if this section remains in. There are many clauses of this nature in the Bill and consequently all of them remain.
Mr Andrew (DP) was concerned that Clause 79 that allows the Minister to make regulations when he considers it necessary, gives the Minister to much discretion.
Mr Phillips suggested that instead of saying when the Minister considers it necessary they could just say when it is necessary.
Me Andrew felt that such an amendment would address his concerns.
In terms of 79(2)(c) if a person fails to comply with a regulation a maximum sentence of six months and a maximum fine of R100 000 can be imposed.
In Schedule 1 the definition of accountable institution is amended to ensure that public accountants are included.
Item 16 in Schedule 1 is deleted and replaced by the Ithala Development Corporation. The drafters decided to include this body because it fell under one of the exemptions but at the same time was a body that could accept deposits.
Schedule 2 only has technical changes.
Schedule 2A becomes Schedule 3 and deals with a list of reporting institutions.
Schedule 3 becomes Schedule 4. In this schedule a section of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 is repealed because it is now dealt with in this Bill. This schedule also amends the Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 because in terms of this Act access to information held by SARS is limited. The amendment removes this obstacle.
The last part of the act deals with administrative inquiries. Adv. David Unterhalter gave a legal opinion stating that the administrative inquiries raises constitutional concerns. The Ministry of Finance suggested that the whole part be deleted.
Ms Hogan said that she had read the legal opinion and agrees that it should be deleted.
Ms Hogan mentioned that Mr Smit (Drafting Team) and Mr Michelle had both prepared separate presentations on the implementation on the Financial Intelligence Centre but due to time constraints, they could not be heard. Also the presentations were not germane to the Bill itself. The presentations will be tabled in Parliament with the Bill.
There were no further comments. Ms Hogan read the motion of desirability and all the members present agreed to adopt the Bill.
Ms Hogan informed the Committee that the DP chief whip had raised concerns and said that certain points need to be debated before the Bill went to the House. She informed the Committee that the remainder of this session will be used to listen to the DP's concerns and if they are valid then the Bill will be referred to the House for a resolution for it to be sent back to the Committee for amendments to be effected.
Mr Andrew (DP) provided the Committee with the written amendments that his party proposes and continued to motivate each of them.
Before Mr Andrew started he informed the Committee that his amendments were based on the Bill as it was amended on 12 September 2001 and not on 14 September 2001. For this reason some concerns have already been addressed in the amendments of 12 September 2001.
Mr Andrew said that the Minister would inform all concerned parties of the evaluation of the proposed tax and that he does not see why it is necessary to have this clause. The phrase 'progress of evaluation' is vague and he does not know what it is intended to mean. Mr Andrew had no principle objection to the clause being included in the Bill.
Ms Hogan said that the clause could stay in the Bill.
Mr Andrew again raised a previous concern that there was no time frame provided for the Minister make his view available in writing.
Mr Katla explained what Mr Momoniat had said at the 14 September 2001 meeting. He said that a tax can be simple or complex. The complex taxes could require that the Minister needs up to a year to form a view. Also the provinces could submit many taxes at once and the Minister would be hard pressed to conform to time frames.
Ms Hogan said that the Minister must have a reasonable amount of time to make an informed opinion. The 60 days that the DP proposes is too inflexible. Because the Minister must make reports on the progress to the Council there is transparency and accountability.
Mr Andrew emphasised the point that the Minister could drag his feet if he did not like the tax.
Ms Hogan referred to S228 of the Constitution and pointed out that the Minister can only consider the factors in this section. He cannot delay the new tax for any other reason unless Mr Andrew is implying that there is going to be bad faith on the part of the Minister.
The Chair ruled that the Committee stop discussion on this and go ahead with the other concerns because time was a factor as the Bill was due to go the House that afternoon.
The clause states that the Minister must agree with the Council for an extension before he introduces the Bill in Parliament. Mr Andrew submitted that the Minister should rather agree with the MEC concerned because only this province has an interest in passing the Bill. He did not see the rationale in having the whole Council involved in this process because the other provinces should not have a say in the potential delay of the new tax.
Ms Hogan said that they could not make any amendments as they are merely looking at whether they must withdraw the Bill.
Staying with clause 3(6), Mr Andrew proposed that after it is stated that the Minister must regulate the rate band and the tax base, a proviso must be attached obliging the Minister to adopt the rate band and tax base that the province had included in its proposal in terms of clause 2(c).
Mr Katla said that even if a tax is constitutional it must still be regulated. A tax might not be unconstitutional but the Minister might want to regulate the rate band and tax base to ensure the coherence of the taxing system.
Mr Andrew disagreed with this line of reasoning. He said that the coherence of the tax system does not extend to the rate band and the tax base but only to whether the new tax prejudices national economic policy, economic activity across provincial borders and the mobility of goods, services and labour.
Ms Hogan referred to the fact that the regulatory act cannot underpin the taxing power of the province, it must just regulate it. She also reminded the Committee of the view of Mr Grote that the rate band and tax base must be regulated to ensure the coherence of the taxing system. She noted that this had been discussed before and that she had heard that the DP did not like the Bill because of inconsistencies and stupidities. But it seemed as if there is a major difference of opinion.
Mr Andrew advised that he was not aware that he was going to be given the opportunity to discuss the proposed amendments in this meeting and he was simply going to hand them in with the Bill to the House for debate.
Mr Mofokeng (ANC) said that he was not happy with the procedure now and suggested that they must rather open up debate again in the light of all the changes suggested by Mr Andrew.
Ms Hogan said that the Bill could not be sent back if people had any differences with the Bill but all that Mr Andrew is doing is pointing out inconsistencies.
The Chair asked Mr Andrew to stick to pointing out the inconsistencies.
Mr Andrew pointed out an error in this clause. There should be a cross-reference referring to clause 3(6) not 3(7).
Mr Katla agreed and said that this was a typing error.
Mr Andrew indicated that he had nothing further.
Ms Hogan asked Mr Katla to get opinion considering the constitutionality of regulating the rate band and tax base from Counsel. The Bill will be sent to the House and certain amendments relating to inconsistencies would need to be effected in the House. The DP would have to decide how to handle the outstanding issues in the plenary.
delete all the words after "Minister" in line 34.
before "notify" insert "within 60 days of the meeting of the Budget Council contemplated in subsection (4)(a)"
(a) in line 35, delete "90" and substitute "60"
(b) in line 36, delete "members of the Council" and substitute "the MEC for Finance concerned"
add "provided that the tax base in subsection (6)(b)(i) and the rate bond in subsection (6)(b)(ii) must permit the tax base and the tax rate contemplated in subsection (2)(c).
and substitute "(3) and (4)"
delete "has, on reasonable grounds, reservations about the constitutionality of the proposed provincial tax" and substitute "is, on reasonable grounds, satisfied that the proposed provincial tax is not constitutional"
insert "within 60 days of the Budget Council meeting contemplated in subsection (4)(a),"
and substitute, "the Minister is, on reasonable grounds, now satisfied that the proposed provincial tax, amended or in its original form, will not be in breach of section 228(2)(a) of the Constitution,"
(i) delete "(a)" and 'or"
(ii) delete "(7)" and substitute "(6)"
insert "Provided that if the minister is satisfied on reasonable grounds, that the proposed provincial tax is still in contravention of the Constitution, the Minister must within 30 days"
and substitute "sections 3(2)(a), (2)(d)(iii), (iv) and (v), (2)(e)(i), (ii) and (iv) and (2)(g)". | 2019-04-21T14:35:38Z | https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/766/ |
Part of the beginning dialogue between Xena and Gabrielle is lifted directly from the FiN script. I am not taking the blame for that fiasco. The rest of the work is mine, and I do accept responsibility for that.
Special Thanks: To Carol and Phil who had to read this three pages at a time to do voice checks for me. If Xena and Gabrielle don’t sound right, it is due to my poor hearing and not their input.
“Oh, I am sooo not believing this,” the blonde muttered as she looked into her scrying bowl. The rending of Gabrielle’s soul was exquisite torture to Aphrodite who held the bard in a special place in her otherwise jaded heart. The love goddess moved into the main viewing room to see if she could divine Gabrielle’s final fate.
She stood in mute horror as she watched her friend’s ugly, lonely death. “Oh, no way! Like no way am I gonna let this happen. Let me go totally knock some sense into that warrior babe. APOLLO!!!” she bellowed even as she disappeared in a shimmer of sparkles.
The goddess held up a hand, completely serious in her demeanor. Gabrielle sat back on the edge of the fountain only to jump up as the water burst forth from it in every direction, soaking her and dripping into her eyes.
When she wiped it away, there stood Xena in the flesh... living, breathing flesh... Gabrielle turned her attention to Aphrodite. “Thank you,” was all she said, but the look in her eyes spoke volumes to the goddess’s heart.
The subdued warrior stepped from the fountain to the ground only to have her world rocked by a sharp SMACK across the back of her head. She clasped one hand to the back of her skull while the other clapped over her mouth where she had bitten her tongue. Icy blue eyes glowered at the goddess, but Aphrodite wasn’t even fazed by the LOOK.
“What about the souls?” Gabrielle broke in quietly.
Gabrielle stepped forward and took the goddess in a firm embrace, trying to convey her affection and gratitude in the gesture. Tears rushed to the goddess’s eyes as she felt the rent begin to mend itself, and the love Gabrielle felt for her washing over her spirit. She bit her lip to contain her gasp at the sensations and returned the hug in equal measure.
Gabrielle looked at Xena and raised an eyebrow. The warrior moved reluctantly toward them. She wasn’t really sure what she was feeling at the moment, though gratitude and anger were certainly part of the package.
Xena looked up and caught the green eyes focused on her, Gabrielle’s blonde hair still outlined in gold from the still setting sun. Waitaminute....the sun had already set. Sharp blue eyes looked back at the sunset, then locked onto Aphrodite’s smiling ones. She shrugged lightly.
“Apollo did me a favor,” was the only explanation she offered.
Xena nodded her acceptance and very briefly hugged the goddess before stepping back. “I’m sorry,” was all she said, but Dite heard the apology on the many levels on which it was spoken and nodded her head in appreciation of the gesture.
“Prove it. Make it up to her.” She looked to the sky and nodded her head subtly, then turned back to the two waiting women. “Apollo is waiting for me, so I gotta split. Take good care of each other, huh? ‘Cause I’ll be watching.” And before they could formulate a reply, the goddess was gone in a shower of sparks and rose petals.
It was quiet as they set up camp for the night. They had moved away from the fountain and down slightly into the forest, since neither could bear to be so close to such a vivid reminder of the trials they had just passed through. Darkness was complete when they stopped. Aphrodite’s departure had allowed the sun to continue to set at its normal pace, and they had moved far enough away for the fountain to be out of sight.
Now Xena carefully scouted the perimeter, noting the hasty withdrawal of whatever troops had been there only the day before. She gathered plenty of dry wood, knowing the night on the mountain would be cold.
Gabrielle busied herself setting up a small camp. They had found a small outcropping in the thick stand of trees, and she was extending the shelter with cedar boughs from the forest floor. Not much, but it should do for the night. She was working on autopilot, still overwhelmed by the events of the past few days. It was going to take a bit to work through this one; the hurt and anger in her mind warring with itself until she clutched at her head to make it stop.
Xena dropped the armload of wood and put her hands on Gabrielle’s shoulder’s, wincing when they stiffened against her touch. Still she began a gentle massage, working at the knots she could feel in the strong back. “You okay?” she whispered, hoping the softness of her words would help Gabrielle relax; dismayed when Gabrielle shifted subtly out of her grasp.
“No, I’m not,” she answered quite honestly, turning and letting Xena see the pain and fury reflected in her eyes before they fell to the ground. “You lied to me... again; you put me last... again.” She held up her hand to forestall whatever argument Xena had opened her lips to refute the statements with. “Not right now, please.” She took a deep breath and looked up again. “I understand you chose what you thought was the greater good. But this time I needed to be the greater good. And you didn’t even question; you just blindly accepted her word over me.” She looked away from the warrior. “We need to get some sleep.” And she stepped around Xena to one pile of boughs underneath the shelter.
Xena stood stock-still, letting her eyes close as wave after wave of Gabrielle’s pain washed over her. There wasn’t going to be a quick fix for this. This was going to take time and thought and effort on her part. And then it would only work if Gabrielle gave her the chance to make it right. She flinched when she turned and noted that there were two distinctly separate piles of boughs even though they were side by side, and that Gabrielle’s back was to the second. This ain’t gonna be easy, she thought, and made a small fire to help keep them warm.
Morning found them wrapped together in their favorite position with Gabrielle’s head tucked beneath Xena’s chin and their arms and legs intertwined. Blue eyes opened first, and she took great comfort that their unconscious minds were still on the same wavelength even if their conscious ones were having issues. She smiled and stretched content to simply stay where she was and be a pillow for her partner. Then the smile turned bleak as she remembered the nightmares that had brought Gabrielle into her arms for comfort and reassurance.
Xena didn’t know what to say to that that wouldn’t cause an argument first thing so she simply nodded and touched Gabrielle’s hand. Gabrielle didn’t respond to the contact, and Xena took heart in the fact that at least she hadn’t flinched. She gently clasped her hand around Gabrielle’s, inordinately pleased when she didn’t pull away. Maybe this won’t be so bad after all.
Hours later, Xena was wondering why she had ever imagined apathy would be a better response than the hurt or anger she had seen from Gabrielle the day before. Though Gabrielle responded to every question directly put to her, she made no effort to initiate any conversation whatsoever. And while she allowed Xena to touch her, she never once reached out to instigate any contact between them. It was as though she had withdrawn within herself into a place where Xena was no longer allowed.
And Xena wanted back in.
This is going to drive me insane. Xena cast her mind back over their years of travels together, then looked at Gabrielle with new respect in her eyes. How did you do it, Love? *WHY* did you do it? For the longest time, I shut you out. How did you not lose your mind trying to get through to me? One day of it and I’m ready to scream. She looked back at Gabrielle’s face again, noting the lackluster color in normally sparkling eyes. And when I do finally let you in, what do I do? We’ve hurt each other before but this... THIS.... Oh Aphrodite. I think I am beginning to see your point. Silent tears ran down her face.
Gabrielle noted the tears but couldn’t bring herself to disturb Xena’s grief. She was so busy running things over in her own mind that she unwittingly shut Xena out. So many details, so many questions, so many what ifs went round and round in her brain. They were going to have to talk about it, that much Gabrielle knew, but right now the pain and sense of betrayal was too fresh. The first order of business was to leave this wretched country behind them. After that, they could talk and the future would take care of itself.
Gabrielle nodded her acquiescence. She was too tired and drained to argue about much of anything at the moment. Be thankful she’s alive and you’re still together, she kept telling herself, but that just kept stirring up that little kernel of anger she felt towards the whole ridiculous situation. She didn’t even watch Xena walk off towards the marketplace but instead followed Kenchi to his family’s ancestral home.
Gabrielle drew in a breath when he led her to the bathing hut. A huge pool full of steaming water waited and looked so inviting that she sighed and smiled simultaneously. “That looks wonderful,” she commented to her host who agreed.
“It is, and you are welcome to stay in as long as your heart desires,” he answered. “The girls will take care of all your needs,” he added and took his leave of her, closing the doors behind him.
My heart’s desire... do I even know what that is anymore? I love her. I love her more than my own life, but I don’t know if I can continue to always take a backseat to ‘the greater good’. Is it wrong for me to want to be her soul’s center like she is mine?
“No, it’s not,” a soft voice whispered in her mind. “And you are. She just needs to be reminded of that.” A touch on her arm brought her back to her immediate surroundings, and Gabrielle suddenly realized she was naked and being led into the pool. I need to be more aware, she thought before sinking into the enveloping warmth of the bath. She immediately dismissed the attendants and turned her thoughts inward once more.
Or she would have, had not Aphrodite and pink bubble bath shown up concurrently. “Hiya, Sweet Thing!” She smoothed a bit of the hair from Gabrielle’s eyes. “How ya doing?” she asked a little more softly, wincing at the still lost look in the bard’s eyes.
Xena cried out in agony the instant they disappeared.
“It took us three days to get here?!?” Gabrielle looked at the goddess in total disbelief.
The first thing they saw was Xena shoving... something... into a new bag. They couldn’t hear what Kenchi was saying, but it was obvious he was doing his best to reason with Xena. She negligently swiped a hand across her eyes before turning to face him. He nodded and bowed and left her in peace.
The scene altered, and Xena was standing alone on the deck, back to the land and her face looking out toward the open sea. Xena’s cheeks were wet, but she did nothing to hide or stop the tears. Out of nowhere, Ares appeared beside her. Aphrodite felt Gabrielle stiffen in anger beside her and laid a calming hand on her arm. “This already happened, Sugar. You can’t change it.” Gabrielle nodded her understanding, and their eyes shifted back to the scrying bowl just in time to see Xena punch Ares and watch him go sliding across the deck. Suddenly the sound worked just fine.
Xena sat in the bow of the boat, an open scroll on her lap and a quill in her hand. The parchment had writing front and back, and the warrior was scanning it over slowly, occasionally making notes in the margin. Satisfied, she blew it dry and carefully rolled the scroll up and stuck it in her new bag.
“Take care of her, Aphrodite. I need a chance to make things right.” She closed her eyes and leaned her head back against the wood as the wind whipped her hair frenetically and prayed for the wind to speed their passage.
Gabrielle reached out a hand to touch the image only to have it blur and fade when her fingertips touched the water.
“You made the choice to come here... to leave her behind. Right or wrong, you both have to live with it now. I will make it possible for her to travel here faster, but it will still be several weeks before she arrives. Maybe you should spend that time getting ready.” Green eyes met light blue in a haze of understanding. Gabrielle nodded and turned on her heel and left the room. “There are some days when the love biz is waaaay overrated,” the goddess muttered to the ceiling, slowly following Gabrielle down the path that had just swallowed her up.
Xena knew there was divine intervention going on somewhere given the fact that her trip home had only taken her two months. Very long, soul-searching months that made her see how she would have done things differently. Now it was time to find Gabrielle and start making things right.
Her first order of business took her to the temple, and the priests and priestesses moved out of the main room as the warrior strode down towards the altar. They had special instructions about this one from Aphrodite herself, and they waited out of sight in the alcoves of the vestry.
She felt the smack coming this time and was quick enough to dodge it. Aphrodite tried to grab her by the ear instead and pull her out of the main sanctuary into the alcove. Blue eyes blazed fiercely at Aphrodite as Xena ducked her head and slapped the offending hand away. Dite didn’t even notice.
Xena’s lips twisted as she struggled to say something neither condescending nor smart. She was well aware just how much she owed this particular deity though she was loath to admit the debt for even a second. Besides she had a real liking for Aphrodite; the goddess had almost always been a friend to them both but especially to Gabrielle.
Xena allowed a fleeting smile for the fraud Aphrodite pretended to be before hefting her bag and walking quickly out the entrance. She was a woman on a mission, and she had a bard to find.
Gabrielle smiled softly to herself as a warmth she hadn’t felt in two very long months permeated her very soul. She’d had time to think about what she’d done and regret the impulse that had taken her away from Xena before they’d talked things out. Communicating has always been our biggest problem. You’d think we’d learn eventually. I think this time maybe we have. I think I have at any rate.
Then her time for introspective thought was over as the inn door opened and Xena walked in. She hesitated in the doorway for just a moment, letting her eyes adjust from the brilliance of the outdoors to the dimly lit interior. Her eyes didn’t need to scan the room. They fell immediately on Gabrielle whose whole demeanor shifted from uncertainty to one of welcome delight. Xena felt an answering shy grin cross her features and slowly made her way to the back table where Gabrielle waited... for her.
“Hi,” came the soft reply. Brilliant conversation there, bard. Talk much?
“Mind if I join you?” I feel like I’m on a first date.
“Please,” Gabrielle stated motioning to a chair. “I’ve missed you,” dropping her eyes.
Xena nodded, then realized Gabrielle couldn’t hear her head rattling when it moved up and down. She cleared her throat. “Um, sure,” her voice not betraying the nervousness she felt.
“I owe you an apology.” Blue eyes jerked to her face in surprise.
Green eyes looked up into Xena’s now, and Gabrielle held them steadily. “I was hurt and tired and angry. And I left you much like you left me without giving you a choice or a chance to explain.” She held up a hand when Xena opened her mouth. “Wait, please. Then you can have your say.” The dark head nodded agreement, and Gabrielle smiled sadly. Her hand came down and covered their linked fingers. “It was wrong of me not to talk to you, to tell you what I was thinking, feeling.” She drew a deep breath. “I can’t live like this anymore, Xena. I felt my soul shred on that mountain. I can’t have that waiting to blindside me yet again.” Tears streamed down her face. It was the biggest gamble of her life, and she was scared to death. It was also the most honest she had ever been.
Gabrielle shook her head vehemently at both questions, and Xena drew a relieved breath. She had vowed on the trip home to do what it took to make Gabrielle happy, and she was glad beyond words it didn’t mean they would be going their separate ways. Two months had nearly killed her. And what made you think you could do it indefinitely, hmm? Being dead would have been the same only worse, and you damn well know it.
Xena was silent then for a time collecting her thoughts, and Gabrielle was content to let her. “I’m sorry,” came the whispered words at long last. “It doesn’t begin to cover what I feel, but, um... maybe you’d let me show you instead?” Blue eyes peeked from beneath dark lashes while Xena worried her bottom lip between her teeth.
A dark brow rose almost high enough to pop off Xena’s face. “You saying I stink, Bard?” She took an exaggerated sniff of the air around her.
Gabrielle did the same, crinkling her nose up cutely in Xena’s direction. Xena almost lost her stoic mask in the urge to smile back. Gabrielle leaned in closer. “No... I am saying after weeks of salt water rinses, I thought you might appreciate the chance to soak in a nice hot bath. If I was wrong, however....” She started to stand only to find her hand clamped firmly to the table. She giggled in sheer delight at the light banter.
Xena stood then, completely serious. “Thank you,” she whispered and brushed a kiss across Gabrielle’s fair cheek that caused a blush to rise behind it.
“Where you go, I go.” This time the words took on added depth, and they took a moment to acknowledge the hard truth of the words they had just learned.
Xena grinned again and started whistling as she strutted down the short hallway to the bath. Things were definitely looking up.
Her bath was almost complete when Xena felt Gabrielle’s approaching presence. “Wondered if you’d forgotten about me in here,” she commented to the open door. Gabrielle didn’t answer but took the sponge from her hands and lathered it well. Xena’s head lolled forward as Gabrielle’s definite strokes relaxed muscles that had been tense since they’d arrive in Japa. Gabrielle dropped the sponge and began to massage the strong back. Xena nearly groaned at the sensual feeling of soft skin and firm touch. Gabrielle leaned forward and put a light kiss on the broad shoulder.
The flecks of gold seemed to twinkle at Xena as the green eyes crinkled up in a smile. “Mine are the only ones that count.” She tucked the towel in between two full breasts, and let her hands drift to Xena’s hips.
“Well,” Xena said softly, dropping a light kiss to one corner of Gabrielle’s mouth. “You are most beautiful to me,” kissing the other side. “Always have been.” She cut off whatever reply Gabrielle might have been going to make by capturing the soft lips beneath her own.
The kiss was slow and languid, a reaffirmation of the love that bound them. Xena took her time, waiting for the unconscious signal from Gabrielle that she was ready for more. She felt the hands clench at her waist almost immediately and caressed Gabrielle’s bottom lip with her tongue. Gabrielle immediately invited her in, and they spent long leisurely moments reacquainting themselves with one another. Reluctantly they pulled apart, slowly opening their eyes to gaze at each other.
The embrace would have gone on much longer had it not been for the pounding on the door. The chakram embedded in the wood scared off the offensive party, but it also totally ruined the mood. The two fell chuckling into a hug.
Xena’s eyes widened. Though Gabrielle had never had a real problem with self-expression, she was rarely that candid about their private relationship. Maybe those weeks apart gave her some thinking time too. This may turn out to be one of the best things that could have happened to us. Xena didn’t answer aloud however. She simply nodded her agreement and followed Gabrielle from the room.
A delighted smile crossed Gabrielle’s face as she accepted the proffered hand. They strolled along in silence for a while, and Xena was happy to note the marked difference in Gabrielle’s demeanor from the last wordless walk they had shared together.
Gabrielle’s lips were slightly parted in the tiniest smile, and her eyes were alight and twinkling in delight as she observed the world around her. Xena saw the strength and maturity their years together had affected on her soulmate, but she still caught a glimpse of the wonder that Gabrielle retained at her core. She vowed never to see that light go out again. It was too painful for them both.
Xena smiled and blushed when Gabrielle turned and caught her staring, blushing herself at the fervent regard in the blue eyes.
“Nice day out,” Xena commented.
Gabrielle glanced around then as if seeing it for the first time. They were leaving the dirt and smell of the port behind them and before them lay a familiar horizon. The road was a little dusty given the fresh sea air that was blowing in from the shore, but its coolness was welcome and they were well used to dust.
Xena fought to control the blush this time but allowed the smile to shine through. “It sure does.” Then the conversation gave way to the comfortable silence that for a while was filled with the sounds of wind and birds and surf.
Of course, something had to disturb that peace, and it came in the form of the oddly disturbing sounds of clanging weapons and screams coming from over the ridge beyond them. Xena patently ignored them, and Gabrielle just looked at her wonderingly as they made no move to help.
“Nope; you’ll do the same for me, right?” thinking of the times she’d acted rashly.
A band of twenty or so well-equipped, trained soldiers trying to take advantage of a merchant train was causing all the ruckus. Xena and Gabrielle rolled their eyes in tandem and jumped into the middle of the melee.
“What is the problem here?” A slick right hook with the sword’s force behind it felled the first soldier in his tracks. The second was puking before he hit the ground from the force of the kick to his midsection. The merchants who had been fighting back with whatever contrived weapons they could find, struggled to answer Xena’s question.
Xena heard the crunch of two broken noses as Gabrielle felled two more with her sais. Standing back to back, she couldn’t see what her partner was doing, but she could tell they were ahead of the game.
Xena did so, in time to see a sword go flying and impale a man with a mace headed in her direction. He looked quite stunned as he dropped to the ground dead, and then Xena had no more time to worry about it as the fighters fell on them in earnest, and the time for fun and games was over.
The chakram came out and was wielded as the second bladed weapon it was since the range was just too close for a decent shot. Kicks and punches flew at an alarming rate, and wounded and dead soldiers began to pile up around them. She heard the odd grunt or two from behind her and nodded in satisfaction. To their credit the merchants did their best and seemed to take heart from the rapidly evening odds. The last soldier got the pinch.
Xena’s eyebrow rose into her hairline, and she cast a glance in Gabrielle’s direction. Gabrielle was scratching the side of her nose, contemplating her words. “You’re really not very far from town. We’ll help mend your wagon if you will drive what is left of these thugs to the magistrate there.” Xena nodded her agreement.
“We’d be glad to. We have plenty of charges to press against them, I think,” stated the man who seemed to be in charge of the caravan. A few well placed words and several small groups got to work. In short order they were ready to move on.
After another hour or so on the road and no more trouble they determined they were far enough from the town to move to the beach. A short walk through the fields led them to the dunes covered in sea oats and then to the flat expanse of sand. Argo huffed at them for the trek through thick, soft sand and was quite content to be led to the firmly packed sand at the shoreline.
“Because I wanted to. You deserve to have nice little surprises once in a while just because I love you.” The words were spoken so matter-of-factly that Xena simply stood still and breathed for a moment. Then she accepted the flowers and moved them and the hand holding them around to Gabrielle’s back, pulling her closer.
“Thank you,” she whispered. “You make my life worth living.” And then didn’t allow Gabrielle a chance to reply as she captured her lips in a fervent kiss.
They melded together for a long moment until Argo grew weary of the whole scene and nudged them apart. Xena shot the mare a look. “Jealous much?” after which the two women leaned their foreheads together and chuckled softly. Argo snorted and rolled her eyes, stepping away just slightly.
“I love you,” Gabrielle stated with conviction.
She turned to lead them both over to the resignedly waiting horse when she was stopped short by the firm grasp Gabrielle had on her hand. “You already do,” she said quietly and brushed her lips softly against Xena’s own. Xena returned the kiss to her forehead, then turned and boosted Gabrielle to the front of the saddle.
“YAH!” and a burst of speed were her only answers, and Xena gripped Gabrielle’s waist and held on tight.
There was still plenty of good daylight left when Xena eased her hands forward and pulled lightly on the reins. Argo was glad to slow to a walk, though the run had been a lot of fun. The warrior watched along the shore, and when she spotted what she was looking for, she angled the horse off the beach into a treed area and the couple dismounted.
The meadow within the ring of trees was tiny. Gabrielle noted a small burbling stream that bordered one side. It tripped its way over stones and pebbles as the water continued its path to the sea. She wondered briefly where it began, and what it passed through until it was no more than the tiny bit of creek she saw. Then she heard Xena slap Argo’s rump, and she turned towards her.
They could still hear the whoosh of the surf, though it was more a muted background sound now than a focal point. The grass was thick and soft underfoot and long enough to tickle Gabrielle’s bare midriff. It was oddly comforting in a way because it proclaimed the hideaway’s secrecy, but it still tickled.
Xena caught the odd smile and the absent scratching and removed her sword from its sheath. Half a dozen swipes later, and she stood back well pleased with her effort. Now near the creek stood a cleared area just the right size for a campsite. Gabrielle looked on in bemusement.
Gabrielle laughed a purely joyous sound. She was still some distance from Xena and without warning, flung herself headlong into strong arms. Xena anticipated the move as soon as she saw Gabrielle moving towards her and dropped her sword and braced herself. She caught her and spun them around while Gabrielle coiled her arms and legs around Xena’s body. They laughed together and when Xena stopped moving, Gabrielle looked her in the eyes.
“You rock my world! I love you!” And this time it was Gabrielle who stole Xena’s breath.
“Um hmm, she really is.
“Even when she does dumb things?” asked Xena with just the least hint of insecurity.
Xena’s answer was another slow, fiery kiss, and it threatened to buckle her knees and take them to the ground. She pulled back slowly, noting Gabrielle’s passion darkened eyes and their uneven breathing. She slid her hands around a firm behind and down solid thighs, noting the hitches and whimpers her soulmate was emitting at the light touch. Gently she reached back and unlocked Gabrielle’s feet from behind her back and slid her to the ground.
“All right,” Gabrielle nodded agreeably. She moved over to where Xena had placed the saddle and their other worldly possessions. She was tempted to peek but refrained, instead moving the bedrolls to the now shorter grass.
Gabrielle had her own opinions on the matter but was curious as to where Xena’s thoughts were coming from. “Why is that, Love?” resting her hands on the broad shoulders and tenderly kneading.
“I know,” Gabrielle answered softly. “Aphrodite and I had a lot of time to talk. She said it was payment of a debt.” She leaned forward and brushed a kiss over the top of the dark head.
“Every once in a while, it’s nice to have friends in high places. Now c’mon - we’re losing daylight and I want some of that fish you promised me for dinner.” Xena stood and took Gabrielle’s hand, and they strolled down to the water’s edge.
Xena turned and raised an eyebrow at Gabrielle, outraged blue eyes widening.
The tide was going out, and Xena was standing in a trough where the fish were caught until the tide came in again. The sun had set, and twilight was just beginning. Still there was enough light for her to clearly see the teasing in Gabrielle’s eyes. She grabbed the two snapper that were swirling at her feet and threw them the short distance to clear the tide. Then she purposely stalked her way towards Gabrielle.
“So I’m cheating, am I?” looking suddenly like a hungry jungle cat that had just cornered its favorite prey. Gabrielle started backing away from her reflexively. “Maybe I should show you what cheaters do to win, hmm?” The feral glint in her eyes was all the warning Gabrielle needed, and she took off running down the beach.
Gabrielle was a good runner; years of walking had made her legs very strong; but her laughing hampered her efforts, and it didn’t take much for Xena’s long stride to catch up to her. Xena tackled her into the soft sand and mercilessly began running tickling fingers up Gabrielle’s bare sides. Gabrielle squealed and squirmed doing her best to gain an advantage, but her laughter kept her from making much headway.
Finally she wrapped her legs around Xena’s and pulled the warrior on top of her. “Mercy! You can stop now! You won!” before claiming Xena’s lips breathlessly. When they parted, Xena looked down on her with love-filled eyes.
“We both did, Sweetheart. This time, we both won.” They kissed again, and Gabrielle was the first to pull away.
“Um, I hate to be the one to spoil the mood here, but, uh... could we move off the sand now?” She wiggled beneath Xena just the tiniest bit. “This sand is getting in places that I just don’t want it to be.” Her abdominal muscles tightened reflexively at the wicked gleam in Xena’s eyes and the tensing of the warrior’s thighs. Then a handful of sand dropped onto her midsection, and Xena was off and running toward the water.
Gabrielle jumped up and ran after her, jumping on Xena’s back and dragging them both under the water. They both came up sputtering, and Gabrielle wrapped herself around Xena like an octopus, smiling up into the mock-glowering face.
“Whaddya go and do that for?” Xena growled.
“I needed to wash the sand off, and you were in my way,” said with a smirk. She tangled her hand in Xena’s wet hair and urged her subtly closer.
“I was, huh?” She playfully rubbed their noses together.
“And here I thought I’d already done that,” Gabrielle replied saucily as she made her way into the small ring of trees.
Gabrielle did light the fire, then decided to rinse the salt water and the remainder of sand from her body. The small pool was only hip deep, but it would do what she needed it to. She took the soap from her bag and moved to the water. It was still sun-warmed and not unpleasant to the touch, and her mind wandered to day’s events.
Xena came up from the beach and stood staring as Gabrielle absently bathed herself with an intriguing little smile on her face. Xena placed the fish on the stones near the fire and withdrew something from the saddlebag. She approached Gabrielle quietly, smiling in return when her eyes were caught by the bard’s own. Gabrielle rinsed the soap and waded to the shore, snagging the towel she had plucked from her bag.
The fish was set to slow cook when Xena emerged from the shadows, a vibrant blue chemise covering her body to mid-thigh. Gabrielle held her breath and stared. Xena smiled shyly at the unabashed look of loving admiration Gabrielle was bestowing on her and returned it with an equally fervent one of her own.
In wordless reply, Gabrielle stepped around to the far side of the fire where the bedrolls lay. Xena was happy to note the log that was at the head of the furs and sat down, pulling the bard down in front of her. The warrior’s arms snaked around Gabrielle’s middle, and Gabrielle wrapped her own on top of them while leaning back into the strong body behind her. Time seemed to stand still as they simply absorbed sensations familiar and so very welcome. It was almost as if it was new, all over again.
“Hmm?” Gabrielle was distracted by the feeling of being surrounded by Xena’s body and had missed the question.
They started with the fruit, sharing back and forth and trading the occasional kiss in the process. Xena absently began running her hand in small circles on Gabrielle’s belly. Gabrielle savored the familiar tingles the touch caused, having had weeks to understand how precious their bond really was and how perilously close to losing it she had come.
When the fish was ready, Gabrielle retrieved it from the fire and resettled herself in front of Xena. Their feeding continued as their gazes turned to the heavens and talked quietly. The conversation was not earthshaking nor even particularly important, but they were sharing themselves and that was.
The fish was finished while they engaged in the bear or dipper debate. The discussion became more personal during the nutbread and cheese.
Gabrielle nodded her head against Xena’s chest but didn’t say a word. She didn’t want to interrupt the flow Xena had going.
“How much WE need that,” Xena corrected softly, before leaning forward and capturing Gabrielle’s waiting lips. There would be no stopping them this time, they knew. They needed the affirmation of their bond, spiritually and physically.
The kiss was slow and languid at first, tasting and teasing delicately. Gabrielle turned until she was straddling Xena’s lap, and the warmth Xena could feel spilling across her thighs made her groan in reaction. Gabrielle took the open invitation Xena gave her, and slowly ran her tongue along soft lips, gently coaxing Xena’s tongue out to play.
Xena reflexively clenched her hands in the silk, pulling Gabrielle more into her before opening her fists and sliding her hands sensuously along supple material and sensitive skin. Gabrielle wove her fingers through the still damp hair and brought their mouths together more fully, taking away their need to breathe for long minutes.
There was no reply because the warrior seized Gabrielle’s lips once more, and gently lowered them to the sleeping furs. The exploration was slow and unhurried. There would be other times when their coming together would be fast and furious and fierce. But this time, for tonight, it was about rediscovery and appreciation and their deep, abiding passionate love and need for one another.
They spent long moments simply kissing, conveying to one another their heart’s desires. Hands tenderly traced material and skin until the silk became more of a barrier than they could bear. When they came together again, skin on skin, Aphrodite turned away from the scrying bowl.
“I can’t give you forever, Babes, but you’ve got forty-eight hours of peace. Use it wisely, ‘cause you’ve got a groovin’ new start happening here.” She turned back for a peek and saw their dance slowly begin as Xena began to kiss her way down Gabrielle’s neck while her hands gently stroked up Gabrielle’s torso toward her breasts. Aphrodite blushed, feeling the intensity of their bond ignite between them.
The love goddess deliberately turned her back on the scrying bowl, leaving them to their privacy. “And then there are times,” she commented as she walked out the door, “that the love biz just so totally rocks!!” Then she disappeared in a shower of sparkles and rose petals as love continued on. | 2019-04-22T18:56:13Z | http://www.avaliantheart.com/forty-eight-hour-fix.html |
You can take charge of your life if you pursue good personal development goals. You will need some advice to get started doing all of the work that you are taking on. Some of the advice to get you need to kick off your personal development routine.
Stress is the foe of happiness. When we have to deal with stress, it takes its toll on the body in a physical and mental sense. If we desire to work toward our goals calmly and methodically with a clear head, we have to eliminate the stress inside our heads. Schedule some time every day simply to unwind. Just sit back, let your mind go blank, and think about what’s important to you. Taking a little bit of time for yourself will help you stay calm, and keep your goals in mind.
Stress is an enemy of the biggest road blocks to happiness.Stress can take both a physical and physically across our body. To retain clarity of mind and the motivation to work towards our goals, it is important to eliminate stress.Set a relaxation time daily to relax and be by yourself. This refreshing time can improve your overall peace and self-image.
Always be ready to write down any ideas that you may have.Carry some kind of paper and a pen around with you everywhere.
Apply the basic principles that you have learned. Each individual has beliefs that he or she follows all the time. Having a good foundation based on your core principles will benefit your sense of self esteem. If you do this you will encourage you to be consistent, it is an great trait to have.
Weight loss should not the only reason to exercise. There are many different physical and emotional reasons to exercise.
Write out a pep talk to yourself. List all of your good qualities on an index card. Carry it with you, and read it when you need to. You could even record yourself reading it or make a list of your positive traits and watch them on video.
If you take proper care of your physical needs, you will get the maximum benefit from your personal development approach. Always keep a healthy routine that includes exercise, diet, and sleep in order to be successful. It may seem easy, but it can be quite difficult to properly care for yourself.
TIP! You may find it helpful to discuss your issues with a counselor or other trusted professional, such as your pastor. Not only have they been trained to deal in personal growth, their experience in these issues is what makes them a good choice to speak with.
Taking some moderate risks may just be where you should start on your happiness! Many do not want to risk feeling like a failure, so they would rather stay cemented in their comfort zone, which often leads to an unfulfilled life. Taking risks can lead you to the things you want out of life, which will help you become happy in the long run.
Decide what it is that you want to do with your life and take actions toward this goal. You need to step up and implement a plan of action in order to realize your desires.
Whether or not a person can make things happen for you, you must treat everyone with respect and gratitude. The way you treat them says more about you than it does about them.
TIP! Dealing with situations rationally is a skill that you can learn from others or teach yourself. Come up with methods that will help relieve your stress and remain calm when problems pop up.
Self discipline is the most important aspect in being able to work towards achieving your personal development. Learn to maintain control over your body. You should strive to overcome things such as lust, greed, or greed.
Make the important aspects of your life the focus of how you live. You will find an increased inner peace if you do not dwell on the past or negative encounters, and choose instead to think and act on positive experiences.
One specific goal you might set is to become more confidence. You would then want to position yourself so you can make this happen. You have a high degree of accomplishing your goals if you methodically go about it.
Constantly seek different experiences. New opportunities can be gained from trying new things. Perhaps you will gain some knowledge or a new skill. It is completely likely that you can set a new standard from accomplishing something before others have. Unique challenges can help to yield more satisfaction down the road.
You need to understand the distance between the place you are now, and the place you would like to go. You have to realize this before you can actually get to your destination. If you are unwilling to make this commitment, you are not ready to begin self improvement.
Treat yourself right by respecting your body. When your body lets you know that it needs food, water, rest, or the like, give it what it needs as soon as you can. By doing this, your body will function well for you in the years ahead. If you disregard your body’s intelligence, you might find in the future that it will not be able to take care of you.
TIP! One essential method of improving yourself is to get healthy. Having a healthy lifestyle is about watching your diet, working out and staying motivated to keep doing them both.
Always do your best at everything you can. Your passion should always lead the way on the path to success. While you cannot be the very best at something, aspiring to inspire other people is an admirable and worthy goal for oneself. Try to boost your worth in your field of work, and your self-esteem is going to reap the benefits.
Failure can be a harmful and large blow to your ego and self-esteem when one is trying to better oneself through personal development. Failure is a method of learning your strengths and your weaknesses are. In that sense, each failure needs to be something that you feel good about, as you have uncovered another piece of your personal puzzle.
Faith is important to your plans for personal development, and love is what keeps your faith alive. You can not have faith without love. Thus, it is important to always act on your faith and show your love. Do something nice for someone else, or for your community. Love yourself, love others, and let your faith mean something.
TIP! Picture how your life is right now and where you want it to be in the future. See your shortcomings.
The goals that you have set in your self improvement program need to be measurable and specific. Having a specific goal keeps you to better problem solve on how to get there.This assists you go over obstacles and enjoy your successes.
One of the most basic requirements for your effective personal development is to willingly choose to change who you are. You have to determine exactly what you want and consciously decide to work toward it.
TIP! It is important that you feel comfortable using the abilities that you have. Everybody has different skills, which makes the diverse and wonderful planet we live on.
You really have to put yourself first in order to be of any help to anyone else, but you can make yourself happy.You are responsible for your own personal happiness, this don’t mean you should use people to get what you want. If you make sure that what you do is true to yourself and your ethics, you will be better prepared to develop yourself more fully.
It does not matter if you have fancy clothing or resemble a movie star. Your natural personality and skills are what will get you through life.Focus on improving your personality more attractive rather than your appearance.
Approach your life with beginner’s mind. Be both modest and wise. Learn from the situations that you face each day, and be sure you realize that there are things in your life that you cannot change. Keeping yourself humble and modest will keep you within what you can handle. Use wisdom to learn from the past and do better in your future.
No matter what tips you use from this article, they will all help you on your self improvement journey. It may seem like a ton of work, but just knowing that you’ve got some great advice to help you out can help you do it joyfully.
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The best way to be successful is with your persona; growth is in learning as much as you can and to apply that knowledge.
Choose to spend your time with positive people. When you have others around you who think and feel as you do, then you can avoid the negativity that can emerge from those who do not support your endeavors.
TIP! Identify the biggest obstacle that is preventing you from succeeding. Doing this is extremely hard for a lot of people.
Use your work time efficiently so you can get more done in a shorter amount of time.The simple trick is to take more breaks during your work day. This might seem counterproductive, but taking more breaks actually gives your mind a chance to recover, you can be more focused and get many things accomplished.
Be ready to write down ideas wherever you are. Paper is an old fashioned way to record notes, but it never runs out of battery power. This way, you will always be in a position to write down your thoughts and these can then be implemented at a later time when you have more freedom to act on them.
TIP! Leadership is necessary for personal development. Leadership can be defined in many ways, but most people like to define it as “influence.
You must know what your own values to come up with a self improvement plan. It is not smart to focus on things that are at odds with your values and morals.
You should know the values that bear importance to you prior to planning a personal development program. It wouldn’t make sense to work on areas in your life that contradict your values. You need to focus your energy on the things that do line up with your values. Positive changes that you make in your life are more likely to stay with you if they coincide with your value system.
Try to look at each new day more excellent than the previous one.
You need to care for yourself before you take care of yourself. No matter how much progress you have made in your personal development, allow yourself time to recover and rejuvenate yourself.
Tell other people positive things. By being proactive and reaching out, being nice to others will help you to treat yourself nicely as well.
TIP! Prepare for emergency expenses. Without such a fund, you may have to rely on credit cards or high-interest loans to deal with sudden expenses or emergencies.
No matter what, there is one thing you need to do. You need to chose to actively engage in your life instead of being a spectator. If you are observing instead of living, you are not experiencing what your life was meant to be.
Take a trip with a friend to a movie.You will be out and about but you don’t have to socialize as much.It will also help you to become more comfortable and secure around large group of people.
Do you abuse alcohol? Do you use tobacco products or any other harmful things? Our bodies are important to maintain, and should be treated with care. Cutting bad habits out of your life is a way to improve it. Take stock of how you are living your life and the habits you have accumulated. Which ones do you think you could get rid of right now?
TIP! Go with a friend to see a movie you enjoy. Movies are wonderful ways to socialize without feeling like you have to carry on a conversation.
Self-discipline is a key characteristic of any personal development program. Learn to maintain control over the desires of your body. You can conquer many desires such as lust, greed, overeating and drunkenness.
Being selfless is an important part of personal development. You can benefit greatly by just making some simple sacrifices and helping others. You will be a better person, and be recognized as such, when you take steps to benefit other people, regardless of your own gain or loss.
Listening to someone is just as valuable as speaking when you are communicating.This especially holds true when bettering yourself. Always pay attention to what you are talking to yourself.
One important element of self improvement is making yourself healthier. When you put your health first, it will lead to general overall well being and will help you feel good about yourself in every area of your life.
There is nothing wrong with taking a little risk every now and then. Do not allow yourself to fear failure more than you desire success. Taking risks may take you out of your comfort zone, but it is not irrational to do so. Taking chances shows courage, which is what’s needed to help guide you on a path of happiness.
Self-discipline is a key characteristic of any successful personal development plan. Learn not to give in every time your body craves something that may not be good for it. You should strive to overcome things such as lust, greed, overeating and drunkenness. If you acquire a better sense of discipline, it will be possible for you to keep dangerous vices from damaging your body and soul.
TIP! An overreaction to situations is going to cause you stress that is not necessary. Analyze the situation carefully, and deal with the stress.
When engaging in self improvement, always remember to focus on the fact that you are worthy of nothing less than the very best in life. You should understand that you owe yourself nothing less than the very best.
Eliminate any unnecessary stress in your daily life. Accept that there will be setbacks on the way to your goals, instead of focusing on your mistakes.
It is normal to find unhealthy foods tempting. Stress hurts your body as much as a large slice of high calorie pie, so take it all in stride.
You should shoot to be the best in your area. Your drive should always lead you to aspire to greatness. The fact is that we can never be the absolute best at a single thing, but we are able to be a great inspiration to many in our certain field. Do your best to become a leader in your industry, and you should feel more confident.
Keep notes on how you progress by being more organized. When you can break down your goals, it becomes much easier to achieve them. Keep a journal of your daily progress. You will see how these small steps add up toward reaching your goal.
TIP! Are you experiencing difficulty meeting romantic partners? Think about looking on the Internet. Surprisingly, forty percent of today’s couples met online.
Failure can seem like a harmful and large blow to your self confidence. Failure is a method of determining what have been losses in your strengths and your weaknesses. So, each failure needs to be a proud moment to you, each failure can be viewed as an opportunity to gather important information of use in your personal development efforts.
Your personal development goals should be specific enough to lead the road towards success. Having goals will allow you focused on what’s really important. This assists you in overcoming difficult tasks and enjoy your successes.
Research different individuals who are currently, or have been successful in the past, and see how they got to that point of success. You can avoid a lot of trial and error by learning what other successful people have done in your situation. If you truly take in the information you learn from others, you will find yourself taking the steps they had towards true success.
People practicing personal development usually find that their goals are vague and difficult to describe. Therefore, state a goal for yourself that is detailed and specific. These are the kinds of goals that will get definite results.
If you apply all of the things you read here today, you have a lot of great places to start towards your next steps in personal development. Make sure you are always on the lookout for new information to add to your arsenal of strategies you can use towards personal development.
Don’t worry so much. Worrying is simply focusing on something that hasn’t happened and letting your fears take over. Instead of worrying, consider the worst case scenario, and start taking concrete steps to address that worst case. Being prepared for the worst will help you to stop worrying about it and live normally.
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If the idea of personal development is becoming a growing concern, then you are in the right place. Keep a positive mindset and remember that the more you know, the better chances you have at self improvement, especially if you apply any tips from this article that scream at you as being useful.
A decision avoided is an opportunity missed when it comes to personal development. Do not be intimidated by decisions, even when you do not have as much information as you would like. Do not rely entirely on your instinct. Even mistakes are valuable as they are instructive learning decisions. If you make a wrong choice at one point, then you will ensure that your next one will be better.
TIP! Read good articles about personal development. The best personal development books can give you new ideas and advice that could change your life forever.
Stress is the foe of the biggest road blocks to happiness. Stress causes both a physical and mental damage that increases in severity the longer we experience it. In order to reach your goals, we must learn to calm our minds and rid our lives of unnecessary stress. Take the time out of your day to sit down and reflect. This time can improve your self-image and peace.
You will miss opportunities if you put off making decisions. You should not avoid decision making, even if you don’t have all the facts ahead of time. Even decisions with less favorable outcomes are useful because they provide instructive learning experiences. A bad choice will help you choose the right path next time.
See what obstacles are keeping you from success. This is hard to do for a lot of people. Nonetheless, when you are able to see the areas in which you need to improve, you will also be able to improve them. Take care to eliminate the obstacles that stand between you and the future that you wish to have.
TIP! There are things you can do throughout the day to accomplish more work while at your job. Take breaks regularly to stay focused on what you need to work on.
Pinpoint what is blocking your success. This is hard from some people. If you are able to overcome some hurdles, you might just see a clearer path to your future.
Use your time efficiently. Take breaks regularly to stay focused on what you are working hard. This might seem counterproductive, but the truth is that more breaks give you a chance to relax and recharge yourself; when you return the work at hand, so that you will get a lot more things done when you go back to working.
Use your core principles to guide you as you begin to take action. Everyone has beliefs that are central to their sense of self. When you consistently practice these, you will gain confidence and believe in yourself. Even better, when you act on your principles, you will become more consistent without having to make any effort to do so. This is an excellent trait to be cultivating.
Everyone has beliefs that is integral to their identity. This practice also promotes consistency, a valuable character trait to keep.
Personal development begins with leadership. Most people believe that leadership and influence over others. Take a good look at your leadership journey.What events have had the greatest impact on your life? How did these people and events to better yourself? What personal qualities make you an effective member of the team? By examining these questions, you can help yourself realize your role and ability in a team.
TIP! Praise others, flatter them, and show your appreciation. Try to replace any negative comments with positive ones, and see if this helps you become more positive as an individual.
Write out a pep talk. Take a postcard and write down every positive attribute you like about yourself. Keep the card in your purse or wallet, and refer to it when necessary. You can even record yourself reading it aloud and watch them on video.
Try to look at each new day as being better than the previous one. Try to see each day as a way to improve. Try and improve yourself daily.
TIP! If you are not able to deal with your own life, you cannot help the ones around you. No matter your path, or whether you’re failing or thriving, take time out to restore and rest yourself.
Therapy is the solution for many with serious issues. While self-help books can be effective, many cannot provide the benefits that come from personal, customized advice to help you achieve your goals.Simply talking to someone might can help motivate you in finding motivation. Books can be useful tools but a trained psychiatrist is able to respond and answer your questions.
If you are trying to manage your depression, pay attention to your complex carb intake and boost it. Serotonin can be depleted without enough carbs. You can increase your intake of these carbs by eating plenty of fresh fruits, fruits, nuts, brown rice, whole grains and assorted beans.
Do you find yourself consuming alcohol far too often? Do you harm your body through smoking, or in other ways? The body is sacred, and needs to be maintained accordingly. Cutting bad habits out of your life is a way to improve it. Consider all of your habits and opt to omit habits from your life that can be described as harmful.
TIP! Do not go shopping for comfort. If you do a hobby versus raising your credit card bill, you won’t have to stress over those bills and will have less clutter at home to clean.
No matter what, there is one thing you need to do. You must actively participate in life rather than sitting on the sidelines. If you are observing instead of living, you are not experiencing what your life was meant to be.
Taking steps to improve your health can help you achieve success with your personal development plan. When you are feeling good, it is easier to feel better about yourself. Taking care of your health will allow you to avoid illness and save money on unnecessary visits to the doctor. For these reasons it makes sense to focus on your health and do what is necessary to improve it.
Good health simply makes anyone feel happier. Make it a goal to improve your fitness and make healthy choices.
Taking some small risks may just be where you should start on your path towards happiness. Many people get stuck in a zone that is comfortable so they do not risk failure or rejection, so they aren’t as happy or fulfilled.Taking risks requires a lot of courage, which is what’s needed to help guide you on a path of happiness.
On the road to personal development, treat your body with respect. If you feel thirsty, hungry, etc., you need to correct that issue right away. You need a healthy body to serve you for years to come. Treat your body well, and it will treat you well right back.
TIP! Develop yourself by using love to grow and drive your faith. Faith cannot exist without love, and love cannot exist without faith.
You can use your willpower to make your life more positive, which means that the wishes you have for others can impact your circumstances, as well. Try to only want good things to happen to other people. If you try to remain positive in all aspects of your life, you will not be as likely to get dragged down by sadness, anger and other negative feelings.
TIP! Failure can be a harmful and large blow to your ego and self-esteem when working on personal development. Treat failure as a chance to learn and grow.
Always be on the look for a challenge. You are sure to learn new stuff and new skills. You may even create a model that no one has done before. Try to find your own niche, rather than just following in other people’s footsteps.
You may have heard that listening can be as important as speaking. This goes double for your personal development. Always listen to yourself when you are telling yourself.
It is impossible to make everyone happy, so make yourself the first priority. That doesn’t mean you should become selfish, but rather that you take control of your own emotions. If you are true to yourself and stick to your morals, you will end up happier on your path to personal development.
TIP! Don’t look at your outside beauty; seek out inner beauty. It makes no difference if you have fancy clothing or resemble a movie star.
Now that you are more informed on how to grow as an individual, you should start feeling optimistic about your self improvement. Never stop seeking ways to develop yourself as a person. Use that knowledge to become the person you seek to be.
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Are you striving to discover a better path for different ways to improve the quality of your life? Read this article for some tips as a means to help with your self improvement.
Stress is what often brings down happiness. When our minds are busy dealing with stress, we are causing damage to our entire body, both mentally and physically. Stress is an obstacle to accomplishing one’s goal. Schedule time daily to spend by yourself in relaxation and clarity. You can increase how good you feel about yourself and how at peace you feel by using this time to relax.
TIP! Be sure to read positive books on the subject of personal development. You could well derive some great, life-changing ideas from the right books in the field.
There are many helpful books on self improvement available.A good self improvement book on the subject may set you on a course that will change your life.Try to pick a book that has several positive reviews because poorly done books in the genre are not very well written.
Always be ready to write down thoughts you may have. Carry some kind of paper with you.
Work more efficiently to get the most out of your effort. The simple trick is to take more breaks when you work. While this may sound odd, taking frequent breaks gives you time to relax and re-energize, so when you return to your work, you are more productive.
Weight loss is not be the only reason to exercise. There are many physiological benefits from regular exercise.
Exercising should be part of everyone’s life, not just those who are looking to lose weight. The physical reasons for exercising are numerous. Exercise stimulates the production of substances in your body that help calm you.
You need to care for yourself before you take care of yourself. No matter where you are in life, always make resting and restoring yourself a top priority.
Are you a heavy alcohol drinker? Are you addicted to smoking cigarettes, or partake in other activities that can hurt your body? Your body is sacred, and you have to learn to respect it. Improve your life by eliminating unhealthy habits. Take an honest inventory of your life to see where you can make improvements.
TIP! You can learn how to handle difficult problems without over-reacting. Learning the ability to stay cool when life deals you situations that are high in stress can give you the confidence to tackle anything that you get handed.
Therapy is the answer for many with your problems. Self help books are useful to an extent, but do not expect these methods to replace a doctor who can assess your situation personally. Simply talking can help motivate you in finding motivation. A book can not talk to you like a therapist or counselor.
Are you an alcohol drinker?Do you smoke or engaging in other actives that can harm your body? Your body should be a priority. Eliminating bad habits can be a very essential if you want to improve your life. Take an honest look at your life to see where you can make improvements.
When you are trying to improve yourself, you should aim to have a high amount of self-discipline. Gain mental control over your physical cravings. Conquer desires of the flesh, such as, overeating, lust, greed and drunkenness. You will not develop any life long addictions that will compromise your health in a physical or mental fashion.
TIP! Overreacting in any situation will cause your anxiety levels to raise. Analyze the situation carefully, and deal with the stress.
If you are depressed, try including more complex carbohydrates in your diet. Serotonin can be depleted without enough carbs. You can increase your intake of these carbs by eating plenty of fresh fruits, raw vegetables, nuts, brown rice, whole grains and assorted beans.
Whatever it is that you need to have in your life, remember that nothing takes place without action. You need to chose to actively engage in life rather than sitting on the sidelines. If you are only watching your life go by, you are not really alive.
TIP! The key to personal development is being good to your body. Never allow yourself to become dehydrated or overly hungry.
It is possible to deal with the tough situations that arise in everyone’s life without allowing yourself to become overly emotional. Take time to slow down and take some deep breaths.
Remove the disorder and chaos from all aspects of your life.Getting organized is an accomplishment, and staying organized will only increase your confidence. This also lead to less stress because the disorganization contributing to it will be eliminated. Having everything organized and in its own place instills a calming energy.
Writing out your goals will help you develop your own plan for personal growth. For example, you may want to become a more confident person. Write it down. Next, find current or past situations where you could have done something to demonstrate confidence. Follow through on your goals by allowing yourself to use those ideas and resources. By forcing yourself to address each goal, you increase your chances of success.
Everyone feels better when they’re in are healthy. Make it a concerted effort to adopt healthy choices.
Your health is reflected in your emotional state. Always keep in mind that healthy minds and a vigorous physical condition should work in tandem.
Rid your life of unnecessary stress. It is important not to exaggerate or over react when stressful things happen in life. Just be aware that life is not perfect, and have ways to keep your motivation up when obstacles get between you and goals.
TIP! Use the knowledge you have and be modest in order to live your life to the fullest. Try and analyze things you go through to determine what aspects of your life can change and what aspects are unavoidable.
You must understand that a divide exists between where you currently are, and the place you want to be in the future.You need to understand and embrace this so you can take your very first step. If you cannot see this discrepancy, you are not ready to begin personal development.
Always aspire to do your best you can. Your drive should lead you to aspire to greatness. You will never be number one at anything, but you can inspire people in the same field as you. Do your best to become a leader in your industry, and bask in the pride it will bring you.
Don’t look at your outside beauty; seek out inner beauty. It makes no difference if you are the prettiest or wear the costliest designer clothes. The person you are inside is what is most important in life. Focus on finding ways to make your personality more attractive rather than your appearance.
Keep track of your progress by becoming more organized. You may find it easier to achieve your goals if you tackle small things first.
You can help yourself have a better life, and it really isn’t as scary or complicated as you may have thought. Focus on the many benefits of your plans, and visualize the happiness and satisfaction that will come from making significant life changes.
A good leader should be humble as well as powerful. You must be resolute but compassionate if you want to lead. Also, recall what it is like to serve someone. A good leader has morals and is honest; these are crucial characteristics for any successful person to hold.
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Self improvement could transform your personal life around.This article contains the keys you need to start improving yourself.
You will miss opportunities if you avoid making important decisions. You should not avoid decision making, even if you feel that you do not have all the information. A proven track record of responsible, successful decision-making can grow into improved instincts. You will make the wrong decision sometimes. Use those mistakes as a chance to learn something new. If you make the wrong decision, chances are you, you will not make it again.
TIP! Identify what is standing in between you and success. This is hard to do for a lot of people.
Pinpoint exactly what is blocking your success. This is very hard to do for a lot of people. If you get rid of the things that might stand in your way, you might get a clearer picture of what your future holds.
Use your core principals to your advantage. Everyone has beliefs that are central to their sense of self. Sticking to your core values will help your self esteem, if you’ve got a strong foundation to rely on. Sticking to your beliefs will also provide your life with greater consistency in every aspect, making life more manageable and you more admirable.
You should know the values to come up with a self improvement plan. It wouldn’t make sense to concentrate on things that are at odds with what you are.
Write yourself a pep talk for yourself. Take a small sheet of paper and write down all the things that you possess. Keep this card with you, and pull it out every time you feel depressed and defeated or have a negative thought about yourself. You could also record yourself reading it aloud and listen to it often.
It helps to see your good points in writing. Take a postcard and write down all the things that you like about yourself. You can take this with you wherever you go, and review it when you want motivation. Even better, you should videotape yourself, reading the list into the camera and watch this video frequently. The reason to watch the video or read the postcard as often as possible is to remind yourself of how wonderful you think you are.
Talking to a counselor or a religious leader can be beneficial. These people have lots of training and will know what to do in your situation.They are prepared to listen and analyze things you will benefit from.
TIP! For people with serious problems, therapy may be the best answer. Books are great for solving everyday problems, but they can’t adapt to the complex needs of those who have more serious issues.
You should always treat everyone with respect, regardless of their relationship to you or your goals. The way that you treat others says a lot about you than it does about them.
Do you consume more alcohol more than you should? Do you smoke or participate in other actives that can harm your health? Your body is what you live in every day and therefore consideration for its well being should be treated with the utmost respect.Eliminating bad habits is important if you want to improve your life. Take an honest look at your life to see where you can make improvements.
Seeing a counselor or therapist can be beneficial. Not only have they been trained to deal in personal growth, their experience in these issues is what makes them a good choice to speak with. Their job is to listen to you and your concerns and help you gain a new outlook on your situation. Getting your problems out in the open with a professional should give you a much healthier outlook on your own life.
Remove the disorder and chaos from all aspects of your life. Getting organized can give you a wonderful feeling of accomplishment, and continually staying organized boosts your confidence. This also helps relieve you from stress because the disorganization contributing to it will be eliminated. Having everything in its own place instills a sense of peace.
If you’re having trouble dealing with anxiety in public, try going to the movies with a friend. This gives you the opportunity to engage in a social activity that does not have a lot of risk. In addition, this can give you the opportunity to become comfortable in crowded rooms.
One important element of personal development is making yourself healthier. If you make your health the priority, you will likely feel your best, which makes it easier to meet your other self improvement goals.
Get rid of every part of your life that is disorganized. Becoming more organized is a way to gain a sense of accomplishment and confidence. You will also help relieve stress that is caused by disorganization. Having everything in its rightful place will give you a sense of calm and ease.
TIP! Do not give any situation more thought, or attention than it deserves. Acknowledge and manage your stress by carefully analyzing your circumstances.
Eliminate unnecessary sources of stress from your life. Accept that you cannot be perfect at everything and look for alternative ways to achieve your goals if you fail, and focus on finding solutions to these problems rather than giving up.
Keep looking for new challenges you are interested in. Trying new things is a way to broaden your horizons. Perhaps you will gain some knowledge or a new skill. You may even be able to accomplish something previously not achieved by anyone. Take on a challenge that is unique and personally meaningful, instead of tackling something that someone else has already accomplished.
TIP! Getting healthy is a major factor of personal development. To have a healthy lifestyle, you need to do more than just exercise and eat right.
Everyone is a small part of the universe. Everyone has a lot to learn and grow and we need to support each other in this quest. Keep this in mind and open yourself to the chance to learn something new whenever you can. Keep an open mind and you will always find that others can teach you.
Your own personal development goals should be specific enough to lead the way to success. Having goals will allow you focused on what’s really important.This assists you go over obstacles and enjoying quicker success.
Don’t let yourself get stressed out. Avoid over-reacting when something doesn’t turn out the way you want, because it can cause you stress. Realize that you are going to encounter problems from time to time when trying to reach a goal. Rather than allowing yourself to be overwhelmed by these setbacks, try to discover creative ways to prevail over them.
Everybody has unique skills, which makes the diverse and wonderful planet we live on.
Keep tabs on your progress by being more organized. You can stay on track if you break them down into smaller components.
Generally, if you are good to the people in your life, it will come back to you through good luck. Look at other people and wish for them, the very best. If you try to remain positive in all aspects of your life, you will not be as likely to get dragged down by sadness, anger and other negative feelings.
TIP! Instead of focusing on your outward appearance, look inside. It is meaningless to fill your closet with designer clothes; take pride in your sculpted physique, or strive to attain the face of a supermodel.
You can’t make everyone happy, and accept that you will never be able to please everyone.You are responsible for your own personal happiness, though you do need to take full responsibility for your happiness. If you remain true to yourself while honoring your personal code of ethics, you will be much happier with your self improvement path.
Are you having trouble finding a mate? Try the world wide web. Forty percent of couples nowadays meet online. It could be your significant other is out there waiting for you to give the Internet a shot. These websites have their own pros and cons.
TIP! When working on your personal development, it is often helpful to see what others have done. Not only will you find information on being successful, but you will also learn about mistakes that others have already made and be able to avoid them.
Most employers don’t care about your school or college, rather than where it came from. There are only a few places where this is not the case, such as if you work for a prominent financial institution. It is more important to simply have a degree that will open up opportunities for you.
As you may have deduced, growth through personal development is no small task. However, as long as you are motivated and have access to an inspirational support system, the experience should be less challenging, and you should learn a great deal while on your journey. These tips should make those first few steps a little easier in the meantime.
Leaders are powerful, yet not hungry for power. When rebukes are necessary, be gentle yet firm, and keep in mind that you must be able to serve to be able to lead effectively. Being virtuous and having integrity is part of being a leader, too, and few people will follow a leader that does not display these traits.
Michael Lindsey. The preceding article should give you a running start. Follow the advice from this article to make your experience a great one.
If you do not know how to grow personally, this article is for you. Keep your chin up and know that with your increased knowledge, the better chances you have at personal development, so look through this article and see what tips apply to you and your personal development goals.
Stress can greatly interfere with your mood. When stress happens in our minds, it also has detrimental affects on our physical health. Take care of the stress you have in your mind by thinking clearly. Schedule time daily to spend by yourself in relaxation and clarity. A calm, refreshed mind is essential to inner peace and self-assurance.
TIP! When dealing with personal development, not making a decision means forgoing an opportunity. You should not fear making decisions even if you do not feel as sure about it as you would like to be.
Pinpoint what is blocking your success. This is a difficult task for many people to do. If you are successful in moving obstacles out of your way, you might find that the path to the future is much clearer.
Use your time efficiently.Take breaks when you are working hard. This might seem counterproductive, but the truth is that more breaks give you a chance to relax and recharge yourself; when you return the work at hand, allowing you to return and work more efficiently.
Use your work time efficiently. A good method to work for long periods of time is to take frequent breaks. This may seem counterproductive, but by taking constant breaks, you have time to unwind and recharge so that when you get back to work, you can get more stuff done.
You must know your own values that bear importance to you prior to planning a self improvement plan. It makes no sense to concentrate on things that was contrary to who you are.
Begin a fund for emergencies.This money can help out in the short term crisis like unemployment or a large unexpected health care bill.
One approach to personal development is to view yourself as one who has not yet learned all there is to know. If you acknowledge you are tiny and unimportant in the world, it will cause you to realize the lack of knowledge you have. Once you have fully accepted this realization, you’ll seek to better yourself by learning and understanding as much as you can about the vast world in which you live.
Talking to a professional counselor or a pastor can help you relieve stress. These people are experienced and experience with this sort of thing. They are prepared to listen and give sound advice that you can’t see.
You should work on ensuring that each day is an improvement over the previous one. Always work towards making improvements. Set a goal to do something you couldn’t do yesterday, or improve on something you were able to do.
Whatever it is that you need to have in your life, remember that nothing takes place without action. You need to participate in your life instead of being a spectator. If you are observing instead of living, you are just waiting for the end and not living.
Speaking to a therapist or religious official can really help you out. These people have experience dealing with many of the issues you may be facing, and many are licensed to do so. These impartial listeners can provide a sympathetic ear or help you deal with troublesome areas of your life. By speaking with a professional about your problems, you can lead a much healthier and enjoyable life.
Good health simply makes anyone feel happier. Make it a healthy practices.
Taking a few small risks can help you stay happy. Many do not want to risk feeling like a failure, so they would rather stay cemented in their comfort zone, which often leads to an unfulfilled life. Taking risks can lead you to the things you want out of life, which is what’s needed to help guide you on a path of happiness.
Try to rid of your life of disorganization. When you are organized you have much more of a feeling of being in control, and this will help you gain self confidence. You will also have the added benefit of relief from the stress that disorganization can cause. Having everything organized and in place can really calm you down.
Ultimate happiness may lie in assuming a manageable amount of risk. A lot of people find themselves stuck in their comfort zone, because they do not dare take risks and fear rejection. Taking risks requires a lot of courage, which will help you become happy in the long run.
Self-discipline is a key element of any successful personal development program. Learn to maintain control over your body. You can conquer many desires such as lust, greed, or greed.
It is almost impossible to have a happy, healthy mind when your body has been neglected entirely. Make sure you treat your body properly: follow a healthy diet and exercise regularly. If you want a healthy mind, make sure it resides in a healthy body.
TIP! If you are looking to grow as a person, write down a set of goals. For example, you may want to become a more confident person.
You may have heard that listening can be as vital as speaking. This is particularly sage advice if you are making a concentrated effort to develop themselves on your personal level. You should make sure you are always listening when thinking or talking to yourself.
An excellent tip for personal development advice is to always treat your body well.When your body lets you know that it needs food, such as food, drink, or the like, give it what it needs as soon as you can. Doing so will make your body treat you better in the road.
Getting and staying healthy is one of the most important parts of personal development. In order to maintain a healthy body, you have to stay motivated to practice healthy eating habits and exercise. By making your health a top concern and understanding that a healthy lifestyle improves your other personal development efforts, you have a good chance of sticking with your health-improving practices.
TIP! There will usually be a difference in where you are in life, and where you want to be. This first step is certainly one of the hardest, and many people have a hard time committing themselves past this point.
This article has provided you with information on how to nurture your growth as a unique and intelligent human being. As a result, you should have adopted a more positive way of thinking about your own self improvement. Constantly seek new knowledge which you can employ in your efforts, changing your life and bettering yourself!
Increasing the positivity in your daily life is truly a matter of personal choice, and what you want for others will often appear in your own life, whether good or bad. You should only want the best to happen for others. If you focus on the positive aspects of everyday life, you will be much less susceptible to those random episodes of doom and gloom.
go here, but they don’t always know how they should go about it. This article has so much information, you’ll be ready to move forward with confidence. Now you can put the various things that have been gone over here to good use.
Self helping can really be an intelligent move that helps turn around your life for the better. This may make be confusing as to where to begin to start making these positive changes to your life. All that you should be aware of can be found in these tips.
Often, the enemy of happiness is stress. Being subjected to sustained and extreme stress can have negative mental and physical repercussions. In order to achieve our goals, we must learn to calm our minds and rid our lives of unnecessary stress. Set a time each day to relax, to clear your mind, and be alone. This time can help you improve your overall life.
Weight loss should not the only reason to exercise. There are multiple reasons for the need to exercise.
Pinpoint exactly what is blocking your progress. This has proven to be an obstacle for a large number of people. To be successful at personal development, start by pinpointing any areas of weakness and target these areas for improvement. Once you have removed the obstacles to your success, you can enjoy smooth sailing to your goals.
TIP! Be prepared to list your ideas wherever you are. Start out by carrying a small notepad whenever you go out.
You cannot take care of other people unless you take care for others. No matter what point you are in on your journey, allow yourself time to recover and rejuvenate yourself.
Talking with a counselor or a religious leader can be beneficial. These people are experienced and experience with this sort of thing. They can lend a sympathetic ear and to analyze certain things that will have you on the right path.
Know what your core beliefs are and live by them. Everyone has beliefs that are central to their sense of self. If you’ve got a decent foundation in order to defend them, you can boost your self-esteem. Sticking to your beliefs will also provide your life with greater consistency in every aspect, making life more manageable and you more admirable.
TIP! In order to properly advance in matters of personal development, it is very important that you declare lowliness. When you realize your place in the universe, you realize that you have a lot to learn.
When dealing with depression issues, focus on diet and boost your complex carb intake. Serotonin can lower if you don’t eat enough complex carbs in your diet. You can increase your intake of these carbs by eating plenty of fresh fruits, raw vegetables, nuts, brown rice, whole grains and assorted beans.
Whatever you might think you need in life, make sure you have one thing. You need to chose to actively participate in life rather than sitting on the sidelines. If you are observing instead of living, you are not experiencing what your life was meant to be.
You have to be in good physical shape if you want your personal development efforts to be as effective as possible. Simple activities like getting enough sleep, regular exercise and a healthy diet help your energy level remain high, giving you a greater chance of success on your personal development quest. While this may sound like an easy thing to do, it can actually prove quite challenging at times.
TIP! Always have an emergency fund. Many people handle every unexpected expense with a credit card, building up debt.
If you are never able to meet the goals you set, do not be afraid to stop and make a frank assessment of the problem. Find out how others who have succeeded at the same thing. You may find the proper information you need to succeed.
Remove the disorder and chaos from all aspects of your life. If you are able to organize your life, you will see a real boost to your self-confidence. This also helps relieve you from stress because the disorganization contributing to it will be eliminated. Having everything in its own place instills a sense of peace.
Do not boast about your accomplishments. Talk to people and find out more about their own achievements. This will help you to remain humble while giving you a picture of how people around you operate.
TIP! Ignore social status and instrumental gain and treat everyone equally, unless they have actually done something to earn your scorn. How they are treated speaks more of you than them.
Being a selfless is an important part of self improvement. Knowing what it means to care for and help others, by making the sacrifices within yourself, can boost your inner character. When you make some sacrifices that help others and not hurt yourself, you will grow into the kind of person you wish to be seen as.
Everyone feels better when they in good physical health. Make a goal to improve your fitness and make healthy lifestyle one of your high-priority self improvement goals.
Do you drink too often? Are nicotine or other destructive habits something that harms you? Your body should be treated with the respect it deserves. Kicking your worst habits is a large part of becoming a happier and more healthy individual. Look at your life, and decide if you have any bad habits that you need to work on getting rid of.
You need a good attitude in order to grow as an individual. A negative attitude will hold you back and may actually lead you down the wrong path.
Make concrete plans for your life and stick with it. You need to step up and implement a plan of action in order to realize your goals to make them really happen.
You can learn how to approach tough situations in your life without losing your cool. If you can keep your cool in times of stress, you can overcome a variety of obstacles. Above all, remember to take a second and breathe deeply before confronting any stressful situation.
TIP! One of the most important elements of personal development is taking proper care of your health. Good health simply makes your whole life go better.
Self discipline is a requirement for successful self improvement journey. Learn to exercise self control over the desires of your thoughts and actions. You should strive to overcome things such as lust, drunkenness, overeating and drunkenness.
It is said that you have two ears and one mouth, because you should listen more than you speak. This is definitely true during personal development. Always be sure to listen, and understand what you’re saying to yourself. You will not be able to understand your needs or desires without truly listening to your own words.
TIP! All people are susceptible to food temptations. Stress is something that’s not good for your body or mind.
An excellent tip for personal development advice is to always treat your body well.If you feel thirsty, say, etc., you need to correct that issue right away. Doing this will make your body to function efficiently down the road.
Write down everything you want to achieve a certain goal.You would then want to position yourself into the situations that would make this happen. You will have a better chance of accomplishing your goals if you methodically go about it.
Do what you can to remove unnecessary stress from your life. Simply over-reacting when things go wrong only causes more stress. You don’t need more stress in your life. Accept that you cannot be perfect at everything and look for alternative ways to achieve your goals if you fail, instead of focusing on your mistakes.
When you are working on your personal development, always remember to focus on the fact that you are worthy of nothing less than the very best in life. You should understand that you owe yourself nothing less than the very best.
Willpower often plays a major role in increasing the good aspects in your life; your wishes for others may also be what befalls you. In this instance, wish only the best for people. If you try to remain positive in all aspects of your life, you will not be as likely to get dragged down by sadness, anger and other negative feelings.
Check up on how you are doing by staying organized. By separating your goals into smaller pieces, completing the tasks will be easier and quicker. Use a notepad or a daily planner to write down tasks and goals for everyday.
TIP! Look for pieces of writing or prose that were created for motivation. Some people could benefit from a book of motivational quotes, while others find that religious text inspires them.
Always do your best you can. Your passion should lead you to aspire to greatness. While it is almost impossible to be the best at everything we do, you can aspire to ispire others in your field.Try your hardest to succeed in different areas of your career, and enjoy the benefits your self-esteem will get from it.
This article should have shown you that helping yourself involves a lot of hard work to start making viable changes in your life. Also, to make changes in your life you’re going to have to keep trying. A more fulfilling life can be just as accessible as this article.
Good leaders possess strength and power, but are also compassionate. A leader guides people in the right direction but understands how to serve their employee’s needs. A good leader has morals and is honest; these are crucial characteristics for any successful person to hold.
go here, however, they are not always aware of how to do so on their own. This article has so much information, you’ll be ready to move forward with confidence. Now, all you have to do is use this article’s tips.
Self improvement means working to improve your awareness and your identity. It will help you attain many personal goals while gaining knowledge to increase spiritual awareness into harmony. This article will give you lots of ideas for working on your personal development. Take one step at a time, there is no rush and soon you will begin to understand yourself in a more positive light.
See what obstacles are keeping you from success. This can prove problematic for most folks. The ability to see your own weaknesses is essential to being able to take the first step in the right direction. Your future will look much brighter if you acquire new strengths.
TIP! There are things you can do throughout the day to accomplish more work while at your job. One simple solution is to go on more breaks while you work.
Stress is one of happiness. Stress in the mind hurts us both mentally and an emotional toll on your body. To retain clarity of mind and the motivation to work towards our goals, it is important to eliminate stress.Take some time off regularly to relax and clear your head. Having a time every day can give you more peaceful and happy with yourself.
Read good books about self improvement. A really good book can help you find new ways to reach for your life. Try choosing a volume that has several positive reviews because many books in this category are fairly common.
Incorporate your belief system into daily living. Your personal beliefs create the foundation for who you are. Sticking to your core values will help your self esteem, if you’ve got a strong foundation to rely on. Best of all, following your beliefs encourages consistency, and this is a much desired character trait.
TIP! A critical step of personal development is the realization and acceptance of your insignificance. Realizing how tiny you are in the grand scheme of things will help you to admit your ignorance.
Pinpoint exactly what is blocking your success. This is hard for many people to do.If you are successful in moving obstacles out of your way, you might get a clearer picture of what your future holds.
Use your time efficiently.This can be achieved by taking more breaks when working. This may seem wrong, but the truth is that more breaks give you a chance to relax and recharge yourself; when you return the work at hand, so that you will get a lot more things done when you go back to working.
Stay in top physical condition to maximize your personal development success. You can do this by getting a sufficient amount of sleep, exercising frequently, and maintaining a healthy diet. You will have more energy if you are in shape, and therefore will be more successful in your personal development efforts. This may sound simple on paper, but it is actually quite hard.
You should know your own values to come up with a personal development program. It wouldn’t make sense to work on things that contradict your values.
Exercise is not just for people wanting to lose weight. There are many different physical reasons for the need to exercise.
To keep from increasing the amount of debt you owe, start putting money into an emergency fund. It’s common for us to add even more charges to our already overtaxed credit cards whenever an unforeseen expense arises, no matter how large or small. If you put back just a few dollars every week you will quickly build up an emergency fund. That fund can help us both in the short term and in the long term as our debt decreases instead of grows.
You need to care for yourself before you can start taking care of others. No matter what point you are in on your journey, you need to relax and reflect every once in a while.
Talking to a professional counselor or a pastor can be an extremely rewarding experience. These individuals are trained to listen to your problems and are highly skilled. They’ll eagerly listen, analyze what’s going on and help you find enlightenment. Taking the time to talk out your problems is very beneficial for your mental health, and having someone to bounce your ideas off makes it even better.
Good health makes your whole life go better.Make a healthy practices.
A positive attitude is required for you to make any progress in your spiritual nature. A negative attitude will hold you back and can even send you down the wrong path.
Make an honest effort to become more organized. Becoming more organized is a way to gain a sense of accomplishment and confidence. Better yet, you will no longer worry about finding necessary things or dealing with the stress that comes with living in a cluttered environment. When everything is in a proper place, life is a bit more calm.
TIP! A great step in personal development is to practice selfless behavior. You can benefit greatly by just making some simple sacrifices and helping others.
Always be on the look out for new challenges. You could acquire new skills and learn new things while also developing new skills. You may even be lucky enough to do something that nobody else has done by anyone. Try to do your own thing, instead of doing what everyone else is doing.
Write down if you want to achieve a certain goal. You then want to position yourself into the situations that would make this happen. You have a high degree of accomplishing your goals if you methodically go about it.
If you overreact you might be stressed for no reason. Stay calm and apply rational analysis to your situation. Don’t fret because of the mistakes you have made because there are always methods of fixing or dealing with them. See the glass as half-full rather than half-empty.
TIP! If you like to talk a lot, you might have heard that you need to zip those lips and listen more. Listening definitely applies when developing yourself.
One very fertile area for self improvement is attaining and maintaining good health.If you make your health the priority, you will likely feel your best, which makes it easier to meet your other personal development goals.
TIP! Always remember as you work on developing yourself that you deserve to be better, and that it will benefit you more than anyone else. With persistence, patience and hard work, you will soon reach your initial goals.
We are but tiny dots in the scope of this universe. Everyone should be willing to learn from others. Keep this in mind and open yourself to the ability to learn something new whenever you can. Keep an open mind and you will always find that others are more than willing to share their information with you.
Always retain your sense of humility. In the big picture, we are simply bits of dust floating in the universe. Everyone should be willing to learn as much as they can from others. Keep this in mind and seize the chance to learn something new whenever you can. You will find you can learn something from everyone, even from people with less experience than you.
TIP! Put in maximum effort to reach your personal development goals. Follow your passion to the greatest possible aspirations.
You should always strive to be the best at whatever it is that you do. Your passion should always lead the way on the path to success. The fact of the matter is we are never going to be the best at every little thing, but we can aspire to be an inspiration to others in our fields. Do what you can to improve yourself in your work, as it will give your self-esteem a boost.
Know what your strengths are, and be confident when promoting yourself. No two people are alike and everyone is good at different things, which is part of what makes our world so diverse and interesting. Don’t fret on the things you haven’t mastered yet; rather focus on the positive attributes you possess.
TIP! Be realistic and smart about everything you face in life. Learn from your mistakes, and learn to recognize when you can’t control a situation.
Use wisdom and be modest in order to live your life to the fullest. Learn from your experiences because it can help you realize the difference between circumstances you can change, and make sure that you recognize what you cannot change about circumstances in your life. Modesty will serve you work within your limits. Wisdom can help you to make better decisions for your future.
Keep notes on your progress and learn to organize yourself. You may find it easier to achieve your goals if you tackle small things first.
Do you have trouble finding the right person with whom you would like to share your life? Try the world wide web. Some research shows that forty percent of those finding their dating partners are using the Internet. There could be someone out there who is searching for their significant other, and that could be you. Both sites have their strengths and weaknesses.
TIP! Don’t push your body too hard when you are striving towards a goal. While you should always give it your all, understand when you have reached your limit.
It makes no difference if you have fancy clothing or look like a movie star. Your natural personality is what will get you through life. Try to improve yourself from the inside rather than focusing on the outside.
You must have goals for you personal development to measure your progress. Use the great suggestions and tips offered in this article to help you take stock, improve and move forward. Use a journal to keep track of how you’re doing. If you keep at it, you will soon see positive changes in your life.
If you want to be successful, in life as in anything else, you require a mentor or coach. Most people who are winners have a great mentor and coach behind them. There always needs to be someone who is willing to show new members exactly how things are done and to provide them with the information necessary to achieve success. This is the way knowledge is passed down, and human progress happens. Behind every star, there is a spectacular coach.
healthyandfitforlife, but most don’t find the best information. Luckily, the following article has some great information to help you get started. You can use the information you have learned here!
You can take charge of your life if you pursue good personal development goals.You will need some advice to get started doing all of the personal development work you are taking on. This article has great tips to help you can implement immediately.
Unfortunately, stress is quite a killjoy to a person’s state of happiness and joy. Being subjected to sustained and extreme stress can have negative mental and physical repercussions. To be able to think clearly, it is important to eliminate stress. Have some time every day when you can relax and meditate in solitude. Taking the time to renew your center will help you to find peace within yourself.
Everyone has beliefs in which they hold dear. If you do this you will encourage you to be consistent, you’ll be more consistent in pursuing them.
You should know what your beliefs are in order to make a self improvement program. It doesn’t make sense to focus on things that your value set does not include.
Personal development starts with leadership. Leadership has many different definitions, but the common theme is influence. Think about your own leadership experiences. Are there events that have had major impacts on your life? What changes did those events bring forth in you? What are your qualities that make you shine in a team environment? By carefully evaluating these questions, you can increase your awareness of your ability to function well in a team setting.
Are you a heavy alcohol drinker? Are you a smoker? What activities do you engage in that have negative effects on your body? You should treat your body as if it is a temple. Deleting harmful patterns and obsessions will undoubtedly lead to an improved standard of living. Take a look at your overall life and the habits you engage in to figure out if there is something you can eliminate.
TIP! Attitude is a key part of growing yourself and becoming a more evolved person. When you carry a poor attitude, it will directly affect your mood and develop a negative aura.
You cannot provide care for yourself before you can properly care for yourself. No matter how far along you are in your self improvement journey, always make resting and restoring yourself a top priority.
Whatever you might think you need in life, make sure you have one thing. You must actively engage in your life rather than sitting on the sidelines. If you are only watching your life go by, you are just waiting for the end and not living.
Try new things. Taking on a new challenge presents you with new opportunities. Additionally, you will understand your limits and improve your abilities. You may even be able to accomplish something previously not achieved by anyone. Be a shepherd rather than a sheeple. Don’t just follow others because it’s easy or expedient.
TIP! Decide what you value most in life and stick with it. Therefore, it is extremely important that this is a priority in your life.
Avoid shopping as a form of entertainment or comfort. If you do a hobby versus raising your credit card bill, you will not spend a lot of money and get into debt.
Remove the disorganization from your life.Getting organized is an accomplishment, and staying organized will only increase your confidence. You are going to have the additional benefit of the stress that is caused by disorganization. Having everything in its own place can really calm you down.
TIP! Do away with unneeded aggravation in your life. Over-reacting to a bad situation will just make it seem worse and cause more stress.
Self-discipline is a key characteristic of any successful personal development program. Learn to maintain control over your body. You can conquer many desires such as lust, greed, overeating and drunkenness.
Always be on the look for a challenge.You may be able to gain a new understanding of the world and cultivate new talents. You may even aspire to reach a goal that no one has reached before. Try to think of innovative accomplishments, instead of doing what has already been done.
Faith is important to your plans for personal development, and love is what keeps your faith alive. This will help you focus on the things that are truly important. Thus, it is important to always act on your faith and show your love. Help out those in need, and make sure that your faith really means something by showing love to your peers and yourself.
Write it down if you aspire to be or to change about yourself. You then put yourself so you can make it happen. You will have a high degree of success if you methodically go about it.
Stop and realize that you are in one place, and the person you want to be is an entirely different place. You must bridge that gap. This attitude will help you get started on your journey to improve yourself. If you are unwilling to make this commitment, you are unlikely to reach your full potential.
One important element of personal development is making yourself healthier. If your health is a priority, you can feel better and have better impact in your life.
Try to be the best that you can be. Let your passions guide you. You will never be number one at anything, but we can try to be great. Look for different ways to improve the quality of your work; your career and your self-esteem will surely benefit.
Know what your strengths are, and be confident when promoting yourself. Celebrate your own diversity and remember that although you may not be able to do certain things as well as you’d like, there are things you can do that others can’t do nearly as well. Concentrate on good skills you already have rather than worry about talents you would like to acquire.
TIP! Always think before you act and when you do act, do so in a modest way. Try to learn from choices you make in your every day life.
Pick out the most essential success habits from each person you research, then practice them steadily until you do them without thinking.It takes approximately three weeks to make a new habit stick, so push through that first month.
Always aspire to do your best you do. Your passion should always lead the way on the path to success. You will never be number one at anything, but you can inspire people in the same field as you. Do what you can to improve yourself in your work, as it will give your self-esteem a boost.
Track your progress better through proper organization. Take your major goals, and break them down into small, manageable components. You can then achieve each of these minor goals more quickly. Keep track of your progress via a planner or use a journal just for your goals in personal development.
TIP! Focus on one issue at a time. You may want to improve multiple aspects of yourself, but keeping a narrow focus makes it easier to define and achieve your goals.
Failure can be a devastating injury to your ego and self-esteem when working on personal development. Failure is only another way of learning about your strengths and strengths. In this way, every failure should be a point of pride for you, as you have uncovered another piece of your personal puzzle.
Don’t worry how many of these tips you use, just make sure you use some of them so they can give you the energy needed to travel the path of self improvement. With hard work and persistence, your self improvement goals can be reached.
Try to pay attention to your inner beauty and not outer. It is meaningless to fill your closet with designer clothes; take pride in your sculpted physique, or strive to attain the face of a supermodel. What really matters in life is your true personality. Instead of making cosmetic changes, put more effort into improving your inner self.
http://personaldevelopmenttips.org/ online. Luckily, this piece includes all you require to move forward successfully. Now implement the advice you’ve just read.
TIP! In personal development, when you avoid making a decision, you also avoid seizing an opportunity. Do not fear decisions that need to be made, even if you do not have all of the information that you need to be sure of the decision.
You will miss many opportunities to develop personally if you put off making the right decision regarding personal development. Even if you don’t have all the information you would like, have the courage to make choices. Even mistaken decisions are valuable because they give you. A wrong decision will help you choose the door for a better one.
Pinpoint what is blocking your progress. This is very hard for many people. By removing just a few obstacles in your way, you can find your future path easier.
Pinpoint what is getting in the way of your success. This is a difficult task for many people. Think of identifying your weakness as the first step in getting rid of them. It’s easier to move forward if you take care of what is standing in your way.
TIP! Identify your personal values to help you determine your personal development plan. If you go against your values, you are shooting yourself in the foot.
Leadership is an important part of self improvement. Most people would define leadership and influence are synonymous. Take a good look at your leadership journey.What experiences have had the person you are? How did the events change you as a person? What personal qualities that make you an effective member of the team? By examining yourself through answering these questions, you will be aware of how you can fit into a team setting.
Exercising, and taking care of your physical self are important aspects of the personal development process. Exercise regularly, get adequate sleep every night and enjoy a healthy diet to help you continue your personal growth. Although this is simple advice, it is perhaps one of the hardest things that we can master.
Try to look at each new day better than the one before.
No matter what, there is one thing you need to do. You need to chose to actively participate in life instead of being a spectator. If you are only watching your life go by, you are just waiting for the end and not living.
Talking to a counselor or a religious leader can help you relieve stress. These people are experienced and will know what to do in your situation. Counselors and pastors are ready and willing to listen to you and help you work on your problems. When you can talk out your issues with a licensed professional, you will find your life will be much happier.
TIP! You should always treat others with respect, regardless of their relationship to you or your goals. How you treat them reveals more about your own character, than it reveals about theirs.
Take a trip with a friend to a movie.You will be out and about but you don’t have to socialize as much.It can also helps you acclimate yourself to being in a large group of people.
It is possible to learn how to cope in a crisis without allowing yourself to become overly emotional. Take the time during your day to stop and take some deep breaths.
If you notice that you are consistently failing to meet your goals and live up to expectations, you should attempt to diagnose the probable causes. One way to check yourself is to go online and read what others have experienced when aiming for the same kind of achievements. You can compare your experience with theirs, and perhaps learn a better approach. You could have impossible expectations of yourself or just not have a committed dedication to solving your problems.
TIP! It’s possible to teach yourself how you can deal with difficult situations without becoming too emotional. Once you learn how to remain calm in the midst of stress, you’ll have the confidence needed to cope with anything that happens in your life.
Remove the disorder and chaos from all aspects of your life. Getting organized is an accomplishment, and staying organized will only increase your confidence. This also helps relieve you from stress because the disorganization contributing to it will be eliminated. Having everything put away and neatly organized can give you a calming energy.
Determine which aspects of your life you truly value, and concentrate solely on those. Your life will be more peaceful, satisfying, and happy if you can stop obsessing over negative or meaningless things and concentrate your energy on what you really care about.
TIP! Try to get more organized. Getting organized can give you a wonderful feeling of accomplishment, and staying organized will only increase your confidence.
Being a selfless is an important part of self improvement. You can strengthen your inner character by using self-sacrificing behavior, and gain some understanding about people who may be less fortunate. When you can make sacrifices that lift others up without jeopardizing your own well being, you can grow as a person.
Self-discipline is a key element of any personal development plan. Learn to exercise self control over the desires of your thoughts and actions. You can conquer many desires such as lust, greed, or greed.
You have to not only decide what you want out of life, you also have to take steps to get it. Just sitting around doing nothing to make the life you want actually happen will get you nowhere. Make your dreams reality by taking decisive action.
Listening to someone is just as valuable as speaking when you are communicating. This truth applies even more to those who are working on your personal level.Always pay attention to what you are talking to yourself.
Do what you can to remove unnecessary stress from your life. Taking things too seriously in times of trouble results in extra, unnecessary stress. Accept that there will be setbacks on the way to your goals, and focus on finding solutions to these problems rather than giving up.
One specific goal you might want to write down is to have more confident. You would then put yourself so you can make it happen. You have a high degree of success if you methodically go about it.
You should always aspire to becoming the best. You should always want to be the best you can be. Now, you cannot be the complete best at everything you do, but it does not hurt to try. Trying for greatness helps inspire others to adapt to the same mindset, giving them a boost of self-worth. Increase your professional skillset, and you will feel a lot better about yourself.
TIP! Set personal development goals that are clearly defined and can be realistically measured. If you set goals that are clearly laid out, you will improve your chances of meeting or surpassing them.
Use wisdom and modesty in order to live your life to the fullest. Learn from your daily experiences, and learn to recognize when you can’t control a situation. Modesty is a virtue that will help you work within your limits. Wisdom allows you to make better decisions for your future.
A great organizational system can help you track your progress. Try a system that allows you to break each goal down into very small components. You will have an easier time achieving each individual component than you would achieving the goal as a whole. Use a daily planner to track your progress, or write down your goals and successes in a journal or diary.
TIP! Evaluate yourself and seek out that one aspect that you wish to change or improve. Although you may have a long list of self-improvement goals, it can be more effective, and you will be more successful, if you tackle them one at a time.
It does not matter if you wear the most expensive designer clothes or resemble a super model. Your personality will be what matters in the most beautiful part of you that should be allowed to shine through. Try to improve yourself from the person you are inside rather than the outside.
The preceding tips probably gave you some ideas on how you can become a better person by improving your morals, your perspective and other aspects of your personality. These tips can help you boost your self improvement, be a better person, and live a better life.
Learn what others have done that has made them successful. Learn from their mistakes and think about following a similar path if your goals correspond to theirs. It is always beneficial to hear the stories about roads traveled by other individuals, especially very successful individuals.
Michael Lindsey will set you on the path to expertise. Use the advice offered above as a jumping-off point. You are sure to discover that with additional information you can be a wiser expert. | 2019-04-19T05:15:48Z | http://tonikez.com/blog/2013/08/ |
Dutch told the audience that he has ½ to 2/3 of the meeting prepared, but the Lord showed him that the last part will be prophetic words. Not prophetic messages, but words or decrees spoken out. He believes this is the model for the stream today. It’s an Apostolic-Prophetic-Prayer Anointing. He has a corporate message and the prophets will finish it.
For the last few weeks, Dutch has been studying about and focusing on Reformation. It’s an awakening for our day and the reformation will follow. The Awakening is coming soon. And God is giving strategy to him. This is the third hotel room Dutch has been in where the clock radio has been flashing. It’s never been the right time. It took the third hotel room, here in Denton, for him to “get it.” The Lord was speaking to him. The clock was flashing 8:12 even though it was 6:00.
Dutch knew it was Joshua 8:12 and he heard the Lord say, “I’m reversing things.” and he knew it was Genesis 12:8. Joshua 8:12 And he took about 5,000 men and set them in ambush between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of the city. Genesis 12:8 Then he proceeded from there to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, with Bethel on the west and Ai on the east; and there he built an altar to the LORD and called upon the name of the LORD.
Dutch knew he was going to talk about Bethel and Josiah, the reformer, and what he did at Bethel.
Genesis 12:1-9 Abram Journeys to Egypt 1 Now the LORD said to Abram, “Go forth from your country, And from your relatives And from your father’s house, To the land which I will show you; 2 And I will make you a great nation, And I will bless you, And make your name great; And so you shall be a blessing; 3 And I will bless those who bless you, And the one who curses you I will curse And in you all the families of the earth will be blessed.” 4 So Abram went forth as the LORD had spoken to him; and Lot went with him. Now Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed from Haran. 5 Abram took Sarai his wife and Lot his nephew, and all their possessions which they had accumulated, and the persons which they had acquired in Haran, and they set out for the land of Canaan; thus they came to the land of Canaan. 6 Abram passed through the land as far as the site of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. Now the Canaanite was then in the land. 7 The LORD appeared to Abram and said, “To your descendants I will give this land ” So he built an altar there to the LORD who had appeared to him. 8 Then he proceeded from there to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, with Bethel on the west and Ai on the east; and there he built an altar to the LORD and called upon the name of the LORD.
Back to Genesis 12:8 Then he proceeded from there to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, with Bethel on the west and Ai on the east; and there he built an altar to the LORD and called upon the name of the LORD. Ai means “a heap of ruins” and Bethel means “house of God” or My house, My blessing. Abram pitched his tent at Shechem, the place of choice and Abram built his altar there.
Abram’s altar represents worship. This is the place where we lay down our lives. It is ultimately the cross. We are blessed through the cross. We get on the altar, we choose the altar, we choose the blessing and we choose the promise. 12:8 on that flashing clock radio means the Lord is calling us to choose. Earlier in the conference, Cindy Jacobs prophetically prayed that God would reverse the misfortune, the loss, what the enemy has brought us and our nation through sin. We can STILL choose life and align ourselves with Him. Choose Him. Choose the Altar.
In Genesis 28 we see Jacob at Bethel. (click & read) The Lord promises Jacob that the promises He made to Abraham and Isaac were now his. God wants to speak to some of us about your dream. The dream is alive! Many of us have thought it was stolen. We’ve been beat up and battered. Things have been delayed and hope is deferred. The dream needs to come alive. It needs to come alive and be resurrected.
NOTE: the place of the altar becomes the promise and the promise becomes the dream. Stir up faith, cast off all hope deferred, grief, the spirit of unbelief, hopelessness, fear, loss and confusion. It’s important to the Lord that we dream. Feel free to dream again. What is YOUR dream?
Dutch went on a 3-month sabbatical to rest and seek the Lord again. He talked to him about dreaming. He’s seen the movie, “The Ultimate Gift” and there was a statement made that impacted him about dreaming. Dutch is at the end of one phase of his life and he’s moving into the last half. He believes it’s the most important and significant part. Dutch is 54. The Lord said, “I want you to dream.” The last week, Dutch had reserved a cabin. When he arrived, he knew it was not right. He called to cancel and was told he wouldn’t get his money back. That’s okay. His wife found him another cabin nearby. When he walked in he knew it was right. The bedroom was decorated with all sorts of American flags.
The Lord told him to dream about our nation with him. There was a stream below the cabin. The stream split into a Y around an island and then came back as one stream. On the island was an altar with a cross. Dutch pledged his life fresh and new and to put himself back on that altar and dream God’s dream. The Lord is saying to us, this January, revisit your dreams. Dream with Me. Lay down like Jacob and wake up with a dream. Get to Bethel, whatever it costs you. Resurrect the promises.
Restoration has come. God has been restoring ascension gifts the last 20 years. We’ve only begun to taste our destiny. Out of loss and lack, we are being restored to the Church. Dream bigger and bigger and bigger! We’re just beginning. Dutch reminded us he’s 54 and it feels like he’s just starting. Move into the new.
It’s leading to your destiny. Like Jacob, dream at Bethel. This is where the Lord spelled out his destiny. Think about destiny. Dream. Make sure you’re dreaming God’s dream. There are uncertain, unnatural days coming. Dutch has a foreboding and sees turbulence coming with financial difficulties increasing. [Jim says this is just the eye of the storm.] This should be our finest hour. These are the Esther days. We were made for these days. THIS is the church. The doors are open – for me – have panoramic view of the future. I AM an answer for God in this day. Dutch is gearing up for his greatest influence. I AM going to get there.
Notice Again… Joshua 8:12 And he took about 5,000 men and set them in ambush between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of the city. Genesis 12:8 Then he proceeded from there to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, with Bethel on the west and Ai on the east; and there he built an altar to the LORD and called upon the name of the LORD.
Dutch’s clock was 8:12 and the Lord said “Reverse it. I’m reversing what the enemy is trying to do.” Recall that Joshua 8:12 was AFTER Israel had begun the conquest of the land. They had had an awesome victory at Jericho, but then suffered failure at Ai. They became arrogant and didn’t seek the Lord. They were routed. God would have fought for them, but there was sin in the camp. They had stolen what belonged to God. Once they dealt with the sin, God gave them the strategy to go and conquer BOTH Ai and Bethel.
Note in verse 17 that not a man was left. Notice also the location… just where Abram was in Gen 12:8. God is connecting the ALTAR, the PROMISE, the DREAM, the DESTINY. God was going to reverse the situation. This place means COVENANT to Dutch. God will teach the lesson again. Come back and He will ambush the enemy. Choose MY house, MY altar, MY promises, MY dream, MY destiny. Give back what belongs to Me. IF! I’ll ambush your enemies. God is coming to reverse the demonic work—what was stolen—to reverse it. Resurrect my dream and destiny. Just hold on until God can reverse it and get you into your promise and your destiny.
Judges 1:22-26 22 Likewise the house of Joseph went up against Bethel, and the LORD was with them. 23 The house of Joseph spied out Bethel (now the name of the city was formerly Luz). 24 The spies saw a man coming out of the city and they said to him, “Please show us the entrance to the city and we will treat you kindly.” 25 So he showed them the entrance to the city, and they struck the city with the edge of the sword, but they let the man and all his family go free. 26 The man went into the land of the Hittites and built a city and named it Luz which is its name to this day. It was the house of Joseph that inherited Bethel. Joseph: the dreamer, the double-portion. Notice that a man of the city actually showed them the entrance to the city. [Dutch thinks this should be very significant to us.] God is saying, whatever it takes, I will get your destiny to you.
Notice: the enemy tries to steal the inheritance. There’s a well-planned strategy, but it will fail. The enemy has tried to derail our movement. He attacks to divide and get us going in the wrong direction, to get off-based. In their finest hour, the enemy says I’ll steal their Bethel. The enemy wants to steal our dream.
#6 SATAN WILL ALWAYS TRY TO STEAL THE DREAM OR PROMISE.
1 Kings 12:25-31 Jeroboam’s Idolatry (click & read) This wicked king wanted to defile the dream and built idolatrous altars in Dan and Bethel. But notice, the Lord sent a prophet.
1 Kings 13 Jeroboam Warned, Stricken (click & read) 2 Kings 22 through 2 Kings 23 is a fulfillment of this prophecy. Josiah became king at 8 years, seeks God at 16, and begins as the Reforming work at 20 years. The next generation will be dreamers. They are the generation of destiny. They will pick up the torch of reformation. Notice that Josiah tells them to carry the ashes to Bethel and he doesn’t know the prophecy. He tears down the high places and Jeroboam’s altar. He saw the graves and burned the bones as prophesied. He wonders about the monument nearby and hears that it was a monument to the prophet who spoke of Josiah by name. Prophecy gives faith. It awakens destiny, dreams and promises. Josiah tore down everything that was idolatry. The zeal of the Lord was on him.
This represents the past into the future. It represents the promises, the dreams and the destiny of a nation. God’s chosen people are to bring forth the redemption of the human race. You can’t have my altar, promise or dream. God’s redemptive purpose for America will come and it will be fulfilled. Don’t worry about the economy or the culture. Stay focused on the mission. Dream and destiny are alive and will live.
Chuck Pierce: This message given by Dutch today is linked personally, corporately, territorially and generationally. The prophets will come forth in presbytery to us. Cindy Jacobs: Three times we hear Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Jacob represents the little children. The Joshuas and Josiah generation. She saw children standing up in white at the pulpit preaching. There is a revival anointing. We’ll see it in the schools. They will tear down altars of humanism, idolatries, sexual sin and promiscuity. There is a river of purity and holiness coming. This is a no-compromise generation. They will preach in the churches. God has named them by name and marked them in the womb. There will be a holy fire of purity. You can’t stop them. Josiahs, arise!
Barbara Wentroble: She sees a Davidic generation arising. They are called and have a heart for the Kingdom. Many have been in the hidden place in a cave. You’re my people. They have a vision of the Kingdom. They waited in the cave for their release. I’m opening the door. Even as David, bringing forth Kingdom people, Davidic people. I will restore all. You were born for this hour. This is a Kingdom generation and will be the finest movement. By the 8th month and the 12th day, you will see a change. (August 12). A Davidic government is about to invade government, education, political. It will invade every sphere. Receive your marching orders.
Unknown Gentleman: This is the day to engage yourself. Don’t hold back. God is releasing prophetic intercession, the Melchizedek anointing and spirit. It’s a new level of intercession. Only on a basis of an offering can intercession be made. Jesus’ blood was offered. This is a year of great offerings. God will pour His Spirit on our offering. Run to the battle. Prophets are being raised up to tear down altars. Don’t be stingy.
Unknown Lady: God is calling a kingdom of warriors. Angels are dismantling earthly structures and altars. David had 5 stones, but he only used 1. The Lord chooses the stone and your target. God will make you the head and not the tail (Deu 28) And you will cut off the head with your sword. She saw a fire of holiness on the east coast and the west coast and a flood in the Midwest. America, get back to your feet.
Sharon Stone: Fresh covenant is released when people make a choice. There is clarity of destiny and it defies confusion. She heard “convenanteers” – not reformers. They will have discerning of spirits with an addiction to His presence. There will be birth pains of expectations. The hero spirit will rise up. We are not under Laban’s control or false debt. There will be sheep and goat states as well as nations. She sees that the 9th month and the 12th day that a new cycle will begin. It will be My presence and glory and not just in the church but in the spirits. Acts and pro-activity for destiny. The Lord says I’ll speak to you in a dream. It’s a time of suddenlies. Signs and wonders in lives, land, and nation. Those who don’t know Me, ASK! The covenanteers will seek My presence and authority. The Gift of Faith will be seen in the land because of God invading the atmosphere.
Chuck Pierce: Remember, this is for the person, the corporate body, territory and the nation, especially the US. I will appear to you again. Through August, I must give you a new strategy. It will appear in defeat. Don’t allow pride to exalt yourself above my plan. 5,000 units will become 25,000 units to arise. Weapon to lock in based on covenant. It is the dividing season of choice. Watch the strategies of division. Some must go a different way. There will be one month of reprieve: August to September. I will no more allow the enemy to rule. November 3rd and 4th there will be a drawing away of my purposes. The Judges of this land have a strategy against my plan. Judges in the present position are not to rule. I contend with your judges. Realign yourself now. Hold your tongue. There will be a new sound. Fear and Mammon control are placed on the altar. We make a shift. Be patient. The nation will determine in August. Watch Israel relationship as it determines the course direction. Don’t get out of My timing. Remain aligned. This is a moment of choice. Backwards or foreward? America, I am contending with you now. We will surprise the enemy’s camp. God is bringing a new troop. There will be a generations drawn to the Word. 1 generation will prophesy and 1 generation will uncover the Word. God will unite us in a peculiar way. Judges, you haven’t completed your assignment to overthrow. Now, rise up, retake and overthrow that which you choose not to.
Cindy Jacobs: Joseph knows the way. Marketplace leaders will find the open door gate. Deep pockets and deep wells. Now it will be done.
Chuck Pierce: 12 false altars of this land will be thrown down.
Dutch Sheets: For some time he kept losing his reading glasses. At least 10 to 12 were lost. His puppy even ate a pair. He finally got it that God was speaking to him and he told God, I’m ready to see! He was in bed at night using a Level 3 pair of large glasses – the kind his dad would wear to see fine print. His father passed away a year ago. Dutch’s wife asked why he was wearing his dad’s glasses and he said they were just a pair he’d picked up. His wife said that was what the Lord was trying to tell him. It was the word of the Lord: He will give you the Father’s eyes… His lenses. God will give us lenses for us to see through His eyes. We are putting down the old. And picking up the new #3 lens. Father/Son/Holy Spirit. He decreed for the Davidic order, Josiah Generation, Melchizedek anointing, the Joseph Company and the risk takers. Like Joshua, we will pretend that we’re defeated and knocked down, BUT GOD!!! | 2019-04-21T14:20:28Z | https://handmaiden.org/strategic-studies/lecture-notes/awakening-in-our-day/ |
Domain is an area of the Internet hierarchical name space, which is denoted by a unique domain name, served by a set of Domain Name Servers (DNS), and administered autonomously by a Registrant. Each registered domain name is assigned to a single Registrant.
Domain Name Presentation (Presentation) is Domain name containing Latin letters, numbers and hyphens. Presentation is a result of conversion of the domain name by PUNYCODE (given in technical standards RFC-3490, 3491, 3492).
Registry is the central database of the .SU domain, which contains information on the registered domain names and their Registrants, and other information required for the domain registration.
Registrar is a juristic person that provides services of domain name registration and ensures delivery of the necessary information to the Registry.
The Contractor - Joint Stock Company "RU-CENTER".
Customer - a person or a legal entity, which made an order to the Contractor to service.
Domain name registration means entry of the information about a domain name and its Registrant on the Registry by a Registrar following an Applicant's Application. A domain name is considered registered from the moment the information is entered on the Registry. The registration term, during which the information on a domain name is stored on the Registry, is one year. The registration of a domain can be repeatedly renewed for another year.
Registrant is the person in whose name the domain is registered. The Registrant defines the rules and order of using the domain name, is responsible for selecting the domain name and for possible infringement of the rights of any third party in connection with the selection and use of the domain name, and is liable for the costs of such infringements.
Administration of a domain means definition, by the Registrant, of the rules and order of using the domain name, and management and technical support of the domain operation.
Cancellation of registration (release of a domain name) is removal of the information on a domain name and its Registrant from the Registry.
Domain delegation is placement and storage of the information about a domain name and its domain name servers (DNS servers) on the root DNS servers of the .SU domain, which enables the operation of the domain on the Internet. The delegation of a domain is only possible during the registration term of the domain.
Application (Order) is a request of an Applicant to the Contractor which is made on a form given by the Contractor and contains the information required for the registration (renewing the registration) of a domain name.
Personal account of a Customer's Agreement is a record of the Customer's payments to the Contractor as a Registrar, as well as the Customer's expenses for services provided by the Contractor. Any payment made by a Customer is added to the Personal account of their Agreement after the money has been credited to the Contractor's bank account and the Contractor has received from the bank a document identifying the payment.
Funds Allocation (on Customer's personal account) - reservation of a sum of money on the Customer's personal account for its further withdrawal for service delivery or renewal. The funds allocated for service delivery or renewal may not be used for other services payment.
Electronic payment system (e-payment system) is a system represented by software and hardware infrastructure, to settle financial transactions between the Customer and the Contractor via Internet.
Terms and Conditions - Terms and Ñonditions for Domains Registration in .SU TLD, approved by the Foundation for Internet Development and published on its official web site http://www.fid.su/su/documents.
2.1. The Contractor provides services of domain name registration under the Coordination Agreement Nî-05/FID-REG dated August 03, 2010, between the Contractor and the Foundation for Internet Development (hereinafter - Foundation). The Contractor is a Registrar authorized by the Foundation to register domains.
2.2. A service order will be deemed as the Customer's full and unconditional consent with the terms of this Schedule as well as with the document "Domains Registration Rules in .SU TLD" available on the Contractor's web-server at https://www.nic.ru/dns/contract-zao/ and the procedure of their modification. An Order for a service indicates also that the Customer agrees to pay for the service at the price effective at the date the processing of the Order begins.
2.3. A service of registration of a domain is deemed provided from the moment the information on the domain and its Registrant is entered on the Registry.
2.4. A service of renewing the registration of a domain in the .SU domain is deemed provided from the moment the information on the renewal is entered on the Registry. The domain registration is prolonged on 1 (one) year from earlier installed date of completions a term of registrations.
3.1.1. The Contractor registers a domain name upon receipt from the Customer an Order which is ready to be processed in accordance with Addendum 4 to the Service Agreement.
3.1.2.1. The domain name has already been registered.
- the domain name must not contain words that are inconsistent with the public interest, principles of humanity, and public morals (in particular, obscenities and appeals of violent nature that offend human dignity or religious feelings etc.).
3.1.2.3. Subject to the sections 3.3.3 and 4.9 hereof.
3.1.2.4. The domain name is included in the list of reserved domain names published on webserver site of SU Sponsor — the Foundation for Internet Development — at www.fid.su.
3.1.2.5. The Customer fails to meet the Terms and Conditions.
3.2.1. A domain may only be delegated after receiving positive results of a validity check on the domain name servers (primary and secondary DNS servers) that, as specified by the Customer, hold the configuration files of the domain.
The DNS servers specified by the Customer must have reliable connection to the Internet. A "reliable connection" implies that the total time for which the server is not connected to the Internet does not exceed two hours a day. These servers must be maintained in conformity with the requirements of the international standards RFC-1032, RFC-1033, RFC-1034, RFC-1035 and RFC-1591. If positive results of the validity check on the domain name servers are not received within 4 (four) days, the check is ceased. The procedure of testing the DNS servers can be initiated again by the Customer at the Contractor's web server in the "Manage your account" panel.
3.2.2. The information on domain name servers must correspond to the current state of the network.
3.2.3. In the case of any breach of the provisions in paragraphs 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 of this Schedule, the Contractor may stop the delegation of a domain at any time during the registration term. The delegation can only be resumed after the breach is corrected.
3.2.4. The domain name may be suspended due to the reasons established by the Terms and Conditions.
3.2.5. If DNS servers for domain are not specified, http-request to the domain may be redirected to the Contractor's service page to notify about unavailability of the requested page. The Contractor may accommodate on the service page other Contractor's or third party materials in any way not contrary to the laws in effect in the Russian Federation and the Service Agreement. The Customer is entitled at any moment within the domain name registration period to specify another page for redirection or cancel redirection to the Contractor's service page in "Manage your account" panel.
3.3.1. All data provided by a Customer at the signing of the Agreement and registration on the Contractor's database must be factual. If a Customer submits false information the registration may be terminated (the domain vacated).
3.3.2. If there is any doubt about the authenticity of data provided by a Customer for the registration of a domain, the Contractor may demand confirmation of the data and/or request additional information during the entire term of the registration. Such requests are sent via e-mail to addresses specified by the Customer.
d) reject Customer's request for domain name transfer to another person or request for domain name transfer to another Registrar.
The said restrictions could be canceled within 3 (three) working days after receiving the required information.
If the required information is not provided within 60 (sixty) calendar days from the moment of suspending the Contractor is entitled to cancel registration of the Customer's domain names.
3.3.4. To transfer a domain name to another juristic or natural person, to transfer a domain name to another Registrar, to cancel a domain name registration upon the Customer request the Customer must provide the Contractor with documents which are published at the Contractor’s webserver in appropriate sections. All Customer identifying data specified in the provided documents must be identical to the data specified by the Customer while registering in the Contractor's database.
- and/or prohibits the use of a designation belonging to or licensed to the plaintiff in the domain name.
In such cases, the person whose rights the court has found infringed is given priority in registration of the vacated domain. To make use of the prerogative, the person should send a written request to the Contractor's address no later than 60 (sixty) calendar days after the court order becomes effective.
3.3.5.2. A domain name registration is not cancelled upon the Customer request if a domain name is within 60 (sixty) calendar days after being transferred from another juristic or natural person or after being transferred to the Contractor from another Registrar.
3.3.5.3. The domain name may be suspended due to the reasons established by the Terms and Conditions.
4.1. The Contractor examines Orders for the compliance with the conditions set forth in this Schedule. During the period of examination of an Order the Contractor may request the Customer to provide additional information required for the examination.
4.2. The Contractor's decision to register a domain or to refuse the registration will be based on a reason provided for in this Schedule and the Terms.
4.3. If there is any doubt, for a reason specified in this Schedule, whether the registration of a domain is possible, the Contractor may suspend the registration of the domain for a period of 15 (fifteen) days. After that the Contractor must register the domain or issue a reasoned refusal of the registration.
4.4. In there is a reason for the refusal of registration the Contractor will inform the Customer about the impossibility of the domain being registered and the reason for this refusal.
4.5. A decision about registration, refusal of registration, or registration suspension is sent to the Customer within 2 (two) working days from the moment the processing of the Order begins.
5.1. Renewing the registration of a domain ensures storage of the information about the domain on the Registry for a period of one year.
5.2. The fact that a Customer has not cancelled a renewal of the registration of a domain confirms the Customer's consent to the provision of the service of renewal and to the debiting of the Agreement's Personal account for the renewal. The Personal account of a Customer's Agreement is debited according to Section 6 of this Schedule.
5.3.1. An Order for renewing the registration of a domain is placed by the Customer automatically two months prior to the end of the registration term. At the same time, the Contractor gives the Customer notice of the necessity to renew the registration at the contact e-mail addresses specified in the Customer's Agreement.
5.4. A Customer may cancel a renewal of the registration of a domain at the Contractor's web server in the section "Manage your account" (link "Renew services") before the service of renewal is provided. After that the Customer will still be able to consent to the renewal at any time within thirty (30) calendar days after expiration.
5.5. The Contractor suspends the delegation of a domain if the registration of the domain name is not renewed by the Customer before the registration term ends.
If the domain name renewal is paid within thirty (30) calendar days after expiration and Customer does not decline renewal order, the domain name registration term is extended for 1 (one) year from expiration date and the domain is reactivated within 2 (two) business days after the payment received.
5.6. The Contractor terminates the registration of a domain if it is not renewed by the Customer within 30 (thirty) calendar days from the date the registration term of the domain ends.
5.7. A domain name registration is not extended by the Contractor subject to the section 3.3.3 hereof and for the reasons established by the Terms and Conditions.
- and saving the changes.
The Registrant's data in the Registry are updated by modifying the data in the Registrant's Agreement with the Contractor.
The Customer's identification data in the Registry will be automatically updated within 2 hours since modification of the Registrant's data in the Agreement with the Contractor.
The Customer's contact and identification data (hereinafter referred to as Customer's data) in the Agreement with the Contractor may only be modified after the Order for registration of the domain has been successfully processed. The Customer shall thereby ensure the authenticity of any data provided as part of the Agreement.
If a Registrant is a natural person, his/her identification data are concealed from public in search engines. If such, field "person" will display "Private Person" inscription.
The Registrant may specify contact data other than those specified the contract with the Contractor (telephone number, fax number, e-mail address) to make them available to public.
The data in the Registry will be automatically updated within 2 (two) hours upon making appropriate modifications in the contact data.
7.1. A domain name is transferred to another individual or legal entity on the basis of written request from the Registrant to the Contractor. Sample requests and required documents for domain transfer are available at the Contractor's web server.
7.2. If the Contractor receives a written request from the Registrant requesting a transfer of the domain to another individual or legal entity, as well as a confirmation from the individual or legal entity to become the Registrant of this domain, in the form set by the Contractor, the Contractor will transfer the domain within 3 (three) working days and give the previous and new Registrants an appropriate notice. At the Contractor's discretion this term could be extended to 30 (thirty) calendar days.
7.3. Transfer of a domain name to another individual or legal entity does not effect the term of the registration.
7.4. A confirmation to become the Registrant from the person, issued in the form set by the Contractor and received by the Contractor from this person, shall be deemed as consent to fulfill the terms and provisions of this Schedule.
7.5. The Contractor has the right to nullify the domain name ownerchange providing that the Contractor has sufficient cause for it.
c) for the reasons established by the Terms and Conditions.
8.1.1. The responsibility to enter information about a domain name and its Registrant on the Registry can be transferred to the Contractor from another Registrar through an official letter of the Registrant to the Contractor. An official letter from the Registrant is consent to enter into new Registration Agreement with the Contractor and to the full terms and conditions of this Schedule. The form of the letter is given at the Contractor's web server. A transfer can also be done by a notification in the form set by the Contractor.
8.1.2. If the Contractor receives from the Registrant an official letter or a notification in the form set by the Contractor notifying the Contractor that the responsibility to enter information about the domain name and its Registrant on the Registry is being transferred from another Registrar to the Contractor, the Contractor will take all actions that are necessary for the transfer within 3 (three) working days and give the Registrant an appropriate notice at the contact e-mail addresses specified in the Agreement.
8.2.1. Domain transfer from the Contractor to another Registrar is made via Registrant's written request. Registrant's written request is a submittal to the Contractor of a form issued as per the requirements outlined on the Contractor's web server, or button click in the "Manager your account" section of the Contractor 's web server to acknowledge the Registrant's consent.
8.2.2. If the Contractor receives Registrant's written request about domain support from the Contractor to another Registrar, the Contractor, upon Registrant's identification procedure, will take all-out actions for the transfer within 3 (three) working days and give the Registrant an appropriate notice at the contact e-mail addresses specified in the Agreement. At the Contractor's discretion this term could be extended till 30 calendar days.
8.3. A domain transfer is considered completed after the information on a domain name Registrar in the Registry is changed. A domain transfer to another Registrar does not effect on term of registration.
8.4. The responsibility to enter information about a domain name and its Registrant to the Registry is not transferred from the Contractor to a new Registrar subject to the section 3.3.3 hereof and for the reasons established by the Terms and Conditions. | 2019-04-25T18:33:38Z | https://www.register.su/order/su-domain-agreement.html |
Australia’s first installation of the Océ ColorWave 600 makes a splash at Creffield Digital Print.
Staff from the 120-year-old Melbourne-based printing company first caught sight of the ColorWave 600 overseas earlier this year. After seeing the press again at Visual Impact trade show, the sale was finalised.
Frank Veltman (pictured), managing director of Creffield said that the new system fitted in well with the company’s future plans.
"It’s great technology that enables Creffield to seek out new markets," he said.
Visual Impact was key to promoting and rolling out the ColorWave 600. According to Paul Whitehead, marketing manager at Océ, five other ColorWave 600 systems are due for delivery throughout Australia in the next few months.
"The expo gave us the opportunity to showcase the new technology in advance," Whitehead said.
For Veltman, Creffield now has the ability to woo government customers and maintain a presence in the retail and entertainment markets.
"We now have a substantial customer base in retail and environment," he said. "This gives them the ability to produce promotional materials for sales or events at extremely short notice. We can also produce exceptional quality for government customers who demand work on recycled stocks."
Fuji Xerox Australia has unveiled the Xerox iGen4(tm), regarded as the most productive and highest-quality cut-sheet digital press in the printing industry.
"Building on our hugely successful Xerox iGen3, the industry’s leading high-speed digital colour press, this next generation Xerox iGen4 delivers colour quality and automation that redefine the standards of printing," said Henryk Kraszewski, (pictured) the Colour Production Marketing Manager at Fuji Xerox Australia.
The Xerox iGen4 increases productivity by automating operator tasks, reducing the need to interrupt the press for adjustments and decreasing overall operating costs. As a result, the Xerox iGen4 improves the break-even point between digital and traditional offset printing – making it faster and more economical to print jobs on digital.
Auto Density Control – Patented technology that uses a full-width sensor array to automatically detect and eliminate density variations and streaks, while the press is running. Streaks are inherent in most printing processes and often require operator intervention or a service call to resolve. With this new component, streaks are eliminated and the Xerox iGen4 remains in production.
Carrier Dispensing System – New method of combining dry ink and carrier – in place of traditional developer – that yields consistent colour uniformity from the first print to the last and from job to job. With the Carrier Dispensing System, operators no longer have to stop the machine and change the developer.
High Definition Linearisation – Patented process that eliminates time-consuming gray-scale calibration, resulting in better production of neutral greys and highlight shadows. It also improves photo smoothness, especially in faces, while maintaining sharp background details. High Definition Linearisation ensures greater colour stability from job-to-job and machine-to-machine.
Advanced Colour Profiling – Innovation that enables greater colour consistency and realism in objects such as faces and skies. This tool automatically adjusts colours to closely match offset printing standards in minutes. It can accurately match the popular GRACoL (General Requirements for Applications in Commercial Offset Lithography) standard, and takes advantage of ICC (International Colour Consortium) DeviceLink Profiling for higher performance. A colour matching industry benchmark, GRACoL offers a new source profile option for the most demanding jobs. The ICC DeviceLink Profiling allows for faster processing and improved colour rendering.
High-speed Inline Spectrophotometer – Right in the paper path, the high-speed Inline Spectrophotometer automatically creates colour samples on target sheets, registers them for accuracy and processes the data – all at the rated speed of the Xerox iGen4 – and takes the appropriate action to adjust the press. The results are offset and photo image quality along with spot colour accuracy.
Designed to help print providers reduce their environmental footprint, the Xerox iGen4 uses dry inks that are non-toxic and minimise waste. More than 97 percent of its components are recyclable or remanufacturable.
The battle to protect the planet’s forests often gets bogged down in a contest between competing organisations over who is best qualified to undertake such a role. Long-time industry commentator, Phillip Lawrence, presents a short history of forest certification.
The first recorded attempt to trace wood used for production was in Europe, a French Royal decree of 1637, which stipulated that members of the guild of cabinet makers had to mark the furniture they made so that the wood used could be confirmed as being sourced from France’s own forests.
Trees, wood and forestry came to our generation’s attention in the 1970s with the notion that acid rain was killing forests so rapidly that some iconic forests in Europe and North America were certain to be wiped out in a short space of time. The second issue in the late 1980s was where tropical forests were being cleared extremely rapidly, mostly by fire, to plant food crops and also for cattle grazing lands. The most notable example of land clearing was in Brazil where the demand for hamburger meat in the western world meant vast tracts of land were being cleared using fire in order that cattle could graze. The rate of forest clearing reached almost unbelievable dimensions. The concept that trees, forests and wood were being used to make products was not the issue that drove the need of forestry certifications at that stage.
The first mention of forests in regard to some need to address the potential loss of forestry lands was in a G7/G8 communiqué at the 1987 Venice summit, which noted the need to halt tropical deforestation. In 1989 the Paris summit gave its support for the Tropical Forestry Action Plan. A few years later, in 1992, the International Tropical Timber Organization was started as a group to set standards and control how tropical timber resources were being harvested and used around the world. The focus on tropical timber resources identified that timber was being harvested in many places around the world, not just in the tropics, but also in the cold northern, boreal forest areas of the world.
As a result, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) was formed in 1993 with most impetus coming from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The FSC mostly wanted to address issues that related to the impact on forestry life in the event that trees are harvested. It created a strong criterion for harvesting methodology which would greatly reduce the impact that forestry had on the land and the creatures that lived there. They gave particular attention to waterways in their list of forest management controls.
Many people, particularly those in the wood products industry, were very concerned in the early 1990s with a group dominated by environmental groups such as WWF. The controls and requirements that were put on the industry by FSC were rigorous and these controls covered forestry issues as well as social matters such as addressing bio-diversity and local populations. In response, a number of industry bodies were set up to create their own versions of a forestry certification. On June 30 1999, the Pan European Forest Certification (PEFC) organisation was formed in order to bring the many different groups that had individually set up their own ‘codes of conduct’ under one umbrella organisation that could present a common identity label to the buyer of timber products and also to the general public.
PEFC is not a single forestry certification like FSC; PEFC is a controlling body that investigates individual certifications or forestry codes of conduct and then determines if they are achieving a certain level of rigour. So if a forestry certification is quoting a PEFC acceptance it is considered to be a thorough forestry certification that addresses harvesting, bio-diversity and local population issues.
As PEFC gained more acceptances, particularly in its home base of Europe, the FSC group became concerned that their rigorous standards were not being equalled by PEFC and so the market was accepting an inferior forestry standard. At almost every opportunity, FSC focused attention on attacking anyone in the market who certified their products with anything other than FSC. These actions propelled the idea that FSC was in fact just another militant NGO wanting only to stop industrial progress rather than having a real concern about protecting forestry.
However, another view is that the aggressive action of FSC against PEFC in particular has raised the performance of PEFC. This is because PEFC has not responded aggressively to FSC’s attacks but rather inwardly reviewed its own values and standards. Many organisations that have used PEFC have been frustrated by the apparent lack of market retaliation by PEFC against FSC. However, some academic studies have noted that the competition between the two has raised the standard of overall forestry certifications.
PEFC changed its name after about five years of operation to Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification to reflect the worldwide acceptance of its work. PEFC has more area of forestry land under its certification compared to that of FSC. There have been a number of studies carried out documenting the battle that has taken place with FSC attacking the values of PEFC. For the most part, PEFC has been reluctant to engage in a public fight with FSC on which of the two certifications is the better; rather PEFC has preferred to say that both certifications could exist in the market because they are equal.
Unfortunately the inter-certification attention has diluted the original goals of forestry certification. In the first instance, back in the early 90s, the great concern everyone had was on protecting tropical forestry; the fact is that only about 4 percent of certified forestry is located in tropical regions of the world.
Suppliers and organisers speak back to suggestions that PacPrint 09 be closed down.
With the growing financial crisis taking its toll on businesses worldwide, some members of the printing industry began to question the relevance of holding or attending the five-day trade show next year.
PacPrint 09 chairman, Alastair Hadley, acknowledged that there had been questions directed to him about where the show was going. "People are looking at their costs and how they can do things better," he said.
For some, this has meant cutting back the size of their stands, while others intend on increasing their presence at the show. One supplier remained optimistic and considers the show valuable to its longevity.
"We don’t expect too many sales to be signed at the show, but it is important to maintain confidence in the industry and prepare for when the cycle turns," he said.
Hadley said there was no intention of cancelling PacPrint or shortening the duration of the show.
"We’ve got more exhibitors than in 2005 which is interesting considering the amount of mergers and acquisitions in the industry," he said. Last week it was announced that 300 exhibitors are expected to take part in the show.
Hadley noted that the industry’s larges players such as Heidelberg, Fuji Xerox, Currie Group, Muller Martini and GBC were among the first to finalise their involvement in the show, later followed by a flurry of smaller companies and newcomers keen to get onboard.
"PacPrint will happen and it will be a good show regardless," Hadley said.
2009 is looking to be a tough year for printers, but there has never been a better time to join a hub, according to Kerim El Gabaili, coordinator of Sydney’s new offset printing collective.
Based in Auburn, the hub – which is expected to open in March next year – has been in the making for over a year now. As former chairman of Co-operative Sydney Digital Print (CDP) which opened in September 2006, El Gabaili saw the potential to roll out the same business model again.
"The digital hub was a perfect case study of how this can work," he said.
The new hub is located on the same block as CDP so that both groups can compliment the other and take care of customer’s work in both offset and digital. While El Gabaili (pictured) will focus on establishing the offset hub, Trevor Boreham of Inform Print has taken on the role of chairman for CDP.
One of the advantages of being part of a hub is that it allows members access to the latest equipment so that they can in turn compete with the larger companies.
"This is a great opportunity for smaller printers to come together, work collectively and be more efficient than the big printers," El Gabaili said.
One Sydney company, Prografica, has already joined while El Gabaili is in discussions with five other companies. He aims to attract eight to 10 companies all up, who do not necessarily need to be located in Sydney.
"It would suit Melbourne-based printers who have clients in Sydney," he said.
Once members have been selected, the second phase of the hub’s rollout will be finding and installing the best equipment which can complement the work each company does. El Gabaili is expecting to purchase two 2-colour and one 5-colour press.
A firm believer in the value of teamwork and collaboration, El Gabaili lists these traits as vital to the success of a hub.
"The fundamental key is having good leadership and good people who are willing to change their thinking to focus on ‘what’s in it for the group’, not ‘what’s in it for me’," he said.
El Gabaili is well aware of the changing economic landscape and the impacts that this will have on the printing industry. These reasons made opening another hub all the more compelling; for him it is a way of surviving and staying strong.
"The big players are all merging to create more efficiencies," he said. "This is an opportunity to do the same at the smaller end of town."
Melbourne-based company, Graphic Impressions, declares independence by installing a Horizon perfect binder, CABS 5000 and bringing all its work back in-house.
For the last six-and-a-half years, Graphic Impressions, has been responsible for printing over 30 magazines for 12 different publishers. Some of the magazines are their own as the company operates across the different disciplines of printing and publishing. The joint venture between managing director, Tony Callahan and director, Silvio Morelli, began as a way of fusing the two men’s complementary backgrounds in printing and publishing.
"We realised that we could start a business together given my involvement with printing and Silvio’s portfolio of magazines," Callahan (pictured) said.
With many of their own titles growing in the number of pages per issue the demand for perfect binding increased. Callahan also took note of an increasing number of titles previously printed overseas, coming back home.
"Over the last three months I have noticed a lot more Australian magazines that were produced overseas have now returned back to Australia," he said. "All of a sudden there is more value-add to having a product completed in-house rather than relying on outsourced suppliers."
The prospect of doing all the bindery themselves began to loom large for Callahan and Morelli, but it wasn’t until they met with the Currie Group’s Bernie Robinson that this vision quickly began to transform itself into a reality. Robinson, consulted with them about what Graphic Impressions needed to move into perfect binding and suggested the Horizon CABS 5000.
"In terms of quality, what the Currie Group had far outweighed anything else I had seen," Callahan said.
The CABS 5000 consists of a six-hopper gatherer, a 15-clamp perfect binder and a three-knife trimmer. The system has the latest in sophisticated automated set-up functions and a production speed capable of handling 5,200 books-per-hour. Complementing the Horizon system is the computerized cross folder, equipped with six buckles and two cross knives.
"Our commitment to Graphic Impressions was about finding and providing them with equipment that is not only easy to use, but would also save them money," Robinson said.
Pictured: (L-R) Bernie Robinson, sales director; Mr Yasushi Matsuhara, director, export division and Tony Callahan, managing director of Graphic Impressions.
On his trip to Australia, director of Horizon’s export division, Mr Yasushi Matsuhara, called in to Graphic Impressions to meet the team and offer training and assistance with the machine.
He noted that in Japan, there have already been 30 installations of the CABS 5000, with more expected to follow.
"We are putting Horizon binding systems in more and more printing companies that have always outsourced and never worked with bindery systems before," Mr Matsuhara explained.
The Horizon also requires less manpower on the factory floors. Originally, Callahan planned that he would need five staff on the CABS 5000, but the automation has made it possible for him to run it with only a team of four.
Feedback from the staff has been glowing, he said. "They have never seen automation like it before and the intelligence has made things very easy for them."
Most of all, Callahan says, the CABS 5000 has given his company greater independence and freedom to move forwards.
"Our destiny is now in our own hands," he said.
The CABS 5000 consists of an 18-hopper gatherer, a 15-clamp perfect binder and a three-knife trimmer. The system has the latest in sophisticated automated set-up functions and a production speed capable of handling 5,200 books-per-hour. Complementing the Horizon system is the computerized cross folder, equipped with six buckles and two cross knives.
Pictured: (L-R) Bernie Robinson, sales director; with Horizon’s Mr Yasushi Matsuhara, director, export division, Japan and Tony Callahan, managing director of Graphic Impressions.
Salmat’s acquisition of HPA begins to pay off for the company, increasing its revenue by 35 per cent.
The purchase, which took place in November 2007 was widely hailed by Salmat’s executives during last week’s annual general meeting.
"HPA resulted in Salmat recording its highest ever turnover with revenue increasing 35 per cent to $812 million," said Richard Lee, chairman.
While Salmat’s earnings for the year were originally up 22.6 per cent to $57.6 million, the impact of significant items, namely costs related to the launch of Lasoo and HPA, brought the final result back to $44.1 million.
Joint managing director, Peter Mattick, said that HPA helped boost BusinessForce’s revenue along with the growth of laser print volumes. Changes to the BusinessForce division also meant that some PrintZoo sites and Perth and Canberra branches were quickly merged, with more to follow in Brisbane and Adelaide.
"This [HPA] integration involved brining together around 2000 staff across more than 15 sites to form one cohesive group," Mattick said.
"We are almost half way through the integration program and remain on track to meet our internal deadline of completion by the end of calendar 2009."
HPA will be the main focus for Salmat in the coming year, where its real benefits are expected to come into fruition. "We are excited about the opportunities for additional revenue and synergy cost savings from what is now Salmat’s largest division," Lee said.
Beyond Australia, Salmat also entered into a new venture with New Zealand Post, covering the distribution of unaddressed mail in New Zealand. The business is still finding its feet, according to Mattick, and he expects "significant improvement" over the next two years.
It is also the end of an era for the company as join managing directors Philip Salter and Mattick phase out of the daily runnings, handing over the reins to new-comer, Grant Harrod.
"We believe that this arrangement will enable Salmat to enjoy continued access to the valuable corporate knowledge of Salmat’s founders while at the same time benefiting from the fresh new leadership of Harrod," chairman Lee said.
Looking to the future, the company expects increased market stability with pricing returning to "more realistic levels" in the coming months. For now, Salmat will focus on the completion of its BusinessForce integration program, promoting its service offering across the group-wide client base, reducing debt and pursuing organic business growth.
Unperturbed by economic uncertainty, Mattick also added that Salmat expects "a good half-year result and remain comfortable with a forecast of $75-80 million for the full year."
Larger than life Australian magazine, Body of Work 1:1, entered into Guinness Book of Records.
Bigger is better when it comes to magazines, says Bob Armstrong of Armstrong Miller + McLaren. The photographer, who was responsible for producing the 1×2 metre magazine wanted a way of grabbing people’s attention and he found the answer was size.
"Body of Work 1:1 was designed for corporations and wealthy people who want to make a statement and this is a different way of doing that," he said.
Only one copy of Body of Work 1:1 exists, though McLaren is happy to print more for those wanting to buy it. The magazine took two weeks to produce, which included being printed on a HP press and then bound.
Armstrong believes that Body of Work 1:1 is the largest magazine in the world and plans on entering it into the Guinness Book of Records. He notes that it is interactive and engaging.
"When you put a painting up it’s just a painting on the wall, but Body of Work 1:1 is a cover and 20 pages," he said. "This isn’t a coffee table book; it’s a coffee table."
At a time when magazine circulation is plummeting and many people are looking to the internet, Armstrong reckons that the trick is to made print do what online media cannot.
"All the magazines we design can’t go on the web," he said. "People have tried to make online versions of Body of Work, but that’s not what the magazine is made for."
Body of Work 1:1 is currently showing at The Menzies Hotel, 14 Carrington Street Sydney and will make its way across Australia.
Adobe’s senior vice president, John Loiacono, calls in on Australia to promote Creative Suite 4.
Loiacono, (pictured) who is responsible for the creative solutions business unit under which CS4 was launched, was heavily involved in the creation of the new software and was impressed by feedback from the locals.
"The reviews from the press, analysts and customers have all been positive," he said.
He sees Australia as "an emerging market and growth area" for Adobe. After meeting with media and government organisations, Loiacono hopes that the take up of Adobe in Australia will increase.
Prior to its release there was much talk throughout industry circles that CS4 was merely an "update" and not a new product in its own right. Loiacono is pleased to discover that attitudes have since changed.
"People now realise that it is a full-blown release that is packed with new features," he said.
Loiacono sees Adobe’s involvement with internet as vital to its future. He points towards new CS4 features such as web conferencing and In Context Editing (ICE) as vital to connecting Adobe users with others.
The release of Creative Suite 4 coincides not only with a tense economy, but also the release of rival software, Quark Version 8. Loiacono, however, is not particularly swayed by either factors.
"Everyone recognises that they have budget constraints and need to control their spending," he said. "But I’ve spoken with a number of agencies who told me that if they could only update one application it would be Creative Suite."
Loiacono was unable to discuss or reveal sales figures for Creative Suite 4. Of Quark, he is similarly optimistic.
"We still run into some Quark users," he admitted. "They are competition that we take very seriously – but Adobe’s Creative Suite remains popular with users and we are confident with the product we have."
Congratulations to PMP on their apparent "testicular fortitude". Whatever the facts; perhaps if there were more "declining" of work due to low prices supposedly being offered by competitors (and how often to we see actual proof of those prices), the local printing industry may be in a better and more profitable position.
I read with interest your article on colour shifting inks. Kodak’s Traceless has been around for quite a few years but seems to be prohibited by the expensive readers and proprietory consumable. I understand that Merck KGaA supply the inks and that the reader is there just to authenticate. It seems that these technologies are searching for a problem and market rather than the other way around!
It is also interesting that this product is not marketed in the world’s largest counterfeight geographical area – China. Why would you not market a product into the largest market with the greatest potential, is this because it is not secure or more expensive to implement than the product it is trying to protect? In a year when China has suffered terribly with problems in the dairy food chain I would have thought this would be a good opportunity if the product can stand up?
In my experience security solutions mainly have to be overt (look at bank notes!), if tag and trace is to be a success then it has to be cost effective in the consumables and in the decoder. So far, either thermocratic inks (a little bit expensive on the consumables) with a cheaper decoder (typically your thumb!) or, optical decoders with standard inks will be the future of tag and trace technologies.
I think that the Premier is missing the point – older Australians are more likely to read a paper – printed material. How is he going to do his on-line advertising ? Where will people find it? Will they have to go to websites of that particular body?
It’s as if fate prepared the page-layout for this week’s Pint21online – neatly juxtaposed like Ying and Yang, were two good news/bad news stories.
The "bad" one was the NSW Government’s edict to reduce print advertising in favour of on-line.
The "good" one was the story about Lindsay Yates taking a pro-active initiative, and projecting themselves out into the marketplace, in a rare example of self-promotion.
Rare, in the sense that as an industry we’ve never had to do much in the way of marketing. It would be very interesting to try and recall what have been some of the big, self-promotional events staged by printing companies over the last decade? Certainly Lilyfield’s ground-breaking effort to mark their move "out to the sticks" was an epochal event, as was Rapid Digital’s extraordinary "smoke and mirrors" event to mark their acquisition of not one, but two huge digital devices.
These events don’t just happen and aren’t cheap (feeding a bunch of hungry/thirsty inebriates is never going to be a cheap exercise), but not only do they promote the individual company, these events also send a signal out to the business community that printing is alive and well, and "out there".
Let companies be encouraged to undertake these events. How? Through the print awards of course!
We already have a category called "Self-Promotion" – why restrict it to purely the printed page? Why not think laterally and reward "good behaviour", ie, self-promoting events which elevate the profile of the entire printing industry?
We move in exciting times – we have to keep up, and staging such events is very much part of that process. Well done.
This article is hardly newsworthy. Webstar have been ISO 12647-2 accredited for some months now (through Printspec), and although it is good to see OAP keeping up with industry developments, I would have thought an article explaining where the industry is at with ISO implementation and the benefits for printers, publishers and clients would be of greater interest.
A recent court case involving a disputed print job has some important lessons about when a customer is allowed to break a contract to print. Wal Abramowicz has the details.
On the 5 August 2008, the Local Court of New South Wales handed down a decision in a printing case.
The background facts were that the customer was an importer of high priced clothing. The customer had engaged the printer to print a catalogue. The agreement comprised various emails between the parties and conversations. The printer provided a quote that was accepted and the customer provided a DVD and CD containing images to be used in the catalogue. Various proofs were produced by the printer and various changes were made by the customer. Ultimately an inkjet proof was produced and it was approved and signed by the customer. The person who approved the proof on behalf of the customer left for overseas and was overseas when the printing work was done.
About a quarter of the catalogues were delivered to the customer who contacted the printer advising that the job was not acceptable. The customer made a number of complaints. These were rejected by the printer. The printer attempted to deliver the balance of the catalogues but delivery was refused.
The customer complained that the catalogues had a number of faults including inferior resolution of the photographic imagery, scuffing on the images, inferior stitching causing damage to images, inadequate cropping and poor page alignment. They also claimed that the catalogues were not in accordance with printing industry standards.
As a result of those complaints the customer argued that it was entitled to terminate the agreement and that it was not liable to pay the printer. Furthermore, the customer entered into a new contract with another printer to produce the catalogues and it claimed the costs of that printing work.
During the course of discussions between the parties prior to the acceptance of the quote, the customer had handed the printer a sample of a previous catalogue and requested that the new catalogue be the same as the sample provided.
* Was the phrase "same as sample" an essential obligation or condition of the agreement or not?
* Did the flaws found in the catalogues produced by printer constitute a breach of an essential term and therefore a breach of the contract, or justify termination as they were sufficiently serious?
What the court found was that, in this case, there was no express or explicit agreement between the parties that the term "same as sample" was essential. In fact, during cross examination, one of the customer’s witnesses conceded that the sample catalogue that was provided to the printer had itself a number of flaws.
The Court noted that even though the customer submitted that the catalogues printed by printer were not in accordance with or did not meet printing industry standards, no independent expert evidence was called by customer in relation to that issue. The onus of proving this issue was upon the customer to satisfy the Court on a balance of probabilities. The customer failed to do that. There was no evidence at all that the catalogues produced by the printer were less than the industry standard. Further, the Court found that although a number of flaws were referred to during the evidence, many of those flaws were trivial.
The customer argued that there was a breach of an essential term of the contract which permitted it to terminate the contract and not pay for the printing. The Court held that there was no such breach. As a result the customer had wrongfully terminated the contract and was liable to pay printer the cost of printing the catalogues. It also ordered that the customer pay the legal costs of the proceedings to the printer.
* In negotiating an agreement reduce all the terms to writing.
* If some of the terms are so essential that any breach of them would allow you to bring the agreement to an end, state that they are essential terms in the agreement.
* If the quality of the printing work is an important issue then make arrangements for a representative of the client to be present at the time that the job is being printed.
* If you find yourself arguing a matter before the Court, consider engaging an expert to give an opinion relating to the complaints of the printed article.
Five-month Coles WA contract was priced at below acceptable margins, says Brian Evans, ceo PMP.
Moving to hose down reports that PMP had lost a valuable catalogue printing contract to rival IPMG, he claimed the job’s pricing was simply unacceptable. “If I didn’t have full presses it might be different, but our volumes are 20 per cent higher than last year so we have to make commercial decisions about work that is unattractive,” he said, in explaining why he did not compete for the job.
The response comes as rivalry between the two web printing giants intensifies. Following the commissioning of the big MAN Roland heatset web presses last year, PMP won back much of the work lost during its troubled upgrade. This year it snatched one of the largest print runs in the business from Hannanprint, the valuable Ikea catalogue job. Industry sources speculate that the proposed IPMG Warwick Farm gravure plant is in part a strategy to reclaim the iconic contract.
Evans (pictured) speculated that the pricing on the Coles WA catalogue is based on a fairly optimistic view of the value of the Australian dollar next year. He points out that PMP is the largest buyer of paper in the country and as such is able to leverage its business to get the best price.
He believes prices for print will stabilise and says PMP will continue to gauge the value add per tonne and knock back work that simply keeps the presses turning.
The Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA) invites suitably qualified organisations to tender for the provision of printing and promotional products services as a member of a Printing and Promotional Products Panel.
Organisations tendering for offset and/or digital printing must have been in the printing industry for a minimum of five years.
I arrived in Perth in early November 2008 having been granted permanent residency in Australia, with my skills verified by Trades Recognition Australia. With over 21 years’ print experience I am seeking a print position that either will enable me to provide me with the opportunity to practise my craft or further develop my production management skills.
I have extensive machine minding experience and knowledge of overseeing die-stamping, gilt-edging, book-binding, thermographic process, embossing (deboss and emboss), letterpress printing, and aiding customers and their designers to provide print-ready artwork.
I take pride in my work and like to work methodically and efficiently. I have a creative streak and enjoy problem solving. I consider myself polite and courteous and fully understand the importance of these qualities. I am able to communicate well with people at all levels, from different social and economic backgrounds. I have greatly developed organisational skills and can prioritise workloads and successfully meet deadlines.
I am reliable and trustworthy, have a good sense of humour and possess the ability to develop and motivate myself and others. I am a capable worker with effective time management skills. I have developed into a strong team member, happy to contribute ideas and energy, as well as being able to work on my own initiative.
I am fully computer literate with knowledge of all the major modern operating systems. The technical aspect of building computers also interests me. I have undertaken several computing courses in my free time, including C/C++ Programming and A+ Certification among others.
I enjoy playing team sports including cricket and rugby. I also enjoy pool and snooker. I love travelling and the underwater world and snorkel whenever possible. I enjoy socialising locally with friends and take a keen interest in local activities. I am married with no children.
As the Production Manager I was responsible the smooth running of all litho/digital print and book-binding production work using the Optimus/Printcost management information system. I reported to the managing director and had line-managerial responsibility for eleven staff in the factory consisting of two lithographic printers, one digital printer, a guillotine operator, a print finisher, two finishing hands, three book-binders and one book-binding manager. I followed the job from estimating to artwork, printing, delivery and invoicing. I was able to bring my extensive hands-on print experience to the role, ensuring all work is carried out to the highest standard and often very tight deadlines to guarantee complete customer satisfaction in a very competitive print market. Confidentiality is also key given that our customers included Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, St Paul’s Cathedral and Lloyds of London.
Upping the standard in printer’s promotion, the high-profile Sydney printer lashes out with upmarket reception.
Determined to change the market’s perception of the company as solely a provider of printing, the principals of Artarmon-based Lindsay Yates, spent two years working on a rebranding campaign. Based on the concept of being a communication company, not just a printer, the invitation list for the glamorous event in the middle of Sydney’s CBD targeted new and old clients in the advertising, design and direct marketing community.
He said the launch is the start of a sustained campaign to raise the company’s profile and flagged expansion in the coming year from both organic growth and takeover options. He highlighted the company’s environmental record, including its FSC accreditation as well as its acquisition of a Heidelberg XL 105. “I think it is a good story to tell the market,” he said.
The company commissioned a new set of creative material to hand out at the launch. (pictured).
WorldWide OnLine Printing franchise for sale. Northern Suburbs of Melbourne.
Priced well below a Greenfield (new) site.
This store was opened in 2007, and having posted sales of $240,000 in FY08 (Jul 08 to end June 08), is now at around break even. Not a bad performance from a start up, with little active external marketing effort.
This business provides a great opportunity for the purchaser to leverage of the hard work done in the first year, at close to half of the original purchase price.
Purchase Price $120,000 plus SAV – excellent value compared to a Greenfield (start up) price of over $200,000. Valid reason for sale. | 2019-04-21T10:07:44Z | https://print21.com.au/date/2008/11 |
At last year’s Cannes Film Festival, Pathe revealed their new 4K restoration of Marcel Carné’s Children Of Paradise.
In the coming weeks you’ll have the opportunity to see the newly restored film, digitally projected around the country. So far we have dates at the Film Forum in New York (March 9th through the 27th), the Film Society of Lincoln Center (March 7th as a part of their Rendez-Vous With French Cinema series) and the Castro Theater in San Francisco (March 10th).
Janus Films doesn’t seem to have launched their page for the tour at this point, but I’m sure we’ll have dates soon for the rest of the country.
It seems like only a matter of time before Criterion releases a Blu-ray with this new 4K restoration. Perhaps a November release, to time with the anniversary of the US theatrical debut in 1946? We’ll see.
Janus has provided this following interview, which was also available in the press materials at last year’s Cannes film festival.
This is the first time that Marcel Carné’s masterpiece has been given such a complete restoration from the original negative. The work lasted many months and included the use of state of the art technology, especially the use of 4K scanning, the first time this has been done in Europe. Christian Lurin, manufacturing manager at Éclair Laboratories, and Léon Rousseau, specialist of sound restoration at LE Diapason, were project managers of the undertaking, one for the images, and the other for the sound.
Where was the original negative of CHILDREN OF PARADISE, which served as the starting point for this restoration?
CHRISTIAN LURIN ‘“ First of all, we must remember that CHILDREN OF PARADISE was made during the War on nitrate film stock, like all films of the time. And we all know that nitrate is a fragile compound that decomposes over the years. In France during the early 1980s, on an initiative taken by Jack Lang, all nitrate negatives were stored under optimal conditions at the Bois-d’Arcy archive. The original negative was stored there with the others.
Does nitrate render the restoration work special?
LURIN ‘“ Nitrate in itself does not have any specific worries. The big problem we encountered was that the original negative had not always been handled with the greatest of care. It was very damaged in certain places, particularly by the presence of mold, which causes blurred images that are very difficult to treat. Even by making frame-by-frame manual corrections, it is still complicated. And every single reel of film had traces of mold.
Before starting the restoration work, this negative had to be digitized?
LURIN ‘“ To start with, the negative had to be sent to a specialized laboratory in Bologna to be scanned in very high definition. Here at Éclair, we had no physical contact with the negative, only with digitized files. However, we did have to ‘complete’ this digitized version of the original negative with the help of what we call a ‘master positive,’ a print struck from the original negative. In total we used three such ‘master positives’ from which we recuperated certain frames, either because they were missing from the original negative, they had already been replaced by copies of inferior quality, or because they were too damaged to be restored. So for us the restoration started with a reconstruction game in order to have the best possible elements at our disposal. In the end, I would say that the original negative ‘“ that is to say the film that really went through the camera ‘“ represents about 90% of the frames we had to restore.
Did you proceed in the same way for the sound?
LÉON ROUSSEAU ‘“ The major characteristic of the sound of CHILDREN OF PARADISE is variable density, a process used in France until the early 1950s before being replaced by fixed density. Variable density is a much inferior process with a poorer signal to noise ratio. Indeed, background noise is almost always the main problem encountered in restoration, and CHILDREN OF PARADISE did not escape that rule. I received two digitized elements from Bologna. The first was made from the original negative and the second was from a ‘master positive.’ Therefore, I had the soundtrack of the whole film in two different formats. Theoretically, the positive print should have been used as my basic model, but the audible background noise was unstable. It fluctuated all the time, which was extremely uncomfortable to listen to. So I used the master positive, which had a little more background noise, but at least it was stable.
Up until now, the negatives of a film to be restored were digitized in 2K [in Europe]. CHILDREN OF PARADISE is the first to have benefited from digitization in 4K. How can the difference be measured?
LURIN ‘“ It can be seen in the resolution, because the image is better defined. In 2K, there are 2048 pixels per line; in 4K there are 4096. Before choosing 4K, Pathé undertook comparative tests with 2K, and the quality of the image on screen was clearly superior in 4K. Partly because of definition, but mostly in the fineness and tonality in contrast levels. Pathé’s decision to work with 4K is courageous and should be congratulated, because it means a heavier and more expensive job. Just to give you an idea, importing or exporting a 4K file that corresponds to a reel of film lasting 20 minutes takes the machine 32 hours of calculation!
Do you meet with the same problem for the sound?
ROUSSEAU ‘“ No, because digital sound reached its maturity during the 1990s. For this reason sound is easier to work with than images.
CHILDREN OF PARADISE consists of how many 35mm reels?
LURIN ‘“ Eleven reels, each 600 meters in length. It’s a very long film in two parts, each lasting about one and a half hours. Part one is a little longer, with a total of six reels.
When did you receive the first digitized reels?
LURIN ‘“ We received the first reel from Bologna at the end of the summer of 2010. But since the digitization had been rather complex ‘“ taking into account that each reel has to undergo a preparation process that consisted of mending damaged sprocket holes or splicing any tears ‘“ we only received the final files at the end of the winter. That enabled us to undertake a number of tests before starting out the real restoration work.
LURIN ‘“ As I told you, the problem with 4K is the size of the files. We therefore tried to divide the film into the parts most in need of restoration so as to lighten the weight. Nevertheless, the first stage consists of running each reel through a machine in semi-automatic mode. This first pass enables us to undertake what are known as the basic corrections. We get rid of the classic instability that can be found in a negative print. We correct any variations in luminosity, either because the film has aged, or because the lighting effects used at the time were not always quite stable. At this stage we also undertake a few tasks of pure restoration, but this is restricted to correcting simple faults like dust or small abrasions. Once this first pass has been done, we then run the damaged parts (tears, scratches, mold, even a customs’ stamp placed directly on the negative print in one case!) through other machines, each with its own operator. When the damage is complicated, an operator can spend hours, even days, of work on only 8 or 10 frames. So we separate the data, and this requires an enormous amount of follow-through. Not only must the images be moved from one machine to another, which requires hours of transfer, but we also need to know, at every instant, precisely where they are and at what stage of restoration. Finally all these frames must be reintegrated in order to reconstitute the reel, and we then screen it for verification purposes.
What was the duration of this restoration?
ROUSSEAU ‘“ That’s where we can appreciate that sound is a lighter element to treat. I invested in one hard disc of 500Gb, it cost me 80 euros, and I worked on my own.
Does sound suffer the same type of deterioration as images?
ROUSSEAU ‘“ Yes, it’s the same thing. There are scratches, mold, etc. Optical sound is a photographic image, so it suffers in the same way as the image.
LURIN ‘“ Except for the fact that the sound is placed on the left margin of the film, and is slightly adjusted in relation to the frame. Indeed, when you watch a film being projected, you can see that the right hand side of the picture, which goes right to the edge of the film, is more damaged than the left side because the soundtrack is on the left side and hence takes the knocks.
ROUSSEAU ‘“ Image and sound suffer the same types of deterioration, but the way of approaching the problems is totally different. When there is a ‘small piece of damage’ in a frame, the same zone in the preceding frame is duplicated to replace it. Sound is continuous and needs to be treated differently.
What are the various stages in sound restoration?
At which moment are sound and image reunited in the course of the restoration?
LURIN ‘“ ‘¦and it is obviously an essential stage. Things are not perceived in the same way when both images and sound are present at the same time. Flaws that are in the images can ‘disappear’ by magic, thanks to the voice of an actor that captures all the attention. Inversely, very mediocre sound can seem impeccable when the accompanying images are very strong. It is only at this stage that we can really judge the quality of the work that has been accomplished. That is why for the past two months we went every Thursday morning to the big screening theatre of the Gaumont Marignan cinema on the Champs-Elysées so as to see any eventual flaws under real conditions.
ROUSSEAU ‘“ One of the hard things in restoration is to maintain a spectator’s eye, a kind of innocence, and freshness.
Exactly how do you judge a restored film?
LURIN ‘“ With regard to the image, we try to get to a point where the viewer will not be disturbed by the remaining defects while remaining true to how the film looked on first release. To restore does not mean to modernize. At the level of texture, for example, we retained a certain grain, because that was how images looked at that time. Care must be taken not to misrepresent the film.
ROUSSEAU ‘“ In a way it’s like not rewriting history. We saw that the major problem with sound on CHILDREN OF PARADISE was background noise. We can reduce this sound grain and we did, but the question is to know just how far to go. Someone with no experience with old movies could say: ‘Ah, we can still hear the background noise.’ And he would be right. But even so, should we have gone further? I think not, because then we would have changed the inherent style of the film. When the sound grain is lowered beyond a certain level, the voices of the actors are also modified and become metallic. We would have attacked the actor’s way of playing the role. We would have lost subtlety and emotion. The film dates from 1945; it is what it is, the actors were allowed to breathe.
Which scenes presented you with the biggest problems?
LURIN ‘“ There were at least two. The first is at the beginning of reel 2 of the second part, when Lacenaire (Marcel Herrand) is waiting in the dressing room for Frédérick Lemaître (Pierre Brasseur). At this spot the original negative was very damaged, particularly because of mold. We therefore chose to use a nitrate ‘master positive’ which was in a better state. But after having restored the scene, which represented 2 or 3 minutes of film, we realized that it was not possible to make it match the rest of the reel. So we decided to go backwards, despite everything, and use the original negative. It was a huge task, but at least we found the same texture, grain and definition.
The other difficult scene is a shot of young Baptiste when he goes to see Garance (Arletty) in the theatre. It was full of vertical abrasions across the whole width of the image. In all his years of experience, the technician who restored this shot had never seen such damage. Here again it took days of work.
ROUSSEAU ‘“ On the sound level, the most delicate scene was undoubtedly that at the start of the film in which Lacenaire (Marcel Herrand) is in the shop of the writer. Not only was there an awful lot of background noise, but the original soundtrack was really not very good. It had directional microphones and actors who kept moving away from them. On top of that, there were mediocre loops added in the post synchronization process. In short, a very difficult passage indeed, which was as much the fault of the stock used as the original sound mix. So a lot of work had to be done to reduce these defects while at the same time not going too far.
Did the work of restoration follow the chronology of the film?
ROUSSEAU ‘“ Not really. Usually we isolate each type of problem and deal with them one after the other across the whole film.
LURIN ‘“ Defects are graded from 1 to 3. We start on the defects at level 3, the highest, and then gradually work down to level 1. And we stop when we decide that there are no more disturbances for the viewer who will watch the film in normal screening conditions.
Did you ever have to reconstitute entire images?
LURIN ‘“ Yes, that did happen. In some shots, images were missing from the original negative, probably because they were cut by mistake in the editing. In this case, these missing frames were recreated out of nothing. Sometimes only one or two frames were missing, sometimes five or six. And in some sections, it was really visible. But reconstituting frames is obviously complicated, because we are no longer talking about restoration, but recreation. It is very complex, closer to animation or special effects.
CHILDREN OF PARADISE is classic film elected a few years ago as being the greatest French film of all time. Were you aware of a special responsibility when it came to restoring such a masterpiece?
LURIN ‘“ Yes of course, but above all we started appreciating it more and more. Having to work on it over a number of months, almost frame by frame, one develops a sort of affectionate sentiment for the film. It seems like we know all its secrets. Now it’s as if it belongs to us too. I think that all the people who worked on this restoration will never forget the experience.
ROUSSEAU ‘“ I think that all films should be treated equally. If we start thinking about our responsibility we’ll become paralyzed. After all, people who make great films don’t know they will become great while they are shooting them. That can only be appreciated afterwards. You have to put yourself in that mindset. You just have to do the best possible job.
LURIN ‘“ It’s true that the work was not done any differently on this particular film. But having lived with it for over four months we obviously see it with a different eye.
What did you discover in the film that you had not noticed previously?
LURIN ‘“ Personally, I never tire of watching the pantomime scenes of Jean-Louis Barrault. And I love the dialogue too.
ROUSSEAU ‘“ It is exceptionally good. That is the strongest part of the film.
LURIN ‘“ Prévert gave it incredible resonance. Just one example: there is a scene in which Garance, played by Arletty, is arrested by a police sergeant. At the end of the scene he says to her: ‘You’re free.’ Like a shot she replies: ‘Fine, because I adore freedom.’ It was 1943, half of France was under German occupation, and she says that almost at the start of the film!
ROUSSEAU ‘“ And the sets are absolutely sublime. Knowing that they were created during the war, the Paris we see in the film is amazing.
LURIN ‘“ Visually the film is infinitely rich. The shots of the crowds on the Boulevard du Temple can be watched ten times, and each time you can discover new elements: ‘Oh, I hadn’t noticed those two dancers doing the French cancan before.’ It’s a film that fills both the eyes and the ears.
If you had to chose a single image or a single sound?
LURIN ‘“ Without thinking about it, I would choose Garance’s face in the second part of the film when she is at the theatre wearing a little veil, and she shines like a star. It’s the scene in which Frédérick Lemaître meets her again after a number of years. | 2019-04-20T17:32:18Z | https://criterioncast.com/news/janus-films-to-tour-new-4k-restoration-of-marcel-carnes-children-of-paradise |
A series of mysterious and uncanny architectural, artistic, and religious parallels connect the ancient Maya and Egyptian civilisations. Some of these parallels have been noted and proclaimed by nineteenth century scholars; others have been discovered in the past several decades. Over the past twenty-five years of research into ancient civilisations, I’ve uncovered and explained many such parallels, and have come to believe that these parallels are more than mere coincidences.
Such close parallels are enigmatic, even problematic, as the Maya and Egyptians sprung up independently on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean (pre-classic Maya in the Yucatan c. 2000 BC vs. dynastic Egyptians in Africa c. 3150 BC). The two cultures don’t appear to have been in contact, as there are no records of trade, war, or communication between them. How, then, can we explain the similarities?
Faced with this enigma, many Victorian-era scholars and archaeologists believed that the Maya and Egyptians were children of the same mother culture—an advanced civilisation so old that memory of its existence has been lost to time. Such theories went out of vogue well over a century ago, but I believe that this rejection was premature, for reasons outlined in my latest book and reviewed briefly here.
Ever since my first back-to-back research trips to Egypt (1996) and Mexico (1997), I’ve been discovering, researching, and presenting profound cultural parallels shared by ancient civilisations worldwide. The Maya/Egyptian parallels are among the most striking.
Some of these parallels were recognised by Victorian and pre-Victorian era scholars and writers like Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, Edward Herbert Thompson, Augustus Le Plongeon, Ignatius Donnelly, and Zelia Nuttall. Many of these scholars credited Plato’s lost continent of Atlantis with being the source of the similarities. Other parallels I’ve discovered through my own original research and investigation.
The Victorian-era idea that the lost continent of Atlantis was the source of the parallels (i.e., a theory called “diffusion”) has fallen out of favour with scholars over the past several decades. As a result, nineteenth century ideas have been shelved in favour of a new theory called “independent invention,” which holds that ancient inventions, such as pyramid construction, naturally occurred in more than one place at the same or different times. As the Paul McCartney/Michael Jackson duet “Ebony and Ivory” put it, “people are the same wherever you go.” This “independent invention” theory has notably been maintained by modern scholars like Kenneth Feder, professor of archaeology at Central Connecticut State University.
In my 2011 book Written in Stone, I revived the theory of the Victorian-age scholars, and took their work a step further, by exploring new evidence for the possibility that a primordial “Mother Culture”—now lost to time—flourished during a prehistoric “Golden Age.” In my subsequent books, articles, videos and lectures, I explained how this Golden Age was documented by the Hindus, Greeks, Romans, Aztecs, and other ancient civilisations; and I hypothesised that this Mother Culture may have been the source of the parallels shared by the world’s first cultures—a kind of “missing chapter” in the human story, as Graham Hancock puts it.
Are the following “10 Mayan & Egyptian Parallels” evidence that a sophisticated Golden Age civilisation—now almost completely forgotten—once existed in the ancient past, and was a kind of “Mother Culture” to the world´s first “known” cultures, like the Egyptians and Maya?
Left: Pyramid of Kukulkan in Chichen Itza, Mexico. Right: Saqqara Pyramid in Saqqara, Egypt.
Both the Maya and the Egyptians built pyramids. In fact, both cultures didn’t just build pyramids, they built similar “step pyramids” (i.e., pyramids with a series of steps leading upward toward the apex), as we can see here.
Left: a stone serpent within sight of the step Pyramid of Kukulkan at Chichen Itza, Mexico. Right: a series of stone serpents within sight of the step Pyramid of Saqqara, just outside Cairo, Egypt.
What are the chances that two unrelated civilisations separated by the Atlantic Ocean would have come up with not only “step pyramids,” but also adjacent or nearby stone serpents?
Left: Maya modified skull at the Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México (Photo Courtesy of Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México). Right: Elongated skull, described by Egyptologists as the child of Amenophis IV/Akhenaten (Photo Courtesy of The Walters Art Museum).
The parallel Mayan/Egyptian phenomenon of elongated skulls and cranial deformation has been known to scholars for centuries. Among both the Maya and the Egyptians, the practice seems to have been performed to differentiate the elite from the lower classes.
The earliest descriptions of cranial deformation among the Maya were reported by Spanish chroniclers in the 16th century. In 1843, the American explorer John L. Stephens published Incidents of Travel in Yucatán, describing an artificially deformed skull that he found during one of his excavations. The nineteenth century archaeologist Augustus Le Plongeon (1826 – 1908), in his book Queen Moo and The Egyptian Sphinx, described the practice among the peoples of the Mayan cities of Copan and Palenque. Popular authors like Ignatius L. Donnelly (1831 – 1901), in his book Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, elaborated on Le Plongeon’s analysis.
—A Look at Mayan Artificial Cranial Deformation Practices: Morphological and Cultural Aspects.
The idea that the Mayan elite practiced cranial deformation is interesting because the Egyptian elite also seem to have performed a skull elongation technique, possibly for the very same reason of differentiating themselves from the lower classes or common people. Shown in the example above is a statue of an elongated skull from Egypt’s Amarna Period, the era of the reign of Akhenaten (1353-1336 BCE). The skull is described by scholars as belonging to the daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenophis IV, also known as Akhenaten. Artwork featuring Akhenaten’s daughters, Nofernoferuaton and Nofernoferure, with elongated skulls (c. 1375-1358 BC) is repeated in other pieces of Amarna art.
Do the elongated skulls of both the Egyptian and Mayan “elite” point to a connection between the two civilisations?
— The Sociopolitical History & Physiological Underpinnings of Skull Deformation,” Columbia University College.
Admittedly, the idea that both the Mayan and Egyptian elite practiced cranial deformation to perhaps differentiate them from the lower classes does not directly connect the two civilisations. However, the fact that the pyramid-building Egyptians and Maya both practiced this strange technique is certainly provocative and indicates the possibility of a connection.
Left: Example of a Mayan corbelled arch in Copan, Honduras. Right: Example of Egyptian corbelled arch inside the Red Pyramid near Cairo, Egypt.
The corbel arch was used in both Mayan and Egyptian architecture. A corbel arch (also called “corbeled” or “corbelled arch”) is an arch that uses the so-called “corbeling” construction method to span a space or void. A corbeled arch is constructed by offsetting successive courses of stone (or brick) in such a way that they project towards the archway’s centre from each supporting side, until the courses meet at the archway’s apex. The gap at the apex is then bridged with a flat stone.
The work of pioneering nineteenth century archaeologist and intrepid explorer Augustus Le Plongeon has largely been discredited because of its diffusionist basis. Le Plongeon insisted that the parallel corbeled arch was evidence that the world’s first cultures were children of a much older civilisation named Atlantis. Le Plongeon believed that the universality of the corbel arch in antiquity was strong evidence of shared wisdom across the Atlantic Ocean.
—Lawrence G. Desmond, Augustus Le Plongeon: A Fall From Archaeological Grace.
Left: Example of Maya glyphs in the museum at Palenque, Mexico. Right: Egyptian Hieroglyphs from the tomb of Seti I, c. 13th century BC.
The Egyptians and Mayans both used hieroglyphs, consisting of pictographs or symbols, to express meaning in written language. Mayan writing, which is often described by scholars as the most sophisticated writing system in the pre-Columbian Americas, was dubbed “hieroglyphics” (or hieroglyphs) by early eighteenth and nineteenth century European explorers, including Augustus Le Plongeon, who noticed its similarity to Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Egyptian hieroglyphs consist of phonograms, which are placed at the beginning of words to represent sounds, whereas ideograms are used to represent objects or ideas. Mayan hieroglyphs consist of pictographs written in neat blocks that include phonograms and ideograms.
Is it possible that Mayan and Egyptian glyphs both evolved from the same “proto-language” or that perhaps one of them may have in fact served as an origin for the other?
Obtaining a satisfactory answer to that question depends on the successful decryption of Maya writing, which has been made vastly difficult by the bonfires of the sixteenth century christian Conquistadors, who regarded the precious and irreplaceable Mayan scrolls as the work of the devil.
(C) the Twin Serpent Motif.
Left: The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex created c. 1541 depicting a warrior grasping the hair of a submissive captive. Right: The Narmer Palette depicts a pharaoh (usually identified as King Narmer) grasping the hair of a submissive captive.
To be clear, this is not a Mayan/Egyptian parallel, but an Aztec/Egyptian one. However, the smiting scene is depicted on Mayan artefacts as well.
When I first recognised this parallel motif in the late 1990s, I found it discouraging. Why? Because at the time, it seemed to me to convey barbarism. More precisely, the barbaric cruelty of a warlike people did not seem consistent with the metaphysically advanced and peaceful citizens (possible descendants of a highly evolved Golden Age mother culture) that I believed may have formed the bulk of Mayan and Egyptian society.
However, as I continued to study this parallel “Smiting Scene” (Egyptologists call it a Smiting Scene, but Mayan scholars have no term for it), I became convinced that the scene does not depict the actual slaughter of one’s enemies. For a people as spiritual as the Egyptians to have created tens of thousands of Smiting Scenes (which appear abundantly in Egyptian culture, including on jewellery, furniture, amulets, and even on the walls of temples) did not seem in keeping with their high spiritual values.
I came to believe instead that the scene could convey a metaphor—the slaying of one’s ego or inner demons, which is the real enemy of a spiritual seeker. In other words, the scene conveys a formula for slaughtering the physical animal nature of man (i.e., controlling or mastering the ego), which, as I explained in my 2011 book, Written in Stone, was a central doctrine in the ancient Egyptian religion and indeed in all of the world’s ancient religions.
—John L. Sorenson, A Complex of Ritual and Ideology Shared by Mesoamerica and the Ancient Near East.
It is difficult to state with certainty what this parallel scene meant to the Egyptians and Maya. Did it have the same meaning for both cultures? The Egyptian scene has become known among scholars as the “baptism of Pharaoh,” because they are inclined to believe that it might have been a purification ritual.
Did the Mayan scene hold the same meaning? It is also possible that the symbolism shown here expresses the idea of initiation. Traditionally, the concept of initiation serves to reorient the individual away from his lower materialistic “animal” self. He is reoriented, instead, toward his higher “spiritual” Self and toward a more spiritual way of looking at the world. Water serves to cleanse, and it therefore appears possible that this parallel scene may depict a kind of initiation through cleansing, an idea that was apparently shared by both the Egyptians and Maya.
Left: Aztec sculpture featuring twin serpents facing opposite directions, often described as “The Double-headed serpent,” in the British Museum. Right: Egyptian Aten or sundisk symbols like this one appear above the main entrances to Egyptian temples and feature twin serpents emerging from the solar orb, facing opposite directions.
Note the similarity that these Mayan “serpent bars” share with the Egyptian Aten symbol, which adorns the lintels of some Egyptian temples, like Trojan’s Kiosk at Philae. Both the Mayan “serpent bar” and the Egyptian Aten symbol depict double-headed serpents connected back-to-back, facing opposite directions of left and right.
In the first example provided, we see Aztec symbolism showing the same “joined” twin serpent motif or double-headed serpent motif. Interestingly, we see essentially the same symbolism in Egypt, where a giant solar Aten symbol (which I believe signifies the soul/source) crowns the middle between the serpents.
Left: A “were-jaguar” statue from the early classic period (ca. 250 AD- 600 AD), Maya lowlands, Peten, Guatemala. Right: The Sphinx of Hatshepsut, Egypt.
The Egyptians and Maya both created art and architecture depicting human beings transforming into, or having transformed into, felines. For the Egyptians, the feline was the lion; for the Maya, the feline was the jaguar.
Side-by-side comparisons of an Egyptian sphinx (a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion) with what Mesoamerican scholars describe as the “were-jaguar” (as in “werewolf”) reveal many commonalities. The term “were-jaguar” is derived from Old English were, meaning “man”, and jaguar, a large member of the cat family prevalent across Mesoamerica.
What exactly did this feline transformation theme on opposite sides of the Atlantic mean?
Researchers and philosophers have sought to decipher the meaning of the mysterious and colossal Sphinx statue that was buried in the desert sands for centuries before it was dug up and polished off in the early 1800s. Most contemporary Egyptologists, like Dr. Mark Lehner and Dr. Zahi Hawass, believe that the Sphinx was carved out of an outcropping during the reign of King Khafre, c. 2500 BCE; but many writers and archaeologists in past centuries, such as R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, a nineteenth century French Egyptologist, occultist, and student of sacred geometry, believed the Sphinx to be the relic of an earlier epoch in world history, an extremely sophisticated and advanced lost civilisation (perhaps “Atlantis”) in remote antiquity.
Even today, there are many who do not agree with consensus estimates for the age of the Sphinx. The late rogue Egyptologist John Anthony West (1932 – 2018), taking a page from Schwaller de Lubicz, pointed to water erosion on the sphinx statue and the Sphinx enclosure wall as evidence of the monument’s vast antiquity.
Shown here are three Egyptian kings depicted as sphinxes, converted into felines. Left: The Sphinx of Taharqo, a Nubian king ruling the Kingdom of Kush (Photo Courtesy of the British Museum). Middle: Great sphinx bearing the names of Amenemhat II (12th Dynasty), Merneptah (19th Dynasty) and Shoshenq I (22nd Dynasty). Right: Pharaoh Amenemhat III in the shape of a Sphinx.
Just like the Egyptians, the Maya and Olmec depicted themselves as felines (jaguars) in their art and architecture as evident in these figurines, which are typical of Mayan and Olmec iconography.
—Dr. Nicholas Saunders, The Jaguar in Mexico.
–Zahi Hawass, Mountain of the Pharaohs.
Given the fact that Egypt’s pharaohs depicted themselves as sphinxes (i.e., half man half feline creatures), what are the chances that ancient Mayan kings and rulers also depicted themselves as half man and half feline creatures? Can this be mere coincidence? Or does this parallel iconography on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean reveal some type of unexplained link between the Maya and Egyptians? How did “human-into-feline-transformation” become a cherished motif among both Maya and Egyptian kings?
For almost two decades, I’ve been pointing to the presence of Third Eye symbolism across the ancient world because I believe that the ancient art of “awakening the Third Eye” was a kind of universal religion that flourished in Antiquity, as-yet unrecognised by scholars.
There is ancient evidence of the Third Eye in Hinduism, where the Third Eye is symbolized by a dot on the forehead above and between the two eyes. This Third Eye dot, called “bindi” / “bindu,” “urna” and “trinetra,” is visible on images of the Buddha, gods, and bodhisattvas.
Is it possible that this same Third Eye symbol was known among ancient cultures outside Asia? I believe the answer is yes.
On the left, we see two so-called “Chac” masks encoded in Mayan architecture. They are stacked on top of each other, and each mask wears a giant circular stone on the forehead. The stone is in the same position as the Hindu “bindi dot,” which in India symbolises the Third Eye, a state of awakening and enlightenment.
On the right, in Egypt, the solar “aten” symbol crowns the forehead. In my opinion, the aten is a symbol of the soul / source. Shown here in the position of the Third Eye, the message is clear. According to ancient Hindu tradition, the act of awakening the Third Eye means awakening the eye of the soul and seeing the soul or source within.
— Richard Cavendish, ed. (1994). Man, Myth and Magic – Volume 19.
Ancient civilisations in the Americas, like the Maya and Aztecs (left), used the same forehead dot symbolism as Eastern cultures (right). Left: Head of a “rain god” (as described by scholars), with Third Eye “forehead dot,” found at Chichen Itza, Mexico. Right: Buddha image shown with bindi Third Eye “forehead dot,” typical of Asian statues.
Incredibly, and despite the fact that few scholars are willing to seriously entertain such a notion, the ancient Third Eye tradition of the Eastern hemisphere seems to have been a major cultural force in the Western hemisphere. As I explained in Written in Stone, we find a very Asian-like pattern of Third Eye symbolism among cultures that evolved and flourished in present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Peru, Ecuador, Columbia, Panama, Costa Rica and even the United States. These cultures include the Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Zapotec, Aztec, Inca, pre-Inca, and Mississippian cultures. For an overview of my research into the Third Eye among the ancient Egyptians, please read my article “Third Eye in Ancient Egypt”.
Left: Twin jaguars enmeshed as one, depicted in front of the Governor’s Palace at Uxmal, Mexico. Right: The Egyptian Aker Lions glyph, depicted on the Egyptian papyrus of Ani (Photo Courtesy of the British Museum).
The Maya and Egyptians both used the same “back-to-back” jaguars (Maya) and lions (Egyptians) motif. On the left, we see a statue in front of the Governor’s Palace at Uxmal, Mexico, depicting twin Mayan jaguars back-to-back. On the right, in the comparative image above, is a famous Egyptian “hieroglyph” or “god” or “motif” called Aker, depicting back-to-back twin lions.
—Pat Remler, Egyptian Mythology, A to Z.
A famous explanation of the Aker Lions was provided by Schwaller de Lubicz, a student of Egyptian symbolism best known for his twelve-year study of the Temple of Luxor, who wrote that the image represents the “present” moment in time (symbolised by the solar Aten symbol) in comparison to the “past” and “future” (symbolised by the twin lions).
Schwaller de Lubicz indicated that the lion on the left corresponds to “yesterday” and faces west, while the lion on the right faces east and represents “tomorrow.” With the eternal sundisk (which I believe symbolises the “soul within” or “higher Self”) centred between the dual opposing lions, de Lubicz hypothesised that the entire Aker Lions hieroglyph seems to signify the “Eternal Now” moment.
The idea of an “eternal present” moment or the “eternal now” moment is a central concept in Eastern spiritual teachings and occult philosophy. It goes by the name “non-duality,” and we find it in Advaita Vedanta, Ch’an Buddhism, Zen, Taoism and Sufism.
—Sanghamitra Dasgupta and Dilip Kumar Mohanta, Indian Philosophical Quarterly # 25.
There is a symbol in Mayan art and iconography that is similar to the Egyptian Aker Lions hieroglyph. This Mesoamerican counterpart depicts the image of twin jaguars and twin jaguar-like humans. Like the Aker lions in Egypt, the Mesoamerican jaguars are facing opposite directions, which, in my opinion, indicates that they symbolise duality. In some cases, not only are the jaguars lying back-to-back (close together and facing opposite directions) just like in Egypt, but they are also lying in such a way that their physical bodies are enmeshed. This gives the impression that their duality has been united, and they have combined into a single being—a double-headed jaguar.
Top left column: Maya statue depicting twin jaguars back-to-back in front of the Governor’s palace at Uxmal, Mexico glyphs. Middle Left Column: Twin jaguars shown back-to-back on the Nunnery at Uxmal, Mexico. Bottom left column: Twin sphinx-like humans shown back-to-back depicted on the Pyramid of the Magicians at Uxmal, Mexico. Right column: Egyptian Aker Lions glyphs from Egyptian papyri.
Did this “twin jaguar” symbol have the same meaning among the Maya as the Aker Lions symbol among the Egyptians?
Based on this symbolism, one could argue that Egypt’s Aker Lions symbol signifies the unification of opposites into the centre principle, the Aten or sundisk, which I believe symbolises the soul. In my book, Mayan Masonry, I present detailed evidence for the notion that in Mexico, the twin jaguar motif symbolises the unification of opposites into a kind of centre principle, where the two jaguars become a single and more powerful entity. This reflects a deep, metaphysical wisdom teaching that explains the concept of nonduality.
Le Plongeon found an even more amazing similarity that ties the Egyptian and Maya cultures to each other, and to Freemasonry. In his book, Sacred Mysteries Among the Mayas and the Quiches, Le Plongeon expressed his belief that the Egyptians and Maya used the very same Tau cross in a way that made him believe it had the same meaning in both Egypt and Mexico.
The Tau was a symbol used by ancient cultures in Greece, Ireland, Spain, Egypt, and Mexico (see image below). Its use by the Egyptians and Maya fascinated Le Plongeon.
How did both cultures, separated by the Atlantic Ocean, come to adapt the same Tau cross for thousands of years?
—Augustus Le Plongeon, Sacred Mysteries Among the Mayas and the Quiches.
For the Maya and Egyptians, the Tau was no insignificant object. They used it in their art, architecture, funeral rituals, ceremonies, on their altars and thrones, in their jewellery, and they depicted themselves and their gods holding the symbol on statues and reliefs, as shown in the images above.
In 1994, the uncovering of T-shaped stone pillars among the world’s oldest dated megaliths at the famous archaeological site of Göbekli Tepe provided stunning confirmation that the Tau cross played a major role among the most ancient civilisations around the world.
Tau-shaped “T” pillars at the ancient site of Gobekli Tepe, depicting human arms and hands shown in relief.
—Oliver Dietrich, The Tepe Telegrams.
Incredibly, the Egyptian Tau cross was sometimes personified—depicted with arms and legs.
Left: The Egyptian Tau Cross was often shown personified; here it is depicted with arms on an ancient Egyptian wall frieze at the Temple of Sobek and Haroeris, Kom-Ombo. Right: The T-shaped pillars of Göbekli Tepe—which I believe symbolise the Tau Cross—are shown in human form.
That Gobekli Tepe’s T-shaped pillars and ancient Egypt’s Tau cross were both anthropomorphised provides compelling evidence of a possible, even likely, connection between the two cultures. This powerful cross symbol has, of course, been appropriated by Christianity.
Left: Upper Temple of the Jaguars at Chichen Itza, Mexico. Right: Trajan’s Kiosk at Philae, Egypt.
I researched the ruins of Triptych Temples all over the ancient world—and most pronouncedly among the pyramid cultures—in the late 1990s, and, as demonstrated in my 2011 book Written in Stone, these temples all celebrate the same universal religion (Perennial Philosophy) of non-duality that was shared across all of antiquity.
Left: Pyramid of Kukulkan, Chichen Itza, Mexico. Triptych Temple of the Turtles in Uxmal, Mexico. Middle: Pyramid of Saqqara, Egypt. Triptych Temple of Seti II, Karnak, Egypt. Right: Koh Ker pyramid in Cambodia. Triptych Temple at Ta Prohm in Cambodia.
The pyramid-cultures all built “Triptych” three-door temples, with a wider and taller middle door than the two flanking it. The abundant occurrence of the Triptych across the ancient world is not a random coincidence. The Triptych represents more than merely an architectural element; the Triptych is the chief symbol of an advanced universal religion (perennial philosophy) that was once shared globally in antiquity, mainly by the pyramid cultures.
In my books, I have shown how the twin outer doors of Triptych Temples symbolise duality, or the “pairs of opposites”; the centre door symbolises the unity of the twin outer doors or the “balance of duality” (i.e., non-duality).
Left: Temple of the Turtles, Uxmal, Mexico. Right: Temple of Seti II in the atrium of the temple of Karnak, Egypt.
— Henri Frankfort, Kinship and the Gods, 1948.
The discovery of the Triptych provides evidence that ancient cultures worldwide shared the same spiritual beliefs, and that they encoded their beliefs in the parallel Triptych Temples that they designed and built. This discovery suggests that these cultures descended from the same remote parent source.
The ancient Mayan and Egyptian cultures do not seem to have been in contact with one another. There are no records of trade or warfare or any other types of trans-Atlantic communication. What’s more, there are many differences between the two cultures that are just as powerful as their similarities. For example, the Mayan ball game was a central feature of their culture; I have never heard of any Egyptian ball games. Also, the art of mummification does not seem to have played a key role in the Maya funerary ritual, as it did in Egypt.
To compare the two civilisations is at first blush manifestly unfair to the Maya, who were denied their say in history by both their isolation from the rest of the civilised world and because of the intentional destruction of the lion’s share of their cultural patrimony by the Spanish conquistadors. We will most likely never be able to read about the great exploits of the Maya counterparts, if such ever existed, to those of Cleopatra, King Tut, Rameses and Akhenaten.
Nonetheless, there is ample reason to believe, based on the striking parallel iconography and cultural phenomena I have presented here and elsewhere, that both civilisations evolved from the same more ancient parent culture or source civilisation—a mother culture so old that it has now been lost to time. Both cultures seem to have somehow shared the same religious tradition—as if they started off with the same body of metaphysical wisdom, albeit expressing this wisdom in slightly different ways, using their own “local dialect” in a sense. This is the theory that I put forth in my 2011 book, Written in Stone, and further flesh out in Mayan Masonry, where I look at several more profound Mayan and Egyptian parallels, as well as a panoply of other remarkable parallels shared by the Maya and other ancient civilisations.
Is it possible that these civilisations may be children of the same Mother Culture? Could they have descended from the same more ancient source without knowledge of each other? I think the astonishing answer may well be yes! As to what that Mother Culture was, and how it spread its tentacles throughout the ancient world, we don’t have all the answers yet. Despite some intriguing recent finds and reinterpretations of ancient artefacts, the source of ancient religious belief remains elusive in many respects; but I’m still digging and still sorting through a continuously-updated database of archaeological information. Watch this space!
Richard Cassaro is a Madrid-based author, lecturer, documentary filmmaker, and tour guide from New York City. His published books Written in Stone (2011), The Missing Link (2016), and Mayan Masonry (2018) offer rare insights into ancient megaliths, spirituality, mythology, magic, symbolism, secret societies, comparative religion and occult archaeology. Cassaro has discussed his work on the History Channel, and in documentary films including Magical Egypt 2. His articles have appeared in print journals and web media around the globe; and he has delivered well-received lectures about his findings in England, Italy, Peru, Egypt, Spain, Mexico, Cyprus, and the U.S. In his capacity as a field investigator, he hosts travel adventures to archaeological sites worldwide.
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Personally Richard I suspect it may connect those two civilizations as much as the other evidence.
Think about it. Why would two separate groups struggling with daily existence not only come up with the same idea of deforming their kids’ skulls but then spend god knows how many years – how many generations for that matter! – experimenting with countless methods and techniques until they finally achieved a methodology and a transformed adult to justify the whole process?
Great article. Just one thing though, apologies for being pedantic but the song ‘Ebony and Ivory’ is sung by Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder, not Michael Jackson.
Excellent!!! Three for three. A most worthy addition to the other two, “Written in Stone” and “Missing link.” There’s something about that Triptych stuff and stoneware, to be sure. Your books and web site and observations are three invaluable resources to take along on masonry related explorations.
Some basic HTML is allowed. | 2019-04-19T06:47:22Z | https://grahamhancock.com/cassaror4/ |
Theatre at the international theatre festivals of the two countries, Armenia and Russia.
Slava Stepanyan "For best Director" of the play "Une Demande De Mariage"
Nelly Shahbazova "For adapting literary works for the theater" in the play "Une Demande De Mariage"
Dmitry Pervushin "best actor" in the play "Une Demande De Mariage"
Olga Vasilyeva "For the main female role" in the play "Une Demande De Mariage"
Artur Dilanyan "For outstanding interpretation of male image" in the play "Une Demande De Mariage"
the Zita Badalyan "For the special interpretation of the female image" in the play "Une Demande De Mariage"
Alexei Samoilov "unusual For the embodiment of Chekhov's Russian soul" in the play "Une Demande De Mariage"
Tigran Stepanyan "For the unusual light and music" of the play "Une Demande De Mariage"
From 18 to 25 August 2014, the play "the human Voice" was presented at the festival Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2014. Performances were held in the premises of Spotlites @ The Merchants’ Hall (Venue 278).
In December 2013, the play "Meet on the Solaris" took part in IV Slavic art Forum "Zolotoi Vityaz". The performance is directed by Natalia Bondarchuk was awarded the Grand Prix IV of the Slavic arts Forum "Golden knight" for the play "Meeting on Solaris" , actress Sofia Torosian received a Gold certificate for his role in the play "Meeting on Solaris".
In December 2013 participated in the program "Russian seasons in Germany", where he presented the performance "the human Voice".
In October 2013, the theatre participated in the program "La saison russe" in AIX EN Provence at the invitation of the production company DATCHA - KALINA and President of the company Mrs. Caline Reynier. October 24, 2013 at Théâtre Antoine Vitez took place the play "the human Voice" in French.
From 24 to 27 September 2013 went on a tour of the theater in the Chelyabinsk region. As part of a tour of the Magnitogorsk audience saw the three plays: "Wai, Wai, or Voyage in Armenian", "Luys Marie. The ode "To Joy" and "Looking for baby". Performances were held in the drama theatre. Pushkin. On 24 September, in the drama theatre. Pushkin held a press conference devoted to the first touring theater in the Chelyabinsk region.
From 6 to 18 July 2013, the theatre took part in the OFF program of the International theatre festival in Avignon. At the Théâtre des 3 Soleils was presented the performance "En quête d'amour".
In June 2013, the theatre took part in non-competitive program of the International festival of ancient art "Bosporan agony". The audience and the jury was presented the play "the human Voice".
Joint project with the Producer center "the Golden age"
on 15 June 2013 theater closed its 10th anniversary season with a collaborative project with the Producer center "the Golden age"(President - Natalia Sergeevna Bondarchuk) . In the Center-Museum of Vladimir Vysotsky on Taganka, in the creative evening of the Honoured artist of Russia, film Director Natalia Bondarchuk was presented a sketch of the future performance "of the Meeting, on Solaris"(dedicated to the memory of the greatest world famous filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky Tarkovsky). The project involves the actors of the Moscow Armenian theatre: Sofia Torosian, Anton Afanasiev.
January 7, 2013 performance of "Luys Marie. Ode To Joy took part in the Children's Christmas Festival "the Tripod". Diploma Of The Moscow City Duma. Diploma Of Children's Christmas Festival "The Tripod".
In October 2012, the theatre took part in International theatre festival of solo performances "Maria"
the one-man show Jean Cocteau "the human Voice" — dir. S. Stepanyan was awarded the Diploma of laureate of International theatre festival of solo performances "Maria" Zita Badalyan was awarded the Diploma of laureate of International theatre festival of solo performances "Maria" and received the Main prize of the festival "Silver medallion "Maria"
In August 2012, the Moscow Armenian theatre took part in the cultural program of the Olympic games in London. The play "Searching for the beloved" was presented to the London audience and guests of the Olympics in Hyde Park.
Joint project with the TV Channel "Culture"
In September 2011 with the premiere of "METANOIA" - a changed consciousness" (joint project with the TV Channel "Culture" the theatre opened its theatre season IX.
the Literary basis underlying the performance - the text is a medieval French farce of the fifteenth century an unknown author, "Lawyer Pierre Pathelin".
Director - Oleksandr Klymenko (Director and theater actor, Director and screenwriter TC "Culture", graduate of the Perm choreographic school, the Tashkent art Institute, GITIS. Lunacharsky (now RATI). Member of the American Academy of cinema.
in the Spring of 2011 the orchestra toured in cities of Russia at the invitation of the Armenian Diaspora cities Ivanova and Alexandrov. Presented plays "Luys Marie.The ode "To joy" and "Looking for baby".
In March 2011 in the city of Samara has been successfully toured Moscow Armenian theatre.
the Tour was organized by Producer center "Marlene" (producer A. Prokaev) and passed on the stage of the Municipal theater "SAMARSKAYA AREA".
Moscow Armenian Theatre opened its eighth Season on 25 October 2010 on the stage of the Theatrical centre STD of the Russian Federation "na Strastnom" in the program of the Festival "SOLO".
the theater was awarded the Diploma of the International theatrical festival of SOLO performances “SOLO” for solo Zita Badalyan.
pan-Armenian Festival "One nation, one culture"
In September 2010 "Moscow Armenian Theatre" participated in pan-Armenian Festival "One nation, one culture" in Yerevan and Stepanakert, with the performance "Luys Marie. Ode To joy.
the theater was awarded the Diploma of the Ministry of Diaspora of the Republic of Armenia "For contribution to the development and popularization of Armenian culture and strengthening of friendly ties between Russia and Armenia".
Actress Zita Badalyan was awarded the Medal of William Saroyan's "For a significant contribution to the development and popularization of Armenian culture and strengthening of friendly ties between Russia and Armenia".
international Festival of Armenian Culture "Karot"
In September 2010 "Moscow Armenian Theatre" participated in the International Festival Armenian Culture "Karot", held in Yerevan and Nagorno-Karabakh.
honored artist of Russia A. Semchev.
the Creative group of the theater (16), awarded by Diplomas of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Armenia "For contribution to the development and strengthening of Armenian-Russian relations, and for the active promotion of pan-Armenian Festival "Karot".
the theatre was awarded the Golden diploma of the Festival "Karot".
the theatre's Artistic Director Slava Stepanyan was awarded the Diploma of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia.
June 2010 – tour with a collaborative project, the play "Seeking the beloved" and the play "the human Voice" (the show is in Russian, Armenian and French) on the cities of Germany.
March 2010 – a joint project of the Moscow Armenian theatre Berlin theatre "Theater am Alex Sommer" and the theatre "Am Olgaeck" the city of Stuttgart – the play "Looking for your search" staged by the artistic Director of the Berlin theater "Theater am Alex Sommer" and the theater "Am Olgaeck" Stuttgart - Nelly Eichhorn.
December 2010 - tour in the city of Usinsk with performance "the Encounter", at the invitation of the Komi Republican branch of all-Russia public organization of veterans "Combat brotherhood"
gratitude to the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Armenia in the Russian Federation on behalf of the Chairman of the Komi Republican branch of VOOV "Combat brotherhood", P Poselenova.
Artistic Director of the theater Stepanyan S. A. received a Finalist's Diploma of the city contest "the COMMONWEALTH" - teacher of the YEAR 2009 on behalf of the head of Department of education of Moscow V. I. Rozdina.
the Actress and the choreographer of "the MOSCOW ARMENIAN THEATRE" Sona Hovsepyan Yu was appointed the head of the Russian Committee of the steppe.
VII international Theatre Forum "Golden knight"
Moscow Armenian theatre p/R Glory Stepanian received the "Silver diploma" of the VII MTF "Golden knight" in a nomination "Theatre for children" for the play "Luys Marie. Ode To Joy.
In April 2009, "MOSCOW ARMENIAN THEATRE" participated in XI international festival of Russian theatres of CIS and Baltic States "MEETINGS IN RUSSIA" (St.-Petersburg).
the theater was awarded the diploma for participation in the festival with a performance of "Wai, Wai, or Voyage in Armenian"(musical commotion on the verge of a nervous breakdown on the play by G. Ter-Aleksanyan "a pilgrimage to the Church of St. Gevorg in Teleti", Director - Stepanyan).
VI Festival the competition of national theaters "Moscow – city of peace"
"MOSCOW ARMENIAN THEATRE" p/R S. Stepanyan was awarded the Diploma for the performance "Luys Marie. The Ode "To Joy" Alexander Alferov.
the Diploma of Laureate was awarded the author and the Director of the play "Luys Marie. Ode To Joy L. Alexander Alferov (posthumously).
the Diploma of Laureate awarded Zita Badalyan for the role of Luys Marie in the play "Luys Marie. Ode To Joy.
the Choreographer of "the MOSCOW ARMENIAN THEATRE" Sahakyan Nut mkrtychevich awarded the medal "ORDER of PEACE" of the III degree of the International Academy of Patronage.
In November 2008, the actress "the Moscow Armenian Theatre" Lira Ailarova participated in International music Festival-contest "Memory of Doina and ion Aldea-Teodorovici", held in Chisinau (Republic of Moldova) and received a Gold medal, a Diploma "For best performance" and the Special "Audience Award".
In October 2008 "Moscow Armenian Theatre" under the direction of Fame Stepanian attended the International theatre festival HIGH FEST (Yerevan) with the performance "Hey, anyone!.." put on the eponymous play by William Saroyan, and received the Award and the certificate of the International theatre festival HIGH FEST for successful performance in celebration of the 100th anniversary of William Saroyan.
VIII international Festival "the Four elements" (music, cinema, theatre, tradition). MOSCOW – AVIGNON. The contest "Ethnica"
In October 2008 "Moscow Armenian Theatre" under the direction of Fame Stepanian attended the VIII International theatre festival "the Four elements" (music, cinema, theatre, tradition) MOSCOW – AVIGNON. Actor "Moscow Armenian Theatre" under the direction of Fame Stepanian Karen Martirosyan was awarded with "the Prize of spectator sympathies" for the main male role in the play "don't hurt that person"(the short stories of Leonid Yengibarov).
gold medal of Armenian Cultural Festival "Karot"
the theatre's Artistic Director, Slava Stepanyan, actors Arthur Danielyan, Karen Martirosyan and Zita Badalyan was awarded Gold Medals of the Armenian Cultural Festival "Karot" for the play-action "the Court is...", against genocide and ethnic wars.
In may 2008 "Moscow Armenian Theatre" participated in the VIII International Festival of Armenian Culture "Karot". At the festival theatre held a performance is an action of memory of victims of the Armenian Genocide of 1915.
14 may 2008 "Moscow Armenian Theatre" in collaboration with the leading cultural figures of Russia and Armenia presented to the audience a play-action " the Court is..." on the play by well-known Armenian playwright perch Zeytuntsyan, dedicating the show to victims of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. The basis of the play the real trial of the hero of the Armenian people Regarding the Event, held in 1921 in Germany. The trial of Soghomon Event, killed in Berlin of Talaat Pasha (the instigator and inspirer of the Genocide of the Armenian population in the Turkish state) becomes our eyes in the process over by Talaat Pasha and his ilk, over the fiends forever settling the Armenian universal sadness in his eyes. The play involved an unprecedented stellar cast.
actors of the Yerevan state academic theater. G. Sundukyan - A. Safarian, A. Babajanian; the actor of Yerevan dramatic theatre. H. Ghaplanyan honored artist of Armenia Hovik babakhanian, actor of Yerevan theatre of "Hamazkayin" - A. Gasparyan and others.
On the play-actions of the Moscow Armenian Theatre "the Court is..." movie Studio "BERG SOUND" (producer M. Pogosov) shot the same film (the DVD version of the play), as well as the documentary "a Film about the play" (about the creative process of staging a production of the play).
V Festival of national theatres "Moscow – city of peace"
In April 2008, the Moscow Armenian Theatre" participated in the V Festival of national theatres "Moscow – the city of peace".
the Diploma of Laureate of the Festival awarded the performance of "Wai, Wai, or voyage in Armenian" (Director of photography – Stepanyan) "For originality of style and the embodiment of the national spirit".
the Diploma of laureate is awarded Ani Muradyan Matho for his role in the play "Vai, Vai or voyage in Armenian".
the Diploma of laureate awarded Zita Badalyan for the role of Sophia in the play "Vai, Vai or voyage in Armenian".
awarded the diploma of the Moscow Armenian theatre under the direction of Fame Stepanian "For creative contribution to the preservation, popularization and development of national culture".
Joint project of "Moscow Armenian theatre" and the Ensemble modern Israeli and traditional Jewish songs "Star of David"
In April 2008 a joint project of "Moscow Armenian theatre" and the Ensemble modern Israeli and traditional Jewish songs "Star of David" (hands. N. Kritsky). Evening of friendship of the Jewish and Armenian people.
In city Podolsk theatre presented a production of "Wai, Wai, or Voyage in Armenian", after the performance a meeting was held with representatives of the Armenian Diaspora.
III Moscow open youth theater festival "good luck!"
In March 2008, the Moscow Armenian Theatre" participated in the III Moscow open youth theatre festival "good luck!". Saw the play "Duel" (a drama based on the eponymous play by A. Rimowa). The play "the Duel" (directed by Sayat Abajyan) was awarded the Diploma of the organizing Committee of the Festival. Special Diploma of the Festival was awarded the Moscow Armenian theatre p/R Stepanian of Fame "For high civil sound performance".
Festival "Stars over the eye"
In March 2008, the participation of the "Moscow Armenian theatre" in the Festival of music and theatre "Stars over the Oka" in the town of eagle.
In October 2007, the Artistic Director of theatre A. S. Stepanyan was awarded the Gold medal of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Armenia "For contribution to the development of national culture and in connection with V the jubilee season of "the Moscow Armenian Theatre".
II international theatre Festival of folklore "Russian Island 2007"
In October 2007, the participation in the II international festival of theatre of folklore "Russian Island 2007" with performance "the adventures of Armenian hunters". The theatre was awarded the special jury prize "For the modern incarnation of national traditions".
VI international Festival "the Four elements" (music, cinema, theatre, tradition). MOSCOW – AVIGNON. The contest "Ethnica"
In October 2007 participation in the International festival "the Four elements" (Music, cinema, theatre, ethnics ) in the contest "ethnics" with performances of "Wai, Wai, or voyage Armenian" and "Armenian adventure hunters". The performance of "Wai, Wai, or voyage in Armenian" received the Laureate Diploma "For bright national coloring and the sincerity of the incarnation".
In the competition "Ethnica" festival "Four elements", were also awarded Zita Badalyan – A diploma "For the bright actor" in the play "the adventures of Armenian hunters".
Joint project of "Moscow Armenian theatre" International theatre laboratory "Workshop Nicky Kosenkova" and the Moscow theatre centre "Vernissage"
In June 2007, the participation of the "Moscow Armenian theatre" p/R Stepanian Glory in a joint project with the International theatre laboratory "Workshop Nicky Kosenkova" and the Moscow theatrical centre "Vernissage" in (France). From July 4 - July 8 participation in the Youth festival in Grenoble (France).
In June 2007, the Award "THEATRE-goer" in the category "Attention! The new theatre!" was awarded "Moscow Armenian theatre" p/R Stepanian Glory.
a Joint project of "Moscow Armenian theatre" youth theatre French Lyceum. A. Dumas. The performance of "My memories".
In March-April 2007 participation in Youth Festival in Dijon (France). In March-April 2007 - Tour "Moscow Armenian theatre p/R Stepanian Glory" in Dijon (France) with performance "the human Voice" (psychological drama based on the play by Jean Cocteau).
In February 2007, hosted tour "Moscow Armenian theatre" in Minsk. At National academic theatre of Yanka Kupala shows the performance of William Saroyan's "anybody!..".
Tours of the theater were organized at the initiative and with the participation of the Armenian community of Belarus, with the assistance of the Armenian Embassy in the Russian Federation, on the basis of the agreement on cooperation between the Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Belarus and the National academic theatre of Yanka Kupala.
In June 2006, the theatre showcased the creative time report to the Government of Moscow. Present at the party First Deputy Mayor of Moscow MS L. I. Shvetsova highly appreciated the creative potential of the theatre and noted the importance of establishing national institutes for culture in a multicultural metropolis like Moscow. In his welcoming speech, she said: "We try to make our city the Moscow – city of peace, city respect each other, the city of tolerance in relation to each other, the city where never will be ethnic conflicts, because we have nothing to share, because we have one story, one life, and a common concern that our children could grow up to become good people. And, I want to see Moscow Armenian theatre has helped us, to the Moscow authorities, in this. I want you to be our allies in building this city and the world in our city..." | 2019-04-24T20:02:27Z | http://www.mosarmteatr.com/en/about/prixes |
Zionist Rovno won over public opinion and attracted many from the working classes, those who at first kept their distance. Even Rabbi Zalman Greenfeld received news differently. Some news events were happy and exciting but surpassing all was the awakening and the bitterness after finding out about the summer 1929 riots in EretzIsrael. And as someone who was part of the Zionist Movement and one of the leaders of HashomerHatzair back then, I am able to put into words this devastating event.
The same evening the Municipal Zionist Council convened with the participation of representatives from all the parties and youth movements to explore the upsetting news, debated and decided to telegraph the Zionist Center in Warsaw and EretzIsrael, ask about the situation and encourage those who were fighting. The next day a protest meeting was called in order to express fury and demand that the Polish Government react in an international forum to this assault on Israel and its rights on its historic homeland. Even before the news was published everybody knew what happened. Deeply worried about the situation in Israel, and about our fighting friends, and about our future, we were unable to go on with our usual activities. The members of Hashomer Hatzair were ordered to come from their summersettlements and attend the big meeting in the synagogue, and they all arrived, united and ready, wearing their uniforms; we entered the synagogue and joined all the others in protest for action.
Of course, there were in the city accusers, who wanted to use this opportunity to prove their righteous attitude toward Zionism and EretzIsrael, but they did not dare express their views in public, and maybe the bloodshed touched their hearts and they kept quiet. It was a day of communion with EretzIsrael and a deep concern about its future.
Rabbi Yehuda Matiok, back then one of the Mizrahi leaders, was the first to speak with great emotion about the situation, the danger, the indifference of the authorities who were temporally responsible for the conditions for building our future in the HolyLand, about the insolence of the Arab neighbors, incited by people looking for disputes rather than creating harmony and peaceful lives. He spoke on the development of the country and about the duty of the generations, especially the youth in the diaspora, to be alert to these events. We knew well, he said, that it would not be easy to return to the country from which we were exiled, that inhuman efforts would be needed and victims, too, but the victory will come. All of us, old and young, will leave, make Aliya, demand and defend the rebirth endeavor that already begun, and with the help of God our enemies' attitude will change. His words, stemming from his aching heart, entered the listeners' hearts, who were crying emotionally.
He moved the youth especially, who were smitten by the speaker's words. The division between the Zionists and the Religious disappeared, forgotten were all the ideological contradictions, a common aim united all.
Following Rabbi Matiok, were Lawyer Rothfeld, the head of the Zionists in town, Dr. Yosef Shvidki and Yohanan Levin. They all analyzed and explained the situation and excited our minds and hearts. Rabbi SheneorZalman Greenfeld completed the list of speakers and after making decisions to condemn and encourage, all the participants formed a parade of thousands to the main street May Third on their way to the Starosta offices on the Thirteen Division Street. Shop owners closed their shops, clerks left their offices, coachmen joined, youth proceeded from schools and workshops, all joined the parade under the nation's flags, HashomerHatzair, Gordonia, Chalutz Hatzair and the Zionist Youth.
When the parade reached the Starosta, it was received with respect by the officials. Lawyer Rothfeld read a petition in which he expressed the deep shock of all the people in the country and in the world by the assault on the young settlement in its homeland and asked to convey to the Polish Government the Jews' outrage and demand that Poland will execute the necessary acts for the Jews in EretzIsrael. His brilliant and tothepoint speech, which he delivered after he read the petition in flowery Polish, was a demand and vision at the same time, and the listeners did not forget it for many years.
It was a good feeling that on this day of challenge to Rovno's Zionism, the Jews showed their loyalty to EretzIsrael with courage and devotion.
As a big city populated with Jews who had deep roots in Zionism from the very beginning, and who grew strong branches to the national movement, as a city where the Hebrew Culture was better absorbed than in other cities and that educated generations of leaders, turned dreamers to fighters and had an important role in the national rebirth and the building of the historical homeland, it is only natural that it had many visitors, dignitaries of the Zionist Movement. Leaders, speakers, propagandists, guides, writers, journalists, teachers, messengers and other famous dignitaries and influential personalities in the Jewish and Zionist world visited Rovno during the beginning of the twentieth century. Each one of these visitors, who stayed overnight or longer, left memories and impressions from his short or long sojourn in the city. There were dignitaries who passed the city incidentally, others stayed for a while, they all left unforgettable impressions.
he most visited and appeared in meetings and conferences as well as at fund raising; he attracted sympathizers to the national goals of Zionism. The veteran Zionists in Rovno mentioned with admiration his name as the first preacher who brought to Rovno the Zionist Gospel, at first in the spirit of HibbatZion and later according to Herzl's plan. He also bound Rovno to the Odessa Council and invested many resources in the election campaign for the first royal Duma. Rovno benefitted greatly from Ashkenazi, and when he died sent a delegation of the best Zionists to his funeral in Dovna, June 20, 1909.
Many remember R' Nathan Brecher, the preacher and loyal activist, who visited Rovno twice between 19111912 as Odessa's HoveveiZion messenger. M. Ussishkin recognized Zionist Rovno's power and sent Brecher to act in this city. He spent several weeks in Rovno. With his help and influence a few hundred fee paying members were obtained for the council and its supporters. Money was collected in different forms; he made appearances in synagogues and parties. He lodged at the house of R' Yehuda Matiok, the Zionist activist and the younger Zionists (From Zeirai Zion of these days) were his escorts and assistants. Brecher's impact on Rovno was felt for many days.
In June 1931 Itamar BenAvi (the son of Eliezer BenYehuda, the reviver of the Hebrew language in Jerusalem) arrived at Rovno as a guest and speaker. Itamar BenAvi was crossing Europe and reached Russia with his wife, also born in Jerusalem.
When Rovno's Zionists heard he was about to lecture in some main cities, they invited him to Rovno. It was a pleasant and important surprise to the Zionists and to Hebrew lovers and a mighty homage to the Hebrew revival. All the city dignitaries came to the BellView Hotel to meet the EretzIsrael couple who spoke Hebrew, and in the evening, masses flowed to LigatHatzdek Hall in order to hear a lecture in Hebrew from a Hebrew lecturer, a messenger from the revival land. Since all tickets were sold and the pressure was great, they had to open the doors and windows to enable the masses who stayed outside to listen and absorb something from the lecture; back then they did not have loudspeakers in Rovno.
It took a while for the ushers and the Zionist activists to maintain some order in the hall and outside and the lecture began late. Rabbi Zalman Goldenberg introduced BenAvi to the audience with warm words, deserving of Eliezer BenYehuda's son, born in EretzIsrael. After the praise and expression of hope in the revival of our national language, BenAvi stood and gave a brilliant speech in his vivid and eloquent language about EretzIsrael and the revival of Hebrew. He rejected any compromises about the use of Hebrew in everyday speech. The language is the soul of Zionism he said a basic element in the Hebrew revival, the very foundation of Zionism: hence, there is no place for compromises or concessions. The news he gave from EretzIsrael raised the audience's spirit.
and his wife from the lecture to Itzhak Melamed's house. The next day, in the afternoon, the Zionists held a festive reception for the guests in Zvi Baharel's house.
Distinct among the speeches delivered on that occasion for EretzIsrael 's couple, are remembered the words of R' Yehuda Matiok, who said: Our dear guests, who are the fruits of the Land, remind us of the excellent Etrog and Lulav, and we deserve a ‘Shehecheyanu’ blessing. The party lasted until after midnight and at the end BenAvi and his wife sang Israeli songs, including the duet: Sham Shualim Yesh (there are foxes there), which created a great enthusiasm among the youth. The singing of Hatikvah ended the celebration that left a deep impression on all participants.
One of the first Zionists, Dr. Bochmil was wellknown in Rovno as one of the initiators of the revival. He visited the city many times at different periods, as a messenger of the Zionist Histadrut to advertise the movement and attract many to its ranks. He also received a mandate from Rovno to participate in one of the Congresses as Rovno Zionists' delegate. Dr. Bochmil won the hearts and was very much liked by his listeners and by the Zionist activists of the city; indeed, his service for Zionism in Rovno was quite remarkable.
Haim Greenberg was wellknown in our city. As early as 1910, when he was visiting a few cities of the Pale of Residence in order to strengthen Zionist action and to convert people to the goals and the movement, he was sent from the Russian Zionist Center to Rovno. The city Zionists and its intellectuals received him with great honor, appropriate for the Center's messenger, and beginning with the first meeting, warm and friendly connections with him were established. He lectured about Hayim Nahman Bialik and his poetry.
Greenberg, who was still young but respectful, and used eloquent language, conquered his listeners' hearts in his first lecture. He was even crowned by some as a second to Jabotinsky. His stay in the city was a time of Zionist awakening and the results were soon obvious. The Zionist pulse in Rovno was strong and Greenberg's lecture added oil to the movement's wheels. The youth, especially, were charmed by Greenberg's presentation; they fell under his magic and filled the ranks of the local association.
Greenberg was eighteen years old when he participated in the 1906 Helsingfors Helsinki conference. The Finland capital was chosen as the site of the conference because conditions in Russia proper restricted meetings and the exercise of free speech. Greenberg built his Zionist knowledge and he knew how to best express it. He was successful wherever he went, but in Rovno most of all.
at the BellView Hotel after his lecture. These words were not an exaggeration because all his listeners were convinced and motivated.
During a long and hearty conversation with Greenberg in his hotel, he went on talking in Hebrew with a Sephardic accent, just as he spoke before, as if it was all natural and obvious.
Greenberg's lecture for the Hebrew Lovers' association was held in the New World Hall, the big hall was filled to capacity, and the Rovno audience was able to enjoy the artistic and educational words. It was a very inclusive lecture full of national culture and the craving for new life in the ancient homeland, and it turned into a sort of Zionist Torah reading and a deep nationalist consciousness.
The third time Greenberg visited Rovno had to do with cultural matters and his meeting with his old friends in town was pleasant. Rovno's Zionists remembered his awesome previous lectures and his public again listened with sympathy to the ideas he developed about culture and spirituality, and the road he mapped for the diaspora people toward independent life in the homeland.
Dr. Itzhak Shifer, the Polish Delegate came to Rovno on January 7, 1925 and stayed for several days.
His first meeting with the city's activists was at the local council for aiding orphans. Shifer himself was an executive member of the center for aiding orphans in Warsaw. In this meeting Avraham Dannenberg welcomed the guest and talked about the public and institutions' obligations toward war orphans. Dr. Rappaport called, in the name of the local community council, to enlist all forces and means for this purpose and social aid in general. The last speaker was Z. Gurion, who ranked taking care of orphans at the head of the council's concerns, saying: supporting the orphans means supporting the whole population and taking care of the future of all the Jews.
The speaker concluded saying the orphan problem was urgent and called to save the Jewish children from degeneration and extinction.
Dr. Shifer also participated in a general meeting of the HIAS immigration company and his brilliant speech there left a strong impression.
That same day a ball in the honor of the guest was held in the merchants' club Kupietsky Club with the participation of the representatives from all the institutions and social groups of the city, and they all enjoyed their time with the guest until late at night.
The next day Dr. Shifer was invited to a celebratory meeting of the Municipal Zionist Council where he lectured about the last Zionist Congress and the recent positions and movements.
Itzhak Greenboym, who was the honorary president of Poland's Zionists, and the distinguished leader of Polish Jewry, was invited to the general meeting of the Zionist Union in Rovno that was convened on January 9, 1933. In the welcoming party that was held in his honor participated the representatives of all the Zionist organizations in the city. As soon as he arrived he spent some time with friends at the Warsaw Hotel and then went to visit the Central Chalutz. In the evening, he was welcomed by a large audience in a Jewish National Fund meeting and spoke there about the importance of the National Jewish Fund, especially at this time.
Later Greenboym appeared in Folks Theater and was received with applause by the masses who filled the hall to capacity. Dr. Rothfeld, the chairman of Rovno's Zionists opened by greeting Greenboym and extolling his personality and his rich activities in all national areas. The speaker mentioned, as well, that Greenboym was about to make Aliya and he will surely be missed in all Jewish activities in Poland.
In a speech that lasted three hours about Diaspora and EretzIsrael Greenboym spoke about Jewish life in the world and in Poland, analyzed the factors and stated the necessity of EretzIsrael as a solution to the nation's future from all aspects. The brilliant speech was heard with upmost attention and was interrupted many times by loud applause. It had been many years since Rovno heard such an elaborate and deep lecture.
Afterward a celebration was held in honor of the guest in the main office of the Company for Orphans. Dr. Rothfeld was at the head and Roznhak was the masterofceremony and created a welcoming ambiance. The heads of the activists in Rovno celebrated with Greenboym until dawn.
At noon on Shabbat Greenboym visited Hashomer Hatzair' Kibbutz and later the National Shomer. He was invited to lunch by Mrs. Rosa Berliner, president of WIZO, Women's International Zionist Organization, an activist for the national funds and the orphanages in the city.
The public meeting with Itzhak Greenboym was held on Shabbat night and attracted masses who were deeply impressed by his words.
welcoming and organized meetings to be held with his participation for the Jewish National Fund and a youth seminar. The bustle in Hashomer Hatzair, Gordonia and The ZionistYouth and other youth movement was great and special tickets were distributed to the seminar's participants, letting the organizations compete for them.
In the morning of Friday, January 14, 1938 Bistritzki arrived in Rovno and was received by Zionist activists who waited for him at the trainstation. That same day the visitor met with the Jewish National Fund's council; together they prepared a plan and in the evening the youth's seminar was opened with the signing of Tehezakna. The lecturer was welcomed by H. Sashka, a Rovno Hashomer Hatzair activist back then, and the youngsters listened to a lecture titled: The Problems of Youth in Zionism. The audience listened to Bistritzki for an hour and a half and was captivated. The impressive evening ended with the singing of Hatikvah, but the young people did not disperse. Hand in hand and with an enthusiastic and long Hora all were swept into an Israeli mood and Bistritzki watched and enjoyed, surrounded by this young audience and feeling like a rabbi among his devoted followers.
The next day, the Shabbat, the seminar went on. In the afternoon the Mizrachi organized Oneg Shabbat and Bistritzki sang Israeli songs with the participants. Among others, the song Jerusalem by Avigdor Hameiri, brought tears of deep emotion.
Back then they were in the middle of the endeavor The Forest of Five in Jerusalem Mountains, next to KiriatAnavim, in memory of the five pioneers of Gordonia group who died when they were working in the forest. The Jewish National Fund issued a special postcard, whose revenues were dedicated to this endeavor.
In the evening, a celebration was held for Bistritzki at Tarbut Gymnasium. Rovno's most prominent Zionists and activists sat around tables laden with food, among them stood out the parents of the Gymnasium's students, all of them Zionists. The guest's lecture, peppered with Israeli jokes, was brilliant and by the end of the evening all present became The League of Parents for the Jewish National Fund. Thus, another link was added to the Jewish National Fund in Rovno.
It this visit Bistritzki was able to awaken sleeping forces, attract activists who were inactive and make them enter the efforts renewed, and thus to pour new blood into the Zionist work in the city.
On Monday Tu Bishvat the Day of the Zionist Youth was celebrated in Novi Shevait Hall and at the center was, again, Bistritzki, who spoke about Tu Bishvat and other youth celebrations in EretzIsrael. He emphasized the planting of the Forest of the Five on the Mountains next to KiriatAnavim, stressing our strong commitment to go on planting forests and paving roads to conquer the land. Our hearts opened up, and the youth found inspiration. The orchestra of the Zionist Youth played national tunes and recitations were heard. Another public address by Bistritzki was at Zafran Theatre about: Our Fight for Israel, that attracted the whole city. Dr. Issachar Rise, the Gymnasium's principal, welcomed the guest with a forceful speech, as the youth's friend, an activist and a veteran writer. That same evening Bistritzki spoke to women in the Novi Shevait Hall, the subject was: The Woman as a Building Element in the National Home in EretzIsrael. The lecture left a deep impression on the listeners.
On Wednesday, January 10 the youth seminar was held. In this concluding meeting, everyone felt a powerful drive for building EretzIsrael. Parting with Bistritzki was painful, and everybody knew that his work during his five days stay bore fruit.
Keren Hayesod was active in Rovno since its founding, as a natural continuation of Keren Hageula in 1920, which was particularly successful in Rovno. The city's Jews, Zionist and nonZionists, who were accustomed to give money for building and populating EretzIsrael responded to KerenHayesod, as well, some because they wanted to and others under pressure and influence; they were entreated and they gave. The number, at the beginning, was not great (in the years 19271928 there were only 200 people and only half of them among the rich citizens of the city and the money raised was 18.000 gold coins, but in the years 19281929 the number of the donors was doubled and the sum of donations was 160% higher).
showed a general income of 47.403 Polish Golden coins a sum that was relatively higher than in cities like Bialystok and Lvov, although the Jewish population of Rovno was smaller than in these cities. In the years after the report Rovno was in the third place after Warsaw in raising funds for KerenHayesod. The total sum of the funding did not reach 10%, but the work for KerenHayesod grew constantly, and if it did not yet include all the population it was mainly because of lack of fund raisers and collectors. The economic decline in Poland during the twenties, the defamation of Israel by people who departed, and the leftists' defamation in the Jewish street, probably had some impact on fund raising; still it did not diminish KerenHayesod's revenues, on the contrary they were increasing.
A special council was founded for KerenHayesod, in which participated the representatives of all the Zionist parties and movements of the city (including the Revisionist in the first years). The heads of KerenHayesod in those years were: Pinkas Galferson, chairman, Yehuda Matiok and Anshil Bookimer, vicechairmen, Yosef Vigdorovitz, treasurer, Menahem Gelarter, secretary. The members of the presidency were H.M. Fissyok, G. Wagmiester, Dr. M. Liashvsky, A. Lerner, S.
Kolikovicher, A.L. Kalika, A. Rapport, Dr. I. Shvidki. In the audit committee: H. Kendelis, Y. Levin, M. Blotinsky. R. Bru, I. Frind, S.I. Perlmutter. Director Yaakov Wiseblatt (BarMidot). The Revisionists' representatives retired from the council.
Among WIZO leaders who were active in the fund's council were Mrs. Rosa Berliner (Raydel), Fissyuk, Wienberg and others. One of the activists and activators for KerenHayesod was Menaham Gelerter, until he made Aliya.
these were held with lots of publicity, each fund and its results. The funds created an awakening in the Zionist circles and in the city in general and strengthened the activists and the donors. Adults neglected their businesses and work, students stole time from studying and the fund days turned into Holidays and activism for KerenHayesod. Psychological and spiritual causes demanded concentrating on this vital Zionist activity. Meetings and assemblies, visits and discussion, signing commitments, increasing donations, and debt collections went on in the city, and, despite all the obstacles, KerenHayesod activities grew every year in Rovno.
donated and raised money until Rovno was in the first line among Volhynia's cities when it came to KerenHayesod donations.
Leib Yaffe, who arrived from EretzIsrael as KerenHayesod's messenger to Poland, stayed in Rovno about a week. Rovno's Jews gave him a royal welcome. Thirty delegations of Zionist movements and organizations and the schools with their flags came to welcome him at the trainstation. At the hotel where he stayed, the national flag was raised alongside the Polish flag.
surprised by this awakening and asked innocently: Is this the Jewish President of Palestine?
The national spirit that blew over Rovno, the Hebrew Culture that took root in the city, the pioneer movement back then and the visits of the movement's leaders for fund raising, brought Rovno closer to EretzIsrael and the mutual influence on both was great.
Rovno's sons, even the nonZionists, proved by their commitment to KerenHayesod that indeed the time of begging for money for EretzIsrael was over, and now was the time for building and conquering the land on a large scale, and every Jew, wherever he is, needs to pay his due to the people's fund. Obviously, most of the time the payments did not cover the needs, nor the real capacity of the payers, but this is another matter.
This is how Zionist Rovno behaved till it was exterminated.
If the Zionist activism in Rovno developed and grew from the twenties until the Soviet occupation of 1939, then this growth was more prominent in the acts for the Jewish National Fund. This nationalfolks endeavor had its roots in Rovno since it was founded. Jews from all classes, even more so Zionists, had a special fondness for this fund and they used to raise money in every opportunity and made others donate for it in various forms. Alongside the Zionist Shekel there was always the National Jewish Fund and these two always symbolized Zionism in town, until the Russian Revolution, but then KerenHayesod was founded and the Zionist idea deepened, and in the last generation participated in a different and larger political form.
The internal schism in the Zionist Union in Poland and maybe even before between movements that had each its own flag, did not prevent a strong and steady cooperation in working for the national funds, and this was only natural; where politics were not involved, the Zionists from all pointsofview (right, left, center, religious etc.) were able to unite and function with combined forces. The Jewish National Fund was such a meetingplace for Zionist movements and for this purpose the League for the National Jewish Fund was created in all of Poland during the twenties.
In Rovno, all movements and youth organizations were part of this league; there was not one Zionist body that did not send its representatives and members to the league for the Jewish National Fund during all its existence. Surely, there were periods of increase and decrease in the Jewish National Fund's income in Rovno for different reasons, but the work was done with remarkable fondness and involvement.
Many recall the Jewish National Fund's balls, Hanukah's traditional Bazaar which was organized by WIZO with talent and creativity, the usual fundraising, the BlueBox income and the occasional donations that brought in large sums (according to the times and the value of the money back then). The enthusiasm for EretzIsrael strengthened the action and drew to the league's ranks hundreds and thousands, either as activists or donors.
of land for the nation. The same boys and girls who dozens of years previously went to collect contributions for JNF at weddings, in Zionist Minyan and on other occasions, continued now this sacred work for JNF and the league, and their sons educated by Tarbut institutions were by their side: fathers like sons. Each organization in Rovno was proud to assist JNF work, and the delegations from the national chamber and the international center in Jerusalem worked, as well, to strengthen activities. In Rovno, the pulse of JNF was felt loud and strong, without interfering with KerenHayesod's activities.
Since the partisan instincts and differing pointsofview about Zionism separated Rovno's Zionists from the Municipal Zionist Council, the Zionist parties cooperated only to fundraise. And indeed, Rovno's Zionist different movements kept in close contact while working for the funds; the League for JNF was one place where the cooperation was full. Here reigned an ideal and the representatives of the parties worked honestly and full heartedly for JNF.
Among the Zionist activists who worked in Rovno for JNF from its founding we remember: Yosef Adal, David Gerstein, Itzhak Melamed, Dov Corech, Shlomo Wieslire, Yehuda Shindelkroit, Kipen, M. Belinsky, Yaakov Stertz, Arye Garbouz, BenZion Isenberg, Mordechai Neeman, Yaakov Adal, Shmuel Kolker, Ze'ev Goycrach and others.
With kind regards should be remembered the active devotees who dedicated their best energies for JNF income in Rovno: Zvi (Grisha) Riedel, Zoussia Cohen, Itzhak Goldenstern, Rosa Berliner, benZion Isenberg, Meir Gilerman, the Hashomer Hatzair representatives Haya Dermaneska, Avraham Rise, the representatives of Gordonia, the Zionist Youth, Hamizrachi and others.
At the beginning of Zionism, when all Zion Lovers were still united in one wish, Rovno did not know separation from different movements. Indeed, the Zionist preachers who came from the outside were religious and their attitude to the Zionist idea was from a religious pointofview; but the call to support the Zionist movement, which carried the flag of national rebirth, led it to break free from the diaspora's yoke and move toward independent life in its homeland EretzIsrael, was for all the people of Israel. Rovno Jews, who were attracted to Zionism, had no partisan movements or differing groups, and the preachers who visited the city (Yezrov, Masliensky, Ze'ev, Rabbi Fishman and others) did not mention it in their appearances; in their view Zionism imbibed from Israel's sources and its natural resources, hence every Zionist is traditionalist. Rovno also heard about Rabbi Reines, the founder of HaMizrachi and his views on Zionism. Moreover, R' Yehuda Leib Edal, one of the city's prominent citizens, actively participated in the founding meeting of the Mizrachi in Vilnius. They heard, as well, about the foundation of the Mizrachi association* but somehow, Rovno's Jews remained undivided.
And they united under one Zionist flag, Zionism for Zion. It lasted for years.
When World War I broke all Zionist's actions were paralyzed, not resumed until after the revolution in 1917. At that time, a religious union was organized in Ukraine under the flag and slogan Unity; its center was in Kiev. Many amid the religious Zionists in Rovno and its surroundings became part of this organization in order to lead its goals toward Religious Zionism. The days of public action did not last. The occupation of Ukraine by the Germans, the declaration of the Ukrainian Republic, the wave of riots that overflowed the area in these days stopped all the political activity that began after the revolution. All the force and energy of the people was dedicated to organizing selfdefense against the different rioters, who often attacked the cities and mainly the villages; at the same time the youth were preparing for defense and making Aliya. At that time the Chalutz was organized in Alexandria, near Rovno, one of the first in Volhynia. The constant worries about security and existence united all and again, there was no place for division and separation in Zionism until Rovno's region was annexed to the Polish Republic.
In the center of Poland, in Warsaw, frantic Zionist activity was taking place. Different messengers came from there to Rovno to organize the Zionist people in the border regions. Among them were also the Mizrachi messengers from Congressional Poland, who tried to organize the religious Zionists and activate them as a separate association under the Mizrachi's flag. It has to be said that the religious Zionists in Rovno did not see the urgency of a separate organization. Their relations with the Zionists, who were religious, were exemplary and friendly, and the background in Volhynia was very different from Congressional Poland. Meanwhile influence began infiltrating Volhynia from the supporters of the Aguda and some started to act among Rovno's religious on behalf of the Aguda to Zionist disadvantage, and so they had to urgently organize a Mizrachi Branch to operate amid the religious in the spirit of religious Zionism. At the head of the organizations were prominent leaders, veteran Zionist activists like R' Herz Meir Fisyook and R' Yehuda Matiok. At that time, the late Rabbi Rappaport (who later became the rabbi of Lutsk community) and preached for Mizrachi visited Rovno. He appeared successfully in a number of synagogues and many of Rovno's Jews joined Mizrachi. Thus, Mizrachi was organized in Rovno, and gathered around it all the activists amid the organized religious Jews, faithfully guarded the traditional Zionist spirit, that pulsed in the hearts of Rovno's Jews, cooperated with the Municipal Zionist Council, assisted all the Zionist fundraisers, and competed during the city's elections to state and municipal institutions.
sent its members to the special trainingcenters of Mizrachi and worked hard for the opportunity to make Aliya. The ChalutzMizrachi in Rovno developed and grew, especially when the question of an entry permit to EretzIsrael became a matter of lifeanddeath to many, who were knocking on the doors of EretzIsrael Office. Every Aliya permit was purchased with an enormous effort between the different unions who were presented at EretzIsrael Office, and many of the ChalutzMizrachi saw themselves as neglected, their voices hardly heard.
Amid the fighters for the Chalutz Hamizrachi right for Aliya, one has to recall late Yeshayho Finer from the Mizrachi youth, many of the Zionists' Aliya should be credited to him. Finer was the contact between Hamizrachi and Chalutz Hamizrachi and loyally represented both organizations. The Mizrachi status in the city was somewhat influenced by the Aliya of two of its leaders: R' Hertz Fisyook and R' Yehuda Matiok, although they had successors. When I last visited Rovno in 1939, before the break of World War II, I found the city's religious public organized in two unions: Hamizrachi and Chalutz Mizrachi, who continued the tradition of intensive Zionist work for the Zionists funds, and at the same time trained religious pioneers and helped their Aliya.
*Eliyaho Reisman informs that on the night of the Seventh day of Sukkot, 1902, a meeting was held at TalmudTorah with a few dozen religious Zionists, amid them Aaron Parchook, Yehuda Matiok, the Cantor Berl Pittels and others; speeches were delivered and they decided to found a Mizrachi Association. Parchook recited the poem Where Cedars Grow.
When the New Zionist Union was established by Ze'ev Jabotinsky, it found supporters in Rovno, too, who began organizing and being heard. When I arrived in Rovno from Israel at the end of 1928, I found in the city an active Revisionist Union that had around hundred members and its club was at Tarashchinsky House at May Third Street. The head of the club was the Hebrew veteran teacher Hykel Kopelman, experienced educator and Zionist, who was one of the initiators of the New Union. As a party member in Israel, I visited the club, became closer to the members of the Revisionist Circle, and while joining their ranks I enlisted several local personalities, and the union became bigger. In 1929 I was elected as the chairman.
Those were days of intensive activity among Rovno's Zionists and the quarrels between parties and movements went on. We rented a spacious club at the house of ShmuelYossi Heset on Shekolna Street and our activities branched out. At that time a group of Revisionists Youth left for training in preparation for Aliya, which enhanced the movement's prestige and attracted more youth to our ranks. Every now and then commanders and guides visited Rovno in order to keep an active line between the different cells and strengthen the camp, these encounters with the center people were quite valuable.
Jabotinsky visited Rovno first in 1929 and then again, in 1933. He was not a new face to the local public. Rovno's Jews knew and remembered him since he was a candidate for the Second Royal Russian Duma, and from his lectures in the city. Many were thrilled by his visit and the Revisionist Union prepared to welcome him adequately.
But since he arrived on a Shabbat, and early in the morning, just a small delegation came to meet him at the trainstation. Jabotinsky was brought immediately to my apartment and stayed at my place for the three days he spent in town. Dr. Younichman accompanied Jabotinsky, and it was his last visit in Rovno.
The following story will testify about the authorities' attitude toward Jabotinsky: I went with Dr. Younichman to the local Starosta and based on Jabotinsky's Nansen document the Starosta gave permission for his leaving the country. He knew about Jabotinsky and treated him with respect. Hence, the authorities sent two policemen to honorguard my apartment while he was staying in my place, with the blueandwhile flag flapping on top of the building.
On his first day Jabotinsky gave a public speech. Except the leftparties, all the other movements' representatives came to welcome and greet him. Masses arrived at the gathering held in his honor at the sportfield on Zemkova Street and they all cheered for him. His acceptance of the formation was very impressive. Than a big parade marched in the streets, and most of Rovno Jews paid their respects to Jabotinsky, who was wellrespected by his political opponents, too. Indeed, Zionist Rovno was at its best. On Shabbat Jabotinsky gave a speech to the members and the next day, on Sunday, he spoke at the movie house Brunt to masses, members and nonmembers Jews.
During the years 1933 and 1934 conferences of the Revisionist Zionist Union were held with the participation of Dr. Shechtman. This was a particularly active period for the movement in Rovno and its vicinity. About a year later Dr. VonWeizel from Israel came to visit us. This visit, too, became a major event in the life of our movement in Rovno and left very pleasant memories. In those days the arguments with the Grossmanists grew deeper and it ensued in a rift and an association of Zionists in the spirit of Meir Grossman was founded in Rovno.
here a number of youngsters who were enthusiastic about Betar and its goals, and a branch was founded in the city. Dozens of youngsters from other movements came to the first meetings. Different causes pushed them to join Betar, and most of all the basic ideas of the movement. When the founding of the branch in Rovno became public, it had an impact on region, too. The force of Betar members was felt in the public sport events, in discussions with other youth movements, and in training for Aliya. The Betar hub was always busy with youth, usually wearing army uniforms, and the singing was heard from faraway… The hub absorbed youth from the Kavkaz suburb where poverty reigned neglected youth that until then was not part of any organization. With time some of these youngsters left for pioneers' training in Czluchow and other Betar training centers.
In summer 1933 a course to prepare Betar Guides was held in Rovno for VolhyniaPolesia, in which lectured and participated some of Betar's leaders in Poland. The conference took place on Hasmonean field and the end of Zamkova Street, in a form of camp and according to militarysportive rules, in the spirit of the movement. Eighty young man from Betar's hubs from 12 cities and villages of Volhynia and Polesia participated in the course that lasted a week and instilled in the participants Betar's ideology. When each one went back home, they all became guides who did much to promote the movement.
Betar's branch in Rovno was considered a fortress in Volhynia's region and added respect and prestige to the movement. The Revisionists in town were proud of Betar, which was quite prominent in the city. The split in Kassovitz (1933) did not alienate the Revisionist Union in Rovno, since most of the members remained loyal to their flag, and only few joined Meir Grossman.
In the elections to the Rovno's magistrate (the municipality) in 1934 I was elected by the Zionist Revisionist Union to represent the public interests in Rovno in our spirit.
In 1934 the Revisionist Union in Rovno grew larger and with it grew Betar's ranks. The branches in the bordercities saw Rovno's union as a regional center. Some of its leaders back then were Mr. Girovitz, S. Yaakoyak, Vigdorovitz, Yuzfessberg, and others. A big readinghall was opened by the union next to the new club on Perez Street and it drew many, even nonmembers. Some of the movements' partisans and the revisionist youth made Aliya and joined the revisionists in Israel.
In the summer of 1936 Mr. Aba Ahimeir, a movement messenger from EretzIsrael visited Rovno and found in the city an active and strong union. He lectured to circle of friends and varied audiences.
A delegate from Rovno was sent to the international conference of the Zionist Revisionist Union Brit, that was held in Vienna in November 1936, he brought back the conference's messages and decisions, which increased the revisionists activities in the city, the newspapers Unzer Welt (Our World), the revisionist journal in Poland, as well as Hayarden and Herouth, their counterpart in Israel, found their way, with the help of the local union, to Rovno's public. Brit Haayal a military organization of the ZionistsRevisionists appealed to the veteran fighters and some of the adolescents. The military discipline in this organization was exemplary and the youth appreciated it.
In the first years of World War I the Zionist work in Russia was considerably weakened because the youngsters were enlisted. The war prevented any Jewish political activity. Only after the revolution, in the spring of 1917, the situation changed. New horizons were opened for public and national activities. In those days unrest began within ZeiraiZion, too. Side by side with the masses and the leftwing parties, ZeiraiZion convened and demonstrated their enthusiasm and identification with the change that took place in Russia and with the revolution, and they also entered the circle of political life and Zionist activity.
With the renewal of the Zionist work in Rovno not only the Zionists from before the revolution appeared on the stage, but new faces belonging to a younger generation. Most of the time they were youngsters who were hardened while organizing selfdefense and helping refugees, harmed by the war. They came across as having a unified orientation, ready to fight for it among their own ranks. During the second council in Petrograd, May 1821, 1917, questions were raised and the discussions in the fraction were deep and important.
All this had an impact on Rovno's movement, and although its members participated in the Municipal Zionist Council that was formed back then in the city, together with all the other Zionist movements, and they even had a majority in this council, they acted as a group apart and in many cases, emphasized their unique and independent position. This often caused tensions. The activities of ZeiraiZion in the city grew and they were responsible for most of the Zionist work, although the veteran Zionists (and later Zionimkelalim) were alert and active, too, in all the Zionist activities.
When Tarbut became more active in Rovno from 1918 to 1920 and a net of educationinstitutions was founded, including the first orphanage ZeiraiZion gave their best to these Zionist activities. Indeed, Rovno was outstanding in its culture during the Ukrainian regime, as well as during the Polish regime. ZeiraiZion members were particularly active in the orphanage that was maintained by the Joint's donations. They led much Zionist publicity and organization around the city as well. When EretzIsrael Office was established in Rovno, ZZ were a major part and formed the main force in its branched activities assisting the pioneers and those making Aliya and also those arriving from across the border. Many recall the vegetablegarden that ZZ organized in Dovkirer's yard on Doovenskia Street, training and preparing pioneers. The garden's income was dedicated to the Chalutz Fund; that was, too, an initiative of the local ZZ.
Later on there was a rift between ZZ and the veteran Zionists, who stayed in the GeneralZionists, due to ideological and practical developments, but they continued to cooperate for Aliya and funds' benefits. When it came to ideology and strategies and many Zionist's questions, they acted according to the ZZ Center, so that in the city the differences in the Zionist Camp were unnoticed, since ZZ were stirring the Zionist activities in the city and were represented in public all the time. ZZ received some reinforcement by a pioneer group that arrived from Ukraine, as Dror (Freedom Movement). They lingered in town and stayed in touch with the local ZZ (members of this group were Batya Bendrska, Shoshana Godel, Ester Bialik, Braginsky, Bankover, David Liefshitz, Koperman, Moshe Majibojsky, Aiches and others). In the ZZ Council in 1918 were: PessahLeib Hirshfeld, Israel Dines, Mordechai Racis, David Baharal, Ze'ev Eidsis, Shmuel Kolker, Avraham Armal, Zipporah Mikovsky, Haya Kagan and Zlata Bernstein.
and under the Polish regime (from 1920) they increased. At that time the controversy inside the ZZ grew, which ensued in separation that later became a union of ZeiraiZion with PoaleZion on one side and the party The Union of ZeiraiZion and PoaleZion, on the other side. Each part became its own party with a platform of its own, and fought its rival, although both remained together in the format of The Working EretzIsrael. ZZ in Rovno were the majority, until the Union became more prominent. The rivalry between these movements in Rovno brought no benefits to the parties, as in every other place that had deep divisions.
In 1923 a conference of ZZ was held in Rovno in which participated some of the area's messengers and Israel Marminsky, one of the leaders, as the Center's messenger. The echoes of this conference reached all the associations in Polish Volhynia and it gave a strong push to the unification of the youth under ZZ flag. To the region's council that was elected during the conference entered Shnere, Swartzman, Fir, Rosenstein, Hirschfeld, Yonah Gluck (Sarni), Wiseblat, Barkovsky, Polonsky, Dines and Armal. Rovno was selected as the seat.
The last meeting of ZZ, ZS and PoaleZion of Volhynia region was held in Rovno in Sukkot 1938. According to Yaakov Plut (one of the delegates) it was an important conference and rich in content. Anshel Rise represented the Center. | 2019-04-22T08:51:21Z | https://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/rovno/rov131.html |
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This cooker has can just keep running on power.
This cooker is, on average, about twice as quick as ordinary cooking.
hour delay timer, and a 10 Qt. internal pot you can cook a wide assortment of suppers for the entire family. Utilize the preset capacities to cook scrumptious risotto, vegetables, meat, chicken, and significantly more with this flexible and rich weight cooker. This cooker is not so much cost effective, so appreciate it.
Point to be noted: There will be steam turning out from top. The steam escapes from the unit to maintain a strategic distance from the thing building weight and blasting. The vent gave is intended to permit steam to get away.
8 Multi-capacity: rice, potatoes and yams, meat and chicken, pork, fish and vegetables, beans and grains, soup and stew and pastries.
24-Hour delay clock permits client to program cooking to start at a later time.
Removable nonstick 10qt. Inside cooking pot for quick, simple cleanup.
Alluring brushed stainless steel lodging.
Its very smooth and easy to use.
It has a browning function and its a very nice extra large pressure cooker for an automatic electric system.
Approximately 10+ pounds you can cook and they will be done in 90 minutes.
There will be steam turning out from top to avoid the item building pressure & blasting , have to be concerned with it.
It can give any types of error but there is a must solution.
If there are any kinds of problem, get them notified, Elite will fix it.
GoWISE USA is another model of programmable weight cooker. It is a 8-in-1 multi-capacity cooker: weight cooker, rice cooker, bean cooker, yogurt creator, sustenance hotter, steamer, saute, slow cooker, and egg producer. The weight is preset relying upon what cooking choice you utilize.
It has 12 cooking choices with preset times that make cooking simple for you. This pressure cooker permits the client to pick amongst low and high weight and additionally temperature settings for the slow cook capacity. It likewise includes a postponement clock for individuals who need their sustenance to be cooked and prepared by a specific time and a weight perusing presentation to show the amount of weight is being utilized for the term of the cooking time.
It accompanies a stainless steel steam rack, rice scooper, and measuring glass. It has a moderate price rate which will go with you very comfortably. So it’s highly recommend to you.
Most recent 4th– Generation new model of programmable weight cooker has 8-in-1 multifunction cooker.
Two LED LCD display for Cooker Time and Pressure.
“Pressure Time +” and “Pressure Time – “for the individuals who need to do it without anyone else’s help.
16 worked in Smart Programs, 12 cooking alternatives with preset times.
It accompanies a stainless steel steam rack, steam wicker bin, rice scooper, and measuring glass.
8-in-1 multifunction cooker: pressure cooker, rice cooker, bean cooker, yogurt creator, sustenance hotter, steamer, saute, slow cooker, and egg producer.
It has a one year guarantee.
you can discover electric pressure cooker formulas on the web.
This pressure cooker can warms up rapidly.
Have to wash by using only hand.
Thirteen included cooking modes: meat, poultry, soup, steam, saute, moderate cook, dessert, beans, porridge, rice, clock, preset time, warm. Concoct to 70 percent quicker while holding more flavor and supplements in dinners. Programmed pressure control and bolting for quick, totally safe cooking. Inward removable non-stick liner and stainless steel outside clean rapidly.
Phenomenal esteem and cooks like a breeze. No compelling reason to saute the onions or do various steps, it’s a one step machine that does all the work within. What’s more, it doesn’t get excessively hot on the outside, similar to an issue with handles and hot pot on the stove.
The pot is non-stick covered and ought to be washed by hand with nonabrasive materials. It has a nice option with 24 hour delay timer, and auto resuming system after power cut makes it more valuable. The price of this pressure cooker is very reasonable to everyone.
Cook up to 70 percent speedier while holding more flavor and supplements in meals.
Programmed pressure control and locking for quick, totally safe cooking.
(Thirteen) 13 included cooking modes: meat, poultry, soup, steam, saute, moderate cook, dessert, beans, porridge, rice, clock, preset time, warm.
Inward removable non-stick liner and stainless steel outside clean rapidly.
24 hour delay timer, and auto resume after power cut.
The cost of this pressure cooker is extremely sensible.
The pressure cooker has 24 hour delay timer.
Cook up to 70% faster.
No way to washed with abrasive materials, should be cleaned by hand.
Needs spontaneous power supply before getting the temperature.
Decrease time spent in the kitchen planning dinners with the assistance of this 6-quart electric pressure cooker- it slices concocting times to 70-percent when contrasted with conventional stovetop cooking techniques. The unit traps steam inside and its tight seal secures warmth, dampness, and flavor, and vitamins and minerals for uncommonly sound, incredible tasting dinners like soup, stew, and one-dish courses.
It additionally functions admirably for cheesecake and custard, since treat ought to never be left off the menu. The unit’s push-catch controls and simple to-peruse advanced presentation kill mystery, while its exactness computerized indoor regulator manages temperatures.
For security, the cooker must be completely bolted for pressure to construct until the pressure inside drops to zero. Different highlights incorporate a 99-minute clock with a LED commencement show, cool-touch side handles, and a nonstick cooking pot that tidies up effectively by hand or in the dishwasher. The cost of this pressure cooker is very reasonable.
Push-button controls; simple to-peruse advanced display; accuracy indoor regulator.
Adaptable Settings for pressure cooking, sautéing, stewing, sauteing, and warming.
Timer; cool-touch handles; nonstick dishwasher-safe cooking pot and trivet.
Cover stays bolted until pressure is discharged. 3-year manufacture warranty.
Diminish cooking times by 70% .
Simple to-peruse advanced display by using push-button controls system.
To do this it should be precise in pressure and temperature estimations.
Electric pressure cookers typically have short guarantees contrasted with others.
Its practical as well as keeps running of power.
8 Quart Capacity. – Stainless Steel Pot. – Stainless Steel Steam Rack. – Plastic Measuring Cup/Spoon. – Automatic Keep Warm Function. – Seven (7) pre-defined cooking decisions. Item Type: – Electric pressure cooker. Shape: – Round. Complete: – Stainless steel. Programmed Shutoff: – Yes. Locking: – Yes. Versatile: – Yes. Removable Interior: – Yes. Warming Setting: – Yes.
Operation Type: – Programmable. Dishwasher Safe: – Yes. Limit: – 8 Quarts. Measurements: Overall Height – Top to Bottom: – 13.5″. General Width – Side to Side: – 13.5″. General Depth – Front to Back: – 16.5″. General Product Weight: – 16.5 lbs.
Manually set up to 99 minutes of cooking time and delay cooking time up to twelve(12) hours. The price of this pressure cooker remains always in sensible. The quality of this product is very high as usual. This could be the great buy of your accessories really, so enjoy it!
This pressure cooker goes with seven pre-defined cooking decisions.
12 hours Delay concocting time; hand-operated defining up to ninety-nine minutes.
Accompanies a movable stainless steel cooking pot and stainless steel rack, fixing gasket, plastic glass, spoon, and client manual.
Cooking pot incorporated into this 8 Qt Multi-useful Electric Pressure Cooker.
ETL affirmed with 7 security checks to guarantee push free weight cooking for new clients; Energy productive and safe.
This cooker has seven (7) pre-set cooking elixirs.
Eight Qt Multi-useful Electric Pressure Cooker.
It’s a little bit of slow pressure cooker.
Controlling temperature for various types of meal.
To discharge the weight snappier, that is not automatic.
This pressure cooker incorporates a removable and tough stainless steel cooking pot; stainless steel external body with cool touch handles; stainless steel self-locking top with elastic gasket, coasting valve, hostile to blocking case, weight security valve, weight controller handle, locking stick, and cool touch handle; stationery pot; warming plate; temperature sensor; and buildup store.
It additionally accompanies a stainless steel rack, plastic container and spoon. 120V, 50-60Hz, ETL endorsed. At the point when the pot was utilized the first run through, there was smoke leaving the pot for 20 a few minutes. It smells like metal smoldering.
The cooking went well however, so perhaps it was on the grounds that the first run through use. At the point when the weight is developed, it stays around 55-88 kg. This ought to be a fine scope of weight. The preset time for nourishment things, for example, for beans, rice, meat, and so on, are far too long.
6 Qt Electric Pressure Cooker highlighting new removable and strong controller handle.
Chestnut Rice, White Rice, Meat/Stew, Beans, Sauté, Brown, Steamer, Slow cook and Warmer, and weight time +/ – capacities.
Incorporates a removable and sturdy stainless steel cooking pot.
Accompanies a stainless steel rack, plastic container and spoon.
This pressure cooker has new removable and durable regulator knob.
It’s featuring also has stainless steel cooking pot.
It’s simple to use and to clean.
The pressure cooker has a sensor but frequently act as an abnormal sensor.
Sometimes the pressure switch cut off before the cooker achieved temperature.
It takes more time to cook food.
The brilliant decision for solid, flavorful suppers, quick and simple. Cooks 3 to 10 times speedier than standard cooking techniques – significantly quicker than a microwave for some sustenance’s. Chicken, fish, meat and vegetables cook to flawlessness quick. Softens practical cuts of meat.
Spread lock pointer indicates when there is weight inside the cooker and keeps the spread from being evacuated until weight is securely decreased. It is incorporates a unique rack for cooking a few nourishments on the double with no mixing of flavors. Dishwasher ok for simple cleaning. Fluid limit: 6 quarts (5.7 liters).
The overwhelming obligation top secures amid cooking; an inward fixing ring keeps the steam in. Notwithstanding a pop-up weight marker and a basic steam discharge component, there is an overpressure attachment that will let off steam in the event that it develops too much. This pressure cooker is valuable for weeknight suppers or for any feasts that requirement to meet up rapidly.
Chicken, fish, meat, and vegetables cook to flawlessness quick; Helps soften temperate cuts of meat.
Weight controller keeps up the correct cooking weight naturally; Complete 64-page guideline.
Perfect for use on normal, smooth-top and affectation ranges.
Spread lock pointer demonstrates when there is weight inside the cooker and keeps the spread from being opened until weight is securely diminished.
Assistant handle for simplicity of taking care of; Extended 12-year restricted guarantee.
Maintains the proper cooking pressure by pressure regulator automatically.
Can be using all types of stoves.
It has twelve (12)-year limited warranty.
This pressure cooker warms up quickly.
Safe, but don’t open it when it’s pressurized.
Electric digital pressure cooker comes with another level in our busy kitchen life. It made easy and comfort for so many people to do their kitchen staff. It save energy ,that’s the reason people can keep their spirit ahead to do more work after cooking .
Although everything has bad side, but it’s most quality are good for our home staff. Price of these products is not so high, people think. These products are high functional. That’s why some people are afraid of use this thing. But trust me it’s not that critical. It will bring you peace of mind. At least try it at once. Hope, you will find your best one from this Pressure Cooker Buying Guide with Best Electric Pressure Cooker 2016. | 2019-04-24T13:58:30Z | http://www.kitchenalligator.com/pressure-cooker-buying-guide-with-best-electric-pressure-cooker-2016/ |
There were a number of exciting announcements made at this year's Governor's Conference on Michigan Tourism. Two of them were the selecting of Indianapolis and Green Bay/Appleton as targets for increasing Michigan's "share of customer," and Governor John Engler's signing of the Labor Day Weekend Bill. The latter should have the greater impact on the Michigan golf industry.
"A century ago, Michigan structured its educational schedule to take into account the needs of the its top industry -- agriculture -- by giving children the summer off to help their families with crops," said Engler. "Today, our state's second-largest industry -- tourism -- can similarly benefit from the extension of the Labor Day weekend."
The selection of targets--Indianapolis and Green Bay/Appleton--should benefit each of the state's peninsulas, with the western side of the state drawing nicely from both areas. The Indianapolis market is a good one. This is a city on the move and Michigan is a great place to visit for those who live there. They enjoy their golf as much as we do, although doing so on half of the inventory of the 975 courses that exist in Michigan.
Indiana's 450 golf courses are divided into five groups in that state's online and printed golf guide. You can view these regions at http:// www.indianagolf.com. The site is easily navigated and will quickly give you the location, price and lodging information you need.
This Mike Hurdzan course has captured its share of honors since its opening in 1994. Golf Digest has showered a number of awards on it and the Indiana Business Journal ranked it as the top course in the state a couple of years ago. Blackthorn also is ranked high by just about anybody who knows the golf business in Indiana. It is a definite must-play course. It is an upscale facility with weekend play in the mid $60s. They have a nice practice facility which hosts Mark Hamilton's Concept Learning Golf School. The Blarney Hole, a warm up par-3, is a special treat and a nice way to start the day.
Golfers will find that Blackthorn lies on some dramatically rugged ground that will give you a chance for some exciting shot making. Jack Quimby, the facility's general manager, has been with the course since its start. Quimby indicated that they have room for another 18 holes on ground that is just about as spectacular as the land upon which Blackthorn sits.
Juday Creek has been a Michiana favorite since it opened a decade ago. The Indianapolis Star rated Juday Creek No. 8 in the state a couple of years ago. Golfers will find the course demanding, with an abundance of water, bunkers and the undulating greens that await. Golfers also will find a beautifully landscaped course, a clubhouse that has outstanding food and a fine practice facility.
Michelle Rogers, general manager, indicates that the course and facility will be getting a bit of a face-lift this year. Work has already begun on replacing the sand in 56 bunkers on the property and they will be ready for play this spring. In addition, the clubhouse is being expanded to give more room to the pro shop and pick up some office space.
A weekend that would include both Blackthorn and Juday Creek, would give your group a nice variety of golf.
We will review the new Mystic Hills more in depth in our June issue. It is a Pete and J.B. Dye course that was rated No.9 last year in Golf Digest's affordable-places-to-play category.
The course, located next to Alice and Pete Dye's home, provided the excuse that Steve Bonnell needed to get these famed architects to design his course. "I just thought it would be great for them to design the course, seeing it was only a mile from their home. I kept calling and finally, Alice Dye said "Yes." Before I knew it, Pete and J.B were scratching out some holes on paper," said Bonnell. "I could not be happier for the way it came out."
Rock Hollow is owned by one of the great families in Indiana golf, the Smiths. Parents Terry W. and Rebecca produced three sons: Chris, Todd and Terry, and a daughter, Julie. All were talented athletes.
Chris was on the PGA tour in '96 and '98 and won four tournaments on the Nike tour. While Chris failed to pocket his PGA card this year, he will no doubt be back next year. Todd, who is Director of Golf at Rock Hollow, recently won his 15th Indiana PGA event and Terry, who owns the Rock Hollow course record, is beating both of his brothers. Since they play so much championship golf, you can be sure that their place is always in tip-top condition. It was the site of the 1996 and 1997 Indiana Opens.
the symphony this year and we look forward to expanding it. We had great weather, a great golf turnout and a great concert under the stars," said Randy Ballinger. "Obviously, we were pleased that this was a great fund raiser for the Marion Symphony Orchestra."
Walnut Creek is one of the first stops for winter weary Michigan golfers that shoot down to get in some early season rounds. Located just off I-69 on the way to Indianapolis, Walnut Creek has a number of golf packages with local properties that will take care of you. You can check out their website for more information.
Jeff Seagrave, the new PGA professional, and Ed Dotterweich, the superintendent, round out a dedicated staff at Walnut Creek. Walnut Creek and Club Run, offer 36 holes of golf at affordable prices. It is a great getaway, without spending a lot of money.
Hamilton County, just north of Indianapolis, is staking its claim as Indiana's most exciting golf destination. According to Amy Vaughan, Director of the Hamilton Convention and Visitors Bureau, the area has a variety of lodging properties that provide golf packages for their 15 golf facilities They are somewhat reminiscent of Michigan's Gaylord Golf Mecca when they began to strut their stuff a decade ago. The Hamiltonians have the product, the money, the vision and the team to back up their claims of excellent golf. They have some great courses now and a couple more on the way. Here is but a part of their treasure. You can catch the rest on their great website www.indianapremiergolf.org.
Golf Digest awarded this course four stars and rated it seventh in the state a couple of years ago. Frankly, it is one of the most unique courses I have seen in Indiana -- or anywhere else for that matter. The architect, Dean Refram, moved endless tons of dirt in creating this extraordinary golf course. Unfortunately, Refram's untimely death cut short a very promising career.
Bear Slide has all the amenities: practice range, practice putting green, a short game and bunker area, snack bar, clubhouse and outing facilities. The design of the course will generate a lot of discussion with your group.
Built in 1972, Fox Prairie, has received its fair share of awards over the years. Michigan's own Bill Newcomb designed it and put together a dynamite routing for this fine municipal track. If you are a Newcomb fan, and there are many, stop by to see one of his early gems.
Billed as the longest course, at 7,650 yards, east of the Mississippi, Purgatory Golf Club will certainly heat up the balloting in the selection of the top new golf courses of the year. We will preview this monster in our June issue. Purgatory is the dream of Tenna and Mike Merchant, with a great assist from golf course architect Ron Kern. The course will open this summer.
We will only whet your appetite by sharing with you the news that the 13th hole will play 735 yards!
The Golf Preserve is dedicated entirely to the art of golf instruction. It has everything you would expect of a top-flight teaching facility and more. On the outside, they have heated tees, a driving range, an area for chipping and short irons, a putting green and some well targeted fairways for their ranges. On the inside, they have just as much fun. They have golf video games, teaching machines, an indoor bunker, an indoor putting area, a golf club repair shop and a fully appointed pro shop.
Set to open this year, it is a new executive course that was designed by Pete Dye, with help from Tim Liddy.
Plum Creek, another Pete Dye creation, winds through four unique golf communities in Carmel. You will golf in the shadow of homes that range from $130,000-$300,000. The clubhouse, which serves this community year round, is spacious and beautiful.
Plum Creek plays to a 127 slope. Dye has woven 18 holes through a variety of water features: well-placed bunkers and tree-guarded greens. The finishing holes, 15-18 are a great test of golf and ones you will long remember.
This must-see Robert Trent Jones Jr. course is living testament that the apple does not fall far from the tree. The wide landing areas, massive bunkers and spacious tee boxes all point to genes that have passed on from father to son.
In designing the course, Jones had to take in to account the White River and its flood pattern. He built a massive levee around the course and, moved over a half million cubic yards of dirt in building the course. There is little similarity from one hole to the next on the 205-acre layout. The heavily trapped par-5 13th is spectacular.
In 1998, Golf Digest rated Prairie View as one of the Top 10 New Upscale Courses in America. Brian Nicholoff, partner and GM, is a Michigan native who grew up in Lansing. He worked for Jim Applegate at Washtenaw Country Club and had a few other stops before he retired from the golf business. However, the thought of running his own course brought him back. His partner in the venture is his father-in-law, Jim Ackerman an Indiana developer. Recently, Purdue University honored Jim and Lois Ackerman when they named one of their Birck-Boilermaker Golf Complex courses after them. They contributed heavily to the recently renovated Purdue University complex that now features a new Pete Dye-designed course, Kampen.
Prairie View, with the slogan "Your Country Club for a Day" is well worth the visit. It is a spectacular course featuring great service. Green fees with cart run in the low $90s.
The Fort, located within Fort Harrison State Park, is spread out over 238 wooded acres and is but one of the components of the Fort Golf Resort and Conference Center. They just opened up a new lodging area and thus can offer you on-site packages.
The lodging is from former officers' quarters and is really very nice.
Scott Larson, the facility's PGA pro, indicated that the course is in outstanding shape. "We just completed our second full year and the course is in the best shape since it opened. We shut down on Mondays last year to give the course some rest. We will be open on Mondays at noon this summer," said Larson. The golf is reasonably priced, in the high $50s, considering that it is right in the city of Indianapolis.
Pete Dye completely transformed this golf course three years ago. His new design helped him pick up some wetland awards and the thanks of thousands of area golfers who are ecstatic about what he did to the former course. It has a couple of signature par-5s according to Scott Larson. The par-5 sixth is a drive over a huge ravine to an uphill fairway. The par-5 11th is another uphill journey, with the reward being 547 yards away.
While The Fort is not part of Hamilton County, they do a lot of cross-marketing with them. For golf package info, call Scott at 317-543-9597.
French Lick has been a Midwest golf resort favorite for almost a century. To get a proper perspective of the resort, think of Michigan's own Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island. Like the Grand, French Lick Sports Resort has long been a place where the rich and famous stay during their travels. At the Grand, its location at the apex of two Great Lakes helped make it important. At French Lick, the discovery of sulfur springs brought people from all over the U.S. to test first its healing powers and then its golf courses.
There are two golf courses at the resort: the Valley, constructed almost a century ago, and the Hill course, designed by Donald Ross in 1922, and one of three he built in Indiana.
French Lick has a variety of golf packages to match your wallet. We strongly recommend this golfing experience. A walk through this ageless hotel is worth the price of a tee time. And who knows, you might even bump into Larry Bird while in town.
Sellersburg, 10 miles north of Louisville, KY, provides the background for two terrific courses: Hidden River and Fuzzy Zoeller's Covered Bridge GC. Hidden River is a lush and well-manicured golf course that prides itself on its country club amenities and appearance. The front nine has a five-acre lake to showcase its holes and the back nine meanders through some majestic woods.
There are a number of Michigan courses that provide a gateway to the Indiana courses. They offer a nice place to stop and play a round before you head further south. We have picked four of our favorites that may become your favorites.
Blackberry Patch seems to have it all, a terrific course and practice site created by architect Ernie Schrock, a highly competent staff with Bob Magness as Director of Golf and Pam Smith as Superintendent, and a built-in player base coming from the 90 homesites sprinkled around the course. A new proshop is springing up at this year-old course and a series of golf schools will be debuting as Bob Magness begins to develop his instructional programs.
Magness, a Ferris State University graduate, worked at Egypt Valley and Klinger Country Clubs before being appointed Director of Golf at Blackberry Patch. He is a 10-year Michigan PGA professional who is anxious to get back to his teaching roots. The instructional complex at Blackberry Patch is top notch.
While the course is still a little tender (it opened in June of 1998), Ernie Schrock has built a course that will mature into a classic. Golfers will find ample tee boxes, wide landing areas, two-tier greens, open and tree-lined fairways and bent grass everywhere. Magness indicated that while 75 percent of their clientele comes from Indiana, they still get some serious play from Jackson, Battle Creek and Kalamazoo.
I wrapped up my Michiana trip by making my third visit to Lori and Tom Templin's Island Hills Golf Club. For the hardworking Templins, it was a great year for Island Hills. They had a lot of play, great reviews and a visit from golf's Sultan of Swat, John Daly. Daly was on hand to play in his Prevention Works outing on July 2. You can see Daly and much more, on Island Hills informative website.
While we featured this course with a Greg Johnson story in our April 1999 issue, (see michigangolfer.com), we felt we would give you another look. The first time I heard about the course was from designer, Ray Hearn. He spent about 45 minutes, on my nickel, describing, what he felt was his best work thus far. I happily agree. As stated, this was my third visit to the course and one I wanted to linger. I found it to be a terrific golf challenge and well worth the time it took to get to Centreville. Much has been said about the great finishing holes, 14-18, and the infamous 16th hole with its challenging carry over the water. It is a golf round that will have members of your foursome chatting about for some time. A good place to start that chatter and toss down some adult beverages as well, is on their patio overlooking their course.
This is a must-play course.
Spruce Run, built by original owner Bill Collins in 1969-70 with the other nine coming a decade later, was purchased by Chris and Megan Foote five years ago. Like hundreds of other Michigan golf course owners, they have become a slave to their course. Their long-range plan is to add some length to the course with available land on the property and with land they have just purchased. They do know where to go for help when they need it, however. Ron Foote, Chris's father, has been the superintendent of MSU courses for 38 years.
Spruce is a beautiful rolling course just outside the farming community of Dowagiac. The golf is very affordable. They also have lodging on the property that features an indoor pool.
Whittaker Woods previewed, by Al Arend in our June 1997 issue, has blossomed into a beautiful course. This Ken Killian design is billed as, "An artistic walk through nature." Each hole on the gorgeous par-72 course has four sets of tees that offer a true test for a golfer. Killian's courses, which include Kemper Lakes and Forest National Preserve in the Chicagoland area, are known for their challenge and fun.
The clubhouse at Whittaker is spectacular. One could spend the entire day gazing out on the course from the balcony. This first-rate property is located just off the New Buffalo exit on I-94, a mile from the Indiana border. | 2019-04-19T20:51:37Z | http://michigangolfer.com/show00/t_michiana.html |
"Prince" is the fourteenth episode of the third season of the American sitcom New Girl, and the sixty-third overall. It was written by David Feeney and Rob Rosell, and directed by Fred Goss. It was broadcast on February 2, 2014 on the Fox network in the United States. In the episode, best friends Jess Day (Zooey Deschanel) and Cece Parikh (Hannah Simone) are invited to a party held at Prince's house. When Jess's boyfriend Nick Miller (Jake Johnson) tells her he loves her, she gives him an unexpected response, which results in Nick and his roommates crashing Prince's party, so Nick can talk to Jess. At the party, Prince gives Jess a makeover and advice that helps her tell Nick she loves him too.
"Prince" aired immediately after the broadcast of Super Bowl XLVIII. Writers and producers sought to attract newcomers to the show, as well as creating a special episode for regular viewers. Around the same time, Prince enquired about making a guest appearance on the show and it was decided that the post-Super Bowl episode would be written around him. During production, Prince made contributions to the script and debuted a new song, featuring vocals from Deschanel, during the episode. "Prince" was filmed in December 2013 and became one of the most expensive episodes of New Girl to be shot. It also features guest appearances from baseball player Clayton Kershaw and models Alessandra Ambrosio, Ana Beatriz Barros and Lais Ribeiro.
"Prince" was seen by 26.30 million viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research, making it the most watched episode of New Girl. It became the highest rated scripted entertainment telecast on television in three years, since the post-Super Bowl episode of Glee. "Prince" received a mixed response from critics, many of whom enjoyed Prince's performance, but most thought the plot was not as strong as previous episodes, with one calling it "a little tedious". Following Prince's death on April 21, 2016, Fox reran the episode on April 26 in tribute.
Jess Day (Zooey Deschanel) and her best friend Cece (Hannah Simone) are invited to a party held at Prince's house. Just as they are leaving, Jess's boyfriend Nick Miller (Jake Johnson) spontaneously tells Jess he loves her for the first time, and she replies with a finger gun hand gesture. At a bar, Nick admits that he meant what he said, but wanted to tell Jess in a more romantic setting. His roommate Schmidt (Max Greenfield) suggests he crashes Prince's party and takes his "I love you" back. Outside the house, Nick and Schmidt watch on as their roommates Winston Bishop (Lamorne Morris) and Coach (Damon Wayans, Jr.) use an improv story to gain entry to the party. After their own effort fails, Nick gets in by hiding behind a group of models, while Schmidt is forced to climb through a hedge. As Nick and Jess catch up to each other, Jess tries to tell Nick that she loves him, but suffers a panic attack and faints. In the garden, Nick tries to take back his declaration of love.
As their friends give them a moment alone, Prince appears and asks what the problem is. Nick and Jess explain their situation and Prince asks to spend some time alone with Jess. Nick gets drunk and interrupts Winston and Coach's conversation with two supermodels. Over pancakes, Jess tells Prince that she is scared to admit her feelings and is worried that if something goes wrong, it will be too painful. Prince gives Jess a makeover and advice about telling Nick she loves him back. He also tells her to stop being afraid. Jess returns to the party, where she tells Nick she loves him and he reciprocates. Prince takes to the stage to perform "Fallinlove2nite" and invites Jess to sing with him. The others join them on stage. Back at the apartment, everyone is reminiscing about dancing with Prince, when Jess realises Cece is missing. The scene cuts to Cece, who is still at the house, playing table tennis with Prince.
"Prince" marked the first time the musician had ever appeared in a television sitcom.
On May 13, 2013, Fox announced that an episode of New Girl would be the lead-out program following Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014. The production team began preparing for the episode the moment they found out the news. The show's creator Elizabeth Meriwether told Michael O'Connell of The Hollywood Reporter that they had an opportunity to introduce the show to a new audience, as well as creating a special episode for regular viewers. The team's main aim was to make it funny and romantic. The last sitcom to follow the Super Bowl was The Office in 2009, while the Friends episode "The One After the Superbowl" is the highest-rated Super Bowl lead-out program ever.
On December 12, 2013, it was announced that Prince would be guest starring in the episode as himself, marking the first time he had ever appeared in a television sitcom. Meriwether told O'Connell that near to the time Fox gave New Girl the post-Super Bowl spot, Prince's team also enquired about him making a guest appearance during the third season, and they decided to write the episode around him. Meriwether had heard that Prince was a fan of New Girl and that it was one of the few shows he watched. She also revealed that Prince had previously been offered a guest appearance in the season two episode "Virgins". However, he could not accept at the time, but still wanted to appear in the show.
At least two scripts were rejected, as they were not in keeping with the show. One storyline had Prince playing the lead singer of a Prince cover band. Meriwether said that Prince's appearance with the main characters also needed to be believable. Eventually the writers, Rob Rosell and Dave Feeney, scripted an episode that would see the characters attending a party at Prince's house, where he would help Jess and Nick say "I love you" for the first time. In a piece for Vulture, Meriwether recalled that Prince was pleased that he would be the person who helps get Jess and Nick to admit how they truly felt about each other.
Prince came up with the idea of helping Jess by giving her a makeover, and asked that the house party on the show was as close as possible to his real house parties. Four days before filming was due to start, Prince decided to pull out as he was unhappy with changes to the script. Meriwether explained that Fox had asked that the episode ended with a scene at the apartment, so she had Nick and Jess declare their love for one another in the bathroom. She realised that Prince needed to be the one to get through to Jess and the script was revised that same day. Meriwether said the episode was "a big milestone" for Nick and Jess romantically, and that the storyline would continue to play out during the rest of the season.
The episode was directed by Fred Goss. Filming took place in December 2013, and "Prince" became one of the most expensive episodes of New Girl to be shot, as a house needed to be rented out and new sets built. Prince was on set for three days. Meriwether recalled that he was "fantastic at ping-pong" and told Simone to practice before their scene together. The musician was surprised when she scored a point off him during the first take. Prince also changed a scripted moment in which he shines a flashlight under his chin to a lighter, as he believed it was funnier. The episode featured cameo appearances from baseball player Clayton Kershaw, and models Alessandra Ambrosio, Ana Beatriz Barros and Lais Ribeiro. In May 2016, Deschanel told Conan O'Brien that Khloé Kardashian and Kris Jenner had also filmed cameos. However, their scenes were cut after a member of Prince's team asked about the celebrity appearances and commented "I hope it's not the Kardashians". Prince felt that they would never be at one of his parties.
Prince used his appearance in the episode to premiere his new song "Fallinlove2nite", which features vocals from Deschanel. The show had not featured Deschanel singing before, with the exception of the opening theme song. The actress told Sandy Coen of the Associated Press that the producers wanted her character to go up on stage and sing with Prince, so they asked her to lay down a vocal for the sound department, who sent it to Prince. The following day, her vocal was mixed into the song. Shortly before the scene was filmed, Prince asked producer Erin O'Malley for a megaphone. As the song began to play, Prince used the megaphone to call out "Does anyone want to fall in love tonight?". The crowd of actors and extras gave an unscripted cheer. Meriwether admitted that she teared up following the take. The episode also featured Prince's "When You Were Mine" during the scenes where Prince gives Jess a makeover.
In its original American broadcast on February 2, 2014, "Prince" was viewed by 26.30 million viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research, making it the most watched episode of New Girl and the only episode to reach over 20 million viewers. The episode drew an 11.4 rating in adults between the ages of 18 and 49. It posted a 42 percent increase in adults 18–49 and a 23 percent increase in viewers over the previous year's post-Super Bowl episode of Elementary. New Girl became the highest rated scripted entertainment telecast on television in three years, since Fox's post-Super Bowl episode of Glee, "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle". As expected, New Girl benefited from following the broadcast of Super Bowl XLVIII, which was seen by 112.19 million average viewers, making it the most watched Super Bowl in history at the time.
Following Prince's death on April 21, 2016, Fox decided to replay the episode on April 26 as a tribute to him. The broadcast earned 1.78 million viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research. It drew a 0.7/2 rating/share in adults between the ages of 18 and 49.
The episode received mixed reviews from television critics. Marc Hogan of Spin commented, "A couple too many of the show's jokes involved characters inexplicably fainting or otherwise being a bit too FOX sitcom-y – couldn't Prince have been a fan of The Mindy Project instead? – but the Purple One's presence was pure gold." Chris Morgan of Paste wrote "it certainly wasn't the greatest episode of New Girl, but it felt momentous. This was the power of Prince's presence, and his aura. Who wouldn't want to see Prince on a sitcom? And who, but Prince, would randomly show up on a sitcom like New Girl? It will surely go down as a strange, fabulous moment in the history of the series, and also a testament to the kind of life Prince chose to live." TVLine's Kimberly Roots admitted that she did not laugh once during the episode, commenting "the installment is not New Girl's sharpest".
IGN UK's Max Nicholson thought some elements of the episode were "a stretch", such as Prince taking an interest in Nick and Jess's relationship problems, and called the plot "a little tedious". He added, "but with the help of Prince – and a few asides with Winston, Coach, Schmidt and Cece – this week's "I love you" storyline was made much more enjoyable." Lanford Beard from Entertainment Weekly praised Prince's performance during the makeover scenes, calling it "deliciously understated" and "a nice counterpart to New Girl's frequently over-the-top comedy". Beard said his favourite moment was Prince appearing in the closet with Jess and the lighter. Alan Sepinwall from HitFix praised the episode, saying "it was funny and joyful (especially when the whole group got on stage with Prince) and strange and poignant, all in perfect proportion."
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+ score. He felt Prince improved the plot "that would feel like rote rom-com filler without him." Adams also thought Prince helped give a different angle on Nick and Jess's romance, and "a new spin on a storyline that countless other TV shows and movies have tried out." Adams praised the show's editorial team for the montage and summed up the episode as "very, very funny". Vulture's Josh Gondelman awarded "Prince" three out of five stars. He did not think the conflict between Nick and Jess was believable enough, saying "I was just frustrated because the stakes in this episode were staggeringly low. Nothing seemed to really matter to anyone."
^ "Fox 2013–14 Schedule Announced: 'Bones' On the Move + 'Sleepy Hollow' Monday, 'Glee' Gets Midseason Break & More (Updated)". TV by the Numbers. May 13, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
^ a b c d e f g O'Connell, Michael (January 30, 2014). "'New Girl' Creator Liz Meriwether Talks Prince, Super Bowl Pressure and Letting Zooey Sing". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
^ Justin, Neal (February 1, 2014). "How Prince ended up on the post-Super Bowl 'New Girl'". Star Tribune. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
^ Dos Santos, Kristin (December 12, 2013). "Prince on New Girl! Music Icon Will Guest Star As Himself in Super Bowl Episode and Interfere With Nick and Jess". E! Online. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i Meriwether, Liz (April 26, 2016). "'Isn't This Funnier?' New Girl Creator Liz Meriwether Recalls the Making of the Prince Episode". Vulture. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ a b c Fernandez, Maria Elena (January 31, 2014). "Prince's 'New Girl' performance leaves creator teary eyed". Today. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ "Fred Goss Directs Prince On New Girl!". Company Films. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
^ Justin, Neal (February 1, 2014). "How Prince ended up on the post-Super Bowl 'New Girl'". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Martinez, Michael (January 30, 2014). "Dodgers lefty ace Kershaw to make cameo on 'New Girl'". Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ Bueno, Antoinette (January 31, 2014). "'New Girl' Super Bowl Ep Gets Two Supermodels!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ Aquino, Tara. "The Best Prince and Jess Moments on Last Night's "New Girl"". Complex. February 3, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
^ Le Vine, Lauren (May 10, 2016). "Prince Reportedly Refused to Have the Kardashians on His New Girl Episode". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Grow, Kory (March 14, 2014). "Prince Duets With Zooey Deschanel on New Song 'Fallinlove2nite'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
^ Lee, Ashley (March 18, 2014). "Prince Drops 'New Girl' Duet With Zooey Deschanel, Teams with Epic". Billboard. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Cohen, Sandy (April 10, 2014). "Deschanel talks fashion, Prince and 'New Girl'". Associated Press. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ a b Hogan, Marc (February 3, 2014). "Prince Serves Pancake and New 'Love' Song on Purple-Centric 'New Girl'". Spin. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
^ a b Bibel, Sara (February 4, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'New Girl' Adjusted Up & Final Super Bowl Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "TV Ratings Sunday: (Updated) Super Bowl Sets New Viewing Record, 'New Girl' Strong & 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' Decent". TV by the Numbers. February 3, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ Snierson, Dan (April 22, 2016). "New Girl episode featuring Prince to rerun on Tuesday". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (April 27, 2016). "TV Ratings Tuesday: 'Limitless' finale steady, 'Chicago Med' and 'Containment' rise". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Morgan, Chris (April 22, 2016). "Remembering the Wonderfully Bizarre "Prince" Episode of New Girl". Paste. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
^ Roots, Kimberly (February 2, 2014). "New Girl Post-Super Bowl Recap: When Loves Try". TVLine. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
^ a b Nicholson, Max (February 2, 2014). "New Girl: "Prince" review". IGN UK. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
^ a b Beard, Lanford (February 2, 2014). "'New Girl' recap: A post-Super Bowl episode fit for a Prince". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
^ Sepinwall, Alan (February 2, 2014). "Review: 'New Girl' – 'Prince': I love u but I don't trust u anymore". HitFix. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
^ a b c d Adams, Erik (February 2, 2014). "New Girl: "Prince"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
^ a b Gondelman, Josh (February 3, 2014). "New Girl Recap: Dropping the L-Bomb". Vulture. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
This page was last edited on 3 January 2019, at 17:03 (UTC). | 2019-04-23T23:20:53Z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(New_Girl) |
Here is some historical background on the GPS week number roll-over event of August 1999.
time sources used with NTP.
The good news is that GPS will not have a "Year 2000" problem.
will occur at midnight 21-22 August 1999 UTC.
2.3.5(b) on page 19, repeats the words of ICD-GPS-200.
for repair, under warantee, all at once. Too close for comfort.
manufacturer has forgotten the product.
of skepticism about GPS receivers' sense of time.
Here is the updated Usenet posting from Joe. I had sent email to Joe suggesting the 8-bit leap second field could be used, as a last resort, to help determine the GPS cycle number (I was the "fellow at DEC" he mentions below). Joe agrees my idea "does appear to be workable".
Subject: Re: Will GPS system time roll over?
have a "Year 2000" problem.
As part of answering our customers' queries about possible "Year 2000"
or in 1980+19.7= 1999.7 (August 1999), only a few years from now.
Only the User Spec, described below, is available electronically.
"NAVSTAR Seminars and GPS Supply", at "http://www.navtechgps.com".
and thus in GPS itself.
Signal Spec sections 2.4.5.5 and 2.5.6 (on pages 32 and 42 respectively).
feeling that it could have been a life-threatening disaster for them.
repair, many under warantee, and all at once.
will involve replacement of PROMs; some are socketed, some are soldered.
manufacturer has forgotten the product, or has himself been forgotten.
who does and does not have the problem solved.
test of each unique design (receiver firmware version) should suffice.
manufacturer's implementation of ICD GPS-200."
receiver claiming to be in GPS Cycle zero (1980-1999).
This note is updated as new information becomes available: 9 July 1996 version.
These postings are still archived at Google Groups last I checked.
Interestingly some months after my suggestion entered the public domain engineers at Trimble Navigation patented it. Patent 5,923,618 "Leap-second cure for 1999 GPS rollover problem" was filed November 12, 1996 and granted July 13, 1999.
The timing system for GPS has a week counter that recycles at intervals of about 20 years. The first recycling will occur on Aug. 22, 1999, producing a time ambiguity in GPS signals. The invention employs a count of leap seconds to resolve the ambiguity and extends the useability of GPS in its present format by more than a century.
means employing a count of leap seconds to resolve time ambiguity due to recycling of the timing means.
disambiguating means responsive to the first and second counts and using the second count to disambiguate the relation of the first count to time.
the first count has an incremental period of one week and a modulus of 1024.
the receiver comprising disambiguating means responsive to the first and second portions of the signal and using the second portion of the signal to disambiguate the relation to time of the first count as represented by the first portion of the signal.
5. A GPS system according to claim 4 wherein the first count is incremented weekly and recycles every 1024 weeks.
the receiver comprising disambiguating means responsive to the first and second portions of each signal and using the second portion of each signal to disambiguate the relation to time of the first count as represented by the first portion of the same signal.
means employing a count based on leap seconds to resolve the ambiguity.
employing the count of leap seconds to resolve the time ambiguity otherwise occurring on Aug. 22, 1999.
9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the step of generating comprises the step of finding a least-squares fit of a straight line to the count of leap seconds.
t is time in weeks since Jan. 6, 1980, inferred from LSC.
employing the leap second count to resolve the ambiguity due to recycling of the week count to 0000000000 following a week count of 1111111111.
"AND" is a bitwise logical operation.
This invention relates to timekeeping and more particularly to a novel and highly effective timekeeping method and apparatus for solving a serious problem due to arise on Aug. 22, 1999. On that day, if no corrective action is taken in the meantime, the timekeeping signals provided by the most advanced navigation system in the world will become ambiguous.
Navigation, map-making and surveying have been revolutionized by the global positioning system, or GPS, provided by the U.S. Government and to a lesser extent by GLONASS, a satellite navigation system provided by the Russian Government. A European satellite navigation system is planned but not yet operational. GPS and other satellite navigation systems enable a determination of one's position and velocity speedily, accurately, automatically, and inexpensively.
The principles of satellite navigation are well known and will not be described in detail here. Those interested in the details can refer to a number of reference works, including GPS Theory and Practice, by B. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger, and J. Collins, Springer-Verlag, Vienna and New York, third edition, 1994.
In broad outline, satellite navigation works as follows (for convenience, GPS is summarized, but the principles apply to satellite navigation systems generally): Since Jan. 6, 1980, as many as two dozen GPS satellites have been in various earth orbits at a height of about 20,000 kilometers (see FIG. 8, which represents four such satellites S, a ground-based receiver R, and Earth E). Each satellite carries an atomic clock accurate to one second in several million years. The satellites, while of course always moving, are distributed around the earth so that typically seven or more are well above the horizon as seen from any point on or near the earth. The satellites transmit line-of-sight signals, so that, absent obstruction by mountains, buildings, etc., one can expect always to be able to receive signals from about seven satellites, regardless of one's location (on or near the earth). For a "complete" fix (time, longitude, latitude and elevation relative to sea level), a receiver, which can be in a car, on a plane, aboard a ship, hand-held, etc., must receive signals from at least four satellites. For a fix that dispenses, for example, with a readout of elevation, reception of signals from three satellites suffices. For a determination of time, a signal from one satellite suffices (if the receiver location is accurately known, the time signal carries full GPS accuracy; if the receiver location is not known, the time error is at most 21 ms).
Each GPS signal is encoded to indicate the time of transmission from the satellite and has several portions, including a coarse acquisition or CA code, a precise or P code, a portion representing a count of weeks since the inauguration of the GPS system on Jan. 1, 1980, and a data portion giving the satellite's status and orbital parameters.
Time is encoded on the CA code modulo 1 millisecond (1 ms) and on the P code modulo 1 week. All GPS receivers can receive and use the CA code, but the P code is encrypted and requires for its use decryption software available only to the U.S. military. Use of the P code gives a move precise fix, but GPS receivers without the decryption software can use the data portion of the signal, which gives the satellite's status and orbital parameters, to approximate closely the week boundaries. Thus all users of the GPS system can obtain and use a signal from each satellite sufficient to enable software in the receiver to calculate a fix rapidly and accurately.
However, the week count is encoded using only ten bits and is thus capable of a maximum count of 2.sup.10 =1024. In other words, 1024 weeks after the inauguration of the system on Jan. 6, 1980--i.e. on Aug. 22, 1999--, the week count will cycle from 1111111111 to 0000000000. As matters now stand, there will be nothing in the GPS data to tell explicitly that the year is in fact 1999 and not 1980.
If no corrective action is taken, this will cause problems with both navigation and timekeeping. The navigation problem arises from the need to relate dated satellite orbit information to the almanacs and ephemerides that inform the receiver of the satellites' positions. Here the difficulty is simply to relate the data and computations for the old week 1023 to the new week 1024, which is encoded not as "week 1024" but as "week 0". It is a simple computational matter to interpret the differences between week numbers as being in the interval, for example, -512 through +511, rather than the interval 0 through 1023, and thus avoid completely any disruption to navigation during the rollover.
The timekeeping problem is more difficult. Several solutions have been suggested. One is to design the system not to tolerate any date before it was manufactured, but rather to add the necessary multiple of 1024 weeks. That is satisfactory only for an additional 19.6 years; beyond that, the required multiple is ambiguous, and the rollover problem will arise again early in the year 2019.
Another possibility is to save the current date in nonvolatile memory. This converts the 20-year life into a more acceptable 20-year shelf life. However, it introduces a vulnerability to a mistaken date. For example, if the system is programmed never to allow time to run backward, erroneously decodes a date, places it in the future as instructed, and then decodes the true date, it will place the true date in the future from the false date and always show a net advance of 19.6 years. Variations on the date algorithm that allow backward time changes can recover the correct date after an error, but not reliably.
Another solution is to include a separate clock in each of the (myriad) receiving systems. This requires also adding to each receiver an uninterrupted source such as a battery to power the clock, since the clock must always be maintained, even during periods of nonuse. Although a clock in the receiver need not have high accuracy, a requirement for a local clock in each receiver adds to the cost, size and weight and is not a good solution to the rollover problem.
In principle, the rollover problem can be neatly solved by changing the GPS data format to encode the week count using more bits. That, however, would require a major revamping of the GPS system--a project that, because of the risk of confusing existing receivers, has not been, and perhaps should not be, undertaken.
What is needed is a solution that is sure to work for rather more than twenty years, using no external real-time clocks, nonvolatile memories, or user inputs.
An object of the invention is to remedy the problem outlined above and in particular to provide a solution to the 1999 GPS rollover problem. Another object of the invention is to solve the problem for an extended period of time using no external real-time clocks, no nonvolatile memories, and no user inputs.
The foregoing and other objects are attained in accordance with one independent aspect of the invention by providing a timing system comprising timing means that recycles at predetermined intervals equal to or longer than intervals between leap seconds and means employing a count of leap seconds to resolve the time ambiguity due to recycling of the timing means.
Other independent aspects of the invention are set out in the following specification and claims.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart representing software for implementing the invention .
The sun and moon, principally the moon, exert a tidal pull on the earth that gradually has slowed its rotation. The earth's corresponding pull on the much smaller moon has in fact synchronized the moon's rotation about its axis with its orbit about the earth, so that a "day" on the moon lasts for a lunar month, and the moon always presents essentially the same face towards the earth, albeit from a given spot on the earth it is possible at certain times to peer slightly around one limb and at other times around another limb of the moon because of the moon's slightly eccentric orbit and its excursions from the plane of the ecliptic. The recently discovered discrepancy between the rate of rotation of the earth's core and mantle (the core rotates faster) may be a manifestation of the same tidal phenomenon.
The atomic second was defined in 1967 based on the ephemeris second as observed between 1956 and 1965. Before 1972, the second had been periodically lengthened to keep time synchronized with the earth's slowing rotation. Since then, the duration of the second has been held constant, and leap seconds have been inserted into the stream of time by international agreement. The insertions occur at the end of June or December in coordinated universal time (UTC) and keep UTC in sync with the earth's rotation. Negative leap seconds are provided for but have never been used. A leap second has been inserted about every year and a half, on the average.
The rate at which leap seconds have been added has varied little over the time during which they have been used. Because of the disruption that would be caused by including leap seconds in the GPS format, they have been ignored in GPS time. Thus there has been an increasing discrepancy between GPS time as encoded in the GPS signals and UTC. To allow this to be corrected, a separate leap-second count is included in the GPS data message as a signed number encoded in 8 bits. The present invention uses the count of leap seconds to solve the rollover problem by disambiguating the week count as explained below.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of 1023 CA spreading-code chips, each having a duration of less than 1 .mu.s, forming a CA (coarse acquisition) spreading code having a duration of 1 ms and tracking time modulo 1 ms. The dots in FIG. 1 indicate that a portion is omitted. The waveform illustrated is merely an example; it will in general be different. The code repeats at intervals of 1 ms. The internal design of the code makes it possible to track time to the nearest millionth of a second, and by detecting the chip boundaries it is possible to determine time much more precisely than that; but since the code recycles at intervals of 1 ms, it is not possible, using the code of FIG. 1 alone, to obtain a complete indication of time.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of 20 repetitions of the CA spreading code to make a bit having a duration of 20 ms and tracking time modulo 20 ms. The bit of FIG. 2 can represent a part of a data signal or a part of a parity signal.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of 30 data/parity bits grouped to form a word having a duration of 600 ms and tracking time modulo 600 ms. The first 24 bits encode data; the last 6 are parity bits. A "1" is distinguished from a "0" by the level of the signal. FIG. 3 represents 110100111001100101001011000110. This is of course merely an example; the signal will in general represent other values.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of 10 words grouped to form a subframe having a duration of 6 seconds, tracking time modulo 6 seconds, and employing the first 17 bits of word 2 to give the time modulo 1 week. Thus the time of week is repeated at intervals of 6 seconds.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of 5 subframes grouped to form a frame having a duration of 30 seconds, tracking time modulo 30 seconds, and employing the first 10 bits of word 3, subframe 1, to give a week count. Thus the week count is repeated at intervals of 30 seconds. However, since only 10 bits are devoted to representing the week count, the number of weeks that can be counted is 2.sup.10 =1024. The GPS system was inaugurated Jan. 6, 1980. During the first week of its operation, the week count was encoded as 0000000000. During the week ending Aug. 22, 1999, the week count will be 1111111111. At the end of that week, namely on Aug. 22, 1999, the week count will cycle back to 0000000000, and there will be nothing in the GPS data to tell explicitly that the year is in fact 1999 and not 1980.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of 25 frames grouped to form a page having a duration of 12.5 minutes, tracking time modulo 12.5 minutes, and employing the first 8 bits of word 9, subframe 4, frame 18, to give a leap-second count. The leap-second count is already being transmitted by GPS satellites, albeit, as noted above, for a different purpose: to reconcile GPS time with UTC. In accordance with the present invention, leap-second information, which is already available, is employed to solve the rollover problem.
where LSC is a leap-second count as read from a GPS data message, WN is a GPS week number, both as read from the GPS data message and after correction by t, and "AND" is a bitwise logical operation.
Replace WN by t+›(WN-t+512) AND 1023!-512 is executed.
As FIG. 6 shows, the leap-second count is represented by the first 8 bits of word 9, subframe 4, frame 18. The leap-second count is signed, leaving 7 bits to represent the absolute value. Thus the absolute value of the count can go as high as 2.sup.7 =128. The sign bit considered, the leap-second count is restricted to the interval -128 through +127. The system proposed herein, employing the least-squares fit discussed above (in accordance with which the count of leap seconds is incremented about every 1.5 years), provides a solution to the GPS rollover problem for about 173 years.
Thus there is provided in accordance with the invention a novel and highly effective solution to the 1999 GPS rollover problem. The solution provided in accordance with the invention is good for an extended period of time using no external real-time clocks, clock batteries or nonvolatile memories in the receivers, no user inputs, and no change in the format of GPS signals. While the invention in its preferred embodiment corrects a rollover problem inherent in the GPS system, it can be used in any other satellite navigation system having a similar rollover problem and indeed in any timing system that recycles at predetermined intervals equal to or longer than intervals between leap seconds.
Many modifications of the preferred embodiment of the invention disclosed above will readily occur to those skilled in the art. The invention includes all such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims. | 2019-04-23T08:05:44Z | http://www.leapsecond.com/notes/gpswnro.htm |
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As we've mentioned a number of times now, often in defense of Google, companies have personalities, insofar as companies reflect the personality of their CEOs. We have mentioned this in order to squash silly rumors that Google is out to steal your private data, or is planning to implode the Android ecosystem by closing it off and making its own devices with Motorola. This time though, we have to take a moment to consider how this philosophy affects Apple. Apple is known as Steve Jobs' company, and essentially an extension of the man himself. The trouble is that Steve is no longer the CEO; Tim Cook is.
And, that is where we need to make a point here. We're talking about how Apple does business not Apple products. Apple products are still a matter of opinion. The products won't change in core philosophy. They will still be geared for ease and integration, even if that means limitations. That may not be everyone's style, but we can't begrudge the choice to those who love Apple products, and there are a lot of those people out there. What we are talking about is how Apple has done business, which has been inexorably tied to Steve Jobs' personality, and the fact that Apple may change how it does business with Tim Cook in charge.
Over the course of the life of Apple, the company has been an ambitious, cocky, but lovable upstart under the leadership of a young Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak; an in-over-its-head visionless mess under John Sculley, Michael Spindler, and Gil Amelio; and a focused, innovative, and vengeful profit-machine under a matured Steve Jobs. The question is: what kind of company will it be under Tim Cook?
Steve Jobs was an incredibly smart man with a focused vision and an eye for design, especially in regards to minimalism. He was also moody, often cruel, obsessed with image, and able to live in his "reality distortion field" as Walter Isaacson said. As a reflection of this, Apple products have been simple, well designed, and focused/integrated, while Apple the company has been vindictive, often litigious, but with a certain coolness.
Apple often threatened or sued other companies, which in and of itself was nothing out of the ordinary, but Apple always had a certain edge to its lawsuits. The company would always go for blood, aiming to enforce injunctions on products that it (Steve) saw as infringing (stealing) its (his) patents (ideas). Of course, we all know that Steve once said that he wanted to "destroy Android" and wage "thermonuclear war" over what he saw as a "stolen" product. On that path, Apple sued a number of Android manufacturers including HTC, Motorola, and especially targeted Samsung, and sought injunctions on devices, eventually forced both HTC and Samsung to change products to avoid patent litigation.
Apple used highly questionable manufacturing plants in Asia, and never had to really answer for it under Steve Jobs. The same things that were shown in that now famous ABC investigation of Foxconn have been happening for years, but no one ever had the courage to take the protest directly to Apple HQ like we saw last month.
Apple product announcements were big, theatrical events with iconic images and an incredible, amazing, magical amount of superlatives.
Unfortunately, Steve has passed, and with his passing, there is an inevitable shift in the way Apple conducts business. Although Steve vowed revenge on Eric Schmidt and Android, it's highly unlikely (though not technically impossible) that he left it as a request in his will that the war be completed. We have already seen that begin to shift, as Apple recently offered Android manufacturers a licensing deal for use of its patents. As we mentioned before, suing over patent violation is nothing new, but rather than Steve's aim of a kill-shot, most patent lawsuits end up with licensing agreements, just like the one that Microsoft has with over half of all Android manufacturers, and the one that Motorola offered to Apple to settle their patent dispute. This is the traditional way of business; don't try to destroy competitors, just profit from them.
As far as design of products, we can assume that the company will continue its trend of excellence as long as Jony Ive is working there, because he was always considered the true genius of the relationship, whereas Steve was more of a collaborator/visionary. There is no reason not to trust Jony Ive, but we have yet to see what come after Steve in the design department, because the iPhone 4S and new iPad are both essentially identical to their predecessors.
And, that brings us to Tim Cook. He's an intelligent man with a passion for efficiency, due to his background in supply chain management. The rest of what makes up the man is still not fully known, though we have seen that he is not as vengeful as Steve with his offer of compromise with Android makers. He has also started a new era of relative transparency with Apple, which has been more open about the companies it uses for production, and has joined the Fair Labor Association. These are small concessions, but potentially meaningful ones, because Apple is seen as a sort of role model for other companies. Plenty of other companies use similar business practices, but don't get the level of heat because there is a certain fervor around Apple products, both from fans and detractors.
We can't say completely, because the timeline is fairly short, but it seems as though Tim Cook's Apple is a more conscientious and responsible company. It has been more open about its manufacturing process, and although it is a very small change, Apple has begun taking smaller profit margins on devices, which is something that the company would also need to do to build its products more ethically as has been demanded by critics.
But at the new iPad announcement, Cook was subtly clear that he is not Steve Jobs. To an extent, the new iPad announcement was something of a eulogy to Steve Jobs. The company didn't have time to really design a tribute to Steve with the iPhone 4S announcement. The closest they got there was that Tim cook wore a black shirt tucked into jeans, which seemed like something of an homage.
The new iPad announcement had all of the trappings of a Steve Jobs' Apple announcement: heavy rumors, spectacle, slides, and a moving ending. Still, the entire affair seemed to be both eulogy to Steve, and introduction to Tim. We still had the amazing superlatives, but most came from Phil Schiller, not Tim Cook. We were not given a "one more thing..." to wow us, but a moving message from the new CEO to his team. Even the naming of the new iPad broke from the traditions set by Steve Jobs, as though this device was not a continuation of the iPads that came before, but was a new device from a new company. And, possibly most telling, we had the introduction of a new Apple logo. The logo itself is again both a tribute to Steve Jobs with its vaguely tie-dyed aesthetic, but it is a clear indication that this is a new Apple.
Many Apple critics/haters are still clinging to the same old arguments that the company is overly litigious, hypocritical about patent disputes, and constantly releasing the same products. The last argument is pure bias, which could be applied to any company really. Any yearly iteration on hardware is going to be a slow evolution and not an epic change (as Apple marketing claims, but of course that is the job of marketing.) As far as the former arguments, time will tell, but the early indications are that this is not the same Apple. The company may sue over patent disputes, but many companies do the same thing, and if Apple aims for licensing deals rather than injunctions, there is no difference in practice than patent lawsuits that we have seen from Microsoft, Motorola, Samsung, HTC, or Nokia.
There will always be Apple haters out there, but the same arguments may not be there for too long, because the personality of the company is changing. This isn't Steve Jobs' Apple anymore, it's Jony Ive and Tim Cook's. Maybe that means something. It is a bit too early to tell, but at the very least the company should get a period to prove itself before the same jabs are thrown. It may very well be the same company it has always been, but at least right now, it seems to be doing business in a slightly different way.
YEP becuse as Jazmine Sullivan says "I searched all around but there's no body else in the...the world" That can replace Steve Jobs. But I wish Tim Cook the best though.
Moving past Steve??? How about building Apple products in the USA,instead of enslaving poor,half-starved people in the Third World to make obscene profits??? How about not trying to drown all competition in oceans of lawsuits??? Untill these things happen,this "moving past" is just not possible.
How about EVERY company manufactures in those areas (not just tech companies either) because there is business incentive to do so. Apple is not alone in this. It may be a practice that we want to change, but singling out Apple as the problem doesn't help anything.
Thank you! I dont understand why everyone thinks Apple is the only one doing this!
So because Apple is not alone in doing this makes them right? For a "bigboy" that's rather small thinking.
No,it wont but eventually it will because everyone's watching Apple and people(in general) are more interested in apple than other companies so if apple decides to do things differently other companies just might follow.
So you think that other companies like HP, Lenovo, Samsung & HTC will open their supplier & factories to FLA in near future.
I have no problem with putting pressure on Apple to change, but to act as though Apple is the only company in the wrong doesn't help anything. When was the last time you saw someone calling out a company like Samsung, Microsoft, Asus, Nokia, or Motorola (now Google) for using the same facilities for their products? Aiming at Apple doesn't put pressure on everyone to be better, it deflects blame away from other companies and onto Apple. If you want pressure on everyone, we have to put pressure on everyone.
Michael, That happens regularly on this site.. by ME. :) I knock every one of those companies when they do something wrong. BTW, Samsung Galaxy products are made in house by workers with some rights and actual employee benefits. Still not great, but its definitely better than foxconn. I also dont believe that Nokia uses foxconn either. However I have been loud about every company that uses foxconn. If people would join me in taking a stand and not buying foxconn products things might change. Apathy however, will just keep things right where they are. And no, aiming at apple does put pressure on others because its "follow the leader". You go after the big guy first and get him to change and then the rest follow suite. Why would smaller companies change and take the hit on profits if the larger, massively profitable one wont?
first of all, do anyone here have family or know people in china? if you do, you would know getting paid $2/hr USD is like getting paid $13 something over there which, is a lot better than a lot of minimum wage jobs that requires manual labor and only pays $1200-$1500 yuan, and thats a salary pay which means they work more hours! so, if you can do the math, its really a lot better pay than other jobs there. AND PLEASE do not call it slavery, cause you have no idea what slavery is. these jobs is the single reason why china and other poorer third world country have seen an increase is standard of living. people can complain about losing jobs in the developed country, but to my experience, these are the same people that complain about not helping the poor in third world countries (make no sense right?) if they only know that for every job lost in the US, 2.5 is created in a third world country, and that is 2.5 person that is not starving.
for a person with "logic" in their name, you think you would have some. BTW, apple workers in the ipad plant in Chenzen, just got a RAISE to about 60 cents USD.
You are the one without a clue. $2 might not mean that much to you but, $2 is $13 yuan there. Their minimum wage is about the same as US at about $1500 a MONTH with more hours. So, $13 a HOUR is f**king pretty GOOD. 1500/13= that's only 115 hour of work so, the rest of extra time they but in is above national average. I have plenty of family members there that get pay way less. So, before you start taking s**t, learn that pay in term of of USD is relative to the standard of living in the given location.
did you notice the part where they only make 60 cents an hour at the iPad factory.. they dont get over time, they only average arond 60 bux after taxes a paycheck for an average of 60-100 hrs. I'd also love to see where you came up with this "2 dollars in chinese is equivilant to 13 american". Show me that documentation please. yea.. i dont know where you are getting this 2 buck an hour thing, but from every report ive seen so far the highest pay was 1.60, AFTER the last round of raises, and that was at the Xbox factory. Also, every time Foxconn gives a raise they also raise the cost of all the food and goods sold to their employees to recoup that raise. So they dont actually get much of a raise at all, do they? Publicity, that is all. Again, ya missed the easy logic.
We HAVE to single out Apple. They are the most profitable company that is not an oil company in the history of this planet. Apple has no excuse for what is happening over there. When you are number one the spotlight is on you. That is why Apple is singled out! Also can poor Steve Jobs finally rest in peace, why must we STILL keep talking about a man who's has time expired? Apple has moved on & the point is that Apple is a company the Steve Jobs built. That will NEVER change. Why does it matter if we are judging Apple by Steve Jobs? What does that even mean? Apple is Apple right? Because Steve Jobs is now dead, Apple is actually trying to license some of their patents, that would have NEVER happened on the Steve Jobs watch. Steve Jobs when he was alive was like the Great Eye of Mordor or the Eye of Sauron watching ALL in the land of Apple, making sure his will is followed! It looks like Apple may be moving away from that. It’s STILL too early to see if that is true or not.
Even from the beginning of your reply to the end you started to come around to my thinking. Yes, Apple is the biggest, so they will get the spotlight, but that doesn't mean we ignore the fact that all of Apple's competitors use those same facilities. That's the problem I have with Apple haters. It's fine to call out Apple on problems, but they can't act like they're superior because Motorola, Nokia and Samsung use the same production scheme as Apple. Apple is not Apple. Re-read the opening two paragraphs of my article for the reasoning. The Apple we knew died with Steve Jobs. Sure, the products will stay the same or similar, but there's no reason to believe the company will be run the same way. If you don't like the products, that's fine, but the way a company is run changes, so we can't jump to conclusions there. I say Tim Cook gets the benefit of the doubt until he proves he'll be just as ruthless as Jobs.
Apple is still apple. Steve's influence will be felt for a little while longer in the products at least. Companies plan 2+ generations ahead in development, Apple is no different. Maybe the i5 is far enough away that Cook is able to make adjustments, but maybe not. His influence probably wont be fully felt until the i6. That whole "independent commission" nonsense was started under jobs. They joined up while he was still alive. And its also a front company started by Nike and other major human rights violators as a glorified PR firm. This article would have been better in a bout a year from now when Job's influence was really fading. As it is right now, the company is making its first minor wiggles as a "Jobs free" company and has a long time to go before it is seen as truely "post Jobs". Sure, Cook might have offered manufacturers a lifeline, but it was still an Apple style lifeline, over inflated and with a noose tied to the end so they could hang themselves. Apple does not have nearly the patent portfolio to justify the type of $$ that he was demanding per handset. Cook might not have went for a direct kill shot with that, but he is trying to trick them into killing themselves while Apple profiteers off of the maneuver. Dont get me wrong. There are little glimmers of hope with Cook like when he immediately started allowing people to set aside part of their paycheck for charity, but I really dont think Jobs would have left Cook in charge if he didnt really feel that the apple didnt fall far from the tree. For better or worse Jobs was a man with a laser like but also equally narrow vision. He would have found a successor that fit into that vision.
I agree with you to a point. I think if you are trying to incite change, you do have to target the biggest violator. But I disagree by changing Apple, that you change the whole industry. I've said this before, but if Apple completely switched it up and brought all of their jobs to the United States, that wouldn't cure America's problem of wanting everything as cheap as possible. That's the real problem you are dealing with. When Americans (and others for that matter) stop needing their electonics for next to nothing, outsourcing will stop. Labor ethics with Foxconn and China overall is another topic... Now...as for Steve Jobs, a lot of the hatred Apple gets is because of Steve Jobs. I admire the man, but I also realize that he is just a man. I'm a huge Apple fan, but even the "You're holding it wrong" thing made me go on a tirade on PhoneArena about how pompous that remark was. Apple today only exists because of Jobs. Not Apple overall, but Apple since he returned. He made such HUGE changes to the company that it truly is his child. Sure, others helped him form it, but they wouldn't exist in the company without him. It's going to take time for Apple to turn into something that isn't just Steve Jobs, just like Microsoft took a while to not be just Bill Gates...or Ford being something other than Henry Ford. I agree, people need to rethink Apple. The company isn't just its CEO anymore. Tim Cook seems to be more of a team guy than the iconic figure and that's a good thing. The stock prices won't fluctuate based off his health...or what he's wearing that day.
True that other companies are doing the same thing..but Apple is the one taking to the extreme. How come other companies manufacturing in China doesnt have the same profit margin?. The way I see it Apple is making these obscene profits in two ways..by exploiting labor in China....and by not paying the royalties on technologies patented by other companies that it is using. Recent attempt by Apple to settle with Motorola and Samsung on royalty payment proves this. Like Steve Job said, you have to be a genius to steal technology from other company and not pay for it.
Other companies don't have the profit margin because they don't have the business model and product pricing that Apple does. It's not like Motorola and Samsung are paying those workers more. Their devices cost just as little to produce as Apple, they just can't price their devices as high as Apple.
Samsung pays a smidge more but offers actual benefits and vacation/sick pay. Pay is relevant to the country/area you are in. Its not like they are going to be paid american wages. Judge them on how they treat their workers and if the pay that they do receive is enough to make them in the middle class somewhere and not still poor. Comparing that, Samsung looks like a frikkin angel compared to Apple/foxconn, who still gets paid less than a buck an hour at their Chenzen factory which makes the ipads. Even MS pays their foxconn workers more at that Xbox factory that had the "suicide or better working conditions" stand off a few months ago.
i agree with you Micheal on most of the things you said in this beautiful piece but i guess its too early to say that apple has changed. and yeah they are constatntly releasing the same product with minor changes. that probably works for apple in terms of sales but they have not invented anything significant, apart from silly law suits, for quite some time now. and i think the reason apple gets the heat for things which other companies are also doing, because they market themselves as the best.
Yes. Maybe others are practicing the same business, however, Apple's extreme profit margin for the same practice over the others, sings with the abuse they are willing to support just to make the bottom line. That is the bone of contention that makes Apple the target. It's not ok for others to be practicing this and the shear profits Apple makes of this practice, makes it far worse. We can all look at this in different perspective, but the bottom line is that Apple has exploited the measure by facilitating the practice for their benefit and then denounce that they are not in total agreement with Foxconn's business directive. This is hypocritical and reeks with more consumer manipulation to make them look like the champs. The disqusting part of individuals' attitudes, is that it is ok Apple does it because all the others do it. I'm not sure what side of the fence you're on here Michael. I understand your post to correct the others, but in the same breath, your excusing Apple's stance. A stance that has made them one of the richest companies in the world in ten short years by abusing this practice. Yes, we need change. Are you willing to boycott Apple to get your point across? Or are you going to continue to keep them in eyesight with the constant barrage of news articles? The truth will be answered by your actions. John B.
no, it would cost only a little more than it does now, if at all. Apple makes stratospheric profit margins, they have a bit of wiggle room to swallow costs if they need to. | 2019-04-19T14:20:38Z | https://www.phonearena.com/news/Are-we-still-judging-Apple-by-Steve-Jobs_id27869 |
Designers become designers in various techniques. With the chances that are huge, logo designers become for making a company custom logo which actually does not satisfy the 26, enthusiast. An industrial programmer is a person who expands and initiates suggestions that are certain to devise the exact form of solutions. A wonderful graphic designer has the capacity to produce new and great ideas all the time.
Logo design is. Designs are not readily recognized and are not easy to keep in mind. In case the plan of the website isn’t striking, then a customer will navigate to another website. Impressive Design A fascinating layout and style is required to lure guests. The picture design resumes display both the talents and the essence of the author, assisting construct a logo even though operating independently. A wonderful design resume should be professional enough to persuade recruiters that the personality suits their own new, Even though customized.
It’s mandatory that you verify an internet designer testimonials and also make sure they can do what they say they can be ready to do. Make sure you pick a web designer who’s also capable of coding any works your web site requirements. So of course , you’re definitely going to be much better away by selecting an internet designer with expertise under their belt. A internet designer give some type of perception concerning which internet hosting company they urge. The large part of the moment, designers have their own design that is distinctive and also you also can spot which designs they’ve done previously.
A programmer may be accredited in Photoshop, but it doesn’t indicate they’re creative. The designer is a person who simplifies various troubles that are linked to communicating. Graphic artists should be more knowledgeable about computer graphics and also design software’s a variety available. It is likely to check additional graphic designer hints about websites such as LinkedIn to locate a idea of qualifications to prioritize.
A CV needs to be clean and succinct, not a package. No one may alter the CV after it has stored to PDF. With these features and tools, anyone is going to have the capacity to generate a CV that is modern day and attractive.
Info graphic resumes supply you with the chance to show off your finest assets. As the project can be arranged in a per job basis, because they don’t need to pay for the artists enjoy the common workers a lot more clients prefer to apply graphic designers or freelance illustrators. You may earn an application for graphic designing projects in lots of industries. Graphicdesign careers are some careers in which someone uses pictures get an excellent or novel seem to be interesting or to either market the product.
You intend to proceed freelancer and if you’re a comprehensive time illustrator or graphic designer, here’s a set. Check your organization acumen being aware of unique small business routes and understanding how to conduct a business will certainly help you turn in to a booming freelance illustrator or images designer. Images now has really come to become among the necessities for industries and specially for advertising their product. You might still be able resourceful and you likely to participate in artwork however, you are going to be able to do it and actually earn money from it. Any resourceful artwork is a lot more captivated than just text another gimmick. A very summary art, or an extremely elaborate illustration is usually not just a terrific example of a symbol although they could possibly be regarded as a superb artwork if taken from the view of the general art and maybe not a logo.
Based about the numerous mediums on which you are going to place the emblem, the color and nature of this logo needs to be plumped for. You should consider where and the way you’re going to put it to use. Registration and Trade mark Nowadays you might have the logo designed it is usually suggested to receive it enrolled and trademarked to be sure the emblem is protected from any type of plagiarisms.
Templates can guide you through the resume-building method , which is very beneficial once you’re fresh to the method of building a restart that is exact effective. What’s more, it’s likely to personalize the chosen templates so that they meet your buyer’s prerequisites. Therefore it is going to probably be an simple task to choose in their various templates. The upcoming free study template has been made over the sort of the leaflet.
Shamelessly explain your ache is intolerable now, In the event you have found an excuse to obtain a chiropractor. Medical explanations are occasionally a benefit to provide, when applied responsibly. Then you definitely have to be familiar with right means to achieve that if you are informed that you have received a legal explanation for getting out of jury duty.
If you wish to deliver an explanation to never attend a meeting, then then is lying. Most excuses have a tendency to become foolish, and arguments put forward to flee out of an problem. Excellent explanations have gotten harder and much more difficult to produce. To make your excuse convincing that was imitation, you’ve got to be sure looks genuine. Whatever the instance, keep in mind which you would liken’t bother with a rationale that is bogus that is simple , the explanation is required by you.
You could not need the ability to provide much caution ahead also may end up seeking leave suddeny. A leave of absence is an chance to discover acceptable treatment and eventually become engaged in self-reflection. Additionally, there are a lot of good reasons you may wish to have a leave of absence from your work.
Get in touch whenever you are aware you wont be in a position to attend, and also write your own letter. Keep in mind, you require keeping the correspondence short, and nor consist. Ahead of you write a excuse letter, it’s crucial to comprehend the notions about how to write a explanation letter.
Be sure to include the day. Letters are more elastic to writein your own pal or nearly any fashion you prefer or wants to purchase. Total identify The letters above are just a few tests which you might employ to make your own. If you really don’t find out just how to compose a letter afterward why don’t you take a peek to understand how to compose a letter. You can find a number of reasons why creating a formal excuse letter is very favorable.
It’s important to make certain to make your letter succinct After writing an explanation letter. Agree to staff members have been letters provided for people belonging to a group involved in trying to attain a common aim. Letters are somewhat flexible to create whatsoever you prefer or your own pal or comparative likes to get. The letter is required for the file. A formal explanation suggestion will be really just a written document to spell out the reason of absence.
The excuse letters are excessively simple to write. Letters of excuse have been utilized by those who have been chosen can’t stop by the prosecution liability. If you are currently searching for composing excuse letter you are suggested to take advantage. It is possible to secure the lack justification letter for faculty of charge from his site.
Such a letter could secure a specialist letterhead together with a letter that the employee has missed work for a number of days. It is going to be transmitted to confirm your medical care leave and supply you with hints for requesting to return when you are well. Letter of explanation is typically a leave letter by way of a worker if you are unable to be present at work. You must learn Just before you compose the letter of excuse from jury duty. Whatever problem you are facing, it’s always advised that you compose the jury duty excuse letter with a complete explanation of this hardship which you are confronting on your life.
You have the ability to even ask somebody else to proof read your letter in the proceedings. absence letter is quite a exact straightforward letter that mentions about the reason behind render and also the amount of 22, leave. Composing an appropriate correspondence of lack dealt with for your own boss gets simpler in case you have a leave letter template that you’re well prepared to consult with.
2018-12-18Make sure never to contain some sensitive advice whenever the letter isn’t resolved to a particular person. By the above, it is possible to see that creating an excuse letter is truly a job. At the event associated with valid, it really is imperative to write a jury duty excuse correspondence.
Mind-mapping is a alternate to job management applications that are classic to take care of our campaigns. It is a remarkable way to set out your thoughts and brainstorm ideas. It’s a wonderful way to structure ideas into something that is reasonable and to brainstorm a few ideas. Additionally, it can make a big contribution to the success of an author making it simple to prepare schedule tasks and ideas at the beginning of a project. It is a way to convey ideas and your thoughts. It transforms a very long collection of dull information right to a memorable and thoroughly arranged diagram that works in line by means of the human brain’s natural means of accomplishing matters.
Mind mapping is very ideal for content creation. It demands special skills or no preparation. On the other hand, it is intended to help you architecture disorderly ideas.
Project management can be recognized as a efficient ways to control change and it’s vital that project management is growing too. While project direction is known as a great method to take care of change, ” I believe it’s imperative methods and the various tools for jobs evolve. Project management to get a profession has existed since the 1960s nonetheless employing mind mapping to project direction is actually really just a somewhat young thought.
Click on the node Demonstration creating a map. Maps are fantastic for representing information, like that contained in sort of files. It’s important to not forget that intellect maps aren’t oceans, but are supposed to be utilized together with other software apps. Making 1 would take a while to finish up, while minds maps are powerful in regards to planning for every part of one’s own life. A mindmap begins having a central concept. It’s actually really a way to reflect concepts and thoughts. By the close of your day, building a mindmap from MindManager and MindView has been an experience that is extremely similar.
Mind maps are designed to be shared with different people. The mindmap can be placed to work with just as being a visual interface which has external hyperlinks or information. It begins from a problem or difficulty that’s positioned at the middle. It could be dropped or expanded to grow or decrease the degree of depth. Mind maps could be properly used through the final of an endeavor, from your concept and plan development. A mindmap can certainly help as it conveys relationships and hierarchy, making it possible for students to find the substantial photo with comprehending. You may import mind maps that are current from different applications, for example as Freemind and Mindmanager.
The program may not be in a posture to displace data management altogether, but to get a sizable creative team, it may be a ideal service. Presentation pc computer software could possibly be a great tool when used properly. The pc software may be utilized for mind analyzing and mapping the info in brain maps. Ahead of you decide on the right program, you’ve got to decide its own role on your workflow. Take be aware it is not mandatory to use a the program to be able to earn mind maps. Whatever the situation, should you prefer to pay for mind mapping software that you ought to really go for Imindq. Some mind mapping applications allows you to own interactive meeting or presentations a superb means of meeting teams or alternative stakeholders that may be established in numerous spots.
The pathways tool allows audience and the presenter to concentrate on specific content although in the same moment keeping a feeling of its context within a VUE map. Then you might wish to consider a instrument if this sound familiar. Not only does FileMenu resources supply you with a wide variety of tools you can put in in your right-click context menu, but but nevertheless, it is going to permit you to pick and choose just the ones that you desire. To be broad, you ought to be analyzing on-line equipment. There are a number of tools out there on the market for mind mapping.
You could make a advertisement in the newspaper, or even advertise around the internet. Begin for example tackling a customer who doesn’t desire to find an item, and next create the situations harder since you cooperate using a situation. The font-size tells you if it really is published on newspaper just how big the character will probably be. A font’s tip measurement identifies the elevation of the ribbon from the bottom of a descender of the correspondence into the peak of the ascender of another letter. You may stop by the tiny circular closing button, then in which point you are going to secure an rescue as option to the left and click where you would want them to proceed you have dragged your samples. Your query moves on top of this email and should keep to the point. Even a very small representation of a residence that features an assortment of chances for renovations, or which opens to reveal your sales pitch, as for example is certain to capture interest.
By explaining why you wish to function to your company or you understand you would certainly become a terrific fit, you can finish the pitch. Perfect pitch doesn’t rely. the pitch employing, they are given by you in the sixth stage. Take to benefit mainly because feature alternatively, as the Pitching Bible provides you whatever you want, and you’ll acquire more concessions. A elevator pitch is just a short introduction to your company. Because nothing is more challenging than talking at a prospect who is no longer interested as you are doing all the speaking. Once your potential has interest, it’s time for you to really go around goods, packages, and products and services you offer, and also find.
You are aware that it’s hard to stick out in the crowd In the event you run a construction company. For instance, the business may have lied about even the array of that time period you’re effective at using the timeshare house or your interest rate. Because you may want to pitch something don’t hesitate to make sample ads. In case you should be high tech company that’s currently making money whenever the technician industry is assaulted in the press there exists a opportunity that you pitch your self like a possible guest. Make sure of your organization is so that you can Whether you possess your company or perform there are some marketing and advertising techniques that you could make use of to market your own scents.
Pretend you are the consumer. Don’t be reluctant to enable the customer know the stuff. Lousy customer support is something that is often adjusted through modeling and coaching. It occurs when a person is unsatisfied with their expert services.
Sales addresses are created to offer your product or support. The recognition of a particular instrument is actually a great illustration. Excellent idea power to chat, however nobody knows that they exist. An quantity of flannel and you’re going to wash off any possibility which you might possess had! Ensure that to offer you good reasons . A tricky style, specially if it appears expensive, will not be thrown out together with the rest of the mail.
Also use additional stories sort other individuals that used the product successfully to make them learn they aren’t alone and it’s a item that is proven. The last point is touse testimonies. If creating your essay, be certain you realize that you are searching for. By way of instance, Teen Vogue’s content posts usually do not include profanity or snarky comments. Sales speech themes could be an easy task to develop with if you consider the items. The important things here is always to discuss points and the issues which are very important to this potential. Other individuals believe it is unjust to anticipate a book to cover the yield of material that it didn’t consult to purchase.
It’s likely to substitute the expression equity with interest, ownership, or bet in most single sentence without even changing the meaning. If you fail to acquire their attention, there. The word denotes the amount of funds a supplier makes use of to own an individual customer. Along with analogy is readily the very frequent. The analogy of colors is one of the most popular. Place a financing goal you may opt to explain the conditions and thank every one for his or her support, if they’re ready to donate monetarily.
Often you’ll need to tailor your bio towards the particular purpose you’re using it to get, and that indicates that you may have a bio degradable for use and alter it to get prerequisites. A bio provides men and women a deeper look in your own enterprise and what it really is that you’ll do. Your short bio will not have to get intricate. There is A bio really a two-three line paragraph which could act as the default option bio degradable. A bio works for you only when it can help the like-minded people realize you’re someone they desire to comprehend, don’t forget you, and also get in contact with you. It may be challenging to discover the things that you should be including within a bio like a artist.
Overwriting is undoubtedly a blunder on paper police officer bio, made by men and women. The first thing that you must concentrate on is creating a bio that captures people’s interest. In order your bio degradable cannot just be a description of the superhero. Creating an artist bio needs to attest some of your achievements but its goal is to present an far superior understanding concerning your inspirations to the reader. A specialist bio degradable is some thing. First, the exact first step in making a bio is simply take into account the manner it is going to be properly used. By today you get itwhen you get the connection, one.
The web is likely to eventually become much more crowded. As of this period you can have your site that is main or still another url you believe your most important hub while the primary connection in your own bio utilize the story high lights to send individuals to every other sites you want. In addition, you get a connection you’re able to utilize to any page you would like to visitors. That it’s possible to detect others have approached writing their bios, our page will provide you with a set of biographies of musicians painters from history. A superb bio part includes exceptional skills, interests or hobbies which make you stick outside. Begin with a Humble Boast Like the 1st pic of one’s Tinder profile, one’s bio’s exact first point ought to function as own finest. Try to remember, it’s one of those issues some followers or a new sees your account.
Now, it’s time by making the bio to market your career advantages to find the maximum out of one’s presence to the planet’s leading expert networking site. Learn how to really help make the bulk of one’s time and energy and it really is far superior to be more ready. Make certain you watermark your workout. The work you do’s caliber.
You have got to comprehend until you start to undertake your creating the things that they have been hunting for from you. Be sure you examine your composing with good care. The author expresses appreciation for the job that goes into reading submissions (not mandatory at all, however, it’s definitely a wonderful gesture). You’ll need to create some thing which might possibly be reproduced in a sense such as a catalog to encourage your 26, Since you will generally be the writer.
In the event you’ve ever wondered just how that the prosperity of awareness out your organizationand within your skilled networkhere’s an outstanding case. Be sure to include things like any job or internships you had for a customer to give an excess authenticity increase to yourself. For a lot of business owners, their main advertisements strategy is through mail, thus receiving a reader is paramount. A collection of UX abilities phrases you can used in your profile. There continue to be many people who desire creating the job seeker. The best biographies for Regulations of police officer jobs will be offered online. Even the DJ Auto Biography producing process is simple.
The perfect means to educate a narrative with one’s work is always to become started with your audience. All it’s you just do, I’m confident you’ve got any stories about it. You should observe a hyperlink button once you’ve started an Insta-gram narrative. In the close of the workshop, you will have of writing you’ll feel good about discussing that represents you at a genuine manner which is likely to create distinctive individuals wish to get to know that you a bit. Attempt to remember, your Insta-gram marketing tactic is a bit of the puzzlea singular element in your brand-new general marketing and advertising plan.
The hand off should be spoken about by the portion of one’s letter. The letters must show understanding of one’s conditions. Organization letters have a specific structure. A business letter that is small that is specialist often starts in the Microsoft example, like together using the date at the very top.
There is A manager answerable to get a variety of responsibilities. Employees resign from their job for any variety of factors. Some companies need a formal resignation letter and a few don’t. You may have to consult your employer for a recommendation later on.
As stated before, the letter features a letter that is exact effortless and it has written like every other letter. Thus, you need to compose a letter that is impressive. The other way is through the reference letters plus so they’re very critical.
The letters have to be notarized and has got to include a contact telephone number for the individual producing it. It contains the advice on exactly the right corner which is accompanied with the details concerning your manager. Resignation letter is just a method to adopt the newest and permit go the preceding hints and choices. Even the resignation correspondence is utilised once an employee wishes to depart the small business. You can select the resignation letters predicated in your profession like sample so forth and for teachers or nurses. You’re prepared to compose an official resignation letter, At any time you have finished that.
Your Resume needs to be typed and printed. The Resume has to be released in English. You might even fill out an application for a job at the exact same company someday. Well, to a positive note using a job resignation letter, you must make sure to spend your present employer in relation to changing to some other project. Don’t neglect to reveal your gratitude to a company that is current if you should be quitting your job at a better opportunity. On your correspondence, say that the day you plan to work. Should you want to occupy work then you have got to create use of different actions words compared to female or an individual that may be aims from the off ice at the earnings sector.
You are a valued worker of one’s organization along with also your off ice will require some opportunity to prepare itself. Many companies may possibly choose to inspect up all on your own work record, and that indicates that you might need to depart through a slate that’s clean. Other businesses may possibly decide to test in work listing, thus be an effort to render in the form of a clean listing. Chancing up on a job to possess a server or waitress does not appear really straightforward specially together using the actuality less jobs will be with the quantity of individuals. As soon as you speak about your experience So, stay confident. Life is about enabling the memories move and moving .
A good deal of individuals must be picky in relation to counting the wide number of carbohydrates they are eating. It may possibly not be the identical number you used when you do keto the preceding time. The number on the size is merely several. It’s very critical they are done correctly and comprise the info.
The exact same is true for wheat, which explains why including goods in the start of your diet is not smart. Basically, a number of these really have a substantial lot comparatively speaking. That won’t be altered by pretending they do not exist. In fact, a lot of men and women find they can’t be eaten by them . Some reasons which can force one to resign by their present positions could possibly be out. One of the exact first issues she’d done during the last stages of her period was assumed to begin glooming tones she had been taught to use and undercoating her canvases with whitened in contrast to the dim. The idea is to show your own diet and start using responsibility on the own food alternatives, and once you cheat, you do not need to start looking for attribute.
Inches is what folks see. Inches is everything you’d want to lose. Font size 12 is really a compromise that is significant. It is very important that you adhere to the perfect format with all this objective. It’s likely to likewise seeletter templates. Top quality templates that are certain may also be offered on the internet that can be personalized predicated upon the note interval. The resume wording has to become employer-oriented therefore he understands just what you might do to him.
The body knows how many carbs daily you are eating and drinking. Overloading the own body with tons of wheat is just asking for problems. Moreover, that the Atkins quotations previously back up the belief that a diet may quit doing work . You have the capability to even seeemployee ideas. It’s not straightforward remain and to resign at very good conditions with supervisor and your small enterprise. A period of 2 weeks will be a superb time. When there is anything that I will do to be able to help make the transition easier allow me to know. | 2019-04-23T16:09:43Z | https://www.sopexample.com/12-investigation-report-template/ |
Don Poldermans, M.D., Ph.D.; Olaf Schouten, M.D.; Felix van Lier, M.D.; Sanne E. Hoeks, M.Sc.; Louis van de Ven, M.D., Ph.D.; et al Robert Jan Stolker, M.D., Ph.D.; Lee A. Fleisher, M.D.
Louis van de Ven, M.D., Ph.D.
Robert Jan Stolker, M.D., Ph.D.
* Professor, ‡ Doctor, Department of Anesthesiology, † Doctor, § Master of Science, Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ∥ Professor, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
RECENTLY, the results of the PeriOperative Ischemic Evaluation (POISE) study have caused concern regarding β-blocker use in the perioperative setting.1 Though β-blocker therapy was associated with an improved cardiac outcome, overall mortality was increased in the metoprolol-treated group. This was partially related to the increased incidence of postoperative stroke occurring early after surgery. These findings might have important implications on perioperative β-blocker use, not only for initiation of therapy before surgery in β-blocker naïve patients but also whether or not to continue therapy throughout surgery. This commentary reviews the incidence and pathophysiology of perioperative stroke and the relation of β-blockers and perioperative stroke, focusing on noncardiac surgery.
The risk of clinically apparent perioperative brain injury such as stroke varies widely among different types of surgery. Whereas patients undergoing general surgery appear to be at low risk (0.08–0.7%), those undergoing heart valve surgery and aortic arch repair have a high incidence of perioperative stroke (8–10%).2 In Europe, 40 million general surgical procedures are performed annually. Therefore, it is estimated that 32,000–280,000 patients suffer from postoperative stroke. However, the true incidence of cerebral complications is probably underestimated because subtle forms of brain injury are commonly classified as delirium that may only be detected by rigorous neuropsychological testing.
Approximately 45% of perioperative strokes are identified within the first day after surgery. The remaining 55% occur after uneventful recovery from anesthesia, from the second postoperative day onward. Early embolism results especially from manipulations of the heart and aorta or release of particulate matter from the cardiopulmonary-bypass pump. Delayed embolism is often attributed to postoperative atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction resulting from an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, and coagulopathy.
Compared to stroke after cardiac surgery, the pathophysiology of stroke after noncardiac surgery is ill defined. Perioperative hemodynamic instability and cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction and arrhythmias, likely play a major role. Recently, the POISE study identified a new risk factor for perioperative ischemic strokes: high-dose metoprolol succinate initiated for cardiac protection in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.
β-Blockers in the nonsurgical setting are used widely and have proven effective in patients with documented coronary artery disease (CAD) to restore the balance of myocardial oxygen demand and supply.8 Although initially contraindicated in patients with heart failure and peripheral atherosclerotic disease, β-blockers are now recommended therapy for these patients.9,10 Similar to the nonsurgical setting, β-blockers are advocated for patients with documented CAD undergoing vascular surgery.11 However, there is still controversy regarding perioperative β-blocker use in the general surgical population.
Fig. 1. Odds ratios (OR) of randomized β-blocker trials for perioperative myocardial infarction (MI). BBSA = beta blocker in spinal anaesthesia; CI = confidence interval; DECREASE = Dutch Echographic Cardiac Risk Evaluating Applying Stress Echo; DIPOM = Diabetes Postoperative Mortality and Morbidity; MaVS = metoprolol after surgery; POBBLE = perioperative beta-blockade; POISE = PeriOperative ISchaemic Evaluation trial .
The mixed results of early β-blocker trials necessitated a large randomized trial. In the landmark study of the POISE investigators, 8,351 patients were randomly assigned to either metoprolol succinate controlled release or placebo. The primary endpoint of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal cardiac arrest was reduced in the metoprolol controlled release (CR) group compared with placebo (5.8% vs. 6.9%, hazard ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.70–0.99, P = 0.04). However, this beneficial cardiac effect was at the cost of an increased incidence of all-cause mortality and stroke. The incidence of stroke was increased from 0.5% to 1.0% (P = 0.005) in patients randomized to metoprolol treatment. Stroke was associated with perioperative hypotension, bleeding, atrial fibrillation, and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack.
The recently concluded DECREASE IV trial, including 1,066 patients randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial design to receive perioperative β-blocker, i.e. , 2.5 mg of bisoprolol started a median 34 days before surgery and/or statins versus no additional medical therapy, showed that β-blocker use was associated with 67% RR reduction in the endpoint of nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death (P = 0.002).18 Patients on β-blocker therapy had a stroke incidence of 0.8% versus 0.6% in patients not on β-blockade.
The increased risk for perioperative stroke in the POISE trial has caused serious concerns on the safety profile of perioperative β-blocker therapy. In patients with a diseased cerebrovascular tree, perioperative hypotension, and bleeding, an increased incidence of ischemic strokes was observed in those randomized to metoprolol. This has been augmented by the meta-analysis published in the same Lancet article.1 The meta-analysis demonstrated that overall perioperative β-blocker therapy was associated with a 2.19-fold (95% CI 1.06–4.50) increased risk for nonfatal perioperative stroke; however, the DECREASE I and IV studies were not included.
Recently, Bangalore et al. published a meta-analysis on the effect of perioperative β-blocker therapy, including 12,306 patients.19 The results of this meta-analysis seem to confirm the findings of the POISE trial: a decrease (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.54–0.79) in nonfatal myocardial infarction (number needed to treat 63) at the expense of an increase (OR 2.01, 1.27–3.68) in nonfatal strokes (number needed to harm 293). The authors concluded that current evidence does not support the use of β-blocker therapy for the prevention of perioperative clinical outcomes in patients having noncardiac surgery. Importantly, the impact of different dosing regimens, timing of initiation and type of β-blocker therapy were not fully appreciated in these analyses. If the results of DECREASE I and IV are added to the meta-analysis, β-blockers are still associated with an increased risk for perioperative stroke. However, as is shown in figure 2, the overall result in the randomized low-dose bisoprolol studies show no association with perioperative stroke at all (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.32–3.56) in contrast to studies using metoprolol (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.27–3.39). It should be noted that the cardioprotective effect was clear for both β-blocker types; OR for bisoprolol 0.40 (95% CI 0.20–0.81) and OR for metoprolol 0.74 (95% CI 0.61–0.89, figure 1). The key question is whether it is the type of β-blockers that makes the difference and whether other factors play a significant role in these results. Considering this, there are several potential pitfalls in the perioperative administration of β-blockers that should be considered, including timing of initiation of therapy, dosage of β-blockers, the impact of β-blocker withdrawal, and treatment targets.
Fig. 2. Odds ratios (OR) of randomized β-blocker trials for perioperative stroke. BBSA = beta blocker in spinal anaesthesia; CI = confidence interval; DECREASE = Dutch Echographic Cardiac Risk Evaluating Applying Stress Echo; DIPOM = Diabetes Postoperative Mortality and Morbidity; MaVS = metoprolol after surgery; POBBLE = perioperative beta-blockade; POISE = PeriOperative ISchaemic Evaluation trial .
Fig. 3. Relation between timing of initiation of β-blocker therapy and the risk for perioperative stroke .
Closely related to the issue of timing in perioperative β-blocker therapy is the question regarding what dosing scheme should be used. In contrast to other β-blocker studies, patients randomized in the POISE trial could receive up to 400 mg of metoprolol succinate controlled release the day of surgery; 100 mg 2–4 h before surgery, another 100 mg within 6 h after surgery, and 200 mg within 12–18 h after the first postoperative dose. The use of high-dose β-blocker therapy may block the heart rate response to cope with hypotension, e.g. , because of bleeding. In the nonsurgical setting, lower starting doses and slower up-titration are commonly recommended. For instance, in patients with heart failure, 12.5–25 mg/d is started for 2 weeks; for hypertension, the initial dose is 25–100 mg, usually increased at weekly intervals. This is important because a large proportion of high-risk elderly patients undergoing surgery may have some form of (asymptomatic) left ventricular dysfunction. The DECREASE IV treatment regimes start 2.5 mg of bisoprolol, which is approximately the same strength as 50 mg of metoprolol. The starting dose of metoprolol succinate in the POISE trial was 2–8 times the commonly prescribed dose for perioperative β-blocker therapy; other trials using metoprolol start usually at ranges from 50 to 100 mg/d.14–16 It is noteworthy that in the DECREASE II trial starting with 2.5 mg of bisoprolol once daily, the target heart rate of 60–65 beats/min was achieved in approximately 75% of patients without dose adjustment.21 For safety reasons, β-blocker therapy is withheld in case of a systolic blood pressure lower than 100 mmHg or a resting heart rate less than 50 beats/min. These criteria are nearly the same as used in the POISE study (100 mmHg or a heart rate below 45 beats/min).
Considering the results found in the POISE study, one should question what the effect of chronic β-blocker use on (postoperative) stroke is. In recent literature, questions are raised about whether β-blocker therapy should still be used as a first-line therapy for hypertension.22–24 The use of β-blocker therapy as first-line treatment for hypertension was systematically evaluated in a Cochrane review by Wiysonge et al. 25 In this review, the effectiveness and safety of β-blockers on morbidity and mortality endpoints in adults with hypertension were evaluated. Compared to placebo, β-blocker therapy was associated with a significant decrease in stroke (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66–0.96). However, there was an increased risk for stroke compared to other blood-lowering medications; calcium-channel blockers (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11–1.40) and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.11–1.53). Considering these results, β-blockers should not be the drug of choice for the first-line treatment of hypertension.
These results, however, cannot be extrapolated to β-blocker use in the perioperative period. The initiation of β-blocker therapy in patients at risk for cardiovascular complications in the perioperative period focuses on lowering on heart rate rather than blood pressure. It would be interesting to see if patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, who are on chronic β-blocker use, would also be at risk for postoperative stroke.
In a study by van Lier et al. 186,779 patients who underwent noncardiac surgery were evaluated for postoperative stroke.26 Patients with intracerebral surgery, carotid surgery, or head and/or carotid trauma were excluded. In total 34 patients (0.02%) experienced a stroke within 30 days after surgery. Chronic β-blocker use was as common in cases as in controls (29% vs. 29%; P = 1.0). The adjusted odds ratio for perioperative stroke among β-blocker users compared to nonusers was 0.4 (95% CI 0.1–1.5). Similar results were obtained in subgroups of patients according to the use of cardiovascular therapy and the presence of cardiac risk factors. These results show no increased risk for postoperative stroke after noncardiac surgery in patients on chronic β-blocker use. This favors the dosing regime used in the DECREASE studies, where β-blocker therapy is initiated well in advance and is carefully up-titrated to a desired effect.
Lemaitre et al. 27 investigated the interaction of variations in β-adrenegeric receptor genes with β-blocker use on the risk of MI and ischemic stroke. Several genetic variations in the β1-adrenergic receptor gene interacted with β-blocker use in both risks for MI and ischemic stroke. β-blocker use was associated with higher risk of combined MI, and ischemic stroke in carriers of rs#2429511 (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.03–1.50) compared to carriers of common allele (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51–0.94). Two other major single nucleotide polymorphisms in β–adrenergic receptors genes (Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly) have been identified in several studies that might affect drug responses.28–30 The role of these polymorphisms in the perioperative setting is still unclear.
A number of clinical studies have associated acute anemia with cerebral injury in perioperative patients. Two recent large observational studies have demonstrated that the incidence of adverse composite cardiovascular outcomes, including stroke, increases in anemic cardiac surgical patients when the preoperative hemoglobin level decreases below 12 g/dl.31,32 In a study by Weiskopf et al. ,33 healthy human volunteers demonstrated impairment in central neuronal processing and cognitive function after acute isovolemic anemia. Concurrent exposure to additional risk factors such as surgical stress, drugs which limit cardiovascular compensatory responses (e.g. , β-blockers), hemodynamic instability, cardiovascular comorbidities, and advanced age could increase the risk of brain injury in perioperative patients. The combination of patients at risk of adverse cardiovascular complications, where the initiation of preoperative β-blocker therapy might be indicated, and acute perioperative isovolemic hemodilution deserves thorough investigation.
Finally, β-blockers have been implicated in altering glucose homeostasis, primarily through inhibition of pancreatic insulin secretion and promoting insulin resistance.34–36 Insulin resistance is one of the main underlying physiologic processes that may lead to the metabolic syndrome. In a meta-analysis by Galassi et al. , it was indicated that individuals with the metabolic syndrome have a 61% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to individuals without the metabolic syndrome.37 β-receptor selectivity appears to play a role in the degree of downstream metabolic effects, which include not only glucose increases but also weight gain and dyslipidemia. Nonselective and higher-dose selective agents result in the largest adverse metabolic changes. The mechanisms by which β-blocker treatment modifies insulin sensitivity are not yet fully understood, but several possibilities exist. Insulin clearance is reduced in hypertensive patients and β-blocker treatment appears to attenuate it further. As plasma insulin increases, the resulting hyperinsulinemia could downregulate the insulin receptors and consequently lower insulin sensitivity.
In conclusion, initiating prophylactic high-dose β-blocker therapy in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery is associated with fewer cardiac events but with an increase in strokes and mortality. However, if prophylactic β-blocker therapy is initiated at a low dose and up-titrated in the preoperative period, the risk of stroke seems to be similar to that of patients not on β-blockers while the cardioprotective effect is maintained. In these patients, strict hemodynamic control during surgery is mandatory. Preferably these results should be confirmed in a large-scale trial, starting β-blocker weeks before surgery at a low dose, as well as determining the optimal approach in patients at high-risk of perioperative cardiac morbidity and present the morning of surgery without having been placed on a β-blocker.
Patients on chronic β-blocker therapy should continue medication. In patients with proven coronary artery disease β-blocker therapy should be started sufficiently long before surgery to evaluate the hemodynamic impact. Importantly, hypotension and bradycardia should be avoided. Therefore a low-dose highly β1-selective drug is recommended.
Don Poldermans, Olaf Schouten, Felix van Lier, Sanne E. Hoeks, Louis van de Ven, Robert Jan Stolker, Lee A. Fleisher; Perioperative Strokes and β-Blockade. Anesthesiology 2009;111(5):940-945. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181ba3bf4. | 2019-04-23T08:47:01Z | http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1932736 |
What are you doing with that girl in this alley? You don’t look like you’re from our high school.
Watch your mouth. I’m the one who’s doing the asking. You say your names first.
Well, there’s no need for me to ask. It’s pretty obvious what you’re planning by dragging a girl to an empty place like this.
That’s right. What you’re doing is none of my business. For starters, getting involved with trash like you is nothing more than an annoyance. However, it’s a different story if you’re about to lay a hand on that girl.
Hmm? You really want to know my name? Unfortunately, there’s no way I’m telling you my name. I’m not obliged to either.
Quit fooling around? You’re the ones fooling around. She belongs to me. So she’s not someone you should get involved with. If you understand, then take your dirty hands off her right now.
I’m an impatient person. I won’t be responsible for what happens if you anger me any further.
I see. It looks like you’re asking to be beaten up.
Fine. If you insist, I’ll turn you into the rust on my blade.
Hmph. Well, I’m sorry about that. I suppose that reference was too difficult for your empty heads to understand. It’s no good teaching someone with an empty head anything, you see. I’ll beat it into you. The fact that you don’t know your place!
You’re all talk. But now you understand, don’t you? You and I are completely different. This is the clear difference between those who rule the country and those who crawl on the ground.
You’re not going to give up yet? You’re so stubborn. Using a girl as a shield because you don’t have a chance at winning with your own strength means you’re completely rotten.
Being prepared to do anything to achieve your goal… That’s not bad. No matter if you use fancy words or disguise it as duty, a loser is still a loser. That’s the principle of this world. Losing has no meaning. In other words, winning is important. Isn’t that right?
Resistance is a waste of time. Don’t keep me busy any longer. Give up already and let go of that girl. This isn’t a suggestion, it’s an order. Those who disobey me ought to die!
A lighter? A flame?! Did he know that fire makes me nervous? No… There’s no way that’s possible. I’m thinking too hard.
I’m not even afraid to face the fires of hell! A small flame isn’t enough to daunt me! That’d ruin the name of Nobunaga!
Don’t move? Who are you talking to? Ask yourself that now. If you’re going to burn her face, then just do it. Do whatever you want. But in the next moment, you’ll be going to Hell. I, the demon king of the sixth heaven, will slowly burn you in the embers of hell. In that world, you will curse ever touching something that belonged to me.
What’s the matter? Hurry up and do it if you’re going to. There’s no need to hold back.
Or do you want to stay alive? That’s no use now though.
You’re trembling. What happened to the courage you had earlier?
Hmph. What foolish nobodies. If you were stronger, I could have made you into my men. Jeez. You were too weak. I’m surprised you thought of laying a hand on someone else’s woman when that’s all you’ve got. You’re incredibly arrogant.
Hey! What are you doing? Let’s go. You just have to keep quiet and follow me. You belong to me and I can do what I want with you. Come on!
At the Battle of Okehazama (1560), it was said that the divine intervention caused a storm which Oda Nobunaga used to his advantage.
I, Nobunaga-sama, have just arrived home!
Hey. What are you standing there for? Hurry up and come inside.
What’s the matter? Didn’t you hear me? Hurry up.
Are you that scared to be alone with me?
Ah, these? A skull ornament and a tiger skin rug. A woman wouldn’t understand their value. Being afraid of them is the same as not understanding.
Anyway, aren’t you being too laid back? You’re worrying about the gaze of an inanimate object. What a foolish girl.
Why did you come to this house in the first place? Remember why you came.
You came to give me your first night, didn’t you? The bridal training is nothing more than an excuse. Even you should be prepared. You were sent to this house to become the possession of one of the men here. My deceased father’s will states that the brother who takes your first night will inherit the family fortune.
Don’t tell me you’ve forgotten. I’m going to be that man. You should be honoured.
You’ve realised who the strongest man and the one most suitable to take over the family fortune is, haven’t you? Masamune and Kojuro are useless. Mitsunari and Shingen aren’t even worth mentioning. Kenshin is formidable, but nothing compared to me. We’re a completely different calibre after all. As proof of that, you’re going to become mine, both in name and reality.
Well? It sounds to me like your true intention is that you want that to happen right now.
That expression on your face… No matter how foolish you are, it seems that you’ve understood.
Now that you understand, hurry up and get onto the bed.
Hurry up. Do you think it’s acceptable for you to annoy me like that?
Hmph. Listen up and remember this carefully. From now, you’ll do as I say at once. This is an order. I don’t make requests. Think of everything I say as an order and follow those orders obediently. Got it?
Huh? It seems like you want to say something. You’re not going to disobey my order, are you?
You want to thank me for what I did earlier?
I see. That’s quite an admirable attitude to have. But what’s the point in shallow words of gratitude?
Hmm… Don’t show your gratitude with words, but with the way you act. You’re not so naïve that you need things spelled out for you, are you?
You’re embarrassed? Or are you trembling with great pleasure at me being the man who’ll deflower you?
Whichever it is, prepare yourself. I’m completely different from other men. Don’t think I’ll just treat you normally. I’m not going to hold back just because it’s your first time. I’m going to teach your body exactly what it means to be mine.
Come on, lower your head. Welcome your master. If you’re obedient, I might consider making you feel good.
Ah! Did you think you could escape? In that case, it seems you’ve considerably underestimated me. But you’ll soon regret looking down on me. I’ve told you several times, haven’t I? It seems that you’re not paying attention.
You defencelessly and calmly followed me to my room. You’re like a moth flying to a flame. I’m telling you that this isn’t the time to be thanking me so calmly. It’s too late for you to realise that now though. You just don’t know when to give up. Do you think I’d let go of the prey I’d caught so easily?
That’s right. Pray to God, Buddha or whoever you like to get yourself out of trouble. I’ll make you thoroughly aware that your foolish prayer is pointless in an instant.
Come on, what’s the matter? This is a desperate situation. Isn’t God going to save you yet? In that case, you’ve got to push me aside with your own strength and protect yourself.
What’s the matter? Is that what you call struggling? It just feels like I’m being pinched by a crab.
Hey, you. You had no intention of resisting from the start, did you? Under that ladylike mask, you secretly and shamefully want me to overpower you. There’s no doubt that you impatiently desire that.
That tearful look on your face… I can’t get enough of it. You’ve been waiting for this so long that you’d cry tears of joy?
You haven’t? Stop telling so many lies.
Tch. This is why women are trouble! They think everything will work out if they just cry.
Jeez! Your misunderstanding is a ridiculous one.
Stop crying! I’m not naïve enough to be fooled by tears. I don’t care about your tears and complaints. They actually turn me on. Cry and shout even more. Feel even more sorrow! Your destiny won’t change, no matter how much you struggle. In order to inherit my family’s fortune, I’m going to make you mine, no matter what. If I can achieve that goal, cutting down someone who is in my way is nothing at all. Not even if that person is related to me by blood. No matter what they try, I will be victorious. You will belong to me completely. I won’t let my foolish brothers get ahead of me.
What’s the matter? Are you overwhelmed by my spirit? I’m completely serious. Do I look like the kind of man who jokes around? Don’t compare me to Shingen. Misunderstandings will only destroy you. I won’t go easy on anyone who stands before me and blocks my way. I’ll knock them out completely and destroy them. I don’t care who they are. It doesn’t even matter if it turns into a family feud.
That’s right. The virtue of a woman is within chastity and obedience. If you nod obediently, I’ll let you live, and give you intense pleasure as a woman. If he is to prosper for many years, the head of a family needs descendants.
Now we will perform a ceremony. I’ll create proof of that on you. Come on, get up and take off your clothes.
What are you spacing out for? Didn’t you hear me? I ordered you to take off your clothes.
How ridiculous. You’re too self-conscious if you feel embarrassed at merely taking off your clothes. Or is there a reason you can’t take off your clothes in front of me?
Why are you hesitating? Have you already been with one of my foolish brothers?! Tell me!
I’ve got no reason to think that? If you’re telling me to believe you, then show me proof that you’re not guilty right now.
How? The only thing you can do is to use your body and show me that you’re pure.
Hmph. Why are you so surprised? I helped you out because you said you couldn’t think of a way to prove it with your own body.
Now we’ve got this far, even a fool like you should understand.
It seems that you’ve realised. That’s right, take off all that torn clothing which is in the way.
Why are you doing it so slowly? I told you earlier that I’m impatient. Don’t keep me waiting too long!
You can’t take them off because your hands are shaking?
Hmm… Then I don’t have a choice. I’ll help a little more, just for you. But you’ve been keeping me waiting and now I’m irritated. My hands might tremble, and I could cut your skin instead of your clothes. You’re prepared for that, aren’t you?
You’re no longer ashamed now that you’ve heard I might cut you. The sight of you looking pale and tearing off your clothes in a panic is ridiculous, but amusing too. It’s quite an interesting thought. Come on, entertain me even more!
What are you doing? I told you to entertain me. I didn’t say anything about covering your body with your arms. Your hands are in the way, move them! Or do you want to see what it feels like to be cut with this sword? Of course that’s not what you want, is it?
That’s right. The best thing for you to do is obediently do as I say. It seems that you’ve become a little more intelligent. I think I’ll take a good look at you now. I’ll check you out completely to see that you’re not hiding anything suspicious. I can’t let myself be carelessly caught off guard, you see.
Your body looks quite thin, but your skin is radiant. Well, I suppose you could be called beautiful. Your slight blush of embarrassment has caught my interest.
You’re asking me what to do? Fools should try to use their head in the best way that they can. What’s the matter? Didn’t you get a little more intelligent? If you’ve got time to be complaining, then think about entertaining your master!
Tch. Did I tell you to cry and beg for forgiveness? Didn’t you hear me? I told you to tempt and entertain me.
Jeez. You’re an unsightly and clumsy girl. But I’ll go easy on you today. However, you should realise that you won’t get another chance. I shouldn’t hesitate over something insignificant like this and let one of my foolish brothers steal my prey. I’ll teach those idiots who is worthy of ruling the country. You’re a tool to achieve that. Offer your body to me just for the sake of that. Do you understand?
You flinch every time I touch you. I don’t mind that kind of innocent reaction. Your fearful expression is enough to fulfil my desire. Fear me even more.
The more you look at me like that, the more I’ll expose you and etch myself onto you completely.
Listen carefully. Remember this well. I’ll even control your heart and devour you. I’ll make you unable to live without me. So that you’ll desire me as soon as you see me. Let your body and mind obey me.
Tch. Today’s not their lucky day. Perhaps I should kill them as punishment for disturbing me now?
No, wait a minute… I’ve thought of something fun. I might be able to enjoy this.
Clothes? You don’t need any. Go as you are. It should be enough if you speak to them through the door, shouldn’t it?
Get a move on! If you don’t want to get hurt unnecessarily, stop complaining about nonsense and follow my orders obediently.
Taming you really will be interesting.
Go on, ask the servant what they want. But don’t do anything unnecessary by mistake. It’s pointless to even think of asking for help. If you even make the slightest suspicious movement, then I’ll… You understand just where this sword is pointed at, don’t you?
That’s right. Your neck. Even if the servant does hear your cry for help, I wonder whether you’ll die first or the door will open first. You don’t want to die a pointless death without becoming mine, do you?
Then do the smart thing. Got it?
Drinks? Right… A struggle certainly does make you thirsty. Your throat might get dry later on too.
I’ll have a green tea latte. You know I’m particular about the flavour of my tea, don’t you? Tell the servant I’ll kill them immediately if they make something that’s not to my taste.
Although you’re talking to them through the door, you’re completely naked. I wonder what would happen if I opened that door right now?
The servant would suddenly be faced with you in an immodest state. You’re in my room too. Even just thinking about it is amusing.
Don’t worry. A well trained servant will act like nothing has happened, no matter what they see in their master’s room.
Right… Shall we test it out? You’re going to become the mistress of this family eventually. In that case, it will be your job to manage the servants. This house doesn’t need servants who aren’t well trained. And as the mistress of this house, you’d be responsible for training them. Shall we try it now so you won’t have a hard time?
Hmph. Never mind that. You want it right now, don’t you? How about you try and touch it yourself? Tell me what it’s like.
Hmm? You… You’re a completely shameful and indecent woman. But I don’t mind a woman who has desires like that. You’ll finally be able to enjoy yourself, won’t you?
The sin of completely experiencing the pleasure in this world tempts and teases humans.
Listen up. Devote yourself to evil. Expose your desire. Beg me. If not, the leadership of this country will only be something that exists in our wildest dreams. We’d be as cowardly as those people who dare to conceal the truth. It is the duty of those with strength to abandon that. If you’re destined to live as my woman, then prepare yourself to accept that. Show your true intentions, do as desire tells you. Desire me.
Why are you looking at me like that? Have you fallen in love with me? I suppose you would have. A man who will rule the country is someone suitable for you too, right?
Well, some unexpected entertainment has taken up our time, but now you’re going turn this way and kneel down before me.
That’s right. Kneel down and take off my clothes.
What? Did you think you’d be forgiven now? Don’t make me laugh. There’s no way that’d happen.
Come on, hurry up and do it.
Hey. What are you spacing out for? Did you think you were done? You know what to do next, don’t you?
Don’t tell such obvious lies. You’re not a kid. That excuse is no good.
Is my body amazing enough to make you gasp? What’s the matter? Your face is red.
Don’t look away! Look carefully! This is an order. I won’t allow you to disobey it.
Well, there’s no need to hold back. I’ll let you enjoy yourself as much as you like.
Come on. Hurry up and reach out your hand. Touch me. That’s an order too. You don’t have the right to refuse.
Even worthless people like you seem to value their lives. Serve me devotedly then.
That’s right. Use everything you can. Don’t get distracted. Make sure to concentrate. Don’t think that touching my hands will be enough.
Come on. That’s right. Try and tempt me.
You feel warm. You’re about to melt, aren’t you?
What is it? Hey, keep going!
This is why women are trouble! Don’t make stupid excuses after all this time.
Tch! Never mind. That’s enough! I’ve completely lost interest.
Do you think you could satisfy me when your concentration is so bad?
Hmph. It’s too late to ask for forgiveness. As if I’m going to listen to that!
This is your punishment for looking down on me. Accept me immediately!
What are you afraid of? Are you really that afraid of getting stabbed? There’s nowhere for you to run though. The only way for you to survive is to obediently accept and become mine.
Say that you want me. Actually, asking me yourself is the polite thing to do for me.
What’s the matter? Come on, say it. You don’t want to get cut, do you? In that case, there’s only one path for you to take. Beg me right now. You’ll be dead if you don’t.
That’s right. That’s good. Desire everything from me and ask for it. Relief and pleasure. Your life too. You won’t find any answers by relying on the gods.
Hmph. It’s an undoubtable truth. Everything that happens, everything you lose and gain is not because of God or Buddha, it’s because of me. Desire everything from me and beg for it.
That’s right. Obediently entrust yourself to me. Try and sense me.
Your body is honest. It has accepted that you desire me before your mind has. No matter how much you try to deny it, the warmth my hands sense from your body has already confessed everything. The instincts that humans have… No, perhaps I should call it their fate… The outcome is that their reason is devoured by desire. Hey, isn’t that right?
You’re a stubborn person. You’re still going to keep being stubborn? Even though your true intentions are already so clear.
Ah, you’re finally being honest. That’s right, that’s good. I’ll do what you want right now.
Now you’re completely mine. The ownership of this family is now yours and mine. I’ll share the experience of a pleasure coloured by victory with you.
What is it? I’m so good that you can’t bear it? Then I’ll make you feel even better. Put more effort into it. Experience it even more!
At first, I only wanted to use you to get my family’s fortune, but it seems that I’ve found something unexpected. I think you’ll be worth training. I’ll make you develop even further. You should look forward to it.
What’s the matter? I won’t let you complain like that in front of me. Come here.
What? No matter where it is, asking that is pointless. You don’t have the right to say no. The only thing you’re allowed to do now is desire me and beg me.
Our next game will take place in the garden. Let everyone in this house hear your voice. Show my foolish brothers that you’re mine.
Give up already! You don’t have the desire to defeat me.
Hold onto the veranda rail.
Even that looks quite good.
I won’t listen to that request, no matter whether you cry or shout. I said this before, didn’t I? The only thing you’re allowed to do is beg. And once I’ve decided something, I’m the type of man to make sure it’s done. Don’t struggle unnecessarily, just hurry up and do it.
What are you doing? Are you going to answer back like you did earlier?
Fine. I’ll teach you that disobeying me is an unreasonable thing to do. Dogs should be properly trained.
What a wonderful sight! Seeing you sobbing when I spank you is just like you’re being punished for playing a trick. This might actually turn me on.
I’m saying that it’ll be a good idea to train you. Your skin is slightly red and well prepared. It really is rewarding to hit you.
Ah, it’s a beautiful colour now. I see, it’s inviting me and saying it’s ready.
Then I’ll do what you want. They say it’s a poor man who runs from a woman’s advances. I’ll devour you completely.
Come on. Hurry up and cry out.
Let everyone in this house hear your voice.
Cry! Do it! Hurry up! If you don’t listen to my order, I can kill you right here.
That’s right! Cry out obediently like that. Cry as loudly as you can. Cry out in a more pleasurable voice!
My foolish brothers’ rooms are right around here. Now they’ll be sure who you’ve chosen.
I’ve won! Now the country is mine!
Come on, cry out in a more pleasurable voice!
Your voice is the greatest cry which will liven up this party!
Let everyone hear even more of it! More!
I can imagine the disappointed looks on their faces!
In 1571, Oda Nobunaga carried out a large scale attack, known as the Seige of Mount Hiei. During this siege, he burned down Enryaku temple as part of his attempt to remove all his rivals.
This is a line from a poem regarding the three famous leaders of Japan (Oda Nobunaga, Hideyoshi Toyotomi and Tokugawa Ieyasu). It refers to Oda Nobunaga, who was known as a ruthless leader with great military ambitions.
As they’re bringing a drink at this time, it surely means that the servant heard your voice and was concerned. On other words, they’re a well-trained and exceptional servant.
Your voice must have even reached the far corners of this house. There wasn’t anyone obviously watching though.
Your face is as red as a cooked octopus. Your ears and neck too. But the mark I made on your neck seems even redder.
What’s the matter? Why are you looking at me like that?
Ah… Your body aches with desire for me.
I’m right, aren’t I? You’re not bad. I’m complimenting you, you see. You’re much better than a dull woman who doesn’t react.
At the end, you dizzily and desperately clung to me on the veranda. That was quite cute. I’ll accept that you’re a woman worthy of my love.
I’m telling you that I will love you. Because of that, I definitely won’t forgive any betrayal.
Listen carefully. You must never betray me. If you betray me, or I get the impression that you have, I’ll kill you immediately. I won’t listen to any excuses either. The important thing is whether I feel you have betrayed me or not. Remember that.
Your body and heart both belong to me. I’m the only one who is allowed to make you laugh or cry.
I won’t forgive you for showing those expressions to anyone else. Not even for a moment. Understand?
I’ll give you a reward then.
Your tearful eyes make it seem as if you want something. That wasn’t enough? Then I’ll give you something even more amazing.
You belong completely to me.
So it’s okay for me to spoil you a little. I’ll do that much for you.
But never forget that I won’t let anyone else have you. I’ll take you anywhere, even the depths of hell. I’ll never let go of you.
Right… If another man takes my life, I’ll set fire to this house and take you with me. You’ll serve me until the end. Isn’t that quite a clever conclusion?
Does that smile mean you’re prepared to share my fate? Or have I tormented you so much that you’ve broken somehow?
It doesn’t matter if you’re broken. A toy that only works properly is no fun. So I’m going to etch my existence on you even more deeply. I’m going to make you unable to be satisfied without my sword.
But there is an expression “a double edged sword”. Depending on the circumstances, I might end up the same way as you do. I wouldn’t be able to live without you anymore.
Even if I’d end up walking the path of destruction with you, that’d be just what I want! Isn’t that right?
Thanks for the translation! Honestly speaking, Shimazaki was the last person I’d expect to hear for this chara and for such a cd, so in terms of voicing I’m disappointed. The contents itself is not half-bad though.
You’re welcome! I did not expect Shimazaki for this CD either, but in the end, I think the CD is pretty good. It was nice to hear a different kind of voice from him.
I didn’t knew you were going to translate Vanquish Brothers, and I’m very happy!
When listened Nobunaga I thinked Zakki did a good job, and reading your translation confirms that, he was great!
I feel like no matter how mean Zakki’s voice acting is supposed to be, that natural gentleness always seeps out. I’ve been looking forward to this doS character of his and am amazed he can pull off such cruel lines >.< I enjoyed the free talk, too. | 2019-04-24T07:50:05Z | http://mikorin.net/?p=311 |
CCI’s new COPPER-22 advertises that it sends a 21 grain lead-free projectile down range at 1,850 fps. Actually meeting that figure would make it the fastest .22 LR on the market — perhaps ever — by about a 100 fps margin.
Designed for plinking as well as for small game and varmint hunting, the non-lead projectiles make the COPPER-22 legal for hunting in California and some other areas that restrict the use of lead ammo.
The bullet itself is made of copper dust and polymer, apparently compressed into shape. It isn’t frangible in the traditional sense, turning into dust only upon contact with a hard target such as a steel plate, while retaining its shape on soft targets like fruit, veggies, ballistics gel, and most small critters. As near as I can tell after 100 rounds, it doesn’t foul a barrel or suppressor like most traditional frangible ammo seems to — and it doesn’t shed particles.
It is, however, safer than lead and jacketed lead bullets in that it’s much less prone to ricochet.
But it’s the velocity, right? We’re all here for that claimed velocity figure. I brought my CZ 455 Varmint Tacticool Suppressor-Ready rifle and CZ SP-01 with Kadet Adapter out to the woods with me — chronograph, too — to see if CCI’s engineering could keep up with its marketing.
Okay, wow. It beat the advertised velocity, and not by a small amount! The average of those five shots was 1,926.4 feet per second. Standard deviation is 17.88 fps (much tighter — 8.14 — without that 5th shot slowpoke).
Average velocity was 1,529 fps, and standard deviation 32.86 fps.
It’s fair to say that these velocities are practically two times the speed of a standard .22 LR round, and the bullet weighs about half as much as standard. At this point, I’m wondering if it shoots straight. Whatever bullet weight and velocity these firearms were designed around, it ain’t this. Not even close.
But it groups just fine after all. ~1.2″, 5-shot groups at 50 yards is typical of what I consider “plinking” or “bulk” .22 LR. Of course, most of the options from CCI in 50-round boxes fall into more of a niche, premium product that I’d expect tighter groups from, but this is certainly minute of squirrel or 12 oz can. Likewise, accuracy from the pistol was average.
I’ll have to post a follow-up to this review in a couple of weeks, as I’ve heard this ammo loses stability quite drastically beyond 75 yards. As in, no surprises at 75, but 12″+ groups at 100. I’ve picked up another 50 rounds of COPPER-22, so will slap my SIG TANGO6 3-18x on the 455 and head out to the woods for some 100+ yard testing soon.
It’s fast. Really, really fast. If you check out the video, you’ll see its effect on limes, onions, cans of soda, and Level IIIA body armor as compared to the 1,000 fps American Eagle Suppressor ammo. Needless to say, the difference is drastic. I haven’t shot any critters with it, but wouldn’t be surprised at all if it separated a squirrel into a front half and a back half.
Its approximately average accuracy — at least inside of 75 yards — is sufficient for all of these uses, but nothing to write home about. Quality is what you’d expect from a CCI premium product — clean burning with reliable primers. I had no stoppages of any sort in either gun.
MSRP is $10.95 per 50-round box.
100% function across the board. It also burns fairly cleanly and doesn’t foul up the bore like a lot of frangible ammo can.
Devastating on soft targets. Speed kills.
It’s the fastest .22 LR ever, and even faster than advertised. Lead-free, too, which should please the environmentalists immensely. Maybe not PETA so much.
It’s average in my testing so far. Once I stretch it out to 100 yards and beyond, this may change.
CCI set out to make the fastest .22 LR on the market and they’ve done it. It’s legal for hunting in CA and other lead-restricted locales, and hunt it will. It’s also reduced-ricochet, yet doesn’t shed crap in your barrel and suppressor like many frangible projectiles will. Despite average accuracy, it excels so strongly in other areas that I’m still giving it five stars. However, if it truly won’t group beyond 75 yards I may come back and ding the COPPER-22 a star.
It warms my heart when a product actually SURPASSES the marketing.
Usually all the bullets are made primarily of lead, so weight is a proxy for length.
It’s the longest bullet that needs more spin, not the heaviest one.
But if this one was traveling significantly faster out of the same barrel, it was spinning significantly faster, assuming it engaged the rifling fully.
I wouldn’t suggest that it’s one or the other. There are many factors that contribute to an “ideal” twist rate for a given projectile. Mass, density, diameter, length, ballistic coefficient, velocity, polar moment of inertia, center of balance (nose/tail weighting), and probably more. If the goal of the rifling is simply achieving a certain RPM that stabilizes a given projectile profile nicely, then a heavy bullet is a slower bullet and it won’t spin as fast so it’s going to require a tighter twist rate to hit that RPM than a light bullet, which travels faster and therefore spins faster, as you mentioned. It isn’t the weight itself, it’s the resultant speed. Within a given caliber — forget determining twist rates for different bullet shapes of different calibers, if for no other reason than we were specifically talking .22 LR here in response to previous comments — it’s fair to say that a tighter twist is better for heavy projectiles and a more gradual twist is better for light projectiles (even if, in reality, it’s the resultant velocity that’s the largest determining factor). FWIW, I also believe these COPPER-22 projectiles are pretty darn standard in length.
I’d be interested in decibel difference.
Suppressed and unsupressed w/ ear pro on, it sounded like normal, supersonic .22 to me.
Wow. I just blew about 1,000 rounds of .22lr over the last week. I guess I know what I’ll be replacing at least some of that with.
The lowest price I’ve seen is on Sportsman’s Guide at $8.54 / 50 (member price). I figure $.17 a round isn’t too bad for such a unique and powerful lead-free round, and I love CCI. I bought 15 boxes before writing this comment, by the way. Good luck!
I wonder what kind of velocity you might get with a longer 24-26″ barrel. Might it break the 2000fps barrier? Pretty cool.
You guys seeing much .22 ammo these days? It still seems fairly rare where I live.
I’d love to see some gel tests for this round – both out of a pistol and out of a rifle.
With .22lr, all of the powder is burnt up within 18-20 inches which is why you rarely see .22s with a barrel longer than 20 inches. Velocity doesn’t imediately drop off, but acceleration is virtualy nil at that point.
That is normally the case, but I wonder if it might be different with a round like this.
Take for example your general bulk pack higher velocity .22 rounds. They do something like 1240 fps. This round is about 50% faster. Therefore it exits the barrel in about 1/3 less time than is required for the 1240 fps round.
Assuming that the volume of the powder is the same, and the burn rate is the same, the higher velocity (and shorter length of time in the same barrel length) suggests that this particular round actually would benefit from a longer barrel.
I’d bet that you could easily break 2000fps with a long barrel.
I’m certainly not saying that it’s not possible. I’m sure not smart enough to tell you. Too many factors involved for my basic understanding of physics to determine.
Art, I picked up a couple of boxes of this load today at a local store, and I plan on running it over my chronograph using several longer-barreled .22s, as I am also curious about how they will perform in long tubes. I have a 20″, and a CZ with a semi-ridiculous 28″ barrel; I’m going to try and borrow a 24-inch rifle from a friend to get a full “set” of velocities.
When I get it done, I’ll post the results here.
Unless Jeremy can find similar rifles and update his test (whistles innocently…).
Haha well I only have one .22 rifle with a different barrel length from this one and I think it’s in the 22″ to 24″ range. I’ll test with that guy the weekend following this one, but can’t get data on anything longer than that.
Well, I did MOST of the testing today. While I remembered to bring the long-barreled CZ, I left the bolt for it in the safe (facepalm), so I’ll have to get that one on another day. Maybe this weekend?
CCI “Copper-22″ ammo, 21 grain copper/polymer bullet.
Fired one 10-shot string through each gun.
I note that my 16.25″ barreled Ruger wasn’t NEARLY as fast as Jeremy’s 16.5″ CZ, and although the 20-inch barreled 10/22 was faster, it still barely beat Jeremy’s numbers for his short CZ. The 24″ Marlin was slower than my 20″ Ruger, but I got to thinking about the Micro-Groove rifling, and I wonder if that isn’t messing with the results. If someone else (Jeremy?) can test a conventionally-rifled 22″-24” rifle, I’d be interested in seeing how it compares to the Marlin.
This. Would the higher velocities make this round a legit defensive option?
Still no. I expect it will dump energy really fast and probably have very poor penetration in targets bigger than small rodents. The very light bullet will have trouble with dense bones and leave a poor wound channel.
Some varmints stand on two leggs, and according to fBI stats, 22 and 25 calibers kill quite efficiently.
When I shoot it again in a week or so, I’ll test it out of another rifle I have that has a 22″ barrel. I wouldn’t be surprised though if it didn’t pick up much. BTW I chronographed another 5 from the CZ455 and one did break 2000 fps.
22Plinkster shoots some of these into gel on his channel. Video from Sept 1.
Plinkster shoots a block of ballistic gelatin, and it penetrates a very uniform roughly 12 inches, and the slugs stay in one piece.
Yes, that would be a major concern for me were I to consider it for self-defense purposes. It is a frangible bullet if it impacts something hard. Bone would turn it into dust. Heck, a metal zipper, zipper pull, phone, necklace, or whatever else may well do that, too.
At least we’re I’m at .22lr is readily available at gun shops. Big box stores rarely have it in stock, but the gun shops have enough, that they all I have been to recently removed the purchase restrictions.
I can neccessarily find a specific type of .22lr any given day, but I Usually see a selection.
“…wouldn’t be surprised at all if it separated a squirrel into a front half and a back half.” What I was thinking. Could be wonderful for pest control, but might ruin quite a bit of meat.
If I can find some in the wild I’ll add it to the toolbox, as I live in CA.
Opening day of quail season we’ll be out with air rifles.
Jeremy – If you feel the need to shoot cans of Mt.Dew, could you at least have the decency to blow up cans of Diet Mt.Dew?
Seeing that liquid gold sugar and caffeine perfection draining into the ground without passing through someone’s kidneys first made me cry (a little).
Oh yeah, the ammo. Looks interesting.
I wonder if there is concern about a solid copper version being an “evil round” that might penetrate soft body armor.
The light projectile weight explains much of the velocity. Solid copper would be too heavy in a normal bullet shape & length. Plus frangible is nice, especially at these velocities in a caliber that people aren’t always super careful with.
What self-respecting POTG *allows* ‘Sugar water nirvana’ to even get close to the expiration date? That’s like a beer lover tossing cans of beer in the trash!
Dew always looked like carbonated antifreeze to me, and reading the label (not that I always care, just so I know exactly how badly I’m abusing myself) the whole thought of drinking brominated vegetable oil is a bit disconcerting.
That said, there are times when it’s damn good.
Which is why I’ve switched to shooting cans seltzer water. Still the same fun pressurized carbonated fizzy target. . . no sticky sugar (or high fructose corn syrup) that gets you sticky during clean up. You guys do clean up the range when you’re done, right?
Anyways, I’m experimenting with potatoes as targets now: They are more fun when they explode compared to cans of soda AND they are biodegradable and require no clean-up. 🙂 Only problem is it can be tough to distinguish between potatoes and rocks. Last time at the shooting pit there were a lot of left over potatoes my friend and I didn’t notice.
Are those baked ‘taters, or boiled or just plain outta the ground ‘taters? What do you have against yams then, they deserve a chance on the shelf.
That is interesting info, and I appreciate you posting it. Thanks!
Solid copper or solid lead (like most .22 LR bullets) bullets can be made in a similar fashion. Snip bullet length pieces off a gigantic coil of wire, then a press smushes them into shape.
Of course, the nice thing about copper powder is that it’s basically (or literally) scrap. And the polymer component is even cheaper.
I do think the biggest initial motivation in this case, though, was making a really lightweight bullet in order to achieve a velocity goal.
OOoo. I need me some of that! Hell, .22 mag might be interesting.
.22 mag would be bitchen!
Even still, I’m going to get a thousand rounds or so to use on next springs rat shoot. Hardly used my .22lr at all due to the distances.
ARX? I got some of the Polycase ammo for my P3at and it destroys watermelons. I know watermelons arn’t people, anyway it instilled more confidence in my summer carry mouse gun. This might bring the .22 up a notch on the defensive round table for pistols and the popular AR styled rifles.
I bought some Ruger labeled ARX ( at a buck cheaper) in 380 and 45. Until I see results from an actual hominid shooting I will use it for an anti-animal round. The biggest portion of the wound track appears to be at the front end which is a through and through on a coyote sized animal.
Delighted to hear about at least AVERAGE short – mid range accuracy. Just ordered 500 rds from Midway, that should let me trim the ground squirrel population for 1/4 the cost of 223 Rem. Thanks for the pistol/rifle combo review, as well!
So it should have about twice the muzzle energy for the same recoil. Nice!
Well, the lightweight bullet isn’t going to hold its velocity as well, so any increase in energy is only going to hold true for short distances. Heck, at 50 yards it may carry LESS energy than a regular HV load or an old-school hyper-velocity load like CCI’s Stinger.
I wonder how accurate it would be if you had a slower twist barrel. The problems with longer distance accuracy could be because the barrel is over stabilizing it.
It’s the supersonic / transonic / subsonic transition. This thing has a G7 ballistic coefficient similar to a cotton ball. Some bullets do alright through the transition, while some become catastrophically destabilized. .22 Plinkster is reporting 10-12 MOA at 100 yards for this load, and he’s the best rimfire shooter I know of.
Agreed. And this is related to the comment by NineShooter three up as well. I also think it starts hitting those transitions at some point beyond 75 yards and is destabilized badly by it. It’s also simply dropping a ton of velocity in short order, and I doubt normal .22 LR velocities jive well with the extremely high RPM it gets by leaving a barrel at almost twice the speed of a normal .22 LR.
Overstabilization is not a problem that you should care about until we’re starting to talk sub-1/2 MOA or so.
Love this stuff. A good competitor for Winchester’s Tin 22. That stuff was fast, but even out of a 22″ bolt action it didn’t expand when shot into water.
I searched the review for the word “price” and came up empty.
Tell us what it sells for. .22LR ammo needs to be one thing – cheap.
By the way, I love me some statistics as well as the next guy, but calculating a standard deviation from a data set containing only five measurements is, at best, a waste of time.
Its not cheap I believe Im paying $79 a brick. Sure do miss even Thunderbolts at $6.99 a brick.
MSRP is $10.95 for a box of 50, or about 22 cents per round.
Thanks STB. And apologies, I couldn’t confirm the msrp and am traveling, but wanted to get this up instead of delaying it a week until I’m back. I paid $9.95 per box.
Sportsman’s Guide has a member price of $8.54 / 50. Not sure how much longer it’ll be in stock, though.
MSRP is $10.95 per 50. That means it will sell out everywhere by tomorrow, and will only be found on Armslist or gun show tables hawked by the vultures at $20 a box.
On a bright note, this may finally take some attention off Stingers, so that supply may increase.
Oh well, they’re opening an Academy in my hood soon, they should have some “grand opening” allotment.
I ordered a brick on Sunday from Midway. I guess we will see. I did buy it based on velocity alone.
The faster the bullet the better my little Berretta 21 likes it. It does very well with the Hi Velocity Segmented rounds and Stingers. It needs to be whipped down every 50 rounds or so. It gets really dirty fast and jams otherwise. Will see how it works in my other 22s. A Ruger Mark II slabside and a Model 41. My 10/22 also likes faster bullets. Being only 20gr. Who knows what I can hit at 100 yards. If I can still pepper 410 shells I wont complain.
Don’t shoot it in your S&W 41. They are only rated for standard velocity ammo. There have been instances of people getting cracked frames from using too much high velocity. Some won’t damage it but repeated use of high velocity ammo (this includes the 1200 fps stuff) can do damage.
Appreciate the warning. It was my Uncles gun. A 7.5 inch with compensator. Built in 1965. Bad enough I put a scratch on it. Wouldn’t want to blow it up.
Ive only fired standard stuff that wont cycle my little Berretta 21a or 10-22 well.
Okay so weekend after this coming one my COPPER-22 follow-up to do list is: 100 yard+ accuracy test from two rifles, velocity from the long barrel one (pre-’64 WesternField), velocity from NAA Mini revolver. Will post follow up-up results that following week.
Liberals ban lead to end hunting and put a dent in ammo sales and CCI out foxes them.
Yep. CA is the largest gun market in the US. The company’s can’t afford to let this market go so they have to step up.
When I first started hunting with steel shot in my smoothbores non lead ammo was a lot higher than it’s leaded counterpoint. Now, they’re comparable.
Not really, they are right on track making ammunition unaffordable for more and more shooters and hunters.
You’re gonna need to come with another word to use as an insult than “liberal.” I’m one and so are many other people who like to shoot. See if you can use that brilliant brain of yours to come up with an alternative.
At the same cost of 22 WMR, this would have to offer some advantages and it doesnt, unless you consider frangibility a positive. This ammo costs as much as 9MM for crying out loud. If this is the direction things are going its not good. Thanks EPA!
Yeah Fred that’s mighty pricey. I’m much more interested in a 22mag as the velocity is already there (and I don’t plink or hunt-yet).
Non-lead bullets are mandatory in Comifornia in a few years so there goes hunting. Imagine what .308 or 30-06 will cost per round. All part of the anti-hunting, anti-gun. and PETA plan. They are winning.
They aren’t. We can still practice with lead. Copper rifle rounds in the calibers you stated are roughly 2 dollars a round. Same as my .243. A 20 round box of hunting loads can last me several seasons and beyond. During a hunt it’s rare to fire more than 2 rounds at a given animal.
40 bucks for a box of shells sounds high. But it’s not plinking ammo and when compared to the overal cost of a hunt, it’s a drop in the bucket. I spent 40 bucks sunday on gas just going to and from a dove hunt.
If you’re dropping out of hunting because of the cost of ammo you were already leaving the sport for a number of reasons.
The advantage is that it shoots out of the .22 rifle you already have, and is lead free for hunting purposes.
The price is basically the same as CCI’s other “high end” .22 varmint ammo, CCI Stinger. It’s just lead free for certain locales.
I normally try to only shoot subsonic .22 out of my Winchester Model 1906 (which was made in 1911), but this new CCI makes me wonder….. would I be asking too much of the old rifle with these hot rounds? FWIW, I gave it a new barrel sleeve not too long ago, along with a new extractor and springs all around.
Given the price of Copper these days, a key criterion TTAG missed was cost per round. I’ll bet it’s at least what 9mm or .40SW costs.
There’s probably less copper in this than in a jacketed 9mm round.
Or just shoot .17 HMR. Faster, more accurate, about the same price, and ammo actually available.
Well the big reasons would be that .17 HMR doesn’t fit in the .22 LR guns I already own, there’s no such thing as cheap .17 HMR plinking ammo, and options for semi-auto .17 HMRs are quite limited. I think in nearly every case it’s also meaningfully more expensive than this stuff, too. Heck, I can shoot cheap .223 for the price of .17 HMR and 5.45×39 for even less, so forget .17 HMR, right?
Cool ammo!! I’ll be buying some.
I’ll stick with my 40 grain Aguila Intercepters. They travel at 1470 FPS which equals right at 200 FPE. That 20 grain won’t put the snack down as hard.
I finally came across some of this in a store. I picked up two boxes. I hope my 10/22 or my Contender pistol shoot well with this ammo. It would be nice if my son’s 10/22 or CZ Scout work with it too since we live in California. Hopefully I have found my lead free 22 hunting ammo. That way I’ll have this for 50 yards and under, my 17 HMR out to about 150 yards and then some lead free handloads in my AR for way out there.
I tired out for the first time today in my ruger mark iii 22/45. It wouldn’t feed from the three different mags I tried. It would stop at the bottom of the ramp. I switched to CCI mini-mag with copper plated round nose, and fired 100 with no problem! Anybody else have feeding problems with the copper composite bullet?? I have 700 rounds that i can’t shot in my Ruger.
These shell’s lack penetration to kill larger animal’s that I hunt. I have shot Racoon’s with them over hounds with what I will call mixed and very disappointing results. Some that I have hit in the chest the bullet only penitrated 1 1/2″. The old CCI shells with lead in them are much better and more reliable when taking larger small game. | 2019-04-23T11:04:17Z | https://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2016/09/jeremy-s/ammo-review-cci-copper-22-fastest-22-lr-ever/ |
1. This Order may be cited as the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001.
2.—(1) Except as provided by paragraph (2), this Order comes into force on the day on which section 19 of the Act comes into force.
(b)for the purposes of articles 61 to 63, 88, 90 and 91 (regulated mortgage contracts) nine months after section 19 of the Act comes into force.
4.—(1) The following provisions of this Part specify kinds of activity for the purposes of section 22 of the Act (and accordingly any activity of one of those kinds, which is carried on by way of business(8), and relates to an investment of a kind specified by any provision of Part III and applicable to that activity, is a regulated activity for the purposes of the Act).
(2) The kinds of activity specified by articles 51 and 52 are also specified for the purposes of section 22(1)(b) of the Act (and accordingly any activity of one of those kinds, when carried on by way of business, is a regulated activity when carried on in relation to property of any kind).
(3) Subject to paragraph (4), each provision specifying a kind of activity is subject to the exclusions applicable to that provision (and accordingly any reference in this Order to an activity of the kind specified by a particular provision is to be read subject to any such exclusions).
that exclusion is to be disregarded (and accordingly the investment firm is to be treated as carrying on an activity of the kind specified by the provision in question).
a person to whom (if he were incorporated in or formed under the law of an EEA State or, being an individual, had his head office in an EEA State) that directive would not apply by virtue of Article 2.2 of that directive.
(b)any other activity of the person accepting the deposit is financed wholly, or to a material extent, out of the capital of or interest on money received by way of deposit.
(b)which are not referable to the provision of property (other than currency) or services or the giving of security.
(c)without prejudice to sub-paragraph (b), it is paid by way of security for the delivery up or return of any property, whether in a particular state of repair or otherwise.
(d)paid by a person who, at the time when it is paid, is a close relative of the person receiving it or who is, or is a close relative of, a director or manager of that person or who is, or is a close relative of, a controller of that person.
(2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(c), an individual is a majority shareholder controller of a company if he is a controller of the company by virtue of paragraph (a), (c), (e) or (g) of section 422(2) of the Act, and if in his case the greatest percentage of those referred to in those paragraphs is 50 or more.
(3) In the application of sub-paragraph (d) of paragraph (1) to a sum paid by a partnership, that sub-paragraph is to have effect as if, for the reference to the person paying the sum, there were substituted a reference to each of the partners.
Sums received by solicitors etc.
7.—(1) A sum is not a deposit for the purposes of article 5 if it is received by a practising solicitor acting in the course of his profession.
(iii)rules made under section 34 of the Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1980(14).
(d)“registered European lawyer” has the meaning given by regulation 2(1) of the European Communities (Lawyer’s Practice) Regulations 2000(20) or regulation 2(1) of the European Communities (Lawyer’s Practice) (Scotland) Regulation 2000(21).
Sums received by persons authorised to deal etc.
in the course of, or for the purpose of, carrying on that activity with or on behalf of the person by or on behalf of whom the sum is paid.
9.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), a sum is not a deposit for the purposes of article 5 if it is received by a person as consideration for the issue by him of any investment of the kind specified by article 77 or 78.
(b)the redemption value of the commercial paper is not less than £100,000 (or an amount of equivalent value denominated wholly or partly in a currency other than sterling), and no part of the commercial paper may be transferred unless the redemption value of that part is not less than £100,000 (or such an equivalent amount).
(3) In paragraph (2), “commercial paper” means an investment of the kind specified by article 77 or 78 which must be redeemed before the first anniversary of the date of issue.
10.—(1) Effecting a contract of insurance as principal is a specified kind of activity.
(2) Carrying out a contract of insurance as principal is a specified kind of activity.
(b)pursuant to a Community co-insurance operation in which the firm is participating otherwise than as the leading insurer.
(2) In paragraph (1), “Community co-insurance operation” and “leading insurer” have the same meaning as in the Council Directive of 30 May 1978 on the co-ordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to Community co-insurance (No. 78/473/EEC)(22).
(b)contains the terms mentioned in paragraph (2).
(c)assistance provided in the case of an accident or breakdown occurring in the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland is, in most circumstances, provided by the provider’s servants.
and this form of assistance may include the conveyance of the driver or passengers of the relevant vehicle, with the vehicle, or (where the vehicle is to be conveyed only to the nearest or most appropriate place at which repairs may be carried out) separately, to the nearest location from which they may continue their journey by other means.
(4) A contract does not fail to meet the condition in paragraph (1)(a) solely because the provider may reimburse the person entitled to the assistance for all or part of any sums paid by him in respect of assistance either because he failed to identify himself as a person entitled to the assistance or because he was unable to get in touch with the provider in order to claim the assistance.
“the relevant vehicle” means the vehicle (including a trailer or caravan) in respect of which the assistance is required.
(ii)the contract of insurance in question is one underwritten by P at Lloyd's.
“former underwriting member” has the meaning given by section 324(1) of the Act.
14. Buying, selling, subscribing for or underwriting securities or contractually based investments (other than investments of the kind specified by article 87, or article 89 so far as relevant to that article) as principal is a specified kind of activity.
Absence of holding out etc.
(d)A regularly solicits members of the public with the purpose of inducing them, as principals or agents, to enter into transactions constituting activities of the kind specified by article 14, and the transaction is entered into as a result of his having solicited members of the public in that manner.
(g)any person whose head office is outside the United Kingdom, who is solicited by an approach made or directed to him at a place outside the United Kingdom and whose ordinary business involves him in carrying on activities of the kind specified by any of articles 14, 21, 25, 37, 40, 45, 51, 52 and 53 or (so far as relevant to any of those articles) article 64, or would do so apart from any exclusion from any of those articles made by this Order.
(3) This article does not apply where A enters into the transaction as bare trustee or, in Scotland, as nominee for another person and is acting on that other person’s instructions (but the exclusion in article 66(1) applies if the conditions set out there are met).
(b)through an office outside the United Kingdom maintained by a party to the transaction, and with or through a person whose head office is situated outside the United Kingdom and whose ordinary business involves him in carrying on activities of the kind specified by any of articles 14, 21, 25, 37, 40, 45, 51, 52 and 53 or, so far as relevant to any of those articles, article 64 (or would do so apart from any exclusion from any of those articles made by this Order).
17.—(1) A person does not carry on an activity of the kind specified by article 14 by accepting an instrument creating or acknowledging indebtedness in respect of any loan, credit, guarantee or other similar financial accommodation or assurance which he has made, granted or provided.
(2) The reference in paragraph (1) to a person accepting an instrument includes a reference to a person becoming a party to an instrument otherwise than as a debtor or a surety.
Issue by a company of its own shares etc.
18.—(1) There is excluded from article 14 the issue by a company of its own shares or share warrants, and the issue by any person of his own debentures or debenture warrants.
(c)“share warrants” and “debenture warrants” mean any investment of the kind specified by article 79 which relates to shares in the company concerned or, as the case may be, debentures issued by that company.
(ii)activities which would be regulated activities but for any exclusion made by this Part.
(c)where B and another person are, or propose to become, participators in a joint enterprise, that other person.
20. Article 14 is also subject to the exclusions in articles 66 (trustees etc.), 68 (sale of goods and supply of services), 69 (groups and joint enterprises), 70 (sale of body corporate), 71 (employee share schemes) and 72 (overseas persons).
and “relevant business” means a business carried on by a relevant person.
24. Article 21 is also subject to the exclusions in articles 67 (profession or non-investment business), 68 (sale of goods and supply of services), 69 (groups and joint enterprises), 70 (sale of body corporate), 71 (employee share schemes) and 72 (overseas persons).
26. There are excluded from article 25(1) arrangements which do not or would not bring about the transaction to which the arrangements relate.
27. A person does not carry on an activity of the kind specified by article 25(2) merely by providing means by which one party to a transaction (or potential transaction) is able to communicate with other such parties.
28.—(1) There are excluded from article 25(1) any arrangements for a transaction into which the person making the arrangements enters or is to enter as principal or as agent for some other person.
(2) There are excluded from article 25(2) any arrangements which a person makes with a view to transactions into which he enters or is to enter as principal or as agent for some other person.
(b)it is clear, in all the circumstances, that the client, in his capacity as an investor, is not seeking and has not sought advice from A as to the merits of the client’s entering into the transaction (or, if the client has sought such advice, A has declined to give it but has recommended that the client seek such advice from an authorised person).
(2) But the exclusion in paragraph (1) does not apply if A receives from any person other than the client any pecuniary reward or other advantage, for which he does not account to the client, arising out of his making the arrangements.
(b)a relevant authorised person gives an assurance to the money-lender as to the amount which, on the security of any contract effected pursuant to a relevant transaction, will or may be received by the money-lender should the money-lender lend money to a person introduced to him pursuant to the arrangements.
“relevant transaction” means the effecting of a qualifying contract of insurance or the sale of an investment of the kind specified by article 89, so far as relevant to such contracts.
31.—(1) There are excluded from article 25(1) and (2) arrangements under which a person accepts or is to accept, whether as principal or agent, an instrument creating or acknowledging indebtedness in respect of any loan, credit, guarantee or other similar financial accommodation or assurance which is, or is to be, made, granted or provided by that person or his principal.
32. There are excluded from article 25(2) arrangements having as their sole purpose the provision of finance to enable a person to buy, sell, subscribe for or underwrite investments.
(c)the introduction is made with a view to the provision of independent advice or the independent exercise of discretion in relation to investments generally or in relation to any class of investments to which the arrangements relate.
Arrangements for the issue of shares etc.
and for the purposes of article 25(1) and (2), a company is not, by reason of issuing its own shares or share warrants, and a person is not, by reason of issuing his own debentures or debenture warrants, to be treated as selling them.
(2) In paragraph (1), “company”, “shares”, “debentures”, “share warrants” and “debenture warrants” have the meanings given by article 18(2).
35.—(1) There are excluded from article 25(1) and (2) any arrangements made for the purposes of carrying out the functions of a body or association which is approved under this article as an international securities self-regulating organisation, whether the arrangements are made by the organisation itself or by a person acting on its behalf.
(2) The Treasury may approve as an international securities self-regulating organisation any body corporate or unincorporated association with respect to which the conditions mentioned in paragraph (3) appear to them to be met if, having regard to such matters affecting international trade, overseas earnings and the balance of payments or otherwise as they consider relevant, it appears to them that to do so would be desirable and not result in any undue risk to investors.
(f)the body or association facilitates and regulates the activity of its members in the conduct of international securities business.
and, for the purposes of this definition, it is irrelevant that the investments may ultimately be bought otherwise than in the course of such business by persons not so expert.
(5) Any approval under this article is to be given by notice in writing; and the Treasury may by a further notice in writing withdraw any such approval if for any reason it appears to them that it is not appropriate to it to continue in force.
36. Article 25 is also subject to the exclusions in articles 66 (trustees etc.), 67 (profession or non-investment business), 68 (sale of goods and supply of services), 69 (groups and joint enterprises), 70 (sale of body corporate), 71 (employee share schemes) and 72 (overseas persons).
(b)the arrangements for their management are such that the assets may consist of or include such investments, and either the assets have at any time since 29th April 1988 done so, or the arrangements have at any time (whether before or after that date) been held out as arrangements under which the assets would do so.
(ii)a person who is an exempt person in relation to activities of that kind.
39. Article 37 is also subject to the exclusions in articles 66 (trustees etc.), 68 (sale of goods and supply of services) and 69 (groups and joint enterprises).
(b)are operated by the qualifying custodian in the course of carrying on in the United Kingdom an activity of the kind specified by article 40.
(b)an exempt person acting in the course of a business comprising a regulated activity in relation to which he is exempt.
42.—(1) There are excluded from article 40 any arrangements pursuant to which introductions are made by a person (“P”) to a qualifying custodian with a view to the qualifying custodian providing in the United Kingdom a service comprising an activity of the kind specified by article 40, where the qualifying person (or other person who is to safeguard and administer the assets in question) is not connected with P.
(b)a person is connected with P if either he is a member of the same group as P, or P is remunerated by him.
(c)receiving documents relating to an investment solely for the purpose of onward transmission to, from or at the direction of the person to whom the investment belongs.
44. Article 40 is also subject to the exclusions in articles 66 (trustees etc.), 67 (profession or non-investment business), 68 (sale of goods and supply of services), 69 (groups and joint enterprises) and 71 (employee share schemes).
45.—(1) Sending, on behalf of another person, dematerialised instructions relating to a security is a specified kind of activity, where those instructions are sent by means of a relevant system in respect of which an Operator is approved under the 1995 Regulations.
(2) Causing dematerialised instructions relating to a security to be sent by means of such a system is also a specified kind of activity where the person causing them to be sent is a system-participant.
(b)“dematerialised instruction”, “Operator”, “settlement bank” and “system-participant” have the meaning given by regulation 3 of the 1995 Regulations.
46. There is excluded from article 45 the act of sending, or causing to be sent, a dematerialised instruction where the person on whose behalf the instruction is sent or caused to be sent is a participating issuer within the meaning of the 1995 Regulations.
47. There is excluded from article 45 the act of sending, or causing to be sent, a dematerialised instruction where the person on whose behalf the instruction is sent or caused to be sent is a settlement bank in its capacity as such.
48.—(1) There is excluded from article 45 of the act of sending, or causing to be sent, a dematerialised instruction where the person on whose behalf the instruction is sent or caused to be sent is an offeror making a takeover offer.
but in determining whether an offer falls within paragraph (ii) there are to be disregarded any shares which the offeror or any associate of his (within the meaning of section 430E of the Companies Act 1985(28)) holds or has contracted to acquire; and in determining whether an offer falls within paragraph (iii) the offeror, any such associate and any person whose shares the offeror or any such associate has contracted to acquire is not to be regarded as a holder of shares.
49. There is excluded from article 45 the act of sending, or causing to be sent, a dematerialised instruction as a necessary part of providing a network, the purpose of which is to carry dematerialised instructions which are at all time properly authenticated (within the meaning of the 1995 Regulations).
50. Article 45 is also subject to the exclusions in articles 66 (trustees etc.) and 69 (groups and joint enterprises).
(c)acting as the depositary or sole director of an open-ended investment company.
(2) In this article, “trustee”, “authorised unit trust scheme” and “depositary” have the meaning given by section 237 of the Act.
52. Establishing, operating or winding up a stakeholder pension scheme is a specified kind of activity.
(ii)exercising any right conferred by such an investment to buy, sell, subscribe for or underwrite such an investment.
Advice given in newspapers etc.
(b)that of leading or enabling persons to buy, sell, subscribe for or underwrite securities or contractually based investments.
(2) There is also excluded from article 53 the giving of advice in any service consisting of the broadcast or transmission of television or radio programmes, if the principal purpose of the service, taken as a whole and including any advertisements or other promotional material contained in it, is neither of those mentioned in paragraph (1)(a) and (b).
(3) The Authority may, on the application of the proprietor of any such publication or service as is mentioned in paragraph (1) or (2), certify that it is of the nature described in that paragraph, and may revoke any such certificate if it considers that it is no longer justified.
(4) A certificate given under paragraph (3) and not revoked is conclusive evidence of the matters certified.
55. Article 53 is also subject to the exclusions in articles 66 (trustees etc.), 67, (profession or non-investment business), 68 (sale of goods and supply of services), 69 (groups and joint enterprises), 70 (sale of body corporate) and 72 (overseas persons).
56. Advising a person to become, or continue or cease to be, a member of a particular Lloyd’s syndicate is a specified kind of activity.
57. Managing the underwriting capacity of a Lloyd’s syndicate as a managing agent at Lloyd’s is a specified kind of activity.
58. The arranging, by the society incorporated by Lloyd’s Act 1871(29) by the name of Lloyd's, of deals in contracts of insurance written at Lloyd's, is a specified kind of activity.
59.—(1) Entering as provider into a funeral plan contract is a specified kind of activity.
unless, at the time of entering into the contract, the customer and the provider intend or expect the funeral to occur within one month.
(v)the assets and liabilities of the trust must, at least once every three years, be determined, calculated and verified by an actuary who is a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries or of the Faculty of Actuaries.
(f)an agent of any person falling within sub-paragraphs (a) to (e).
(d)“timeshare accommodation” has the meaning given by section 1 of the Timeshare Act 1992 (31).
(b)administers the contract himself during a period of not more than one month beginning with the day on which any such arrangement comes to an end.
63. A person who is not an authorised person does not carry on an activity of the kind specified by article 61(2) in relation to a regulated mortgage contract where he administers the contract pursuant to an agreement with an authorised person who has permission to carry on an activity of that kind.
64. Agreeing to carry on an activity of the kind specified by any other provision of this Part (other than article 5, 10, 51 or 52) is a specified kind of activity.
65. Article 64 is subject to the exclusion in article 72 (overseas persons).
(b)X does not hold himself out as providing a service of buying and selling securities or contractually based investments.
(b)by a beneficiary under the trust, will or intestacy.
(b)the assets in question are held for the purposes of an occupational pension scheme, and, by virtue of article 4 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Carrying on Regulated Activities by Way of Business) Order 2001 (32), he is to be treated as carrying on that activity by way of business.
(4) Subject to paragraph (7), there is excluded from article 40 any activity carried on by a person acting as trustee or personal representative, unless he holds himself out as providing a service comprising an activity of the kind specified by article 40.
(5) A person does not, by sending or causing to be sent a dematerialised instruction (within the meaning of article 45), carry on an activity of the kind specified by that article if the instruction relates to an investment which that person holds as trustee or personal representative.
(b)a beneficiary under the trust, will or intestacy concerning his interest in the trust fund or estate.
(7) Paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (6) do not apply if the person carrying on the activity is remunerated for what he does in addition to any remuneration he receives as trustee or personal representative, and for these purposes a person is not to be regarded as receiving additional remuneration merely because his remuneration is calculated by reference to time spent.
(b)may reasonably be regarded as a necessary part of other services provided in the course of that profession or business.
(2) But the exclusion in paragraph (1) does not apply if the activity in question is remunerated separately from the other services.
and in this article “related sale or supply” means a sale of goods or supply of services to the customer otherwise than by the supplier, but for or in connection with the same purpose as the sale or supply mentioned above.
(2) There is excluded from article 14 any transaction entered into by a supplier with a customer, if the transaction is entered into for the purposes of or in connection with the sale of goods or supply of services, or a related sale or supply.
(ii)through an office outside the United Kingdom maintained by a party to the transaction, and with or through a person whose head office is situated outside the United Kingdom and whose ordinary business involves him in carrying on activities of the kind specified by any of articles 14, 21, 25, 37, 40, 45, 51, 52 and 53 or, so far as relevant to any of those articles, article 64, or would do so apart from any exclusion from any of those articles made by this Order.
(4) In paragraph (3)(a), “members of the public” has the meaning given by article 15(2), references to “A” being read as references to the supplier.
(5) There are excluded from article 25(1) and (2) arrangements made by a supplier for, or with a view to, a transaction which is or is to be entered into by a customer for the purposes of or in connection with the sale of goods or supply of services, or a related sale or supply.
(b)are managed for the purposes of or in connection with the sale of goods or supply of services, or a related sale or supply.
(7) There is excluded from article 40 any activity carried on by a supplier where the assets in question are or are to be safeguarded and administered for the purposes of or in connection with the sale of goods or supply of services, or a related sale or supply.
(8) There is excluded from article 53 the giving of advice by a supplier to a customer for the purposes of or in connection with the sale of goods or supply of services, or a related sale or supply, or to a person with whom the customer proposes to enter into a transaction for the purposes of or in connection with such a sale or supply or related sale or supply.
(9) Paragraphs (2), (3) and (5) do not apply in the case of a transaction for the sale or purchase of a qualifying contract of insurance, an investment of the kind specified by article 81, or an investment of the kind specified by article 89 so far as relevant to such a contract or such an investment.
(10) Paragraph (6) does not apply where the assets managed consist of qualifying contracts of insurance, investments of the kind specified by article 81, or investments of the kind specified by article 89 so far as relevant to such contracts or such investments.
(11) Paragraph (8) does not apply in the case of advice in relation to an investment which is a qualifying contract of insurance, is of the kind specified by article 81, or is of the kind specified by article 89 so far as relevant to such a contract or such an investment.
(b)they are, or propose to become, participators in a joint enterprise and the transaction is entered into for the purposes of or in connection with that enterprise.
(3) In paragraph (2)(a), “members of the public” has the meaning given by article 15(2), references to “A” being read as references to the agent.
(b)he is or proposes to become a participator in a joint enterprise, and the arrangements in question are for, or with a view to, a transaction which is or is to be entered into, as principal, by another person who is or proposes to become a participator in that enterprise, for the purposes of or in connection with that enterprise.
(b)he is or proposes to become a participator in a joint enterprise with the person to whom the assets belong, and the assets are managed for the purposes of or in connection with that enterprise.
(ii)are or are to be safeguarded and administered for the purposes of or in connection with that enterprise.
(7) A person who is a member of a group does not carry on an activity of the kind specified by article 45 where he sends a dematerialised instruction, or causes one to be sent, on behalf of another member of the same group, if the investment to which the instruction relates is one in respect of which a member of the same group is registered as holder in the appropriate register of securities, or will be so registered as a result of the instruction.
(8) In paragraph (7), “dematerialised instruction” and “register of securities” have the meaning given by regulation 3 of the Uncertificated Securities Regulations 1995.
(b)he is, or proposes to become, a participator in a joint enterprise and the advice in question is given to another person who is, or proposes to become, a participator in that enterprise for the purposes of or in connection with that enterprise.
(ii)those conditions are not met, but the object of the transaction may nevertheless reasonably be regarded as being the acquisition of day to day control of the affairs of the body corporate.
(c)in either case, the acquisition or disposal is between parties each of whom is a body corporate, a partnership, a single individual or a group of connected individuals.
(iii)a person acting as trustee for any person falling within paragraph (i) or (ii).
(4) A person does not carry on an activity of the kind specified by article 21 by entering as agent into a transaction of the kind described in paragraph (1).
(5) There are excluded from article 25(1) and (2) arrangements made for, or with a view to, a transaction of the kind described in paragraph (1).
(6) There is excluded from article 53 the giving of advice in connection with a transaction (or proposed transaction) of the kind described in paragraph (1).
(b)the holding of such shares or debentures by, or for the benefit of, such persons.
(b)the wives, husbands, widows, widowers, or children or step-children under the age of eighteen of such employees or former employees.
(3) C, a member of the same group as C or a relevant trustee does not carry on an activity of the kind specified by article 21 by entering as agent into a transaction of the kind described in paragraph (1).
(4) There are excluded from article 25(1) or (2) arrangements made by C, a member of the same group as C or a relevant trustee if the arrangements in question are for, or with a view to, a transaction of the kind described in paragraph (1).
(5) There is excluded from article 40 any activity if the assets in question are, or are to be, safeguarded and administered by C, a member of the same group as C or a relevant trustee for the purpose of enabling or facilitating transactions of the kind described in paragraph (1).
(b)“relevant trustee” means a person who, in pursuance of the arrangements made for the purpose mentioned in paragraph (1), holds, as trustee, shares in or debentures issued by C.
(b)entering into a transaction as principal with a person in the United Kingdom, if the transaction is the result of a legitimate approach.
(ii)the transaction is the result of an approach (other than a legitimate approach) made by or on behalf of, or to, whichever of X or Y is in the United Kingdom.
(3) There are excluded from article 25(1) arrangements made by an overseas person with an authorised person, or an exempt person acting in the course of a business comprising a regulated activity in relation to which he is exempt.
(b)transactions entered into by exempt persons, as principal or agent, in the course of business comprising regulated activities in relation to which they are exempt.
(5) There is excluded from article 53 the giving of advice by an overseas person as a result of a legitimate approach.
(6) There is excluded from article 64 any agreement made by an overseas person to carry on an activity of the kind specified by article 25(1) or (2), 37, 40 or 45 if the agreement is the result of a legitimate approach.
(b)an approach made by or on behalf of the overseas person in a way which does not contravene that section.
73. The following kinds of investment are specified for the purposes of section 22 of the Act.
75. Rights under a contract of insurance.
(b)any unincorporated body constituted under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom.
(b)any transferable shares in a body incorporated under the law of, or any part of, the United Kingdom relating to industrial and provident societies or credit unions, or in a body constituted under the law of another EEA State for purposes equivalent to those of such a body.
(d)any body constituted under the law of an EEA State for purposes equivalent to those of a body falling within sub-paragraph (b) or (c).
(f)any other instrument creating or acknowledging indebtedness.
(3) An instrument excluded from paragraph (1) of article 78 by paragraph (2)(b) of that article is not thereby to be taken to fall within paragraph (1) of this article.
(ii)bodies whose members comprise states including the United Kingdom or another EEA State.
(ii)money raised under the National Loans Act 1968(34) under the auspices of the Director of Savings or treated as so raised by virtue of section 11(3) of the National Debt Act 1972(35).
79.—(1) Warrants and other instruments entitling the holder to subscribe for any investment of the kind specified by article 76, 77 or 78.
(2) It is immaterial whether the investment to which the entitlement relates is in existence or identifiable.
(3) An investment of the kind specified by this article is not to be regarded as falling within article 83, 84 or 85.
81. Units in a collective investment scheme (within the meaning of Part XVII of the Act).
82. Rights under a stakeholder pension scheme.
(d)an option to acquire or dispose of an investment of the kind specified by this article by virtue of paragraph (a), (b) or (c).
84.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), rights under a contract for the sale of a commodity or property of any other description under which delivery is to be made at a future date and at a price agreed on when the contract is made.
(2) There are excluded from paragraph (1) rights under any contract which is made for commercial and not investment purposes.
(3) A contract is to be regarded as made for investment purposes if it is made or traded on a recognised investment exchange, or is made otherwise than on a recognised investment exchange but is expressed to be as traded on such an exchange or on the same terms as those on which an equivalent contract would be made on such an exchange.
(4) A contract not falling within paragraph (3) is to be regarded as made for commercial purposes if under the terms of the contract delivery is to be made within seven days, unless it can be shown that there existed an understanding that (notwithstanding the express terms of the contract) delivery would not be made within seven days.
(b)the seller delivers or intends to deliver the property or the purchaser takes or intends to take delivery of it.
(6) It is an indication that a contract is made for commercial purposes that the prices, the lot, the delivery date or other terms are determined by the parties for the purposes of the particular contract and not by reference (or not solely by reference) to regularly published prices, to standard lots or delivery dates or to standard terms.
(c)there are arrangements for the payment or provision of margin.
(b)in a case where the contract is expressed to be by reference to a standard lot and quality, notwithstanding that provision is made for a variation in the price to take account of any variation in quantity or quality on delivery.
(ii)an index or other factor designated for that purpose in the contract.
(d)rights under a qualifying contract of insurance.
86.—(1) The underwriting capacity of a Lloyd’s syndicate.
(2) A person’s membership (or prospective membership) of a Lloyd’s syndicate.
87. Rights under a funeral plan contract.
88. Rights under a regulated mortgage contract.
89.—(1) Subject to paragraphs (2) to (4), any right to or interest in anything which is specified by any other provision of this Part (other than article 88).
(2) Paragraph (1) does not include interests under the trusts of an occupational pension scheme.
(b)interests under a trust of the kind referred to in paragraph (1)(b) of that article.
(4) Paragraph (1) does not include anything which is specified by any other provision of this Part.
90.—(1) The Consumer Credit Act 1974(36) is amended as follows.
(b)entering into that agreement as lender is a regulated activity for the purposes of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000.
(6D) But section 126, and any other provision so far as it relates to section 126, applies to an agreement which would (but for subsection (6C)) be a regulated agreement.
“(3A) An advertisement does not fall within subsection (1)(a) in so far as it is a communication of an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity within the meaning of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, other than an exempt generic communication.
(3B) An “exempt generic communication” is a communication to which subsection (1) of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 does not apply, as a result of an order under subsection (5) of that section, because it does not identify a person as providing an investment or as carrying on an activity to which the communication relates.”.
(b)any document (other than one falling within paragraph (a)) provided by an authorised person (within the meaning of that Act) in connection with an agreement which would or might be an exempt agreement as a result of section 16(6C).”.
(5) In section 53 (duty to display information), after “land” insert “(other than credit provided under an agreement which is an exempt agreement as a result of section 16(6C))”.
(6) In section 137 (extortionate credit bargains), in subsection (2)(a), after “any agreement” insert “(other than an agreement which is an exempt agreement as a result of section 16(6C))”.
“(2A) An advertisement does not fall within subsection (1) or (2) in so far as it is a communication of an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity within the meaning of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, other than an exempt generic communication (as defined in section 43(3B)).”.
“(3) These Regulations do not apply to any advertisement in so far as it is a communication of an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity within the meaning of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, other than an exempt generic communication.
(4) An “exempt generic communication” is a communication to which subsection (1) of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 does not apply, as a result of an order under subsection (5) of that section, because it does not identify a person as providing an investment or as carrying on an activity to which the communication relates.”.
(f)any document (other than one falling within sub-paragraph (e)), provided by an authorised person (within the meaning of that Act) in connection with an agreement which would or might be an exempt agreement as a result of section 16(6C) of the Act.”.
including contracts relating to industrial injury and occupational disease but excluding contracts falling within paragraph 2 of Part I of, or paragraph IV of Part II of, this Schedule.
2. Contracts of insurance providing fixed pecuniary benefits or benefits in the nature of indemnity (or a combination of both) against risks of loss to the persons insured attributable to sickness or infirmity but excluding contracts falling within paragraph IV of Part II of this Schedule.
3. Contracts of insurance against loss of or damage to vehicles used on land, including motor vehicles but excluding railway rolling stock.
4. Contract of insurance against loss of or damage to railway rolling stock.
5. Contracts of insurance upon aircraft or upon the machinery, tackle, furniture or equipment of aircraft.
6. Contracts of insurance upon vessels used on the sea or on inland water, or upon the machinery, tackle, furniture or equipment of such vessels.
7. Contracts of insurance against loss of or damage to merchandise, baggage and all other goods in transit, irrespective of the form of transport.
8. Contracts of insurance against loss of or damage to property (other than property to which paragraphs 3 to 7 relate) due to fire, explosion, storm, natural forces other than storm, nuclear energy or land subsidence.
9. Contracts of insurance against loss of or damage to property (other than property to which paragraphs 3 to 7 relate) due to hail or frost or any other event (such as theft) other than those mentioned in paragraph 8.
10. Contracts of insurance against damage arising out of or in connection with the use of motor vehicles on land, including third-party risks and carrier’s liability.
11. Contracts of insurance against damage arising out of or in connection with the use of aircraft, including third-party risks and carrier’s liability.
12. Contracts of insurance against damage arising out of or in connection with the use of vessels on the sea or on inland water, including third party risks and carrier’s liability.
13. Contracts of insurance against risks of the persons insured incurring liabilities to third parties, the risks in question not being risks to which paragraph 10, 11 or 12 relates.
14. Contracts of insurance against risks of loss to the persons insured arising from the insolvency of debtors of theirs or from the failure (otherwise than through insolvency) of debtors of theirs to pay their debts when due.
15.—(1) Contracts of insurance against the risks of loss to the persons insured arising from their having to perform contracts of guarantee entered into by them.
(c)effected in return for the payment of one or more premiums.
(c)risks which do not fall within sub-paragraph (a) or (b) and which are not of a kind such that contracts of insurance against them fall within any other provision of this Schedule.
17. Contracts of insurance against risks of loss to the persons insured attributable to their incurring legal expenses (including costs of litigation).
(b)assistance (whether in cash or in kind) for persons who get into difficulties otherwise than as mentioned in sub-paragraph (a).
I. Contracts of insurance on human life or contracts to pay annuities on human life, but excluding (in each case) contracts within paragraph III.
II. Contract of insurance to provide a sum on marriage or on the birth of a child, being contracts expressed to be in effect for a period of more than one year.
III. Contracts of insurance on human life or contracts to pay annuities on human life where the benefits are wholly or party to be determined by references to the value of, or the income from, property of any description (whether or not specified in the contracts) or by reference to fluctuations in, or in an index of, the value of property of any description (whether or not so specified).
(b)either are not expressed to be terminable by the insurer, or are expressed to be so terminable only in special circumstances mentioned in the contract.
VI. Capital redemption contracts, where effected or carried out by a person who does not carry on a banking business, and otherwise carries on a regulated activity of the kind specified by article 10(1) or (2).
where effected or carried out by a person who does not carry on a banking business, and otherwise carries on a regulated activity of the kind specified by article 10(1) or (2).
VIII. Contracts of a kind referred to in article 1(2)(e) of the first life insurance directive.
IX. Contracts of a kind referred to in article 1(3) of the first life insurance directive.
1.—(a) Reception and transmission, on behalf of investors, of orders in relation to one or more instruments listed in Section B.
(b)Execution of such orders other than for own account.
2. Dealing in any of the instruments listed in Section B for own account.
3. Managing portfolios of investments in accordance with mandates given by investors on a discretionary, client-by-client basis where such portfolios include one or more of the instruments listed in Section B.
4. Underwriting in respect of issues of any of the instruments listed in Section B and/or the placing of such issues.
(b)Units in collective investment undertakings.
3. Financial-futures contracts, including equivalent cash-settled instruments.
4. Forward interest-rate agreements (FRAs).
5. Interest-rate, currency and equity swaps.
6. Options to acquire or dispose of any instruments falling within this section of the Annex, including equivalent cash-settled instruments. This category includes in particular options on currency and on interest rates.
1. Safekeeping and administration in relation to one or more of the instruments listed in Section B.
3. Granting credits or loans to an investor to allow him to carry out a transaction in one or more of the instruments listed in Section B, where the firm granting the credit or loan is involved in the transaction.
4. Advice to undertakings on capital structure, industrial strategy and related matters and advice and service relating to mergers and the purchase of undertakings.
5. Services related to underwriting.
6. Investment advice concerning one or more of the instruments listed in Section B.
This Order specifies kinds of activities and investments for the purposes of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“the Act”). When an activity of a specified kind is carried on by way of business in relation to an investment of a specified kind, it is a “regulated activity” for the purposes of the Act. The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Carrying on Regulated Activities by Way of Business) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001/1177) makes provision as to the circumstances in which a person is, or is not, to be regarded as carrying on a regulated activity by way of business. Section 19 of the Act prohibits person who are not authorised or exempt from carrying on any regulated activity in the United Kingdom. Contravention of that prohibition is a criminal offence.
Part I of this Order makes provision for the citation, commencement and interpretation of the Order.
Part II specifies types of activities. Those activities are accepting deposits; effecting and carrying out contracts of insurance; dealing in investments as principal, or as agent; arranging deals in investments; managing investments; safeguarding and administering investments; sending dematerialised instructions; establishing etc. a collective investment scheme, or a stakeholder pension scheme; advising on investments; certain activities in relation to Lloyd's; entering into funeral plan contracts, or regulated mortgage contracts; and agreeing to carry on certain of the above activities.
Part II also sets out the exclusions (if any) applicable to each kind of specified activity.
Part III of the Order specifies the kinds of investment which are relevant for determining whether a person is carrying on a regulated activity for the purposes of the Act.
Part IV makes consequential amendments to the Consumer Credit Act 1974, and subordinate legislation under that Act, so as to exclude from its scope those categories of mortgage contract which are specified under this Order and which will therefore be regulated under the Act.
Schedule 1 to the Order lists the classes of insurance contract which are relevant to the scope of the activity specified by article 10.
Schedules 2 and 3 set out the text of certain provisions of Council Directive No. 93/22/EEC on investment services in the securities field which are relevant to the applicability of the exclusions contained in the Order (see article 4).
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Carrying on Regulated Activities by Way of Business) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001/), made under section 419 of the Act, makes provision as to the circumstances in which persons are, or are not, to be regarded as carrying on activities by way of business.
1987 c. 22. Section 3 was amended by the Bank of England Act 1998 (c. 11), Sch. 5, paras 1 and 3. “Municipal bank” is defined in section 103 of the Banking Act 1987, which was amended by the Local Government Act 1992 (c. 19), Sch. 3, para. 22, and by the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 (c. 29), Sch. 3, para. 21.
S.I. 1976/582 (N.I. 12); relevant amending instrument is S.I. 1989/1343 (N.I. 14).
Section 31 was amended by para. 10 of Sch. 17 to the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (c. 41), and by para. 3 of Sch. 6 to, and para. 1 of Sch. 7 to, the Access to Justice Act 1999 (c. 22).
Amended by section 31 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (c. 40).
1985 c. 61; section 9 was amended by para. 54 of Sch. 18 to the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990, and by para. 1 of Sch. 4 to the European Communities (Lawyer’s Practice) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1119), and was repealed in part by Part II of Sch. 15 to the Access to Justice Act 1999.
Inserted by article 10 of the Solicitors (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.I. 1989/1343) (N.I. 14).
1990 c. 41; section 89 was amended by para. 14 of Sch. 4 to the European Communities (Lawyer’s Practice) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1119).
Amended by para. 29(15) of Sch. 8 to the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (c. 40).
Inserted by section 32 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (c. 40).
Scottish Statutory Instruments 2000 No. 121.
O.J. No. L151, 7.6.1978, p.25.
1985 c. 6. Section 338 was amended by section 138 of, and para. 10 of Sch. 10 to, the Companies Act 1989 (c. 40).
S.I. 1995/3272, amended by S.I. 1996/2827, S.I. 1997/251, S.I. 1999/506, S.I. 2000/311 and S.I. 2000/1682.
1985 c. 6. Section 428 was substituted by the Financial Services Act 1986 (c. 60), Sch. 12.
Part XIIIA was inserted by the Financial Services Act 1986, Sch. 12.
Section 430E was inserted by the Financial Services Act 1986, Sch. 12.
Subsection (6B) was inserted by s. 22(3) of the Housing and Planning Act 1986 (c. 63) and amended by the Housing Act 1988 (c. 50), Sch. 17, Part I, para. 20, and by the Government of Wales Act 1998 (c. 38), Sch. 18, Part VI.
S.I. 1989/1125, amended by S.I. 1999/2725, S.I. 1999/3177 and S.I. 2000/1797, and modified by S.I. 1992/3218.
S.I. 1999/2725, amended by S.I. 2000/1797.
1972 c. 70. Section 140 was amended by the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982 (c. 30), s. 39(1) and Sch. 7, Part XVI; by the Insurance Companies Act 1982 (c. 50), Sch. 5, para. 13; and by the London Regional Transport Act 1984 (c. 32), Sch. 7. Section 140A was inserted by s. 39(2) of the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982 (c. 30), and amended by the Planning (Consequential Provisions) Act 1990 (c. 10), Sch. 2, para. 28, and by the Environment Act 1995 (c. 25), Sch. 24. Section 140B was inserted by s. 39(2) of the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982, and amended by the Local Government Act 1985 (c. 51), Sch. 17, and by the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 (c. 19), Sch. 15, para. 31.
References to Directives 77/80/EEC and 89/646/EEC are now to be construed as references to Directive 2000/12/EC (O.J. L126, 26.5.2000, p.1), by virtue of Article 67(2) of that Directive. | 2019-04-25T02:52:33Z | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2001/544/made |
Chie and Erika came back to London today which made me very pleased.
I got the train back to London this morning.
I had originally hoped my Dartmoor pub exploration might be at least a two day jaunt, but after the lovely spring day yesterday the weather forecast had been pretty dire for today and the remainder of the weekend (and it proved fairly accurate) so before I'd even come down to Devon I'd already abandoned any plans to do any more than the one day.
Instead today we had a potter around Dawlish for a short while around lunchtime, which was a good illustration of what a bad idea it would have been to attempt anything outdoorsy on Dartmoor today - even in the relatively short period we spent walking round the town, in the midst of civilisation, it felt really cold and wet and I wanted to just go back inside for a nice warm cup of tea.
We did however take a quick look at a cottage I've had my eye on, which is currently for sale - albeit that we could only look at the outside, as were were unable to arrange a viewing for today. As with all of my whims about buying a holiday home I doubt very much that anything will come of it, but this place has quite a draw for me given that it's in the same little row of thatched cottages as the one Vera owned for a few years. Erika said several times she'd like a pink house, near the beach, and this fills both of those criteria perfectly - plus there's a particular sentimental attachment with Dawlish - and this little row of cottages - in that it's where I often went for bucket and spade holidays in my childhood... but of course on the flip side, with Dad living nearby, we can already come to visit the area whenever we want.
We are in the fortunate position of a holiday home not being a pipe dream but actually being something we can realistically afford - at least partly because we have such a modest sized place in London, no bigger than we need for the three of us. I know I've probably said it before, but I'm really reluctant to pour more money into the London property market, as it's such poor value, and there's so many better things we could do with the cash. The cost of this house in Dawlish in particular is roughly the same as what we'd have to pay in our part of London just to get a spare bedroom.
I'm left in quite a quandary as to what to do. I feel quite a burden of responsibility as a joint custodian of Erika's childhood - I think most people's earliest memories are from around the age of four, which she's just coming up to now. Our flat in London is very much a functional compromise, chosen for all the usual banal reasons of locations of offices and schools, whilst trying to minimise the amount of cash we had to shovel onto the London property bonfire. It's nice to own our own place, and it has a bit of character I suppose, but presumably we'd move as soon as work/school requires us to be somewhere else, and maybe I'm wrong but it's really hard to imagine that it's somewhere any of us will get all misty eyed and nostalgic about in years to come. I guess the idea of a holiday home is as much to do with continuity - somewhere we could keep even if we have to move around in London - and somewhere we might hopefully have more of an emotional attachment to than an overpriced shoebox in a grimy part of London.
We spent the remainder of the afternoon back at Dad's house, drinking endless cups of tea. In the evening Dad and I collaborated on dinner, and made a selection of Indian dishes.
The last time I'd had a bit of time to myself, when Chie and Erika were in Japan last October, I went on a bit of an adventure to Italy, and had a marvellous time of it. So this time round, having returned from Japan ahead of the girls, I wanted to take advantage of the long Easter weekend for another bit of a jaunt, albeit perhaps a bit less ambitious given the shorter period of time available.
I'd spent a while mulling it over, and eventually settled on an idea driven by the quest for quaint - some unfinished business since before Christmas. Andrew at work had demanded a quaint pub crawl in the run up to Christmas for the second year running, and on the most recent attempt we'd gone as far out as Oxford, only to then realise the pubs there weren't really hitting the top end of the quaint scale. Of course, to get to maximum levels of quaint, you need to go rural - and so since December I'd had a gnawing urge to get really out into the depths of the countryside to find some maximally quaint pubs.
And so I rose early this morning, and was on the 8am train out of Paddington, bound for Exeter. From there I took a surprisingly nice bus journey (it was a double decker, the views were very pleasant) in the direction of Okehampton, and got off just before we got there, at a middle-of-nowhere road junction called Tongue End Cross, which was the closest the bus went to Belstone, the first point of call on my meticulously planned route. It's actually quite a logistical challenge planning a pub crawl on Dartmoor - most of the pubs are of course pretty spread out, public transport is very limited, and hiring a car would of course rather defeat the object. However I found one handy corner in the North East of the moor - Belstone, Sticklepath and South Zeal - where in those three villages there are five pubs, and there's only about three or four miles of walking involved.
I had been to Belstone a couple of times before - most notably at the end of an epic cross moor hike with Dad, having started at Two Bridges, and camped wild somewhere in the middle. I was a teenager, so it must have been over 20 years ago. More recently I went with Chie (on a trip to Dartmoor in 2003), and from that visit I had an image in my head of the beer garden at the Tors Inn, with views straight out onto the hills which form the edge of the wild moor.
The Tors Inn certainly isn't the most attractive pub on Dartmoor in terms of the building itself, but the beer garden is spectacular, especially given the lovely weather we were having today (which, as almost everyone I heard commenting on it, was going be for today only - the forecast for tomorrow was dire). So I had my inaugural pint and a ploughman's lunch sitting on one of the picnic benches outside the Tors Inn, admiring the view, and enjoying the delightful spring weather.
From there, I followed the Tarka Trail along the Taw River, a section known as Belstone Cleave, which is a very pleasant wooded gorge, and on a day like today was rather idyllic. I think it's just under 3 miles, and took around an hour.
So at just gone 2 o' clock I arrived in Sticklepath, and once there headed straight to pub number 2, the Taw River Inn. I almost felt ever so slightly sorry for the Taw River Inn, it's a perfectly decent pub, with incredibly cheap beer (£2.60 a pint!) but I somehow knew advance that the real star of Sticklepath - and in fact the whole day - was going to be the other pub, the Devonshire Inn.
And I was entirely right - I immediately fell in love with the Devonshire Inn as soon as I walked in. It can sometimes be a little difficult putting my finger on what exactly makes such a perfect pub. Absolutely the worst possible fate that can befall a pub is modernisation. The merest hint of a Farrow and Ball paint job and I immediately lose interest. However there are also places which have avoided that terrible destiny but didn't have a particularly appealing decor in the first place, have never had much care lavished on them, and now look rather run down and tatty. Somewhere in between though, or possibly existing on a different axis altogether, are pubs which have beautiful interiors that haven't changed for decades, or even centuries, and have clearly been cherished by landlords and customers alike. Unspoiled, but not unloved either. The Devonshire Inn exists on this magical plane of pub heaven.
I stood at the bar, and was served by a lady who could well be in her 80s. The beers are served directly from stillage behind the bar, and despite the glorious weather outside there was a roaring open fire. I immediately became ensconced in conversation with a couple of the regulars, and I'd have been very happy to just stay here the rest of the day, but eventually felt I ought to press on with the rest of the itinerary, so reluctantly headed back outside, in the direction of the next village, South Zeal.
Before I'd left Sticklepath though I had a call from Dad, to say he had now arrived at South Zeal. I originally said we were going to meet there, but having loved the Devonshire Inn so much I wanted Dad to see it too, so in fact I got Dad to come for another pint there. He of course loved it too, although there was by now was a "rowdy" group (of gents in their 60s and 70s) so it wasn't quite as idyllic as it had been when I was there.
From there we headed on to South Zeal, for the final two pubs - the Kings Arms and the Oxenham Arms. Both decent enough pubs in their own right (the latter being more of a hotel) but the Devonshire Inn was just a very hard act to follow.
We left South Zeal around 5:30 or so, and drove to Dad's house, where we had homity pie for dinner.
Picture of the Barbour waterproof coat I bought yesterday for my walk on Dartmoor.
Found myself craving a curry, so after leaving the office and doing a bit of shopping in preparation for my upcoming walk on Dartmoor, i went to Woodlands for a thali.
Went with some colleagues to try Noble Rot, the new (ish) wine bar in London which everyone seems to be talking about at the moment. Had a couple of Gevrey Chambertins.
Although the girls were staying on for another week-and-a-bit, I flew back to London today.
In many ways the main event of this trip to Japan (and my last full day) - Kanako's wedding.
Got the shinksan from Hiroshima to Tokyo, which took up most of the afternoon. Dinner at a vegan restaurant in Shibuya.
Last full day in Hiroshima for me on this trip. Didn't really do much in the daytime - just a trip to the mall in the afternoon. In the evening we went out for sushi with Erika's Great Grandmother.
Spent the daytime in the centre of Hiroshima. As has been a theme most of this week, in the morning the main thing on my mind was trying to find a decent coffee. This has been met with mixed success, and today was probably the biggest failure of all. Bean Hunter seems to be the incumbent global authority on where to find good independent coffee shops serving espresso based drinks, and I noted that whilst Fukuoka had a few places listed, Hiroshima (at least the city proper) had nothing. So I tried a different tack and searched for "La Marzocco Hiroshima", which suggested Obscura Coffee. It looked very promising, so on arriving in the centre of Hiroshima this morning we went there, only to discover a sign saying no children are allowed inside. They also apparently couldn't do a macchiato to takeaway "because it's too small" so I left feeling rather annoyed, with a distinct impression they just didn't want my custom at all.
Whilst I appreciate that some people want to have a bit of peace and quiet when they're having a coffee, and probably don't want small kids spoiling the ambience, at the same time on a weekday, in the daytime, when most people are at work, the mainstay of customers are almost certainly going to be stay at home parents with their kids (at least that tends to be the way of things in London). Also when this appears to be the only decent looking independent coffee shop in Hiroshima it's more than a bit frustrating that they have this rather backward, unwelcoming attitude. Back at home in London we have two local cafes almost opposite each other and there's kind of a tacit understanding that one is for people with kids, the other is for grown-ups who want peace and quiet - although even that place doesn't explicitly ban children.
I noticed with some relish the cafe was completely empty, and having been about to add them to Bean Hunter so there would be something listed in Hiroshima, I decided just not to bother as I don't think they deserve any additional custom. I would be neither surprised nor upset to discover on my next visit to Japan that they'll likely have gone bust.
After that I trudged rather grumpily through the streets of the centre of Hiroshima to "Kid-o-kid", sort of the Japanese equivalent of a soft play place, but with a bit more variety. I spent an hour or so there with Erika while Chie went off and did some shopping. Erika seemed to really enjoy herself - which cheered me up somewhat.
It was lunchtime by then, so we went back to Nagata-ya, the Okonomiyaki place we'd discovered last time I was in Hiroshima, which is a lot more vegetarian friendly than the usual okonomiyaki places in Hiroshima, and also turned out to be quite kid friendly (they had a little child seat for Erika and the three of us were seated at the counter which was fun).
We did a bit more shopping after lunch, with the aim of trying to find things to make for dinner, as I thought we should give Chie's Mum a night off from cooking. Somehow my suggestion to Chie and Yuka-chan that "we" should cook ended up with me cooking. I would have been more than happy if we were in England, I had use of my own kitchen and easy availability of all the ingredients I'm familiar with, but in Japan, with the added difficulty of trying to cater to Japanese tastes, and figure out what I can or can't buy in the shops here, it's always a real challenge.
I managed to cobble together some kind of pasta dish which was just about passable, and the reception thereof improved significantly by a bottle of Gevrey Chambertin, and another bottle of more generic Burgundy.
Second day of our two day trip to Yamaguchi prefecture, in the daytime we took a boat around Omi Island.
Took Erika to visit the Anpan Museum in Fukuoka again.
Went to see more family in Hiroshima - this time Chie's cousin, and her aunts and uncle.
Fairly quiet day with the family in Hiroshima.
Worked in the office in Tokyo in the daytime, then got the shinkansen to Hiroshima in the evening.
Met up with Tanaka-san in Jiyugaoka in the evening.
Worked at the office in Tokyo in the daytime. Having not had the energy to venture far from my hotel the previous day, today I determined I should go a bit farther afield, and visited some of my old favourites in Tokyo - Kamiya Bar in Asakusa, Ginza Lion in Ginza, and the vending machine bar in Yurakucho.
We had decided to take Erika to Tokyo Disneyland on this trip to Japan, particularly as it tied in with their season of Frozen themed special events, and Erika loves all things Frozen. Unfortunately the weather was really bad, it pissed it down relentlessly all day, and it was a challenge to actually enjoy it.
Another day in Tokyo spent mostly just trying to recover from jetlag. Alas we only had one night at the Park Hyatt (it was so comfortable, I was reluctant to leave), so after checking out headed over towards Tokyo station where we'd be staying in a brand new serviced apartment place for the next two nights. Lunch at the new vegetarian ramen place in Tokyo station, another nap in the afternoon, and then in the evening I looked after Erika while Chie met up with some of her friends.
First day in Japan of this trip. Landed at Tokyo Haneda in the morning (first time for me to arrive there from London, much closer to the centre of Tokyo than the usual Narita), then got the shuttle bus to Shinjuku, and checked in to the Park Hyatt. Lunch at Al Dente, an old favourite of ours in Shinuku, then I had an afternoon nap while the girls went out to meet one of Chie's friends. In the evening we went to a kaiten sushi place in Shinjuku.
Just one picture of breakfast at the airport before we flew off to Japan.
Popped out to exchange some currency near the office this morning and noticed Little Ben had just been re-instated!
I'd found a copy of the book Dad wrote/edited online - Real Ale, Leicestershire and Rutland, 1977, and it arrived today.
Chie and Erika both had dentist appointments in the morning, and as they're still registered with a dentist in Chelsea, this meant they came with me on the tube to work in the morning, and after they'd finished they came to my office for lunch, which was very nice.
Erika had had vague symptoms of a cold the past couple of days, and had been mostly fine in the daytime today, but overnight was quite feverish.
Spent most of the day with Grandma, and stayed fairly close to home. Chie headed out fairly early for a day in Bicester Village with Nozaki-sensei and Kaori-san, who were in England at the moment.
In the morning we took Erika to the local soft play centre for a bit, and afterwards took Grandma on a little bit of a look round the shops of Kentish Town, such as they are, spending most time in the Owl Bookshop, which Erika seems to rather like.
Then we had a pub Sunday roast for lunch, at the Oxford Arms, which had been decent in the past, but seemed slightly better than just decent today. Mum apparently rather enjoyed it, and I really liked the January King Cabbage I'd ordered as a side dish.
Mum headed back just before dinner time, we had sausage and mash for dinner.
Chie was out for most of the afternoon having afternoon tea with a friend. Mum was due to arrive in the early evening, after having spent the daytime today down in Guildford with Adrian, Liz and the kids. I wasn't feeling particularly energetic or inspired for things to do, so Erika and I didn't stray too far from home, and focused mainly on shopping to buy things for dinner with Grandma later on. Whilst out shopping I rather lazily proposed we go to the Wahaca in Kentish Town for lunch, which Erika seems to quite like, although I think it's more for the foosball table than for the actual food, which she only ever really nibbles at.
When Chie came back I popped out again to buy wine for the evening, including a 2004 Pol Roger Blanc de Blancs, which I thought was rather delicious - rich and buttery which to me are classic Pol Roger notes (always reminds me of custard) - regardless of whether or not it was the most apt choice to serve with a vegetarian lasagne. I think had eaten quite a big lunch so wasn't particularly hungry anyway.
I don't think I'd been to TGIF after work on a Friday since November, and so today, as a few of the usual suspects were actually going to be around for it, I decided to make a bit of an effort, and organised a mini Burgundy tasting. I bought four Burgundies from Jeroboams in Belgravia, with the obvious bias toward Gevrey Chambertin. Two I'd had before, and knew I liked already, and disappointingly one of the other two turned out to be corked but the final one (a 2007 Harmand Geoffroy Mazis-Chamertin) was very enjoyable.
Didn't stay particularly late - there were around 7 of us, so we made light work of the 3 bottles, and I was back in time to put Erika to bed.
Linguini with spinach and cheese sauce for dinner. Not much else to report.
Lunch at Oliveto with Andrew. It was excellent as ever.
Quick pint at the Duke of Wellington after work. Other than that nothing much to report.
Ravioli for dinner, Erika's choice apparently.
I'd been bothered for a while that Erika's bedroom didn't really look much like a kid's bedroom - being the larger of the two, and there not being much storage space in our bedroom, Erika's had been filled with large cupboards, and still had some moving boxes cluttering it up which were full of awkward things we didn't really need to have out, but couldn't really throw away either. So last weekend Chie had bought a sort of toy cabinet thing which we installed today in the space where all the boxes had been (the boxes are now cluttering up the lounge instead, ho hum). Anyway it really made a difference, and Erika's room suddenly looked a lot nice.
After sorting out Erika's room in the morning, we layed with Erika's Sylvanian Families toys for a bit, then went for a Sunday roast at one of the pubs in Kentish Town for lunch (The Assembly House). We'd eaten Sunday lunch there once before, and whilst overall grateful a proper vegetarian Sunday roast option existed (i.e. something with potatoes and gravy) the actual centrepiece was very naff - essentially a very mushy splodge of sweet potatoes, with, oddly, some mushrooms in it. Anyway, I enjoyed being going in the pub for lunch with the girls regardless of the actual food on this occasion.
Erika was going to a friend's birthday party in the afternoon, and since it only really requires one of us to accompany her (and she's generally busy with her friends once she gets there), I decided to have a bit of free time instead, and popped down to the George Inn in Borough. There in I met up with Andrew and Ricardo and the usual banter ensued.
Chinese takeaway for dinner in the evening, of which Erika barely ate any having filled up on the proverbial jelly and ice cream at the party.
Took Erika to the zoo for a while in the afternoon. Although the weather wasn't particularly nice, to compensate, after a long absence over the winter, thanks to it being half term the face painting lady was back. As it was wet outside I managed to persuade Erika to spend quite a bit of time in the aquarium and even the reptile house - the latter in particularly had not been a very popular option in the past. I was rather irked to learn that the Jackson's Chameleon gives birth to live young. I had come to terms with the awkwardness of the Duck Billed Platypus but somehow to have reptiles messing about with the rules like that just really wound me up. Given the timing (we didn't really arrive until almost lunchtime) we ate lunch at the zoo. It was exciting to see the new Lion enclosure was almost ready - I think by Erika's next visit it should be open.
Headed back home after that and I popped out to our local wine shop (Theatre of Wine) for a bit in the afternoon to browse the Burgundies.
Chie went out in the evening, so I stayed in to babysit Erika. Not much to report really.
Quick pint after work at the Duke of Wellington - as it was a nice day for the time of year we decided to sit outside, ad were treated to an early evening view of the moon. Really nice now that it's not completely dark at 5.
I'd been in a bit of a funk the other day and had attempted to remedy it with Internet shopping. For some reason I ended up buying a bunch of tweed accessories, which arrived today - A Harris Tweed wallet and pocket square (actually in matching tweeds, even though I bought them from different companies) and some tweed cufflinks. I quickly discovered the pocket square in particular doesn't really go with any of my jackets, so suspect I'll end up never using it, but it helped to pass the time at least.
Iain, who I used to work with, announced he was moving to the US recently, so a few of us former colleagues met up this evening for a few farewell drinks at the Cittie of Yorke. We managed to get a booth, and although we didn't stay long the banter was of a good standard. Afterwards went for some Vietnamese food at Banh Mi Bay, which I didn't need as I'd already popped home first to have dinner with the girls before going to the pub, but I ordered something anyway so as not to be awkward. Ended up eating most of it, so effectively had two dinners this evening.
Chie cooked Japanese food for dinner (although I don't recall exactly what). Not much else to report.
Oddly enough, it being Valentine's Day, Chie had decided she wanted to go to IKEA, and mine and Erika's presence wasn't really required. So instead, having heard Kyle and Ralph were at a loose end, having been similarly abandoned by the woman of their household, Erika and I headed down to Dulwich for an afternoon play date. Superbly there's a single train from Kentish Town which goes all the way to one of the stations near where Kyle lives (admittedly not the absolute closest, but it didn't seem worth changing trains just to save five minutes or so of walking).
When we arrived at Kyle's place, Ralph became quite upset, assuming I was a babysitter and therefore he was going to be abandoned. It took some reassuring, and pointing at Erika, before he relaxed.
We went out for lunch not long after arriving at an Italian cafe/deli place near Kyle's place, which Ralph slept throughout, and with much coercion I just about managed to get Erika to eat some of a panini. In fact Ralph continued to sleep for a while after lunch, so rather oddly both Kyle and I were engaged with keeping Erika entertained, at which I felt a bit sorry for Kyle, who might have quite enjoyed a complete rest while Ralph was dozing. Eventually Ralph did arise from his slumber, and the two enjoyed playing hide and seek etc.
We headed off round 4 or 5 (about which Erika protested quite a bit) and walked back to the station. Erika fell asleep on my shoulders, which was rather an impressive feat. As she hadn't been particularly cooperative in leaving in a timely fashion, we missed the train I was originally aiming for, so instead caught one which meant a change at Blackfriars. This was rather lovely as it meant we (or at least I, Erika being asleep) caught the sunset over the river from the platform which extends across Blackfriars Bridge.I had by this point successfully managed to transition Erika to my arms rather than shoulders, without waking her up, but she did eventually wake up as we were getting on the train from Blackfriars to Kentish Town. We had a nice chat on the train with a very sweet old couple, although Erika was a bit too shy/drowsy to say anything, and just clung onto my arm the whole time.
food shop closed, as I had a bit of a craving to make Lebanese food for dinner, which somehow like a fittingly Valentinesy sort of thing to do - I don't know, Arabaian Nights or something like that. I made all the usual things - tabouleh, grilled halloumi, foul medames (well, "made" - it was from a tin) and also attempted foul moukala, which wasn't a great success (and reinforced the skill involved in the version they do at Ishbilia). We had the bottle of Chateau Musar I'd got as part of my Waitrose Wine order, and was reminded how much I liked it.
Didn't venture very far from home at all today. Just went to meet a friend of Chie's (I think it was someone she used to work with, I lose track of Chie's friends a bit as she has so many) who has a son a bit younger than Erika at Bear and Wolf, and were there over lunchtime. Erika seems to have outgrown the playroom there a bit - looking at the other children there it does generally tend to be babies and 1 or 2 year olds, but not many kids 3 or older. She didn't seem to mind going back on this occasion though, albeit that she was more interested in having the books read to her than playing with the toys.
Just went back home again afterwards, and had a pretty lazy sort of a day indoors.
Chie and I have never really been into doing anything special for Valentine's Day, and I generally take the standard line of believing I'm railing against a cynical attempt to drive consumerism... that said though, the badgering about it in marketing emails etc, which nowadays seems to start almost a month ahead, obviously works on some level, as I feel a general compulsion to do something vaguely romantic around that time, although as some sort of inept protest usually not on the day itself.
Which is a rather long winded way of explaining the rationale for having a bottle of Chateaue Lafaurie-Peyraguey and some strawberries (per the Brideshead Revisited recommendation) with Chie this evening. We'd had this combination once before (last February, as it happens), although on this occasion it was a different vintage of Lafaurie-Peyraguey (the 2010 rather than the 2001) and I'm not sure I enjoyed it quite as much. Perhaps we should have left this one in the cellar a few more years to let it mellow a bit.
I had left work a bit early to pop to St. James's, half thinking of trying to get something nice for dinner from Fortnum and Mason (wherein I actually only ended up buying the strawberries, which despite being entirely out of season were apparently English and rather fine looking specimens), plus also to go into D.R. Harris, to buy some new shaving things for me, plus a little Valentinesy sort of present for Chie (some rose bath oil, which apparently she really liked).
Later on in the evening I took great satisfaction in re-organising my allocated part of the bathroom cabinets, and made a whole section of D.R. Harris things.
Hmmm really don't remember anything about today!
My old boss was in town this week (he who presided over the golden days of my approaching-a-decade with my current employer) and so along with another mutual friend from work we had a very pleasant evening out in King's Cross / St. Pancras. We started with cocktails at the Gilbert Scott, and I was really impressed by the rhubarb gimlet, which had a fantastically fragant aroma, particularly toward the end of the glass (who'd have thought there would be such a bouquet just from rhubarb?).
We followed that with dinner at the German Gymnasium, which opened in the latter half of last year, and had been generally panned by the critics. I have to admit I sort of agreed with them on the food, which wasn't particularly impressive, but the setting was really nice, and it was also an opportunity to continue yesterday's theme of Pinot Noirs from outside Burgundy, in this case a couple of really good German Spatburgunders (the German name for Pinot Noir) - particular the Weiler Schlipf 2012 which I thought was very pleasant indeed.
My recent love affair with Burgundy reds had made me curious to try Pinot Noirs from a little further afield, and I was absolutely delighted to discover there was in fact an English Pinot Noir, Bolney Estate, which had actually received some fairly good reviews. So I had ordered some from Waitrose Wine, which meant slightly irksomely I'd had to order a mixed case of 6 bottles (oh calamity!), and so had also picked some old favourites and some other new things to try. Conveniently I was able to collect this from the Waitrose in Camden, although lugging 6 bottles of wine home on the bus at rush hour is not necessarily something I'd advise.
Tonight I was very keen to try the English Pinot Noir and so that was the first to open from the case. It did not disappoint, it was on the light side (but recently that's how I prefer red wines to be anyway) and really elegant. It was quite a momentous occasion really - a decade ago, before the rise of the greats like Nyetimber, it was hard to imagine anything positive being said about any English wine, and now having successfully conquered sparkling whites, reds seem like the new frontier.
I left work a bit early today to make Chinese food for dinner, as is the default on Mondays, including Erika's favourite duck (well, pretend duck) pancakes. Erika had apparently been a bit challenging in the daytime so Chie was really glad I was home early to lend a hand.
There are several pictures we'd bought back when we'd lived in our previous flat that we'd never got round to hanging up on the walls, thanks in part to the slight hesitation I always felt about banging nails into the wall in a rented flat. So one of the really nice things about owning our place was the impunity to do as much of this as we felt like. That said, we had moved in almost a year ago, and still had a few pictures we hadn't got round to putting up, either because they needed framing first, or because they didn't have the necessary hanging wire at the back. The watercolour of Caol Ila Distillery, which I'd bought from the SMWS a few years back, fell into the latter category, but having bought a handy pack of assorted picture hanging paraphernalia at Homebase recently there was now no longer any excuse. So that went up on the wall in the kitchen this morning, and being a light coloured flamed and a fairly bright colour painting, in our very pale coloured kitchen, it looked really good.
In the afternoon we headed down to Brixton for a play date with two of Erika's friends from her formery nursery, who we've kept in touch with. Erika clearly had a lovely time, despite an unfortunate toliet related accident early on in the proceedings (her friend very kindly lent her some of her spare clothes).
Back at home in the evening I rather sacrilegiously paired a bottle of Gevrey Chambertin from Joseph Roty, which deserved a little more respect, with a Star Wars edition Cheesestring, as Erika happened to be eating one.
I'd picked up a bag of "Punitions" from Poilane in the week, and very much enjoyed having a couple of these with an espresso from my coffee machine in the morning. I'm fairly sure the ingredients for punitions are just flour, sugar and butter. And yet they are absolutely delicious, and very moreish.
Chie and Erika went to see Naoko-san and family over in Harringay in the afternoon, but I decided to leave them to it on this occasion, although did at least accompany them on the train on the way there so I could go to Homebase. The gate in the back garden keeps blowing open when it's windy, and it had been driving me slightly crazy - my attempts to attach a bolt to he gate had failed numerous times for different reasons. So today at homebase I bought yet another bolt and yet another drill bit, and ultimately this attempt to remedy the gate would prove not to be the last either. Still, on the plus side I also bought a handy pack of picture hanging paraphernalia, which would at least provide some satisfaction on the interior of the flat in the coming weeks.
After returning from Homebase, and doing a bit more drilling, I decided to head up to Highgate, vaguely recalling that there was an independent wine shop there it might be nice to have a browse around. On arrival I was horrified to discover it had now been turned into an Oddbins. So instead I went for a quick pint at the Flask whilst I gathered my thoughts, then headed back home by way of Archway so I could instead go to my current stalwart Theatre of Wine.
Rather lazily ordered pizza for dinner via Deliveroo, this time from a place called Bar Centrale. It wasn't great, but it wasn't terrible either.
Not much to report really, I think we spent some time trying to decide where to stay when we'd be in Tokyo on our upcoming trip to Japan. | 2019-04-18T16:39:23Z | http://www.maison-de-stuff.net/john/articles/archive-032016.html |
Мукополисахаридозы — группа наследственных заболеваний обмена веществ, относящихся к лизосомным болезням накопления и связанных с дефицитом ферментов, расщепляющих гликозаминогликаны (мукополисахариды). Для тяжелых форм мукополисахаридозов I, II и VII типа и мукополисахаридоза III типа характерно первичное поражение центральной нервной системы и нейродегенеративный характер течения заболевания, проявляющийся регрессом когнитивных функций, нарушениями поведения и уменьшением продолжительности жизни. Нейропатогенез мукополисахаридозов изучен недостаточно. Вопрос о возможности обратного развития повреждений на клеточном уровне остается открытым. Эффективных методов лечения мукополисахаридозов с первичным поражением центральной нервной системы до настоящего времени не разработано. Препараты для ферментозаместительной терапии, вводимые внутривенно, не проникают через гематоэнцефалический барьер и, соответственно, не оказывают влияния на течение нейродегенеративного процесса. Многообещающие результаты демонстрируют доклинические исследования высокодозной, интратекальной и интравентрикулярной ферментозаместительной терапии; применения модифицированного фермента, способного преодолевать гематоэнцефалический барьер; генной, клеточной, субстратредуцирующей терапии; методов считывания через стоп-кодон.
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2002-12-13 Application filed by Clairvoyante Laboratories, Inc. filed Critical Clairvoyante Laboratories, Inc.
Various embodiments of three sub-pixel arrangements and architectures for displays are disclosed. In one embodiment, in which dark colour sub-pixels, e.g. of colour blue, form a vertical line down a display, a spacing (70, 90) is disposed between red and green colour columns of said sub-pixel groupings, said spacing forming a dark stripe out of phase with said vertical line of dark colour sub-pixels. In another embodiment, optical vias (1212, 1214, 1216) are formed upon dark sub-pixels which shift the phase of the reconstruction points of the dark sub-pixels. In another embodiment dark sub-pixels are formed on different columns for alternate rows. In a still further embodiment, red and green sub-pixels (112, 114) are switched on alternate rows.
The present application relates to improvements to display layouts, and, more particularly, to improved color pixel arrangements and means of addressing used in displays.
The present state of the art of color single plane imaging matrix, for flat panel displays use the red-green-blue (RGB) color triad or a single color in a vertical stripe (i.e. "RGB stripe") as shown in prior art Figure 1. Figure 1 shows a prior art arrangement 10 having several three-color pixel elements with red emitters (or sub-pixels) 14, blue emitters 16, and green emitters 12. The arrangement takes advantage of the Von Bezold effect by separating the three colors and placing equal spatial frequency weight on each color. However, this panel suffers because of inadequate attention to how human vision operates. These types of panels are a poor match to human vision.
Full color perception is produced in the eye by three-color receptor nerve cell types called cones. The three types are sensitive to different wavelengths of light: long, medium, and short ("red", "green", and "blue", respectively). The relative density of the three differs significantly from one another. There are slightly more red receptors than green receptors. There are very few blue receptors compared to red or green receptors.
The human vision system processes the information detected by the eye in several perceptual channels: luminance, chromanance, and motion. Motion is only important for flicker threshold to the imaging system designer. The luminance channel takes the input from only the red and green receptors. In other words, the luminance channel is "color blind". It processes the information in such a manner that the contrast of edges is enhanced. The chromanance channel does not have edge contrast enhancement. Since the luminance channel uses and enhances every red and green receptor, the resolution of the luminance channel is several times higher than the chromanance channels. Consequently, the blue receptor contribution to luminance perception is negligible. The luminance channel thus acts as a resolution band pass filter. Its peak response is at 35 cycles per degree (cycles/0). It limits the response at 0 cycles/0 and at 50 cycles/0 in the horizontal and vertical axis. This means that the luminance channel can only tell the relative brightness between two areas within the field of view. It cannot tell the absolute brightness. Further, if any detail is finer than 50 cycles/0, it simply blends together. The limit in the diagonal axes is significantly lower.
The chromanance channel is further subdivided into two sub-channels, to allow us to see full color. These channels are quite different from the luminance channel, acting as low pass filters. One can always tell what color an object is, no matter how big it is in our field of view. The red/green chromanance sub-channel resolution limit is at 8 cycles/0, while the yellow/blue chromanance sub-channel resolution limit is at 4 cycles/0. Thus, the error introduced by lowering the blue resolution by one octave will be barely noticeable by the most perceptive viewer, if at all, as experiments at Xerox and NASA, Ames Research Center (see, e.g., R. Martin, J. Gille, J. Larimer, Detectability of Reduced Blue Pixel Count in Projection Displays, SID Digest 1993) have demonstrated.
The luminance channel determines image details by analyzing the spatial frequency Fourier transform components. From signal theory, any given signal can be represented as the summation of a series of sine waves of varying amplitude and frequency. The process of teasing out, mathematically, these sine-wave- components of a given signal is called a Fourier Transform. The human vision system responds to these sine-wave-components in the two-dimensional image signal.
Color perception is influenced by a process called "assimilation" or the Von Bezold color blending effect. This is what allows separate color pixels (also known as sub-pixels or emitters) of a display to be perceived as a mixed color. This blending effect happens over a given angular distance in the field of view. Because of the relatively scarce blue receptors, this blending happens over a greater angle for blue than for red or green. This distance is approximately 0.25° for blue, while for red or green it is approximately 0.12°. At a viewing distance of twelve inches, 0.25° subtends 50 mils (1,270 μ) on a display. Thus, if the blue pixel pitch is less than half (625 μ) of this blending pitch, the colors will blend without loss of picture quality. This blending effect is directly related to the chromanance sub-channel resolution limits described above. Below the resolution limit, one sees separate colors, above the resolution limit, one sees the combined color.
Examining the conventional RGB stripe display in prior art Figure 1, the design assumes that all three colors have the same resolution. The design also assumes that the luminance information and the chromanance information have the same spatial resolution. Further, keeping in mind that the blue sub-pixel is not perceived by the human luminance channel and is therefore seen as a black dot, and since the blue sub-pixel is aligned in stripes, the human viewer sees vertical black lines on the screen as shown in Figure 2. If the image displayed has large areas of white space, such as when displaying black text on a white background, these dark blue stripes are viewed as a distracting screen artifact. Typical higher resolution prior art displays have pixel densities of 90 pixels per inch. At an average viewing distance of 18 inches, this represents approximately 28 pixels per degree or approximately 14 cycles/0, when showing lines and spaces at the highest Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) allowed by the display. However, what the luminance channel sees is an approximately 28 cycles/0 signal horizontally across a white image when considering that the blue sub-pixel 12 is dark compared to the red 14 and green 16 emitters, as shown in prior art Figure2. This 28 cycles/0 artifact is closer to the peak luminance channel response spatial frequency, 35 cycles/0, than the desired image signal, 14 cycles/0, thus competing for the viewer's attention.
Thus, the above prior artarrangement of three-color emitters is a poor match for human vision.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in, and constitute a part of this specification illustrate various implementations and embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, server to explain principles of the invention.
[Oi l] Figure 1 illustrates a prior art RGB stripe arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array for a display device.
Figure 2 illustrates a prior art RGB stripe arrangement as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 3 illustrates an arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array for a display device.
Figure 4 illustrates the arrangement of Figure 3, as the luminance channel of the human vision system would perceive it when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 5 illustrates a layout of drive lines and transistors for the arrangement of pixel elements of Figure 4.
Figure 6 illustrates the arrangement of Figure 5, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 7 A shows an arrangement similar to that of Figure 1 with extra space between the red and green stripes.
Figure 7B illustrates the arrangement of Figure 7 A, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 7C shows an arrangement similar to that of Figure 1 with the red and green sub-pixels arrayed on a "checkerboard" pattern.
Figure 7D shows the arrangement of Figure 7C wherein an additional dark spacing is placed between the two columns having red and the green sub-pixels.
Figure 8 A shows an arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array for a display device. Figure 8B illustrates the arrangement of Figure 8 A, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 8C shows an arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array, in a single plane, for a display device, similar to the arrangement of Figure 8 A, but the elements are rotated 90°.
Figure 8D illustrates the arrangement of Figure 8C, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 9A shows an arrangement similar to that of Figure 8 A with extra space between the red and green stripes.
Figure 9B illustrates the arrangement of Figure 9 A, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 10A shows an arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array, in a single plane, for a display device.
Figure 10B illustrates the arrangement of Figure 10A, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 11 A shows an arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array, in a single plane, for a display device.
Figure 1 IB illustrates the arrangement of Figure 11A, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 12A shows an arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array, in a single plane, for a display device, designed for transflective operation.
Figure 12B illustrates the arrangement of Figure 12 A, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed, using a backlight to illuminate the screen under low ambient light conditions. Figure 13A shows an arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array, in a single plane, for a display device.
Figure 13B illustrates the arrangement of Figure 13 A, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Figure 14A shows an arrangement of three-color pixel elements in an array, in a single plane, for a display device.
Figure 14B illustrates the arrangement of Figure 14A, as it would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system, when a full white image is displayed.
Reference will now be made in detail to various implementations and embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
As described in the '326 application as well as in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application No. 09/916,232 ("the '232 application"), entitled "ARRANGEMENT OF COLOR PIXELS FOR FULL COLOR IMAGING DEVICES WITH SIMPLIFIED ADDRESSING", filed on July 25, 2001, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference and commonly owned by the same assignee of this application, Figure 3 illustrates an arrangement 20 of several three-color pixel elements according to one embodiment. A three-color pixel element 21 consists of a blue emitter (or sub-pixel) 22, two red emitters 24, and two green emitters 26 in a square, which is described as follows. The three-color pixel element 21 is square shaped and is centered at the origin of an X, Y coordinate system. The blue emitter 22 is centered at the origin of the square and extends into the first, second, third, and fourth quadrants of the X, Y coordinate system. A pair of red emitters 24 is disposed in opposing quadrants (i.e., the second and the fourth quadrants), and a pair of green emitters 26 is disposed in opposing quadrants (i.e., the first and the third quadrants), occupying the portions of the quadrants not occupied by the blue emitter 22. The pair of red emitters 24 and green emitters 26 can also be disposed in the first and third quadrants and the second and fourth quadrants, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, the blue emitter 22 can be square-shaped; having corners aligned at the X and Y axes of the coordinate system, and the opposing pairs of red 24 and green 26 emitters can be generally square shaped (or triangular shaped), having truncated inwardly-facing corners forming edges parallel to the sides of the blue emitter 22.
The array is repeated across a panel to complete a device with a desired matrix resolution. The repeating three-color pixels form a "checker board" of alternating red 24 and green 26 emitters with blue emitters 22 distributed evenly across the device. However, in such an arrangement, the blue emitters 22 are at half the resolution of the red 24 and green 26 emitters.
One advantage of such a three-color pixel element array is improved resolution of color displays. This occurs since only the red and green emitters contribute significantly to the perception of high resolution in the luminance channel. Thus, reducing the number of blue emitters and replacing some with red and green emitters improves resolution by more closely matching human vision.
[041 ] Dividing the red and green emitters in half in the vertical axis to increase spatial addressability is an improvement over the conventional vertical single color stripe of the prior art. An alternating "checkerboard" of red and green emitters allows the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), i.e. high spatial frequency resolution, to increase in both the horizontal and the vertical axes as was disclosed in the '232 application, using sub-pixel rendering techniques such as that described in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application No. 10/150,355, ("the '355 application"), entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SUB-PIXEL RENDERING WITH GAMMA ADJUSTMENT," filed on May 17, 2002, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. A further advantage of this arrangement over the prior art arrangement is the shape and location of the blue emitter.
The grouping of the transistors and/or associated structures, such as capacitors, in the interstitial corners appears to be counter to good design practice, t, since collecting them together makes them a bigger, and thus more visible dark spot, as shown in Figure 6. However, in this circumstance these dark spots are exactly halfway between the blue emitter 22 in each three-color pixel element, which provides a beneficial effect as described below.
For instance, in this embodiment, the spatial frequency of the combined transistor groups and/or associated structures, 58 and the blue emitter 22 is doubled, pushing them above the 50 cycles/0 resolution limit of the luminance channel of human vision. For example, in a 90 pixel per inch display panel the blue emitter pitch, without the grouped transistors, would create a 28 cycles/0 luminance channel signal, both horizontally and vertically. In other words, the blue emitters may be visible as a texture on solid white areas of a display. However, they will not be as visible as the stripes visible in the prior art arrangement.
In contrast to the prior art arrangement of Figure 1, with the transistors grouped together, the combined group transistors 58 and the blue emitters 22 both become less visible at 56 cycles/0, virtually vanishing from sight almost entirely. In other words, the grouping of the transistors and the blue emitters combine to produce a texture on solid white areas of a display too fine for the human visual system to see. In using this embodiment, the solid white areas become as smooth looking as a sheet of paper.
In accordance with another embodiment, Figure 7A shows an arrangement of three color pixels, three sub-pixels red 74, green 72, and blue 76, repeated in an array to make up an electronic display, similar to that of the prior art arrangement of Figure 1, except for the extra space 70 that has been inserted between the red 74 and green 72 stripes. The red 74 and green 72 stripes are also interchangeable by interchanging the red 74 and green 72 sub-pixels. As illustrated in Figure 7B, the luminance channel perceives the blue 76 stripes to be dark stripes that are substantially 180° out of phase with the dark stripes caused by the extra space 70. The extra space 70 creates the same spatial frequency doubling effect as described earlier for the arrangement of Figure 5. Similarly, the extra space may be disposed where Thin Film Transistors (TFT) and associated storage capacitor elements may be positioned. Additionally, it may be desirable to use 'black matrix' material, known in the art, to fill the extra space.
Figure 7D shows the arrangement of Figure 7C wherein an extra space 70 is inserted between the columns having the red and green sub-pixels only. The luminance channel would then perceive the blue stripes 76 to be dark strips that are substantially 180° out of phase with the dark stripe caused by the extra space 70 - similar to that shown in Figure 7B.
Figure 8 A shows an arrangement of three-color sub-pixels as was described in the '232 application. Figure 8B illustrates how the arrangement of Figure 8 A would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system when a full white image is displayed. Note that the blue 86 sub-pixels form dark stripes against the white background. In this case, since sub-pixel rendering on the red 84 and green 82 checkerboard can show images at the same spatial frequency as the dark blue 86 stripes, the 'noise' of the dark blue 86 stripes creates a masking signal that interferes with the desired sub-pixel rendered image.
DISPLAY HAVING HORIZONTAL SUB-PIXEL ARRANGEMENTS AND LAYOUTS," filed on .
It should be appreciated that more than one of the disclosed techniques can be used simultaneously for additive benefit; For example, stripes 88 and 89 of Figure 8C may be combined with the extra space 90 described and shown in Figure 9A, with the transistors and associated storage capacitors creating the space, may be combined with the optimally positioned optical vias described and shown in Figure 12 A, also perhaps with a narrower, but higher luminance, blue sub-pixel.
In accordance with another embodiment, Figure 9A shows an arrangement similar to that of Figure 8 A, save that extra space 90 has been inserted between the red/green stripes 92 and 94. As illustrated in Figure 9B, the luminance channel perceives the blue stripes 96 to be dark stripes that are substantially 180° out of phase with the dark stripes caused by the extra space 90. The extra space 90 creates the same spatial frequency doubling effect as described earlier for the arrangement of Figure 7A. Similarly, the extra space may be where Thin Film Transistors (TFT) and associated storage capacitor elements may be positioned. Additionally, it may be desirable to use 'black matrix' material, known in the art, to fill the extra space.
In Figures 7 A, 7D and 9 A, the extra space width is calculated to compensate and double the effective spatial frequency of the blue stripe luminance well. While a first order analysis of the blue stripe is to assume that it has zero luminance because the blue receptors of the eye does not connect to the luminance channel of the human vision system, real embodiments of flat panel displays may not have ideal blue emitters, instead they may be emitting light that is perceived in part by the green receptors which do feed the luminance channel. Thus, a careful analysis of real embodiments of flat panel displays takes into account the slight, but measurable, luminance of the substantially blue emitters. The more luminance the blue emitter has, the narrower the extra space is designed. Also, the more radiance the blue emitter has, the narrower the blue emitter may be and still have the same white balance on the display. This in turn leads to a narrower extra space required to balance the blue stripe. Thus, it may be advantageous to use a backlight and/or blue emitter that has more deep blue emission to allow a narrower blue sub-pixel, and more blue-green emission to increase the luminance and thus allow an even narrower extra space. Calculating the optimum dimensions of the extra space can be accomplished by using a one dimensional model of the display, with each color emitters luminance, applying a Fourier Transform, noting the signal strength of the dark/light variations, adjusting the widths of the extra space vs. the emitters, until the signal strength is minimized.
According to another embodiment, instead of creating a black feature on the display panel, it is possible to split the blue sub-pixel to increase the spatial frequency. It may also be desirable to place the split blue sub-pixels evenly across the panel. Figures 10A and 11 A show such a modification to the arrangements of Figures 8 A and 3, respectively.
Figure 10A shows the blue sub-pixel stripe split into two stripes, each half the width along a horizontal axis of the red and green stripes, and placed between each column of red 104 and green 102 alternating sub-pixels. As illustrated in Figure 10B, the luminance channel perceives the blue 106 stripes to be dark stripes that are substantially 180° out of phase with each other. The extra split blue 106 stripes create the same spatial frequency doubling effect as described earlier for the arrangement of Figure 9A.
Figure 11 A shows the blue sub-pixel dots split into two sub-pixel dots, each half the area of the red and green sub-pixels, and placed between each column and row of red 114 and green 112 alternating sub-pixels. As illustrated in Figure 10B, the luminance channel perceives the blue 116 dots to be dark dots that are substantially 180° out of phase with each other. The extra split blue 116 dots create the same spatial frequency doubling effect as described earlier for the arrangement of Figure 6.
It should be noted that the above embodiments have the additional benefit of moving the red and green sub-pixels closer to being on a regular, evenly spaced, checkerboard. This improves sub-pixel rendering performance. In accordance with this aspect, Figures 12A and 12B show an embodiment for a transflective display that place optical vias 1212, 1214, and 1216 in positions that increase sub-pixel rendering performance and decrease the blue stripe visibility. Figure 12A uses a similar arrangement of red 1204, green 1202, and blue 1206 sub- pixels as that of Figure 8 A. These sub-pixels reflect ambient light toward the viewer, modulated by the display device incorporated therein. Such a device may be Liquid Crystal or Iridescent in operation, or other suitable technology. During high ambient light conditions, such a display may be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system as shown in Figure 8B. However, during low ambient light conditions, a backlight may illuminate the display, primarily through the red 1214, green 1212, and blue 1216 optical vias. A similar use of optical vias could also be used on the altered RGB stripe display shown in Figure 7C to similar effect for purposes of the present invention.
Figure 12B illustrates how the arrangement of Figure 12A would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system when a full white image is displayed under low ambient light conditions. Note that the red 1214 and green 1212 optical vias are arranged such that they approach being a regular, evenly spaced, checkerboard, improving the sub-pixel rendering performance. Also note that the blue 1216 optical vias are placed such that they break up the stripe appearance, in both horizontal and vertical axis, when they are backlit and viewed under low ambient light conditions. The positioning of the blue 1216 optical vias shifts the phases of the blue reconstruction points, reducing their visibility. While two positions of the optical vias are shown in the illustration, it is to be appreciated that the number of possible positions that they may take is unlimited, and all are contemplated and encompassed by the present invention.
In accordance with this additional aspect of the embodiments, Figures 13A, 13B, 14A, and 14B show how shifting the phase of the blue sub-pixels reduces the visibility of the dark luminance wells. Figure 13A shows an arrangement of sub- pixel based in part on the arrangement of 8 A with every other row copied from the one above and shifted by one sub-pixel to the right. This creates an arrangement of blue 1306 sub-pixels that takes two phases out of a three possible phases. Figure 13B illustrates how the arrangement of Figure 13A would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system when a full white image is displayed. Note that the dark stripes 1310 have been reduced in amplitude but increased in width, when allowing for some luminance blending, while the white stripes 1320 have been reduced in both amplitude and width. This reduces the Fourier Transform signal energy, and thus the visibility of the stripes.
Figure 14A shows an arrangement of sub-pixel based in part on the arrangement of 13A with every third row is shifted by one sub-pixel to the right. This creates an arrangement of blue 1306 sub-pixels that takes three phases out of a three possible phases. Figure 14B illustrates how the arrangement of Figure 14A would be perceived by the luminance channel of the human vision system when a full white image is displayed. The various phases and angles scatter the Fourier Transform signal energy, and thus reduce the visibility of the blue sub-pixel caused luminance wells. While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings without departing from the essential scope thereof. For example, some of the embodiments above may be implemented in other display technologies such as Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), ElectroLumenscent (EL), Electrophoretic, Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (AMLCD), Passive Matrix Liquid Crystal display (AMLCD), Incandescent, solid state Light Emitting Diode (LED), Plasma Display Panel (PDP), and Iridescent. Further, more than one of the disclosed techniques can be used simultaneously for additive benefit; For example, the extra space described and shown in Figure 9A, with the transistors and associated storage capacitors creating the space, may be combined with the optimally positioned optical vias described and shown in Figure 12A, also perhaps with a narrower, but higher luminance, blue sub-pixel. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to any particular embodiment for carrying out this invention.
1. A display comprising: a plurality of sub-pixel groupings, each said sub-pixel grouping further comprising a plurality of color sub-pixels, wherein one of said color sub-pixels is substantially a dark color sub-pixel; wherein said sub-pixel groupings form an array across said display in a plurality of rows and columns and wherein said dark color sub-pixels form substantially a vertical line down said display; and wherein a spacing is disposed between adjacent columns of said sub-pixel groupings wherein said spacing forms a dark stripe substantially out of phase with said substantially vertical line of said dark color sub-pixels.
2. The display as recited in Claim 1 wherein further said dark color sub- pixel is substantially a blue color sub-pixel.
3. The display as recited in Claim 1 wherein said sub-pixel grouping comprises an RGB stripe.
4. The display as recited in Claim 1 wherein said sub-pixel grouping comprises a red and green sub-pixel checkerboard pattern.
5. The display as recited in Claim 1 further comprisinga black matrix material disposed about said spacing.
6. A RGB stripe display comprising: a plurality of RGB stripe sub-pixel groupings; wherein color assignments for the red sub-pixels and the green sub-pixels are switched on alternating rows.
7. The RGB stripe display as recited in Claim 6 wherein said red sub- pixels and said green sub-pixels form substantially a checkerboard pattern.
8. The RGB stripe display as recited in Claim 6 wherein a spacing is placed between adjacent columns of red and green sub-pixels.
9. The RGB stripe display as recited in Claim 8 further comprisinga black matrix material disposed about said spacing.
10. A transreflective display comprising: a plurality of sub-pixel groupings, each said sub-pixel grouping further comprising a plurality of color sub-pixels, wherein one such said color sub-pixel is a substantially a dark color sub-pixeland wherein each said color sub-pixel comprises an optical via; wherein said sub-pixel groupings form an array across said display in a plurality of rows and columns and wherein said dark color sub-pixels form substantially a vertical line down said display; wherein said optical vias are formed upon said dark sub-pixels such that shift the phase of the reconstruction points of said dark sub-pixels.
11. The display as recited in Claim 10 wherein said optical vias are formed upon said dark sub-pixels such that the phases of the reconstruction points are shifted in the vertical axis.
12. The display as recited in Claim 10 wherein said optical vias are formed upon said dark sub-pixels such that the phases of the reconstruction points are shifted in the horizontal axis.
13. A display comprising: a plurality of sub-pixel groupings, each said grouping further comprising a plurality of color sub-pixels, wherein at least one such said color comprises substantially a dark color; wherein said sub-pixel groupings comprise two row and three columns of sub- pixels and further wherein said sub-pixel grouping comprises a first dark sub-pixel and a second dark sub-pixel; further wherein said first dark sub-pixel is formed on the first row of said sub- pixel grouping and said second dark sub-pixel is formed on the second row of said sub-pixel grouping; and further wherein said first dark sub-pixel and said second dark sub-pixel are formed on different columns of said sub-pixel grouping.
14. The display as recited in Claim 1 wherein said sub-pixels are formed on said display with its length-wise edge on a horizontal axis.
15. The display as recited in Claim 10 wherein said sub-pixels are formed on said display with its length-wise edge on a horizontal axis.
16. The display as recited in Claim 13 wherein said sub-pixels are formed on said display with its length-wise edge on a horizontal axis.
17. A display comprising: a plurality of rows and columns of sub-pixel arrangements, each sub- pixel arrangement ecomprising: first, second, and third color sub-pixels, and wherein one of the color sub-pixels is substantially a dark color sub-pixel, and wherein a spacing is formed between adjacent columns of the first and second color sub-pixels in the sub-pixel arrangements that forms a dark stripe substanitally out of phase with a dark stripe formed by the dark color sub-pixels in the sub-pixel arrangements.
18. The display as recited in Claim 17, wherein the dark color sub-pixel is a split sub-pixel occupying less area than the other sub-pixels.
19. The display as recited in Claim 17, wherein the first and third color sub-pixels are a red or green sub-pixel.
20. The display as recited in Claim 19, wherein the first and third color sub-pixels in the sub-pixel arrangements form a checkerboard pattern.
21. The display as recited in Claim 20, wherein the first, second, and third color-sub-pixels are oriented along a horizontal axis such that the substantially dark color sub-pixels form a horizontal dark stripe.
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BE1012634A3 (en) 1999-04-28 2001-01-09 Barco Nv Method for displaying images on a display device, and display device used for this purpose. | 2019-04-18T13:11:29Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2003053068A2/en |
Out of curiosity - how else does a human learn semantics if not from word proximity?
Meaning from context is still word proximity.
Explanation in teaching is at its core also word proximity.
I see the basic mechanism as coincidence detection.
Coincidence detection seems to be a universal theme in learning. On non-verbal teaching, I still see this as (sometimes guided) coincidence detection.
If you mean language learning mechanisms other than word occurrences then I would say associative learning where in symbols are constantly associated with growing list of patterns on the go. Word occurrences can help build relationships among learned patterns and hence relate symbols that way.
In this thread, I assert that the significant part of what we associate with intelligence comes with language learning. If you are satisfied with making an AGI with the capabilities of a cat then you don’t need language but you will also have significantly less function in your AGI.
chunk … relationship … chunk.
where … is a transition.
I used to think that the tuple is a basic unit but this proximity question keeps haunting me.
Does simple proximity count as a relationship?
Am I looking at this wrong; should I see the tuple as two separate things?
Another possibility is proximity in the WHAT stream vs relationship in the WHERE stream.
I think much of the logical and systemic association we are able to carry out in the brain is because of manipulation of symbolic meanings/groupings using certain rules. It’s easy to relate symbols using rules. Plus the processing space required for abstractions and associations is reduced by a lot of one uses symbols. Maybe we can work our AGI without high level language with substantially enormous processing space and power. I think.
How do you feel about a symbol being a certain grid pattern and the association being a transition to a different grid pattern?
I’d rather think of the symbol as a high order semantic SDR and the association as something pertaining to the grid pattern or the location stream. Perhaps, linking representations of symbols with particular locations on grid that pertain to particular relationships or associations.
See Yoshua Bengio’s paper “The Consciousness Prior”, he agrees with you that symbols/pointers are high order semantic SDR. I would say HTM are the association memory. We just drop the H and turn T (temporal) into sequence order. HTMs are the perfect memory for just about everything.
Guilt by association, heck yes. Most people do not think deeply, simple association is heavily used.
l’ve been trying to decide where to put my two cents in and this seems as good a place as any. There have been several threads dealing with language lately and for good reason.
One asked if language was required for intelligence (no). Another asked wether symbolic semantics might be an accessory rather than an a necessity. Yes symbolic semantics are an accessory like the neocortex is an accessory. Both flora and fauna have operated for billions of years without a neocortex but it seems to me that what we are discussing here is the neocortex. in other words there are all kinds of intelligence but what we are after is what happens in the in the last few layers of the brain.
So much for the obvious. The reason I’m butting in is that in my world words are several levels up form the first of the neocortex, three by my system. The first is the letter, the second the syllable, and then the word. After that there is the idiomatic expression (made up of words) and then the complete sentence which is made up of words and idiomatic expressions.
This is a long way to go to say that the word is more complex than a single SDR. While I’m at it I might posit that the “meaning” is in the complete sentence and that is where we might approach “intelligence” if we are going to use language as the vehicle, and I can’t think of another way.
For instance: the letter a. It is the first character of the Roman alphabet. It is a syllable in the word Paladin. And it stands alone as a word. As far as I can think it is the only letter that is also a syllable and a word. By coincidence (or maybe not) the first stroke in the Chinese language is 一 (pronounced YI) is the only stroke (character) that I can think of that is also a radical (syllable) and a word, it means one. The point is that words are composite and turning them into plurals is done on the second level not the third.
At this point I suppose I must lay my cards on the table and that would be my own HTM which I conceived in 1977 to write Chinese. Of coarse my dumb terminal wouldn’t do it and I had to wait ’til the Mac came out to actually do it. I did a proof of concept for Apple in ’86. Unfortunately I blew the negotiation and the VP Jean Luis Gasse felt that my faux pas was more important than the Chinese market so it lived in a drawer ’til Jeff’s book came out. Since then I’ve tried to the reconcile the original concept with Nupic.
Here is the original, compiled on a Mac 512, printed on a Laserwriter I with a bit of 72 dpi Inagewriter tacked on at the bottom.
I’m coming at this question from the perspective of having a deep learning background.
In deep learning, word2vec (glove) generally works by taking all the words that exist in a corpus, sorting them, then creating a potentially large representation, depending on the corpus.
If I had a corpus of a couple sentences, “Hello, how are you? I’m fine, thank you, and you?”, this would break down into a potential vector of length of 8 binary values, one for each possible word (how you choose to deal with punctuation varies… I’m ignoring it here, while of course it really does matter for context).
That vector is then fed into a neural network. The goal in deep learning then becomes to train a network to predict, based on a given input vector, the sentiment, possible responses, next word in the sequence, etc., based on massive amounts of data, calculating the error value, and back propagation to adjust the weights for the “neurons” in the system.
Depending on your implementation, architecture choices, and training data, some decent systems are built out of this sort of approach. But it takes a ton of time and training to get to that level… lots of electricity is involved, frequently not knowing for certain if your tweaks will actually make the system better or worse. Deep Learning, while being powerful, produces idiot savant systems that struggle to move beyond the area on which they were trained. They don’t really learn in real time, and the methods of training them to get good results are far removed from how our brain seems to work. But there are ideas we can also learn from it too.
Sometimes, since certain word combinations occur frequently in any language, for a large corpus these designs will incorporate hashmaps/dictionaries to store calculated values (as a lookup can be cheaper than a doing the same maths operations repeatedly). These chunks have meaning and influence context.
Perhaps in HTM we could employ hashmaps/dictionaries in an attempt to speed up calculations? Or take a hash of a layer state rather than read through an entire binary array, so that we when see two previously known calculated hashes pop up, we can recal the results rather than do everything from scratch.
In case you haven’t seen it this cortical io video gives a good and brief summary of their system. It uses a corpus as well to form the semantic map, and takes advantage of the power of SDR’s to capture a lot of meaning in a small space, even whole sentences at once. I’m no expert at all on NLP, just a big fan of the htm-based approach because our brains have to capture a lot of meaning and they have to do it efficiently without a lot of math and energy use - a constraint that DNN’s don’t seem to generally adhere to.
I hate to rock the boat here but the formation of the Cortical IO retina involves the use of those nasty old traditional techniques that that @maxlee was just outlining.
In this case, they use a SOM technique.
Yes they certainly depart from neuroscience in forming the semantic map as you’d know much better than I. Ultimately this map should be formed in an online fashion the way the rest of HTM theory does, a fascinating question how that happens. In the absence of that understanding they’ve used some non-biological machinery to fill the gaps.
I know SOM isn’t the only such machinery they use, though it seems more similar to HTM than any other ANN mechanics I know of (a little like learning in SP at least). Though if the SDR’s they produce are viable in their semantic overlap their system seems good as any for the time being (?).
They use HTMs to read out the data after it is organized.
I am working though how to form the maps with online learning and it seems to be a very hard problem.
I am working on the same problem. I’ve used eligibility traces effectively for the online part, but still working out the topology element. Current theory is that grids could be used for this, but haven’t gotten into the weeds with that idea yet.
The first is the letter, the second the syllable, and then the word. After that, there is the idiomatic expression (made up of words) and then the complete sentence which is made up of words and idiomatic expressions.
There are a large number of people that have no clue how to write but are perfectly fluent in a language.
I think that you can say that letters/writing is an artifact to capture either syllables (most alphabet based languages and Hangul) or word sounds (pictograph based languages).
By the same token, the stream of syllables to create the elaborate alert, mating, and dominance calls (the basis of language) that animals use for signaling is an artifact of our biological sound production hardware.
Hangul: possibly the best match between spoken syllables and writing?
Hi Mark, Sorry it took a while but I had to figure out what I thought. You’re likely correct that Hangul is the best text to speech representation out there but it is only efficient in Korean and more importantly it is not particularly relevant to this problem. This problem being thinking. If I look at what I wrote and your response I think my use of the the word syllable sent us down a blind fork. What I might have said instead is phoneme and still that suggests speech. So I might have said thought chunk but what does that mean and how does it relate to a Chinese character generator or Hangul for that matter. This is where I had to stop and think about an explanation.
First I should say that in ’77 I was not trying to create or even approximate a biologically based system. I was trying to learn Chinese and wanted a database that contained all of the information required. That required a stroke by stroke visual representation of the characters along with the sound, including tone, the meaning, the part of speech and more. The sound was just a part. The thing I was most pleased by initially and what I presented to Apple was a hexadecimal way of writing the character. The way it works is just a reimagined hierarchical stack of plastic ascii. The first level is stroke, the second is radical ( of which there are only 214 ) and the third level is character. It was not until I considered the forth level of idiomatic expression or compound word that I began to think of this as a thought processor rather than just a word processor.
It turns out that this system can draw Korean characters as well as Chinese but it also can write any other language in the form letter, syllable, word. This is why it doesn’t matter that Hangul is more efficient than English at describing the phonetics of a language. it is not the sound of the language but the meaning. In this respect it is important to see the syllable as a thought chunk, or a Latinate, Indo-European or older root. One of the interesting aspects of Chinese is that each of the 214 radicals has several thousand years of evolution and carries rich pictorial and metaphorical information in addition to the aural.
At any rate all of this is to say that language is not thought. As much as we might perceive of our thought in terms of language is is consequence and not a cause. For this reason any method of describing the sound is equally good because none of them are what is going on at the fundamental level of thinking. One thing we seem to have discovered is that thinking sounds a lot like a rather binary static if we overlook the meaning of the amplitude of the spikes that is. And as we know, that amplitude is anything but trivial. But the spoken or written or danced language those spikes and intervals ultimately get expressed in is trivial.
When I was working with the AVOS company (Assistive technology for the visually impaired) I became very interested in speech IO and the production of speech sounds. I discovered that the sounds of speech are an artifact of the kinds of sounds that the human speech production hardware was capable of making.
You can see that there is are maps of the various sounds that a human is capable of making and the sounds are “fixed points” on these maps that are distinct enough that they can be reliably produced and recognized.
Again - for the interested bystander - Want to learn more?
That required a stroke by stroke visual representation of the characters along with the sound, including tone, the meaning, the part of speech and more. The sound was just a part. The thing I was most pleased by initially and what I presented to Apple was a hexadecimal way of writing the character. The way it works is just a reimagined hierarchical stack of plastic ascii. The first level is stroke, the second is radical ( of which there are only 214 ) and the third level is character. It was not until I considered the fourth level of idiomatic expression or compound word that I began to think of this as a thought processor rather than just a word processor.
I travel extensively for my job and have been doing so since the early 1990s. This included frequent visits to China and it became useful to learn Mandarin Chinese. I used the Pimsleur course and eventually was able to function on my own in day-to-day interactions. Immersion in the language and culture really drives this home. I can read and write a bit but my tones are terrible. I understand what you are saying about Chinese stroke order and character formation. I am struck that in Chinese many of the pictograms are actually reasonably good renditions of the thing that they are communicating.
火 - fire; I love this one = stick-figure person running around FIRE!
水 - water; hard to see the original picture - see chart below.
門 - door; western movie bar doors anyone?
In some cases, the original picture has evolved to be difficult to recognize - for example - water (shuǐ), fourth line in this chart.
This is an ongoing process. For example, the door has evolved from the swinging bar doors 門 of the traditional Chinese to the more generic 门 in simplified Chinese.
The combination of these symbols is also somewhat based on more than just strokes or radicals; they often tell a short story.
日 - Sun (rì) - also used to say “day” things, with 月 - moon (yuè) to say “month” things.
間 - Time; you look to the door to see the sun position, learning the time.
悶 - Stifling - you are inside but your heart is out the door.
But marking an actual door?
出口 - exit; mouth/opening to the mountains/outdoors.
Chinese is filled with these short stories; I love this language. There can be layers of meanings in a line.
What is not found in stroke order, (or simple letter sequences or syllables for a western script) is any sort of useful semantic or grammar information. This information is loaded at the word/pictograph and symbol grouping level. Any sort of generation algorithm will have to consider this level if the output is to look like it is making any grammatical sense. Languages that use conjugation have to consider word grouping to influence construction at the word level. There is no local information at the word level that tells me if the word (tener in Spanish - “to have” or “to be”) I am building should be tener or tengo or tienes or tiene or tenemos or tenéis or tienen or (there are a bunch more). This strongly suggests that the higher levels will feedback to the lower levels in word construction.
But this will still be gibberish. Without any semantic guidance, the generation from a system that follows reasonable grammar rules will make something that looks like the human affliction Wernicke’s aphasia.
Note the huge range of signs and symptoms listed. This gives some indication of the range of factors that go into speech production. The clusters of defects suggest to me that the production of words is the product of several maps working in harmony, each contributing to some aspect of the ongoing production stream.
This tells us that if the map or connections to it are failing you suffer the related defect. From a modeling perspective this suggests your functional building blocks.
A little more on structuring these building blocks; a key difference between biological hardware and computers is that computers have variables, brains have connections.
An important programming task is to learn the producer(s) and consumer(s) of a chunk of information and WHEN and WHERE it is produced and consumed. If a chunk of information in a computer is needed in several places it is tucked into a storage space and accessed wherever it is needed.
In the brain information exists in SOME FORM in SOME PLACE in the brain. If there is a producer and a consumer there has to be a connection. If there is some order or stages to this process there has to be a physical pipeline. Parts of these pipelines may be selectively enabled to gate the flow of information but the connections are always there. If you think about it, there is no other way that neural hardware can work.
Whenever I see someone that is describing some AI proposal I keep this distinction firmly in mind to test if it biologically plausible. Once I started thinking this way it shaped how I view papers describing neural research and proposed architectures. | 2019-04-21T23:59:55Z | https://discourse.numenta.org/t/words-to-sdr/3660/28 |
When I first opened the Rgveda I knew only that Vedism was part of the eastern branch of the Indo-Europeans. I did not yet know of the complex deities overflowing with contradictory tales. I did not know that my beliefs were to be mirrored in those of karman, dharman, and Rta. And yet, it was only a short time before I found myself connecting to this ancient religion.
I was understanding ritual concepts that the scholars were puzzled by. I felt the connection to the gods and goddesses that embodied the very elements themselves. I saw my own life of beauty and violence, chaosand order, devotion and selfishness. It was all reflected back to me within the world of the Vedas.
Many years have passed since that moment. I now understand more than I did, and I laugh fondly at the things I thought I knew. The Vedas have become a truth to me. They are my sruti, my Rta, my dharman. They guide me on my way and assist me when I ask.
Is Vedism a form of Hinduism?
Are Kali, Siva, Krsna, Laxmi, Ganesha, Rama, Sita, Hanuman or Durga Vedic?
To answer one question is to answer them all. It is to dig into the past of Vedism and tell all of what we know.
The Indo-Europeans are often split between two physical regions. The western branch includes those cultures who colonized north and west into Europe. The best known of these cultures are the Greeks, Romans, Celts, Slavs, and Norse. To the east the Indo-European cultures migrated into Asia, primarily India, Afghanistan, Iran, and other parts of what is now known as the Middle East. It is this eastern branch with which we are interested.
Dated at around 1700-1500 BCE, we begin finding archaeological remains of the Indo-European peoples in the Indus River valley. Much of this evidence is found in excavations of the ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both now in Pakistan. In both these sites, one finds the remains of an ancient society, then a break where that society suddenly disappears followed by evidence of a new society with an entirely different culture colonizing the same city.
This new society represents the first incursions of those peoples known as the Indic division of the Indo-European culture into the Indian Peninsula. Later, this culture would spread across the land, eventually taking the name of 'Arya' for itself; which which translates to noble'. It is from this root word that we derive the term for the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European's. These people we now also know as the Vedics.
After having established themselves across the north of India, the Vedics eventually had the majority of their religious practices codified into four main works: the four Vedas. There were also several ancillary texts written as commentary, which make up a collection of works known as the Upanisads.
The holy texts are split into two categories: sruti-tradition and smrti-tradition. The sruti sources are ones that have been "heard." These texts were revealed by the Gods to specific Rsis (priests). The smrti sources are those that have been "memorized", and as such have been created by man without divine assistance but based on sruti texts.
The Vedic texts fall mostly within the category of sruti and are known as the Vedas and portions of the Upanisads Veda translates literally into "knowledge." The word veda is derived from the verb vid- which means "to know, to be aware of." Upanisad is broken up with "sad" meaning "sit" and most likely refers to the extreme secrecy that was to be enforced with the sharing of the Upanisads by having the student sitdng beside the teacher. This leaves the word Upanisad referring to "secret text."
There are a total of four Vedas. Three of the Vedas, the Rgveda, the Yajurveda, and the Samaveda, can be dated to between 1500-1200BCE. A fourth Veda—the Atharvaveda—was established slightly later, between 1200-1000 BCE. Each Veda consists of its the main text, or Samhita, as well as dedicated commentary and instruction on that text, which is known as the Brahmana.
The Rgveda consists of more than one thousand hymns that are arranged into ten books. These hymns were meant to be spoken to the gods during ritual and contain the myths of the Vedics. The Yajurveda is a collection of hymns from the Rgveda in the way they were meant to be used during ritual. The Yajurveda is split into two versions: the White Yajurveda and the Black Yajurveda. The basic differences are that the White Yajurveda keeps separate the Samhitas and Brahmanas while the Black Yajurveda mixes the two. There are additional differences in translations as well.
The Samaveda is a collection of songs to be sung during ritual. Some of the material is a reworking of the Rgveda, while the rest of the material is original. The Atharvaveda is a volume which deals specifically with magic and the use of rituals as cures, protection and curses.
The Samhitas are the actual text, or hymns, of each of the Vedas while the Brahmanas are the commentary upon the Vedas. The Brahmanas set out to explain, in detail, the going-ons of the Vedas.
The Upanisads generally date from about 800-600BCE and are made up of twelve Upanisads: the Brhadaranyaka, the Chandogya, the Taittiriya, the Aitareya, the Kausitaki, the Kena, the Katha, the Isa, the Svetasvatara, the Mundaka, the Prasna and the Mandukya. These texts are several ancillary texts written as commentary on Vedism in general.
While the Upanisads show more information on the Vedas, they also show a breaking away from traditional Vedic thought into the basic tenets of what would grow to become Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism). The Upanisads are predominantly thought processes and commentary. The can be seen as a mix of smrti and sruti for the most part.
Past these texts you find yourself within the man made texts of the smrti-tradition. While this in no way demeans their value, it simply must be stated that to a Vedic these texts are made up or commentaries that have been quite removed from their original Vedic thought process.
Two smrti-tradition texts which are still of great use: the Grhya Sutras and the Crauta Sutras. The Sutras were roughly set down between 400 and 200 BCE, although this is just scholastic guess work. The Grhya Sutras deal specifically with household ritual to be performed by the householder. The Crauta Sutras depict elaborate rituals which included one or more clergy.
There are also the Aranyakas, or 'forest texts,' which give us greater insight into the breaking down of the Vedic religion. The Aranyakas, which some sdiolars link as sruti, were philosophical musings and speculation written by hermit-priests who had secluded themselves from society in order to concentrate on the study of the Vedas.
These later texts also include works on yoga, avastu, and jyotish. They also include the Kama Sutra, the Dharma Sutras and the Laws of Manu. In addition, such epics as the Mahabharata, the Gita and the Ramayana are man made creations said to be from the fourth century BCE.
Also worthy of a peripheral note are the holy texts of the Indo-Iranians. This culture was to go on to become the Zoroastrians, and the oldest portions of their holiest text, the Avesta, is dated to around 1000 BCE. Since the Indo-Iranians began as an offshoot from the Vedics, one finds similar god-names (the Vedic Mitra versus the Zoroastrian Mithra, for instance) as well as differing versions of some of the same myths. Occasionally, the Avestan version of a Vedic myth will reverse the point-of-view of the story, thus casting the Vedic Gods instead as demons. There is thus a good amount of evidence that the Vedic-Iranian split was not an amiable one, so the Avesta offers an interesting contrast for comparison.
To the Vedics, the world consisted of three spheres. The first was the earth, the second was firmament (also called the sky), and the last was the intermediate region, or the space between the earth and firmament. Each of the three spheres was divided in additional sections. The ground and heaven were supported by beams, yet the sky was without support. This caused a great deal of discussion by the Vedic on why it did not fall.
The ancient Vedics believed in polytheism, believing all of their Gods to be separate individuals. The vast majority of the gods were the elements such as the wind (Vayu) with some gods being concepts such as speech (Vac).
Towards the end of the Vedic period the belief of kathenotheism came forward. Kathenotheism was the belief and practice that during a ritual, or worship, that the participants called for one God who would then embody all of the attributes of the other Gods within the pantheon.
This change in beliefs was one of the markers of the end of Vedism. From this step it went in monism. Monism is the belief in one God, or higher power, and that all other "gods" are manifestations, or avatars/incarnations, of the higher power.
To the Vedics, upon death, going to heaven was their goal. A great many rituals were performed to ask for the favor of the Gods and wash away shortcomings in an attempt to reach heaven. Heaven was seen as a place of light that was without the negative aspects of life. In heaven there was no disease, no want, no death, no darkness and no fear.
Heaven is shown as an ending to life on earth and a beginning of a life in Heaven with the Gods. There was no reincarnation in the Vedas. The Vedics began as a migratory culture. Due to matters of survival (such as food supply or grazing space), it was necessary for the early Indo-Aryans to maintain a mobile existence. Their existence was often contingent upon the ability to pack one's home and move to an entirely different location. They developed a ritual format where an open space was found and consecrated, then ritual was performed in the open with no permanent structures necessary.
Later, the Vedics were able to establish cities and consecrated permanent public spaces in which to hold ritual. It was merely the scale that changed. As the Vedics grew more successful, the rites grew larger and more elaborate. The format of the proceedings, however, still remained faithful to their roots. Later, after Vedism's fall, Hinduism began to favor private personal worship (called puja and often referring to the worship of idols as an aid in worshiping a god), and established elaborate buildings in which to gather and pray. It is this difference between open Yajna and private worship which in one aspect defines the difference between Vedism and Hinduism.
A few of the basic Vedic practices and beliefs are Rta, dharman, karman and Yajna.
Rta translates quite literally to 'order'. It is the order by which the universe, were it a perfect place, should run. One may conceive an illustration of Rta as literally 'a place for everything, and everything in its place'.
Dharman is personalized Rta. If the world were a play, then Rta would be its script, and dharman would be each individual's particular part. Why does Surya (the Sun) pass across the sky each day? Because it is Surya's dharman - his part in maintaining Rta - that he do so. And, being the steadfast upholder of Rta that he is, Surya fulfills his dharman by faithfully rising each dawn to traverse the sky until dusk.
Karman, then, translates to 'action'. Karman is the embodiment of the actions one takes and the deeds they do. Here there is no judgment of good or evil over these deeds, but one must understand that actions beget consequences. Once again, as in a play one may decide go 'off book' - throwing away their lines and bursting into an impromptu monologue, for instance. In just this same manner, one may choose to ignore their part, their dharman, and do solely as they wish.
They must understand, however, that this action naturally leads to consequence. The consequence may be bad, it may be good or it may be neutral.
Yajna is the term for Vedic ritual. It differs from many religious rituals in that it is public and elaborate, yet does not necessarily take place in an established enclosed space such as a temple or church. This is to be performed by the clergy and follows very strict rules.
The Vedics had their clergy split up into different types. Each of these types was responsible for a specific part in the ritual and attached to a specific Veda. Each member of the clergy went through years of training and was considered an expert in their field.
The four major priests are Hotr, Udgatr, Adhvaryu and Brahmin. It must be noted that all Vedic priests were Brahmins, and there is a specific role performed by a priest who is called Brahmin. This Brahmin is the chief priest of the ritual.
The Hotr is the priest who works with the Rgveda and is responsible for reciting. The Udgatris the priest of the Samaveda and is responsible for the singing done in ritual.
The Adhvaryu is the priest of the Yajurveda and is responsible for all of the points dealing with the ritual.
This includes setting up the ritual space, laying out the ritual items, preparing the ritual fire, gathering the ritual offerings, killing the sacrificial animals, cooking the sacrificial animals, and offering all of the sacrifices to the fire.
The Brahmin is often matched up with the Atharvaveda, but they must know all of the Vedas. It is their job to stand silently by the sacrificial fire and to act as a satellite of the ritual and to correct any mistakes that may happen during the ritual. Because of this, they must know all of the Vedic the Vedas and be familiar with all of the workings of the ritual.
There are several assistants to the four main priests and these assistants had their own titles and specific duties. Some of the additional priests were the Agnidhra (an assistant to the Adhvaryu), the Prastotr (an assistant to the Udgatr) and the Pratihartr (also an assistant to the Udgatr). There was also the Purohita, a Brahmin who performed domestic rituals and often was the primary Brahmin for the king.
Within the ancient society of the Vedics there was a class system which was reflected in the gods. This class system was split up into the Brahmins, the Kshatriya, the Vaisya and the Sudra. The Brahmins were the priest class, the Kshatriya were the ruler class, the Vaisya were the common people and craftsman, and the Sudra were the non-Vedic immigrants (often times serfs or prisoners of wars).
At the time of the Vedics, one was not classified to be within the Sudra class for their lifetime. It works much in the way that modern immigration works today with the individuals being accepted and free to seek out their profession once they had placed themselves within the society. The Sudra could remain Sudra for many generations. They remained such until they found themselves integrated into the society.
The class system was used more as descriptive terms than as a "birth right". Where you laid in the class system was based upon your skills, with the exception of royalty and the above mentioned immigrants.
The Vedics were omnivorous. They did eat meat. They ate cows and just about any other animal they could get hold of. They were not vegetarians or vegans.
The Vedics were defined as patriarchal and patrilineal. Despite the obvious male dominance, the Vedic period gave a certain power to women in its ritual dependant culture. The Vedics viewed rituals as a means of keeping the social and cosmic order of the world and women were vital within keeping these goals.
The coupling of a husband and wife was very important to the Vedics and to their ritual. It was required that any man who was to have a ritual performed had to be wed.
It can be easily suggested that almost every wife had some sort of Vedic training due to the timing of rituals. Every day Householder rituals were to be performed and often the male of the house would be away for periods at a time.
There is proof that there were women who recited the Vedas, sung the hymns and were Rsis. In short, there were female Brahtnins, some of which are credited with certain parts of the Vedas. It was also dependant on the wife to tend to the sacred fire so that it would never go out.
It was not until later times that women began to take on the roles as being impure and it was not until post-Vedic texts that wife burning became popular.
The Vedic culture and religion eventually came to dominate, and define, India. Towards the end of the Vedicperiod the many scholars within Vedism began to start a process of thinking differently about how they were connected to the Gods, to Heaven and to Yajna. It was this questioning mixed with the ramped corruption of the Brahrnins that helped lead the way to Vedism's fall.
The people who had once practiced Vedism were now on their way to adopting new philosophies and ways of communing with the divine(s). The religions that splintered off from Vedism took ideas, thoughts and beliefs from Vedism and brought them into new ways of thinking that were meant to rebel against the Vedic religion, thus negating them as a different sect of Vedism.
Vedism was not allowed to evolve further as a religion, but instead it lay stagnant while other religions splintered off from it. These religions took specific beliefs within Vedisin and followed them to their own ends, thus ending the Vedic period and the religion of Vedism. Some of the the off shoot religions of Vedism are Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism), Buddhism and Jainism.
Buddhism is the religion founded by the Buddha, Gautama Siddhartha, in the 6th Century BCE. Like many other offshoots from philosophies spawning from Upanasadlic speculation (Gautama himself was a Ksatriya, or noble, and well-versed in Vedic philosophy), it is a religion begun as a reaction to Vedism and the orthodoxy of that time. Buddhism sees the 'self' as a aggregate of many elements called 'skandhas' which include one's physical form senses, perceptions, deeds, and conceptions. It attempts to free its adherents from the cycle of birth, death, and re-birth by the doctrine of Enlightenment, and contends that salvation is only possible after the elimination of suffering, caused chiefly by attachment, striving, and seduction by the senses.
Jainism is the religion which gradually splintered from Vedism around the time of the Upanisads, and was systemized as a doctrine by Vardhadama (Mahavira) around 550 BCE. It believes in the body and soul as separate, with the soul enmeshed in karmic matter that it must work off in order to reach Nirvana. It's five highest principles, or Vrathas, are: Ahimsa (non-violence), Asathya Tyaga (relinquishing of anger, wrath, and deceit), Astheya (abstention from coveting or thievery), Aparigraha (relinquishing of anger, wrath, and deceit), Astheya (abstention from coveting or thievery), Aparigraha (relinquishment of excess, particularly in regard to property), and Brahmacharya (moderation in earthly pleasures).
Sanatana Dharma, or Hinduism, is not a religion. Rather it is a group of religions found within India that share common beliefs while still remaining very different. Many may even argue that it is not a religion but more a way of life. The term "Hinduism" was not developed by the practitioners, but by groups outside of the religions as a means for labeling the entire Indian people.
Often referred to as the successor religion to Vedism, the Hindu religions are no more the same religion as Vedism than Islam is the religion of the Christians. After the populace began to lose faith in the Brahmins (due primarily to elitism and corruption), they began to turn increasingly to the speculations within the Upanisads. In particular, the Aranyakas (which were originally penned by sunvassins, or hermit-priests living in the wild) provided a road map by which solitary practitioners could re-enact Vedic ritual without the actual physical activity of Yajna.
Also, other philosophical speculation during the late Vedic period, coming most often in the form of derivative texts called Sutras, fed the reform movement. These steps toward short cutting ritual eventually led to a much greater emphasis on private meditation, and an overall philosophy which embraced concepts such as reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, the caste system, and the personification of all gods into a single god-power known as Brahman. With the last step, Hinduism ceased as a polytheistic religion into fell the embrace of monism (monism being the belief in one supreme being and that all other beings are incarnations of the One).
There are many groups within Hinduism that claim a sort of "going back to the Vedas". While these groups are attempting to create a bond with the Vedas, they will never be followers of Vedism while they still hold their core ideals.
These core beliefs are at odds with those of the Vedas. Many followers of Hinduism do translate the Vedas to fit into Hindu thought by changing the translation to reflect the beliefs of monism, reincarnation, the caste system and absence of animal and human sacrifice. However, this poor translators.
A well known movement to go "back to the Vedas" is the Arva Samaj movement. This movement was started in 1875 by Dayananda Sarasvati. It was a movement within Hinduism that was meant to turn back to the Vedas. It was their belief that the Vedas alone were sacred and the only revelation of God. They also believed that all of the sciences of the modern world could be found within the Vedas.
As has been already stated, the Arya Samaj are followers of Hinduism. While they are attempting to go back to the Vedas they are not Vedic. While they do not except the texts past the Vedas, they are still monists, and uphold other Hindu views. In their reformations they rejected Brahaminic control and they are open to all castes and women.
This movement was the second movement of this sort, the first being Brahmo Samaj, both of which had political power. The movement of Arya Samaj helped to contribute to the Indian Nationalist movement and works to convert those Hindus who have turned to Christianity, Islam and other non-Hindu faiths.
There are additional Indian tribes which claim to perform Vedic rituals. However, when you take a ritual and strip it of it's meaning to replace it with new thoughts and beliefs it ceases to be what it was. As is the case in some Hindu tribes in India who make claims to performing Vedic ritual. They may be going through the motions but the two beliefs systems are vastly different.
Notably, when speaking about Hinduism we are talking about the Hindu religions within India. While sharing similar beliefs arid gods, the practices and tenants of Hinduism within Bali, Cambodia and Nepal is vastly different from that of Indian Hinduism. At this point in time, there is no proof that there are any people who practiced Vedism in an unbroken line from the time of the Vedics. Nor is there any proof that there are any practitioners of Vedism within India in the sense of organized religion. It is quite possible that practitioners of traditional Vedism do exist, but we have yet to hear of it.
Hopefully you have come to the conclusion that Vedism is not a form of Hinduism, not only because Vedism came before the Hindu practices but also because the differences between the two faiths. Vedism believes in polytheism, heaven, no reincarnation, no hell, Rta, dharman, karman, sruti and a class system. Hinduism believes in monism, reincarnation, judgement, Karma, Dharma, a caste system, smrti and Brahma.
By the same token one should know that the gods of Hinduism are not Vedic gods, owing in part to the differences between sruti and smrti.
Yet, is Hinduism Indo-European? If not, when did it cease to be such? It is my opinion that when the people rebelled against Vedism and began the offshoot religions that they ceased to be practicing an Indo-European religion.
These individuals turned away from their old religion and embraced a new one, leaving the old behind. Some terms and gods remain but their meanings and status are now quite different. The people rejected the old ways in favour of religions and philosophies that show a great disdain for the Vedic practices.
Logic then has us ask aren't these new religions just natural progressions of Vedism? I would argue that they are not. I would suggest that these new religions were guided by men to separate themselves from the human corruption within Vedism. This was not a natural evolution but a rebellion.
It is true that eventually the Vedic religion may have taken similar turns as the new religions. This is evident in the Brahmanas and Upanisads. However, had Vedism been allowed to eveolve and had it become monistic, or monothesitic, I feel it would still retain the names of the gods of the Vedas and not the new creations of the post-Vedic texts. So why Vedism? Why not Hinduism? Why not Jainism? Why not Buddhism?
When I came to Vedism it was a silent religion. It was facing the fierce battle of the old gods and the new gods, and losing. I felt I belonged more in Vedism than anywhere else: it shares my beliefs, I can converse with the gods, I connect with the rituals.
Why do I not practice one of the offshoot religions? There are three reasons. The first is that because Vedism was built around a nomadic people it was geared more towards community. Community is very important to me, as is the aiding of others. This is not to say there is nothing individualized within Vedism, rather it is very community based. The offshoot religions are more egocentric, focusing on the individual and their path.
The second is the fundamental belief systems. I do not believe in reincarnation. I believe in heaven. I do not believe in karma. I believe in karman. I do not believe in Dharma, Brahma, enlightenment, Gurus or the validity of the smrti texts. I believe in dharman, Rta, free-will and the sruti.
The third reason is one I have put a great deal of thought into. We all know that in many of the Indo-European cultures there are wars between the new gods and the old gods.
Imagine, if you will, that you worshiped the old gods. What would your feelings be towards the worship of the new gods? How would you react to the new gods turning the ways of the old gods on their head until they no longer reflected the old beliefs? What would you think to know your gods were to now live in the realm of scholastic research only? How would you feel knowing your gods were now shadows of their former selves, pushed to back burners and given little to no respect and ridiculed? What would you do in knowing that your gods are being forgotten?
In the Indo-European myth of the old gods and the new gods, the Vedic gods would be the old gods. The new gods are those of the offshoot religions. Rather than fight the old gods, the new gods have created new myths which ignore many of the old gods. This results in the vast majority of the old gods being forgotten with the remaining being demoted to lesser beings. The vast majority of Vedic gods are no longer worshipped. The exception to this is Vsnu.
Vsnu is a Vedic god and he did make it over to Hinduism favourably. Unfortunately, the Vsnu of Hindu lore is not the Vsnu of Vedic lore. The same is said of Surya, Usas and Sarsvati. Surya now has a very minor role, the brilliance of his consort Usas is all but forgotten in favour of Kali, Laxmi and Durga. Sarsvati, who was a minor river goddess deity in the Vedas, is seen as a major goddess of learning in Hinduism having swallowed up the Vedic goddess Vac.
I worship the old gods. I give no respect to the new gods whether they are post-Vedic, pre-Vedic or man made smrti creations. This is why Vedism. It is because Vedism is about bettering myself to help my community. It is because Vedism is not about tying yourself to the score cards of Dharma and Karma. Vedism is about taking responsibility for your actions and your choices. Vedism is about being responsible for your own life. Vedism is about having only one chance to get it right.
Vedism is about honouring the old gods. | 2019-04-19T00:28:41Z | https://www.adf.org/rituals/vedic/why-vedism.html |
Kiani, A., Gharoni, M., Shariati, R. (2017). Comparison of the Fatty Acid Composition of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Kids, Lambs and Calves Produced under Iranian Transhumant Production System. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 7(3), 437-443.
A. Kiani; M.H. Gharoni; R. Shariati. "Comparison of the Fatty Acid Composition of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Kids, Lambs and Calves Produced under Iranian Transhumant Production System". Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 7, 3, 2017, 437-443.
Kiani, A., Gharoni, M., Shariati, R. (2017). 'Comparison of the Fatty Acid Composition of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Kids, Lambs and Calves Produced under Iranian Transhumant Production System', Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 7(3), pp. 437-443.
Kiani, A., Gharoni, M., Shariati, R. Comparison of the Fatty Acid Composition of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Kids, Lambs and Calves Produced under Iranian Transhumant Production System. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 2017; 7(3): 437-443.
Transhumant production system (TPS) is a type of extensive livestock production practiced by transhumant pastoralists in which indigenous livestock breeds are mainly fed a pasture-based diet. The hypothesis tested in this work was whether differences existed between fat samples from the different species in respect to ratios of n-6/n-3, and polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids. To test our hypothesis, fatty acids (FAs) composition of the longissimus dorsi muscle of kids (n=10), fat-tailed lambs (n=10), and calves (n=10) produced in a pasture-based system were determined. All animals were indigenous intact male and randomly selected from nomads in the Zagros mountains (Noorabad, Lorestan province). The live body weight of kids, lambs and calves were 21 ± 6, 27 ± 4, and 158 ± 35 kg respectively. Meat samples were analyzed either without (lean meat) or mixed with 30% of sirloin subcutaneous fat (fat meat). Results showed that saturated FAs (as percentage) in kids meat was lower than those in lambs and calves (41.4 vs. 46.2 and 47.4% P=0.02). Kid meat had higher α-linolenic (C18:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3), but lower undesirable FAs (C16:0+C14:0) and n-6/n-3 ratio in comparison with lambs and calves. In conclusion, goat meat produced under TPS conditions, compared with lambs and calves, showed more promising healthy source of FAs for human nutrition.
Transhumant production system (TPS) is practiced in Iran predominantly in the Zagros mountains where livestock are mainly raised in a pasture-based feeding (Badripour, 2004). The annual migration of nomads’ takes place from mountainous cold rangelands towards the warmer plains at the beginning of autumn, with the reverse movement in the spring. In transhumant system animal husbandry, the stock comprise on average 48% sheep, 47% goats, 3% cattle and 2% draught animals (Badripour, 2004). Nomadic and transhumant pastoralists own 13.6, 8.3 and 0.25 million heads sheep, goats and cattle, respectively and they produces about 20% of red meat production (e.g. 800 thousand metric ton) in the country (Organization for Nomadic People of Iran, 2008). Red meat production under extensive systems (such as TPS) is different from that of intensive production systems in many aspects including management, breeds, feeding regimes, animal activity, and environmental condition (Zervas and Tsiplakou, 2011). In TPS, ruminants are usually finished on diets containing high proportions of green forages which might produce meat with more desirable fatty acids compositions than that of intensive production systems (Fincham et al. 2009; Daley et al. 2010; Howes et al. 2015). Red meat is a good dietary source of essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and fatty acids (FAs) (Williams, 2007), however, its consumption is under question mainly due to unbalanced ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA, and ratio of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) to saturated FA (SFA) (Binnie et al. 2014). These unhealthy nutritional facts of red meat could be to some extent improved by dietary inclusion of green grass in animal daily ration (French et al. 2000; Nuernberg et al. 2005; Fincham et al. 2009). There are opportunities in extensive production systems in which ruminants are fed green forage in which enhancement of desirable FAs compositions might occur (Nuernberg et al. 2005; Talpur et al. 2008; Fincham et al. 2009; Ponnampalam et al. 2014; Howes et al. 2015; Kiani and Fallah, 2016). In TPS, ruminants are finished on diets containing high proportions of green forages, thus they might produce meat with more desirable FAs compositions. To our knowledge, information on fatty acid composition of red meat produced in Iranian transhumant production system practicing by nomads is lacking. The hypothesis tested in this work was whether differences existed between fat samples, with respect to n-6/n-3, and PUFA/SFA ratios, from the goats, sheep and cattle reared under TPS. To test our hypothesis, we chose the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle to compare FAs composition and ratios of n-6/n-3 and PUFA/SFA in kids, lambs, and calves produced under TPS.
In total, 30 intact indigenous male animals including 10 Lori goat kids, 10 fat-tailed lambs, and 10 Lori calves; all reared in a pasture-based feeding system by nomads were randomly selected. All animals had free access to their dams’ milk even when they were able to graze. The animals had grazed on the same natural ranges at least for two months prior to slaughter day. The ranges were located at Zagros Mountains, near Noorabad, Lorestan province, Iran (34 °02'34.8"N, 48 °17'53.0"E). Predominant plant species of the grazed ranges were ryegrass (Lolium perenne), clover (Trifolium spp.), and other legumes (such as Astragalus spp.). Kids had free access to green leaves of oak trees (Quercus brantii). Slaughter age for lambs and kids were 5.5 ± 1 and for calves were 8 ± 2 months. Live body weight (Mean±SD) of the animals averaged 21 ± 6, 27 ± 4, and 158 ± 35 kg for kids, lambs and calves, respectively. All animals were slaughtered in a commercial processing plant (Gholshan Abbattoir, Khoramabad, Lorestan) according to the Halal procedure. Slaughter procedure was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Lorestan University. Meat samples (about 30-50 g) were taken from the loin portion of longissimus dorsi (between ribs 12th and 13th) muscles on the left side of the carcasses. Samples were cut off within 2 h after slaughter and were chilled t +4 ˚C for 24 h. Meat samples were divided into two sub-samples; either without subcutaneous fat (lean meat) or mixed with 30% sirloin subcutaneous fat of each animal(fat meat). Samples were ground by means of a food processor (3×5 s), and stored at -80 ˚C pending analysis.
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were determined using the procedures described by (Sukhija and Palmquist, 1988) with some modification. Briefly, 0.1 g of meat sample was weighed (0.0001 g, KERN, Germany) and then was freeze dried. Sample was then placed into screw cap Pyrex culture tube (16×125 mL, Scott glass tube). One mL of heptane was added and mixed. After that, 0.2 mL of sodium methylate (25%) was added, and the tube was put in a 50 ˚C water bath for 10 min. Sample was then cooled for about 5 °C and 3 mL of freshly made methanolic HCl 10% (prepared by adding 20 mL of acetyl chloride to 100 mL of anhydrous methanol) was added to the sample and the tube was shaken vigorously. The tube was put in steam bath (90 ˚C) for 30 min and then the tube sample was cooled with ice. Finally, one mL of heptane and three mL of potassium carbonate 10% was added and mixed for one minute using a shaker. The sample was centrifuged (Centrifuge 5415 R; Rotofix 32A, Germany) at 300 g for 5 min. Heptane phase (upper phase) was transferred to the GC vial (1.5 mL) using Pasteur pipette.
Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed using a GC (GC-FID; HP 6890 chromatograph, Hewlett-Packard, Avondale, PA, USA) fitted with a flame ionization detector. The GC was equipped with a Chrompack CP-Sil 88 TM fused silica capillary column (100 m×0.25 mm i.d., 0.2 mm film thickness; Varian Inc., Walnut Creek, CA, USA). The injector and detector temperatures were maintained at 280 ˚C and 300 ˚C, respectively. Initially, the column temperature was held at 150 ˚C for 5 min and then increased at 5 ˚C min−1 to 180 ˚C (held for 30 min), then increased at 1 ˚C min−1 to 190 ˚C (held for 5 min) and finally increased at 1 ˚C min−1 to 200 ˚C (held for 35 min). Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Identification of common FAs was accomplished by comparison of sample peak retention times with those of FAME standard mixtures (SupelcoTM37 component FAME Mix, Supelco-47885-U, Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany) and by using published chromatograms obtained under similar analytical conditions. Result for each FA was expressed as percentage of total FAME.
Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures in SAS Software (SAS, 2008). The model considered the fixed effects of meat species (kids, lambs, and calves) and meat type (lean meat vs. fat meat) and the interaction effects. Non-significant interactions were excluded from the model. For all statistical analyses, significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at P ≤ 0.10, unless otherwise stated. The Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) test was used for multiple treatment comparisons using the LSMEANS with letter grouping obtained using SAS pdmix800 macro (Saxton 1998). The residual analysis was carried out to test the model assumptions using the UNIVARIATE procedure with NORMAL and PLOT options.
The major FAs of red meat produced in TPS were oleic acid (C18:1), stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) irrespective of the species (Table 1). Stearic and palmitic acid values were numerically similar to those reported in concentrate fed ruminants (Enser et al. 1996; Banskalieva et al. 2000; Wood et al. 2008). Red meat produced in TPS had relatively less SFAs and more oleic acid (C18:1) than those reported in concentrate fed ruminants (Enser et al. 1996; Banskalieva et al. 2000; Wood et al. 2008). Under TPS condition, animals are generally fed with green forages. Linolenic acid (7 to 37 g), linoleic acid (2 to 10 g), and palmitic acid (3 to 8 g) contribute to the 90% of FAs in forages (Clapham et al. 2005). Fatty acids of dietary forages are hydrogenated in the rumen, causing a decrease in linolenic acid and an increase in monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) (Jenkins et al. 2008; Fincham et al. 2009). In the present study, n-6/n-3 ratio in meat produced under TPS was notably lower than those reported for forage-fed and concentrate-fed ruminants. The low n-6/n-3 ratio in LD muscle found in animals under TPS was mainly due to higher percentage of n-3 fatty acids compared to other reports. For instance, Lori goat reared under TPS in comparison with Pateri goats (Pakistani breed) under traditional feeding system (Talpur at al. 2008) produced meat with almost two-fold higher ALA (C18:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), and docosapentaenoicacid (DPA, C22:5 n-3). In general, inclusion of high quantity of green forages in ruminant diet positively increased amounts of ALA, and EPA in meat (Nuernberg et al. 2005; Bas et al. 2005; Fincham et al. 2009). Pasture finishing animals produced higher quantities of n-3 fatty acids; consequently improved both the PUFAs/SFAs and n-6/n-3 ratios in comparison with concentrate-fed animals (reviewed by Howesb et al. 2015). The meat of cattle grazed on pasture had higher amount of ALA and lower linolenic acid (LA; C18:2 n-6) compared to meat from concentrate-fedcattle (Daley et al. 2010). French et al. (2000) reported that beef cattle on pasture had higher amount of omega-3 FAs, consequently better ratio of n-6/n-3 compared to concentrate-fed ones. Low n-6/n-3 ratio in meat is nutritionally important character because of its relationship with cardiovascular disease mortalities (Simopoulos, 2006). The n-6/n-3 ratio in a healthy diet should be kept below 4.0 (Simopoulos, 2006). Long chain fatty acids such as EPA and DHA have been given much attention due to their biological potency and that they are beneficial to human health. In present study, red meat produced under TPS showed relatively high concentrations of EPA, DHA, and DPA suggesting an alternative source for these important FAs. These findings were in agreement with other reports suggesting that finishing animals in green forage diets enhanced the long chain FAs composition in meat (Howes et al. 2015). Therefore, some fatty acid characteristics of red meat produced under TPS such as relatively high concentrations of EPA, DHA, and DPA deserve further investigations.
Irrespective of the species, lean meat had higher percentage of myristic acid (C14:0), LA, ALA, arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4 n-6), EPA, and DPA than fat meat (Table 1). Lean meat had higher PUFAs, n-6 FAs, n-3 FAs, and higher ratio of PUFAs/SFAs than fat meat (Table 2). However, no significant differences were found between lean and fat meat in respect to the unhealthy FAs, SFAs, and ratio of n-6/n-3 (Table 2). Furthermore, lean meat showed higher PUFAs/SFAs ratio than fat meat (0.35 vs. 0.18). The value of PUFAs/SFAs found in lean meat produced under TPS conditions was very close to that of desirable value (i.e. >0.4) in a healthy diet (Simopoulos, 2006). The higher PUFAs/SFAs ratio in lean red meat compared to fat meat might be explained by a low capacity of storing long chain FAs in adipose tissue of ruminants (Wood et al. 2008). In general, adipose tissue has less phospholipid, but more triglycerides than does muscle tissue. Phospholipids contain 10 times more LA and 8 times more ALA than triglycerides, whereas triglycerides have higher contents of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid compared to phospholipids (Scollan et al. 2006; Wood et al. 2008).
PUSAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids and SFAs: saturated fatty acids.
Red meat of kids showed several nutritional merits over the meat of lambs and calves. Sum of SFAs in kids’ meat was lower than that in lambs and calves (Table 2). Lower SFAs in kids could be partly explained by higher bio-hydrogenation in goats compared to the other ruminants. Tora et al. (2016) reported an interspecies variation in rumen microbiota and rumen biohydrognation between dairy goats and cows. They reported more rumen biohydrognation and higher SFAs concentration (in particular, 16:0 and 18:0) in rumen fluid of goats compared with cows. However, in the present study, kid meat had significantly lower palmitic acid (C16:0) than both calves and lambs (Table 1). Kids had the lowest unhealthy FAs (C16:0+C14:0) and the highest desirable FAs (C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:5 and C22:5) among the three species. The content of desirable FAs in kids’ meat in the present study (76%) was in range of reported 61 to 81% (Banskalieva et al. 2000). Stearic acid contributed to 43%, 37% and 34% of sum of SFAs in kids, lambs, and calves meat, respectively. Stearic acid is known to have neutral effect on diet–related disease risk (Hunter et al. 2010; Katan et al. 1994). In fact, undesirable FAs and SFAs increased plasma cholesterol concentration (Grundy and Denke, 1990; Katan et al. 1994; Astrup et al. 2011). Therefore, high stearic acid and low undesirable FAs in kid meat are considered as healthy nutritional merits. Kids had higher ALA, EPA and DPA than both calves and lambs (Table1). Consequently, the sum of n-3 FAs in kid’s meat was two-fold more than those in calves and lambs (Table 2). The main source of variations in the FAs profile of red meat is animal nutrition. In the present study, animals grazed same range; however, due to goats feeding behavior, kids also used green leaves of oak trees (Quercus brantii). The leaves of oak trees are tanninferous feeds. Vasta et al. (2009) found the highest UFAs concentrations in ruminal fluid from lambs supplemented with tannins, following to an increase in PUFAs and a decrease in SFAs levels in intramuscular fat. Similarly, the highest levels of LA, ALA and the sum of PUFAs in lamb muscle were found in the diet with the largest amount of tannins (Willems et al. 2014). Grazing animals on diverse pastures in mountainous areas accumulated more biohydrogenation intermediates in the rumen and an elevated PUFAs content in inter-muscular fat. This suggested that rumen biohydrogenation was partially inhibited and PUFAs were further desaturated and elongated when animals were grazed on the botanically diverse pasture (Lourenco et al. 2007). Fat meat in kids contained a high percentage of PUFAs (Figure 1), and high ratio of PUFAs/SFAs (0.34) regardless to the type of meat. Fat meat of kids contained lower oleic acid than lean meat whereas fat meat of lambs and calves had higher values compared to lean meat (Figure 1). Monounsaturated fatty acids in lean meat compared to fat meat was lower in kids, while in calves lean meat had less MUFAs compared with fat meat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in lean meat and fat meat of kids did not differ, whereas in lambs and calves lean meat had higher PUFAs compared to fat meat (Figure 1). Lean meat of lambs and calves contained two-fold more PUFAs compared to fat meat.
Figure 1 Significant interaction effects between species (kids, lambs and calves) and meat type (without or with subcutaneous fat) on oleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of longissimus dorsi muscle presented as percentage of total fatty acid proportions.
a, b and c Bars in the same chart with a common superscript letter do not differ significantly (P<0.05).
The high percentage of PUFA in fat meats of kids in comparison with lambs and caves isinteresting since the PUFAs subcutaneous fat in ruminants is generally low (approximately 0.15). Unsaturated fatty acids of dietary lipids are mainly converted to SFAs through bacterial lipolysis and biohydrogenation in the rumen (Jenkins et al. 2008). In general, adipose tissue has less phospholipid, but more triglycerides than does muscle tissue. Phospholipids contain more PUFAs (LA and ALA) than triglycerides, whereas triglycerides have higher contents of C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1 compared to phospholipids (Wood et al. 2008) presumably because the capacity for incorporation of PUFA into phospholipids is limited. Feeding ruminants a diet rich in PUFAs promotes fat deposition in the phospholipid fraction, and SFAs, when in excess, are deposited and stored in the triglyceride fraction. Compared to grass, mixed leguminous pastures produced significantly higher proportions of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in the abomasum and subcutaneous fats (Lourenco et al. 2007) suggesting greater duodenal flow of PUFAs. The feeding behavior of kids under TPS condition (eating tanniferous feeds) and lower rumen biohydrogenation might have led to more by-pass and intestine absorption of PUFAs consequently storing extra PUFAs in subcutaneous fat.
Red meat produced under TPS conditions showed desirable nutritional merits in terms of fatty acid profile. Transhumant production system enriches the meat quality characteristics in terms of PUFAs. Under TPS condition, kids showed several nutritional merits over the lambs and calves with higher ALA, EPA and DPA. Furthermore, lower unhealthy FAs (C16:0+C14:0) and n-6/n-3 ratio was found in kids compared to lambs and calves presumably due to kid different feeding behaviour and rumen biohydrogenation. This study suggests that under TPS, goats might produce more promising healthy red meat compared to sheep and cattle.
This study was sponsored by Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (Grant number:200/56083).
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The Great Vaccine Debate: A Middle of the Road Stance – Live, Love, Simple.
I’ve debated making this post for years. First, I don’t want to engage in arguments. This is such a hot-button issue. I’ve seen tempers flare so often, that I wonder if it’s even possible to have a healthy, respectful conversation about it. I am open to opposing viewpoints. I am not open to disrespect. Here’s hoping.
Second, until very recently, I had not made up my mind on the issue of childhood vaccinations. Recently, however, my husband and I have finally landed on what we believe will be a permanent decision for our family on the issue of childhood vaccines.
Wherever you stand on the issue, I hope that you will put down your preconceptions for a moment and read this post with an open mind and an open heart. If you are struggling to make this decision for your own children, I hope that you will find this post helpful. If you have made a different decision for your family, then please know that I respect that, too.
I feel strongly that we should all accept each other’s decision on this extremely difficult topic — whatever that might be. This decision should not be taken lightly. Even if you are 100% pro-vaccine, you must also accept that there are risks when it comes to vaccinations. Even if you do not believe that autism is a risk of vaccination, there are many other inherent risks that have nothing to do with the autism debate. I’ll get there in a bit.
I’m going to begin by sharing the decision that we have made for our family because if I don’t, I may come across as anti-vaccine. However, since we have decided to vaccinate our children, you will now understand that I am not, in fact, anti-vaccine.
To be more specific, we have decided to vaccinate our children, however, we are not following the schedule recommended by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and our children’s mainstream pediatric group. There are also a couple of CDC recommended vaccinations that we have not yet decided upon — not including the controversial MMR vaccine. To be clear, we are giving our children the MMR vaccine and our two-year-old has already had his first MMR shot. I will get into more detail about the schedule we are following, and why we’re doing it this way, further on in the post.
Next, I’d like to share a personal story about how a vaccine impacted my life. In 2006, I was preparing for a study abroad trip to Kenya. I received the recommended routine travel vaccines. About 48 hours after receiving the vaccines, I was sitting at my desk at work and I was suddenly overcome with dizziness. I addressed all of the usual things that might cause dizziness (dehydration, low blood sugar, lack of oxygen) but nothing worked. The vertigo was so severe that I couldn’t walk or see straight. I had a friend drive my car home. I went straight to bed, hopeful that I would feel better in the morning. When I woke up the next day, things were worse. The dizziness was so severe that I was nauseous. My mother took me to the emergency room. After several hours and several tests, I was diagnosed with labyrinthitis.
Labyrinthitis is irritation and swelling of the inner ear. It can cause vertigo and hearing loss. It can be caused by an infection or virus. In my case, I did not have either, but my doctors agreed that the vaccines that I received in preparation for my trip most likely caused the side effects that led to the condition.
Gratefully, it only lasted a little more than three weeks. However, during that time, the severe vertigo prevented me from walking on my own. I had to walk with a cane. For three hellish weeks, I lived in terror, wondering if I’d ever be able to walk on my own again.
This is how my mistrust of vaccines began. Prior to this incident I was not at all skeptical of vaccines. I elected to receive an annual flu shot even though I wasn’t in a high risk position. After that incident I was so terrified that I swore off vaccines altogether.
When I became pregnant, the issue was brought top of mind when my OB group forcefully recommended that I get a flu shot. They reminded me of this recommendation at every visit. I repeatedly declined. I never did get a flu shot, but the issue of vaccinations stayed top of mind for me, knowing that I’d have big decisions to make immediately upon giving birth.
And so began my deep, nearly three-year long, exploration into the world of childhood vaccination research.
Today, a lot of the anti-vaccination research is centered around autism. While I do understand many parents concern over autism, it is not the thing that causes me the most anxiety about vaccinations. What worries me is what happened to me (labyrinthitis) as well as all of the other well-documented, undisputed cases of severe, often times life-threatening, adverse reactions to vaccines.
As with any medical treatment, there are possibilities of severe and dangerous side effects from vaccines. This is not controversial. It is a fact that even the most strong vaccine advocates must admit to. Yes, true vaccine injuries of a serious nature are exceptionally rare. However, they do exist and we know that they exist because they have been medically confirmed and published in peer-reviewed, credible medical journals.
For example, American, David Salamone and Jacob McCarthy from Australia both developed paralytic polio from the oral polio vaccine, which is no longer administered in the United States or Australia. Saba Button from Australia developed brain damage after ongoing febrile seizures from CSL’s FluVax. This vaccine has now been withheld for use in children younger than 5.
Yes, the possibility of severe side effects may be small. Yes, the consequences of not administering the vaccines may be worse. But the fact remains that vaccines can be dangerous. For me, that is the scary thing about vaccinating my children.
Each and every time I allow a vaccine to be injected into my babies, I am exposing them to a potential risk. For me, it’s terrifying and I still get heartsick every single time I do it. That will not change.
Yet, after all of my research and all of my fears, I have decided that it is important for my children to receive most of the childhood vaccinations that the CDC recommends.
For the purposes of this article, I have decided not to get into the research regarding vaccine-safety, potential side effects, autism, and so on. I believe that every parent should take it upon his or herself to conduct this research. Go into it with an open mind. If you’ve already made up your mind about vaccines, don’t bother. So much of the research that you’ll come across is incredibly slanted in one direction or the other and you will easily be turned off.
It’s also easy to find research that supports your opinion if you go looking for it. However, if you are truly interested in educating yourself on the matter, go into it with an open mind. Find reputable, peer-reviewed research that supports both sides of the debate. Be diligent and discerning. Then make the decision that is best for your family.
A note of caution — and perhaps the most controversial thing I’ll say in this post. Do not blindly accept the word of your family physician simply because you “trust” him or her. I’ve heard enough people use this argument to justify whatever decision they make. I believe that failing to do your own research is dangerous. Sadly, sometimes the people that you trust with your family’s health do not have your family’s best interest at heart. Do not do yourself or your children a disservice by failing to make an informed decision.
In the same way that I have decided not to get into the research against vaccines, I also will not dive into the research for vaccines. Once again, I recommend that you do your own research. With this said, vaccines have drastically reduced or eradicated many of the diseases that once paralyzed and killed children on massive scales. These diseases include polio, small pox, measles, mumps, rubella, and whooping cough, to name a few.
The consequences of vaccine-preventable illnesses range from mild to severe to crippling to fatal. There is no doubt that vaccinations have saved the lives and the quality of life of countless babies and children. When I weigh the potential for side effects against the greater good that vaccines have accomplished, and the danger that they can protect my children from, clearly my decision falls in favor of vaccination.
Recently, Roman came down with a fairly severe case of the Coxsakie Virus and Hand, Foot, Mouth Disease. He was sick for about a week, but he was very sick for the first three days with a soaring temperature, reaching 104.6 degrees. He was also in incredible discomfort with painful blisters filling the inside of his mouth and throat.
As we moved through those terrible days, Matthew and I looked at one another and said, “This. This is why vaccines are important.” Watching our baby boy suffer was excruciating. Knowing that vaccines prevent babies from suffering cemented our decision on this subject.
By this point, I hope that it’s clear as to why we’ve made the decision that we have. I also hope that it does not come across as though I am attempting to sway anyone to one side or the other. As I’ve said before, I understand both sides, I truly do. Now I am going to move into the part of this discussion where I become a bit more rigid. You may sense some frustration here, and if you do, you’re right.
Next, I am going to talk about the CDC recommended vaccine schedule, which I highly disagree with. Frankly, I think it’s out of control and dangerous. In all of my research, I simply cannot find any explanation as to why children in the United States are being routinely exposed to such a high number of vaccines at one time and at such an early age — beginning at one day old.
Why is exposure to multiple vaccines dangerous? It is easy to understand why multiple vaccines are dangerous when you understand how vaccines work. Live vaccines are made up of a weakened version of the bacteria or virus responsible for the disease. When a vaccine is received, the body’s immune system detects this weakened or dead germ or germ part and reacts just as it would when a new full blown infection occurs. It begins making antibodies against the vaccine material. These antibodies remain in the body and are ready to react if an actual infectious organism attacks. In a sense, vaccines trick the body into thinking it is under attack. To fight back, the immune system makes antibodies that will remain in the body and provide a defense when a real infection becomes a threat.
Aside from an increased likelihood of a reaction, multiple vaccines are an intensified attack on the baby or child’s immune system. This is why vaccinations will be delayed if a child is sick. The pediatrician will also take the child’s temperature and examine ears and throat to look for signs of infection before a vaccine is administered.
In all of my research, the only reason that I can find to expose a baby or child to multiple vaccines at once is convenience.
Let’s address the change in the CDC recommended vaccine schedule from 1983 to present day. What happened back then that produced this landslide effect?
In 1986, The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) of 1986 was enacted in the United States to reduce the potential financial liability of vaccine makers due to vaccine injury claims. Under the NCVIA, the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP) was created to provide a federal no-fault system for compensating vaccine-related injuries or death.
In other words, if an adult, child, or baby is injured, paralyzed, or killed as a result of a vaccination — according to the United States government — technically, legally, no one is at fault. It does not matter the circumstance. It does not matter if gross error was involved. It does not matter if vaccines are in early experimental stages or even if a particular body knowingly administers a vaccine that is known to be unsafe. When vaccine injury occurs, it is not necessary by law, for the vaccine manufacturer, the pharmaceutical company, or the prescribing doctor to be held accountable in any way.
Since this law went into effect, the number of vaccines that are administered to children in their first 6 years of life has nearly quadrupled. (See chart at top of post.) I’m going to hold off on sharing my personal opinion about this law and about its effects.
With regard to the CDC recommended vaccine schedule for children, I believe that vaccines are given too early and too many at once.
The CDC recommends that newborn babies receive the Hepatitis B vaccine at one-day-old and all hospitals in the US offer this vaccine to newborns. If you do not opt-out, most hospitals will just go ahead and administer the vaccine. In many other developed nations, mothers are tested for Hepatitis B and if the mother is not a carrier, the matter is dropped until later in the child’s life. Decide for yourself about the appropriateness of vaccinating a one-day-old baby for a sexually transmitted disease.
Next up are the CDC’s recommendations for a two-month-old baby. In a single visit, it is recommended that the baby receive the following shots: RV (Rotavirus), DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis), Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type B), PCV (Pneumococcal conjugate), and IPV (Polio). That is a total of 5 jabs and 7 vaccinations. Note that several injections contain multiple vaccines. Once again, you decide about the appropriateness of giving 5 injections/7 vaccinations at one time to a two-month-old baby.
Now I will briefly discuss our decisions for administering vaccines to our children. First of all, we opted out of giving both of our babies the Hepatitis B vaccine at one-day-old. We have postponed it until much later, at least two years.
We decided to push Roman’s first set of vaccinations off until three months. With Marina we waited until four months. We originally planned to follow Dr. Sears’ alternate vaccine schedule. We agreed to give Roman two vaccinations during his first set. The night after receiving them, he developed his first fever. It was my very first experience with a sick baby and a terrifying experience that I will never forget.
I immediately regretted giving him two vaccines. My main concern was that if he were to have a severe reaction, we wouldn’t know what he was reacting to, since he was exposed to two separate vaccines. Although he gratefully did not have a severe reaction (no more than a terrifying high fever) it was more than enough for me. We decided that going forward, our babies would receive one vaccine at a time.
Administering one vaccine at a time drastically reduces the chance and severity of common reactions such as fever, soreness, and lethargy. Additionally, in the case that the baby has a severe reaction to a vaccine, we will know what caused it.
Side note — because I received several vaccinations at once, before being diagnosed with Labyrynthitis, I have never been able to determine which vaccine caused the reaction.
It’s shocking to me that these are the only two reasons that are given to support their recommendation to give a baby so many vaccines at once. If I pry for any further information, I am told simply that the schedule is recommended by the CDC and that there is plenty of research that shows that vaccines are safe.
Once again, the only reason that I am given to explain why we should expose our babies to multiple vaccines at once is convenience.
To close out this part of the post, I’d like to add that we have not yet made a decision about whether or not we will administer the Varicella (Chicken Pox) or the flu vaccines to our children. These vaccines are not on the recommended schedule of many other developed nations. I have found substantial research that the benefits of these vaccinations may not be worth the risks. Further, the Varicella vaccine is fairly new and I’m not convinced of its long-term safety. I have to do more research before I make a final decision and we may run into an issue as our pediatric group requires all patients to receive these vaccines.
I will close this post with some thoughts about respect and tolerance. As I’ve mentioned many times now, I respect both sides of the vaccine debate and it should be clear now as to why that is. However, what I have observed is that a lot of people do not respect both sides of the debate. In fact, a lot of people are really angry at people who have made a different decision than they have.
I understand why this debate is so contentious. No matter which side you stand on, the health of babies and children is at stake, and that is a really big deal. I also understand the argument of herd immunity and that people feel that not vaccinating puts others at risk. However, at the end of the day, I simply do not believe that any person has the right to tell a parent what to do with their child, especially when it comes to such a high-stakes scenario.
I read a story of a mother who was angry because her daughter contracted Pertussis (whooping cough) even though she had been vaccinated against it. She felt that the Pertussis outbreak was a result of parents choosing not to vaccinate. She was angry that her child got sick even though she had been vaccinated. I understand and sympathize with her anger.
I read a story of a father whose son — who had never exhibited symptoms before — began exhibiting symptoms of autism almost immediately after receiving the MMR vaccine. He was angry. I understand and sympathize with his anger.
I have heard parents of vaccinated children say that they will not let their children play with un-vaccinated children. I will not be one of those parents.
At the end of the day, these are deeply personal, tremendously important decisions that every parent is forced to make. I believe that we owe it to one another to be respectful of whatever decisions we make. I have chosen to vaccinate my children in a way that I am comfortable with, even though it still scares the heck out of me. At the same time, I would never get angry at a parent who has decided not to vaccinate their children.
There is no right or wrong here. There are only very difficult decisions to be made. The best that we can do is educate ourselves, support one another, and make the best informed decisions for our children that we are able to.
If you’ve read this far, I sincerely thank you for taking the time. I welcome your feedback. I realize that this is an opinion piece. I have deliberately chosen not to include research here as I feel that it is extremely important for all parents to conduct their own open-minded, thorough research on this topic. I am happy to answer any questions that you may have.
Read every word. I have to say, you did a really great job at approaching this hot topic in a way that is respectful to both sides. I really think you succeeded there. Vaccinating my kids scares me, too. We do it, but I’m never comfortable with it. Luckily for us (so far), we haven’t dealt with any major side effects other than some irritability and lethargy. I’m so impressed with the amount of research you’ve done. I’m ashamed to say that I’ve done next to none. I really do feel more informed, however, after reading this (even without the research). We’ve always spaced our vaccines out, but not as you have done. We’ve split them in half so they’ve received 2 shots with each visit. But I’m thinking now that I should only do one each time, as you’ve decided to do. That makes me feel a lot more comfortable in an already uncomfortable situation. And I’m also bothered now to read that the pediatrician should check for any sickness before administering the vaccine because mine does not when we come in for just the shots (not the well visit). The nurse always gives the shots without even asking if the baby has shown any signs of sickness. Huh. Good to know. Thanks for sharing all of this. I definitely found it helpful.
I have to say, looking at the 1983 schedule made me feel really happy that I was born in 1982. That current schedule is insane!
My husband is one of those people who is extremely sensitive to medication and all vaccines and is allergic to everything, so even when he was a kid in the 70s, he had to be on a modified vaccine schedule. I, apparently, was fine — but I’m all for modified schedules and one vaccine at a time. I think this is an extremely rational way to think about things, and nobody should jump down your throat for that! From what I’ve researched it is the most reasonable approach.
And as for flu/chicken pox … we never had those vaccines when we were kids and we turned out just fine! 😛 If I ever had a child I don’t know how I’d feel about giving those to my kids, because in my eyes they seem optional. We all got the flu and had chicken pox and it wasn’t really a big deal. You know?
I loved this post! I consider myself middle of the road- not 100% for or against. I have 2 boys ages 6 and 9 and we did a delayed schedule, but still got the multiple shots in 1 visit. I just had another baby, and while I’m still not 100% anti vax, I was looking for other options and I love the idea of doing 1 at a time! My question is how long did you decide to space out the single doses? Days? Weeks? | 2019-04-24T11:46:12Z | http://livelovesimple.com/the-great-vaccine-debate-middle-of-the-road-stance/ |
Article 1 For the purposes of these Rules, day trading of securities shall mean trading, by the normal settlement method, in which, by agreement of the principal and the securities firm, with respect to a TWSE (or GTSM) listed security designated by the competent authority, after a buy order or sell order for the security is executed on the cash (spot) market, an equal quantity of the security is offset through the same brokerage account on the same day, and the settlement of funds is conducted based on the price difference after the offsetting of the opposite trades.
If a TWSE (or GTSM) listed security that is eligible for day trading has been publicly announced by the TWSE or the GTSM under relevant bylaws or rules as being placed under an altered trading method or under dispositive measures, the security may not be an object of a day trade.
Day trades of securities are limited to day trades between trades executed in normal trading before market close, and to day trades between a buy or sell trade executed in normal trading before market close and an opposite offsetting trade executed in after-hours fixed-price trading.
These Rules do not apply to odd-lot trades, block trades, trades conducted under Article 74 of the TWSE Operating Rules, and trades conducted through over-the-counter price negotiation under Article 32-1, and trades under Article 39, of the GreTai Securities Market Rules Governing Securities Trading on the GTSM.
Article 2 A principal applying to conduct day trades of securities shall have opened a brokerage account for three full months and shall have had at least 10 trading orders executed within the most recent one year, provided that these restrictions do not apply to those that have opened a margin account or to professional institutional investors.
A principal shall first sign a general authorization agreement with the securities broker, stipulating the matters specified in Article 1, paragraph 1, and, unless a professional institutional investor, shall sign a risk disclosure statement before the securities broker may accept the principal's orders for day trades.
If a principal has signed a general authorization agreement, and on the day of a trade does not wish to offset the trade in day trading, the principal shall, before market close, make a statement to the securities broker. The securities broker shall confirm the statement and keep a record.
The risk disclosure statement and general authorization agreement under the preceding paragraphs shall be publicly announced by the TWSE.
Professional institutional investors under paragraphs 1 and 2 shall mean domestic and foreign banks, insurance companies, bills finance companies, securities firms, fund management companies, government investment institutions, government funds, pension funds, mutual funds, unit trusts, securities investment trust enterprises, securities investment consulting enterprises, trust enterprises, futures commission merchants, futures service enterprises, and other institutions approved by the competent authority.
A securities broker shall input into the computer systems designated by the TWSE and the GTSM the list of names of principals that may conduct day trades. If there is any change, an adjustment shall be made immediately.
A principal may not use an omnibus trading account to engage in day trades of securities. Trades conducted after trade allocation of an omnibus trading account, and trades for which the account number is corrected after trade allocation, may not be offset as day trades.
Article 3 The monetary amount of a principal's initial buy and sell orders executed in day trading shall be included in the calculation toward the single-day trading limit. However, the monetary amounts of the opposite offsetting orders executed in day trading shall not be included in the calculation toward the single-day trading limit. Trading limit amounts may not be credited back for revolving use on the same day after being offset in day trading.
If the securities broker, pursuant to relevant regulations, does not establish a single-day trading limit for the principal, and the principal engages in day trades, it shall separately establish a limit for day trades. The total sum of sell orders for day trades may not exceed the day trading limit. The monetary amount of buy orders and the monetary amount of canceled sell orders need not be included in the calculation toward the day trading limit. After a limit amount has been offset, it may not be credited back for revolving use on the same day.
The monetary amount of day-trading sell orders by a principal under the preceding paragraph during after-hours fixed-price trading shall be included in the calculation toward the day trading limit, but the monetary amount of unexecuted day-trading sell orders during normal trading hours is not included in the calculation toward the daily limit.
Article 4 The securities broker may collect funds or securities in advance from the principal in full or in a certain percentage as the circumstances merit.
The Operational Directions for Advance Collection of Funds and Securities by Securities Brokers in Brokerage Trading shall apply mutatis mutandis to the operations for the advance collection of funds and securities under the preceding paragraph.
Article 5 The securities broker shall, after the closing of the market each business day, assess whether to increase, or decrease, a principal's single-day trading limit or day trading limit, based on the principal's profit or loss following day trading.
Article 6 If the principal's cumulative loss from day trading of the preceding month reaches half of the single-day trading limit or day trading limit, the securities broker shall suspend day trading by the principal. The securities broker shall reassess the principal's single-day trading limit or the day trading limit after the principal has submitted proof of adequate financial capability, unless the principal is a professional institutional investor.
Article 7 When a securities broker accepts an order to sell shares on the spot market, the broker shall confirm whether the order quantity exceeds the aggregate sum of the balance of those securities deposited in the principal's depository account and the quantity of the principal's cash purchases of the securities executed the same day. If the order exceeds that sum, the securities broker also shall confirm that it has a sufficient quantity of the securities, for the broker to lend to the principal for settlement purposes in the event that the principal fails to complete an opposite purchase to close out the day trade.
Where the quantity of sold spot securities reported by the dealing department of a securities firm (securities trading account number: 000000-0) exceeds the aggregate sum of the balance of the securities in the depository account which it keeps and the quantity of cash purchases of the securities executed the same day, the securities firm shall confirm with the brokerage department that it has a sufficient quantity of the securities for transfer into the account for settlement purposes in the event that an opposite purchase to close out the day trade is not completed.
The sources of securities for lending or transfer out of the account by a securities broker as referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be limited to securities borrowed by said broker from a customer, proprietary securities transferred by the dealing department of said broker, or securities borrowed through securities lending business conducted by said broker; or securities borrowed from another securities broker that borrows the securities from its own customers, proprietary securities transferred by the dealing department of such other broker, or securities borrowed through securities lending business conducted by such other broker; and relent to the securities broker.
A public company's directors, supervisors, managerial officers, and greater than 10 percent shareholders (including their spouses, minor children, and any other persons in whose names they hold shares) may not borrow or lend stock of that public company under paragraphs 1 and 2 herein. Stock of that public company placed in trust by those persons also may not be lent.
The rate charged for lending of securities to cover a shortfall in securities deliverable in day trading under paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not exceed 7 percent of the closing price of the securities on the day of their sale. Subject to the shortfall in securities deliverable in day trading being made up, the securities firm may borrow from those with confirmed intent to lend, in ascending order of lending rate. A securities firm shall borrow from a customer first if the lending rate charged by the internal personnel of the securities firm is the same as that by the customer.
Article 8 If the securities broker is unable to lend securities to the principal under the preceding article, the securities broker will authorize a financial enterprise to bid or negotiate on its behalf for the borrowing of securities in accordance with the TWSE Securities Borrowing and Lending Rules or the GTSM Securities Borrowing and Lending Rules.
If the quantity of securities borrowed by the securities broker through the bidding or negotiation procedures under the preceding article is still insufficient, the TWSE or GTSM will arrange on its behalf for the borrowing of the remaining quantity of securities required for settlement in accordance with the TWSE Securities Borrowing and Lending Rules or the GTSM Securities Borrowing and Lending Rules.
Article 9 When a principal or the dealing department of a securities firm has sold spot securities but fails to complete an opposite purchase, the securities broker shall, on the first business day after the trade date of the sale of the spot securities, make a forced repurchase through a "special account for handling shortfalls in securities deliverable in day trading" (securities trading account number: 889999-9) set up by the broker's headquarters, for purposes of returning the securities borrowed under Articles 7 and 8. If it is unable to make a forced repurchase of the full quantity on the first business day after the trade date of the sale of the spot securities, it shall, beginning from the second business day after the trade date of the sale of the spot securities, continuously repurchase the securities until the full quantity has been repurchased. Forcibly repurchased securities shall be used, in first priority, to return securities borrowed through bidding and negotiation procedures under Article 8.
If the securities broker is unable, on the first business day after the trade date of the sale of the spot securities, to make a forced repurchase of the full quantity of the securities borrowed under Article 7, it shall notify the party that lent the securities and the principal that borrowed the securities to continue lending and borrowing the securities that have not yet been forcibly repurchased until the full quantity has been repurchased. The party that lent the securities may not request the early return of the securities. The securities lending rate shall be as provided in Article 7, paragraph 5, and shall be calculated based on the closing price on the day of the continued lending. If there is no closing price for the securities on the current day, it shall be calculated based on the auction reference price at market opening of the current trading session.
If the securities broker is unable, on the first business day after the trade date of the sale of the spot securities, to make a forced repurchase of the full quantity of the securities borrowed through bidding or negotiation procedures under Article 8, it shall continue to authorize the financial enterprise to bid or negotiate on its behalf for the borrowing of the quantity of securities not yet forcibly repurchased.
Forced repurchases under this article may be made in ordinary trading, after-hours fixed-price trading, odd-lot trading, or block trading. However, the "special account for handling shortfalls in securities deliverable in day trading" referred to in paragraph 1 may be used only to make purchases in the spot market, and may not be used to make sales. Also, an omnibus account may not be used for forced repurchases, nor may an account number correction be reported.
Article 10 The securities broker must first sign a Contract for Securities Lending to Cover Shortfalls in Securities Deliverable in Day Trading with the customer or the other securities broker that lends the securities and with the principal that borrows the securities, respectively. The securities broker also must open a Special Account for Handling Shortfalls in Securities Deliverable in Day Trading before the broker may handle business in connection with securities lending to cover shortfalls in securities deliverable in day trading under Article 7.
Securities lending period: that the securities will be returned after the securities broker has forcibly repurchased the securities and settlement has been completed.
Processing fee rate and securities lending fee rate.
A template of the contract under the preceding paragraph shall be adopted by the Taiwan Securities Association and submitted to the TWSE for recordation.
Article 11 A securities broker shall set up a separate account ledger for each customer and make itemized daily entries of shortfalls in securities deliverable in day trading, borrowing of securities through bidding or negotiation procedures, settlement-driven securities borrowing, return of securities, entitlement compensation, and related matters.
A securities broker shall, based on the account entry records under the preceding paragraph, prepare a reconciliation statement each month and deliver it to the customer, unless there is no record of borrowing for the given month and neither the lender nor the borrower has submitted a written request for a statement.
The securities broker shall obtain written statements of consent signed by securities borrowers and by lenders under Article 7 consenting for the securities broker to provide the signer's personal information related to securities borrowing to the TWSE, GTSM, and any institution designated by the competent authority, as required for collection, processing, or international transmission, and utilization, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
Article 12 When there is book closure by an issuer of a security eligible for day trading, all sell-first buy-later day trading of that security, and all operations for lending of that security to cover shortfalls in day trading under Article 7, shall be suspended beginning from 5 business days before the book closure date. This restriction shall not apply, however, if the cause for the book closure by the issuer has no effect on the exercise of shareholder rights.
If the commencement date of book closure is scheduled to fall on the second settlement day after the last trading day before the Lunar New Year Holidays, then the first settlement day after the last trading day is included in the calculation of "business days."
If the commencement date of book closure is scheduled to fall during the Lunar New Year Holidays or on the first trading day following the Lunar New Year Holidays, then the two settlement days after the last trading day are both included in the calculation of "business days."
If the commencement date of book closure is scheduled to fall on a weekend or other regular holiday after the first trading day following, or on the second trading day following, the Lunar New Year Holidays, then the first settlement day after the last trading day is included in the calculation of "business days."
Article 13 When a principal, after selling securities on the spot market, fails to complete an opposite purchase to close out the day trade, the principal shall be solely liable for all fees incurred in connection with any borrowing of securities, or bidding or price negotiation for the borrowing of securities, to cover any shortfall in securities deliverable in day trading, or with settlement-driven securities borrowing, and for any price difference and other fees incurred in connection with a forced repurchase.
By 5 p.m. on the first business day after a forced repurchase for the return of borrowed securities, the principal shall pay in full any price difference and fees incurred in connection with a forced repurchase under the preceding paragraph, and will be deemed in default if the payment is late.
Article 14 The securities firm shall, by 6 p.m. on the trade date, input the types of securities and amounts traded in day trades through the brokerage account into the computer system designated by the TWSE or GTSM. If the securities firm fails to input the amount of a day trade, it shall be deemed not to be a day trade. The input data may not be adjusted after 10 a.m. on the second business day following the trade date.
Article 15 When a principal, after selling securities on the spot market, fails to complete an opposite purchase to close out the day trade, the securities broker shall input an itemized report of the shortfall of securities in day trading into the computer system designated by the TWSE or GTSM by 6 p.m. on the trade date.
When a securities broker conducts securities lending to cover a shortfall in securities deliverable in day trading under Article 7, it shall by 6 p.m. on the day of the securities lending, input an itemized report of the lending and borrowing of the securities into the Platform for Reporting Shortfalls in Securities Deliverable in Day Trading, so that a notice can be forwarded to the Taiwan Depository & Clearing Corporation to carry out the securities transfer procedures. If the source of the securities lent by the securities broker is another securities broker, the other securities broker also shall simultaneously input an itemized report of the lending of the securities into the Platform for Reporting Shortfalls in Securities Deliverable in Day Trading.
When a securities broker authorizes a financial enterprise to bid or negotiate on its behalf for the borrowing of securities under Article 8, it shall, by 6 p.m. on the first business day after the execution of the sale of the securities in the spot market, input an itemized report of the borrowing of the securities into the Platform for Reporting Shortfalls in Securities Deliverable in Day Trading, so that a notice can be forwarded to the Taiwan Depository & Clearing Corporation to carry out the securities transfer procedures.
A securities broker shall, by 10 a.m. on the second business day after the trade date of the forced repurchase, input an itemized report of the repurchase into the computer system designated by the TWSE or the GTSM.
A securities broker shall, by 6 p.m. on the second business day after the trade date of the forced repurchase, input an itemized report of the return of securities borrowed to cover a shortfall in securities deliverable in day trading under Article 7 into the Platform for Reporting Shortfalls in Securities Deliverable in Day Trading, so that a notice can be forwarded to the Taiwan Depository & Clearing Corporation to carry out the securities transfer procedures.
Article 16 Matters not provided for herein shall be governed mutatis mutandis by the relevant regulations of the TWSE and GTSM.
Article 17 These Rules and any amendments hereto are drafted by the TWSE in consultation with the GTSM, and shall be announced and implemented after submission to and approval by the competent authority. | 2019-04-19T12:35:16Z | http://twse-regulation.twse.com.tw/ENG/EN/law/DAT0201.aspx?FLCODE=FL071871 |
Identifying what size in purchasing slipcovers is fairly easy. All slipcovers are 114 inches from bottom front to bottom back. Sofa slipcover sets are created to fit a sofa that is 74 to 96 inches large. Loveseat slipcovers will certainly fit anything from 58 to 73 inches large and chairs should be 32 to 40 inches large for an excellent fit. Preparing your sofa, loveseat or chairs is a matter of looking for batting that could have used off of arms or seat cushions that need reshuffled to provide much better seating convenience. Set your slipcover in place and start tucking deep into crevices to keep your cover firmly in place. Roll up a magazine and safe tightly with rubber bands. Use these rollers to pack between the seat cushion and armrest or backrest to add extra security.
As you can see, you are truly utilizing a rather a lot even more of your body’s resources than you could have thought. If any one, or maybe even more than one, of these muscles, or parts of your body are causing you pain then entering and from a chair can be challenging and something that you could fear. Possibly you have to think about getting a riser recliner chair as a way of alleviating your pain when utilizing a chair. A riser recliner chair is developed so that it does all the heavy lifting that your body typically does.
Tight back sofas have the firmest seat as their bounced back have no pillows for you to sink into and you tend to sit upright in these sofas. Sofas with tight backs don’t get as messy-looking as pillow-back sofas can, since there are no pillows that require consistent straightening. They offer softer seats however still preserves a neat and tidy appearance with their pillows that are sewn onto the inside back of the sofa, avoiding them from shifting around. The seating comfort is reasonably firm however, just like all designs, will differ based on the depth of the sofa and the quality of the filling in the cushions. Loose Pillow Back sofas generally have the same number of back and seat cushions, enabling fabric matching of stripes and plaids. In this case the back pillows are reversible and can generally be unzipped for re-stuffing.
If you and your partner are going the family means, and she needs to unwind in a sitting position it ends up being anxious for her on the chair or the sofa due to the fact that her lower or upper back does not get the correct support. So a leather recliner is the very best solution for her as she can adjust the back and foot rest of the recliner chair to easily fit the position she feels best in. At the end of the day, recliner chairs are more inexpensive and much less priced than sofas which offer lower convenience. They are likewise readily available in large sounded of colors, structures and materials to fit your needs and requirements.
Leather sofas are rather the exact same and fall in the category of the old is gold possessions. Now likewise when one choose purchasing a furnishings say a sofa the primarily thing is the leather sofas that enter mind. They are all time strikes as well as evergreen. All the characters of the elegance as well as beauty exist in these sofas. Generally it is rather pricey due to the fact that of the style and class it brings. One need to only choose sofas comprised of original leather and prevent and beware of those that are phony and duplicate. Buying a good quality of leather sofa is rather a hard job, due to the fact that now a day the marketplace is full of fakes and duplicates. So, one need to beware when purchasing them. For decreasing the production costs the quality is deferred and it basically ends up being the phony of the original ones. The designs with split leather is kept on the back and leading grain is positioned are the very best.
Some recliner chairs include some amazing technology these days. There are lot’s of various types to select from as well. Swivel chairs are exceptional for gaming and relaxation. All rotate at a 360 degree angle with a solid base. Leather chairs are trendy, fashionable, and comfy. They are available in various colors and are really simple to clean. The massage chair is imbued with technology to provide you a great calming massage for as long as you really want. This gadget is proven to assist in relaxing muscles and can be used at the home, in your office or almost anywhere else you require one. Riser reclining chairs are motorized and have the capability to push you out of the chair gradually and efficiently making it a should for older people.
Where Can You Obtain The Best Thomasville Couch?
Reversible quilts and bedspreads are always a hit since they permit you to alternate between various looks as typically as you want. The Contadora patchwork designed bedspread with several colors is one such reversible quilt. If you get this bedspread in a set, you will additionally get two shams with tie closures, (or one with the purchase of a twin set).
A drawer chest with rich walnut veneer finish looks glamorous and adds an ornamental element in your bedroom. Other than a drawer chest, bedroom furniture that provides ample storage for clothes, shoes and other add-ons is a dresser. With these tips, you can pick bedroom sets that enhance the appearance of your bedroom, and include to its convenience and enjoyment.
The rocker recliner is the most famous kind of recliner and therefore most mostly manufactured. It can be rocked backward and forward while sitting upright or reclined. The wall-saver option enables you to put it really close to the wall to save space. It can not be rocked while it protests the wall. It has a bigger selection of materials and styles. The warranty is typically 5 years on frame and the unit has a life time warranty. It is also more expensive than 2 position recliner. The push-back recliner has to be pressed by your back to recline. The basic framework is entirely covered with leather and generally matches a modern-looking space due to the fact that of its streamlined design. While the design is more stylish, the leather products make it quite expensive.
They are readily available in a wide range of materialsYou can buy bunk bed mattresses that are made from cotton, high density foam or perhaps polyester with a quilted surface area. These can be purchased from online merchants or from any other thomasville couch outlet. On the other hand, twin bed mattresses come in high density foam or with coiled springs. There are likewise pillow-top mattresses readily available, which are meant to offer additional convenience to the sleeper. When choosing a bed, take the product into factor to consider as some people are allergic to specific kinds of surface areas. For example, people who can not stand allergen might want to go with latex foam mattresses or memory foams as these can stay dust free. Allergy obstacles can likewise be purchased to cover mattresses.
A living-room set is likewise offered for customers. This living room set contains a 3seat sofa, a love seat, a single seat sofa, end tables and a coffee tableConsider the futon. The hallmark of college life can mature and become a terrific piece of furniture if you upgrade. Try to find a futon with a thicker cushion, strong frame, and storage underneath. Before defining a living room furnishings design first complete your main activity of interest in a living room. What does this mean? What I indicate is for do you utilize the living room most. Is it checking out?
When buying thomasville couch, it’s always significant to obtain one that fits perfect. You do need to consider the space of the room where you’ll be placing it. Balance is at perpetuities the secret to any well-planned design, so don’t get a sofa that is too small it will barely be evident versus the reasonably more space-consuming pieces in the room. If you don’t have that much space, select a sofa that might be slightly normally smaller but is simply enough not to make the room too cramped. Just like any furniture purchase you need to make, the most important consideration is quality. You will certainly find that the much better sofas come heavier due to the fact that of the complex support systems that are integrated in them. The cushion needs to be soft yet firm and shouldn’t make you feel anything hard below such as the frame. Remember that if the piece feels hollow or vacant inside, it is likely vacant inside and inadequately built.
Put your feet up, get a cold beverage and rest your hurting back on the ease and coziness of these most-sought after recliners. However before you acquire a recliner chair, there are a lot of factors to consider first when selecting an item. From cost, design, durability and convenience, you need to see all the aspects of the item before making this important decision. One of the very best functions of modern recliners for sale that any individual would surely take pleasure in is its massaging system. A great deal of recliners offer a peaceful massage for your aching body muscles whether due to work anxiety or just getting up on the incorrect side of the bed. With these massaging chairs, you wouldn’t need to consume painkillers as commonly or shed some huge bucks going to a massage parlor.
The types of comforter sets that are do not wrinkle are offered in all the typical sizes – queen, king, and California king. Most companies are starting to make their comforters with this product, so it won’t be long prior to you do not even have to look out for it.
Picking ruffled bed skirts can be a fashionable method to finish the appearance of your bed linens and this is one method to nicely cover the box springtimes and bed rails. You are likewise able to make use of ruffled bed skirts as camouflage for the area below your bed.
So how do you select a classic dresser for your home First of all, Every antique furnishings has an usual hallmark. That is the Dovetail detail; if you enjoy antiques, you may wish to focus yourself on with the dovetail details on the furnishings you would wish to purchase. Antiques generally have actually handcrafted dovetails for that reason they are not as fine-tuned or as uniformed as those machined made ones. These are elegantly and artistically sculpted into the wood for extra style. The cool pattern of dovetails is what makes them so valuable. If you have understanding about dovetails use it to your benefit. Avoid getting deceived into buying an imitation of antique or timeless Dressers scattered all over the marketplace. Another thing you need to check up on is the dark color of the mahogany. Old mahogany grows darker with age and that’s another indication you need to see when choosing antique Dressers.
Stretchable couch covers are a different kind of covering animal. A stretchy cover really could work much better if it is a bit smaller than the sofa or loveseat you want to cover. Since many memory stretch covers have spandex in their fabric blend, they have far more offer when applying the cover to the furnishings piece. This product option also adheres even more to the original furnishings upholstery, offering a tighter fit overall. Remember this only puts on covers with stretchable product and elastic grips. Sectional couches are now fair game for slip covering, an option that actually did not exist numerous years ago. A lot of business that make covers now offer numerous various selections for sectional furnishings. For the very best fit, measure each piece of the sectional sofa separately. The best fit is not impossible to find. Merely invest a little additional time measuring and reap the benefits of furnishings that looks as excellent as or much better than new. It can be irritating to find the very best slip covers to fulfill your sofa or couch needs as you look with numerous brochures and internet sites.
When looking for sofas, among things to be highly viewed as is the kind of sofa back style of the furnishings. There are couple of styles that can cater to various needs and choices of buyers. These are the tight back, attached pillow back, and multi-pillow backed sofas. Tight-backed sofas are best for the kind of individuals who chooses staying up straight for long periods of time. Sofa backs like this are neatly customized and are commonly packed with firm fillings so the need of regularly straightening out cushions is not an issue. Tight-backed sofas are frequently utilized as the seats in libraries, home reading rooms and workplaces due to the fact that of their formal look and feel.
As earlier suggested, there are some pillows labeled as orthopaedic, but are actually just common pillows. To safeguard yourself from being ripped off by such fakes, you would succeed to choose a pillow made by a reliable and well-established maker. And aside from ensuring the authenticity of the item, this will likewise ensure you that you are getting excellent quality for a sensible cost.
With oak being a long lasting and heavy wood with lovely grain, oak dressers are basically more powerful and even more resilient than dressers made from other woods such as mahogany. It is better to obtain yourself an oak dresser if you have a big and active family which will be opening and closing the dresser often, as these dressers do not harm quickly with so much wear and tear. When compared with yearn furnishings, unfinished oak furnishings is 2nd to it in regards to appeal among furnishings purchasers. This is since this unfinished oak dresser can quickly be stained, and coated in a layer of clear urethane.
If you don’t have any immediate luck in finding cheap futons for college dormitories, don’t give up. Keep all of the above opportunities open and in time you will have the ability to find the ideal futon for your dormitory. There is an old expression that refers to advantages come to those who wait. Cheap futons for college dormitories are out there and all you need to do is be patient. It may take a bit of time but you will soon be the happy owner of a futon that will fit well into your dormitory decoration.
The headboard generally has the bed upon purchase, but often it doesn’t. More frequently, there are those who just wish to assemble that ideal bed, so the various components are acquired independently. The bed is typically made up of a frame, a mattress that is typically not sold with the bed, and the headboard. These things need to collaborate, due to the fact that mismatched or inferior parts will make getting an excellent night’s sleep extremely hard. The way a bed is built is crucial, due to the fact that everyone needs sleep.
Ranges of corner sofas consist of types such as the corner sofa bed due to their severe area performance. Corner sofa beds can conveniently be made into an extra bed by easily connecting it to other products of thomasville couch. A corner sofa bed can be a wonderful selection for a little space because it will make the space appear bigger. An L setup couch set provides a more advanced, graceful aim to a living room, while offering convenience and style. The corner sofa sits in an L setup, an appearance that many consider stylish and graceful. The great aspect of armless corner sofas is that they can be combined with other sofas to create an even greater sectional sofa with extra seating.
Before searching for a leather recliner, take a look at the place where you want the recliner to obtain placed. Also, go around and compare the price tags, types and level of comfort that you want with the recliner prior to you purchasing one. You might likewise browse around for a great deal of furnishings and devices which will boost the recliner you are investigating for. Makers and dealerships of furniture expose their products and offer practical info on how to use a recliner and obviously appropriate maintenance guide to keep its shine and glossy physical appearance. As they are likewise known as low upkeep as they are quickly cleaned, they show to be a complete selection for everyone. Certainly owning a leather recliner hasn’t been this handy and totally worth the financial investment.
The leather sofa shopping experience can vary a large amount based on who is doing the shopping. It can be a very stimulating experience for someone who has actually striven to be in a circumstance to lastly purchase their very first leather sofa. For a person who is more established financially and is utilized to having the finer things in life purchasing a leather sofa mightmay be a little bit of a task. Wahtever circumstance explains you, when it comes time to purchase new furniture for your house we hope this post will assist you with a couple of suggestions about purchasing leather sofas.
One thing to consider about armoires is the doors. Wrap-around doors that are double-hinged swing out to 270 degrees, which must prompt you to place the armoire in a location that permits the large swing. Other armoires that have doors that slide into the armoire itself are an exceptional option if you’re brief on space. Nevertheless, the disadvantage is that with doors that slide inward, you lose a little interior space.
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śaunakaḥ uvāca — Śaunaka inquired; hatvā — after killing; svariktha — the legal inheritance; spṛdhaḥ — desiring to usurp; ātatāyinaḥ — the aggressor; yudhiṣṭhiraḥ — King Yudhiṣṭhira; dharma-bhṛtām — of those who strictly follow religious principles; variṣṭhaḥ — greatest; saha-anujaiḥ — with his younger brothers; pratyavaruddha — restricted; bhojanaḥ — acceptance of necessities; katham — how; pravṛttaḥ — engaged; kim — what; akāraṣīt — executed; tataḥ — thereafter.
Śaunaka Muni asked: After killing his enemies who desired to usurp his rightful inheritance, how did the greatest of all religious men, Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira, assisted by his brothers, rule his subjects? Surely he could not freely enjoy his kingdom with unrestricted consciousness.
sūtaḥ uvāca — Sūta Gosvāmī replied; vaṁśam — dynasty; kuroḥ — of King Kuru; vaṁśa-dava-agni — a forest fire set by the bamboos; nirhṛtam — exhausted; saṁrohayitvā — seedling of the dynasty; bhava-bhāvanaḥ — the maintainer of creation; hariḥ — the Personality of Godhead Śrī Kṛṣṇa; niveśayitvā — having reestablished; nija-rājye — in his own kingdom; īśvaraḥ — the Supreme Lord; yudhiṣṭhiram — unto Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira; prīta-manāḥ — pleased in His mind; babhūva ha — became.
Sūta Gosvāmī said: Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is the maintainer of the world, became pleased after reestablishing Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira in his own kingdom and after restoring the Kuru dynasty, which had been exhausted by the bamboo fire of anger.
niśamya — after listening; bhīṣma-uktam — what was spoken by Bhīṣmadeva; atha — as also; acyuta-uktam — what was spoken by the infallible Lord Kṛṣṇa; pravṛtta — being engaged in; vijñāna — perfect knowledge; vidhūta — completely washed; vibhramaḥ — all misgivings; śaśāsa — ruled over; gām — the earth; indra — the king of the heavenly planet; iva — like; ajita-āśrayaḥ — protected by the invincible Lord; paridhi-upāntām — including the seas; anuja — the younger brothers; anuvartitaḥ — being followed by them.
Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira, after being enlightened by what was spoken by Bhīṣmadeva and Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the infallible, engaged himself in matters of perfect knowledge because all his misgivings were eradicated. Thus he ruled over the earth and seas and was followed by his younger brothers.
kāmam — everything needed; vavarṣa — was showered; parjanyaḥ — rains; sarva — everything; kāma — necessities; dughā — producer; mahī — the land; siṣicuḥ sma — moisten; vrajān — pasturing grounds; gāvaḥ — the cow; payasā udhasvatīḥ — due to swollen milk bags; mudā — because of a joyful attitude.
nadyaḥ — rivers; samudrāḥ — oceans; girayaḥ — hills and mountains; savanaspati — vegetables; vīrudhaḥ — creepers; phalanti — active; oṣadhayaḥ — drugs; sarvāḥ — all; kāmam — necessities; anvṛtu — seasonal; tasya — for the King; vai — certainly.
na — never; ādhayaḥ — anxieties; vyādhayaḥ — diseases; kleśāḥ — trouble due to excessive heat and cold; daiva-bhūta-ātma — all due to the body, supernatural power and other living beings; hetavaḥ — due to the cause of; ajāta-śatrau — unto one who has no enemy; abhavan — happened; jantūnām — of the living beings; rājñi — unto the King; karhicit — at any time.
Because of the King’s having no enemy, the living beings were not at any time disturbed by mental agonies, diseases, or excessive heat or cold.
uṣitvā — staying; hāstinapure — in the city of Hastināpura; māsān — months; katipayān — a few; hariḥ — Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa; suhṛdām — relatives; ca — also; viśokāya — for pacifying them; svasuḥ — the sister; ca — and; priya-kāmyayā — for pleasing.
Śrī Hari, Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, resided at Hastināpura for a few months to pacify His relatives and please His own sister [Subhadrā].
āmantrya — taking permission; ca — and; abhyanujñātaḥ — being permitted; pariṣvajya — embracing; abhivādya — bowing down at the feet; tam — unto Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira; āruroha — ascended; ratham — the chariot; kaiścit — by someone; pariṣvaktaḥ — being embraced; abhivāditaḥ — being offered obeisances.
Afterwards, when the Lord asked permission to depart and the King gave it, the Lord offered His respects to Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira by bowing down at his feet, and the King embraced Him. After this the Lord, being embraced by others and receiving their obeisances, got into His chariot.
subhadrā — the sister of Kṛṣṇa; draupadī — the wife of the Pāṇḍavas; kuntī — the mother of the Pāṇḍavas; virāṭa-tanayā — the daughter of Virāṭa (Uttarā); tathā — also; gāndhārī — the mother of Duryodhana; dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ — the father of Duryodhana; ca — and; yuyutsuḥ — the son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra by his vaiśya wife; gautamaḥ — Kṛpācārya; yamau — the twin brothers Nakula and Sahadeva; vṛkodaraḥ — Bhīma; ca — and; dhaumyaḥ — Dhaumya; ca — and; striyaḥ — also other ladies of the palace; matsya-sutā-ādayaḥ — the daughter of a fisherman (Satyavatī, Bhīṣma’s stepmother); na — could not; sehire — tolerate; vimuhyantaḥ — almost fainting; viraham — separation; śārṅga-dhanvanaḥ — of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, who bears a conch in His hand.
sat-saṅgāt — by the association of pure devotees; mukta-duḥsaṅgaḥ — freed from bad materialistic association; hātum — to give up; na utsahate — never attempts; budhaḥ — one who has understood the Lord; kīrtyamānam — glorifying; yaśaḥ — fame; yasya — whose; sakṛt — once only; ākarṇya — hearing only; rocanam — pleasing; tasmin — unto Him; nyasta-dhiyaḥ — one who has given his mind unto Him; pārthāḥ — the sons of Pṛthā; saheran — can tolerate; viraham — separation; katham — how; darśana — seeing face to face; sparśa — touching; saṁlāpa — conversing; śayana — sleeping; āsana — sitting; bhojanaiḥ — dining together.
The intelligent, who have understood the Supreme Lord in association with pure devotees and have become freed from bad materialistic association, can never avoid hearing the glories of the Lord, even though they have heard them only once. How then could the Pāṇḍavas tolerate His separation, for they had been intimately associated with His person, seeing Him face to face, touching Him, conversing with Him, and sleeping, sitting and dining with Him?
sarve — all; te — they; animiṣaiḥ — without twinkling of the eyes; akṣaiḥ — by the eye; tam anu — after Him; druta-cetasaḥ — melted heart; vīkṣantaḥ — looking upon Him; sneha-sambaddhāḥ — bound by pure affection; viceluḥ — began to move; tatra tatra — here and there; ha — so they did.
All their hearts were melting for Him on the pot of attraction. They looked at Him without blinking their eyes, and they moved hither and thither in perplexity.
nyarundhan — checking with great difficulty; udgalat — overflowing; bāṣpam — tears; autkaṇṭhyāt — because of great anxiety; devakī-sute — unto the son of Devakī; niryāti — having come out; agārāt — from the palace; naḥ — not; abhadram — inauspiciousness; iti — thus; syāt — may happen; bāndhava — relative; striyaḥ — ladies.
The female relatives, whose eyes were flooded with tears out of anxiety for Kṛṣṇa, came out of the palace. They could stop their tears only with great difficulty. They feared that tears would cause misfortune at the time of departure.
mṛdaṅga — sweet-sounding drum; śaṅkha — conchshell; bheryaḥ — brass band; ca — and; vīṇā — string band; paṇava — a kind of flute; gomukhāḥ — another flute; dhundhurī — another drum; ānaka — kettle; ghaṇṭā — bell; ādyāḥ — others; neduḥ — sounded; dundubhayaḥ — other different types of drums; tathā — at that time.
While the Lord was departing from the palace of Hastināpura, different types of drums — like the mṛdaṅga, dhola, nagra, dhundhurī and dundubhi — and flutes of different types, the vīṇā, gomukha and bherī, all sounded together to show Him honor.
prāsāda — palace; śikhara — the roof; ārūḍhāḥ — ascending; kuru-nāryaḥ — the ladies of the Kuru royalty; didṛkṣayā — seeing; vavṛṣuḥ — showered; kusumaiḥ — by flowers; kṛṣṇam — upon Lord Kṛṣṇa; prema — out of affection and love; vrīḍā-smita-īkṣaṇāḥ — glancing with shy smiles.
sita-ātapatram — soothing umbrella; jagrāha — took up; muktā-dāma — decorated with laces and pearls; vibhūṣitam — embroidered; ratna-daṇḍam — with a handle of jewels; guḍākeśaḥ — Arjuna, the expert warrior, or one who has conquered sleep; priyaḥ — most beloved; priyatamasya — of the most beloved; ha — so he did.
uddhavaḥ — a cousin-brother of Kṛṣṇa’s; sātyakiḥ — His driver; ca — and; eva — certainly; vyajane — engaged in fanning; parama-adbhute — decorative; vikīryamāṇaḥ — seated on scattered; kusumaiḥ — flowers all around; reje — commanded; madhu-patiḥ — the master of Madhu (Kṛṣṇa); pathi — on the road.
Uddhava and Sātyaki began to fan the Lord with decorated fans, and the Lord, as the master of Madhu, seated on scattered flowers, commanded them along the road.
aśrūyanta — being heard; āśiṣaḥ — benediction; satyāḥ — all truths; tatra — here; tatra — there; dvija-īritāḥ — sounded by learned brāhmaṇas; na — not; anurūpa — befitting; anurūpāḥ — fitting; ca — also; nirguṇasya — of the Absolute; guṇa-ātmanaḥ — playing the role of a human being.
It was being heard here and there that the benedictions being paid to Kṛṣṇa were neither befitting nor unbefitting because they were all for the Absolute, who was now playing the part of a human being.
anyonyam — among each other; āsīt — there was; sañjalpaḥ — talking; uttama-śloka — the Supreme, who is praised by selected poetry; cetasām — of those whose hearts are absorbed in that way; kaurava-indra — the king of the Kurus; pura — capital; strīṇām — all the ladies; sarva — all; śruti — the Vedas; manaḥ-haraḥ — attractive to the mind.
Absorbed in the thought of the transcendental qualities of the Lord, who is sung in select poetry, the ladies on the roofs of all the houses of Hastināpura began to talk of Him. This talk was more attractive than the hymns of the Vedas.
saḥ — He (Kṛṣṇa); vai — as I remember; kila — definitely; ayam — this; puruṣaḥ — Personality of Godhead; purātanaḥ — the original; yaḥ — who; ekaḥ — only one; āsīt — existed; aviśeṣaḥ — materially unmanifested; ātmani — own self; agre — before creation; guṇebhyaḥ — of the modes of nature; jagat-ātmani — unto the Supersoul; īśvare — unto the Supreme Lord; nimīlita — merged into; ātman — the living entity; niśi supta — inactive at night; śaktiṣu — of the energies.
saḥ — He; eva — thus; bhūyaḥ — again; nija — own personal; vīrya — potency; coditām — performance of; sva — own; jīva — living being; māyām — external energy; prakṛtim — unto material nature; sisṛkṣatīm — while re-creating; anāma — without mundane designation; rūpa-ātmani — forms of the soul; rūpa-nāmanī — forms and names; vidhitsamānaḥ — desiring to award; anusasāra — entrusted; śāstra-kṛt — the compiler of revealed scripture.
The Personality of Godhead, again desiring to give names and forms to His parts and parcels, the living entities, placed them under the guidance of material nature. By His own potency, material nature is empowered to re-create.
saḥ — He; vai — by providence; ayam — this; yat — that which; padam atra — here is the same Personality of Godhead Śrī Kṛṣṇa; sūrayaḥ — great devotees; jita-indriyāḥ — who have overcome the influence of the senses; nirjita — thoroughly controlled; mātariśvanaḥ — life; paśyanti — can see; bhakti — by dint of devotional service; utkalita — developed; amala-ātmanā — those whose minds are thoroughly cleansed; nanu eṣaḥ — certainly by this only; sattvam — existence; parimārṣṭum — for purifying the mind completely; arhati — deserve.
Here is the same Supreme Personality of Godhead whose transcendental form is experienced by the great devotees who are completely cleansed of material consciousness by dint of rigid devotional service and full control of life and the senses. And that is the only way to purify existence.
saḥ — He; vai — also; ayam — this; sakhi — O my friend; anugīta — described; sat-kathaḥ — the excellent pastimes; vedeṣu — in the Vedic literatures; guhyeṣu — confidentially; ca — as also; guhya-vādibhiḥ — by the confidential devotees; yaḥ — one who; ekaḥ — one only; īśaḥ — the supreme controller; jagat — of the complete creation; ātma — Supersoul; līlayā — by manifestation of pastimes; sṛjati — creates; avati atti — also maintains and annihilates; na — never; tatra — there; sajjate — becomes attached to it.
yadā — whenever; hi — assuredly; adharmeṇa — against the principles of God’s will; tamaḥ-dhiyaḥ — persons in the lowest material modes; nṛpāḥ — kings and administrators; jīvanti — live like animals; tatra — thereupon; eṣaḥ — He; hi — only; sattvataḥ — transcendental; kila — certainly; dhatte — is manifested; bhagam — supreme power; satyam — truth; ṛtam — positiveness; dayām — mercy; yaśaḥ — wonderful activities; bhavāya — for the maintenance; rūpāṇi — in various forms; dadhat — manifested; yuge — different periods; yuge — and ages.
aho — oh; alam — verily; ślāghya-tamam — supremely glorified; yadoḥ — of King Yadu; kulam — dynasty; aho — oh; alam — verily; puṇya-tamam — supremely virtuous; madhoḥ vanam — the land of Mathurā; yat — because; eṣaḥ — this; puṁsām — of all the living beings; ṛṣabhaḥ — supreme leader; śriyaḥ — of the goddess of fortune; patiḥ — husband; sva-janmanā — by His appearance; caṅkramaṇena — by crawling; ca añcati — glories.
Oh, how supremely glorified is the dynasty of King Yadu, and how virtuous is the land of Mathurā, where the supreme leader of all living beings, the husband of the goddess of fortune, has taken His birth and wandered in His childhood.
aho bata — how wonderful this is; svaḥ-yaśasaḥ — the glories of the heavenly planets; tiraskarī — that which defeats; kuśasthalī — Dvārakā; puṇya — virtue; yaśaskarī — famous; bhuvaḥ — the planet earth; paśyanti — see; nityam — constantly; yat — that which; anugraha-iṣitam — to bestow benediction; smita-avalokam — glance with the favor of sweet smiling; sva-patim — unto the soul of the living being (Kṛṣṇa); sma — used to; yat-prajāḥ — the inhabitants of the place.
Undoubtedly it is wonderful that Dvārakā has defeated the glories of the heavenly planets and has enhanced the celebrity of the earth. The inhabitants of Dvārakā are always seeing the soul of all living beings [Kṛṣṇa] in His loving feature. He glances at them and favors them with sweet smiles.
nūnam — certainly in the previous birth; vrata — vow; snāna — bath; huta — sacrifice in the fire; ādinā — by all these; īśvaraḥ — the Personality of Godhead; samarcitaḥ — perfectly worshiped; hi — certainly; asya — His; gṛhīta-pāṇibhiḥ — by the married wives; pibanti — relishes; yāḥ — those who; sakhi — O friend; adhara-amṛtam — the nectar from His lips; muhuḥ — again and again; vraja-striyaḥ — the damsels of Vrajabhūmi; sammumuhuḥ — often fainted; yat-āśayāḥ — expecting to be favored in that way.
O friends, just think of His wives, whose hands He has accepted. How they must have undergone vows, baths, fire sacrifices and perfect worship of the Lord of the universe to constantly relish now the nectar from His lips [by kissing]. The damsels of Vrajabhūmi would often faint just by expecting such favors.
yā — the lady; vīrya — prowess; śulkena — by payment of the price; hṛtāḥ — taken away by force; svayaṁvare — in the open selection of the bridegroom; pramathya — harassing; caidya — King Śiśupāla; pramukhān — headed by; hi — positively; śuṣmiṇaḥ — all very powerful; pradyumna — Pradyumna (Kṛṣṇa’s son); sāmba — Sāmba; amba — Amba; suta-ādayaḥ — children; aparāḥ — other ladies; yāḥ — those; ca — also; āhṛtāḥ — similarly brought; bhauma-vadhe — after killing kings; sahasraśaḥ — by the thousands.
The children of these ladies are Pradyumna, Sāmba, Amba, etc. Ladies like Rukmiṇī, Satyabhāmā and Jāmbavatī were forcibly taken away by Him from their svayaṁvara ceremonies after He defeated many powerful kings, headed by Śiśupāla. And other ladies were also forcibly taken away by Him after He killed Bhaumāsura and thousands of his assistants. All of these ladies are glorious.
etāḥ — all these women; param — highest; strītvam — womanhood; apāstapeśalam — without individuality; nirasta — without; śaucam — purity; bata sādhu — auspiciously glorified; kurvate — do they make; yāsām — from whose; gṛhāt — homes; puṣkara-locanaḥ — the lotus-eyed; patiḥ — husband; na jātu — never at any time; apaiti — goes away; āhṛtibhiḥ — by presentation; hṛdi — in the heart; spṛśan — endeared.
evaṁvidhāḥ — in this way; gadantīnām — thus praying and talking about Him; saḥ — He (the Lord); giraḥ — of words; pura-yoṣitām — of the ladies of the capital; nirīkṣaṇena — by His grace of glancing over them; abhinandan — and greeting them; sa-smitena — with a smiling face; yayau — departed; hariḥ — the Personality of Godhead.
While the ladies of the capital [Hastināpura] were greeting Him and talking in this way, the Lord, smiling, accepted their good greetings, and casting the grace of His glance over them, He departed from the city.
ajāta-śatruḥ — Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira, who was no one’s enemy; pṛtanām — defensive forces; gopīthāya — for giving protection; madhu-dviṣaḥ — of the enemy of Madhu (Śrī Kṛṣṇa); parebhyaḥ — from others (enemies); śaṅkitaḥ — being afraid of; snehāt — out of affection; prāyuṅkta — engaged; catuḥ-aṅginīm — four defensive divisions.
Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira, although no one’s enemy, engaged four divisions of defense [horse, elephant, chariot and army] to accompany Lord Kṛṣṇa, the enemy of the asuras [demons]. The Mahārāja did this because of the enemy, and also out of affection for the Lord.
atha — thus; dūrāgatān — having accompanied Him for a long distance; śauriḥ — Lord Kṛṣṇa; kauravān — the Pāṇḍavas; virahāturān — overwhelmed by a sense of separation; sannivartya — politely persuaded; dṛḍham — determined; snigdhān — full of affection; prāyāt — proceeded; sva-nagarīm — towards His own city (Dvārakā); priyaiḥ — with dear companions.
Out of profound affection for Lord Kṛṣṇa, the Pāṇḍavas, who were of the Kuru dynasty, accompanied Him a considerable distance to see Him off. They were overwhelmed with the thought of future separation. The Lord, however, persuaded them to return home, and He proceeded towards Dvārakā with His dear companions.
kuru-jāṅgala — the province of Delhi; pāñcālān — part of the province Pānjab; śūrasenān — part of the province of Uttar Pradesh; sa — with; yāmunān — the districts on the bank of the Yamunā; brahmāvartam — part of northern Uttar Pradesh; kurukṣetram — the place where the battle was fought; matsyān — the province Matsya; sārasvatān — part of Punjab; atha — and so on; maru — Rajasthan, the land of deserts; dhanvam — Madhya Pradesh, where water is very scanty; ati-kramya — after passing; sauvīra — Saurastra; ābhīrayoḥ — part of Gujarat; parān — western side; ānartān — the province of Dvārakā; bhārgava — O Śaunaka; upāgāt — overtaken by; śrānta — fatigue; vāhaḥ — the horses; manāk vibhuḥ — slightly, because of the long journey.
O Śaunaka, the Lord then proceeded towards Kurujāṅgala, Pāñcālā, Śūrasenā, the land on the bank of the river Yamunā, Brahmāvarta, Kurukṣetra, Matsya, Sārasvata, the province of the desert and the land of scanty water. After crossing these provinces He gradually reached the Sauvīra and Ābhīra provinces, then, west of these, reached Dvārakā at last.
tatra tatra — at different places; ha — it so happened; tatratyaiḥ — by local inhabitants; hariḥ — the Personality of Godhead; pratyudyata-arhaṇaḥ — being offered presentations and worshipful regards; sāyam — the evening; bheje — having overtaken; diśam — direction; paścāt — western; gaviṣthaḥ — the sun in the sky; gām — to the ocean; gataḥ — having gone; tadā — at that time. | 2019-04-19T20:20:54Z | http://gaudiya.redzambala.com/srimad-bhagavatam/srimad-bhagavatam-canto-1-chapter-10.html |
The word encephalopathy originates from the Greek word ενκεφάλη (inside the head) and πάθος (suffering). The ancient Greeks used this word when they wanted to indicate a disease or suffering inside the head.
In clinical practice, the word metabolic encephalopathy was used for the first time in 1912 when Kinner Wilson tried to explain the state of global cerebral dysfunction caused by systemic stress, which can vary in the clinical picture from a very mild disorder to deep coma with decerebrate rigidity.
Metabolic encephalopathy has usually been defined as a diffuse cerebral dysfunction, typically manifesting as changes in cortical functions and as disorders of consciousness, ranging from confusion to coma. Others have suggested that metabolic encephalopathy is a temporary or permanent illness, more a symptom than a disease, that includes various forms of pathological conditions that are predominantly manifested by disorders of mental functioning. However, metabolic encephalopathy may also be defined as a systemic disorder with diffuse brain damage affecting the hemispheres, brain stem, and reticular activating system.
Patients treated in emergency departments and intensive care units usually develop encephalopathy as a result of use or misuse of a large number of medications in the treatment of chronic conditions. These are usually neuroleptics, antidepressants, hypnotics, analgesics, opioids, anti-Parkinsonian drugs, anti-convulsants, antibiotics, depressors of the central nervous system (CNS), immunosuppressive agents, etc. Moreover, patients treated in these units may suffer from psychogenic and posttraumatic conditions, as well as ictal and postictal conditions. Furthermore, encephalopathy can occur in the presence of alcohol and toxin abuse. It is frequent in chronic organ diseases (kidney, lung, liver, heart) associated with electrolyte imbalances (glucose, Na, Ca, Mg, PO4, urea, creatinine, pancreatic enzymes, cardiac enzymes, etc.) and osmotic disorders. These patients usually have frequent infections such as urinary and/or respiratory tract infections. Encephalopathy may also develop in primary infections of CNS, as well as due to the prolonged effect of anesthetics and sedatives.
Pathophysiological mechanisms of encephalopathy are not fully understood. It is considered that vascular effects and the effects of toxins and infections, have the most important role in its development.,, Damage to the brain–blood barrier causing disruption of the amino acid and neurotransmitter systems is considered to be an important factor. Due to the inadequate functioning of the neurotransmitter systems within the brain, various consequences can occur such as focal or global edema, accumulation of toxic metabolites, capillary vasogenic edema, as well as depleted energy processes.
The complete pathophysiology of encephalopathy is unknown; however, in encephalopathy associated with sepsis, several mechanisms have been proposed. Inflammation triggers endothelial activation in the brain, which leads to malfunction of the blood–brain barrier. Consequently, this leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, which enter the brain parenchyma, causing damage to the cellular metabolism. Furthermore, cellular dysfunction initiates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which cause the disruption of neurotransmission and leads to apoptosis. The cholinergic, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), beta-adrenergic, and serotonergic systems are altered and neurotransmission functioning is damaged, especially in the neocortex and hippocampus. Additional factors in this neuroinflammatory process are the release of excitatory amino acids, hyperglycemia, neurotoxic pharmacological agents, hemodynamic changes, coagulopathy, and hypoxemia.
Different mechanisms operate in encephalopathy caused by medications or toxins. Increase in the glutamine and glutamate complex peak in magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy illustrates the neuronal and astrocytic excitotoxic injury during the administration of acute intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.
The use of valproic acid, 5-fluorouracil, carbamazepine, and acetazolamide may cause the inhibition of urea cycle enzymes with consequent hyperammonaemia and encephalopathy.,,, Interaction through GABA receptors occurs during intrinsic valoproate toxic effects or due to direct topiramate toxicity. The combined antiepileptic valproate and topiramate therapy causes reduction of topiramate metabolism through cytochromeP 450 pathway. Cephalosporins may also induce encephalopathy through GABA A receptor inhibition.
It has been proposed that acute confusion may occur through two major mechanisms, namely a decrease in the central cholonergic activation (characterizes delirium) and an increase in the proinflammatory cytokine concentrations (interleukin 8, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 10).
The clinical presentation may sometimes include extrapyramidal signs (in cases of hyperbilirubinemia or kernicterus) as well as cerebellar ataxia (in cases of hypothyroidism, celiac disease or hyperthermia). However, these symptoms are rarely seen.
The diagnosis of encephalopathy is based on clinical features and arterial blood gas analysis, laboratory analysis of blood biochemistry, electroencephalography (EEG), somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP), and imaging methods [multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)].
Arterial blood gas analysis is used to evaluate respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic functions. It represents a very important step in the emergency services because it may provide a quick answer regarding the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. However, in addition to this basic information, arterial blood gas analysis also provides a quick orientation on the electrolyte status (Na, K, glucose) as well as bicarbonates. Based on this information, clinicians can further focus the search on the detection of the underlying etiology of encephalopathy [Table 2].
After the interpretation of the arterial blood gas analysis, evaluation of the complete blood count (CBC) and biochemistry should be performed. CBC analysis provides information regarding the potential presence of anemia, or of variations in hematological indices such as leukocytosis or leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis. A high erythrocytic sedimentation rate usually points to the existence of infection and/or autoimmune disorders. It may be registered in various types of anemia, thyroiditis, nephrotic syndrome, cardiac diseases or malignancies. The spectrum of biochemical analysis of blood levels that is required includes glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, as well as electrolyte levels (the latter including sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) levels), as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CK), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Each of these biochemical parameters may point to the potential cause of encephalopathy. For instance, elevated levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid followed by electrolyte dysfunction and anaemia indicate the presence of a kidney disease. Hyponatremia is usually recorded in patients in intensive care units as well as in patients taking some types of chronic therapy (e.g., the prolonged use of diuretics). In the cases having sepsis, fever accompanied by elevated levels of leukocytes, CRP, procalcitonin, and other laboratory abnormalities (anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), increased transaminases, bilirubin, etc.) may be registered. The main markers of septic encephalopathy are neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and calcium-binding protein beta (S100β), which are shown in studies to be the main predictors of the occurrence of septic encephalopathy. In cases in whom the biochemical analysis of blood does not explain the reason for disorders of consciousness, more specific parameters should be investigated such as the ammonium ion, phosphorus, pancreatic enzymes, viruses, toxins and drugs, antibodies, and tumor markers.
It is important to perform an EEG and an SSEP as diagnostic procedures in the work up metabolic encephalopathy. In the cases of encephalopathy, EEG can register generalized slowing or suppression of the EEG reactivity, loss of fast rhythm with occurrence of diffuse slow activity (theta and delta), presence of particular EEG patterns (focal or generalized), intermittent activity suppression, or an electrocortical silence., In the patients with hypoglycemia, EEG can register diffuse theta activity with occasional occurrence of specific patterns, e.g., frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA), or spikes and sharp waves as well as spike-wave discharges in temporal regions. In hyponatremia, EEG detects diffuse slowing in the theta range, followed by paroxysmal delta activity and FIRDA or periodic delta waves, as well as the occurrence of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDS). In hypokalemia, diffuse slow activity can be seen together with paroxysmal delta/theta activity, as well as focal paroxysms of sharp waves and spike-waves during hyperventilation (HV). In patients with cirrhosis, in addition to diffuse slow activity (theta and delta), triphasic waves with bifrontal predominance may be registered. Furthermore, in these cases, other epileptic patterns in the form of spikes or sharp waves can also be detected. However, triphasic waves are not specific only for hepatic encephalopathy. They can also be registered in patients with septic encephalopathy together with diffuse slow theta/delta activity [Figure 1].
Use of SSEPs in the prognosis of coma, especially in the case of ischemic or anoxic etiology, is of particular interest. Some typical changes that are found include an increased amplitude and latency, and changes in the conduction velocity and time-frequency distribution.
Neuroimaging procedures of the head, either CT or MRI are important in the diagnosis of disorders of consciousness because they can exclude organic lesions. CT or MRI findings in patients with encephalopathy are usually normal. However, diffuse or focal edema may be registered. Moreover, changes in the signal intensity in the form of hypo- or hyperintensity in certain regions of the brain can also be detected. The region of basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral cortex, and hemispheric white matter are usually the target of toxic or acquired metabolic encephalopathy.
In patients with hepatic encephalopathy, in T1 sequence, a hyperintense signal in the globus pallidus, the subthalamic regions and the brain stem may be registered, whereas in T2 sequence, diffuse edema in the cortical regions (in the form of hyperintensity of perirolandic and occipital regions) can be detected. Deep white matter changes may be seen, with the appearance of hyperintensity on T2 sequences in the region of internal capsule, corona radiata, and splenium of corpus callosum, suggesting a restriction of diffusion. In patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), CT or MRI findings of the head show changes in the white matter in the form of hyperintensity (MRI) or hypointensity (CT), especially in the occipital and parietal regions, although changes may also be registered in the posterior frontal and temporal regions. On the other hand, pathological findings in cerebellum are rarely seen. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy usually show normal findings on CT scan performed in the initial hours. However, after 24 hours, the CT scan can register diffuse cerebral damage characterized by reduced attenuation (diffuse edema) in comparison with brain stem and cerebellum. Usually, this is a sign of a poor prognosis.
The treatment of metabolic encephalopathy implies the management of the underlying disease that emerged from the evaluation of the neurological symptoms and signs. In case of encephalopathy caused by thyrotoxic crisis, in addition to the standard therapy with glucocorticoids, plasmapheresis has also been recommended. Uremic encephalopathy is treated by dialysis. This type of encephalopathy is never isolated, but is always associated with other metabolic disorders. Therefore, the clinical presentation in these situations is always a combination of the manifestions of several metabolic disorders. In case of hyponatremia, therapy consists of fluid restriction with sodium deficit replenishment. However, serum sodium concentration correction has been limited up to 12mEq/L/day because intensive compensation may result to central pontine myelinosis and favors the further development of encephalopathy.
On the other hand, in cases of unknown etiology, urgent therapeutic procedures should be conducted, such as ensuring an adequate respiration and circulation, an arterial blood gas analysis, the biochemical analyses of blood, as well as blood and urine tests to detect toxins. In cases who are in coma or those suffering form acute consciousness disorders of unknown cause, correction of hypoglycemia should be undertaken as well as the administration of antagonists of benzodiazepines and/or opiates (naloxone amp. intravenously). For Wernicke encephalopathy prevention, thiamine (100 mg intravenous) is used. If encephalopathy is manifested by epileptic seizures, the first line of choice are benzodiazepines. In case of nonresponsiveness to this therapy, introduction of antiepileptic medications is recommended. In all patients, X-ray of the heart and lung, head CT, lumbar puncture, and EEG should be performed. If the etiology of encephalopathy still remains unknown, investigation should be expanded to specific blood analyses (ammonium ion, tumor markers, virological analysis of blood, CRP, procalcitonin, toxicological analyses, etc.).
Differential diagnosis of metabolic encephalopathy includes various pathological conditions, i.e., alcohol or drugs intoxication, metabolic imbalances (electrolytes, hypo or hyperglycemia, organic kidney damage, and/or liver failure), systemic infections, primary CNS infections, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis, cancer, degenerative diseases (dementia, and Jakob–Creutzfeld disease), traumatic conditions, ictal and post-ictal states, as well as psychiatric disorders (psychoses).
The prognosis of patients with metabolic encephalopathy depends on the cause and type of encephalopathy. According to Eidelman et al., mortality from septic encephalopathy depends on the level of quantitative disorder of consciousness, measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. Consequently, a GCS score of 15 has a 16% mortality, a GCS score of between 13–14 has a 20% mortality, a GCS score of between 9–12 has a 50% mortality, whereas a GCS score of between 3–8 has a 63% mortality rate. Survival statistics of patients suffering from liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy is less than 50% annually, or less than 25% over 3 years. In patients with hypoxic anoxic encephalopathy, the prognosis is even worse and depends on the length of anoxia. Even when there is a recovery in the first week after cardiac arrest, most of these patients die due to other hospital associated complications. Thus, according to Young, the recovery from cardiac arrest in the hospital is approximately 44%, whereas only 17% will eventually be able to leave the hospital without a severe deficit; the reported recovery from hypoxic encephalopathy is even worse.
In conclusion, metabolic encephalopathy represents a serious group of symptoms, originating from various diseases that requires a multidisciplinary approach regarding treatment and follow-up.
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A couple years ago I Went with some friends on a mini vacation to Chicago. The trip was a huge success and we vowed that we would travel to New Orleans in the near future. The near future came. One of the Chicago ladies was unable to join us, but our friend Ellen made up the foursome even though she knew there might be a chance that a new grandchild might be born while she was in Louisiana . Cindy complained that she wasn’t sure she wanted to go, since she had already been there in the past with her husband.. Others from our Pickled lily woman group made some noise that they might join us but because of personal commitments they didn’t .
A convenient time for us to go was the end of October. As time got closer, excitement was in the air and we realized we should make some plans. We booked from October 23 to October 28, because we were able to take advantage of an Air Canada seat sale. We each booked our own ticket at our place of residence. We all breathed a sigh of relief when it was confirmed that thankfully we all correctly booked on the same airline on the same flight on the same day going to the same destination. I think my travel companions had some trepidations that I might screw up.
We met at Helenas to discuss and book a hotel. Refreshments of wonderful home baked scones were served by our hostess. We chose to book at the Omni Hotel on Saint Louis street in the French quarter. We thought we had booked directly through the hotel but in reality we had booked through hotel.com and probably paid a premium.We planned another get together at my condo unit, mainly to discuss what our priorities were to do in New Orleans and what restaurants to patronize. We had multiple suggestions and recommendations from multiple sources. We booked ahead to attend a cooking demo at the New Orleans School of Cooking. We printed some coupons and other stuff off the internet. We booked transportation to get to the airport.We had planned to draw to see who would be roomies with who (or is it with whom?) This part of our agenda was put on hold because Cindy didn’t come to our lunch meeting because she had something more important to do. What? More important than us? We decided to wait until we were having coffee with the lilies and let the Lilies have the pleasure to make sure we didn’t cheat.
At the restaurant where the lilies gather for coffee Ellen put each of our names on a piece of paper. Her plan was for everyone to choose one of these paper slips. We had to explain to our friend who really is very intelligent, that this wouldn’t work. What if we each picked our own name or in another possible scenario what if Cindy picked Helena’s name and Helena picked Ellen’s name. Hmm, you get the picture. It really didn’t matter to any of us who we shared a room with, because we know each other so well and most of the time we actually really like each other and make each other laugh. However I have to admit I was thinking that whoever got to share with me would be so lucky–😇.
Instead of names we put two sets of numbers on pieces of papers. Everybody picked one and the plan was that those with matching numbers would be together. Helena and I were a match and Ellen and Cindy were the other match. We knew this would work out well because Helena and I compatibly shared accommodations in Chicago. We both like a warm room and Ellen, Cindy and another Lily on a recent South American cruise stayed in one room with one washroom and they arrived home still talking to one another.
Sunday, the day before our departure, we were all busy packing and unpacking and repacking again. What to take? What not to take? I was going to take my iPad. Helena wasn’t going to take her device. I decided not to take mine, Helen said she would take hers. In the end none of us took one, only our phones. Helena was upset because her computer broke down before she left. Ellen didn’t have much time to think about what to take because she arrived home from the Maritimes late Saturday afternoon. She was there to attend a wedding and hopefully to be there for the birth of the expected grandchild. But the baby had other ideas and wasn’t quite ready to vacate his warm and cosy home. Elena spent the few days we were away clutching her cell phone, waiting for some news from her son. Cindy doesn’t, have a short term memory problem but I suspect she has a selective memory problem. She denies that she had a bad cold before we left and maybe just maybe she might be partially responsible for the rest of us except for Ellen getting sick.Then again maybe it was me, because I had a tickly throat that I thought I had warded it off by taking Vitamin C.
We were up early, very early Monday morning. Apparently at the last minute Helena and Cindy had to change purses due to broken zippers etc. that they were planning to take on the plane. We took two taxi’s to the airport The taxi to transport Cindy and I arrived at her place a half hour early at 4;30 A:M. When the taxi came to pick me up, Cindy and I discovered we were wearing identical hoodies that we had purchased a couple years ago at Chico’s.
We met our travelling companions at the airport, checked in reasonably easily and then had a gourmet breakfast (I am lying) at the airport. At least I didn’t drink Helenas tea like I did at the Chicago airport, thinking it was really bad coffee.
It was a nice flight-a smaller plane with comfortable seats. One problem, though was the man sitting across from Cindy was extremely large and had to sit with his legs in the aisle, practically in Cindy’s lap.
New Orleans time is one hour earlier than Toronto. We arrived shortly after 10 on a warm and lovely day. I was surprised to see that the entrance of our hotel was through a small door and to get to the lobby there were about 6 to 8 stairs to ascend with our luggage. Although there was a doorman we decided not to make use of his service. I hesitated at the bottom of the stairs and thought there is no way I can do this without putting a strain on my back or hands. A women behind me, probably anxious to get going, and feeling sorry for a little old lady, picked up my case and carried it to the top of the stairs. The next day Elens back was bothering her. We decided when it was time to check out we would let the doorman take our bags down the stairs. Some things are worth tipping for.
We checked into our rooms. Of course Helena and my key cards didn’t work. After a couple trips down to the lobby our room was changed . We were in room 338 and our friends in room 448. Our meeting place was by the two sofas that flanked the elevator In-between our rooms.
We were starving and went up to the lovely roof top pool and cafe that overlooks the Mississippi River and much of the French Quarter. We had a nice lunch accompanied by delicious peach sangria. We took a walk and went to the famous Cafe du Monde for their famous beignets and coffee and known for its long lineups. I couldn’t eat the beignets, due to my gluten sensitivity but I enjoyed the icing sugar that fell off the beignets of my companions. It added a nice touch to my coffee. On the walk to the Cafe we passed The New Orleans School of Cooking.where we were going the next morning. We were pleasantly surprised to discover it was only a few doors down from the Omni Hotel.
We had dinner at the Royal Oyster House. It wasn’t great but the staff were accommodating and didn’t charge us for an entree because the shrimp tasted like iodine. I embarrassed Cindy because I kept dropping my cutlery.
While we were walking to the elevator in the morning I asked Helen if I had snored during the night,. She answered in the affirmative. I asked her to demonstrate how I sounded. While we were waiting for the elevator to arrive she did, While she was gently snorting the doors opened. The people inside starred at us in amazement. We had some explaining to do and one lady said that’s why when she travels with friends they take separate rooms.
We went to the hotel restaurant. Three of us had a light breakfast because we knew we would have a hearty lunch. One of us had a hearty breakfast, because she knew she would have a light lunch. Elon was a good sport. She knew that there wasn’t much she would be able to eat, but she agreed to come to the demo followed by lunch at the cooking school. We arrived early and enjoyed meandering In the cooking schools boutique.
The demonstration was good and with the help of mirrors and good lighting it was easy viewing. The menue featured Cajun, French Acadian and Creole cooking–gumbo, jambalaya, bananas Foster and the confection, pralines that they pronounce prawlines made with pecans pronounced paycans. Praline was the last name of Louis the 15th chef. Gumbos are traditionally made with a roux which contains flour. The chef had a gluten free gumbo brought to me and another lady. I found it to be tastier than the regular gumbo. There was a side demonstration on how to make a roux, The longer it is wisked while cooking the darker it gets. Different shades of roux are used for different dishes. It was good that Ellen had a good breakfast because lard and sausages are key ingredients in Cajun cooking-things she doesn’t eat. The rest of us enjoyed our lunch and we all enjoyed the stories and trivia imparted to us by our chef.
We returned to our hotel to leave off our parcels and then walked to the Hop on Hop Off Bus depot. We had printed some coupons at home, found by Ellen on the Internet which we brought with us.We each purchased a ticket for $44.00. which was good for three days, Cindy was our tour leader for most of the trip. She complained bitterly, but secretly she loved it because our capable friend likes to be in control and to keep us organized and let’s face it, some of us are more directionally challenged than others.I admit I am one who is..
We chose to sit on the upper level of the hop/on hop/off bus. The guide was informative and entertaining. We passed many monuments commemorating various battles and significant events. The cityscape boasts homes and commercial buildings built in many different archeological styles. We passed many shot gun houses. Taxes were based on the width of the lot, so to save money the houses were built on narrow lots usually no wider than 12 feet across. The 3 to 5 rooms were built one behind the other with doors at the front and rear of the house. If someone were to shoot a gun from the front door, the bullet would go straight out the back door–thus the name Shot Gun house.
We were enjoying ourselves until the bus stopped suddenly, we lurched forward and Cindy slipped off of her seat and disappeared under the seats in front of her. We found her but we couldn’t get her up. A man came to her assistance. Luckily she wasn’t hurt, but another lady cut her head. We had to wait for the police and emergency vehicles. We made Cindy fill out an accident report just in case an injury showed up in the next couple of days. The lady bus driver was a nervous wreck. We were surprised that they didn’t send a replacement driver. Apparently a car went through a red light and almost side swiped the bus. After waiting around for what seemed like an eternity we were on our way. We moved down to the lower level of the bus. Possibly a good thing because just as the bus got going again the driver had to move closer to the curb to make room for the passing fire truck from our near accident. Branches from the overhead trees brushed through the open air top level.
Luckily no one was hurt, but with our luck if we were up there a branch could have swept Cindy off the bus and how on earth would we get her down from the tree? Cindy had another close call that day. When we were crossing the street a bike almost collided with her.She is like a cat with nine lives.
That night we walked to the Chartres House Restaurant, a pub recommended by the waiter/ bartender/poolboy from our rooftop pool. Like in most big cities there are homeless people and people begging for food and money. On the way to eat we were approached by a man with an armful of hats. He thrust a hat to each of us and gave us each a name and said he was giving each of us a hat as a present. We thanked him very much. He asked us to give a ten dollar donation to support a soup kitchen. He said he was a volunteer and had some sort of identification. Genuine?– probably not. Ellen and Cindy handed him $5:00.
Me and Helena didn’t.. The chatty man grabbed back the hats. But in his defence he did give Sandy and Elaine a small paper back vegetarian cookbook which Sandy said she used. Ellen said the $5.00 was worth the entertainment,.
At dinner three of us enjoyed a portobello mushroom entree and Cindyi had shrimp. We were feeling a little giddy probably partly because we were on holiday and partly due to what we were drinking with our dinner.
We speculated that our comrades in Toronto probably missed us and didn’t have much to talk about over coffee. We decided to add some excitement to their lives and give them something to talk about. Among peals of laughter just thinking about their reaction, we composed a group email that Ellen sent on her phone. We mentioned that we were having fun and that we were all well. We said there was an incident in the afternoon and we are happy that Cindy didn’t, have to go to the hospital. We said we will tell them all about it when we are home. Upon our return we learned that some of the lilies were less than amused. Sorry, we didn’t mean to frighten anybody, but we certainly amused ourselves .
Helena didn’t sleep the whole night because of an upset stomach, probably due to the heavy garlic used in the gumbo and jambalaya at the New Orleans School of Cooking. She joined us for tea and toast in the morning at the hotel dining room and then retired back to her bed.She told us to let her sleep and she would try to catch up with us later.
We didn’t want to leave her but we did. She promised to call us when she was up and about. We said if we didn’t hear from her we would call her.
We went back to the Hop/on Hop/off bus. We were hoping it wouldn’t be the same bus driver. It was-but a different guide. She was a former teacher and she was warm and informative. Because of the bus route we past most of the sites where we had been the previous day including the site of the bus mishap. We debused at the Garden District and joined a walking tour of this beautiful area, featuring lush flowering gardens wrought iron fences and majestic homes displaying an unusual mixture of Spanish, English, French and Greek Revival architecture. This area was populated by the first Americans to settle in New Orleans following the Louisiana purchase in 1803. The Creoles shunned the area and preferred to live in the French Quarter. Many of the homes have been passed down from generation to generation.
Numerous celebrities including Anne Rice and Nicolaus Cage lived here. Cage lost his house for failing to pay his taxes. John Goodman and his family live here. Sandra Bullock adopted two little boys from New Orleans. She bought a home in the Garden District to acquaint her sons with their roots. This isn’t their permanent place of residence but they visit frequently. The area is beautifully maintained except for the sidewalks which are a mess. It is best to walk looking down so that one doesn’t trip in a pot hole or stumble on a jagged piece of pavement. Interestingly we didn’t fall walking, but a couple of us lost our footing ascending a step on a streetcar. Go figure.
After the completion of the tour, we took a short jaunt to the Lafayette Cemetery that was founded in 1843 on the site of an old sugar plantation. This isn’t the traditional North American cemetery that we are used to. There are no graves. Tombs are built over a below ground vault known as a caveau ( French for cave) Because of heat and humidity tissue decomposes quickly, leaving behind the skeletal remains. These remains are placed in the cave to make room for the next inhabitant. Many tombs house multiple deceased – on shelves often from the same family. The newcomer Is given the top shelf. The one previously occupying that space is moved to the shelf below. This process continues until his remains are put in the cave. Family Names are often seen on the tombs.
After our walkabout in the cemetery we took a ride on the Charles Street streetcar. We were pleasantly surprised when we were about to pay the regular fare and the bus driver said “seniors only pay 40 cents. ” How did she know we were seniors? We didn’t tell her ? It didn’t matter that we didn’t know if we were headed in the right direction or the wrong direction. Cindy was too proud to let us ask. We did find our way. After we descended the streetcar we went in search of ice cream. We still hadn’t heard from Helena and we were getting concerned. Elaine tried phoning her but there was no answer. We couldn’t find any ice cream parlours but we did find an I Hop. They were out of Ice cream. We tried Helena again – still no answer. While we were enjoying some refreshing thirst quenchers at the restaurant, we finally heard from our sick friend.
We told her we had called her numerous times. She was quite adamant that she never received any calls. It wasn’t until much later that it was discovered that instead of calling Helenas cell phone Ellen had called her Toronto number. We walked back to the hotel via Bourban street and had a snack or very late lunch by the pool. Helena joined us but still wasn’t feeling great.
We relaxed on the pool lounges and then made our way to another recommended restaurant by our pool main man. We all loved the Orleans Grapevine wine Bar and Bistro on 720 Orleans Avenue in the French Quarter. The food was wonderful. I enjoyed my fish. Even Helena enjoyed her light dinner of bread and cheese to pamper her ailing tummy. We sat in the Garden courtyard amid fountains and lush flora. The night air was delightfully warm. Apartments were situated above and surrounded the courtyard. I am sure the people living there were sometimes overwhelmed by the chatter and tantalizing cooking odours emulating from below. We enjoyed the walk to the restaurant and back to the hotel There were lovely little stores to pop into. Halloween was just a few days away and the streets and store windows were eerily decorated for Halloween.
THURSDAY- our last day–where did the time go?
We had a delicious breakfast at Brennan’s on Royal street. It was a lovely day and we opted to sit outside in their courtyard- even more beautiful than the courtyard at the .
Grapevine. We walked to the Grey Line bus depot and purchased tickets using our discount coupon for the afternoon tour all about Hurricane Katrina. We had time to spare so I reminded Cindy that I played bridge at her request. Even though I played badly she owed us a trip to the casino. We walked along the river to the casino and spent one hour there. We all lost with the exception of Cindy-She didn’t play.
The bus was very comfortable and our guide was excellent. His name is Bruce Nolan.
Bruce Nolan is a reporter who stayed behind after evacuating his family to cover Katrina and help the 10 to 20 percent of the population who were unable or unwilling to leave. Hurricane Katrina hit on August 29, 2005 and proved to be the costliest natural disaster in the United States. The devastation wasn’t due to winds, but rather from flooding and poor drainage that impacted or wiped out 80 percent of the city due to breaches in the levees and flood walls, that was under the jurisdiction of the United States Army corps of engineers. Areas affected were below sea level. The French Quarter and elegant Garden District are above sea level and thus mainly escaped water damage although they experienced wind damage, loss of power and other inconveniences.
Those that stayed either died in their neighbourhoods or made their way with or without the help of friends and neighbours to the Super Dome and New Orleans Convention Centre. Here they were met with deplorable conditions and more deaths occurred. They were cut off from communication, with no water, food or medical care. It wasn’t until September 3 that FEMA sent buses to transport and relocate them out of the city. Some never returned.
Our tour took us to various neighbourhoods affected by Katrina. We saw the levees and flood walls that failed The first neighbourhood we visited was beautiful Lakeside. This affluent white neighbourhood was levelled during Katrina, but has been rebuilt. Most homeowners were able to afford good insurance policies and had the means and finances to return to what was once the site of their home. Next we toured a middle class neighbourhood that had been affected. While Lakeside had virtually no vacant lots, this area did -indicating a percentage of the population never returned. Ward 9 is a area of mainly Blacks who are less economically privileged . There are huge areas of vacant lots. People living here were largely renters or owners with little or no insurance and couldn’t afford to rebuild or return. Lower ward 9 is in such deplorable and dangerous condition that tour buses are not allowed in. 175,000 displaced Blacks left New Orleans and only 100,000 could afford to return.
In 2006, the year after Katrina, volunteer groups came to help rebuild Katrina and to give assistance to those in need. One of the first groups to come was a library group to sort through and restore where possible damaged books. Coincidentally two ladies from that group were revisiting New Orleans and were on our bus tour. They received a round of applause.
Many of the volunteers that came to New Orleans after the hurricane fell in love with the city and decided to stay or come back with their families. The rehabilitation of New Orleans has come a long way, but there is still much to be done.
Will New Orleans be able to ward off another flood disaster? Improvements have been made and are continuing to be made, Higher walls are being built, old levees are being raised and strengthened, new and improved pumping stations are being erected to pump out the water to the lakes in case the levees fail. However despite all these improvements some are still sceptical.
We bade goodbye to our guide and thanked him for a wonderful tour.
Bourban street comes alive at night especially during French Quarter festivals -the main one being Mardi Gras. It is legal to drink alcohol on the streets.
Bourban Street is accredited for the birth of jazz. New Orleans was the only place I19th century where slaves were allowed to own drums. In the 19 century New Orleans was dancing to VooDoo rhythms. European horns joined African drums and Jazz was born.
Jazz greats include Buddy Bolden, NickLa Rocca and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans, but moved to Chicago at an early age.
People love to dance and sing on the streets. Bourban Street used to be the centre of jazz but there are now numerous Jazz clubs in the French Quarter.groups play on the street and in cafes and restaurants.
We had a wonderful dinner that evening at Commanders Palace in the Garden district.
Elaine Sone said that was the best steak, she ever ate. It was that evening that Elaine sone learned that her daughter in law was in labour. She sat and later slept with her cell phone clasped to her chest. Her grandson was born in the wee hours of the morning. He was born with a full head of hair.
We said goodbye to New Orleans. We did a lot but there was so much more we could have done. Maybe if we return we will take a plantation tour, a swamp tour cruise along the mighty Mississippi on a paddle boat or take a dinner/jazz cruise. There is an outlet mall that I wasn’t aware of. We actually passed a Chicco store and didn’t go in. Now that is a miracle. Cindy did buy a leprechaun hat in one of our meandering .
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged after effects of Katrina, Hop on hop off bus, ladies vacation, New England School of Cooking, New Orleans. Bookmark the permalink.
Always wanted to visit, but never will unfortunately. | 2019-04-24T13:47:19Z | https://whymeamemoir.wordpress.com/2017/01/15/new-orleans-my-trip-to-this-vibrant-city-and-some-new-orleans-trivia/ |
Nick Goings did play, coming back from his thigh injury, but didn’t get much action. He did get a holding call in the 4th quarter. His biggest play of the game was probably his recovery of an onside kick with less than two minutes left with New Orleans trying to get a chance to tie the game.
Antonio Bryant was part of the overwhelmed San Fran offense, finishing with only two catches for 29 yards on the day. I can’t imagine the loss of Vernon Smith really hurt SF this much, maybe it was just an off day…at least AB and company had better hope so.
One guy who is always busy when his team gets blown out is the punter.
For KC, Kris Wilson’s only true action was a tackle on a kickoff. KC probably wasn’t throwing the ball much late, but if you can’t get a touch when your team puts up 41 points…that’s probably not a good sign.
Derrick Blaylock was benched, Kevan Barlow was elevated, rookie Leon Washington was unveiled and Cedric Houston was pulled out of mothballs.
Eric Mangini tried to shake things up, starting Barlow and deactivating Blaylock, who had started the first two games. Houston, who didn’t dress the first two weeks, was in uniform, but he didn’t get a chance until late in the fourth quarter. When Barlow limped off with an apparent leg injury, Mangini went to Houston, who scored on a 5-yard run.
In the end, the result looked eerily familiar to the first two games: The Jets struggled on the ground, managing only 74 yards on 24 attempts – a 3.1 average. In three games, their total is 216 yards.
Barlow himself got 31 yards on 12 carries. That’s hardly a full day of work for most NFL backs, but when you’re trying to break out of a running back by committee situation you need to make the most of the carries you get. The Jets O-Line definitely isn’t helping out any though, as it doesn’t seem to matter which guy is behind them, there is little room for any running back.
What helps Barlow out the most is his pass-blocking abilities, which are pretty far ahead of the other younger backs.
Torrie Cox had a quiet day compared to last week, with just one pass defensed and no tackles. He also got an illegal block on a punt return in the second quarter. He was the only Panther active, more on the inactives at the end of this article.
Kevan Barlow got his first start as a New York Jet Sunday but didn’t have the big day you would expect against the Bills’ defense. Kevan did get in the end zone though, finishing with 12 carries for 31 yards and a touchdown. No receptions for Barlow but he did lead the team in carries. He is sharing the load with two others in a running back by committee in New York.
Rueben Brown was in his usual spot at left guard. A quiet day, a good thing for an offensive lineman…one holding call that was declined. The Bears only managed three yards per carry out of Thomas Jones and Rex Grossman was sacked once. Not bad on the sacks but Chicago definitely wants to get more than three yards per carry.
Antonio Bryant had his quietest day as a 49er, with only four catches for 36 yards. More later on whether he punched out QB Alex Smith after the game.
Shawntae Spencer actually led the 49ers in tackles Sunday with 7…apparently not much tackling going on when you’re busy giving up 37 points. Spencer also fell on a fumble in the second quarter that led to San Fran’s first points, a field goal that made it 14-3 Philly.
Andy Lee had almost 300 yards in punts Sunday, finishing with seven punts for 298 yards with two ending inside the 20. Doesn’t sound like he had many chances to pin the Eagles back as the niners weren’t really moving the ball out of their own end much.
Larry Fitzgerald was another former Panther Biletnikoff winner with a relatively quiet day. Larry put up six catches for 65 yards but did get into the end zone. Seems with him and Boldin one of them always gets a lot of yards but doesn’t get the TD and the other one has a lot less yards and a TD. That was the case again as Boldin finished with 10 catches for 129 yards, but didn’t get in the paint.
Gerald Hayes led his Cardinals in tackles on the day with 10 and recovered a fumble that could have been the biggest play of the game had the Cards been able to drive for the win. Late in the 4th quarter with Arizona trailing 16-14, Hayes fell on a fumble on the Cardinals’ own 23 yard line. The Rams were on their way to scoring and putting hte game out of reach before that play. The O couldn’t muster a drive though, and actually failed to convert a 4th down after a sack from the same 23 yard line.
Dave Moore missed his second straight week with a rib injury for Tampa Bay. This was expected, he was listed as out on the weekly injury report.
Nick Goings sat out for his second week with a thigh injury for Carolina. He was listed as questionable coming in.
Darnell Dinkins also missed his second week in a row with a pulled hamstring for the Browns. He was listed as doubtful for the week.
Charles Spencer had a tough assignment in his second NFL start. Not only was he in one of the loudest buildings in all of football, he was lining up against Dwight Freeney. Things seemed to be going pretty well for Spencer though. The Texans were averaging over 4 yards per carry on the day, Freeney had only one tackle and no sacks…and then the Texans got the ball for their first drive in the 3rd quarter. Spencer went down and his return was “questionable”. Turned out he had broken his leg and was done for quite a while. I’ll have more on this in a story later this morning.
Torrie Cox had an up and down day for the Bucs Sunday. He ended up with four total tackles, one on special teams, and was in on a play that led to a fumble that gave Tampa the ball in good field position although he wasn’t credited with the forced fumble. After playing pretty well in pass coverage most of the day he was flagged for illegal contact that kept an Atlanta drive alive, but they ended up missing a field goal so no real harm was done.
Dave Moore did not play because of his rib injury.
Larry Fitzgerald had a rare game with under 100 yards receiving Sunday, finishing with only four receptions for 52 yards. Seattle’s defense did a great job of covering down the field with their zone defenses. Running back Edgerrin James was the Cards‘ leading receiver.
Gerald Hayes had a much better day, finishing with only four tackles but he also intercepted a Matt Hasselback pass when the Seahwaks were driving to score again before the half. Unfortunately Neil Rackers missed the field goal before the half that would have given Arizona more momentum going into the half.
Antonio Bryant had the game winning score on a 72 yard touchdown pass that I should have video of posted soon. That capped a four catch, 131 yard day for Bryant, who had been frustrated again in the first quarter with his lack of catches. More on that later today as well.
Shawntae Spencer started in his usual spot at left corner and his hamstring seems to be completely healed. He ended with four tackles and one pass defensed.
Andy Lee‘s job as the 49er punter isn’t as busy this year as it was last year, but he still had four punts Sunday, putting two inside the 20 yard line. The other two were from inside his own 30, and went 54 and 46 yards. He also held on all San Fran field goal and extra point attempts as usual.
Kevan Barlow did not start as we thought he might on Sunday, but he did get more than twice the carries of starter Derrick Blaylock. Barlow finished with 14 carries for 42 yards and one catch for four yards. I should have some video of Kevan up tomorrow.
Lou Polite had a quiet day, as most days are for fullbacks in Bill Parcell’s offenses. Bledsoe threw incomplete to Polite twice, and the rest of the day was all blocking for Lou and they don’t put that in the papers.
Kris Wilson got in the game but had no passes thrown his way again in a defensive game.
Rob Pettiti was inactive for the Saints.
Nick Goings was inactive for the Panthers.
Darnell Dinkins was out with a hamstring for the Browns.
Something I forgot to mention in the Sunday NFL Roundup. We did an article here before the season began on Panthers in hte Pros that are approaching milestones this season.
It didn’t take long for the first one to be reached, as Kevan Barlow needed only one score to get his 25th career rushing touchdown. He got that Sunday for the Jets in the second quarter to put New York up 7-0. Kevan also has three career receiving touchdowns.
As reported here yesterday, Barlow could start on Sunday for the Jets and should get the majority of carries. As he learns the offense each week he could eventually become the sole feature back in the Big Apple.
How do you replace a future Hall of Fame running back?
Certainly not the way the Jets are doing it.
In Martin’s place, none of his replacements has proved worthy as a bona fide No. 1 back, so the team plans to go with a running back-by-committee approach. If you believe new coach Eric Mangini, the Jets could run out Derrick Blaylock, Kevan Barlow, Cedric Houston and Leon Washington on any down and in any situation.
So we’re talking about a career backup, a deposed starter, a fill-in starter and a rookie. Jets fans are already turning green at the prospect.
Barlow is a proven commodity, even if his stock has dropped. He was a 1,000-yard gainer with the San Francisco 49ers in 2003. His per-carry yardage dropped from 5.1 to 3.4 in 2004 and dipped even further last season to 3.3 as he found his way into coach Mike Nolan’s doghouse. Upon his exit, Barlow compared Nolan to Adolf Hitler; the Niners said it was addition by subtraction.
While the N.F.L. is sleeping Tuesday, Barlow will head to the Jets’ facility before 7 a.m. He planned to stay there until at least 6 p.m. and do whatever it takes to get in sync with his new teammates. “I’ll be here all day, so hopefully, I’ll be able to answer the questions that Coach Mangini throws at me,” Barlow said.
The no-huddle offense the Jets used was almost as challenging to Barlow as it was to the Titans’ defense. He ended up relying on quarterback Chad Pennington to point him in the right direction on a few plays.
RB Kevan Barlow (11 carries, 35 yards, TD vs. Titans) has impressed Mangini and could get the starting nod (or at least more carries) against the Patriots. Barlow, criticized for not running hard in San Francisco, hit the hole with authority against Tennessee.
Sorry for no posting over the weekend, but even bloggers have somewhat of a life…not much was happening until the season got into full swing yesterday anyways. Here’s a quick rundown of how former Panthers did in their games yesterday around the league, probably a more detailed follow-up on some of these later today.
Charles Spencer started his first NFL regular-season game at left tackle. He did have a false start in the second quarter, but other than that no penalties. Houston only had 70 yards rushing and David Carr was sacked five times, not exactly good stats for an O-lineman to see. I’ll be looking around for some more information on how Spencer played later today.
Darnell Dinkins played special teams for Cleveland, but did not make a tackle.
Rob Petitti didn’t dress for the Saints.
Nick Goings played special teams for the Panthers and recorded his only tackle covering a punt in the second quarter.
Torrie Cox also played on special teams for the Buccaneers. He finished with one tackle covering a punt in the first quarter. On a day Baltimore kicked off basically the entire game, Cox only had one kickoff come his way, but returned it for 26 yards. Maybe Baltimore was afraid and kicking away from Torrie.
Kevan Barlow made his Jets debut and scored on a one yard run in the second quarter. He was second on the team in carries with 11, but was only one yard behind Derrick Blaylock, who had 19 carries. Barlow ended up with 35 yards on his 11 carries for a 3.2 ypc average. Not too bad for a Jets team that didn’t seem like it could run the ball with anyone most of the day.
Kris Wilson played sparingly for the Chiefs, and didn’t get any special teams tackles or receptions on offense. Maybe all that talk about three tight end sets in the preseason was just talk.
Larry Fitzgerald is the headliner as far as Pitt alumni go in the league right now, and he didn’t disappoint on Sunday. He finished with 9 catches for 133 yards, but couldnt’ get into the end zone. Kurt Warner threw to Larry a total of 14 times and Larry dropped a few catchable balls, so he easily could have had 11 or 12 catches and gone over 200 yards if he had grabbed a few of those.
Gerald Hayes is the other starting Panther for the Cardinals, starting at middle linebacker. Hayes led the defense from the start and ended up with five tackles, a sack and a fumble recovery that he returned to the 49ers 5 yard line. Big game for Gerald’s starting debut.
For San Francisco, Shawntae Spencer was back from his injured hamstring to start at corner. He finished with 6 total tackles and a pass defensed. Can’t say it was a great day for him though as Kurt Warner pretty much threw the ball all over the field at will all day. I’m sure Shawntae’s receiver, whether it was Boldin or Fitzgerald, got their share of catches.
Antonio Bryant almost matchd Larry’s yardage total, with 4 catches for 114 yards including a 46 yarder. He also couldn’t get in the end zone though. He was thrown to five other times for incompletions, picked up a holding call on a running play, and was slapped with a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty for taunting.
The final Panther in the game was punter Andy Lee. Usually punting for San Francisco is a pretty busy job, and Andy made the most of his opportunities on Saturday. He put three of his four punts inside the 20, including one downed at the 5 in teh second half. Andy also holds on all field goals and extra points for the 49ers.
Q)You guys seem to have different packages for different running backs . . .
Barlow: If there’s a package set up for me or Derrick (Blaylock) or Cedric (Houston), whatever helps the team, you want to take advantage of what the player’s abilities whatever they are. Whoever the running back is doesn’t matter as long as by the end of the day he helps us win games. It does not matter to me.Q)Who tough is it for players to learn a system when they are brought in right before the season, which is the case for a number of Jets?
Q)Who tough is it for players to learn a system when they are brought in right before the season, which is the case for a number of Jets?
Barlow: Things have been cut down tremendously as far as the offensive game plan, so it should be much better mentally and they’ll be able to go out there and have it be much easier for them.
Q)Who did you think the starter would be when you arrived?
Barlow: You can’t really say that. You’re not going to throw a guy out there that doesn’t know the offense, he’s libel to get one of the quarterbacks hurt. We don’t need that, especially with the situation that we had last year. Whatever my role is I’m happy with it.
Q)Will it hurt you not getting a lot of work in the preseason?
Barlow: I’m going to have to get my work in practice, that’s where I’m going to have to try and get most of my work. Try to watch film and get a feel for the offensive lineman. That’s what I’ve been doing, just practicing and getting a feel for these guys, and I’m going to continue to do that. As far as work that’s going to come throughout the season. You just have to learn on the move and just keep running and running, run on the ground.
One interesting thing though was how simple the Jets offense sounds it will be at least for the first few weeks because of all of the new players involved. You had to figure it would be that way, just kind of surprising he came right out and said it maybe.
I’m looking for Kevan to get around 8-10 touches Sunday depending on the flow of the game. With the Jets being so bad, there may not be many second half carries to go around in a lot of games, so hopefully Kevan has a fast start and can take the majority of the carries in upcoming weeks. | 2019-04-19T00:22:40Z | https://panthersinthepros.wordpress.com/category/free-agents/kevan-barlow/ |
Three years ago in the region of Kanto, a young man aspiring to become a Pokémon Trainer defeated the evil Team Rocket organization and bested the Pokémon League to attain the title of Pokémon Master.
Now, in the region of Johto, a new Pokémon legend is about to be born.
Welcome to the world of Pokémon Gold & Silver (G&S for short), the sequel to the smash hit Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow games. Released in October 2000, this sequel has already set sales records. For those of you who have not yet played G&S, enjoy a taste of what this new game is all about!
Warning: This article contains the best way to beat the game. Reading it may spoil your enjoyment of the game.
The Japanese city & Pokemon names were converted to English by Bret Larwick.
There are 16 badges: 8 in Johto (the new world) and 8 in Kanto (the old world).
When you start the game, a little box appears on the right side of the screen. This is where you will set the time of day. Pressing up and down will change the hour.
When you have decided, press A, and it will ask you if that’s OK. The top-most selection will be “Yes.” The box will be the minutes.
Why bother with all of this? Well, some of the game’s Pokémon can be caught only in the morning (4am-9:59am), others during the day (10am-5:59pm), others at night (6pm-3:59am). The internal clock will keep track of time automatically, so when you play the game at night before you go to bed, the time of day in the game will also be night.
Now, go to the house all the way up and to the left.
This is Professor Elm’s lab. Once you go inside, Elm will give you the choice of three Pokémon on the table. The left one is Cyndaquil (a Fire Pokémon), the middle one is Totodile (a Water Pokémon) and the right one is Chikorita (a Grass Pokémon). If you’re a beginner, choose Chikorita. It learns Razor Leaf at level 8. Its chance for critical hits is good, making it a nice starting Pokémon. It is also the only starter than can learn Flash.
Before you leave, Elm’s assistant will give you a Potion (you can’t avoid it). Don’t worry about Poké Balls just yet; they’ll be given to you later.
Your destination is Cherrygrove City to the west, but you should take the time to raise your Pokémon up to level 10 just outside New Bark Town.
You’ll have an easier time this way. If you need to heal your Pokémon, go to Elm’s lab and use the computer. It acts as a Pokémon Center.
Once you’ve built up to level 10, go west. Don’t bother going north, because you won’t be able to get very far. Keep going until you get to Cherrygrove City. Talk to the old man at the entrance of the town, answer “Yes” to his question, and he’ll take you on a tour of the town.
When the tour ends at his house, he will give you a Map Card. It will allow you to access a map from your PokéGear.
Go north and into the house. Here, a man will give you a Berry. There are many different types of berries around the game (some heal, cure poison, cure paralysis, etc.), and you can get them from the fruit-bearing trees that appear during the game (there is one outside his house).
The good thing about a Berry is that you can equip it on a Pokémon, and whenever it’s low on Hit Points, it will automatically use the fruit. Additionally, the trees replenish themselves once a day.
Keep going northeast to the Pokémon Elder’s house. He will give you a mysterious egg. Plus, Professor Oak will give you a Pokédex and tell you to go to Violet City. If that weren’t enough, he will heal all of your Pokémon.
Once you step out of the house, Elm will call you, telling you there is trouble at the lab and that you should return immediately. Return to Cherrygrove City and use the Pokémon Center. Just before you leave town, you’ll encounter a young man who uses one of the Pokémon that you could have chosen in the beginning.
You should be at a high enough level to defeat him easily, even though your Pokémon will be weak against the one he has chosen.
Heal at the Pokémon Center if you need to, then go to Elm’s lab. The police will be there, and you’ll have to name the young man that you fought.
That man will then be your rival for the remainder of the game. Elm will marvel at your egg and take it for a time to study. Just as you are about to leave, Elm’s assistant will give you five Poké Balls. Finally, you can catch those wild Pokemon!
The first man you see outside of New Bark Town will instruct you on how to use the balls.
At this point, you may want to catch some Pokémon to add to your team. A good choice to catch would be Sentret, the flying raccoon, which can be caught only during the morning or day. It can learn Cut, and, strangely enough, Surf.
Another good one is Pidgey, which can learn Fly. And while you’re at it, pick up a Geodude (in the area I previously advised you not to enter because you couldn’t get very far or in the dark cave here) if you want to learn Strength. Keep at least one slot open in your party. I’ll tell you why later.
Make your way to Violet City, then beat Falkner at the gym. The gym members and leader use Bird-type Pokémon and should be relatively easy if you built up your levels, especially if you snagged a rock-type. Defeat Falkner to get the Zephyr Badge. It increases the attack of all your Pokémon, and it allows you to use Flash at any time. He also gives you TM 31, Mud-Slap. It’s basically a high-damage ground-type Sand Attack.
Elm will call after you exit the gym. He’s discovered your egg needs to be with fighting Pokemon in order to hatch and he wants your help. Go to the Pokémon Center of Violet City, and Elm’s assistant will be there. Answer “Yes” to his question, and you’ll be given your egg back, but this time it will be in your party. It cannot attack but will eventually hatch into Togepi!
Now, go to the northern part of town to the Sprout Tower. Battle your way to the top, and defeat the temple master for the Flash HM. You may also find it advantageous to pick up a Gastly at night in this tower for use against later gyms.
Go south through the cave to Azalea Town (if you try going west, you’ll be blocked by some sort of tree). Enter the Pokémon Center and talk to the fisherman to get the Fishing Rod. Talk to Kurt, the Poké Ball maker, at the northern end of town, and he’ll ask you to save the captive Slowpokes. He’ll then leave the house.
Now go to the front of the town and into the hole previously blocked by a man. Kurt will be there. Defeat all the Team Rocket members, and Kurt will give you a Lure Ball.
Next, go to the gym and defeat the leader for the Hive Badge. It allows you to control Pokémon up to level 30 and enables you to use Cut outside of battle. She also gives you TM 49, Fury Cutter. It’s the Slash attack that she used on you earlier.
Heal at the Pokémon Center, then go west through the gate. Just as you are about to leave, your rival appears again. This battle is a little tougher but shouldn’t be too difficult if you have built up your Pokémon.
Go through the forest, and play a game of “Catch the Farfetch’d” to get the Cut HM from the grateful man. Cut your way north into Goldenrod City. Explore the town but don’t go into the gym yet. You should be able to find a Coin Case in an underground tunnel (you won’t be able to go into the door yet) and a Bicycle in the Bicycle Shop — both for free.
Go to the radio tower (the large building to the west end of town) and talk to the woman at the right end of the counter. Answer her questions correctly and she’ll give you the Radio Card. You’ll be able to access the radio from your PokéGear.
You can go to the gym now, if you want. However, you may want to build up each of your Pokémon to at least level 25. This is because the gym leader, Whitney, uses a Pokémon called “Miltank.” The “tank” part is accurate, because it has massive HP and can easily wipe out low-level Pokémon.
Not only that, it has an attack called “Attract,” which charms your Pokémon into not attacking if they’re the opposite gender of Miltank. If that weren’t bad enough, it has another attack “Milk Drink”, so when you reduce its HP, it can heal itself! This will be one of the most difficult battles you have faced up to this point. If you picked up a Gastly earlier, you can use it in this gym since it is immune to normal-type attacks; however, it’s attacks are also useless against the normal-types except for Hypnosis.
You will get the Plain Badge for winning. At first, she won’t give it to you, but one of the club members will coax it out of her. It allows you to use Strength outside of battle. She also gives you TM 45, Attract.
Exit the gym and go to the house on the top-right. Talk to the lady next to the flowers, and she’ll give you a Squirt Bottle. Go north through the gate and all the way around until you get to something that looks like a tree. If you have the Squirt Bottle, examine it, then answer, “Yes.” (Normally, if you examined the tree, it would simply shake). The tree will then turn into a Pokémon, Sudowoodo, and attack you. This is your only opportunity to catch this Pokémon. After you do, walk a little bit to the right and encounter the pudgy man, and he’ll give you TM 08, Rock Smash. You need this to destroy the broken rocks that you encounter within the game.
Now enter Ecruteak City. You’ll encounter, but not fight, your rival at the Pokémon Center. Go to the house to the left of the Pokémon Center and answer “Yes” to get an Item Finder. Now go to the house north of the Pokémon Center that has dancing girls. Defeat all of the girls (they use Eevee evolutions, including the two new ones) and talk to the gentleman in the room. He’ll give you the Surf HM.
Now you can go to the gym and defeat the leader (who uses Ghost Pokémon) for the Fog Badge. It allows you to control Pokémon up to level 50 and enables you to use Surf outside of battle. He also gives you TM 30, Shadow Ball.
Go to the smaller temple in the northwest portion of town. You will encounter your rival there. Break the rocks and walk around until there is a pit to fall down. Walk to the stairs, and the three Pokémon that are there will jump away.
Go west to Olivine City. You can stop by the Miltank farm if you want. One of the Miltank is sick. Feed it seven Berries, and it will get better. Then you can talk to the mother in the house, and she will give you TM 13, Snore. Plus, you’ll now be able to buy milk from the father, which heals a substantial amount of HP. You don’t have to complete this little side-quest if you don’t want to.
In Olivine City, you’ll notice that the gym is empty. Climb the lighthouse (the large building) and talk to Jasmine at the top. The Pokémon is sick, and you will need medicine to cure it.
Exit the lighthouse and go to the last house just before the beach. Talk to the sailor to get the Strength HM.
Surf over to Cianwood City (the city over the sea) but avoid all of the little caves that you see along the way (since you won’t be able to do anything about them at the current time). Defeat the gym leader to get the Storm Badge. It will allow you to control Pokémon up to level 70. He also gives you TM 01, Dynamicpunch.
Talk to the woman just outside of the gym to get the Fly HM. Go into the very last house at the bottom of Cianwood City and talk to the man. He will give you some medicine.
Now, go back to Olivine City and climb the lighthouse again. Talk to Jasmine, and she will go down to the gym after healing the Pokemon. Defeat her for the Mineral Badge, which increases your Pokémon’s Defense. She also gives you TM 23, Iron Tail, for the massive attack that her Steelix uses.
Go west from Ecruteak City to Mahogany Town. There is a man blocking the gym door, so you can’t go in just yet. Go north and defeat/capture the Red Gyarados. Once you do, look for the sign in the same area. Lance will be looking at it. Talk to him, and he’ll ask for your help before running off.
Go back down to Mahogany Town and enter the shop. Lance will be there, and he’ll show the way into Team Rocket’s HQ.
Go into the HQ. Defeat the Researcher at the computer, and examine the computer to turn off a switch. If you don’t, then every statue you walk past will cause two Rocket Grunts to run out and challenge you to duels. On the next floor, you will meet Lance again. He will also heal your Pokémon. Defeat the two Team Rocket members behind the scientists to get passwords. (Don’t worry; you don’t have to write them down or anything.) Those passwords will allow you to open up the gate into the boss’s room.
Enter the boss’s room at the top and defeat him. Talk to the bird to get the final password.
Go back down to the floor that had the large machine behind a gate. Defeat the Team Rocket members with Lance’s help, then go into the Generator Room. Defeat the three Electrodes on your side (the left one). Lance will then give you HM 06, Whirlpool. This HM is used to fill in whirlpools. Once outside, you will see that the man is no longer in front of the gym. You can now enter and defeat Pryce for the Glacier Badge and TM 16, Icy Wind.
At this point, since you will have seven badges, you will get a call from Professor Elm. There is trouble at the Radio Tower in Goldenrod City. Enter the Radio Tower and defeat all of the Team Rocket members. There will be a gate on one of the floors. Ignore it for now and continue to go up the stairs to defeat the boss at the top. You will then get a key.
Exit the Radio Tower, and go just north of it to the underground passage (the place where you got the Coin Case). Unlock the door, and go in. Your rival will then enter and attack you.
You will have to manipulate the switches at the top part of this room in order to open the gates. Not only this, you will have to defeat the Team Rocket members who are waiting for you.
Get the card key from the guy who is trapped on one of the floors. Then enter the elevator and you’ll end up in the shop.
Re-enter the Radio Tower, and go through the gate that was previously locked. Defeat the remaining Rockets, and the tower is free!
Now that Team Rocket’s taken care of, go back to Mahogany Town, and east to Blackthorn City through a cave. This cave is basically one big puzzle. The ground is slick with ice, and whenever you take a step, you will continue in that direction until you hit a wall or block. The goal will be to get to the top and push the blocks through the floor. Then drop to that floor as well. The blocks will help you get to the ladder in the middle. Also, HM 07, Waterfall, is in this cave (in an Item Ball), and you need it!
In Blackthorn City, defeat Clair at the Gym, but she won’t give you your badge yet. Surf on the area behind the gym and through the cave. Find the Item Ball with the feather in it, and Clair will show up. She will then give you your Rising Badge. It allows you to control all Pokémon. She also hands you TM 24, Dragonbreath.
After getting the badge and exiting the cave, Elm will give you a call. Go to him, and he will give you the infamous Master Ball.
Now that you have all eight badges, you can go to the Pokémon League. Access it from New Bark Town (the first town). Surf to the right, and a man will give you a new Map Card (to see the second map).
However, you may need some firepower. You should start your quest for one of the two new legendary birds. If you are playing Gold, you can get Ho-Oh first; if Silver, you can get Lugia. Whichever one it is, it will be at level 40.
Ho-Oh is in the Legendary Temple. Go back to Ecruteak City and into the double-space house that has a door on it. Follow it around until you get to a temple. Ascend to the top, and Ho-Oh will be there.
Lugia, on the other hand, is in the set of caves to the east of Cianwood City (the network of caves will remind you of Seafoam Islands). Go into the middle-right cave. You will be nearing Lugia’s area if you go down a waterfall. Enter the cave, and Lugia will be there.
Once you have received the second map from the man, go into the cave and walk all of the way through. Prepare for a long walk up to the League.
Go through the very last cave (it’s not very long), and your rival will confront you for the last time. Defeat him and enter the league.
Defeat the Elite Four — Will (Psychic), Koga (Poison), Bruno (Fighting) and Karen (Dark) — and finally the current champion, Lance (Dragon).
Well, you finished the first game. You did know that there is a second quest, didn’t you?
Press “continue” after the credits roll and the title appears. Elm will call you. Go to him and get a Boat Ticket.
Go to Olivine City and down the pathway until you get to the boat. Enter it and go to your room (the one with the sailor standing in front of it). Look at the bed to heal if you need to.
Enter all of the rooms and talk to the man in one of them. His daughter is missing. Go up the stairs and talk to the sailor who won’t let you through. Go back down to the room to the right of yours and defeat the sailor.
Go back up and defeat the passengers and sailors on that floor. Ascend the stairs and talk to the little girl with the captain. You will both be warped back to her cabin.
At this time, you should be at your destination, Vermillion City! Go to the gym and defeat Lt. Surge for the Thunder Badge. It increases the speed of your Pokémon.
Go north to Saffron City and defeat Sabrina for the Marsh Badge.
Now go east to Lavender Town and into the Radio Station there. Talk to the men, then exit. Go north from that town and around. Surf down until you get to the Power Station. Talk to the man in the Generator Room, then leave.
Return to Saffron City, and go north to Cerulean City. Enter the gym. A Team Rocket member will bump into you, and then leave. The gym is empty.
Exit the gym and go north up the trail, where you will find the Rocket. Defeat him, and he will tell you about an item that he hid in the gym. This item is the component that they are missing at the Power Station.
Go back to the gym and to the little pool in the middle of it. Examine the upper-left corner of the pool for the item.
Go north again, and fight the string of trainers. You should then see a young lady. Talk to her, and she will go back to the Cerulean City Gym. Return to the gym and defeat her (Misty) for the Cascade Badge.
Return to the Power Station and give the item to the man. He will give you TM 07, Zap Cannon, in return. Now, go back to the town on the second map with the Radio Tower. Talk to the man, and he will give you a Radio Upgrade.
Return to Vermillion City and visit the Pokémon Fan Club. Talk to the plump man at the table, and he will give you a Clefairy Doll.
Go back to Saffron City and into Mimic’s house. Go up the stairs and talk to her. She will give you the Magnet Train Ticket. You can now go back and forth between the maps much more easily.
Go back to Saffron City and go to the west to Celadon City. Defeat Erika at the gym for the Rainbow Badge and TM 19, Giga Drain.
Go west down Cycling Road to Fuchsia City. Enter the gym and defeat Janine. She is the girl who is on the lower left. She will give you the Soul Badge.
Return to Vermillion City and up to the Snorlax. Enter your Radio Screen, and go to the last tunable station (the one with nothing but music). Exit the menus and examine the Snorlax. It will wake up and attack you.
Once the Snorlax is dealt with, go through Diglett’s Cave and emerge near Pewter City.
Next, go to Pewter City and defeat Brock at the gym for the Boulder Badge.
There is also a trainer’s house in this town. You can go into the basement to fight a high-level trainer. You can only do this once per day, though.
You can also go right to Mt. Moon (a very short cave). You will fight your rival for the very last time here. At the top is a shop (people are in it only during the day) and an open field.
Now, go south to Viridian City. The gym is empty. (Sense a pattern here?). Go south to Pallet Town and talk to Professor Oak in his Lab.
Surf south from Pallet Town to a little island. There will be a young man examining a rock. Talk to him and he will leave.
Surf to the right into a little cave. This is the Cinnabar Island Gym. Defeat Blaine and get the Volcano Badge.
Return to Viridian City, and defeat Blue (also known as Gary) to obtain the Earth Badge.
Now you have all 16 badges!
Good news: Now you can go back and get the other new legendary bird. Talk to everyone in Pewter City again. One of them will give you another feather. This will allow you to go to the other location to grab the bird.
However, this bird will be at level 70! Want a good way to capture it? Run it out of attacks.
But wait — there’s still a little more.
Go back to Pallet Town and talk to Professor Oak. He will tell you about Mt. Silver, which has some strong Pokémon.
Return to Viridian City (again) and go west. Go through the small cave to emerge by some grasslands. Warning: This area contains some of the most-powerful wild Pokémon in the game, with levels of 40 or greater. This is a good place to build up levels.
Here’s some good news: There is a Pokémon Center there. What’s more, you can fly to the Pokémon Center here from the locations on the first map.
But there is also a cave. Go through it (it isn’t very difficult) to find someone at the end. This is Red, also known as Ash. He has the game’s most-powerful Pokémon. He has a level-81 Pikachu, level-77 Blastoise, level-77 Venusaur, level-77 Charizard, level-73 Espion and level-73 Snorlax.
Can you defeat this Pokémon Master?
Pokémon breeding is a way to increase your stockpile of Pokémon. What’s more, it’s the only way to get the much sought-after “baby” Pokémon.
Take two Pokémon of the same type but different genders to the house to the south of Kogane City. If you can’t get two of the same type, a Ditto will often work as well. Here, you will find two people. Give the male Pokémon to the old man and the female Pokémon to the old woman.
After doing so, go out to the pen and look at your Pokemon, if they show interest in one another, they will likely produce eggs for you.
Baby Pokemon often take their species from the female and possible starting attacks from the father. This means, that some Pokemon can learn attacks that can only be taught to them by their father. For instance, our poor Mareep normally can never learn Thunderbolt, a very nice Lightning-type attack, neither normally nor by TM. However, if you get a Female Mareep and a Male Lightning Pokemon that knows Thunderbolt together and they produce an egg… there is a chance the Mareep they produce will know Thunderbolt when it hatches!
Now, go out and explore, fight, walk around, etc. After a few hours, return to this house. If done correctly, you should see the old man in the pen, where the two Pokémon are. He will have an egg for you. Make sure you have an open slot in your party! There is a computer in the house, where you can make room.
Go and talk to the old man to get the egg. You can then get your Pokémon back by paying a certain amount of money or leave them there to create more eggs.
The goal of this special little area is to catch all 26 different shapes of this Pokémon.
After catching three different types, exit the monument, and a scientist will be outside. Talk to him, and he will take you into the small lab to get your Pokédex upgrade to view the Unown that you have already captured. To view this upgrade, go into your Pokédex, and hit Select. It will be the last option there.
At first, you will only be able to catch a few of them. This can be solved by completing the four puzzles hidden in similar caves. You should be able to immediately find and solve the Kabuto puzzle. The Aerodactyl puzzle will require the use of Surf.
For the other two, exit the area to the right, then go south into Union Cave. You will need Surf to get to the other ladders in the cave and Strength to move boulders aside. These ladders (after a little exploring) will lead to the other two puzzles: Omanyte and Moltres. Once you solve them, they unlock another set of Unown for you to capture.
Once you have all 26 Unown, go into the small lab and use the machine in the upper-right corner of the room. It allows you to print out the Unown as stickers via your Game Boy Printer.
Oh, and if you didn’t figure it out yet, each of the Unown Pokémon represent a letter in the English alphabet. Get it… Ruins of Alph (Alphabet)?
In Ecruteak City, if you go into the temple in the northwest corner of the city and smash the blocks, you eventually will fall into an area that has three Pokémon sitting there. Once you step onto the stairs, they will jump away, leaving the temple.
Capturing these elusive Pokémon is extremely difficult. The first time that you encounter them in the wild will be completely random; in fact, you may never even see one.
The good news is that after you encounter one of them for the first time, its location will appear in your Pokédex, but they will jump to a new, random place each time you enter a new area (like a town or cave). Try entering and exiting a town until it’s in the same location that you are.
The bad news? They’re almost impossible to catch, since they run at the very first chance they get. However, if you manage to damage one of them, their HP remains damaged the next time you encounter them. Just try to put them to sleep or immobilize them in some way. Make sure you equip your lead Pokemon with the Quick Claw when you go hunting for these legends.
If you really want one of them, use your Master Ball. | 2019-04-25T01:47:27Z | https://www.pojo.com/videogames/GoldSilver/walkthru.html |
Techniques are provided for detecting pulmonary edema based on a comparison of impedance-based respiratory patterns and impedance-based cardiac patterns, i.e. patterns derived from thoracic impedance signals. In one example, a numerical ratio is calculated between average peak-to-peak amplitudes of the respiratory patterns and average peak-to-peak amplitudes of the cardiac patterns. Pulmonary edema is detected if the amplitude ratio falls below a pulmonary edema detection threshold. Techniques are also provided for controlling operation of an impedance-based reduced respiration detector, i.e. a detector which seeks to detect apnea, hypopnea, or the like, based on analysis of respiratory patterns derived from a thoracic impedance signal. If the numerical ratio falls below a minimum reliability threshold, then the reduced respiration detector is deactivated because episodes of reduced respiration cannot then reliably be derived from an analysis of respiration patterns obtained from the thoracic impedance signals.
This application is related to copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/138,219, filed May 25, 2005, entitled “System and Method for Impedance-Based Detection of Pulmonary Edema and Reduced Respiration Using an Implantable Medical System”.
The invention generally relates to implantable medical devices, such as pacemakers or implantable cardioverter/defibrillators (ICDs), and in particular to impedance-based techniques for detecting pulmonary edema arising due to heart failure, and also to techniques for detecting apnea, within a patient in which a medical device is implanted and for delivering therapy in response thereto.
Heart failure is a debilitating disease in which abnormal function of the heart leads in the direction of inadequate blood flow to fulfill the needs of the tissues and organs of the body. Typically, the heart loses propulsive power because the cardiac muscle loses capacity to stretch and contract. Often, the ventricles do not adequately eject or fill with blood between heartbeats and the valves regulating blood flow become leaky, allowing regurgitation or back-flow of blood. The impairment of arterial circulation deprives vital organs of oxygen and nutrients. Fatigue, weakness and the inability to carry out daily tasks may result. Not all heart failure patients suffer debilitating symptoms immediately. Some may live actively for years. Yet, with few exceptions, the disease is relentlessly progressive. As heart failure progresses, it tends to become increasingly difficult to manage. Even the compensatory responses it triggers in the body may themselves eventually complicate the clinical prognosis. For example, when the heart attempts to compensate for reduced cardiac output, it adds muscle causing the ventricles (particularly the left ventricle) to grow in volume in an attempt to pump more blood with each heartbeat. This places a still higher demand on the heart's oxygen supply. If the oxygen supply falls short of the growing demand, as it often does, further injury to the heart may result. The additional muscle mass may also stiffen the heart walls to hamper rather than assist in providing cardiac output. A particularly severe form of heart failure is congestive heart failure (CHF) wherein the weak pumping of the heart leads to build-up of fluids in the lungs and other organs and tissues.
Heart failure has been classified by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) into four classes of progressively worsening symptoms and diminished exercise capacity. Class I corresponds to no limitation wherein ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, shortness of breath, or palpitation. Class II corresponds to slight limitation of physical activity wherein such patients are comfortable at rest, but wherein ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations or angina. Class III corresponds to a marked limitation of physical activity wherein, although patients are comfortable at rest, even less than ordinary activity will lead to symptoms. Class IV corresponds to inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort, wherein symptoms of heart failure are present even at rest and where increased discomfort is experienced with any physical activity.
Pulmonary edema is a swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the lungs often caused by heart failure (i.e. the edema represents one of the “congestives” of CHF.) Briefly, the poor cardiac function resulting from heart failure can cause blood to back up in the lungs, thereby increasing blood pressure in the lungs. The increased pressure pushes fluid—but not blood cells—out of the blood vessels and into lung tissue and air sacs. This can cause severe respiratory problems and, left untreated, can be fatal. Pulmonary edema is usually associated with relatively severe forms of heart failure and is often asymptomatic until the edema itself becomes severe, i.e. the patient is unaware of the pulmonary edema until it has progressed to a near fatal state when respiration suddenly becomes quite difficult.
In view of the potential severity of heart failure/pulmonary edema, it is highly desirable to detect the onset of these conditions within a patient and to track the progression thereof so that appropriate therapy can be provided. Many patients suffering heart failure/pulmonary edema already have pacemakers or ICDs implanted therein or are candidates for such devices. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide such devices with the capability to automatically detect and track heart failure/pulmonary edema.
However, it would be desirable to provide improved techniques, particularly for detecting pulmonary edema, via thoracic impedance and is to this end that aspects of the invention are directed. In this regard, previous techniques for detecting pulmonary edema based on impedance are often unduly complex. In some cases, changes in impedance due to other factors besides the fluids associated with pulmonary edema can possibly result in a false positive detection of pulmonary edema.
Many patients with heart failure and/or pulmonary edema also suffer from episodes of reduced respiration, such as apnea or hypopnea. With hypopnea, respiration is reduced but is still present. With apnea, however, respiration may cease completely for a minute or longer. One common form of apnea is sleep apnea, in which episodes can occur hundreds of times during a single night. Accordingly, patients with sleep apnea experience periodic wakefulness at night and excessive sleepiness during the day. In addition, apnea can exacerbate various medical conditions, particularly CHF.
One form of apnea is central sleep apnea (CSA), which is believed to be the result of a neurological condition. Briefly, respiration is regulated by groups of nerve cells in the brain in response to changing blood chemistry levels, particularly blood CO2 levels. When blood CO2 levels exceed a certain threshold, the groups of nerve cells generate a burst of nerve signals for triggering inspiration. The inspiration nerve signals are relayed via phrenic nerves to the diaphragm and via other nerves to chest wall muscles, which collectively contract to expand the lungs. With CSA, the nerve signals are not properly generated during extended periods of time while the patient is asleep or are of insufficient magnitude to trigger sufficient muscle contraction to achieve inhalation. In either case, the patient thereby fails to inhale until appropriate inspiration nerve signals are eventually generated—often not until after the patient awakes in response to significantly high blood CO2 levels. Arousal from sleep due to CSA usually lasts only a few seconds, but such brief arousals nevertheless disrupt continuous sleep and can prevent the patient from achieving rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is needed. In addition, as already noted, frequent periods of apnea can exacerbate other medical conditions. In particular, aberrant blood chemistry levels occurring by sleep apnea are a significant problem for patients with CHF. Due to poor cardiac function caused by CHF, patients already suffer from generally low blood oxygen levels. Frequent periods of sleep apnea result in even lower blood oxygen levels. Fortunately, CSA is rare.
Another form of apnea, which is more common, is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) wherein the respiration airway is temporarily blocked. With OSA, proper inspiration nerve signals are generated by the brain and so the diaphragm and chest muscles contract in an attempt to cause the lungs to inhale. However, an obstruction of the respiration airway blocks delivery of air to the lungs and so blood CO2 levels continue to increase, usually until the patient awakens and readjusts his or her position so as to reopen the obstructed respiration pathway so that normal breathing can resume. The site of obstruction is usually the soft palate, near the base of the tongue, which lacks rigid structures such as bone or cartilage for keeping the airway open. While the patient is awake, muscles near the soft palate keep the passage open. However, while asleep, the muscles can relax to a point where the airway collapses and hence becomes obstructed. As with CSA, arousal from sleep usually lasts only a few seconds but is sufficient to disrupt continuous sleep and prevent proper REM sleep. It is estimated that OSA occurs in approximately two percent of women and four percent of men over the age of thirty-five. Obesity is a significant contributing factor. In addition, patients are at greater risk of OSA with increasing age, due to loss of muscle mass, particularly within the muscles that would otherwise hold the respiration airway open.
Apnea can also occur during Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR), which is an abnormal respiratory pattern often occurring in patients with CHF. CSR is characterized by alternating periods of hypopnea and hyperpnea (i.e. fast, deep breathing.) Briefly, CSR arises principally due to a time lag between blood CO2 levels sensed by the respiratory control nerve centers of the brain and the blood CO2 levels. With CHF, poor cardiac function results in poor blood flow to the brain such that respiratory control nerve centers respond to blood CO2 levels that are no longer properly representative of the overall blood CO2 levels in the body. Hence, the respiratory control nerve centers trigger an increase in the depth and frequency of breathing in an attempt to compensate for perceived high blood CO2 levels—although the blood CO2 levels have already dropped. By the time the respiratory control nerve centers detect the drop in blood CO2 levels and act to slow respiration, the blood CO2 levels have already increased. This cycle becomes increasingly unbalanced until respiration alternates between hypopnea and hyperpnea. The periods of hypopnea often become sufficiently severe that no breathing occurs between the periods of hyperpnea, i.e. periods of frank apnea occur between the periods of hyperpnea. The wildly fluctuating blood chemistry levels caused by alternating between hyperpnea and apnea/hypopnea can significantly exacerbate CHF and other medical conditions. When CHF is still mild, CSR usually occurs, if at all, only while the patient is sleeping. When it becomes more severe, CSR can occur while the patient is awake. Accordingly, CSR is one mechanism by which apnea can occur within patients who are awake. Apnea can also occur while awake due to neurological disorders or other factors. Hence, apnea is not limited to occurring only within sleeping patients.
Problems, however, can arise when attempting to detect apnea/hypopnea via thoracic impedance in patients with pulmonary edema. The present inventor has noted that apnea detection via thoracic impedance is most reliable when the lungs are clear but is considerably less reliable when the lungs are filled with fluids, i.e. when the patient suffers from pulmonary edema. Hence, it is not always possible to reliably detect apnea using an impedance-based detection technique if the patient suffers from pulmonary edema. Accordingly, in addition to providing improved impedance-based techniques for detecting pulmonary edema as noted above, it is also desirable to provide techniques for determining when impedance-based reduced respiration detection techniques can reliably be used. It is to this end that other aspects of the invention are directed.
In accordance with a first illustrative embodiment, techniques are provided for detecting pulmonary edema within a patient using an implantable medical device. Briefly, a comparison value representative of a comparison of impedance-based respiratory patterns and impedance-based cardiac patterns is determined. Then, pulmonary edema is detected based on the comparison value.
In an example, the comparison value is representative of a numerical ratio of average peak-to-peak amplitudes of impedance-based respiratory patterns and average peak-to-peak amplitudes of the impedance-based cardiac patterns. More specifically, time-varying impedance, signals are low pass filtered to derive respiratory patterns, i.e. cyclical patterns representative of thoracic movement due to respiration. The same signals are also high pass filtered to derive cardiac patterns, i.e. cyclical patterns representative of the beating of the heart of the patient. An average peak-to-peak amplitude of the respiration pattern is calculated (i.e. a value representative of the difference between the positive peaks and the opposing negative peaks within the respiration pattern) over a period of one minute while the patient is asleep. Average peak-to-peak amplitudes of the cardiac pattern are also calculated based on data collected over the same one-minute period. Then, the numerical ratio of the two average amplitude values is determined for use in detecting pulmonary edema. To this end, this amplitude ratio value is compared against a pulmonary edema threshold value. So long as the amplitude ratio remains above the threshold, the lungs are reasonably free of fluids. However, if the amplitude ratio falls below the threshold, this is an indication that pulmonary edema has occurred within the patient and the lungs are filled with fluids.
The amplitude ratio is lower during pulmonary edema because the fluids within the lungs associated with pulmonary edema reduce the amount of variation within the impedance signals due to respiration. A reduction in the ratio occurs even if actual respiration effort remains the same. In other words, the decrease in the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the impedance-based respiration patterns relative to the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the impedance-based cardiac patterns occurs due to the presence of the fluids in the lung and not merely due to any decrease in respiratory effort. Indeed, during pulmonary edema, respiratory effort often increases as the patient attempts to breathe more deeply to compensate for the reduction in oxygen entering the blood stream due to the fluidic lung.
By detecting pulmonary edema based on a comparison of impedance-based respiratory patterns and impedance-based cardiac patterns, a simple detection technique is thereby provided. Moreover, because detection is based on a comparison of respiratory patterns and cardiac patterns, changes in the impedance of the respiratory patterns due to factors besides lung fluid levels are not likely to lead to erroneous detection of pulmonary edema. In this regard, the presence of lung fluids does not significantly affect the amplitude of the cardiac component of the impedance signals. Hence, the cardiac components provide a convenient baseline against which changes in the impedance of the respiratory patterns due to lung fluid can reliably be detected. In contrast, if only impedance-based respiratory patterns are analyzed, changes in the amplitudes of the patterns cannot necessarily be related to changes in lung fluid levels, as such changes could be due to other factors.
In many cases, pulmonary edema is associated with heart failure. Otherwise conventional techniques can be used to determine whether pulmonary edema detected via the comparison technique of the invention is due to heart failure or is instead due to some other condition.
In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, techniques are provided for controlling an impedance-based reduced respiration detector within a patient using an implantable medical device. Briefly, a value representative of a comparison of impedance-based respiratory patterns and impedance-based cardiac patterns is determined. Then, the impedance-based reduced respiration detector is selectively activated based on the value.
In an example, the comparison value is again representative of the numerical ratio of average peak-to-peak amplitudes of impedance-based respiratory patterns and average peak-to-peak amplitudes of the impedance-based cardiac patterns. The amplitude ratio is compared against a respiration detector minimum reliability threshold value. So long as the ratio remains above the threshold, the reduced respiration detector can reliably be used to detect episodes of reduced respiration, i.e. apnea/hypopnea. However, if the ratio falls below the threshold, this is an indication that impedance-based techniques for detecting episodes of reduced respiration can no longer reliably be performed because variations in the impedance signals due to respiration are too severely diminished relative to those due to the beating of the heart. In other words, respiration patterns can no longer be reliably derived by low pass filtering impedance signals and hence a detector that seeks to detect episodes of reduced respiration based on an analysis of impedance signals can no longer be deemed reliable. If so, then an alternative technique for detecting episodes of reduced respiration detector is preferably employed. For example, an external sensor may be employed, such as a nasal thermistor or chest band sensor. Alternatively, implantable device-based detection techniques can be activated that do not rely on an analysis of impedance signals, such as blood pressure-based techniques.
Thus, techniques are set forth for detecting pulmonary edema and for controlling activation of an impedance-based reduced respiration detector within a patient. Preferably, both techniques are implemented. In one example, data representative of the impedance-based respiration amplitude/cardiac amplitude ratio is periodically stored for trend analysis. Separate thresholds are provided for detecting pulmonary edema and for deactivating an impedance-based reduced respiration detector. If the amplitude ratio falls below a first, higher threshold, pulmonary edema is thereby detected and appropriate warnings and therapies are automatically delivered. Given that pulmonary edema can be fatal, the warnings preferably mandate prompt medical attention. Any therapy that is automatically delivered by the implantable system preferably depends on the source of the pulmonary edema. For example, if pulmonary edema is due to congestive heart failure, CRT therapy may be activated in an attempt to improve cardiac output to decrease fluid retention in the lung. If an implantable drug pump is provided, any medications appropriate to pulmonary edema may automatically be delivered. Meanwhile, if the amplitude ratio falls below a second, lower threshold, then the impedance-based reduced respiration detector is deactivated and an alternate technique is employed. Diagnostic information representative of the trend of the amplitude ratio and representative of any therapies automatically delivered is preferably recorded within a memory of the implanted system for subsequent review by a physician.
FIG. 12 is a functional block diagram of the pacer/ICD of FIG. 11, illustrating basic circuit elements that provide cardioversion, defibrillation and/or pacing stimulation in four chambers of the heart and particularly illustrating impedance-based components for detecting pulmonary edema and for controlling an impedance-based reduced respiration detector.
FIG. 1 illustrates an implantable medical system 8 capable of detecting pulmonary edema and/or individual episodes of reduced respiration (i.e. apnea/hypopnea) via impedance analysis and delivering appropriate therapy and warnings. To this end, a pacer/ICD 10 (or other implantable medical device) receives impedance signals between an electrode mounted to a cardiac pacing lead 12 (only two of which are shown in FIG. 1) and an electrode mounted to the housing of the device. A complete set of exemplary pacing leads are shown in FIG. 11. The housing of the device is described with reference to FIG. 12. Techniques for detecting impedance are well known. See, for example, techniques set forth in the above-listed patents to Combs et al., Erlebacher, and Pitts-Crick et al. Based on the impedance signals, the pacer/ICD detects episodes of pulmonary edema using a comparison technique, summarized below with reference to FIGS. 2-6. The pacer/ICD also selectively activates an impedance-based reduced respiration detector using a related comparison technique, summarized below with reference to FIG. 7. Although a pacer/ICD is illustrated in FIG. 1, it should be understood that the techniques of the invention may be implemented within other implantable devices, particularly including dedicated detection devices not capable of cardiac stimulation therapy.
If pulmonary edema is detected, the system determines whether the edema is due to heart failure and delivers appropriate warnings and therapy. Warnings may be internally delivered to the patient via an implanted alarm 18 or may be transmitted to an external (i.e. bedside) monitor 20. Internal alarm 18 may be a vibrating device or a “tickle” voltage device that, in either case, provides perceptible stimulation to the patient to alert the patient or medical personnel to the onset of pulmonary edema. If an activity sensor is provided within the pacer/ICD, the form of the alarm may be controlled based on patient activity. For example, if the activity level indicates that the patient is asleep, a more noticeable alarm may be employed than if the patient is deemed to be awake. In addition, while the patient is asleep, the intensity of the alarm signal can be periodically increased until the patient awakens, as detected by the activity sensor. Drug therapy appropriate for pulmonary edema and/or heart failure may be delivered via an implantable drug pump 18. Discussions of possible medications for addressing pulmonary edema and/or heart failure are provided below.
If the reduced respiration detector is activated and if an episode of reduced respiration is then detected, the system identifies the type of reduced respiration (i.e. CSA, OSA, CHF-induced apnea/hypopnea) and deliver appropriates therapy. To this end, upper airway stimulators (not specifically shown) may be implanted near the soft palate region of the throat surrounding respiratory airway for stimulating adjacent muscles to increase muscle tone and expand the airway, thus alleviating airway blockage associated with OSA. Phrenic nerve stimulators (also not shown) may be implanted adjacent the phrenic nerves of the patient to rhythmically stimulate the diaphragm to cause the diaphragm to contract in response to CSA or CHF-induced/hypopnea. Upper airway stimulators and phrenic nerve stimulators are not shown in FIG. 1 as these components may be otherwise conventional and the invention is primarily directed to impedance-based detection techniques rather than to specific therapies. Also, in many implementations, such components are not provided.
If nerve stimulators for use in response to episodes of reduced respiration are not provided then, upon detection of an episode of reduced respiration, the pacer/ICD instead activates the internal alarm 20 or the external bedside alarm 22. Internal alarm 18 provides perceptible stimulation to the patient to alert or awaken the patient so as to terminate the episode of reduced respiration. The bedside alarm may provide audible or visual alarm signals of sufficient magnitude to alert or awaken the patient. Additionally, or in the alternative, the drug pump 18 may be equipped to deliver drug therapy in an attempt to prevent the onset of additional episodes of reduced respiration. Discussions of possible medications for use in response to reduced respiration are provided below.
In addition, the pacer/ICD may be controlled to deliver overdrive pacing for the purposes of preventing additional episodes of reduced respiration from occurring. In one example, upon the detection of initial episodes of reduced respiration, overdrive pacing and/or drug therapy is delivered to the patient in an attempt to prevent the onset of additional episodes of reduced respiration. If additional episodes nevertheless occur and the system is not equipped with stimulators for directly terminating the episode, then alarm signals are generated to alert or awaken the patient. Implantable upper airway muscle stimulators and phrenic nerve stimulators are preferable within patients suffering from chronic episodes of reduced respiration to allow individual episodes to be terminated without needing to repeatedly alert or awaken the patient.
Thus, FIG. 1 provides an overview of an implantable system for detecting pulmonary edema, for controlling operation of a reduced respiration detector, and for delivering warnings and therapy. The system is also preferably capable of detecting a wide range of arrhythmias and for delivering a wide range of other forms of therapy, which is described more fully below with reference to FIGS. 11-12. Internal signal transmission lines for interconnecting the various implanted components of FIG. 1 are not shown. Alternatively, wireless signal transmission may be employed. In addition, it should be appreciated that systems provided in accordance with invention need not include all the components shown in FIG. 1. In many cases, for example, the system will include only the pacer/ICD and its leads. All therapy will be in the form of cardiac stimulation therapy. Other implementations will employ internal or external alarms and drug pumps but no muscle and phrenic nerve stimulators. Also, note that the particular locations of the implanted components are merely exemplary. These are just a few exemplary embodiments. No attempt is made herein to describe all possible combinations of components that may be provided in accordance with the general principles of the invention.
FIG. 2 provides an overview of the techniques of the invention for use in detecting pulmonary edema using an implantable medical device. Briefly, at step 100, an implantable medical device (such as pacer/ICD of the FIG. 1) determines a value representative of a comparison of impedance-based respiratory patterns and impedance-based cardiac patterns. Then, at step 102, pulmonary edema is detected based upon the comparison value. This general procedure is illustrated by way of the exemplary graphs are set forth in FIGS. 3-6. Referring first to FIG. 3, a set of a stylized respiratory patterns and cardiac patterns are illustrated, along with a stylized representation of raw impedance signals from which they are derived. The vertical axis represents impedance (shown on arbitrary scale); whereas the horizontal axis represents time. Pattern 104 represents an impedance signal sensed in the heart of the patient having a generally healthy lung, i.e. a lung not filled with any substantial amounts of fluid. As can be seen, the impedance signal is modulated by a slowly varying respiratory component (separately illustrated by dotted line 106) as well as a more quickly varying cardiac component (separately illustrated by dotted line 108). In the examples of FIG. 3, there are about seven heartbeats per respiration cycle. This is merely exemplary. The respiratory component is due to expansion and contraction of the thorax during respiration. The cardiac component is due to the beating of the heart. As can be seen, for a healthy lung, the peak-to-peak respiration amplitude is significantly greater than the peak-to-peak cardiac amplitude. However, for a 50% fluidic lung, the peak-to-peak respiration amplitude is considerably lower than for the healthy lung. This is illustrated by way of impedance pattern 110, its respiratory component 112 and its cardiac component 114. For a 70% fluidic lung, the peak-to-peak respiration amplitude is even lower, as illustrated by impedance pattern 116, its respiratory component 118, and its cardiac component 120. Indeed, the peak-to-peak respiration amplitude for the 70% fluidic lung is about the same as the peak-to-peak amplitude of the cardiac pattern.
Thus, FIG. 3 illustrates that, whereas lung fluid does not significantly affect the cardiac component of the impedance signal, lung fluid does significantly affect the respiratory component of the impedance signal. Hence, a comparison of an impedance-based respiratory pattern and an impedance-based cardiac pattern provides information sufficient to detect the presence of fluids in the lung, i.e. to detect pulmonary edema, as summarized in FIG. 2.
Note that, to obtain the separate amplitudes of the cardiac components and the respiratory components, the initial impedance signals derived from several pairs of leads are preferably combined then filtered to extract the cardiac components. FIG. 4 illustrates actual data derived from a test subject having a partially fluidic lung. A first collection of graphs 121 illustrate impedance signals derived from the patient. The individual graphs illustrate individual signals each derived from a different pair of electrodes. Any of the signals can be selected for use in detecting the amplitudes of the cardiac and respiratory components. The single graph of the left illustrates a particular selected signal. As can be seen it includes both a respiratory component and a cardiac component. A second collection of graphs 123 illustrate the cardiac components only, which have been extracted by filtering the combined impedance signals of graphs 132. (Again, the graphs illustrate individual signals derived from different pairs of electrodes. The single graph of the left illustrates the selected signal.) A third collection of graphs 125 illustrate the cardiac components superimposed on the combined signals.
As noted above in the Summary, the reduction in peak-to-peak amplitude of an impedance-based respiration pattern is not due to diminished respiratory effort on the part of the patient but is instead due to the presence of the fluid in the lungs. In this regard, the fluids tend to reduce electrical impedance through the lungs. Hence, when impedance is detected, the presence of fluids within the lungs tends to diminish the impedance values. Hence, peak-to-peak variations in impedance due to respiratory activity are likewise diminished. The presence of fluids in the lungs, however, does not significantly change peak-to-peak variations in the cardiac component of the signal, thus allowing a comparison of the two components to be used the purposes of detecting pulmonary edema. In other words, the cardiac component essentially provides a baseline against which changes in the respiratory component can be reliably compared. Without the cardiac component, changes in impedance due to other factors might be misinterpreted as being indicative of the presence of fluids in the lungs.
In one example, the ratio of the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the respiration pattern and the cardiac pattern are examined to detect pulmonary edema. This is illustrated in FIG. 5, which shows amplitude ratio of values (shown on arbitrary scale) for a healthy lung, a 50% fluidic lung, and a 70% fluidic lung. As can be seen, the amplitude ratio is highest for the healthy lung and is lowest for the 70% fluidic lung. Amplitude ratio values tracked over time allow for generation of a trend pattern for detecting the onset of pulmonary edema. This is illustrated in FIG. 6, by way of a stylized representation of a trend line 122. As can be seen, the amplitude ratio decreases over time. This is due to an increase in lung fluids as CHF progresses. A pulmonary edema detection threshold 124 is specified. Once the amplitude ratio falls below the edema detection threshold, pulmonary edema is thereby detected and appropriate warnings and therapy are delivered, as described in further detail below.
Hence, the amplitude ratio provides an effective and simple means for comparing impedance-based respiratory patterns and impedance-based cardiac patterns. However, other techniques for comparing the two patterns can instead be employed. In another example, for example, a power density spectrum is calculated based upon the impedance pattern. For a healthy lung, the power density spectrum exhibits two clearly identifiable peaks, one corresponding to the frequencies associated with respiration and the other corresponding to the frequencies associated with the beating of the heart. However, for a fluidic lung, the power density spectrum does not exhibit two clearly identifiable peaks. Rather, only a single peak representative of cardiac beating is clearly identifiable. Accordingly, a power density spectrum provides an alternative means for comparing the impedance-based respiratory patterns and the impedance-based cardiac patterns.
Still other comparison techniques may be employed and no attempt is made herein to list or identify all possible comparison techniques that may be used in connection with the invention. In the remaining descriptions, the use of the numerical ratio is primarily used, as this provides a simple and effective means for comparison.
FIG. 7 provides an overview of the techniques of the invention for use in determining the reliability of an impedance-based reduced respiration detector employed by an implantable medical device. Briefly, at step 200, the implantable medical device determines a comparison value representative of a comparison of impedance-based respiratory patterns and impedance-based cardiac patterns. Then, at step 202, the reduced respiration detector is selectively activated based on the comparison value. As explained in connection with FIG. 3, the presence of fluids within the lung reduces respiration amplitudes relative to cardiac amplitudes within the impedance signal. Once the respiration amplitude becomes too diminished, it becomes difficult or impossible to reliably detect respiration patterns from the impedance signals. For the example of a 70% fluidic lung, the respiration amplitude is not much greater than the cardiac amplitude, such that the “noise” within the signal due to cardiac beating makes it difficult to reliably extract respiration patterns. Even if low-pass filtering is used to illuminate the cardiac patterns and advanced signal processing techniques are applied to analyze the remaining signal components, it becomes increasingly difficult to reliably detect respiration patterns, at least for the purposes of detecting episodes of reduced respiration, such as apnea and hypopnea. Accordingly, any impedance-based reduced respiration detector employed by the implantable medical device is preferably deactivated if impedance-based respiratory patterns become too diminished relative to impedance-based cardiac patterns. In that case, alternative techniques for detecting reduced respiration are preferably initiated, such as external monitoring techniques, (e.g. nasal thermistors or chest band-based detectors), or implantable system-based techniques that do not rely on impedance signals, such as blood-pressure based techniques. See, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/821,241, filed Apr. 7, 2004, entitled “System and Method for Apnea Detection Using Blood Pressure Detected via an Implantable Medical System” (A04P1034.).
Preferably, the ratio of the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the respiration pattern to the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the cardiac pattern is again calculated for use as the comparison value. Referring again to FIG. 6, the amplitude ratio continues to decrease until it falls below a reduced respiration detector minimum reliability threshold 204. Once the amplitude ratio falls below that threshold, the impedance-based reduced respiration detector is deactivated, appropriate warnings are generated and/or alternatives techniques are activated to detect episodes of reduced respiration. This is described in further detail below.
What have been described thus far are techniques either for detecting the pulmonary edema or for determining the reliability of an impedance-based reduced respiration detector. Preferably, the implantable medical device performs both types of analysis. This will be described by way of the example set forth in FIG. 8.
Preferably, the impedance-based analysis described herein is performed based on impedance signals sensed shortly after the patient falls asleep. The impedance signals are preferably sensed shortly after the patient falls asleep since it is thereby unlikely that a significant episode of apnea/hypopnea will already have occurred. If the analysis is performed on impedance signals sensed later during the sleep period of the patient, it is possible that an episode of reduced respiration will be ongoing at the time the signals are sensed, which could result in a false positive detection of pulmonary edema. The impedance signals are preferably sensed while the patient is asleep so that movement of the patient is limited, as such movement might adversely affect the reliability of impedance-based measurements. However, the techniques of the invention can potentially be exploited based on impedance signals sensed while the patient is awake, so long as appropriate steps are taken to identify periods of time while the patient is stationary for detecting the impedance signals or appropriate steps are taken to filter out any effects caused by patient motion.
Beginning at step 300, the pacer/ICD monitors patient activity to determine whether the patient is awake or sleep. Examples of sleep detection techniques are set forth in the following patents or patent applications: U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,483, to Bornzin et al., entitled “System and Method for Modulating the Base Rate During Sleep for a Rate-responsive Cardiac Pacemaker”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,128,534 to Park et al., entitled “Implantable Cardiac Stimulation Device and Method for Varying Pacing Parameters to Mimic Circadian Cycles”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/339,989, to Koh et al., entitled “System and Method for Detecting Circadian States Using an Implantable Medical Device,” filed Jan. 10, 2003.
The level of patient activity is compared against an activity threshold to determine whether the patient is asleep and, if so, step 302 is performed wherein impedance signals are sampled over a period of, for example, one minute. During steps 304 and 306, the impedance signals are low-pass filtered and high-pass filtered by digital signal processing method to yield respiratory patterns and cardiac patterns, respectively. Otherwise conventional hard-wired high-pass and low-pass filters may be employed. At steps 308 and 310, the filtered signals are analyzed to measure the peak-to-peak amplitudes in the patterns. Preferably, the peak-to-peak amplitude variations detected within the respiratory patterns over the one minute period are averaged (and, likewise, for the cardiac patterns.) At step 312, the numerical ratio between the averaged peak-to-peak amplitudes is calculated. At step 314, the ratio value is saved in device memory for tracking lung fluid trend, as shown, for example, in FIG. 6.
The latest amplitude ratio is then compared against the aforementioned pulmonary edema detection threshold and, if it is found to fall below the threshold, pulmonary edema is thereby detected, warning signals are issued, and appropriate therapy is initiated, at step 316. Specific procedures that may be performed during step 316 in response to pulmonary edema will be described in greater detail below, primarily with reference to FIG. 9. Otherwise routine techniques may be employed to the set an appropriate value for the pulmonary edema detection threshold. The threshold value may vary from patient to patient. In one example, a physician examines the trend in amplitude ratio values calculated at step 314 for the patient and then sets the pulmonary edema detection threshold for that patient based upon those values, in conjunction with the physician's knowledge of the condition of the patient. For example, if the patient is known to have normal, healthy lungs, the threshold may be set well below the ratio values detected for the patient. However, if the patient already has a fair amount of fluid in the lungs, the detection threshold may be set to a value closer to the current amplitude ratio values so that any further increase in lung fluids will be more promptly detected. Of course, if the patient is already known to have pulmonary edema, then the detection threshold need not be set, as no automatic detection of pulmonary edema is required in that case. Adaptive techniques may also be employed. In one example, a long term average and a short term average of amplitude ratio values are calculated and compared and any differences therebetween are tracked over time. A decrease in the short term average relative to the long term average is indicative of an increase in lung fluidity and vice versa.
The latest amplitude ratio value is also compared against the aforementioned minimum reliability threshold value to determine whether an impedance-based reduced respiration detector may reliably be employed.
So long as the amplitude ratio remains above the minimum reliability threshold, an impedance-based (i.e. Z-based) reduced respiration detector may still be reliably employed, step 318, to detect apnea or other episodes of reduced respiration. However, if the amplitude ratio falls below the minimum reliability threshold, then the impedance-based detector is likely to pick up cardiac components significantly, step 320, thus necessitating deactivation of the detector, at step 322. At that point, an alternative reduced respiration detector is preferably activated, such as a conventional external respiration detector. Also, at step 324, appropriate warnings are delivered of the patient or to his/her physician or other medical personnel. The minimum reliability threshold is preferably predetermined based on routine experimentation to specify a value below which respiration patterns cannot reliably be extracted from thoracic impedance signals. The particular value may depend upon the particular detector being used, as some detection techniques may be more effective than others at extracting respiration patterns from impedance signals even in the presence of pulmonary edema.
Although not shown, processing eventually returns to step 300 for further monitoring the patient activity to identify the next period of time when it is appropriate to detect and analyze impedance signals. Preferably, the impedance signals are detected and analyzed at least once per day, though more frequently in other implementations. Note that, in some implementations, rather than triggering warnings and therapy if a single value falls below one of the thresholds, no action is taken unless and until the ratio falls below the threshold for several consecutive days, so as to prevent anomalous data from triggering false positives. However, given that pulmonary edema can be fatal, it is typically better to deliver warnings promptly, even if there is the possibility of a false positive. Also note that, in the examples described thus far, the pulmonary edema threshold value is set higher than the reduced respiration minimum reliability threshold. However, in some implementations or for some patients or for use with some detectors, the thresholds may be reversed.
Referring now to FIG. 9, therapy and warning signal generation activated at step 316 of FIG. 8 will be summarized. In the example of FIG. 9, therapy depends on whether the pulmonary edema is due to CHF or some other condition. Non-CHF-related pulmonary edema may be caused by, e.g., pneumonia, an excess of intravenous fluids, or some types of kidney disease, as well as bad burns, liver disease, nutritional problems, and/or Hodgkin's disease. Non-CHF-related pulmonary edema can also be caused by other conditions causing the lungs to not drain properly, or conditions where the respiratory veins are blocked.
Warning signals are generated using an implanted warning device, if so equipped, and/or using a bedside monitor. In particular, warnings are generated to alert the patient to the onset of pulmonary edema and to subsequently warn of any significant progression in pulmonary edema. The bedside monitor may be directly networked with a centralized computing system for forwarding any warning signals to the patient's physician. A system incorporating bedside monitoring units connected to a centralized external programmer system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,622,045 to Snell et al., “System and Method for Remote Programming of Implantable Cardiac Stimulation Devices.” The aforementioned patent to Lord et al. discusses implantable “tickle” warning devices that may be used to deliver internal warning signals.
If pulmonary edema is not due to heart failure, then, at step 404, then heat failure related therapies and medications are not delivered. Rather, only those therapies and medications that are specific to pulmonary edema are delivered. For example, diuretics such as furosemide may be delivered via the implantable drug pump (assuming such medications are safe and effective for use with implantable drug pumps.) Alternatively, if the implantable device is equipped to determine the underlying condition, then therapy appropriate to that underlying condition may be delivered, if the system is so equipped.
Referring to FIG. 10, therapy and warning signal generation activated at step 318 of FIG. 8 will be summarized. If an episode of reduced respiration has been detected then, at step 500, the pacer/ICD analyzes the respiration pattern to detect and distinguish among reduced respiratory conditions such as CSA, OSA, and CHF-induced apnea. Techniques for detecting and distinguishing such conditions are set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/795,009, of Koh, entitled “System and Method for Distinguishing among Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Central Sleep Apnea and Normal Sleep Using an Implantable Medical System,” filed Mar. 4, 2004. At step 502, the pacer/ICD delivers appropriate therapy (assuming it is properly equipped). Therapy may depend upon whether episodes of reduced respiration occur frequently within the patient. For example, in response to detection of frequent episodes of CSA or CHF-induced apnea, atrial overdrive pacing therapy may be applied in an attempt to prevent the onset of additional episodes. A particularly effective atrial overdrive pacing technique, referred to herein as dynamic atrial overdrive (DAO) pacing, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,519,493 to Florio et al., entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Overdrive Pacing Heart Tissue Using an Implantable Cardiac Stimulation Device.” Routine experimentation may be performed to identify optimal DAO pacing parameters for use with patients with apnea/hypopnea. The aggressiveness of DAO therapy may be adjusted based upon the frequency or duration of episodes of apnea/hypopnea.
Anti-apneic medications may be delivered via an implantable drug pump, if so equipped. Examples of medications that may be helpful in patients with apnea are set forth the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,536 to Radulovacki et al., entitled “Pharmacological Treatment for Sleep Apnea”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,956 to Dement et al., entitled “Method for Treatment of Sleep Apneas”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,478 to Ackman et al., entitled “Methods and Compositions for Improving Sleep”; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,073 to Mendel et al., entitled “Prevention or Treatment of Insomnia with a Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonist.” Depending upon the particular medication, alternative compounds may be required for use in connection with an implantable drug pump. Routine experimentation may be employed to identify medications for treatment of sleep apnea that are safe and effective for use in connection with an implantable drug pump. Dosages may be titrated based upon the frequency or duration of episodes of apnea.
If implantable phrenic nerve stimulators are implanted, CSA or CHF-induced apnea therapy can also involve delivery of rhythmic electrical stimulation to the phrenic nerves to mimic breathing (assuming the apnea/hypopnea is due to a lack of phrenic nerve signals.) Examples of phrenic nerve stimulators are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,056,519 to Vince, entitled “Unilateral Diaphragmatic Pacer” and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,415,183 to Scheiner et al., entitled “Method and Apparatus for Diaphragmatic Pacing,” which are incorporated by reference herein. Other respiratory nerves may be stimulated as well. U.S. Pat. No. 5,911,218 to DiMarco, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Electrical Stimulation of the Respiratory Muscles to Achieve Artificial Ventilation in a Patient” describes stimulation of nerves leading to intercostal muscles.
For therapy for use for apnea occurring during CSR, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/829,719, filed Apr. 21, 2004, entitled “System and Method for Applying Therapy during Hyperpnea Phase of Periodic Breathing Using an Implantable Medical Device” (A04P1037).
Additional techniques may be used, if desired, to corroborate the detection of an episode of reduced respiration made using the techniques of the invention before therapy is delivered. See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/883,857, filed Jun. 30, 2004, entitled “System And Method For Real-Time Apnea/Hypopnea Detection Using An Implantable Medical System (A04P1057) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/821,241, filed Apr. 7, 2004, entitled “System And Method For Apnea Detection Using Blood Pressure Detected via an Implantable Medical System” (A04P1034).
Continuing with FIG. 10, at step 504, suitable warning signals may be delivered to alert the patient, his/her physician or other medical personnel to any episodes of reduced breathing. During an actual episode of reduced respiration, the implantable alarm (alarm 20 of FIG. 1) may be activated to awaken the patient (assuming the patient is sleeping) in an attempt to terminate the episode of apnea/hypopnea. Alternatively, the bedside alarm may be activated by transmission of appropriate wireless control signals. Activation of an alarm to awaken the patient is preferably employed only if therapy is found to be ineffective, since awakening the patient interrupts with the patient's natural sleeping patterns. In any case, whenever some form of apnea/hypopnea therapy is delivered, appropriate diagnostic information is stored (at step 506) so that if medical professional can subsequently review the therapy and evaluate its effectiveness.
What have been described are various techniques for detecting pulmonary edema and/or detecting episodes of reduced respiration and delivering appropriate therapy. For the sake of completeness, a detailed description of an exemplary pacer/ICD for controlling these functions will now be provided. However, principles of invention may be implemented within other pacer/ICD implementations or within other implantable devices.
FIG. 11 provides a simplified block diagram of the pacer/ICD, which is a multi-chamber stimulation device capable of treating both fast and slow arrhythmias with stimulation therapy, including cardioversion, defibrillation, and pacing stimulation (as well as capable of tracking respiration, detecting episodes of abnormal respiration and delivering appropriate therapy.) To provide atrial chamber pacing stimulation and sensing, pacer/ICD 10 is shown in electrical communication with a heart 612 by way of a left atrial lead 620 having an atrial tip electrode 622 and an atrial ring electrode 623 implanted in the atrial appendage. Pacer/ICD 10 is also in electrical communication with the heart by way of a right ventricular lead 630 having, in this embodiment, a ventricular tip electrode 632, a right ventricular ring electrode 634, a right ventricular (RV) coil electrode 636, and a superior vena cava (SVC) coil electrode 638. Typically, the right ventricular lead 630 is transvenously inserted into the heart so as to place the RV coil electrode 636 in the right ventricular apex, and the SVC coil electrode 638 in the superior vena cava. Accordingly, the right ventricular lead is capable of receiving cardiac signals, and delivering stimulation in the form of pacing and shock therapy to the right ventricle.
To sense left atrial and ventricular cardiac signals and to provide left chamber pacing therapy, pacer/ICD 10 is coupled to a “coronary sinus” lead 624 designed for placement in the “coronary sinus region” via the coronary sinus os for positioning a distal electrode adjacent to the left ventricle and/or additional electrode(s) adjacent to the left atrium. As used herein, the phrase “coronary sinus region” refers to the vasculature of the left ventricle, including any portion of the coronary sinus, great cardiac vein, left marginal vein, left posterior ventricular vein, middle cardiac vein, and/or small cardiac vein or any other cardiac vein accessible by the coronary sinus. Accordingly, an exemplary coronary sinus lead 624 is designed to receive atrial and ventricular cardiac signals and to deliver left ventricular pacing therapy using at least a left ventricular tip electrode 626, left atrial pacing therapy using at least a left atrial ring electrode 627, and shocking therapy using at least a left atrial coil electrode 628. With this configuration, biventricular pacing can be performed. Although only three leads are shown in FIG. 11, it should also be understood that additional stimulation leads (with one or more pacing, sensing and/or shocking electrodes) may be used in order to efficiently and effectively provide pacing stimulation to the left side of the heart or atrial cardioversion and/or defibrillation.
A simplified block diagram of internal components of pacer/ICD 10 is shown in FIG. 12. While a particular pacer/ICD is shown, this is for illustration purposes only, and one of skill in the art could readily duplicate, eliminate or disable the appropriate circuitry in any desired combination to provide a device capable of treating the appropriate chamber(s) with cardioversion, defibrillation and pacing stimulation as well as providing for the aforementioned apnea detection and therapy. The housing 640 for pacer/ICD 10, shown schematically in FIG. 12, is often referred to as the “can”, “case” or “case electrode” and may be programmably selected to act as the return electrode for all “unipolar” modes. The housing 640 may further be used as a return electrode alone or in combination with one or more of the coil electrodes, 628, 636 and 638, for shocking purposes. The housing 640 further includes a connector (not shown) having a plurality of terminals, 642, 643, 644, 646, 648, 652, 654, 656 and 658 (shown schematically and, for convenience, the names of the electrodes to which they are connected are shown next to the terminals). As such, to achieve right atrial sensing and pacing, the connector includes at least a right atrial tip terminal (AR TIP) 642 adapted for connection to the atrial tip electrode 622 and a right atrial ring (AR RING) electrode 643 adapted for connection to right atrial ring electrode 643. To achieve left chamber sensing, pacing and shocking, the connector includes at least a left ventricular tip terminal (VL TIP) 644, a left atrial ring terminal (AL RING) 646, and a left atrial shocking terminal (AL COIL) 648, which are adapted for connection to the left ventricular ring electrode 626, the left atrial tip electrode 627, and the left atrial coil electrode 628, respectively. To support right chamber sensing, pacing and shocking, the connector further includes a right ventricular tip terminal (VR TIP) 652, a right ventricular ring terminal (VR RING) 654, a right ventricular shocking terminal (RV COIL) 656, and an SVC shocking terminal (SVC COIL) 658, which are adapted for connection to the right ventricular tip electrode 632, right ventricular ring electrode 634, the RV coil electrode 636, and the SVC coil electrode 638, respectively. Separate terminals (not shown) may be provided for connecting the implanted warning/reminder device 18 and the implanted drug pump 20, which are instead shown coupled directly to internal functional components of the pacer/ICD that control these devices.
At the core of pacer/ICD 10 is a programmable microcontroller 660, which controls the various modes of stimulation therapy. As is well known in the art, the microcontroller 660 (also referred to herein as a control unit) typically includes a microprocessor, or equivalent control circuitry, designed specifically for controlling the delivery of stimulation therapy and may further include RAM or ROM memory, logic and timing circuitry, state machine circuitry, and I/O circuitry. Typically, the microcontroller 660 includes the ability to process or monitor input signals (data) as controlled by a program code stored in a designated block of memory. The details of the design and operation of the microcontroller 660 are not critical to the invention. Rather, any suitable microcontroller 660 may be used that carries out the functions described herein. The use of microprocessor-based control circuits for performing timing and data analysis functions are well known in the art.
As shown in FIG. 12, an atrial pulse generator 670 and a ventricular/impedance pulse generator 672 generate pacing stimulation pulses for delivery by the right atrial lead 620, the right ventricular lead 630, and/or the coronary sinus lead 624 via an electrode configuration switch 674. It is understood that in order to provide stimulation therapy in each of the four chambers of the heart, the atrial and ventricular pulse generators, 670 and 672, may include dedicated, independent pulse generators, multiplexed pulse generators or shared pulse generators. The pulse generators, 670 and 672, are controlled by the microcontroller 660 via appropriate control signals, 676 and 678, respectively, to trigger or inhibit the stimulation pulses.
The microcontroller 660 further includes timing control circuitry (not separately shown) used to control the timing of such stimulation pulses (e.g., pacing rate, atrio-ventricular (AV) delay, atrial interconduction (A-A) delay, or ventricular interconduction (V-V) delay, etc.) as well as to keep track of the timing of refractory periods, blanking intervals, noise detection windows, evoked response windows, alert intervals, marker channel timing, etc., which is well known in the art. Switch 674 includes a plurality of switches for connecting the desired electrodes to the appropriate I/O circuits, thereby providing complete electrode programmability. Accordingly, the switch 674, in response to a control signal 680 from the microcontroller 660, determines the polarity of the stimulation pulses (e.g., unipolar, bipolar, combipolar, etc.) by selectively closing the appropriate combination of switches (not shown) as is known in the art.
Atrial sensing circuits 682 and ventricular sensing circuits 684 may also be selectively coupled to the right atrial lead 620, coronary sinus lead 624, and the right ventricular lead 630, through the switch 674 for detecting the presence of cardiac activity in each of the four chambers of the heart. Accordingly, the atrial (ATR. SENSE) and ventricular (VTR. SENSE) sensing circuits, 682 and 684, may include dedicated sense amplifiers, multiplexed amplifiers or shared amplifiers. The switch 674 determines the “sensing polarity” of the cardiac signal by selectively closing the appropriate switches, as is also known in the art. In this way, the clinician may program the sensing polarity independent of the stimulation polarity. Each sensing circuit, 682 and 684, preferably employs one or more low power, precision amplifiers with programmable gain and/or automatic gain control, bandpass filtering, and a threshold detection circuit, as known in the art, to selectively sense the cardiac signal of interest. The automatic gain control enables pacer/ICD 10 to deal effectively with the difficult problem of sensing the low amplitude signal characteristics of atrial or ventricular fibrillation. The outputs of the atrial and ventricular sensing circuits, 682 and 684, are connected to the microcontroller 660 which, in turn, are able to trigger or inhibit the atrial and ventricular pulse generators, 670 and 672, respectively, in a demand fashion in response to the absence or presence of cardiac activity in the appropriate chambers of the heart.
For arrhythmia detection, pacer/ICD 10 utilizes the atrial and ventricular sensing circuits, 682 and 684, to sense cardiac signals to determine whether a rhythm is physiologic or pathologic. As used herein “sensing” is reserved for the noting of an electrical signal, and “detection” is the processing of these sensed signals and noting the presence of an arrhythmia. The timing intervals between sensed events (e.g., P-waves, R-waves, and depolarization signals associated with fibrillation which are sometimes referred to as “F-waves” or “Fib-waves”) are then classified by the microcontroller 660 by comparing them to a predefined rate zone limit (i.e., bradycardia, normal, atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, low rate VT, high rate VT, and fibrillation rate zones) and various other characteristics (e.g., sudden onset, stability, physiologic sensors, and morphology, etc.) in order to determine the type of remedial therapy that is needed (e.g., bradycardia pacing, antitachycardia pacing, cardioversion shocks or defibrillation shocks).
Cardiac signals are also applied to the inputs of an analog-to-digital (A/D) data acquisition system 690. The data acquisition system 690 is configured to acquire intracardiac electrogram signals, convert the raw analog data into a digital signal, and store the digital signals for later processing and/or telemetric transmission to an external device 702. The data acquisition system 690 is coupled to the right atrial lead 620, the coronary sinus lead 624, and the right ventricular lead 630 through the switch 674 to sample cardiac signals across any pair of desired electrodes. The microcontroller 660 is further coupled to a memory 694 by a suitable data/address bus 696, wherein the programmable operating parameters used by the microcontroller 660 are stored and modified, as required, in order to customize the operation of pacer/ICD 10 to suit the needs of a particular patient. Such operating parameters define, for example, pacing pulse amplitude or magnitude, pulse duration, electrode polarity, rate, sensitivity, automatic features, arrhythmia detection criteria, and the amplitude, waveshape and vector of each shocking pulse to be delivered to the patient's heart within each respective tier of therapy. Other pacing parameters include base rate, rest rate and circadian base rate.
Advantageously, the operating parameters of the implantable pacer/ICD 10 may be non-invasively programmed into the memory 694 through a telemetry circuit 700 in telemetric communication with the external device 702, such as a programmer, transtelephonic transceiver or a diagnostic system analyzer. The telemetry circuit 700 is activated by the microcontroller by a control signal 706. The telemetry circuit 700 advantageously allows intracardiac electrograms and status information relating to the operation of pacer/ICD 10 (as contained in the microcontroller 660 or memory 694) to be sent to the external device 702 through an established communication link 704. Pacer/ICD 10 further includes an accelerometer or other physiologic sensor 708, commonly referred to as a “rate-responsive” sensor because it is typically used to adjust pacing stimulation rate according to the exercise state of the patient. However, the physiological sensor 708 may, depending upon its capabilities, further be used to detect changes in cardiac output, changes in the physiological condition of the heart, or diurnal changes in activity (e.g., detecting sleep and wake states) and to detect arousal from sleep. Accordingly, the microcontroller 660 responds by adjusting the various pacing parameters (such as rate, AV Delay, V-V Delay, etc.) at which the atrial and ventricular pulse generators, 670 and 672, generate stimulation pulses. While shown as being included within pacer/ICD 10, it is to be understood that the sensor 708 may also be external to pacer/ICD 10, yet still be implanted within or carried by the patient. A common type of rate responsive sensor is an activity sensor incorporating an accelerometer or a piezoelectric crystal, which is mounted within the housing 640 of pacer/ICD 10. Other types of physiologic sensors are also known, for example, sensors that sense the oxygen content of blood, respiration rate and/or minute ventilation, pH of blood, ventricular gradient, etc.
The pacer/ICD additionally includes a battery 710, which provides operating power to all of the circuits shown in FIG. 12. The battery 710 may vary depending on the capabilities of pacer/ICD 10. If the system only provides low voltage therapy, a lithium iodine or lithium copper fluoride cell may be utilized. For pacer/ICD 10, which employs shocking therapy, the battery 710 should be capable of operating at low current drains for long periods, and then be capable of providing high-current pulses (for capacitor charging) when the patient requires a shock pulse. The battery 710 should also have a predictable discharge characteristic so that elective replacement time can be detected. Accordingly, pacer/ICD 10 is preferably capable of high voltage therapy and batteries or other power sources appropriate for that purpose are employed.
As further shown in FIG. 12, pacer/ICD 10 is shown as having an impedance measuring circuit 712 which is enabled by the microcontroller 660 via a control signal 714. Other uses for an impedance measuring circuit include, but are not limited to, lead impedance surveillance during the acute and chronic phases for proper lead positioning or dislodgement; detecting operable electrodes and automatically switching to an operable pair if dislodgement occurs; measuring respiration or minute ventilation; measuring thoracic impedance for determining shock thresholds; detecting when the device has been implanted; measuring stroke volume; and detecting the opening of heart valves, etc. The impedance measuring circuit 120 is advantageously coupled to the switch 74 so that any desired electrode may be used.
In the case where pacer/ICD 10 is intended to operate as an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) device, it detects the occurrence of an arrhythmia, and automatically applies an appropriate electrical shock therapy to the heart aimed at terminating the detected arrhythmia. To this end, the microcontroller 660 further controls a shocking circuit 716 by way of a control signal 718. The shocking circuit 716 generates shocking pulses of low (up to 0.5 joules), moderate (0.5-10 joules) or high energy (11 to 40 joules), as controlled by the microcontroller 660. Such shocking pulses are applied to the heart of the patient through at least two shocking electrodes, and as shown in this embodiment, selected from the left atrial coil electrode 628, the RV coil electrode 636, and/or the SVC coil electrode 638. The housing 640 may act as an active electrode in combination with the RV electrode 636, or as part of a split electrical vector using the SVC coil electrode 638 or the left atrial coil electrode 628 (i.e., using the RV electrode as a common electrode). Cardioversion shocks are generally considered to be of low to moderate energy level (so as to minimize pain felt by the patient), and/or synchronized with an R-wave and/or pertaining to the treatment of tachycardia. Defibrillation shocks are generally of moderate to high energy level (i.e., corresponding to thresholds in the range of 5-40 joules), delivered asynchronously (since R-waves may be too disorganized), and pertaining exclusively to the treatment of fibrillation. Accordingly, the microcontroller 660 is capable of controlling the synchronous or asynchronous delivery of the shocking pulses.
Microcontroller 60 also includes a respiratory pattern/cardiac pattern comparison unit 701 operative to determine a comparison value representative of a comparison of impedance-based respiratory patterns and impedance-based cardiac patterns. A pulmonary edema detector 703 is operative to detect pulmonary edema based on the comparison value. A reduced respiration detector controller 705 is operative to selectively activate an impedance-based reduced respiration detector 707 based on the comparison value. Additionally, a therapy controller 709 is provided for controlling therapy in response to pulmonary edema and/or in response to episodes of reduced respiration. Depending upon the implementation, the various components may be implemented as separate software modules. However, the modules may be combined so as to permit single modules to perform multiple functions. Note also that, although these components are shown as being sub-components of the microcontroller, the components may be instead implemented separately from the microcontroller.
a pulmonary edema detector operative to detect pulmonary edema based on the comparison value.
a controller operative to selectively activate the impedance-based reduced respiration detector based on the comparison value.
means for detecting pulmonary edema based on the comparison.
4. The system of claim 3 and further comprising means for delivering therapy in response to detecting pulmonary edema.
5. The system of claim 3 and further comprising means for generating a warning in response to detecting pulmonary edema.
NonFinal Office Action, mailed Mar. 25, 2008: Related U.S. Appl. No. 11/138,219. | 2019-04-22T13:30:12Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US7628757B1/en |
Mbh.1.1.27 Then appeared the man of inconceivable nature whom all the Rishis know and so the Viswe-devas, the Adityas, the Vasus, and the twin Aswins; the Yakshas, the Sadhyas, the Pisachas, the Guhyakas, and the Pitris.
Mbh.1.1.88 Narada recited them to the Devas, Devala to the Pitris, and Suka published them to the Gandharvas, Yakshas, and Rakshasas: and in this world they were recited by Vaisampayana, one of the disciples of Vyasa, a man of just principles and the first among all those acquainted with the Vedas.
Mbh.1.1.230 Herein Devas, Devarshis, and immaculate Brahmarshis of good deeds, have been spoken of; and likewise Yakshas and great Uragas Nagas.
Mbh.1.2.307 After this last, Tirtha-yatra or the pilgrimage of the wise prince of the Kurus, the death of Jatasura, and the battle of the Yakshas.
Mbh.1.2.390 Bhima's meeting on his way, in a grove of bananas, with Hanuman, the son of Pavana of great prowess; Bhima's bath in the tank and the destruction of the flowers therein for obtaining the sweet-scented flower he was in search of; his consequent battle with the mighty Rakshasas and the Yakshas of great prowess including Hanuman; the destruction of the Asura Jata by Bhima; the meeting of the Pandavas with the royal sage Vrishaparva; their departure for the asylum of Arshtishena and abode therein: the incitement of Bhima to acts of vengeance by Draupadi.
Mbh.1.2.391 Then is narrated the ascent on the hills of Kailasa by Bhimasena, his terrific battle with the mighty Yakshas headed by Hanuman; then the meeting of the Pandavas with Vaisravana Kuvera, and the meeting with Arjuna after he had obtained for the purpose of Yudhishthira many celestial weapons; then Arjuna's terrible encounter with the Nivatakavachas dwelling in Hiranyaparva, and also with the Paulomas, and the Kalakeyas; their destruction at the hands of Arjuna; the commencement of the display of the celestial weapons by Arjuna before Yudhishthira, the prevention of the same by Narada; the descent of the Pandavas from Gandhamadana; the seizure of Bhima in the forest by a mighty serpent huge as the mountain; his release from the coils of the snake, upon Yudhishthira's answering certain questions; the return of the Pandavas to the Kamyaka woods.
Mbh.1.32.1871 And Garuda had encounters with the Yakshas, Aswakranda of great courage, Rainuka, the bold Krathanaka, Tapana, Uluka, Swasanaka, Nimesha, Praruja, and Pulina.
Mbh.1.32.1873 And those Yakshas of great might and courage, mangled all over by that ranger of the skies, looked like masses of black clouds dropping thick showers of blood.
Mbh.1.66.3317 And, O tiger among kings, the sons of Pulastya of great wisdom are Rakshasas, Monkeys, Kinnaras half-men and half-horses, and Yakshas.
Mbh.1.154.8107 And, O thou of handsome eyes, neither men, nor Gandharvas, nor Yakshas are able to bear my might.
Mbh.1.172.8745 On hearing the sounds of their foot-steps, the mighty Gandharvas were inflamed with wrath, and beholding those chastisers of foes, the Pandavas, approach towards him with their mother, he drew his frightful bow to a circle and said, It is known that excepting the first forty seconds the grey twilight preceding nightfall hath been appointed for the wandering of the Yakshas, the Gandharvas and the Rakshasas, all of whom are capable of going everywhere at will.
Mbh.1.172.8754 Here neither gods, nor Kapalikas, nor Gandharvas nor Yakshas, can come.
Mbh.1.173.8852 There was no woman amongst the celestials, the Asuras, the Yakshas, the Rakshasas, the Apsaras, and the Gandharvas, who was equal to her in beauty.
Mbh.1.211.10372 Endued with fierce prowess, the Daitya heroes soon subjugated the region of Indra, and vanquishing the diverse tribes of Yakshas and Rakshasas and every creature ranging the skies, came away.
Mbh.1.213.10435 Having brought all the treasures of the gods, the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, the Nagas, the Rakshasas, and the kings of the earth, the brothers began to pass their days in great happiness.
Mbh.1.228.11153 And there came also, desirous of battle, innumerable Asuras with Gandharvas and Yakshas and Rakshasas and Nagas sending forth terrific yells.
Mbh.1.229.11204 They deserve the most reverential worship of all the celestials and Asuras; of Yakshas and Rakshasas and Gandharvas, of human beings and Kinnaras and Nagas.
Mbh.2.3.88 And the great Asura, Maya, having gone thither, possessed himself of the whole of the great wealth which was guarded by Yakshas and Rakshasas.
Mbh.2.10.393 Delicious and cooling breezes murmuring through forests of tall Mandaras, and bearing fragrance of extensive plantations of jasmine, as also of the lotuses on the bosom of the river Alaka and of the Nandana-gardens, always minister to the pleasure of the King of the Yakshas.
Mbh.2.10.397 The Gandharvas called Kinnaras, and others called Naras, and Manibhadra, and Dhanada, and Swetabhadra and Guhyaka; Kaseraka, Gandakandu, and the mighty Pradyota; Kustumvuru, Pisacha, Gajakarna, and Visalaka, Varaha-Karna, Tamraushtica, Falkaksha, and Falodaka; Hansachuda, Sikhavarta, Vibhishana, Pushpanana, Pingalaka, Sonitoda and Pravalaka; Vrikshavaspa-niketa, and Chiravasas, these O Bharata, and many other Yakshas by hundred and thousands always wait upon Kuvera.
Mbh.2.10.405 And Kinnaras by hundreds and innumerable kings with Bhagadatta as their chief, and Druma, the chief of the Kimpurushas, and Mahendra, the chief of the Rakshasas, and Gandhamadana accompanied by many Yakshas and Gandharvas and many Rakshasas wait upon the lord of treasures.
Mbh.2.11.453 And, O king of men, the Grandsire of all created beings, the Soul of the universe, the Self create Brahma of immeasurable intelligence and glory, equally kind unto all creatures, honoureth as they deserve, and gratifieth with sweet speech and gift of wealth and other enjoyable articles, the gods, the Daityas, the Nagas, the Brahmanas, the Yakshas, the Birds, the Kaleyas, the Gandharvas, the Apsaras, and all other exalted beings that came to him as his guests.
Mbh.2.12.460 And so the Yakshas, the Guhyakas, the Rakshasas, the Gandharvas and Apsaras and the Deity Yama having the bull for his vehicle, are to be found in the Sabha of the lord of treasures.
Mbh.3.3.198 For the acquisition of prosperity, I bow down to thee, O Bhaskara, blazing like unto gold or fire, who is worshipped of the gods and the Pitris and the Yakshas, and who is adored by Asuras, Nisacharas, and Siddhas.
Mbh.3.3.217 The Siddhas, and the Charanas and the Gandharvas and the Yakshas, and the Guhyakas, and the Nagas, desirous of obtaining boons follow thy car coursing through the skies.
Mbh.3.40.2155 Neither the chief himself of the gods, nor Yama, nor the king of the Yakshas, nor Varuna, nor Vayu, knoweth it.
Mbh.3.41.2183 There came also the lord Kuvera of body resembling pure gold, seated on his car of great splendour, and accompanied by numerous Yakshas.
Mbh.3.46.2378 And there came also numbers of great Rishis and royal sages and Siddhas and Charanas and Yakshas and great Nagas.
Mbh.3.53.2675 And neither among celestials, nor among Yakshas, nor among men was anybody possessed of such beauty, seen or heard of before.
Mbh.3.82.4074 The Rishis, the Pitris, the gods, the Gandharvas, several tribes of Apsaras, the Guhyakas, the Kinnaras, the Yakshas, the Siddhas, the Vidhyadharas, the Rakshasas, Daityas, Rudras, and Brahma himself, O king, having with subdued senses, accepted a course of austerities for a thousand years in order to move Vishnu to grace, cooked rice in milk and butter and gratified Kesava with oblations, each offered with seven Riks.
Mbh.3.83.4117 There, O lord of earth, the gods with Brahma at their head, the Rishis, the Siddhas, the Charanas, the Gandharvas, the Apsaras, the Yakshas and the Nagas, often repair, O Bharata, to the highly sacred Brahmakshetra.
Mbh.3.83.4172 O king, one should then proceed to the tirtha called Tarandaka situated in the Saraswati and belonging to the illustrious chief of the Yakshas who is one of the gate-keepers of Kuvera.
Mbh.3.85.4625 Proceeding next to Gokarna celebrated over the three worlds, and which is situate, O best of kings, in the midst of the deep, and is reverenced by all the worlds, and where the gods headed by Brahma, and Rishis endued with wealth of asceticism, and spirits and Yakshas and Pisachas, and Kinnaras and the great Nagas, and Siddhas and Charanas and Gandharvas, and men and Pannagas, and rivers, Seas and Mountains, worship the lord of Uma, one should worship Isana, fasting there for three nights.
Mbh.3.90.4883 O Yudhishthira, the spot where Ganga rusheth past, cleaving the foremost of mountains which is frequented by Gandharvas and Yakshas and Rakshasas and Apsaras, and inhabited by hunters, and Kinnaras, is called Gangadwara.
Mbh.3.99.5227 Then Rama of Bhrigu's race beheld in the body of Dasaratha's son the Adityas with the Vasus, the Rudras, the Sadhyas with the Marutas, the Pitris, Hutasana, the stellar constellations and the planets, the Gandharvas, the Rakshasas, the Yakshas, the Rivers, the tirthas, those eternal Rishis identified with Brahma and called the Valkhilyas, the celestial Rishis, the Seas and Mountains, the Vedas with the Upanishads and Vashats and the sacrifices, the Samans in their living form, the Science of weapons, O Bharata, and the Clouds with rain and lightning, O Yudhishthira!
Mbh.3.104.5398 And men and snakes, celestial choristers, Yakshas and Kinnaras followed the magnanimous saints, desirous of witnessing that wonderful event.
Mbh.3.109.5617 And seeing that she had taken her leap from the sky, the gods, together with the mighty saints, the Gandharvas, the snakes, and the Yakshas, assembled there as spectators.
Mbh.3.115.5929 And grown resistless by the virtue of a granted boon, he ever mounted on that car, trampled upon gods and Yakshas and saints on all sides round.
Mbh.3.139.7068 We shall now ascend that white rock, the mountain Mandara, inhabited by the Yakshas, Manibhadra and Kuvera, king of the Yakshas.
Mbh.3.139.7069 O king, at this place eighty thousand fleet Gandharvas, and four times as many Kimpurushas and Yakshas of various shapes and forms, holding various weapons, attend upon Manibhadra, king of the Yakshas.
Mbh.3.139.7079 And, O son of Kunti, numberless gods and Yakshas and Rakshasas and Kinnaras and Nagas and Suparnas and Gandharvas pass this way, in going towards Kuvera's palace.
Mbh.3.140.7161 O mighty-armed one, with the object of beholding that war-like tiger among men, shall we repair to the Gandhamadana mountain, where lies the hermitage of Nara and Narayana at the site of the celebrated jujube tree, and which is inhabited by the Yakshas.
Mbh.3.145.7374 And in this state that represser of foes for the flowers began to survey all the mountain, inhabited by Yakshas and Gandharvas and celestials and Brahmarshis.
Mbh.3.145.7386 And the wives of Yakshas and Gandharvas sitting invisible by the side of their husbands, stared at him, turning their faces with various motions.
Mbh.3.148.7561 And, O child, in the Krita age, there were neither gods, nor demons, nor Gandharvas, nor Yakshas, nor Rakshasas, nor Nagas.
Mbh.3.149.7640 Proceeding in this direction, thou wilt behold the gardens of Kuvera, guarded by Yakshas and Rakshasas.
Mbh.3.152.7728 And this lake was the sporting region of the high-souled Kuvera, the king of the Yakshas.
Mbh.3.152.7730 And it was frequented by the celestial sages and the Yakshas and the Kimpurushas and the Rakshasas and the Kinnaras; and it was well-protected by Kuvera.
Mbh.3.153.7746 the celestial sages, and the gods taking the permission of the chief of the Yakshas, drink of this lake, and sport herein.
Mbh.3.153.7751 First, taking the permission of the lord of Yakshas, do thou drink of this lake and take away the flowers.
Mbh.3.154.7806 And on its shores they beheld the high-souled and vehement Bhima, as also the slaughtered Yakshas of large eyes, with their bodies, eyes, arms and thighs smashed, and their heads crushed.
Mbh.3.159.8042 Surely, O best of Brahmanas, he did not fight again with the Yakshas.
Mbh.3.159.8080 Thereat with their hairs standing erect, the Yakshas and Rakshasas began to rush towards the Pandavas, in the direction of those sounds.
Mbh.3.159.8081 And taken by the arms of the Yakshas and Rakshasas the flamed maces and clubs and swords and spears and javelins and axes, and when, O Bharata, the fight ensued between the Rakshasas and Bhima, the latter by arrows cut off the darts, javelins and axes of those possessing great powers of illusion, and he of exceeding strength with arrows pierced the bodies of the roaring Rakshasas, both of those that were in the sky, and of those that remained on the earth.
Mbh.3.159.8083 And the bodies and hands of the Yakshas and Rakshasas were seen to be struck off by the weapon discharged by the might of Bhima's arms.
Mbh.3.159.8087 Thereupon, with their bodies mangled, the Yakshas afflicted by fear, Bhimasena began to utter frightful sounds of distress, throwing their mighty weapons.
Mbh.3.160.8127 And, O lord of wealth, there lie the foremost of the Yakshas and Rakshasas senseless and dead, having been struck down; and we have been let off through his favour.
Mbh.3.160.8132 And hearing of Bhima's second act of aggression, that lord of treasures, the king of the Yakshas, was filled with wrath, and said.
Mbh.3.160.8136 And that divine and effulgent king of the Yakshas set out, being eulogised by the celestials and Gandharvas.
Mbh.3.160.8137 And a thousand foremost Yakshas of reddened eyes and golden lustre and having huge bodies, and gifted with great strength, equipped with weapons and girding on their swords, followed that high-souled lord of treasures.
Mbh.3.160.8141 And like unto birds, they, the Yakshas gifted with extreme celerity, alighted on the summit of the mountain and stood before them the Pandavas, with the lord of treasures at their head.
Mbh.3.160.8142 Then, O Bharata, seeing him pleased with the Pandavas, the Yakshas and the Gandharvas stood there, free from agitation.
Mbh.3.160.8145 And thousands of Yakshas and Rakshasas, some having huge frames and some ears resembling pegs, and hundreds of Gandharvas and hosts of Apsaras sat in the presence of that one seated, even as the celestials sit surrounding him of a hundred sacrifices and wearing a beautiful golden garland on his head and holding in his hands his noose and sword and bow, Bhima stood, gazing at the lord of wealth.
Mbh.3.160.8151 These Yakshas and Rakshasas had already been slain by Destiny: thy brother hath been the instrument merely.
Mbh.3.160.8156 Vaisampayana said, Having spoken thus unto the king, Kuvera said unto Bhimasena, O child, O best of the Kurus, I do not mind this, O Bhima, as in order to please Krishna, thou hast, disregarding the gods and me also, committed this rash act, namely, the destruction of the Yakshas and the Rakshasas, depending on the strength of thy arms, I am well-pleased with thee.
Mbh.3.160.8166 And surrounded by grimvisaged Yakshas, numbering three hundred maha-padmas, carrying various weapons, I was going to that place.
Mbh.3.161.8202 The Yakshas will not cross your desires.
Mbh.3.161.8206 And thousands upon thousands of Yakshas, and Rakshasas followed him in vehicles spread over with checkered cushions, and decorated with various jewels.
Mbh.3.172.8624 And, O king of kings, they received these boons, that their offspring might never suffer misfortune; that they might be incapable of being destroyed even by the gods, the Rakshasas and the Pannagas; and that they might obtain a highly effulgent and surpassingly fair aerial city, furnished with all manner of gems and invincible even by the celestials, the Maharshis, the Yakshas, the Gandharvas, the Pannagas, the Asuras and the Rakshasas.
Mbh.3.172.8664 And, O lord of men, as soon as it had been hurled, there appeared on the scene by thousands, forms of deer, and of lions, and of tigers, and of bears and of buffaloes, and of serpents, and of kine, and of sarabhas, and of elephants, and of apes in multitudes, and of bulls, and of boars, and of cats, and of dogs, and of spectres, and of all the Bhurundas, and of vultures, and of Garudas, of chamaras, and of all the leopards, and of mountains, and of seas, and of celestials, and of sages, and of all the Gandharvas, and of ghosts with the Yakshas, and of the haters of the gods, Asuras, and of the Guhyakas in the field, and of the Nairitas and of elephant-mouthed sharks, and of owls, and of beings having the forms of fishes and horses, and of beings bearing swords and various other weapons, and of Rakshasas wielding maces and clubs.
Mbh.3.174.8710 And the foremost Devarshis, and the celestials and the Yakshas and the Rakshasas and the Gandharvas and the feathered tribes and the other sky-ranging beings, all these appeared on the scene.
Mbh.3.177.8782 Thou hast described him, that slayer of his enemies, as dismayed and appalled with fear, even him, who by fighting at the lotus lake of Kuvera became the destroyer of Yakshas and Rakshasas and who, in proud defiance, invited to a single combat, Pulastya's son, the dispenser of all riches.
Mbh.3.178.8839 This Himalaya is inaccessible, and abounds with Yakshas and the Rakshasas, And searching about for me, they will be distracted.
Mbh.3.180.8965 In days of yore, while I used to sojourn in heaven in a celestial chariot, revelling in my pride, I did not think of anything else, I used to exact tribute from Brahmarshis, Devas, Yakshas, Gandharvas, Rakshasas, Pannagas and all other dwellers of the three worlds.
Mbh.3.187.9370 And that lord of all things, that fire, blazing forth in effulgence consumeth this universe with gods and Asuras and Gandharvas and Yakshas and Snakes and Rakshasas.
Mbh.3.187.9385 And then when the universe become one dead expanse of water, when all mobile and immobile creatures have been destroyed, when the gods and the Asuras cease to be, when the Yakshas and the Rakshasas are no more, when man is not, when trees and beasts of prey have disappeared, when the firmament itself has ceased to exist, I alone, O lord of the earth, wander in affliction.
Mbh.3.200.10301 Thou knowest also, O Muni, many delightful stories about men, Snakes and Rakshasas; about gods, Gandharvas, and Yakshas, and about Kinnaras and Apsaras!
Mbh.3.229.11569 When the spirit of Yakshas enters into the system of a human being by some accident, he loses his reason immediately, and such a spirit is called the Yaksha spirit.
Mbh.3.230.11611 And the great Yaksha Amogha with his attendants, the Jambhaka Yakshas and other Rakshasas decorated with garlands of flowers, obtained a place in the right wing of his army; and many gods of wonderful fighting powers in company with the Vasus and the Rudras, also marched with the right division of his army.
Mbh.3.266.12934 And with eyes inflamed and eye-brows bent in wrath, she reproved the ruler of the Suviras, saying, Art thou not ashamed, O fool, to use such insulting words in respect of those celebrated and terrible warriors, each like unto Indra himself, and who are all devoted to their duties and who never waver in fight with even hosts of Yakshas and Rakshasas?
Mbh.3.270.13179 And these in their turn observing the same thing, completed the creation, by creating Yakshas, Rakshas, Pisachas, reptiles, men, and all mobile and immobile creatures.
Mbh.3.273.13304 That adorable Being, leaving Lanka and followed by Gandharvas, Yakshas, Rakshas, and Kinnaras, went to live on mount Gandhamadana.
Mbh.3.289.14098 And Sakra and Agni and Vayu, and Yama and Varuna and the illustrious Lord of the Yakshas, and the holy Rishis, and king Dasaratha also in a celestial and effulgent form and on car drawn by swans, showed themselves.
Mbh.3.289.14141 And beholding Rama united with the daughter of Janaka, the charioteer of Sakra, highly pleased, addressed him in the midst of friends, and said these words, O thou of prowess that can never be baffled thou hast dispelled the sorrow of the celestials, the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, the Asuras, the Nagas, and human beings!
Mbh.4.56.2160 And crowded with gods, Yakshas, Gandharvas and Nagas, the firmament looked as resplendent as it does when bespangled with the planetary constellation in a cloudless night.
Mbh.5.10.448 And the deities with the Gandharvas and Yakshas and Rakshasas, with the great snakes and saints, glorified the mighty Indra with various laudatory hymns.
Mbh.5.17.776 And so also were the Pitris, the Yakshas, the Snakes, the Rakshasas, the Gandharvas, and all the bands of celestial nymphs.
Mbh.5.29.1227 Similarly, the constellations in the other world, by virtue of work, and the Rudras, the Adityas, the Vasus, king Yama, and Kuvera, and the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, and the celestial nymphs, all attained their present position by work.
Mbh.5.51.2899 How can a human being withstand the impetuosity of that warrior in battle who slew Yakshas and Rakshasas of terrible might before?
Mbh.5.59.3263 Among the celestials, Asuras, and men, among Yakshas, Gandharvas, and Nagas, I do not find the person that can encounter Arjuna in battle.
Mbh.5.111.5072 Except by Nara and Narayana, he is incapable of being seen by the diverse classes of Munis, the gods with Vasava at their head, the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, and the Siddhas.
Mbh.5.111.5078 It was here, on the breast of Kailasa, O Galava, that Kuvera, was installed on the sovereignty of the Rakshasas, the Yakshas, and the Gandharvas.
Mbh.5.120.5352 And in that spot was assembled a vast concourse of Nagas and Yakshas and human beings, of Gandharvas and animals and birds, and of dwellers of mountains and trees and forests, and of many inhabitants of that particular province.
Mbh.5.124.5536 Who will encounter that son of Pandu in battle, who had vanquished all the celestials with the Gandharvas, Yakshas and Pannagas at Khandavaprastha?
Mbh.5.131.5826 And myriads of Yakshas, and the Gandharvas, and Rakshasas also, of the same measure and form, issued thence.
Mbh.5.139.6240 In the presence of even that Ailavila Kuvera under whose command all the Yakshas live as servants, Yudhishthira the Just, shone with splendour.
Mbh.5.157.6949 Like the sun among all luminaries, like the moon unto all delicious herbs, like Kuvera among the Yakshas, like Vasava among the gods, like Meru among mountains, Suparna among the birds, Kumara among the gods, Havyavaha among Vasus, thou art amongst ourselves.
Mbh.5.170.7711 Let men alone, it hath not been heard by us that even among gods, Asuras, Uragas, Rakshasas and Yakshas, there ever was born before, or there ever will be born hereafter, any car-warrior like unto him!
Mbh.5.194.8669 Thus assured, Sikhandini represented in detail everything that had happened, unto that chief of Yakshas called Sthunakarna.
Mbh.5.195.8726 And beholding that beautiful abode of the Yaksha decked all over, and filled also with garlands of jewels and gems and perfumed with the fragrance of diverse kinds of flowers, and well-watered, and well-swept, the lord of the Yakshas addressed the Yakshas that followed him, saying, Ye that are endued with immeasurable prowess, this mansion of Sthuna is well-adorned!
Mbh.5.195.8737 Summoned then by the Lord of Yakshas, Sthuna bearing a feminine form came thither, O king, and stood before him in shame.
Mbh.5.195.8741 The high-souled lord of the Yakshas then said unto all these Yakshas that followed him, from desire of setting a limit to his curse, these words, viz, After Sikhandin's death, ye Yakshas, this one will regain his own form!
Mbh.5.195.8743 Having said this, the illustrious and divine king of the Yakshas, receiving due worship, departed with all his followers who were capable of traversing a great distance within the shortest space of time.
Mbh.6.8.457 And the people there, O monarch, are all followers of the Yakshas, wealthy, and of handsome features.
Mbh.6.23.1044 The man that recites this hymn rising at dawn, hath no fear any time from Yakshas, Rakshasas, and Pisachas.
Mbh.6.34.1591 I am Sankara among the Rudras, the Lord of treasures among the Yakshas and the Rakshasas; I am Pavaka among the Vasus, and Meru among the peaked mountains.
Mbh.6.35.1660 The Rudras, the Adityas, the Vasus, they that called the Siddhas, the Viswas, the Aswins, the Maruts, also the Ushmapas, the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, the Asuras, the hosts of Siddhyas, behold Thee and are all amazed.
Mbh.6.41.1865 They that are of the quality of goodness worship the gods; they that are of the quality of passion worship the Yakshas and the Rakshasas; other people that are of the quality of darkness worship departed spirits and hosts of Bhutas.
Mbh.6.65.3607 The Rishis, the gods, Gandharvas, the Yakshas, the Rakshasas, the Pannagas, the Pisachas, human beings, beasts, birds, reptiles, all these were created by me on Earth through Thy grace.
Mbh.6.108.5760 Indeed, the angry Yama is capable of being vanquished, or even the chief of the celestials armed with the thunder, or Varuna himself, noose in hand, or the Lord of the Yakshas armed with mace.
Mbh.7.6.188 As Kapali amongst the Rudras, Pavaka among the Vasus, Kuvera among the Yakshas, Vasava among the Maruts, Vasishtha among Brahmanas, the Sun amongst luminous bodies, Yama among the Pitris, Varuna among aquatic creatures, as the Moon among the stars, and Usanas among the sons of Diti, so art thou the foremost of all leaders of forces.
Mbh.7.31.1659 The three worlds with the gods, the Asuras, the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, the Nagas and the Rakshasas, cannot defeat the force that is protected by the diadem-decked Arjuna.
Mbh.7.44.2104 Like one infuriated elephant encountering another, Arjuna's son then encountered thy invincible grandson, Lakshmana, of great personal beauty, endued with great bravery, staying near his father with outstretched bow, brought up in every luxury, and resembling a second prince of the Yakshas.
Mbh.7.60.2733 Gods and Asuras and Men and Yakshas and Gandharvas and Snakes and Birds, and many Brahmanas, accomplished in the Vedas and their branches, and many Rishis came to his sacrifices.
Mbh.7.67.2903 The Yakshas, milking the Earth, got the power of disappearance at will as the milk in an unbaked pot.
Mbh.7.91.4159 If even the three worlds with the Asuras and the celestials, the Yakshas, the Uragas, and the Rakshasas, together with all human beings, fight with thee today, thou needst still entertain no fear.
Mbh.7.130.6482 Indeed, O Sanjaya, tell me why that Karna, who is capable of resisting in battle the very celestials with the Yakshas and Asuras and men, armed with all kinds of weapons, could not vanquish in battle Pandu's son Bhima blazing with resplendence?
Mbh.7.141.7160 The very gods and Asuras and Gandharvas, the Yakshas, the Uragas and the Rakshasas cannot vanquish the Vrishni heroes, what need be said of men, therefore, in battle?
Mbh.7.144.7498 Neither the gods, nor the Gandharvas, nor the Yakshas, nor the Uragas, nor the Rakshasas, nor human beings, are capable of conquering the two Krishnas.
Mbh.7.155.8326 Indeed, Krishna and Arjuna are incapable of being defeated by the celestials, the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, human beings, the Nagas, and the birds, all clad in mail.
Mbh.7.155.8347 It is true also that the Parthas are incapable of being vanquished by the very gods with Vasava at their head, and the Daityas, the Yakshas, and the Rakshasas.
Mbh.7.160.8679 The gods and Rishis, Gandharvas and celestial Rishis, and the diverse tribes of Vidyadharas and Apsaras, and Nagas and Yakshas and Uragas and Kinnaras, stationed on the welkin also joyfully took up blazing lamps.
Mbh.7.160.8705 Awakened by that light which reached the skies, the gods, the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, the Rishis and other crowned with ascetic success, and the Apsaras, all came there.
Mbh.7.160.8706 Crowded then with gods and Gandharvas, and Yakshas, and Rishis crowned with ascetic success, and Apsaras, and the spirits of slain warriors about to enter the celestial regions, the field of battle looked like a second heaven.
Mbh.7.183.10023 If Savyasachin's wrath is excited, neither Gandharvas, nor Yakshas nor Rakshasas can venture to bear him.
Mbh.7.183.10026 Yakshas, and Nagas, and Daityas, and all others proud of their might, were slain by that foremost of men.
Mbh.7.186.10235 Filled with those as also with Apsaras and Yakshas and Rakshasas, it once more seemed that the welkin was darkened by gathering clouds.
Mbh.7.197.10992 And the spirits that walked there formed its Yakshas.
Mbh.7.198.11272 Neither Asuras, nor Gandharvas, nor Pisachas, nor Rakshasas, nor Uragas, Yakshas, and birds, nor human beings, can venture to baffle this weapon shot by me.
Mbh.7.198.11293 Gods, Asuras, Nagas, Rakshasas, Pisachas, human beings, birds, Gandharvas, Yakshas and other creatures: with the entire universe, we know, have all sprung from thee.
Mbh.8.8.249 Amongst steeds, Uccaisravas is the foremost; amongst Yakshas, Vaishravana is the foremost; amongst celestials, Indra is the foremost; amongst smiters, Karna was the foremost.
Mbh.8.88.5392 SECTION Sanjaya said, Meanwhile the welkin, filled with gods and Nagas and Asuras and Siddhas and Yakshas and with large bands of Gandharvas and Rakshasas, and Asuras and regenerate Rishis and royal sages and birds of excellent feathers, assumed a wonderful aspect.
Mbh.8.88.5435 The slayer of Vala himself could not achieve its like, nor the Destroyer, nor Prachetas, nor the illustrious king of the Yakshas.
Mbh.9.35.2599 There dwell Yakshas, and Vidyadharas, and Rakshasas of immeasurable energy and Pisachas of immeasurable might, and Siddhas, numbering thousands.
Mbh.9.42.3084 He had formerly given away unto the formless ones gods all kinds of wealth over which the high-souled celestials, the Gandharvas, the Rakshasas, ghosts, Yakshas, birds, and snakes have dominion.
Mbh.9.43.3095 The diverse gods, Indra and Vishnu, both of great energy, and Surya and Candramas, and Dhatri, and Vidhatri, and Vayu, and Agni, and Pushan, and Bhaga, and Aryaman, and Ansa, and Vivaswat, and Rudra of great intelligence, and Mitra, and the eleven Rudras, the eight Vasus, the twelve Adityas, the twin Ashvinis, the Viswedevas, the Maruts, the Saddhyas, the Pitris, the Gandharvas, the Apsaras, the Yakshas, the Rakshasas, the Pannagas, innumerable celestial Rishis, the Vaikhanasas, the Valakhilyas, those others among Rishis that subsist only on air and those that subsist on the rays of the Sun, the descendants of Bhrigu and Angiras, many high-souled Yatis, all the Vidyadharas, all those that were crowned with ascetic success, the Grandsire, Pulastya, Pulaha of great ascetic merits, Angiras, Kasyapa, Atri, Marichi, Bhrigu, Kratu, Hara, Prachetas, Manu, Daksha, the Seasons, the Planets, and all the luminaries; O monarch, all the rivers in their embodied forms, the eternal Vedas, the Seas, the diverse tirthas, the Earth, the Sky, the Cardinal and Subsidiary points of the compass, and all the Trees, O king, Aditi the mother of the gods, Hri, Sri, Swaha, Sarasvati, Uma, Sachi, Sinivali, Anumati, Kuhu, the Day of the new moon, the Day of the full Moon, the wives of the denizens of heaven, Himavat, Vindhya, Meru of many summits, Airavat with all his followers, the Divisions of time called Kala, Kashtha, Fortnight, the Seasons, Night, and Day, O king, the prince of steeds, Ucchaisravas, Vasuki the king of the Snakes, Aruna, Garuda, the Trees, the deciduous herbs, and the adorable god Dharma, all came there together.
Mbh.9.45.3387 In days of yore, the high-souled Kuvera, the chief of the Yakshas, having practised the severest austerities there, obtained many boons.
Mbh.9.45.3389 These the chief of the Yakshas speedily obtained there, O thou of mighty arms!
Mbh.9.47.3512 There, in that tirtha situated on the bank of that river, all the gods with Vasava at their head, the Viswedevas, the Maruts, the Gandharvas, the Apsaras, the Island-born Vyasa, Suka, Krishna the slayer of Madhu, the Yakshas, the Rakshasas, and the Pisachas, O king, and diverse others, numbering by thousands, all crowned with ascetic success, always reside.
Mbh.9.56.4090 A loud noise was heard, O bull of Bharata's race, in the welkin, made by the Yakshas, and the Rakshasas and the Pisachas.
Mbh.12.2.89 While residing on the Mahendra mountains that resembled heaven itself, Karna met and mixed with many Gandharvas, Yakshas, and gods.
Mbh.12.30.1604 Indeed, the princess, chaste as she was, devoted herself entirely to her lord and did not in her heart even desire any one else among the gods, Munis, and Yakshas for a husband.
Mbh.12.47.2310 The gods, the Danavas, the Gandharvas, the Yakshas, the Pannagas, do not know who thou art and whence art thou.
Mbh.12.50.2702 Without doubt, thou art competent to subjugate, on a single car, the gods, Gandharvas, Asuras, Yakshas, and Rakshasas.
Mbh.12.58.3244 The divine Kuvera, borne on the shoulders of human beings, that lord of Yakshas and Rakshasas, gave him wealth enough for gratifying the needs of religion, profit, and pleasure.
Mbh.12.58.3250 He drew from the earth, as a milcher from a cow, seven and ten kinds of crops for the food of Yakshas, and Rakshasas, and Nagas, and other creatures.
Mbh.12.66.3693 With thy strength enhanced in this way, and becoming invincible and possessed of great prowess, thou wilt be our king and protect us happily like Kuvera protecting the Yakshas and the Rakshasas.
Mbh.12.120.6752 It seems, O puissant one, that Chastisement, which is possessed of great energy and which is present everywhere, is the foremost of all beings among either gods and Rishis and high-souled Pitris and Yakshas and Rakshasas and Pisachas and Sadhyas, or living beings in this world including beasts and birds.
Mbh.12.148.8885 The fever of his heart dispelled, he at last beheld himself in heaven, shining in splendour like Indra in the midst of Yakshas and Gandharvas and persons crowned with ascetic success.
Mbh.12.152.9200 The vulture said, Dreadful is this spot, this wilderness, that resounds with the screech of owls and teems with spirits and Yakshas and Rakshasas.
Mbh.12.168.10116 It resembled the very woods of Nandana in heaven and was inhabited by Yakshas and Kinnaras.
Mbh.12.187.11246 After this, the Deities and the Danavas, the Gandharvas, the Daityas, the Asuras, the great snakes, the Yakshas, the Rakshasas, the Serpents, the Pisachas, and human beings with their four divisions, viz, Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras, O best of regenerate ones, and all the other orders of creatures that exist, were created.
Mbh.12.209.12687 The highest of the high, and without change or deterioration himself, he created the Pitris, the gods, the Rishis, the Yakshas, the Rakshasas, the Nagas, the Asuras, and human beings.
Mbh.12.227.14138 Men and gods and Kinnaras and Yakshas and Rakshasas all became endued with prosperity and cheerfulness.
Mbh.12.270.16622 Then, O bull of Bharata's race, Kundadhara of great effulgence, bending himself low, prostrated himself on the ground before the gods in the presence of all the Yakshas.
Mbh.12.270.16686 The gods and Brahmanas and Yakshas and all good men and Charanas always adore those that are virtuous but never those that are rich or given up to the indulgence of their desires.
Mbh.12.282.17386 The high-souled deities, the Vasus of immeasurable energy, the high-souled Aswins, those foremost of physicians, and king Vaisravana waited upon by many a Guhyaka, that lord of the Yakshas, endued with prosperity and puissance, and having his abode on the summit of Kailasa, all waited upon the highsouled Mahadeva.
Mbh.12.284.17579 Thou art the friend of the ruler of the Yakshas.
Mbh.12.295.18418 The Adityas, the Vasus, the Rudras, Agni, the Aswins, the Maruts, the Viswedevas, the Saddhyas, the Pitris, the Maruts, the Yakshas, the Rakshasas, the Gandharvas, the Siddhas and the other denizens of heaven, and, indeed, all other celestials whatever, O child, have all been crowned with success through their penances.
Mbh.12.300.18850 and the great snakes, and the Pitris, and all the mountains and hills, and the great and terrible oceans, and all the rivers, and the rain-charged clouds, and serpents, and trees, and Yakshas, and the cardinal and subsidiary points of the compass, and the Gandharvas, and all male persons and all female ones also.
Mbh.12.301.18863 Comprehending with the aid of knowledge that all objects exist with faults, indeed, understanding that the objects, so difficult to cast off, with which human beings and Pisachas and Rakshasas and Yakshas and snakes and Gandharvas and pitris and those that are wandering in the intermediate orders of beings such as birds and animals and great birds such as Garuda and others and the Maruts and royal sages and regenerate sages and Asuras and Viswedevas and the celestial Rishis and Yogins invested with supreme puissance and the Prajapatis and Brahman himself are engaged, and understanding truly what the highest limit is of one's period of existence in this world, and apprehending also the great truth.
Mbh.12.302.19045 Indeed, O king a combination of those is known as such in deities and men and Danavas, and Yakshas and spirits and Gandharvas and Kinnaras and great snakes, and Charanas and Pisachas, in celestial Rishis and Rakshasas, in biting flies, and worms, and gnats, and vermin born of filth and rats, and dogs and Swapakas and Chaineyas and Chandalas and Pukkasas in elephants and steeds and asses and tigers, and trees and kine.
Mbh.12.327.20812 There is a fiery girdle all around it, of the width of ten Yojanas, and it is incapable of being approached by Yakshas and Rakshasas and Danavas.
Mbh.12.333.21293 He was adored by the Gandharvas and the Rishis, by crowds of Yakshas and Rakshasas, and all tribes of the Vidyadharas.
Mbh.13.14.1078 He assumes also the forms of Yakshas, Rakshasas and Snakes, of Daityas and Danavas.
Mbh.13.14.1209 In all hostile encounters of the deities, the Yakshas, the Uragas and the Rakshasas, that terminating in mutual destruction, it is Bhava that gives unto those that meet with destruction, puissance commensurate with their respective locations as dependent upon their acts.
Mbh.13.14.1210 Tell me, who else than Maheswara is there for bestowing boons upon, and once more chastising the Andhaka and Sukra and Dundubhi and Maharshi and many foremost of Yakshas, Indra and Vala and Rakshasas and the Nivatakavachas?
Mbh.13.14.1459 Behold, O Krishna, before thy eyes, these Siddhas residing here and these Rishis and Vidyadharas and Yakshas and Gandharvas and Apsaras.
Mbh.13.17.2341 Thou art the king of the Yakshas, called Kuvera, who is thy inseparable associate and who is the Lord of all treasures in the world.
Mbh.13.17.2705 Thou art Kuvera, the chief of the Yakshas.
Mbh.13.18.2881 Vishnu said, O Great King, Aditya, Chandra, Wind, Fire, Heaven, Earth, the Vasus, the Viswedevas, Dhatri, Aryyaman, Sukra, Vrihaspati, the Rudras, the Saddhyas, Varuna, Brahma, Sakra, Maruts, the Upanishads that deal with knowledge of Brahman, Truth, the Vedas, the Sacrifices, Sacrificial Presents, Brahmanas reciting the Vedas, Soma, Sacrificer, the shares of the deities in sacrificial offerings or clarified butter poured in sacrifices, Raksha, Diksha, all kinds of restraints in the form of vows and fasts and rigid observances, Swaha, Vashat, the Brahmanas, the celestial cow, the foremost acts of righteousness, the wheel of Time, Strength, Fame, Self-restraint, the Steadiness of all persons endued with intelligence, all acts of goodness and the reverse, the seven Rishis, Understanding of the foremost order, all kinds of excellent touch, the success of all religious acts, the diverse tribes of the deities, those beings that drink heat, those that are drinkers of Soma, Clouds, Suyamas, Rishitas, all creatures having Mantras for their bodies, Abhasuras, those beings that live upon scents only, those that live upon vision only, those that restrain their speech, those that restrain their minds, those that are pure, those that are capable of assuming diverse forms through Yoga-puissance, those deities that live on touch as their food, those deities that subsist on vision and those that subsist upon the butter poured in sacrifices, those beings that are competent to create by fiats of their will the objects they require, they that are regarded as the foremost ones among the deities, and all the other deities, O descendant of Ajamila, the Suparnas, the Gandharvas, the Pisachas, the Danavas, Yakshas, the Charanas, the snakes, all that is gross and all that is exceedingly subtile, all that is soft and all that is not subtile, all sorrows and all joys, all sorrows that come after joy and all joy that comes after sorrow, the Sankhya philosophy, Yoga, and that which transcends objects which are regarded as foremost and very superior, all adorable things, all the deities, and all the protectors of the universe who entering into the physical forces sustain and uphold this ancient creation of that illustrious Deity, have sprung from that Creator of all creatures.
Mbh.13.19.2970 After the two had taken their seats, the Yakshas of Kuvera headed by Manibhadra, and many Gandharvas and Kinnaras, also sat down before them.
Mbh.13.98.8815 I shall also set forth in their due order what garlands are agreeable to the Rakshasas, what to the Uragas, what to the Yakshas, what to human beings, and what to the Pitris, in proper order.
Mbh.13.98.8823 One possessed of wisdom should offer garlands of aquatic flowers, such as the lotus and the like, unto the Gandharvas and Nagas and Yakshas.
Mbh.13.98.8830 The deities become gratified with the scent of flowers; the Yakshas and Rakshasas with their sight, the Nagas with their touch; and human beings with all three, viz, scent, sight, and touch.
Mbh.13.98.8848 It is very agreeable to the Yakshas, the Rakshasas, and Nagas.
Mbh.13.98.8877 I shall now discourse to thee upon the merits, with the fruits they bring about, that attach to Vali offerings made to the deities, the Yakshas, the Uragas, human beings, spirits, and Rakshasas.
Mbh.13.98.8883 The Yakshas and Rakshasas and Pannagas, as also guests and all homeless persons, are supported by the food that are offered by persons leading the domestic mode of life, Indeed, the deities and the Pitris derive their sustenance from such offerings.
Mbh.13.102.9093 There Gandharvas and Yakshas and Apsaras live gladdening all the denizens with enchanting dances and music.
Mbh.13.140.11482 The great god was also surrounded by Kinnaras and Yakshas and Gandharvas and Rakshasas and diverse other created beings.
Mbh.13.140.11496 All the highly blessed ascetics, the Siddhas who have drawn in their vital seed, the Maruts, the Vasus, the Sadhyas, the Viswedevas, Vasava himself, the Yakshas, the Nagas, the Pisachas, the Regents of the world, the several sacred Fires, the Winds, and all the great creatures dwelt on that mountain with minds concentrated in Yoga.
Mbh.13.142.11863 That man who subsists upon either air or water, or fruits and roots, attains in after life to the affluence that belongs to the Yakshas and sports in felicity in the company of diverse tribes of Apsaras.
Mbh.13.149.12557 The whole mobile and immobile universe with the deities, Asuras, and Gandharvas, Yakshas, Uragas and Rakshasas, is under the sway of Krishna.
Mbh.14.8.213 And there the Rudras, the Saddhyas, Viswedevas, the Vasus, Yama, Varuna, and Kuvera with all his attendants, and the spirits and goblins, and the two Aswins, the Gandharvas, the Apsaras, the Yakshas, as also the celestial sages, the Sun-gods, as well as the gods presiding over the winds, and evil spirits of all sorts, worship the high-souled lord of Uma, possessed of diverse characteristics.
Mbh.14.43.1739 He is the ruler of men and Kinnaras and Yakshas and Gandharvas, and Snakes and Rakshasas, and deities and Danavas and Nagas.
Mbh.14.44.1838 Iswara is the supreme Lord of all the deities and Danavas and ghostly beings and Pisachas, and snakes and Makshasas and human beings and Kinnaras and Yakshas.
Mbh.14.54.2399 So also, O regenerate one, know that all the tribes of the Daityas, all the Yakshas, Gandharvas, Rakshasas, Nagas.
Mbh.14.54.2421 When I live in the order of the Nagas, I then act as a Naga, and when I live in the order of Yakshas or that of Rakshasas, I act after the manner of that order.
Mbh.14.57.2596 These celestial ear-rings of mine, made of costly gems, are such that the deities and Yakshas and great Rishis always watch for opportunities for bearing them away.
Mbh.14.57.2598 If worn by one who is impure in consequence of eating, it would then be taken away by the Yakshas.
Mbh.14.65.2944 And offerings were next made to Kuvera, the chief of the Yakshas, and unto Manibhadra also.
Mbh.14.65.2945 Unto the other Yakshas also and unto them that were the foremost ones among the ghostly companions of Mahadeva, the priest offered due worship, having filled many jugs with food, with Krisaras and meat and Nivapas mixed with sesame seeds.
Mbh.14.65.2950 Once more worshipping the Lord of treasures, and bowing unto him with reverence and saluting him properly, with diverse kinds of flowers and cakes and Krisara, having worshipped those foremost of gems, viz, Sankha and Nidhi, and those Yakshas who are the lords of gems, and having worshipped many foremost of Brahmanas and caused them to utter blessings, the king endued with great puissance, strengthened by the energy and the auspicious benedictions of those Brahmanas, caused that spot to be excavated.
Mbh.18.4.225 These and other kings, O son of Pandu, who had warred on thy side now walk with the Gandharvas or Yakshas or other sacred beings.
Mbh.18.5.263 Those heroic and mighty car-warriors, Ghatotkaca and others, who were slain in the great battle, attained to the status, some of gods and some of Yakshas.
Mbh.18.5.300 In the region of the Pitris fifteen lakhs, it should be known, are current; while in that of the Yakshas fourteen lakhs are in vogue.
Mbh.18.5.302 Narada recited the Mahabharata to the gods; Asita-Devala to the Pitris; Suka to the Rakshasas and the Yakshas; and Vaishampayana to human beings. | 2019-04-24T10:12:36Z | http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/mbh:yakshas |
The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) is a federal tax law that imposes reporting obligations for U.S. individuals and business entities with foreign financial interests as well as for certain foreign entities. In order to determine an individual’s or organization’s FATCA reporting obligations, it is essential to work with an experienced FATCA tax lawyer.
As Managing Partner of Thorn Law Group, Kevin E. Thorn, has helped hundreds of clients with complicated overseas tax cases and has provided counsel for clients around the world. He is an expert when it comes to FATCA and the implications this legislation has on U.S. taxpayers, both here in the United States and abroad. Below, Mr. Thorn discusses many common issues associated with FATCA compliance and taxpayers’ reporting obligations to the IRS. If you have additional questions and would like to speak with Mr. Thorn directly, you can call 202-349-4033 or email Mr. Thorn at [email protected]. For more information, visit thornlawgroup.com.
Q: What is FATCA reporting?
FATCA is United States tax law that was created to reduce offshore tax evasion and fraud. All U.S. Taxpayers must disclose offshore accounts of face fines, penalties and tax liabilities. Moreover, foreign financial Institutions, and certain other non-financial foreign entities, must report on the foreign assets held by their U.S. account holders or be subject to withholding on withholdable payment.
Q: When should FATCA be considered by an individual tax payer?
As stated by the IRS, “U.S. citizens, U.S. individual residents, and a very limited number of nonresident individuals who own certain foreign financial accounts or other . . . specified foreign financial assets must report those assets” using Form 8938. However, individual reporting requirements are subject to certain thresholds which vary based upon country of residence (U.S. or foreign), marital status and other factors.
Q: When should FATCA be considered when dealing with a foreign business, trust or foundation?
Interests in foreign businesses, trusts and foundations are “specified foreign financial assets” that are subject to FATCA’s reporting requirements. The value of the entity’s assets is taken into consideration when determining whether the threshold for reporting is satisfied.
Q: What are the top three items that need to be considered when reporting foreign financial assets to the IRS?
To determine whether you need to file Form 8938, you will need to determine the total value of your offshore holdings as well as the relevant reporting threshold.
While not all offshore holdings are subject to FATCA reporting, many different types of assets are. This includes (but is not limited to) financial assets, business interests, currency and interest rate swaps, and foreign insurance policies.
If you fail to accurately report your offshore holdings, you can face steep IRS penalties. Contact Managing Partner Kevin E. Thorn today to discuss your legal options.
Q: What do I do If I receive a letter from my bank concerning FATCA?
Foreign financial institutions are subject to FATCA reporting obligations as well; and, if your overseas bank believes you may be obligated to report assets in its possession to the IRS, it will send you a “FATCA letter.” While this is a standard form letter and receiving one does not necessarily mean that you need to file Form 8938, it is important to take the letter seriously and determine whether you need to file.
Q: Which separate IRS Form needs to be used to report foreign bank accounts (including pensions and insurance accounts) to the IRS?
Critically, if you file Form 8938, you may still also need to file an FBAR (Foreign Bank Account Reporting Form) with the Department of Treasury. For more information about the forms used to satisfy the IRS’s foreign financial requirements, you can read: What Are the Foreign Financial Reporting Requirements or Forms That Should Be Filed With the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for Individuals, Businesses, Trusts and Foundations?
Q: What do I need to know about preparing the FBAR (Foreign Bank Account Reporting Form)?
The FBAR (FinCEN Form 114) is used to report financial interests in, and signature authority over, foreign bank accounts, brokerage accounts, mutual funds, trusts and certain other foreign financial assets. Similar to the reporting requirements under FATCA, the FBAR requirements (which exist under the Bank Secrecy Act) are subject to minimum reporting thresholds. Also similar to FATCA reporting, if you fail to file an FBAR, you can face steep federal penalties.
Q: If I file IRS Form 8938, do I also need to file an FBAR (FinCEN Form 114)?
Maybe, but not necessarily. While FATCA applies to “foreign financial assets,” the Bank Secrecy Act applies to “foreign financial accounts.” If you are required to report a foreign asset other than a financial account, then you may only need to file Form 8938.
Q: Which IRS Foreign Financial Asset Reporting Form needs to be attached to IRS Form 8938?
If you have multiple items to report in Part V or VI of Form 8938, then you will need to make an appropriate number of copies of the continuation statement provided with the form and attach them following page 2.
Q: Do I need to file Form 8938 if I hold foreign financial assets through a U.S. financial institution?
Q: Do I need to file Form 8938 if I have an account with a U.S. branch of a foreign financial institution?
No. A financial account held at a U.S. branch of a foreign financial institution, “is an exception to the general rule that a financial account maintained by a foreign financial institution is specified foreign financial asset,” that must be reported under FATCA. Specified foreign financial assets held in qualifying accounts also do not have to be reported.
Q: Do I need to file Form 8938 if I own real estate abroad?
Real estate holdings are not specified foreign financial assets that are subject to reporting on Form 8938. However, if you own an interest in a foreign business entity, trust, foundation or estate which holds foreign real estate, then the value of the real estate must be considered when determining whether the overall value of your ownership interest exceeds your FATCA reporting threshold.
Q: Are foreign pensions and deferred compensation plans subject to FATCA?
Q: Is foreign social security income subject to FATCA?
Q: Is a foreign inheritance subject to FATCA?
Yes, once again, subject to the individual threshold requirements. This applies to your entire interest in a foreign estate as well as any specified foreign financial assets you acquire as a beneficiary. For example, if you inherit foreign stock or securities which you hold outside of a foreign financial account, you must separately report these assets on Form 8938.
Q: How do the IRS’s streamlined filing procedures relate to FATCA?
Q: What are the benefits of using the IRS’s streamlined filing procedures?
If you are eligible to submit a streamlined filing, doing so before the IRS initiates an investigation of your foreign financial holdings and filing history can allow you to limit the penalties due as a result of your delinquent filing. Voluntarily addressing your previous failure to file could also help protect you against a civil enforcement action or criminal prosecution.
Q: What are the risks of submitting a streamlined filing for foreign financial assets?
One of the primary risks associated with submitting a streamlined filing is the risk that the IRS will still view your previous failure to file as a willful violation of FATCA. If the IRS determines that you willfully withheld information about your foreign financial holdings, not only could you face prosecution for tax law violations, but you could also face prosecution for submitting false statements with your streamlined filing.
Q: When should an individual filer consider a streamlined filing?
To determine whether it is in your best interests to submit a streamlined filing in order to satisfy your FATCA obligations, you will need to discuss your situation with an experienced federal tax attorney like Managing Partner Kevin E. Thorn. Generally speaking, however, the key question is whether you can adequately substantiate your position that your failure to file Form 8938 was non-willful. If there is a chance that the IRS will accuse you of intentionally failing to report your foreign financial assets despite your certification to the contrary, then submitting a streamlined filing may not be in your best interests.
Q: When should a business, trust or foundation consider a streamlined filing?
The same considerations that apply to individuals also apply to businesses, trusts and foundations. If there is a chance that the IRS will challenge your certification of non-willfulness, then you may need to consider one of the alternatives to streamlined filing.
Q: Is there a threshold for needing to file Form 8938?
Yes, in order to determine whether you must file Form 8938, you must first determine the aggregate value of your specified foreign financial assets. For unmarried taxpayers and married tax payers filing separately who live in the U.S., the threshold is $50,000 on the last day of the tax year, or more than $75,000 at any time during the tax year. These figures double for married taxpayers filing jointly, and they are significantly higher for taxpayers living abroad.
Q: What should I do if I haven’t reported foreign financial assets to the IRS?
If you hold foreign financial assets that you have not reported to the IRS, the first thing to do is to determine whether your foreign financial assets are subject to disclosure under FATCA. Not all foreign assets need to be reported; and, as discussed above, minimum thresholds apply to all taxpayers. If you own specified foreign financial assets which you believe may trigger FATCA’s reporting requirements, you should speak with a federal tax attorney promptly.
Q: What should I do if I am being audited by the IRS due to my foreign financial holdings?
If you are being audited by the IRS due to your foreign financial holdings, you will need to quickly assess whether you have failed to meet your reporting obligations under FATCA. If so, you may need to try to work with the IRS in order to mitigate your liability for interest and penalties. If not, you can present evidence in order to try to prevent an unfavorable audit determination.
If the IRS determines that you have violated FATCA and you disagree, you can file an appeal after you receive the final audit report. In any case, you will also want to take steps to mitigate your risk of facing another audit related to your foreign financial assets in the future.
Q: Can I hire a CPA to deal with the IRS concerning FATCA?
While individual taxpayers can hire a CPA to deal with the IRS concerning FATCA, doing so can be dangerous due to the volume and complexity of the legal issues involved. Instead, taxpayers should engage experienced legal representation. At Thorn Law Group, Kevin E. Thorn regularly represents U.S. residents and non-residents with regard to FATCA compliance, and he can help you overcome any issues you are having with the IRS.
Q: What are my options if I have already been penalized under FATCA?
If you have already been penalized under FATCA, you should discuss your situation with an attorney right away. You may have grounds to file an appeal, and you will want to make sure that you are not presently exposing yourself to additional penalties in relation to your offshore holdings.
5. The Dreaded FATCA Letter and What is FATCA Reporting?
The FATCA legislation became effective on July 1, 2014, and you may have already received a FATCA letter. If so, your assets at the foreign institution may have already been frozen or cancelled. You will need to show proof that you have complied with the FATCA requirements for filing.
The good news is that we can help. The international tax attorneys at Thorn Law Group have the knowledge necessary to help navigate clients through the complex reporting requirements imposed by FATCA. As former IRS attorneys, our skilled legal team has a keen understanding of the tax laws and regulations designed to control and monitor offshore bank accounts and other foreign property and assets.
If you want an immediate consultation, call us at 202-349-4033. If you want to know more about FATCA, please keep reading our frequently asked questions or visit our short page about FATCA here. For additional information, visit thornlawgroup.com.
7. Do you Qualify? What Taxpayers Need to Have a FATCA Report?
Specifically, FATCA requires taxpayers holding foreign financial assets with an aggregate value exceeding $50,000 to disclose those assets on Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets. This form must be attached to the taxpayer’s annual federal income tax return. Higher asset thresholds apply to U.S. taxpayers who file a joint tax return or who reside abroad.
Repeating payment instructions to pay amounts to a U.S. address or an account maintained in the U.S.
8.What Do You Need to Disclose?
Even if you do not have any U.S.-based income, if you qualify, you need to file a FATCA. Now, what qualifies for types of income?
9. What are the Limits on Disclosure?
Married taxpayers filing separate income tax returns and living in the U.S.: The total value of your specified foreign financial assets is more than $50,000 on the last day of the tax year or more than $75,000 at any time during the tax year.
You are a U.S. citizen or resident, who during a period of 12 consecutive months ending in the tax year is physically present in a foreign country or countries at least 330 days.
10. Why Do You Need to Have a FATCA Report?
Taxpayers who fail to report these specified foreign financial assets will face a $10,000 penalty and any underpayments associated with the non-disclosed assets will be subject to a 40 percent penalty. Obviously these are hefty penalties and you need to consult with an experience tax attorney to see if you qualify for a FATCA disclosure.
Moreover, if the IRS believes this was willful, then they will launch a criminal investigation which can lead to seizures and prison. In fact, in March 2011 two individuals were sentenced to 10 years in prison for concealing $150 million in assets.
11. What is a FATCA Withholding?
While there really two common ways to comply with FATCA: OVDP (Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program and Streamlined Offshore Disclosure (Domestic and Foreign). Typically, OVDP is used for those who are Willful and Streamlined for those who are non-willful.
They are listed below in more detail. Before you decide whether Streamlined or OVDP is the right choice, you should talk with Kevin Thorn, a DC tax attorney, to find out which option is likely to have the best results for you.
Streamlined Filing Compliance Procedures were recently introduced to prompt taxpayers to submit amended returns and to file original returns, which were supposed to be filed but weren't. Tax returns submitted under the Streamlined Filing Compliance Procedures have to report income from foreign sources, income from U.S. sources, and deductions for applicable tax years.
Streamlined filing is different from the Offshore Voluntary Disclosure program because you have to certify that the failure to follow tax rules was not willful, but instead happened because of negligence or mistake. Willful violators cannot take advantage of Streamlined filing but can take advantage of OVDP.
If you are non-willful, then you may use the streamlined program. You will need to amend your prior three years of tax returns and file FBAR reports for the prior six years. The good news is that there will be no penalty assessed on the assets abroad.
While this sounds like a good deal for U.S. taxpayers, it is important to realize that the Streamlined Compliance rules don't limit civil penalties which could arise due to reporting income from U.S. sources. Streamlined Compliance also does not necessarily protect taxpayers from criminal prosecution if their actions were found to be in violation of the tax law. OVDP, on the other hand, can provide protection from criminal prosecution but financial consequences can be dire.
For nonresident taxpayers who are also non-willful, the streamlined program is available.
Taxpayers using either the Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures or the Streamlined Domestic Offshore Procedures, will be required to certify, in accordance with the specific instructions set forth below, that the failure to report all income, pay all tax and submit all required information returns, including FBARs (FinCEN Form 114, previously Form TD F 90-22,1) was due to non-willful conduct.
Non-willful conduct is defined as “negligence, inadvertence, or mistake or conduct that is the result of a good faith misunderstanding of the requirements of the law. Willfulness is available via evidence, since it is a state of mind. It is usually drawn based on a reasonable conclusion based on the facts.
15. Other Risky Ways to Comply with FATCA?
In addition to the ODVP and Streamlined program, there are two riskier methods to complying. Typically, we do not recommend these methods.
One is the reasonable cause statement where an attorney will amend your prior returns and draft a persuasive letter and necessary forms. This is still a riskier method than the ODVP or Streamlined Disclosure.
Moreover, an even riskier method is the quiet disclosure statement. This is where you simply amend your prior returns. We do not recommend the quiet disclosure statement as you are violating U.S. law.
Subpoenas - A new tactic to get people to incriminate themselves.
Customs Hold - This area of international tax noncompliance remains an area of concern for the IRS. So if the individual has delinquent taxes, the IRS can put a customs hold on your passport using the TECS system.
17. Do Financial Institutions Report on Me?
Yes, in addition to individuals, FATCA also requires foreign financial institutions (FFI) to report information about financial accounts held by U.S. taxpayers, or by foreign entities in which U.S. taxpayers hold a substantial ownership interest, directly to the IRS. In order to comply with FATCA, FFIs must enter into special agreements with the IRS that set forth specific obligations and procedures for the FFI.
18. What is an FFI? What is FATCA Banking?
An FFI is a foreign financial institution.
Any foreign entity that accepts deposits in the ordinary course of banking or a similar business such as banks and credit unions.
If you need help, please contact us for a consultation. The international tax attorneys at Thorn Law Group have the knowledge necessary to help navigate clients through the complex reporting requirements imposed by FATCA. As former IRS attorneys, Kevin E. Thorn and his skilled legal team has a keen understanding of the tax laws and regulations designed to control and monitor offshore bank accounts and other foreign property and assets. As a Managing Partner, Mr. Thorn has helped hundreds of clients with complicated overseas tax cases and has provided counsel for clients around the world. He is an expert when it comes to FATCA and the implications this legislation has on U.S. taxpayers, both here in the United States and abroad. Thorn Law Group has already helped over 500 clients with these issues. If you would like an immediate consultation, call Kevin E. Thorn at 202-349-4033 or email him at [email protected]. For more information, visit thornlawgroup.com. | 2019-04-18T14:22:31Z | http://www.thorntaxlaw.com/fatca-tax-lawyer/ |
Hello Revuers! It’s Tuesday which means it’ time for another edition of New Comic Book Day Top 5. Where I pick my top 5 most anticipated books that are coming out this week. This Wednesday looks to be especially exciting with many new series’ starting from major and indie publishers alike. As always feel free to tell me what you think of the list in the comment section below, and please tell us what’s on your pull list. We love to hear from our readers, plus I love finding out about new series’ that people are enjoying. Without further delay, let’s jump right in.
The Skeptics is a new series from the fantastic Black Mask Studios features the talents of Tini Howard (Writer) and Devaki Neogi (Artist). The story is summed up as follows: “A stylish, political adventure about a pair of hip, clever teens who fool the world into believing they have superpowers. It is the 1960s. The Russians have the A-bomb, the H-bomb, and now the most terrifying weapon of all: a pair of psychically superpowered young people.” The story then focuses on the heads of the USA military looking to find equivalent super powered beings from America to be on Par with Russia. The preview art for this series looks amazing and the premise promises to be a wild ride.
Batgirl #4 is a continuation from issue three. Batgirl realizes that she has fallen into the trap set by The Teacher. She realizes that in order to save Kai she will first have to come face to face with this new mysterious villain. Writer Hope Larson has delivered an interesting and compelling plot so far this series. I think the title overall benefit from being on the slower once a month schedule. This allows the artist Rafael Albuquerque and Color Artist Dave McCaig time to really build a beautiful and rich world around Hope Lasron’s world. Batgirl is still one of the best titles from the overall spectacular DC Rebirth initiative.
Confession from me. I have been a big Spider-Man fan since I was 7. In fact Spider-Man was/is my favorite superhero. The Prowler was also one of my favorite Rouges in his gallery (Mysterio is my favorite [maybe I just really love purple and green color schemes for villains!?]). So when I heard they were planning a Prowler solo series I was pumped. I had already been excited about him getting more of a role in the new (NOW!?) ASM series. Writer Sean Ryan and Artist Jamal Campbell have a lot on their plate but the preview art makes it look like they have delivered. I can’t wait until I can read this one.
This new Dr. Strange series arrives two weeks before the release of the Marvel Studios film. Coincidnece? I think not. Do I care? NO! Robbie Thompson is set to write the series which means it’s going to be fantastic. I love the way he tackled Silk and Spidey, so I can’t wait for him to take on Dr. Strange. The art will be by the amazing Javier Rodriguez, who has recently been on the Spider-Woman series. If there’s one character that I think working on a Spider-Man series before hand would benefit you it would be Sr. Strange. There’s a lot of room for humor and sarcasm just like in Spidey titles. I am also intrigued by the team up aspect of it. The idea of Dr. Strange in a mentoring role is hilarious to me.
Bloodshot USA comes to us from Valiant Entertainment. It features the all star level talent of Jeff Lemire (writer), Doug Braithwaite (artist) and Brian Reber (Color Art). The story is set in New York where a criminal organization has released a biowarfare weapon that has turned the population of New York into blood thirsty zombie like creature, and it’s up to Bloodshot to ensure the contamination doesn’t spread. This title just sounds like plain fun, shoot em up comics to me with no shortage of action. The preview art looks incredible. Especially the color art work by Harvey nominated color artist supreme Brian Reber (wow, that was quite the run on sentence). I haven’t read too many Valiant series’ but this one looks like a real winner.
Hello Revuers. Welcome to another edition of Covers of the week. I hope you are enjoying this segment so far. If you are (or aren’t) let us know in the comments below. Thank you! Without further ado let’s jump right in.
This has been the week of Batgirl here at Deja.Revue, first Batgirl #2 was the most anticipated book of the week. Then it was the Pick of the week. Now it’s our regular cover of the week thanks to the spectacular work of Rafael Albuquerque. I love the striking bright colors and the facial expression on Batgirl’s face. The shaping of the figures really conveys a sense of movement and action. The series its self is wonderful and I highly recommend it. I recommend you check out our review of issue 2!
Batgilr #2 was my most looked forward to book of the week in the first ever New Comic Book Day Top 5, and it did not disappoint. Picking up where last issue left off we find Batgirl in Singapore chasing down a purple drone that’s making it’s getaway. Batgirl wonders if this drone is on a secret mission to gather information about her and her traveling partner Kai (whom Batgirl has history with). It turns out that the drone is nothing as Batgirl follows it back to it’s base and it turns out to be operated by a simple pervert. Not quite what Batgirl expected. During the chase scene Batgirl repeats the mantra that the Fruit Bat told her “You can’t see the future when the past is standing in your way”. This comes in to play later in the issue. Batgirl then uses her photographic memory to replay the fight she had with the killer schoolgirl from the previous issue. After playing through that memory a few times she notices a detail that she had previously missed. A tattoo that translates into “pupil” or “student”. Batgirl then wonders what the tattoo means.The following morning she has an awkward and clumsy discussion with Kai, who she realizes she is starting to have feelings for. This leads to one of my favorite pieces of inner dialogue I’ve ever read in a Batgirl comic. The dialogue is Batgirl questioning herself in a vulnerable way, and ending with her saying she needs to see a therapist in a half joking manner. The way Larson writes Batgirl is interesting because there are several moment where we see the vulnerable young adult that Batgirl is, but we also see that even though she is vulnerable (like all of us in the world) that doesn’t make her weak. She doesn’t succumb to the vulnerability, instead she uses it to keep herself grounded and not lose her identity as Barbara Gordon completely to Batgirl.
In the first issue the whole reason why Batgirl want’s to go to Singapore is to try out for a MMA group called Adapt. Upon inquiring about working out with Adapt she is first mistaken for a ring girl and then informed that they no longer accept female fighters. After her discussion with the receptionist she is told about a different gym that would train her that is owned by a women named May Hao who, we learn, lived in Gotham up until recently when she returned to Singapore. May promptly accepts to train Batgirl and even sets up a fight for the following Friday between her and MMA Wen Lu from China. This acceptance of Batgirl and setting up of a fight for her seems to easy to me. Combine that with the fact that May used to live in Gotham and something smells fishy here. during the fight Batgirl seems to have an upper hand but (gasp) Wen has a tattoo on her arm that matched the one on the Killer school girls arm, noticing this Batgirl is distracted and knocked out by Wen. I fell like there is more to May than meets the eye. Maybe May is the teacher of these students, or maybe she knows more about Batgirl’s secret mission than she is letting on.
Now at the beginning of the review I told you what Batgirl kept repeating from her meeting with the Fruit Bat “”You can’t see the future when the past is standing in your way”, well while Batgirl is training for her fight there is also a montage of a romantic involvement with Kai. While Batgirl is interested in him she is confused as to why. She doesn’t know if it’s because she has a past with him or if it’s because he’s changed. Throughout the issue he trys to show Batgirl how much he’s changed by taking her on a romantic dip in a high rise pool, and telling her he has a real job. The romance of the night won over and Batgirl gave him a kiss. A kiss that she immediately regretted. All of this just confuses Batgirl more and more. I’d tell you what happened but I don’t want to spoil it for you. So go buy this comic and read it for yourself.
The art in this issue is excellent Albuquerque continues the stylistic elements from issue one. with backgrounds lacking somewhat in detail adding to the over all style of the book. Albuquerque is fantastic at conveying a sense of movement with his characters. During the fighting montage especially. The punches leap off the page and really make you feel like the are moving. Albuquerque often draws close up on faces in order to draw out emotion from their facial expressions. This issue was very successful in that regard. The color art work by Dave McCaig was superb a well. McCaig continued to use solid color backgrounds to help make the figures pop. This technique works especially well during action sequences. McCaig also uses different palettes to evoke a sense of time to the pages. For instance in the scenes set in morning, he uses a lot of greens and blues to convey a sense of beginning. During the romantic rooftop pool scene it’s set in the evening and palettes witches to a more yellow, orange and brown palette to make it appear as though the characters are being bathed in the last light of day.
Overall this issue just works on so many levels. The whole creative team is really jelling well and because of this they have been able to create something that has the potential of being very, very special. Below I have included the two covers the title shipped with.
Hello Revuers. This week marks another big victory for the DC Rebirth initiative. Once again I found my pull dominated by DC comics. I counted and I have purchased more DC comics in the last two month than I did all of last year. What has changed with this initiative? There’s hope. Well that, and the comics have been consistently good across the board. I haven’t read a single title that I didn’t like. This week I have three to review. A bit of a light week for me.
Hello Revuers, I’m proud to announce that this is our 50th post on Deja.Revue! When I started this site with my roommate back in November of 2014 I couldn’t have anticipated the great response and support from viewers like you. Thanks to die hard comics fan like us, we have grown exponentially over the course of ten months. I could ramble on and on with statistics and numbers and blah blah blah…….but I’d rather just bring you the high quality original content you’ve come to expect from us. Since I’m feeling reminiscent I’ve asked our writers and our guest reviewers to write about their most nostalgic issue or series from their childhood. I’m happy to report that this article turned out to be one of my favorite and I hope its yours too. As usual all names are clickable and you should check out our guest bloggers sites. They are all wonderful. Now, without further delay lets begin our nostalgia filled joyride through our childhoods.
Cloak and Dagger are the most basic opposites, light and dark. This is a common trope, and a simple but solid premise that allows the reader to accept these new characters without bogging down the story with exposition. As the story advances, the characters become more nuanced and interesting. Cloak is darkness. He must feed on the light of humanity to satisfy his cravings or suffer the maddening effects of hunger. If he does not feed, he will begin to consume his own humanity. Where Cloak is darkness and retribution, Dagger is light and forgiveness. She produces pure humanity in the form of daggers. These light daggers act as a jump start to give a person a chance to redeem themselves before Cloak enacts his more permanent form of justice. However, Dagger’s light is limited and thus can not redeem those too far gone nor can it totally satisfy Cloak’s hunger. In addition to seeking out the wicked, Cloak and Dagger must confront their own personal demons. In issue two, Dagger confronts a man whom she slaps across the room and states “My light knives are too good to waste on the likes of you!”. In retrospect she realizes that she acted without compassion. She must learn to control her emotions to give every person equal opportunity for redemption. Cloak begins to perceive himself as a burden on Dagger, causing him to spiral into a state of selfloathing and harm. Eventually banishing himself to the sewers in an attempt to not affect anyone instead of realizing the potential for good that he possesses. So enough about the series, why do I love it so much? Well let me tell you… Cloak is a badass. He is troubled and dark, and essentially everything he says is the basis of a death metal song. For example: “You have chosen your fate, scum of the street. Darkness seeks darkness. Let you soul now scream – as is greets a darkness greater than its own.” “I am shadow. I darkness deeper than any dungeon. I am called Cloak… and I hunger.” “There is only one law, detective, as this murderer of women and children shall soon discover… the law of retribution.” “I am not a man, detective. I am merely a being who exists from one day to the next – locked in a struggle between hunger and appeasing that hunger. But I have learned that if I am ever to again be a man – that hunger must be denied!” But his darkness dissipates in the presence of Dagger’s light. Both Cloak and Dagger deal with issues that I see in myself. The whole series provokes the idea that neither light, nor dark is the answer the the issues of humanity. Rather, it is a balance of good and evil.
When I was a much younger geek I followed my older brother into reading comics; my pull list consisting mostly of random Superman stories and Chris Claremont’s sub-X-Men for DC Sovereign Seven. At some point my brother quit comics in spectacular fashion selling off most of his collection and giving away the rest. One book that I was able to salvage from the flames was Batman: The Long Halloween #1. For some reason unknown to me even now it would be another few years until I actually read the thing, but boy when I did was my mind blown. Here was a comic that showed me what comics could really do; that amongst the kapow-action there could be smart plots and shocking surprises, and it could all be delivered with the perfect grace of Tim Sale’s elegant art.
In retrospect it is probably that gorgeous Sale artwork that does a lot of the heavy lifting on an issue by issue basis, keeping things flowing and providing a sublime canvas on which the story is drawn, but I wouldn’t want to do writer Jeph Loeb out of some well-deserved credit either. Sure, when reading the book again the strange choices and dubious pacing are a little more obvious (mostly due to the villain-an-issue structure), but there is still an intrinsic magic to the concept and plot. This is a vision of Batman’s early career that picks up on the oft-quoted but very rarely shown fact that Batman is allegedly the world’s greatest detective and runs with it all the way to the goal line. There are clues and red herrings and mis-directions and it all comes together with a perfectly satisfying conclusion by the time the story is done.
Seeing the last three ‘good’ men in Gotham (Jim Gordon, Harvey Dent, and Batman) come together to instill law, justice, and order makes for a wonderful story and it’s perhaps not surprising that the best Batman movie is built on the same foundation. Speaking of films it is probably fair to say that this is the greatest Godfather comic book out there too, as it draws heavily on the Coppola film visually and the Puzo novel narratively. Again the concept shines through with a unique take on the superhero genre as Loeb takes the decision to examine the fall of traditional crime in Chicago-inspired Gotham as clown princes and other such masked super villains take over the city.
After reading that first issue I was hooked and many anxious shopping trips at local comics fairs and back issue parlours followed. It took me a while to pick up every part of The Long Halloween, but it was well worth all of the searching. Tim Sale has continued to deliver amazing work since then, but the Loeb/Sale partnership never yielded anything quite so perfectly formed (even the sequel Dark Victory lacks a certain something) and I think this would probably be my choice for best Batman story too. For me it remains the quintessential tale of the dark knight; it demonstrates his detective skills as well as his physical prowess, it features his greatest allies and most dangerous villains, it paints a vivid picture of Gotham as a living place and more than just the backdrop to random adventures, and overall it makes for a compelling and beautiful read. Even after all these years and all the comics since this is still how I see the Batman, and for that I am very grateful to Tim Sale and Jeph Loeb.
Magneto as the most complex, fascinating ‘villain’ in Marvel Comics.
and Shakespearean tragedy with ‘Fatal Attractions’.
that blew away my 13-year-old self more than this X-Men event did.
the dynamics, it was all epic.
X-Factor #92 has to be seen to be believed!
Empire Stikes Back or Return of the Jedi. They’re that good.
I used to own a copy of this comic and to this day one of my biggest regrets is that I loaned it to a kid I knew and never saw it again.
Written by the legendary Larry Hama who crafted pretty much the entire series of over a hundred and fifty of these books for Marvel and ended up creating some of the most intriguing and definitely ahead of their time (and comic-medium) stories for what was meant to be just an add-on to a toy-line, this book is a prime example of what Hama and Marvel accomplished.
Simply put, this is a comic that has no dialogue.
It starts off with Snake-Eyes (arguably either the coolest or most over-rated Joe ever) silently infiltrating a Cobra fortress in an attempt to rescue his comrade and beloved Scarlett. Meanwhile, in keeping with the less sexist tone of much of the series, Scarlett herself is busy extricating herself from the inside out quite capable – something that seems like nothing special until one considers how such things influence our minds as children and eventually as adults.
Each page was filled with tension and I would be on the edge of my seat each time I read this comic, devouring the artwork on each page as he made his way through, silently taking out guards and even facing down and defeating Storm-Shadow and his ninja’s before making an explosive exit with his target acquired.
I had read none of the other comics and came to possess this in the late 80’s as a little tyke, purely by chance and knew the Joe’s only through the less intense/hard-edged cartoon series. Within these pages though I found a level of intelligent, well thought out and engaging story-telling that would never have been expected and the lack of dialogue and using visuals is a concept that has burned itself into my mind to this day with thus far two of my own published comics being in a similar vein (sans dialogue) and must I admit that until making this list I never truly realised where that interest in purely visual story-telling had been born. | 2019-04-26T11:42:12Z | https://dejarevue.wordpress.com/tag/batgirl/ |
In this post, the fifth in a series of posts on how I make screencasts, I’m going to focus on what I call the “whiteboard” screencast. This is a screencast where I am demoing some sort of concept or calculation by writing things down, rather than clicking through a Keynote presentation or typing something on the screen. It’s intended to mimic the live presentation of content on a whiteboard, hence my name for it.
I do whiteboard screencasts fairly often. I use them sometimes for presenting hand calculations for students to watch and work through before class, and sometimes (probably more frequently) I use them to create additional examples for things I’ve covered in class. This is a really powerful use of screencasts — students often want more examples than there is time for in a class meeting, and whiteboard screencasts give me a way to give students as many examples as they can dream up.
So I will start a whiteboard screencast with something like a mind-map of the topic or topics I intend to address and one, maybe two, examples of that topic. Additional topics go into additional screencasts. I work those examples all the way through to ensure that there are no math or other mistakes and that I don’t get stuck in one of my own calculations. If you think about it, this is just the same kind of planning that goes into a successful whiteboard lecture, so this process is not entirely alien to instructors.
Keynote; I’ll explain in a minute.
Camtasia, which we saw in the last post in this series.
FlySketch, a software app from Flying Meat (they also make the popular personal wiki software VoodooPad). FlySketch puts a transparent overlay on top of any existing objects on your computer screen and allows you to draw freehand, draw geometric shapes, or type text on the overlay. See the link for screenshots and a more detailed description.
A Wacom pen tablet. I currently a Wacom Graphire tablet purchased with a grant a few years ago. With my upcoming job change, I have to hand that in when I leave, so I plan on picking up a Bamboo Pen & Touch this fall.
With those tools, here is the workflow I follow for making a whiteboard screencast.
First, open up Keynote and make a single, blank white slide. This is going to be the “whiteboard” itself. Of course you could also use a blank MS Word document, or any other blank white window or screen. Keynote is just for convenience’s sake.
And finally — start the video, and start writing on the FlySketch overlay using the Wacom tablet. Before you start recording, make sure to select the pen color and size you want. If you need to change color, size, or pen type during the screencast — say, you want to switch from freehand writing to typing, or drawing a straight line for an axis — you can tap on the appropriate FlySketch control and Camtasia won’t record it because it’s off-screen.
Then you simply record what you need, then stop, and process the video as was described in the previous post in this series. This includes editing out any mistakes and splicing together multiple video clips for the same screencast.
Although Sal Khan has been my inspiration for doing screencasts, I’ve made some conscious decisions here to do things differently than Khan does. First, I prefer the white background to the black; it’s more familiar to learners and seems cleaner. I also tend to use thicker pen “tips” than Khan does; I tend to think his pens look a little spidery. Also, the Wacom tablet pen is pressure-sensitive, and that feature works better if the pen tip is thicker. Finally, from a planning perspective, my whiteboard screencasts are a lot less conversational than Khan’s videos. Khan tends to shoot from the hip in terms of presentation; this is part of what makes his videos so charming, but I think it also tends to make his videos go longer than they need to. I prefer to make things a bit more efficient and focused and take less time. It also cuts down on mistakes.
I think the hardest part of this process, for me, was mastering the art of writing on the Wacom tablet in one place and having the writing appear on the screen. This is harder than it sounds! At first my handwriting was horrible (I think at the time I likened it to somebody with a brain injury) but eventually I got my act together. I suspect people learning to play the drums or the piano have to go through the same process before it sounds any good.
Another challenge is managing the relatively small amount of physical space you are working with. A Keynote slide is just not a very large place, and it’s easy to run out of room when writing. If this happens, it can be dealt with by just starting another slide and creating a new video clip. But it’s better for the learner to see one example per slide if possible, and making sure this happens is part of that all-important planning process. I find it helpful to practice the presentation not on the screen or a piece of paper but on a 3 x 5 inch notecard, which has something much closer the same proportions for writing as the Keynote slide on the screen. But note that it does take practice — if you just sit down and try to bang out a whiteboard screencast, it’s likely not to be as good or as instructional as possible, and it could end up taking more time in terms of edits and re-takes than it would if you just planned and practiced in the first place.
I’d be interested in hearing any alternative approaches for making these kinds of screencasts. I once wrote Sal Khan and asked him what his tools were, but never got a response, so I just reverse-engineered what he was doing. There may be a better way. Let me know!
Next up will be the final installment in this series, touching on what I called a “demo” screencast. It’s probably what I do the most. Stay tuned!
Now that school’s out, I’m going to pick up where I left off (two months ago!) in my series on how I make screencasts. So far I’ve made three posts in this series. In the first post we talked about what a screencast is, exactly, and why anybody would want to make one. In the second post, we saw how the elements of careful planning make screencasting a successful experience. And in the most recent post, we took a look at using Keynote (or PowerPoint) to create a lecture-capture screencast.
Before I talk about the other kinds of screencasts I make, I’m going to take this post to describe how I use my go-to tool for screencasting: Camtasia for Mac, specifically how I use it to make lecture capture videos when I’m not using Keynote. (Full disclosure: I was on the beta-testing team for Camtasia for Mac and got a free license for the software for my efforts. But I can definitely say that I’d gladly have paid the $99 for the software otherwise — it’s that useful.) There is a Windows version of Camtasia and a server-oriented variant called Camtasia Relay, and they are all very similar, so what I describe in this post can be used if lots of different situations.
Let’s suppose I have a lecture or presentation that I want to turn into a screencast, which basically means I need to record the presentation as it happens on the screen and add a voice-over. I’ve already described how to do this with Keynote or PowerPoint, but what if you’re using Prezi, Beamer, or some other presentation tool? What I need is a tool that will record stuff happening on the screen that’s separate from the presentation tool itself. That’s where Camtasia comes in.
Camtasia is software that records video of anything happening on your screen — all of it, or part of it — along with any audio you choose to add, including voiceovers. You can record multiple segments of video, edit those segments, and put it all together with transitions and effects. The interface is laid out a lot like iMovie, so Mac users will feel right at home using it.
There are a lot — seriously, a lot — of options for working with video in Camtasia, too many to get into here. I’ll just show an example of a simple lecture capture putting Prezi and Camtasia together.
The dropdown menu on the left lets you specify which part of the screen you’re going to capture. I usually just select “YouTube HD/720p”, which records essentially the entire screen. I can crop out what I don’t need later. And once I put it on YouTube (which is my usual destination for screencasts) it’ll be in glorious 720p HD.
Once you’ve selected your area, just click the Record button and start presenting, just as you would if you were giving the lecture in front of a live audience. Your lecture is being recorded behind the scenes and all you see is your screen. Warning: Presenting for a screencast feels a lot different than doing it for a live audience because, well, the audience isn’t there. There’s no body language or ambience to add to the presentation. So this will feel a little unusual at first. Also, I can’t stress enough that you should probably go from a prepared script the first few times you do this, rather than try to wing it. It’ll keep you on track and prevent lots of mistakes.
The bottom part of this screen is called the “timeline”. Right now, the one clip that I have in the timeline is a partial video of the presentation. It appears as a chunk of the timeline outlined in blue. Inside the timeline you can see the audio levels given as waveforms, and there’s a playhead along the top of the timeline showing you where you are in the video as well as the time.
You apply the clip just by dragging it from the effects area directly onto the clip in the timeline. In fact this is how all the effects, transitions, and other features of Camtasia are applied to video. The Dynamics Processor brings all audio levels up to a uniformly audible setting.
Then selecting “Split selected at playhead” from the Edit menu; this splits the video clip in two, right where the blooper is. Then move the playhead until just after the mistake, and selecting “Trim Start to Playhead”. This will crop out the blooper from the second clip. Then you can just drag the second clip over next to the first one, and with that, the blooper is edited out.
The ability to edit in such an easy way really changed screencasting for me. You will make mistakes when you screencast, no matter how good or experienced you get. But you don’t want to have to throw away an entire screencast because of one goof. If I am screencasting and I make a mistake, I just pause for a moment, and then I start again from the point of error. The pause will show up on the audio as a flat spot, and I can go back and edit the error out. You cannot do this with the voiceover features of Keynote and PowerPoint, and it makes a huge difference.
As you can see, there are options for iTunes and Screencast.com as well. Or you can just choose “Export…” which exports the video to a file format of your choice, for uploading wherever you want.
After I start the process, Camtasia converts the video to Quicktime and then uploads it with the title I gave it. A 10-minute video will take several minutes to complete this process on a Macbook Pro. Your mileage will vary according to your system hardware and your internet connection. After it’s done uploading, I still have to go to YouTube and add metadata. But otherwise that’s it!
What’s nice about Camtasia is that the tool is separate from the presentation tool you’re using. So if you already have the presentation content made up, you can turn it into a screencast quite easily. It doesn’t matter whether it’s Prezi, Beamer, a text document you’re scrolling down, or anything else. And the more you do this, the easier it gets to convert existing presentation content into a mobile device-friendly screencast.
In the next post, I’ll talk about what I call “whiteboard” screencasts, where I record stuff that I am writing on the screen. This is a lot like what Salman Khan at Khan Academy does. Hopefully it won’t be another two months before I get to that.
Since I started to put serious amounts of time and effort into screencasting last summer, I’ve gotten a lot of requests to blog about how I go about making these things. Starting with this post, I’m going to do a multi-part series here about making screencasts — or at least how I make screencasts, which is a long way from perfect or canonical, but it’s what people asked for! I hope it’s useful for people who are interested in this kind of thing and need some pointers; and I hope too that those with more experience and better ideas than I have can share.
First, let’s start with a few FAQ’s.
Q: What is a screencast?
A: A screencast is a video of stuff that is happening on your computer screen. There is often, but not always, some kind of voiceover happening in the background as well. So a screencast can be a lot of different things: A recorded Prezi or PowerPoint slide presentation; a demo of computer software; a “whiteboard” lecture with audio capture; a video of you playing Angry Birds; or any linear combination of these.
Q: What’s the point of a screencast?
A: I suppose you could do just about anything with a screencast, but mainly the point is to instruct. Some people make short screencasts to show a remote collaborator or student how to do some little task on their computer, like this one I made on the fly in Linear Algebra class last Thursday morning to show students how to get MATLAB to produce code. Or you can record partial or entire lectures (like many of the ones I did for my department’s YouTube channel) for students to watch outside of class. Or you can record lengthy demos of software usage like I have done in my ongoing series of MATLAB screencasts. Or you can record every level of Angry Birds you play. Suit yourself.
The screencast is just a means of conveying some process or stream of information that can be represented on the screen and therefore captured using software and disseminated on the web. It’s a pretty much wide-open medium.
Q: So what kinds of software and hardware and other stuff do you use?
Demo screencasts, where I am doing a straight-up screen capture of something happening on my computer (as opposed to a presentation or “whiteboard” work) in real time.
Each of these kinds of screencasts requires a different set of software and hardware tools, as well as a different set of approaches for actually making them. So I’m going to spend at least one post on each. Actually, most of my screencasts are really combinations of these; for example a lot of the MATLAB screencasts start and end with a lecture capture and have MATLAB demos in the middle.
In the next post, I’ll start things off by focusing on lecture capture screencasts and how I work with those. They’re probably the simplest of the three kinds I make.
Do you have any specific question or topic you’d like me to address as part of this series?
This article first appeared earlier this week on the group blog Education Debate at OnlineSchools.org. I’m one of the guest bloggers over there now and will be contributing articles 1–2 times a month. I’ll be cross-posting those articles a couple of days after they appear. You’d enjoy going to Education Debate for a lively and diverse group of bloggers covering all kinds of educational issues.
It used to be that in order to educate more than a handful of people at the same time, schools had to herd them into large lecture halls and utilize the skills of lecturers to transmit information to them. Education and school became synonymous in this way. Lectures, syllabi, assessments, and other instruments of education were the tightly-held property of the universities.
But that’s changing. Thanks to advancements in media and internet technology over the past decade, it is simpler than ever today to package and publish the raw informational content of a course to the internet, making the Web in effect a lecture hall for the world. We now have projects such as MIT OpenCourseWare, Khan Academy, and countless initiatives for online education at US colleges and universities providing high-quality materials online, for free, to whomever wants them. It brings up a sometimes-disturbing question among educators: If students can get all this stuff online for free, what are classrooms and instructors for?
Tech author Randall Stross attempts to examine this question in his New York Times article “Online Courses, Still Lacking that Third Dimension”. In the article, Stross mentions “hybrid” courses — courses with both online and in-person components — but focuses mainly on self-contained courses done entirely online with no live human interaction. He correctly points out that learning is an inherently human activity, and technologically-enhanced coursework is successful insofar as it retains that “human touch”.
However, Stross casts the relationship between computer-enabled courses and traditional courses as a kind of zero-sum game, wherein an increased computer presence results in a decreased human presence. He refers to universities “adopting the technology that renders human instructors obsolete.” But it’s not the technology itself that makes instructors obsolete; it’s the adoption of practices of using that technology that does. There are numerous instances of traditional college courses using computing and internet tools to affect positive change in the learning culture of the institution. There are also plenty of cases, as Stross points out, where technology has replaced human instructors. The difference is an administrative one, not a technological one.
Nor is the supposed obsolescence of the instructor all technology’s fault. If universities and individual professors continue to hold on to a conception of “teaching” that equates to “mass communication” — using the classroom only to lecture and transmit information and nothing else — then both university and instructor are obsolete already, no technology necessary. They are obsolete because the college graduate of the 21st century does not need more information in his or her head to solve the problems that will press upon them in the next five or ten years. Instead, they need creativity, problem-solving experience, and high-order cognitive processing skills. A college experience based on sitting through lectures and working homework does not deliver on this point. The college classroom cannot, any longer, be about lecturing if it is to remain relevant.
And notice that an entirely self-contained online course can be as “traditional” as the driest traditional lecture course attended in person if it’s only a YouTube playlist of lectures. What matters regarding the effectiveness of a course isn’t the technology that is or is not being used. Instead it’s the assumptions about teaching and learning held by the colleges and instructors that matter, and their choices in translating those assumptions to an actual class that students pay for.
Livemocha is a website that combines quality multimedia content with social networking to help people learn languages. Users can watch and listen to language content that would normally find its place in a classroom lecture and then interact with native speakers from around the world to get feedback on their performance.
Socrait, a system proposed by Maria Andersen, would provide personalized Socratic questions keyed to specific content areas by way of a “Learn This” button appended to existing web content, much like the “Like This” button for sharing content on Facebook. Clicking the button would bring the user to an interface to help the user learn the content, and the system contains social components such as identifying friends who also chose to learn the topic.
I would offer my own experiments with the inverted classroom model of instruction as an imperfect but promising example as well. Research suggests this model can provide in significant gains in student learning versus the traditional approach to teaching by simply switching the contexts of lecture and activity, with lecture being delivered via video podcasts accessed outside of class and class time spent on problem-based learning activities in teams.
Rather than view college course structure as a pie divided into a computer piece and a human piece, and fret about the human piece becoming too small, let’s examine ways to use computers to enhance human learning. If we keep thinking of computers as a threat rather than an aid to human interaction, computer-assisted instruction will continue to lack the human touch, the human touch will continue to lack the power and resources of computers and the internet, and student learning will suffer. But if we get creative, the college learning experience could be in for a renaissance.
I think the students have a point here. Prof. Quinn did say that he “writes” the exam questions. This doesn’t necessarily mean that he creates the exam questions from scratch; “writing” an exam could refer to the act of assembling a particular mix of questions from the test bank. But it’s unrealistic to expect the average college student to know the difference between creating and assembling an exam when the word “write” is used in this context; and anyway he said he writes the questions not the exams.
This entire video goes back to a point that involution made in the comments to my first post on this story: Did the students know that the exam was going to come from the publisher’s test bank, or was there at least a significant chance that it would be? If not — if the students had no reason to believe that the test bank should be off limits — then what the students did can’t be called “cheating”. How could it? Cheating is when you use an unauthorized resource to substitute for your own knowledge. If the resource isn’t unauthorized, it’s just another resource, not a cheat-sheet. If Prof. Quinn didn’t make it clear that the test bank was off-limits, I’m afraid he doesn’t have much of a case here after all. What exactly was said in the class or the syllabus about and test banks? Does anybody know?
Of course, by telling the students that the test bank is off-limits, you are basically telling students that the exam comes straight from the test bank and therefore making it that much more likely that this sort of cheating will take place. But I consider that a strong reason not to use test banks at all, rather than a reason to keep the test bank under wraps. In fact, the more this situation unfolds, the more unhealthy it makes the whole educational environment surrounding it seem. Class sizes in the multiple hundreds: Check. Courses taught mainly through lecture: Check. Professor at a remove from the students: Check. Exams taken off the rack rather than tuned to the specific student population: Check. And on it goes. I know this is how it works at many large universities and there’s little that one can do to change things; but with all due respect to my colleagues at such places, I just can’t see what students find appealing about these places, and I wonder if students at UCF are thinking the same thing nowadays.
…is absurd. Right now the students, rather than sounding like mature young men and women who have been legitimately put on the wrong side of an issue in an unfair way, sound like whiny undergraduates asking for class to be cancelled and wanting more points. If you have a point, make it — respectfully and logically. You might also try not making spelling errors such as “frustated”. I’m assuming the students want to succeed in the business world, and this is how it works as far as I understand it.
What a sad situation. Why don’t they just make up their own tests at UCF?
That’s a quick screen capture from a commercial that started running on various websites this month (I stumbled across it on ESPN.com). There is apparently a 30-second version on Hulu.
Readers of this blog need no explanation as to why this is worth a boycott of Pizza Hut. It’s not really a big deal. But, rather, it’s yet another small step that a high-profile person or organization has taken towards making math, and by extension all the STEM disciplines, less likely to be taken seriously by the general public and in particular young people. And it’s another little paper cut for anti-intellectualism in general that will eventually bleed us all to death.
Big companies have no business making themselves part of the problem, and every opportunity to become part of the solution. Therefore I am asking anybody who feels like I do about this commercial to boycott Pizza Hut until they (1) pull the advertisement, (2) apologize, and (3) donate a modest but substantial sum of money — say the approximate revenue they gained from running this ad — to a nonprofit organization that supports STEM education. In particular, if you are a teacher, share this post with your colleagues and administrators and encourage a school-wide boycott of Pizza Hut for school parties, trips, etc.
I’ve been beating this to death in my Twitter stream, and I’ve set up a Facebook group for people to rally around. The YouTube video has gotten upwards of 8000 views and over 50 comments since I posted it this past Sunday, so I think there is a lot of common cause happening here. Go to it!
UPDATE: Pizza Hut responded while I was typing this post. Check the wall of the Facebook group. It’s a start. | 2019-04-25T13:01:09Z | https://castingoutnines.wordpress.com/tag/youtube/ |
All living cells maintain a membrane potential, with a negatively charged cell interior versus a positively charged cell exterior. In astrocytes, intracellular sodium concentration is kept at around 15 mM (1), whereas the extracellular sodium concentration ranges from 145 to 150 mM. This nonequilibrium state is mainly maintained by the Na+- and K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, which maintains intracellular sodium homeostasis by the exchange of three intracellular Na+ ions for two extracellular K+ ions. This then enables the buildup of a membrane potential in astrocytes with a driving force for sodium ions of about 140 mV.
Fluctuations of the membrane potential play a central role in cells of the nervous system. They are caused by the flux of primarily Na+, K+, Cl−, and Ca2+ ions along the gradient, controlled by the function of ion channel proteins. In neurons, depolarization of the membrane potential can reach a transient reversal of electric polarity of the cell membrane, known as the action potential. Also, glia cells have long been known to express voltage-gated ion channels and to be individually electrically active (2). Even if glia cells cannot produce an action potential, their excitability and membrane depolarization are functionally relevant (3), for example, by controlling glia-mediated neurotransmitter uptake and release (4).
Brain tumor–derived glioma/glioblastoma cells retain many characteristics of the glia, including the expression of neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-gated ion channels (5). Glioma patients often suffer from epileptic seizures, which are ascribed to neurotransmitter release from the tumor cells (6). In healthy glia cells, this release is controlled by membrane depolarization events (4). Hence, it is important to understand whether, or to which extent, the same processes occur in the electrophysiology of brain tumor cells.
Extracellular activity of electrogenic cells is commonly recorded using microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with planar electrodes on a substrate in contact with cells in culture. Their main application has been the detection of action potentials in neurons. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spatial resolution, filters are used to specifically detect events located at about 1 kHz. As a consequence, low-frequency events are filtered out, because their detection is impaired or even inhibited. Glia cells, as well as their transformed counterparts, glioma cells, do not exhibit action potentials. Instead, they exhibit distinctive, albeit ultraweak, single-cell oscillations of the membrane potential.
Measuring this ultraweak extracellular bioelectronic activity required us to devise a sensitive detection method based on large electrodes that exploit the large Helmholtz-Gouy-Chapman double-layer capacitance. Small extracellular voltages of cells adhered to the electrode induce a displacement current that is enhanced by a gain factor equal to the double-layer capacitance. Hence, the minute electrical activity of glia and glioma cells can be detected.
Here, we investigate the rat glioma C6 cell line as a model system for brain tumor. We recorded the electrical activity of populations of C6 cells over time; after an incubation period of a few hours, the electric current noise markedly increased. Using specific inhibitors, we showed that the electrical bursting activity is prompted by extracellular pH changes, with the enhancement of Na+ ion flux through the psalmotoxin 1 (PcTX-1)–sensitive acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). The role of pH was further confirmed by direct external acidification of the cell culture medium. Our findings hint at acid burst as an underlying mechanism contributing to epileptic events in glioma patients.
A major goal of electrode fabrication for application in MEAs is to achieve low impedance because it results in a higher SNR. A target for MEAs is a ratio of 5:1 or higher. The electrodes are typically made of Au and Pt, or from alloys such as IrOx. It is a challenge to achieve low impedance with micrometer-sized planar electrodes. Therefore, research has been focused on increasing the effective surface area by modifying the electrode with porous conducting materials, such as Pt black, Au nanostructures, carbon nanotubes, and conducting polymers. By modifying the surface, the impedance of the electrode is reduced, leading to improved electrical recordings.
Here, however, we take a different approach. We decrease the impedance by using extremely large electrode areas of a few square millimeters, orders of magnitude larger than electrode areas used in conventional MEA systems. With this approach, the noise level can be reduced to only 0.3 μVpp (microvolts peak-to-peak) (7). However, because of the large electrode area, individual cell signals cannot be resolved, and spatial information is lost. The measured signal is the sum of all individual cell contributions. Uncorrelated cell activity appears as noise. When the cells operate cooperatively, the signal appears as electrical spikes. Therefore, our electrode layout is optimized to pick up long–time scale synchronized signals from an entire population of cells adhered to the electrode.
Here, τ is the time constant for the network to be charged or discharged. This equation shows that CD is a multiplying factor, and because the area of the electrode/electrolyte interface rescales CD by using large-area electrodes, the signal is amplified, although the spatial resolution is impaired. The current depends on the rate of change of the extracellular cell potential, and therefore, the measured signal is the derivative of the commonly measured voltage signal. Because the product RCCD is small, the temporal resolution of the bioelectronic signals is not impaired. The displacement current measurement using large-area electrodes thus yields better sensitivity as compared to conventional voltage measurements. Furthermore, current amplification benefits from the low intrinsic electrode thermal noise at low frequencies.
As can be seen in the micrograph of Fig. 1B, cells are confluent and uniformly distributed across the entire electrode surface. The photograph was taken 10 hours after cell seeding. Details on cell growth are provided in Fig. 1C. Although cell number increases almost fivefold within 24 hours after seeding, the number of cells along the Au electrode is not expected to vary significantly during our experiments.
The entire sensing electrode is coated with a continuous monolayer of cells. From optical microscopy, we observed that each individual cell has an average area of approximately 70 μm2. By extrapolation to the total sensing area (9.8 mm2), we estimate that the total number of cells being probed is approximately 1.0 × 105 cells.
Freshly adhered C6 glioma cells generate a current noise on the order of 1 to 10 pA. The use of specific pharmaceutical inhibitors demonstrates that the weak current signals are dominated by the flow of Na+ and K+ ions through their respective voltage-gated channels (11).
After an incubation period of about 10 hours, the current recordings suddenly changed. A typical temporal response is presented in Fig. 2A. Here, time 0 represents the start of altered cell activity after the incubation period. This activity can be classified into three consecutive time regions with distinct spike patterns. The onset of the activity (Fig. 2A, region I) is characterized by weak sporadic spikes separated by time intervals as long as 5 min. This slow and weak activity, which is observed during the incubation period, evolves into a second pattern, region II, characterized by an increase of both the firing rate and the spikes’ magnitude. Spike amplitudes rise from 10 to 80 pA, and time intervals can be as short as a few seconds. This increasing activity lasts for more than 1000 s. Following this period, activity stops for a few minutes, denoting a silent region (unlabeled). Subsequently, the spike pattern evolves into a bursting behavior, region III. Spikes appear now in clusters separated by silent regions. Both the bursts and the silent regions can be as long as 100 to 400 s. As shown in Fig. 2B, within individual bursts, spikes occasionally hint at a quasi-periodic behavior. Figure 2B shows the magnified time trace of a typical bursting activity. Here, spikes are approximately equidistant, with an interspike interval between 1 and 16 s. To identify firing patterns, we analyzed the entire time bursting region of Fig. 2A and constructed the statistics of the time between two consecutive spikes. Analysis of these interspike intervals showed that the mean interspike interval (±SEM) is 9.5 ± 1 s. The skewness and kurtosis of the distribution appear significantly larger than their normal distribution thresholds, thus suggesting a non-Gaussian distribution. To evidence this, we show in Fig. 2C the histogram obtained by distributing the time intervals into 0.36-s wide bins. Time intervals shorter than 0.36 s and longer than 16 s were not considered because of their rare appearance. The histogram appears skewed to larger time intervals because of the occurrence of cooperative signaling.
Figure 2D represents the mean of 300 spike magnitudes recorded with a pH lower than 7. In all experiments, the spike magnitudes varied between 10 and 124 pA. The mean spike magnitude recorded under a pH of less than 7 is 46.8 pA. Nonacidified cells, under a pH of about 7.5, exhibit a significantly lower number of spikes. Figure 2D represents a total of 85 recorded spikes with a mean value of 4.9 pA. Spike magnitude varied between 1 and 20 pA.
Figure 2E shows a detailed view of an individual signal. Current spikes are bipolar, asymmetric, and characterized by a large positive peak with approximately twice the amplitude of the negative peak. As described above, the signal shape when measured in current is the derivative of the original voltage fluctuation at the cell/electrode interface (10).
The experiment was repeated more than 10 times. In 70% of all cases, an increase in noise was observed over time. The incubation time varied from a few hours to 15 hours. Occasionally, the noise evolved into bursts of low-frequency quasi-periodic spikes. We note that the measured signal is a superposition of the individual responses of all cells adhered on the electrode. Because of the arguments invoked above, we ascribe these quasi-periodic spikes to the synchronization of the signaling across the whole population on the electrode; thus, they are typical of a cooperative phenomenon.
To test whether the recordings of electrical activity in C6 cultures, as shown in Fig. 2, can be traced back to apoptosis and associated membrane-depolarizing events, we performed cell growth and viability assays. As shown in Fig. 1C, cell numbers rapidly increased almost fivefold within 24 hours after seeding, whereas the average viability of the cultures remained at all points at ~79% (±12%). The cells are highly viable and proliferative when electric activity is observed. Hence, cell death can be excluded as the origin of the increase in current noise. Only after 30 hours, without medium change, does cell viability start to decrease.
Cell culture medium acidification occurred after cell seeding. The pH decrease in the culture medium could already be visually observed by the color change of the phenol red pH indicator in the cell culture medium from red to yellow. To investigate this observation, we performed kinetics studies of the pH development in the wells containing C6 cells, as opposed to cell-free medium. As shown in Fig. 3, the pH dropped about 1 U after 20 hours, and concurrently, cell population increased by 1 million cells (Fig. 1C). Our data therefore indicate a correlation between increased cell number and a drop in extracellular pH of the culture medium.
Culture medium acidification is caused by the increased metabolism of rapidly dividing cells, particularly of transformed and less contact-inhibited cells, as indeed C6 glioma cells are. Thus, we postulate that the onset of the electric bursting activity in glioma cultures is likely to be primarily caused by, or correlated with, this extracellular acidification. It is known that a decrease in the culture medium pH initiates Na+ ion flux through (voltage-independent) ASICs on the glioma cell membrane (12–14). Glioma cells were shown to express ASICs that respond to elevated extracellular hydronium ion concentration (for example, acidified culture medium) by allowing inward Na+ ion currents (12, 15–17). Specifically, it has been shown that C6 glioma cells do respond to pH changes by ion currents across the cell membrane (18, 19). It is therefore likely that ASICs can contribute to electric seizures in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with extracellular acidosis (20).
To validate the idea that electrical bursting is pH-triggered, we measured the bursting activity of C6 cells upon application of the inhibitors tetrodotoxin (TTX) and PcTX-1. TTX specifically inhibits voltage-gated Na+ channels but does not impinge on the functionality of other types of Na+ channels present in glioma cells (21, 22). PcTX-1 is a specific inhibitor of ASICs. We first studied the effect of TTX on a population of C6 cells in a culture medium where the pH was lower than 6.8.
Figure 4 shows current noise fluctuations of an acidified C6 population of about 10 pA. External acidification causes Na+ ion currents through ASICs, because TTX is known to block voltage-gated Na+ channels (21, 22). However, upon adding TTX up to a final concentration of 1 μM, the current noise fluctuations remain persistent. This evidence supports the hypothesis that electrical activity, being resistant to TTX, is not due to the enhanced activity of voltage-gated Na+ channels. The enhanced activity of C6 cells upon adding TTX corresponds to the reported increased sensitivity of tumor cells in an acidic microenvironment (23, 24).
To test whether the bursting is due to Na+ ion currents through ASICs, we applied a highly specific inhibitor of ASICs (25), PcTX-1. The electric response exhibited spontaneous current bursting activity, as illustrated by the black curve in Fig. 5A. Right after adding PcTX-1 to the cell medium up to a concentration of 100 nM, the bursting no longer appeared, and the current fluctuations decreased to almost the background noise of our measuring system (depicted as the red curve in Fig. 5A). PcTX-1 was then removed by washing three times. Then, we waited 8 hours to let the medium acidify again. The current, represented as the blue line in Fig. 5A, shows that the original electrical behavior of glioma cells recovered.
To visualize in detail the effect of adding PcTX-1 to a population of C6 glioma cells under acidified culture conditions, we plotted the corresponding current noise spectra (SI) in Fig. 5B. The initial SI of the acidified C6 cells is presented in black. The typical noise spectrum follows 1/fα dependence, with 0.85 < α < 2. The noise dispersion has been attributed to stochastic variations, such as biochemical pathways, temperature variations, and opening and closing of ion channels (26, 27). After adding PcTX-1, the current noise spectrum was measured again. Impressively, as little as 100 nM PcTX-1 markedly reduced current fluctuations as shown by the red line. This huge decrease in low-frequency noise could be specifically attributed to the inhibition of the ASICs. The small activity remaining was ascribed to voltage-gated Na+ channels, as these are not affected by PcTX-1. After the cells were washed thrice and incubated for 8 hours, the noise spectrum fully recovered to that of the original state, as illustrated by the blue line in Fig. 5B. The PcTX-1 treatment efficiently reduced the electrical activity. This confirms our hypothesis that the electric bursting activity of glioma populations is prompted by extracellular pH changes, causing Na+ ion flux through PcTX-1–sensitive channels of the ASIC family.
To unambiguously assign electric bursting to extracellular pH–triggered current noise, we deliberately acidified the adhered C6 glioma cell populations. C6 glioma cells were deposited and left to adhere to the electrodes for about 10 hours. A large volume of culture medium was used to prevent extracellular acidification. The color of the medium did not change with time, and the pH measured was constant, around 7. Next, the medium was deliberately acidified with 1.0 N HCl (BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, Sigma Aldrich). The pH initially decreased to 5.9, but with time, the pH stabilized at 6.7. At this point, all the adhered cells were still viable, with viability above 95%. We note that, for in vitro glioma cell populations, similar extracellular pH values in between 6.0 and 7.5 have been reported. Normal brain tissue has a pH value of about 7.1, but the pH measured in human brain tumors has a mean value around 6.8 and can be as low as 5.9 (28–30).
The evolution of the current noise is presented in Fig. 6A. Before external acidification of the cell medium, the current noise consisted of randomly distributed fluctuations ranging from 2 to 22 pA, comparable to the sporadic and weak noise in region I of Fig. 2A. Immediately after acidification, the current noise markedly increased. Figure 6A shows that the current noise changes into a bursting activity comparable to that observed in region III in Fig. 2A. A histogram of the recorded interspike intervals is shown in Fig. 6B. The interspike distribution is skewed to larger time intervals. Because of the larger number of data points, the distribution is more pronounced than that in Fig. 2C and supports the occurrence of cooperative signaling. The bursting lasts for about 1 hour. The cells were washed, and the medium was changed. The cells were left for another 10 hours. Then, the medium was acidified again, and a similar bursting activity was measured again.
Our data demonstrate that a concerted burst activity in entire glioma cultures is correlated with the decreased extracellular pH. With their disorganized vasculature and fast growth, tumors display a strongly acidic extracellular environment due to the production of lactic acid (31). This strongly acidic pH is due to a metabolic shift in tumor cells toward aerobic glycolysis—even in the presence of oxygen—rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This occurs when too much pyruvate is present in a cell and the process of oxidative phosphorylation is at its full capacity. Thus, the excess of the pyruvate is converted to lactate. This metabolic shift has been termed the “Warburg effect” and is associated with better survival and generation of substrates critically necessary in rapidly proliferating cells. However, a pH gradient, as observed in C6 gliomas in vivo (31), may have detrimental effects leading to synchronized cellular activity, as shown by our study.
Therefore, it would be reasonable to target the pH decrease as a potential mechanism for epileptic events in glioma patients. Clearly, the pH change in our experimental setup in a cell culture is not due to the inefficient supply of oxygen but, rather, to the exhaustion of other factors. Although the mechanism that causes the pH to drop may be different, lactate is the responsible molecule under both conditions.
The phenotypical evidence for pH-triggered electric currents in glioma cell cultures suggests that this electric activity may result in vesicular neurotransmitter release from glioma cells. Therefore, we propose further investigations to assess whether epileptic seizures may indeed be caused by the intrinsic electric activity of glioma cells and their subsequent neurotransmitter release.
We have investigated the extracellular electrical activity of rat glioma cell line C6 as a model system for brain tumor. The weak electrical activity of C6 cell populations in vitro was recorded as a function of time. The initial low-frequency current noise after cell adhesion is mainly due to the flow of Na+ ions through voltage-gated channels. However, we found that after an incubation period of many hours, the current noise markedly increased. All electrical recordings showed bursts of current spikes of high amplitude. Occasionally, these signals also show brief quasi-periodic behavior. We demonstrate that this bursting phenomenon is not associated with apoptosis because the cells are highly viable and proliferative when the electric activity is observed. However, we detected a rapid cell culture medium acidification with time. By using specific inhibitors, we showed that the electrical bursting activity is prompted by extracellular pH change that enhances Na+ ion flux through the PcTX-1–sensitive ASICs.
The pH-triggered bursting is unambiguously supported by experiments, which show that direct acidification of the cell culture medium led to a similar bursting behavior. This is in line with recent work showing the presence of ASICs in cultured astrocytes (32) and in glioma cells (33). However, although ASIC1 channels were found in association with epithelial sodium channels in high-grade glioma cells (such as GBM cells) (33), extracellular acidification (as described to be present in high-grade glioma) would result in cellular depolarization and electrical activity.
Our finding that a population of glioma cells can engage in electric activity, independent of any neuronal stimuli, may be highly relevant for understanding the tumor’s impact on brain electrophysiology. In particular, the high incidence of seizures in glioma patients (6) and observations that gliomas directly interfere with the electrophysiology of the surrounding brain tissue (26) make our experimental data particularly intriguing. Future brain tumor therapies should seek to suppress this autologous electric activity of gliomas, which may account for epileptic seizures and other neurological side effects in glioma patients.
The transducer is based on 100-nm-thick Au electrodes that are a few millimeters apart, each with an area of about 10 mm2, evaporated on a glass substrate. A 2-nm Cr layer was used for Au adhesion. A poly(methyl methacrylate) compartment which could be filled with cells and culture medium, was glued on top of the substrate. The well was loosely covered with a lid to prevent evaporation of the medium. After filling, the system was put into an incubator (Thermo Scientific, Midi 40). This system assures the presence of enough cell culture medium to keep the cells viable over more than 24 hours without medium change.
Rat glioma C6 cells (American Type Culture Collection) were cultured in 15% F-12K nutrient mixture supplemented with 15% fetal horse serum, 2.5% fetal bovine serum, and 1% penicillin and streptomycin. The cells were maintained at 37°C in an incubator with a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. The cells were harvested from the culture plates and diluted in culture medium to yield cell suspensions with a known cell density and transferred to the sensing devices. An aliquot of 350 μl of the cell suspension, with a concentration of 5.1 × 106 cells/ml, was transferred to the well of the transducer, and cells were allowed to sediment onto the electrodes for 2 hours before any measurements were performed. Before cell deposition, the transducers were sterilized by ultraviolet (UV) treatment, and the electrodes were coated with poly-l-lysine to promote cell adhesion. UV sterilization was accomplished by using a Bio Air device with a Sankyo Denki G30T8 lamp with UV-C in the 200- to 280-nm range. Time under UV light was about 30 min. The transducer was placed 20 cm away from the lamp.
Cell viability and pH kinetics assays were performed both in the transducer and in 96-well plates. Cells (4 × 105) were seeded in 350-μl culture medium, with cell-free wells as controls. The supernatant pH was measured with a Lab 850 pH Meter (SCHOTT Instruments). Cell numbers and viability were assessed using a Neubauer chamber–based trypan blue LIVE/DEAD exclusion assay.
Cells were equally viable in the transducer and in 96-well plates. Cell number assays showed identical values for both substrates.
TTX (Sigma Ltd.) working solution (1 mg/ml) was prepared in an acetate buffer (final pH 4.4 to 4.6) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. PcTX-1 (Merck Chemicals GmbH) was directly dissolved in cell culture medium (F-12K) to a working concentration of 0.1 M. Final dilutions of 1 μM TTX and 100 nM PcTX-1 were obtained by diluting the working solution in the cell culture medium. To achieve a pH decrease to 5.9, 20 μl of hydrochloric acid solution (1 N) was added to the extracellular medium. The entire experimental setup was specifically designed for ultrasensitive detection. External interference was minimized through the use of a Faraday cage and low-noise cables. To enhance the SNR, we specifically used Au electrodes, because they exhibit a large charge transfer resistance that minimizes the thermal noise. Despite the large resistance and capacitance, the RC time constant still allows detection of low-frequency events. The experimental setup was optimized for detection below 10 Hz. Details to record the displacement current and noise analysis were published elsewhere (10).
The current between two Au electrodes was measured using a low-noise current amplifier (SR570, Stanford Research) and a dynamic signal analyzer (35670A, Agilent). To minimize drift, the current amplifier was calibrated and the setup was stabilized for at least 2 hours before measuring. The current was recorded as a function of time by using zero bias on the electrodes.
Any residual instrumental offset was subtracted. To visualize the small changes in current recordings, data were analyzed in the frequency domain by calculating the current noise spectrum. Reported spectra are averages over 20 consecutive recordings.
Optical micrographs showed that the C6 cells adhered and covered the whole electrode. Because of the large electrode area, the recorded current was not from a single cell, such as in MEAs, but arose from the superposition of bioelectric signals of all cells coupled to the electrode. Hence, we recorded the activity of a glioma cell population.
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Acknowledgments: Funding: We acknowledge support from the European Commission, Seventh Framework Programme (FP7; 2007–2013), through project iONE FP7, grant agreement 280772, and from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), through the project Intelligent Cell Surfaces EuroBioSAS/0001/2010, PEst-OE/EEI/LA0008/2013, and the project Implantable Organic Devices for Advanced Therapies (INNOVATE) PTDC/EEI-AUT/5442/2014. Author contributions: M.C.R.M., P.R.F.R., and H.L.G. conceived the concept and analyzed the detection method. M.C.R.M. also suggested the importance of acidification. U.K. and M.D. performed pH and cell viability measurements and C6 cell handling. J.V., V.M., and I.M.A. supervised the biological part of the project. P.R.F.R., M.C.R.M., and A.L.G.M. performed electrical measurements. P.S. automated the recordings and wrote the software for the data analysis. L.S. suggested and demonstrated with PcTX-1 the role of ASICs. M.C.R.M., P.R.F.R., J.V., H.L.G, D.M.d.L., F.B. and L.S. wrote the manuscript. D.M.d.L. and H.L.G. supervised the project. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors. | 2019-04-18T23:18:19Z | https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/12/e1600516.full |
Every argument for and against the Affordable Care Act came to a head this summer as opponents tried to repeal the 7-year-old law that is both loathed and lauded as Obamacare. And despite their failure during the summer, the political debate continues.
Supporters of the ACA come with their most compelling figures: The number of Americans without health insurance fell from 49 million in 2010 to 29 million in 2016 (HHS, 2017). The growth rate of health care spending slowed significantly after ACA passage. As shown in Figure 1, after rising from 13.3 percent to 17.4 percent during the 2000 to 2010 period, health care spending as a share of GDP rose to just 17.8 percent by 2015.
The law’s detractors are armed with their strongest data, as well. They focused on rising prices in many of the state-based health insurance exchanges and a decline in the number of private insurers participating in the exchanges. The median premium increase from 2016 to 2017 was 19 percent. Additionally, 21 percent of exchange enrollees had just one insurer from which to choose in 2017. Just one year earlier, only 2 percent of enrollees faced such a lack of competition (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2017). These changes are consistent with earlier research that less competition in private health insurance markets leads to higher premiums (Dafny, Duggan, and Ramanarayanan, 2012).
At least one loud criticism of the law — that it was killing jobs — was discredited by research that I recently conducted with colleagues at Stanford (Duggan, Goda, and Jackson, 2017).
The ACA is far from a perfect piece of legislation. But it’s now time for policymakers to dig into the law and find ways to make improvements — even as some critics are still looking for ways to scrap it.
In this policy brief, I describe in greater detail the impact of the ACA — focusing especially on provisions that were designed to expand health insurance coverage. I also discuss some potential reforms that could address some of the key shortcomings of the legislation — focusing mainly on stimulating competition and expanding choice in the health insurance exchanges.
The effect of the Affordable Care Act has varied substantially across the country. That’s largely because of states’ decisions about whether or not to expand Medicaid to residents with incomes below 138 percent of the federal poverty line (FPL) — or about $34,000 for a family of four.
As of this month, only 31 states and the District of Columbia have expanded their programs. Largely because of these changes, the number of Medicaid recipients in the U.S. increased from 58 million in late 2013 to 75 million this year.
The Medicaid expansions were fully funded by the U.S. government between 2014 and 2016, with the federal share of spending slowly declining to 90 percent by 2020. In expanding states, the fraction of residents enrolled in Medicaid increased from 19.2 percent in late 2013 to 26.6 percent by May 2017. The corresponding increase was much smaller in states that did not expand, with enrollment increasing from 16.3 percent to 18.3 percent during the same period.
Table 1 lists the 10 states with the largest increases in Medicaid enrollment from late 2013 until early 2017. Each state expanded its Medicaid program and especially large enrollment increases were seen in New Mexico (a 16 percentage point gain); Kentucky (more than doubled with a 15 percentage point gain); and Arkansas (12 percentage points).
These three states have poverty rates significantly higher than the national average. States with similarly high poverty rates that did not expand Medicaid had much smaller increases in enrollment. For example, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi had increases of just 1 to 2 percentage points.
With full repeal of the ACA now looking unlikely, some states that chose not to expand their Medicaid programs may decide to reconsider.
The states that expanded Medicaid qualified for an additional $70 billion in federal funding in 2015 (the most recent year with complete data available). The 19 states that did not expand Medicaid received no similar incremental funding. This difference in federal funding is especially significant when one considers that state and local governments historically end up paying the medical bills for those without insurance, resulting in significant drains on their budgets (Hadley, 2008).
In essence, the 19 non-expanding states have decided to forgo a partial solution to that problem. And by not taking the extra federal payments for many of their low-income uninsured, these states have significantly lowered the federal budget deficit.
As of early 2017, there were 12.2 million U.S. residents receiving private insurance purchased through the state-based health insurance exchanges. This represents 4.5 percent of Americans below the age of 65, as hardly any seniors get their coverage through these exchanges.
Enrollees with incomes between 100 and 400 percent of FPL are eligible for subsidies through the exchanges.
As shown in Figure 2 for the median county in the U.S., these subsidies generally decline with income and rise with age. The majority (71 percent) of exchange enrollees receive subsidies for this coverage, with the average annual subsidy amounting to $4,452. Total federal subsidies for coverage purchased through the ACA exchanges were $38.8 billion, which represents about 1.2 percent of total U.S. health care spending.
The fraction of each state’s residents obtaining coverage through the exchanges varies even more dramatically than does the share on Medicaid.
The clear outlier among all states is Florida, with 10.8 percent of residents younger than 65 enrolled in the state’s ACA exchange as of early 2017. Other states with especially high enrollment are Maine, Utah, Idaho, and North Carolina. Interestingly, none of these five states elected to expand their Medicaid programs.
Table 2 lists the 10 states with the highest fraction of their non-elderly populations enrolled in the ACA exchanges in 2017.
This is consistent with the findings of recent research that private health insurance coverage increased by substantially more in the states that elected not to expand Medicaid (Duggan, Goda, and Jackson, 2017). It also implies that any changes in the generosity of ACA exchange subsidies for coverage purchased through the exchanges would differentially affect individuals in states like Florida, Utah, and North Carolina that did not expand their Medicaid programs.
An examination of data from Gallup (2017) sheds light on which states have experienced the largest increases in overall health insurance coverage since just before the implementation of the key features of the ACA almost four years ago. Interestingly, all 10 of the states with the largest reductions in the share of adults who were uninsured from 2013 to 2016, as shown in Table 3, expanded their Medicaid programs.
Consistent with this, all 10 states with the highest fraction of adults who were uninsured as of 2016 elected not to expand their Medicaid programs.
As shown in Table 4, the state with the highest share is Texas, with 20.5 percent of the state’s adult residents still without health insurance. Mississippi, Oklahoma, Georgia, and Florida round out the top five. As of 2016, the fraction of residents in expanding states who were uninsured was 8.2 percent (about 1 in 12), while the corresponding share in non-expanding states was almost 80 percent higher at 14.5 percent (about 1 in 7).
Recent research indicates that the ACA-induced increases in health insurance coverage have increased economic well-being (Brevoort, Grodzicki, Hackmann, 2017; Gallagher, Gopalan, Grinstein-Weiss, 2017) and increased access to health care (Sommers et al, 2015). Greater coverage can also provide additional resources for health care providers that differentially treat those without health insurance while simultaneously easing the pressure on state and local budgets that are often responsible for the costs of uncompensated care to the uninsured.
Premiums for health insurance purchased in the ACA exchanges increased much more rapidly in 2017 than in the two previous years. One key driver was the planned 2016 expiration of the ACA’s reinsurance payments to insurers. These payments are essentially “insurance for insurers” and were designed so that insurers would not have a strong incentive to avoid very high-cost patients (Hall, 2010).
Between 2014 and 2016, the federal government covered most of the costs for very high-cost patients who were enrolled in the exchanges through reinsurance. But the ACA included these payments for just the first three years to assist with the startup of the exchanges. Beginning in 2017, insurers no longer received these payments. This mechanical increase in insurers’ costs caused them to increase premiums by significantly more than they otherwise would have.
But the reduction in competition in the exchanges described above also contributed to the increase in premiums from 2016 to 2017.
Competition is now especially limited in markets with a relatively small population. For example and as shown in Table 5, among counties with populations of less than 25,000, the average number of insurers in 2017 was just 1.8 versus 2.9 in counties with populations of 500,000 or more.
This represents a significant reduction from just two years earlier with substantial reductions in competition in larger markets during that time as well. Perhaps most strikingly, nearly 40 percent of counties with fewer than 25,000 residents are currently served by just one private insurer.
Following are six considerations for policymakers focused on increasing competition and choice.
One possible policy lever that could enhance competition in smaller markets would be to bundle these markets with larger urban areas. In other words, in order to serve the larger urban area, an insurer would have to also serve the smaller market.
Some states have taken this approach while others have allowed each county to be its own market. As three co-authors and I pointed out in recent research, rural counties that were bundled with nearby urban counties had more private insurers competing and lower premiums and thus better market outcomes (Dickstein et al, 2015). This would be a straightforward way to reduce the gap in competition between large and small markets.
The limited interest of private insurers in smaller markets is not unique to the ACA exchanges. Similar problems existed for Medicare Advantage (MA), the program through which nearly one-third of Medicare recipients now obtain private health insurance coverage, during the 1980s and 1990s. Large counties tended to have many more options than smaller counties, and as a result virtually all rural residents were enrolled in traditional fee-for-service Medicare rather than MA. But in 1998, the federal government introduced floor payments in smaller low-cost markets that significantly increased insurer interest and led to a large increase in insurer entry (Duggan, Starc, and Vabson, 2016). Similar enhancements could be made to the reimbursement of ACA plans in smaller markets with little or no competition.
Another way to expand choice in the exchanges would be to allow enrollees to acquire coverage in private Medicaid managed care (MMC) plans. Currently, more than 2 in 3 Medicaid recipients are in a private MMC plan (Duggan and Hayford, 2013).
Many of today’s Medicaid recipients will later enroll in the ACA exchanges as their income rises and will then return to Medicaid plans when their income declines. In counties with limited or no participation in the ACA exchanges, states and MMC plans could expand their coverage to include exchange enrollees. Given that all but three states (Alaska, Connecticut, and Wyoming) have a significant MMC presence, this could substantially expand choice and increase competition in many underserved markets.
And for those young adults not receiving subsidies, age rating regulations likely increase their premiums above what they otherwise would be. More specifically, the ACA does not allow premiums for older recipients to be more than three times greater than for younger recipients despite their expected costs often being more than three times higher. These factors serve to reduce enrollment among young adults and increase premiums in the exchanges. Revisions to the age-rating regulations or to the subsidy formula that target young adults could lead to substantial increases in coverage at relatively low cost.
During the last four years, the federal government and individual state governments have spent a great deal of time and money on informing the public about the availability of health insurance coverage through Medicaid and the insurance exchanges.
That’s led some who would otherwise be uninsured to enroll in Medicaid or to purchase subsidized coverage in their state exchange. At the federal level, funding for this outreach was scaled back considerably in early 2017.
This affects the 34 states with exchanges that are controlled entirely by the federal government. However, many of the other 17 states expanded outreach efforts last year. Previous research has shown that outreach can make a significant difference for enrollment in government programs (Aizer, 2003; Karaca-Mandic et al, 2017). Consistent with this, in the 34 states with federally run exchanges, enrollment fell by 4.4 percent from 2016 to 2017. In contrast, in the other 17 states where outreach efforts were generally expanded, enrollment rose by 2.1 percent (Curran et al, 2017).
This divergence in enrollment trends seems likely to continue in 2018, with federal funding for outreach efforts slated to fall by 90 percent (from $100 million to $10 million) in the current fiscal year. To the extent that states with federally run or state-administered exchanges want to hold constant or increase health insurance coverage among their residents in the months ahead, expanding state and local funding for outreach is likely to have a high payoff.
Americans with incomes between 100 and 400 percent of FPL qualify for subsidies to purchase private coverage through the ACA exchanges. The benchmark “silver” plan in the exchanges has an actuarial value (AV) of 70 percent, meaning that the insurer covers 70 percent of expected health care costs.
Plans with an AV in this range typically have relatively high deductibles and co-payment amounts. Individuals with incomes between 100 and 250 percent of the poverty line qualify for additional federal subsidies to reduce these out-of-pocket costs.
The cost-sharing subsidies help those with lower incomes cover the cost of deductibles and co-payments, which can amount to thousands of dollars following a major medical problem. These subsidies partially explain why lower income individuals are substantially more likely to enroll in the exchanges than their counterparts making more money.
For example, among individuals without another source of coverage and with incomes between 150 and 200 percent of the federal poverty line, 55 percent take up coverage in the exchanges. The corresponding take-up rate for those with incomes between 300 and 400 percent of the federal poverty line is just 14 percent (Buettgens, Kenney, and Pan, 2015).
In recent months, there has been uncertainty as to whether these cost-sharing subsidies would continue. The total amount spent on subsidies will amount to about $7 billion in 2017, which is substantially lower than the $38 billion for premium subsidies.
The Congressional Budget Office estimated that premiums in the ACA exchanges would increase by 20 percent if these subsidies were terminated (CBO, 2017). This would lead to large reductions in health insurance coverage as some individuals would be priced out of coverage. By continuing these cost-sharing subsidies, policymakers could prevent substantial price increases and insurer exits. A recent effort to forge a bipartisan compromise has focused primarily on this issue (Hackman, 2017).
While the six potential reforms outlined above will not address all of the limitations of our current health care system, they would lead to further increases in insurance coverage and — through increases in competition — prevent large price increases in the ACA’s health insurance exchanges. These reforms could lead to additional reductions in the number of uninsured and help keep the growth in overall health care spending low by historical standards.
SIEPR research assistants Nicole Chen and Valerie Scimeca contributed to this policy brief.
Aizer, Anna. “Low Take-up in Medicaid: Does Outreach Matter and For Whom?” American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May 2003.
Brevoort, Kenneth, Daniel Grodzicki, and Martin Hackmann. “Medicaid and Financial Health.” Unpublished mimeo, 2017.
Buettgens, Matthew, Genevieve Kenney, and Clare Pan. “Variation in Marketplace Enrollment Rates in 2015 by State and Income.” Urban Institute and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, October 2015.
Congressional Budget Office. “The Effects of Terminating Payments for Cost-Sharing Reductions.” August 15, 2017.
Cox, Cynthia, Ashley Semanskee, Gary Claxton, and Larry Levitt. “Explaining Health Care Reform: Risk Adjustment, Reinsurance, and Risk Corridors.” Kaiser Family Foundation Issue Brief, 2016.
Curran, Emily, Sabrina Corlette, Kevin Lucia, and Justin Giovannelli. “2017 Federal and State Marketplace Trends Show Value of Outreach.” To the Point, The Commonwealth Fund, May 4, 2017.
Dafny, Leemore, Mark Duggan, and Subramaniam Ramanarayanan. "Paying a Premium on Your Premium? Consolidation in the Health Insurance Industry." American Economic Review, April 2012.
Dickstein, Mike, Mark Duggan, Joe Orsini, and Pietro Tebaldi. “The Effect of Market Structure on Health Insurance Premiums: Evidence from the ACA’s Insurance Exchanges.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, May 2015.
Duggan, Mark, and Tamara Hayford. “Has the Shift to Managed Care Reduced Medicaid Spending? Evidence from State and Local-Level Mandates.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Summer 2013.
Duggan, Mark, Amanda Starc, and Boris Vabson. “Who Benefits when the Government Pays More? Evidence from the Medicare Advantage Program.” Journal of Public Economics, October 2016.
Duggan, Mark, Gopi Shah Goda, and Emilie Jackson. “The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage and Labor Market Outcomes.” SIEPR working paper, 2017.
Gallagher, Emily, Radhakrishnan Gopalan, and Michal Grinstein-Weiss. “The Effects of Health Insurance on Home Payment Delinquency: Evidence from the ACA Marketplace Subsidies.” Unpublished mimeo, 2017.
Gallup News. “Kentucky, Arkansas Post Largest Drop in Uninsured Rates.” February 8, 2017.
Hackman, Michelle. “Senators Discuss Bipartisan Approach to Repair Obamacare.” The Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2017.
Hadley, Jack, John Holahan, Teresa Coughlin, and Dawn Miller. “Covering the Uninsured in 2008: Current Costs, Sources of Payment, and Incremental Costs.” Health Affairs, August 2008.
Hall, Mark. “The Three Types of Reinsurance Created by Federal Health Reform.” Health Affairs, June 2010.
Karaca-Mandic, Pinar, Andrew Wilcox, Laura Baum, Colleen Barry, Erika Fowler, Jeff Niederdeppe, and Sarah Gollust. “The Volume of TV Advertisements During the ACA’s First Enrollment Period Was Associated with Increased Insurance Coverage.” Health Affairs, April 2017.
Sommers, Benjamin, Munira Gunja, Kenneth Finegold, and Thomas Musco. “Changes in Self-Reported Insurance Coverage, Access to Care, and Health Under the Affordable Care Act.” Journal of the American Medical Association, July 28, 2015.
Some individuals with incomes below 138 percent of FPL are ineligible for Medicaid coverage. For example, undocumented immigrants or recent immigrants are typically not eligible.
Enrollment in these five states ranged from 1.5 to 2.4 percent of their non-elderly residents.
In 2014, the federal government covered 80 percent of an individual’s costs above $45,000 for the year. The next year this declined to 50 percent. And in 2016, reinsurance covered 50 percent of the costs above $90,000 for the year. As a result, reinsurance funding fell from 2014 to 2016 and will be zero in 2017 and beyond (Cox et al, 2016).
For these statistics, I considered only the 39 states that use the healthcare.gov platform, thus excluding California, Kentucky, and 10 other states.
This is because the ACA adjusts the subsidy so that individuals with, for example, income of 200 percent of FPL would pay just 4 percent of income on their health insurance plan. This would imply about $1,000 for a single adult. But the cost of the plan is much higher for older enrollees so the subsidies are correspondingly higher too. | 2019-04-19T00:47:06Z | https://siepr.stanford.edu/research/publications/how-heal-obamacare |
Just a few years back, the word Google existed as the name of a cartoon character (Barney Google) and possibly among the random phonemes mumbled by toddlers. Today, one would be hard-pressed to find a person who hasn't heard of the search engine that bears this name.
The word Google is a variant on the Googol (10100), a term coined by the 9-year-old nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, who asked him to think of a name for a very large number (and we think science is rational!). The word Googolplex is the numeral that represents 10googol. And perhaps not oddly, the word Googleplex is also now in play.
According to Whois.net, at the time this article was written there were 1,996 registered URLs with the word Google in them. And this doesn't even begin to count those that misspell Google in creative ways. With the exception of the relatively few that actually belong to the Google company, these URLs belong to other entities.
Within a few short years Google has become the top search engine in the world and has earned the most esteemed privilege in contemporary pop culture it has become a verb. ("I googled you and found out you were lying to me about your Ph.D. And you have a prison record!"). It is interesting to note that Google is fighting in the courts to keep its name out of the dictionary, much as Xerox fights to keep its name from being used as an equivalent to photocopying. The legal concept in a nutshell: As the name becomes more commonly used, it becomes less of a brand, detracting from its proprietary nature. Google has also spawned products, projects, concepts, and imitations galore. It is safe to say that Google is not just an Internet search engine, but has become something of a phenomenon.
It is not difficult to find information about Google. A search on Amazon.com reveals a whole gaggle of help books, including Google For Dummies. On the Web, the Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google] offers a good start for research. It has a relatively comprehensive hyperlinked entry detailing the company's history, the famous Google algorithm, legal issues, and other topics, including numerous links to relevant articles and Web sites.
At Google.com itself, Google Labs [http://labs.google.com/] provides a glimpse into what the future of Google might hold. There are some pretty intriguing enhancements here, such as the deskbar, Froogle wireless, the location search, and a voice-activated search.
MarketZone [http://www.marketzone.net/resources-google.php] offers a look at Google from the business marketing perspective. The site emphasizes information useful to companies that wish to exploit Google through such features as AdWords and ranking.
The very wonderful Search Engine Watch e-zine [http://searchenginewatch.com/], authored by Danny Sullivan, features frequent articles on Google. His site has a search screen that returned 876 items on Google the day I searched. For an excellent detailed and sophisticated overview of Google's page rank algorithm, the online article by Ian Rogers of IPR Computing Ltd. [http://www.iprcom.com/papers/pagerank/] cannot be beat.
And finally, another top Web searcher, Greg Notess, has posted an extremely thorough evaluation of Google's strengths, weaknesses, and features at http://notess.com/search/features/google/.
While Google is transparently easy to use, it is not always transparently easy to use better. The "Advanced Help" link appears in 8-point font in a menu list to the right of the search box. In the classes I teach, I always ask who has used Google. The response is as expected. However, when I ask how many have ever used the advanced search options, I rarely see any hands in the air. The sites listed here have put together decent guides to exploiting Google's features for more refined and accurate searching.
Google Help is split into several categories. The most relevant for searching are Search Central [http://www.google.com/help/index.html], Basic Search Help [http://www.google.com/help/basics.html], and Advanced Search Help [http://www.google.com/help/refinesearch.html]. While many users may feel no need to stray from the basics, it's different strokes for smarter folks.
libwebinternet/guides_to_internet_searching/guide-google/]. The extraordinary Gary Price always supplies useful tips for searching Google [http://www.virtualchase.com/howto/gg_tips.html]. Price discusses issues such as date searching, searching by file type, using wildcard/truncation symbols, and trying specialized and focused Googles, such as Google Uncle Sam and Lawcrawler. Links provide access to supplemental information.
Google Guide [http://www.googleguide.com/] is an interactive tutorial site set up by Nancy Blachman, who co-authored How to Do Everything with Google with Google engineers Fritz Schneider and Eric Fredricksen. It is intuitive and comprehensive.
It's not enough to use Google; people have to discuss it as well. And there are a lot of aspects to discuss and a lot of people doing the discussing. Google Fan [http://www.googlefan.com/] sports the slogans "We love Google" and "Google Rules" on top of its page. The site features a collection of e-mail, news, and links covering everything Google. Google Blog [http://google-blog.dirson.com/] primarily features well-edited news about all aspects of Google. For instance, the last time I visited I read that Google was offering free AdWords to nonprofits. Google Weblog [http://google.blogspace.com/] is another blog dedicated to Google. These, and other blogs, are a great way to keep up with current developments. Stop in periodically and scan the headlines.
A plethora of programmers have begun recognizing areas for improving the Google search engine. Some of these improvements are pretty bogus, but others border on great achievements. There seems to be more every day, but some created 6 months ago are already gone. We can only hope these upgrades netted their creators a large check from Google. This list should serve as a good introduction to the possibilities.
FreshGoo [http://www.freshgoo.com/index.php] allows one to search recent additions to Google in increments of today, yesterday, last 7 days, and last 30 days. It feeds your search terms into Google and inserts a "daterange" limiter into the search (e.g., daterange: 2453039-2453039). FreshGoo also offers a stable of other Google enhancements. Google Blaster [http://www.freshgoo.com/google_blaster.php] allows a user to run several searches at once. The interface then returns multiple results displayed using colored tabs at the top of the page.
Another option, "Definitions," incorporates Google's tag "define:word" to the search. It's really a clever site and worth checking out.
For another interface, try the Google Ultimate Interface [http://www.faganfinder.com/google.html], which incorporates many of Google's Advanced Search options (domain, page location, language, country, file type, date, etc.) into a GUI interface. It gives the user a cleaner interface than Google's Advanced Search page, yet manages to incorporate most of the important search features.
Google dance tools attempt to address the perhaps over-discussed habit Google has of updating its different server banks at different times, thus yielding varied results depending on which bank is accessed. A search in this interface will allow one to compare results in the three Google server banks www1, www2, www3 and see if results differ. Differences are often most notable in keywords that are volatile and topical, such as "Iraq." Watch the Google Dance [http://google.fergusons.dk/] search three server banks simultaneously and display results in parallel vertical columns, making it easy to spot discrepancies. This does not seem to work with phrase searches in quotes, however.
My Google Dance [http://google-dance.miniunternehmen.de/] offers a more varied interface that searches additional Google server banks, including European ones. The site also offers a directory search and one's choice of a vertical (much preferred) or horizontal display.
The E Factory [http://dance.efactory.de] has put together an "everything you always wanted to know about Google Dance" and more page. It provides copious information about other sites as well.
Until recently a part of FreshGoo, Moogle [http://www.researchbuzz.org/archives/001406.shtml] allows a user to search for movie reviews. Reviews are categorized by a pull-down menu which asks, "Do you want a movie slant?" The choices are "No Thanks," "Negative Review," and "Positive Review." For example, a search for a "No Thanks" review of Kill Bill sends out the query "Kill Bill" (review (film | movie)), while a "Negative Review" option sends out the query "Kill Bill" (boring | insipid | worst) (review (film | movie)). These words are somewhat arbitrary and the results mixed at best, but it is an interesting endeavor.
Google Alert [http://www.googlealert.com/] is an invaluable service provided by Gideon Greenspan, a Ph.D. student at Israel's Technion and long-time Macintosh developer. This free service allows one to enter up to five customized searches (the more refined, the better!). You can customize these queries via a Google advanced search interface. Then the service will run the searches every 2 days or let you choose to click for updates. The updates come as e-mail. I have used the service for several months and it works wonderfully.
Boogle [http://www.boogle.com/] is a page that provides a traditional Google search, adorned daily with pictures and interesting quotations, with a link to information about the quotation's author. Why not?
The business sector has not ignored Google, and placement, either through paid placement (which Google was slow to endorse) or relevance, AdWords, and other marketing aspects of Google, has been embraced and exploited.
[http://www.u-magazine.com/magazine/articles.php?articleid=249] hosts a list that has a little different slant and more details. A much more comprehensive online guide is hosted by Jim Boykin [http://www.internet-advertising-marketing-manual.com/].
Yet another, more-ongoing endeavor is gooGuide [http://www.googuide.com/], with its mission of improving site optimization and AdWords strategies. Jeremy Wilson, who hosts the site, will also send you a free newsletter, the Google Gazette.
Each of these sites offers paid consultation, services, and/or software to enhance Internet/Web marketing, as well as many free offerings. These are just a few of the plethora of Google marketing enhancement sites out there.
With businesses so concerned about ranking on Google, Mark Horrell [http://www.markhorrell.com/tools/pagerank.html] has come up with a program that will do a reasonable job calculating your site's page rank. It does this by modeling the behavior used by Google's pagerank algorithm. There is no cost. Another product that does this, perhaps more intricately, is the Pagerank Calculator [http://www.webworkshop.net/pagerank_ calculator.php3] from Web Workshop. This (also free) product sports an intriguing and complex graphical interface that calculates page-in and page-out data and offers simple and real mode calculations. Simple mode does not calculate orphan pages or dangling links.
While some of the above sites deal with the concept of AdWords and how to enhance marketing using Google AdWords, I feel this concept deserves a bit more detail. AdWords are the mini pop-up ads that appear on the right-hand side of the page when you do a Google search. Ads are mapped to certain keywords, so that a search using those keywords triggers the mapped pop-up ads. For example, if I search "aquarium filters" in Google, in addition to the standard list of returns, I will see numerous small blue ad boxes to the right of the returns selling aquarium supplies. AdWords are economical, since creators pay only when someone clicks on them, and target a captive (or at least interested) audience. Google, of course, hosts information on AdWords [https://adwords.google.com/select/], and this is where one goes to create them.
A service directed specifically at AdWords is Cheat Google Adwords [http://www.sitepoint.com/article/1265]. A rather extensive, four-part article by author Derek Vaughan confesses "it's not exactly cheating per se," but a detailed guide to exploiting the AdWords concept.
An innovative and artistic use of AdWords concerns the poet Christopher Bruno, who began creating mini-poems using the AdWords context. Keywords in searches would generate certain poems, which would appear to the right of search results along with "legitimate" ads. The ad-poems were apparently taken off by Google, which claimed that "the content of your ad does not accurately reflect the content of your Web site." While this is not exactly true, since Bruno is a poet and the ads were poetry, it does show that Google monitors AdWords usage. The poems were an interesting idea, however, and yet another way of manipulating Google for fun and profit. More information on this appears at http://www.iterature.com/adwords/.
This capitalization of Google is worth a mention, but not an in-depth look. Among the 1,996 URLs with the word Google in them, a number represent legitimate businesses attempting to attract viewers and customers by affiliating themselves with the name Google. Lame as this sounds, it is pervasive. Google-Land.com, an online land auction company, is a good example. The word Google in the company name has nothing to do with selling land, nor does it have any connection to the search engine.
Booble [http://booble.com], a search engine for adult sites, has taken a bit of a different tact by playing off the word Google. Although insisting it is a parody site (the home page states, "Booble.com is not affiliated with any other search engines [for starters, we have a sense of humor]"), it is being sued by Google to cease and desist. See SearchEngine Journal [http://www.searchenginejournal.com/index.php?p=222] for more details.
The Goegle Search Engine [http://www.goggle.cc/] is a poor substitute that hopes people will spell the URL wrong. And this hope is probably fulfilled daily. There are hundreds, if not thousands more of these how shall I put it parasites.
Who's watching Google? Well, Google Watch, that's who. And who, you might ask, is Google Watch? Google Watch [http://www.google-watch.org/] claims to expose how Google's monopoly, algorithms, and privacy policies endanger the privacy of Google users. Daniel Brandt, the man behind Google Watch, fears that Google implants a cookie on your computer every time you search it. This cookie gives your computer a unique identifier (ID). For all your searches, Google records the cookie ID, your Internet IP address, the time and date, your search terms, and your browser configuration. How long this information is kept is anybody's guess. The possibilities of how this information may or may not be used are frightening or conspiracy-freakish, depending on your point of view. Google has the ability to convert IP and ID numbers to actual names and addresses and compile extensive lists of every search performed on your computer. It could provide this information to law enforcement or government agencies. The key is "could." I have to admit it's a bit frightening to think about, and the concept has caught the ear of the Electronic Freedom Foundation.
Google Watch Watch [http://www.google-watch-watch.org/] attempts to discredit Daniel Brandt. Soon there will be a Google Watch Watch Watch, and so it goes.
Are you extraordinarily worried about your searching history? Delete your cookies and history and the usual stuff that any Internet user can do; if you're still worried about all those hidden folders and files entangled in the dark recesses of your hard drive, try Delete Google History [http://www.deletegooglehistory.com]. It claims to do the trick better than anyone else. Teaming up with Evidence Eliminator 5.0, the site's created a product that will reduce your surfing evidence to zilch and keep it there.
Google Bombs were conceived in April, 2001 as a gag by Adam Mathes. Mathes identified a critical loophole in Google's algorithm. Google considers not only keywords on the page it indexes, but also keywords in the links to that page. For example, if enough people use the word "Costco" to link to a WalMart site, then a search in Google for Costco may result in the first hit being WalMart. To quote John Hiler, who writes in depth about this phenomenon in Microcontent News [http://www.microcontentnews.com/articles/googlebombs.html], "The linker can impact the Google Rank of the linkee." Perhaps the most infamous example of Google bombing is demonstrated by a search for the phrase "miserable failure." The first hit is the official George Bush biography. The underlying logistical mechanism behind Google bombing is Weblogs. Like flash mobs those seemingly spontaneous groupings of people who do something odd in a public place before quickly dispersing Google bombing is an efficient way to instantly reach thousands or millions of like-minded people.
The Church of Scientology has also apparently manipulated this loophole by buying large quantities of domains and jamming them with links to each other. See Microcontent News [http://www.microcontentnews.com/articles/googlechurch.html] for more details.
The Internet has been enormously successful at giving a lot of bored people something to do. The following Web sites show how people have entertained themselves, and countless others, by using Google's search capabilities. I guarantee that you will scratch your head at some of these and ask, "Why?" As in beauty, it seems the rationale is in the mind (or lack thereof) of the programmer.
Random Google Page [http://www.bleb.org/random] has a rather sexist button called "Entertain Me Wench" which, when clicked, combines a series of random words and searches them on Google. This seemingly fairly lame activity can lead to some exotic results. In any case, it is possibly the first site to identify Google's gender. Random Bounce Me [http://random.bounceme.net/] is similar to Random Google Page without the gender specificities. Both of these allow the user/player to choose the number of words generated. Random Google Page offers one to 10, while Random Bounce Me offers one to four. For those of you who doubt that the Web contains some very strange stuff, the random collection "unau ova shat bee" returned a Web page.
Google Duel [http://www.googleduel.com/original.php] calls itself the Original Google Duel, but Google Fight [http://www.googlefight.com/] operates in much the same way. The user enters two terms, say Bart and Homer, which are then searched on Google, and the winner and loser announced. (The more results, the bigger the win.) Google Duel, created by Geoff Peters, has several additional search categories. Google Duel Ultra allows the searcher to choose adjectives to accompany the initial terms. The results then show who won for each adjective. For example, one could search Bart and Homer or the adjectives "creative," "good looking" and "intelligent." There are several canned reports (Pop Culture and Music, High Tech, Food and Drink) with tables of results.
Google Duel for Writers is a fairly interesting offshoot. This search allows one to submit several phrases that essentially say the same thing. The results then tell you how they rank in popularity. I'm not sure how useful something like this is in reality, but the concept is an interesting one. Google Duel has a major drawback; it only allows 1,000 searches a day on Geoff's license key. If you need more, you'll need to get your own Google Developer's Key, which you can do at http://www.google.com/apis/.
Google Fight is the same idea packaged a bit more artfully. In addition to the usual battles, Google Fight highlights Hall of Fame fights, Fights of the Month, The Classics, and Funny Fights. It also offers a French version.
Googlewhack [http://www.googlewhack.com] was created by Gary Stock, who also coined the word. The premise of this Google game is to find two words that produce only one result on Google. One ponders how much otherwise productive time is spent on endeavors such as this and doubts the pyramids could have been built had this existed. The words have to exist on Dictionary.com, which rules out most foreign words. You cannot use quotes. Examples, stored in the Whack Stack and numbering over 310,000 to date, include "lithographed dieffenbachia" and "hireling xylophones." The site also includes a rather lengthy collection of media write-ups for those of you who doubt activities such as this have true worth.
Googlism [http://www.googlism.com/] tells you what Google "thinks" of people, places, and events. For example, when I searched the name Jeff, a list of phrases parsed from Jeff sites came back. A few of these are: "jeff is your nurse; jeff is 2xtreme~; jeff is the business manager for motorola computer group's; jeff is here to pump you up." You get the idea. It's free and all for laughs.
archives/cat_google_hacks.shtml], which details a number of interesting and unusual Google mutations and hosts the interfaces. For some of these you will need to obtain a Google API key. GoogleJack, the first on a rather extensive list, is based on blackjack. Google's API allows one to see the size of a result's cache (Google caches a maximum of 101K). GoogleJack works with a total of 101 instead of 21. Players choose a word or phrase and search it, then count the cache size. Players can "Hit," do the next search, and add that result count to the cache size. Once finished, Google counts the cache size of the search results. Whoever gets the closest to 101 without going over wins. We're still waiting for this to hit Vegas.
I'm sure the Bard would be thrilled.
Cookin' With Google is cool. You enter several ingredients into a search box, select General, Vegan/Vegetarian, or World Cuisine, and run a search. I used Salmon, onions, and lemon, chose World Cuisine as my option, and got a mouth-watering list of results.
This site also contains such Google mutations as WumWum (which allows one to search for who links to a URL, screen domains, and produces results in HTML or spreadsheet formats), GooLevel (which allows the searcher to specify the site depth of results), and much, much more.
Somebody's pet project has created Googlebook.com, which presents one with an small assortment of books featuring the word Google in the title, as in Barney Google.
Googles from Goo [http://www.googles.com/index.html] is a children's portal, featuring products, discussion groups, and the like, all accompanied by gummy-bearish creatures from another planet. Requires a login, oh darn.
Google Detective Agency [http://www.googledetectiveagency.com/] explains, in a rudimentary fashion, how to use Google to dig up personal information on people. The site really only scratches the surface, but it's a starting place.
Cheat Google [http://cheatoogle.com/] searches specifically for cheat codes used in video games, the ones that give unlimited power, lives, or bullets. Search by game and platform. This site also provides a search for game reviews.
Several of the services above were created using Google Web APIs [http://www.google.com/apis/], a Google service that allows Web and software developers access to programming elements of its database. Google provides a developer's kit, a user account on Google, and a license key. The license key is available to anyone, and can prove useful for those exploring the arcane array of Google by-products.
Even if Yahoo!, Microsoft, or some unknown upstart manages within the next few years to unseat the reigning giant of search engines, I doubt any will be able to replace the mystique and the cultural niche that Google has achieved. "More than a search engine, less than a god," as one colleague put it. Google has managed to fascinate everyone from the homeless at your local public library to presidents. Some people mistake it for the Internet. And nearly everyone has their favorite Google story. I just re-searched the Whois database and found that there are now in excess of 2,001 (the limit reported) URLs with the word Google in them. There seems to be no end in site to Google madness, mimicry, or mutation. All we can do is sit back, click, and enjoy it. | 2019-04-20T04:49:15Z | http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/jun04/piper.shtml |
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Should You Really Follow Your Passion?
We’ve all heard it regularly said that in life and business, you should follow your passion or you simply won’t find the rewards you are looking for. Personally, I believe that if you are starting a business, it needs to be something that you truly are enthusiastic about and that you are able to fall in love with daily. However, is the advice to “follow your passion” too simplistic?
What if, for example, your passion lies in a market that is already very competitive with little room for a new or more innovative approach? Or in a market that is so tiny that there is little demand? Would it be good advice to tell someone to jump right on in to that market and start a business simply because they are passionate about it? According to the University of Technology Sydney, one in three new small businesses in Australia fail within their first year, two out of four by the end of the second year, and three out of four by the fifth year. Of course many of these failed businesses will have started out with a founder who was following their passion, and while there are a multitude of reasons that a business may fail, following your passion doesn’t give an automatic key to success.
Of course there is validity in doing something that you are passionate about – life is too short to be forcing yourself out of bed every morning to drag your feet reluctantly to something which you don’t enjoy. However, perhaps the caveat should be something like; “do what you are passionate about as long as you can truly compete in the market”. In saying that, if you are starting a business purely to chase a money trail and you have no real interest in the field, at the very least that is a recipe for potential unhappiness and/or boredom on your part. How successful will you really be over the long term if you’re not enjoying yourself? (This coming from a point of view that success is about more than financial gain…).
So what’s the real deal? Marc Andreessen made some great points in a series of tweets a couple of months ago; his view is that better career advice may be “do what contributes” and to focus on beneficial value created for other people rather than stroking your own ego. His follow-up to that was that those who contribute the most are often the most satisfied with what they do and make the most money in high remuneration fields. If you are starting your own business, what can you do that contributes to really solving a problem and doing it better than it is currently being done?
Mark Cuban put it another way a couple of years ago when he said “don’t follow your passion, follow your effort”. What he means is to look at where you spend the most of your time – the chances are if you put a lot of effort into something, you then become good at it. Often your enjoyment is increased if you’re good at something, then passion is developed out of enjoyment.
How much do you need to retire ? It’s not an easy question to answer but have you ever actually sat down and thought about what your number is? For many people I come across, it is enough to be paying the mortgage and putting the kids through school – having an actual goal figure for retirement will often seem like a far-off concept.
The thing is, if you haven’t had that conversation or thought about what your figure is for a comfortable retirement, now is the time to figure that out. The earlier you start, the better for putting a plan in place to get you there.
You may struggle with the idea of what will constitute a comfortable retirement income, but allow for things such as your home being paid off and your kids being financially independent. Another rule of thumb I like to go by is that for every $50k you would like in retirement income, you need $1 million put away to finance it. How did I come to that? You don’t want funds once you are in your retirement years to be invested in higher risk, higher return investments. I have based this amount on a relatively conservative return of 5%.
So what’s your number, have you got it yet?
Before you feel overwhelmed at the figure you are now going to need to have put away, remember that you can start with simple steps to get you to that figure. You may not have a lot left over after paying the bills, but do you have some amount of surplus so that you can treat yourself as a bill and start by “paying yourself first”? If you can start by putting aside even a small amount which you will not touch and reserve for investing, you can build it to the point where you have enough to enter the investment market.
Financial Independence: Do You Have A Choice?
We see many headlines of financial doom in the Australian media – and we do need to take them seriously. Underemployment, workplace discrimination, the gender gap when it comes to pay and superannuation savings, the growing group of ‘working poor’; as much as I love Australia and believe in the opportunities available to Australians, these things do happen and can play a serious role in whether people achieve their desired level of financial independence.
What does it mean to be financially independent? The most commonly accepted definition is that you get to make enough money from passive income sources or your own business so that you don’t need to rely on anyone else for income. Sounds simple, but for many easier said than done right?
I would love to see more Australians able to take the steps which put them on the path to financial independence. No one wants to struggle and certainly no one wants to worry about how they’re going to be financially able to get through retirement! If the global financial crisis and economic meltdowns of the last few years have taught us anything, it’s that everyone needs to have a plan in terms of creating wealth from more than one source.
Do we have a choice? Sure there are many paths you could choose, including the traditional ‘work for money’ route, but if you want to truly look after your own or your family’s future, I believe everyone needs to take steps to diversify how it is that they make money. After all, look at the headlines – anything can happen with that single source of income you go to every day!
It starts with getting a financial education and getting that as early as possible. Are you still living with the old paradigm of “grow up, get a job and work for money”? It’s time to realise that it is money that must be working for you. This means taking a portion (however small you may need to start with) of your pay packet every single time and putting it aside so that you can build a pool for investing or drive down expensive debt faster. (Whatever makes sense for your personal situation – I’d always suggest talking to a professional adviser and treating them as a valuable part of your ‘team’!).
It also means not always matching income to expenses where it can be avoided. There are still people out there on reasonable incomes who continue to find new expenses to match any bonus or pay rise. You may appear to live a rich lifestyle if you do that, but there is a difference between living a rich lifestyle and actually being rich!
Australia is a land that is still rich with opportunity, let’s see more people able to grab it!
How To Measure Innovation and Get To The Future First!
How to measure innovation is a question that is often difficult to answer. I have spoken before about the importance of innovation and how I see it to be one of the great challenges in Australia, but of course as any prudent business owner wants to know, what is innovation and how can that be reasonably measured within their business?
I recently interviewed a very innovative entrepreneur who, encompassing experiences which began for her at a very young age, has developed a way of quantifying innovation for businesses. Amy-Renee Hovorka is an innovation consultant and Unstoppables member, and I had the privilege of discussing with her the metrics she has developed and how to understand innovation.
The concept of being able to measure innovation is one I, and certainly many other business owners will find to be very valuable. If you’re anything like me, people bring new pitches to you all the time and it’s often difficult to determine what will really get you to the future first and create positive movement in your business.
Check out the interview video above – how do you measure innovation?
What does it mean to get to the future first? To me it means exploring new opportunities, meeting with mentors and game-changers and importantly, innovating where necessary.
I firmly believe that one of the best ways to sharpen your own entrepreneurial skills is to hang out with other entrepreneurs – that’s where awareness, innovation and real social change starts to happen. This is why I’m really excited to be involved with the creation of Unstoppables and all the possibilities that this group opens up.
We believe in playing hard as well as working hard and are proud to be able to offer access to incredible experiences, beginning with our entrepreneur’s voyage to Antarctica on Australia Day next January.
So, what does ‘ get to the future first ‘ mean to you? Could this be a group for you to help you get there?
Check out the video above and the website for more information – Unstoppables launch parties are happening near you!
Have you ever heard that saying ” who you hang out with is who you become “? An alternative that I have heard of is that you become the average of the 5 people who you hang out with the most. This makes sense when you think about it – how often do we catch ourselves emulating or taking on behaviours of those around us?
A little while back I wrote about my 10 tips for entrepreneurial success and talked about the need to go out of your way to mix with and talk to other serious entrepreneurs who work in areas you need to learn more about. In this sense, I was talking about doing that from the point of view of learning and expanding horizons. I stand by the need to do that and would like to add in the context of this article that hanging out with other serious entrepreneurs will have benefits to your own behaviour.
If you were to think seriously right now, which 5 people would you like to be the average of?
It’s not always easy to make these decisions and of course I don’t suggest that you ditch family and friends, but it is worth thinking about who you spend the most time with and how that time spent together impacts your own thoughts and behaviours.
Are you encouraged and inspired? Or do you feel drained and depressed, or even simply apathetic after spending time with them.
Entrepreneurs as a group can be serious disruptors, which of course can make others uncomfortable if you don’t conform to their ideas of how things should be done. Do the people you hang out with support your ideas? Or do they try to talk you out of them, or over to their way of thinking?
Telling a person they don’t have what it takes often comes in the guise of “tough love” but really comes from the personal limitations of the person who is telling them that. Speaker Terry Hawkins has described people who are like that as “Pitman” because they are constantly living their lives in a “pit”.
Do you find yourself either putting on an act or omitting large parts of yourself in order to hang out with certain people? Respecting who you are as an individual is what a real friend or mentor would do. Don’t ever let anyone else put a leash on your dreams and always stay true to yourself.
If you are surrounded by negativity, it’s fairly difficult to remain unscathed. You can do your best not to allow that negativity to get into your own head, but sometimes you will need to make the difficult decision and prune those people or that relationship from your life.
Who you hang out with matters. Their attitudes and behaviours will affect your own thoughts, feelings and actions so make sure you choose carefully!
The Future of Entrepreneurship in Australia?
What is the future of entrepreneurship in Australia? I was recently interviewed by Sky News to talk about the Unstoppables Antarctica trip and the state of entrepreneurship in Australia (see the interview in the video above!).
One of the things I have noticed which I really love about Australia is the hunger of young entrepreneurs to bring forward new ideas and to really make a positive difference to the country. Where I’m seeing powerful possibilities for the future of entrepreneurship is in connecting this new wave of young entrepreneurs with the seasoned entrepreneurs who have strong business acumen.
This is one of the key goals behind the Unstoppables Fire On Ice Antarctica journey: to make the connections between those with fresh entrepreneurial ideas and those who are looking to invest in them, or who would like the opportunity to provide mentorship to these new business owners.
Imagine what a powerful combination that would be? Fresh ideas to ‘get to the future first’, backed by the solid experience of those who have gone before. I’m excited about the possibilities that will open up for young start-ups and for investors alike!
What do you think? Where do you see the future of entrepreneurship in Australia?
Do you ever find that a day has gone by and you haven’t really taken a break from work at all? Increasingly, people are reporting either not taking breaks, eating lunch at their desks or taking shortened breaks during their work day.
A survey conducted last year by The Australia Institute for November’s “Go Home On Time Day” found that 3.8 million of us routinely do not take a lunch break, with half of those saying they are “too busy”. Of those who do take lunch breaks, three-quarters reported that they either eat lunch at their desk, or cut short or postpone lunch until mid-afternoon.
The worrying thing about these statistics is that the benefits of taking a break are simply too good to ignore. Eating lunch at your desk is not taking a break! When I say ‘break’, I mean a period of time where you are removed from your immediate work environment and have the opportunity to relax and the space to think.
The fact is we are not robots, various research studies have revealed that the average person who works in an office setting is only really productive for about 3 hours of the total work day – if this bears out, that’s less than half of your work day being spent productively!
Taking a break away allows you to take a few breaths and re-focus. It also allows you to take care of those time-burglars that creep into the day such as checking social media or replying to SMSs (not that I’d recommend you spend your whole break time on your phone!).
If you are constantly wired for work, it can take a toll on your physical and mental health. Prolonged levels of heightened stress can leave you tired, unfocused and ultimately not enjoying your time at work. Take your breaks and enjoy a change of pace for a short period that sees you more refreshed to continue with work.
How often do you get the chance to relax and have a chat with co-workers? Break time is a great excuse to have a coffee and a chat, and learn a bit more about each other while you’re at it!
I’d love to hear from you! Do you take breaks during your work day? What benefits do you find afterwards?
Entrepreneurial Tips: 10 Tips for Entrepreneurial Success!
Always get out of your way to mix and hang out with other serious entrepreneurs from areas that you know nothing about. What can you learn? There is plenty to be found out from the experiences and expertise of others. Not only that, you never know who you could meet who becomes a friend, referrer or even a business partner.
When you have a new idea or project, find out as soon as possible if you have what it takes to get to the end. If you don’t, do not waste your time in starting something you cannot finish. It can be an expensive lesson to learn if you’re not prepared to follow through!
Whoever arrives at the future first, wins! You may remember the story I told a while ago of my father and how he became one of the primary distributors of television sets across South America. The ability to see where the future is headed will serve you well!
You never, never work for money – it is money that works for you. Don’t get caught in a trap of needing to work more or be paid more to have more money. The most efficient way to make money is when yours is put to work for you!
Selling is not about forcing onto others cleverly what they do not want. Selling is about the art of finding out what they really need and giving it to them. Selling is a skill you need to succeed. If you take the needs-based approach, you will be much more likely to have repeat business as well as referrals!
Learn to communicate. Doors don’t open by themselves – work on your communication skills and build key networks who have a clear understanding of your goals.
Never stop studying the topic and always invest heavily through money and time to expand what you know. Your expertise will be a key selling point of your business – stay informed!
Know that the antidote to greed is to give money away. Know it now because greed will kill all your relationships and true wealth has very little to do with money.
Financial Matters: Have You Been Hypnotized to Fail Financially?
Have you been hypnotized to fail financially? Unfortunately, it is common practice that we are not having those conversations about financial matters that we should be. Money and the possibilities of creating wealth often seem to exist on some external plain for many – it’s a ‘maybe’ or a ‘one day’.
A friend once said to me, “by the time we hit 20 years of age, we’ve had thousands of conversations with our financial advisers – our parents”. The thing is they too have had conversations with their parents: it’s all very good if you have good examples of well-financially educated relatives and friends, but what happens where we all propagate the same ideas and biases about money?
If you’ve ever been told to get a job so you can work for money, this is one of those biases that comes with the hypnosis. The idea that we must work away for a pay cheque until we retire will keep you in an endless cycle. What happens with that money? Commonly people will match their income to their expenses and continue doing so even where they get pay rises.
The average client who walks into the office at JDL Strategies is 46 years of age, owns a house valued at around $500k, owes $200k on that house and has around $150k in their super fund. That same client will usually also want to retire within the next 10 – 15 years. The fact is, with the numbers here, if that client keeps on going the way they have been, they will not be able to afford to retire when they would like and have the lifestyle that they imagine for retirement. After all, who wants to struggle?
Research shows us that only 5% of all Australians will be able to retire without any financial assistance (such as the pension). I would love to see that figure grow as more Australians become financially educated and take advantage of the many opportunities available here. | 2019-04-26T09:36:43Z | http://juliodelaffitte.com/category/articles/page/2/ |
To derive and exploit the optimal prescription isodose level (PIL) in inverse optimization of volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) as a potential approach to dose de–escalation in stereotactic body radiotherapy for non–small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC).
For ten patients, inverse Monte Carlo dose optimization was performed to cover 95% PTV by varying prescription isodose lines (PIL) at 60 to 80% and reference 85%. Subsequently, these were re–normalized to the median gross tumor volume dose (GTV–based prescription) to assess the impacts of PTV and normal tissue dose reduction.
With PTV–based prescription, GTV mean dose was much higher with the optimized PIL at 60% with significant reduction of normal lung receiving 30 to 10 Gy (V 30–10Gy ), and observable but insignificant dose reduction to spinal cord, esophagus, ribs, and others compared with 85% PIL. Mean doses to the normal lung between PTV and GTV was higher with 60–70% PIL than 85%. The dose gradient index was 5.0 ± 1.1 and 6.1 ± 1.4 for 60 and 85% PIL (p < 0.05), respectively. Compared with the reference 85% PIL plan using PTV–base prescription, significant decreases of all normal tissue doses were observed with 60% and 70% PIL by GTV–based prescription. Yet, the resulting biological effective (BED) mean doses of PTV remain sufficiently high, ranging 104.2 to 116.9 Gy α/β = 10.
Optimizing the PIL with VMAT has notable advantage of improving the dosimetric quality of lung SBRT and offers the potential of dose de–escalation for surrounding tissues while increasing the GTV dose simultaneously. The clinical implication of re–normalizing plans from PTV–prescription at 60–70% to the GTV median dose requires further investigations.
Optimization of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plan quality is crucial to minimize normal tissue dose and hence toxicities for inoperable early stage non–small–cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In lung SBRT small photon fields are widely used, which are known to introduce significant lateral electronic disequilibrium (LED) in heterogeneous tissue caused by out–scattering electrons not being compensated by in–scattering electrons . Using the LED phenomenon for optimizing lung SBRT (LED–SBRT), which is based on the differential reductions of lung and tumor doses caused by the LED in order to steepen the dose gradients and thereby increasing the dose within the tumor while reducing the dose in the normal lung, has been recently proposed by Disher et al. . However, in order for LED–SBRT to be robust against dosimetric errors, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques must be employed to accurately model the particle transport.
Besides direct MC simulation, the LED phenomenon was also investigated implicitly through the relationship with the prescription isodose line (PIL) by comparing the dose results from type–A pencil beam (PB), which cannot model the LED, and type–B MC based dose calculations . Using multiple dynamic conformal arcs (DCA), Oku et al. showed a clear dependence of the PIL on the dosimetric plan quality . They found higher lung dose and lower dose conformity at 50% downwards to 20% PIL after the optimal improvement at 60% PIL with respect to the reference of 80% PIL. Similar results of optimal PIL at ~ 60–70% and much lower at ~ 40–50% were found for forward planned linac–based and inverse planned robotic–based SBRT lung treatments, respectively .
The clinical implication of lowering the PIL to 60% vs. 80% PIL in 5–fraction lung SBRT was initially studied by Takeda et al., also using DCA techniques . After 6 months post–SBRT, they found no local recurrences and only a limited number of incidents of radiation pneumonitis ≥ Grade 2 (1 out of 15 patients) with lower PIL. Furthermore, Guckenberger et al. found in their retrospective large–scale multi–center analysis with low PIL (< 80%) a significant higher freedom from local progression as compared to higher PIL (86.8% vs. 69.1%, p = 0.005), again with lower toxicity for lower PIL . Further evidence of the clinical effects of varying PIL was supported by a number of recent published series from European and Japanese SBRT working groups that demonstrated the iso–effectiveness of SBRT treatments between those prescribing the biological effective dose (BED) > 100 Gy10 (α / β = 10 Gy for NSCLC) to the isocenter, to the PTV periphery with 95% coverage (D95%), and to the GTV mean or median dose [8–13].
Despite the similar local control rates reported based on different prescription concepts, the inconsistency of the conventional PTV prescription concept has been well acknowledged in the latest published International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) report 91 , pointing at increased variability of the internal GTV dose for lung SBRT. Although the report hinted at a possible solution by using a GTV–based prescription and a few other studies [15–17] coherently showed more consistent GTV dose when re–normalizing or prescribing the treatment dose to the GTV mean or median dose or D99%, the implications of such GTV–based re–normalization/re–prescription with respect to the PIL in the conventional PTV prescription concept has never been studied.
In this work, we focused on the technical feasibility of enhancing the dosimetric quality of inverse VMAT optimization by assessing the optimal PIL and with that the potential for dose de–escalation. Further on the hypothesis that the potential dependence of plan quality on the PIL is related to the LED, retrospective PB re-calculations were performed for all direct MC–optimized VMAT plans to assess the relationship of the PIL with the dosimetric changes. Ultimately, we tried to investigate the GTV–based re–normalization / re–prescription concept with respect to the PIL for VMAT LED–SBRT.
This retrospective dosimetric study, approved by the local clinical and research ethics committee, included ten patients with primary NSCLC. The tumor size ranged from 11.7 to 82.6 cm3. Each patient had a four–dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scan that was sorted into ten 3DCT image datasets with equal time share. Each 3DCT had a slice thickness of 2 mm in the axial direction. We determined the mid–ventilation (MidV) phase from the 4DCT series for treatment planning as described previously .
The GTV was contoured based on standard international guidelines and was expanded according to the mid–ventilation PTV concept . Treatment prescription was 54 Gy in 3 fractions regardless of tumor location and size.
Dose constraints for the target and other OARs were defined following the guidelines in the ROSEL and RTOG 0236 [21, 22] trials. It was demanded that dose to 95% of the PTV (PTV D 95% ) and 98% of the GTV (GTV D 98% ) must at least receive the prescription dose. Also the dose to 98% of PTV (PTV D 98% ) had to exceed 90% of the prescription dose. Furthermore, we limited the maximum dose in the PTV to be within 167% of the prescription dose despite the fact that the optimal dose gradient that may occur at as low as ~ 30% PIL because very limited clinical trials reporting safety and toxicities with PIL < 60% were available. Dose limits of chest wall and rib may be exceeded in case of large overlap with the PTV, as suggested in the RTOG 0915 trial .
For all patients, volumetric–modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) optimizations of lung SBRT plans were performed using the Monaco treatment planning system (TPS, v.5.0, Elekta, Sweden) for the Elekta Agility™ linear accelerator (linac) equipped with a multileaf collimator (MLC) with 160 leaf pairs of 5 mm width. The VMAT plans consisted of two either full or partial 6 Mega–voltage (MV) coplanar arcs, depending on the location of the tumor to avoid direct beam entrance to the contralateral lung and other central organs at risk (OAR).
For each patient, a reference plan at 85% PIL was generated while keeping the dose constraints of the OARs as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Unlike the strategy with DCA, where the beam penumbra margin is manually adjusted to achieve varying levels of PIL, the MLC shapes in VMAT are completely controlled by the optimizer in achieving the dose–volume histogram (DVH) objectives. To implicitly manipulate the PIL in the inverse optimization process, we varied the maximum dose to the PTV and the GTV together with demanding higher minimum dose or DVH constraints to the GTV to achieve a lower or higher PIL. Dose constraints of all other OAR were kept unchanged in all inverse optimized plans for each patient to minimize the planner–related bias on the final plan quality as much as possible.
Using these optimization strategies, four plans were generated, with the reference corresponding to 85% PIL, and the other three corresponding to 80%, 70% and 60% PILs. All VMAT plans were directly optimized by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique and the final dose distributions were calculated to dose to medium in medium (D m,m ) using 2 mm dose grid and 0.5% relative statistical uncertainty.
Dosimetric parameters of the reference plan and the PIL–optimized plans as defined in ROSEL and RTOG 0236 [21, 22] trial protocols were compared, which included the normalized volume received at least 5 to 30 Gy (V5–30Gy) by the normal lungs, the absolute volume received at least 30 Gy and 100% of the prescription dose by the chest wall, dose to 1% (D1%) of the cord, trachea, bronchus, esophagus and heart. The near-minimum dose D98% to PTV and GTV mean dose (Dmean) were also included. The target dose conformity was assessed using the Paddick’s conformity index . The dose gradient was evaluated by the ratio of 50% prescription isodose volume to the PTV (R 50% ), and its constraint was adapted according to Xiao et al. based on their retrospective re–evaluation of the dosimetric effects of heterogeneity corrections for the case submissions in the RTOG 0236 trial .
Further on the hypothesis that the potential dependence of plan quality on the PIL is related to the LED, all the direct MC–optimized plans were re–calculated by a PB dose engine developed by Jelen et al. The resulting difference was evaluated based on mean dose and D2% of the PTV border (i.e., PTV minus GTV) because it coincided with the low density tissue and the field edge where the LED was likely most severe.
Following the GTV–based prescription approach described by Bibault et al. and Muira et al. , all original PTV–based prescription plans of varying PILs were re–normalized such that the GTV D 50% equals 54 Gy. The resultant GTV–prescribed plans at the optimal 60% and 70% PILs were compared to the reference PTV–based prescription plans at 85% PIL to study the implications of varying PILs in different prescription concepts.
Statistical comparisons of various plan quality parameters between plans of different PILs were performed by Freidman’s test. When statistical significance was found, further post–hoc test by the default Tukey’s honest significant difference criterion was performed using the Matlab statistics toolbox (MathWorks, Natick, MA). Further, Wilcoxon’s test was performed to assess the significance of normal tissue dose reductions achieved with GTV–based prescription compared with the reference 85% PIL plan with PTV–based prescription. Test results were considered statically significant at p < 0.05.
GTV mean doses (D mean ) increased from 85% PIL by 6.1 ± 2.2% (mean ± 1 standard deviation (SD)), 19.2 ± 3.3%, and 35.0 ± 5.5% with decreasing PILs to 80%, 70% and 60%, respectively (p < 0.01). The mean near–minimum dose D 98% of PTV showed an observable but insignificant descending trend with decreasing PIL and the differences among PILs of individual patients were within 2%.
Variations of the normal lung volumes receiving high to low doses of 30 Gy to 5 Gy (i.e., V 30Gy to V 5Gy ) are shown in Fig. 1. Largest lung sparing was observed in seven out of ten plans at 60% PIL, with up to 23.2% and 19.9% reduction in V 30Gy to V 20Gy (p < 0.05), and at 70% PIL eight and nine out of ten plans produced better V 30Gy and V 20Gy (p < 0.05) compared to the reference plans at 85% PIL, respectively. The absolute changes of the mean V 30Gy and V 20Gy were however negligible, amounting to 0.9% and 1.4% for 60% PIL plans, and 0.9% to 1.3% for 70% PIL plans, respectively. For the low dose lung volume (V 10Gy and V5Gy), three plans showed lowest V 10Gy and V 5Gy at the 60% PIL while six and five plans showed lowest V 10Gy and V 5Gy at the 70% PIL, respectively. Figure 2 shows V 54Gy and the mean dose to the normal lung included in the PTV (i.e., PTV minus GTV). Results of dose constraint parameters of other OARs were given in Table 1. Statistical tests showed significant differences between the reference 85% and other PILs mainly for dose metrics of target volumes and normal lung. The potential of PIL–VMAT to increase the tumor dose while keeping the critical organ doses was illustrated in Fig. 3.
Considering dose received by the chest wall and ribs, the 60% PIL resulted in the lowest averaged V 30Gy . However, the chest wall volume receiving dose ≥100% of the prescription dose is higher with the 60% PIL (n = 4) by 0.3 to 12.8 cm3 than with the 85% reference PIL in 4 lesions that abutted to the chest wall.
Both the target dose conformity (nCI) and the dose gradient (R 50% ) were found to be comparable between plans at different PILs (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, the R 50% dose constraint criterion, suggested by Xiao et al. , was met by the reference 85% PIL in only one patient, by 80% PIL in two patients, by 70% PIL in four patients and by 60% PIL in five patients (Fig. 4). The dose gradient was statistically better with 60% compared to the reference 85% PIL (p < 0.05).
Figure 5 shows the difference between the MC optimized and PB re-calculated plans in Dmean and D98% of the PTV minus GTV border zone at varying PILs. The MC results predicted lower Dmean and D98% than PB, and the differences increased with decreasing PILs, indicating increasing magnitude of LED. It is noteworthy thought that significant dependence of PIL was observed only for Dmean in the border zone.
The effect of inverse–optimization with GTV–based prescription concepts was clearly demonstrated in Fig. 6. After re–normalizing the prescription such that 50% of the GTV received 54 Gy, the peripheral dose of the PTV in terms of D 95% remained reasonably high, ranging from 33.5 to 36.1 Gy at 60% IDL, and 38.3 to 39.8 Gy at 70% IDL, respectively. Normal tissue doses were further decreased with decreasing PIL (Table 2). When compared with the reference 85% PIL plan employing PTV–based prescription, significant decreases of all normal tissue doses were achieved with 60% and 70% PIL by GTV–based prescription.
This study demonstrated the technical feasibility of optimizing the PIL through its implicit relation with the lateral electronic disequilibrium (LED) to increase the dose gradient outside the target and hence improving the overall dosimetric quality in VMAT–based SBRT planning. This implicit relation was initially investigated in terms of the PTV dose differences between the PB and the MC dose calculation results for DCA–based lung SBRT . This study followed the same methodology to understand the hypothesized LED origin of the dosimetric improvement. However, following the suggestion by Dish et al. that the LED phenomenon can also be exploited in inverse optimization, our results were the first to show the dependence of PIL on LED for VMAT–type lung SBRT.
Using a reverse operation to re–calculate the type–B MC optimized dose plans with the type–A PB algorithms, as opposed to Zheng et al. who re–calculated the PB–optimized plans by the MC algorithms, we found significant increase of (negative) dose differences of mean dose in the low density lung tissue embedded in the PTV (i.e., PTV minus GTV) with decreasing PIL plans indicative of increased magnitude of LED at lower PIL. The net negative dose difference can be explained by the increased fluence using type–B algorithms at 60% PIL in striving to compensate the LED deficiency at the low density tissue dominant field edge. The increased fluence led to increased overall dose deposition that was assumed by the type–A PB algorithms. The D 2% of the PTV border zone also showed similar trends of increasing (negative) dose differences with decreasing PIL despite insignificant statistical differences.
Unlike forward planning with DCA techniques, the advantage of inversely optimized VMAT is that the optimal MLC aperture relative to the tumor size can be solved through an intuitive adjustment of optimization parameters that are directly related to the clinical goals. Given the set of clinical goals, the optimizer would implicitly determine the optimal extent of LED adjusting for the photon beam energy as well as the variation of lung density between patients, avoiding the manual iteration of changing mostly the isotropic MLC margin to arrive at the desired PIL level, thus improving the planning efficiency. The direct incorporation of Monte Carlo dose engines further ensured that the dose distribution was robust against dosimetric errors caused by LED. Furthermore, this optimization approach is quite simple as we aimed at optimization of the PIL by adjusting the maximum and minimum dose (volume) to the target and the constraints of several dose controlling shell structures around the PTV.
Using this inverse optimization approach, the optimal PIL showing the most rapid dose falloff, which is significantly system design and planning technique dependent, was found to be between 60% and 70%. These results were consistent with previous reports by Oku et al. showing best plan at 60% PIL. Despite the theoretical benefits of lower PIL than 60%, the associated toxicity profiles and local control remain largely unknown because it produced “hot spot” in the target beyond the acceptable range by most trial protocol [20, 21, 27] and therefore very limited clinical data are available. With the optimized PILs at 60% to 70% in present study, the GTV mean dose almost doubled in comparison to the reference 85% PIL without increasing lung dose, although the dose between the PTV and GTV was on average higher at 70% and 60% PIL by 6% and 10%, respectively. Considering this fact, it may be of genuine concern that the normal tissues embedded in this region, i.e. the non–tumorous margin region where motion and system inaccuracies are compensated for, receive higher doses. Given the treatment prescription of 54 Gy in 3 fractions delivered in 2 weeks for this study, 95% of the PTV will receive at least a biological effective dose (BED) of 151 Gy10, which is likely high enough to sterilize not just the tumor cells but also all other normal tissue cells as well. Yet, the increased chance of developing high grade radiation pneumonitis or fibrosis inside this small volume between GTV and PTV may be small as incidents of radiation pneumonitis or fibrosis are generally correlated with mean lung dose or low dose lung volume which were not increased at the lower 70–60% PIL . Such assumption also has support from the recent DEGRO guidelines published by the German SBRT working group for early stage NSCLC which recommended a maximum dose of 150% to the PTV (i.e., ~ 65% PIL) based on the clinical evidences from a large–scale multi–center study .
Furthermore, this study clearly demonstrated that besides lung doses at optimized PIL as low as 60% doses to other serial OARs such as esophagus, heart, bronchus and trachea, major vessels, and spinal cord did not increase even for central tumors because the optimizer would automatically determine the set of anisotropic MLC margins variable with the gantry angle to achieve the specified dose constraints. This is generally impractical and labor–intensive in forward planning with DCA techniques. One of the exceptions could be tumors having the PTV overlapped with the chest walls. Nevertheless, this problem can be partly addressed by imposing more stringent dose–volume constraints on the chest wall and rib structures to push away the high dose. Also, the plan quality metric of the target dose conformity showed no statistical differences between different PILs. The dose gradient index was better for plans with 60% PIL than 80 and 85% PIL (p < 0.05) and was comparable between 60 and 70% PIL plans. The monitor units were found to increase with decreasing PIL in a linear manner likely resulting in minimally increased treatment time.
The additional advantage that comes along with optimized PIL at ~ 60 to 70% is the potential of further margin reduction. In this study, the mid–ventilation PTV was based on the van Herk’s margin recipe and calculated assuming a reference 85% PIL. The theoretical margin may be decreased by 1 to 2 mm from 85 to 60% PIL for our patient cohort whose observed motion was up to 2 cm, mainly due to the smaller β value of the inverse cumulative standard normal distributions at the prescribed PTV minimum dose level . This margin reduction, although small, may leverage the dosimetric benefits of inverse optimization in VMAT even further, though we acknowledge that further studies are required in this regard and a discussion if the van Herk’s margin recipe can be used for inhomogeneous dose distributions is beyond the scope of this work.
Clinically, a BED of 100 Gy10, assuming an α / β ratio of 10 Gy, has been universally recognized as the approximate threshold dose to achieve adequate local control in early stage NSCLC, however, only based on a prescription to the PTV periphery [7, 29, 30] and with unclear PIL. On the other hand, Guckenberger et al. recently hinted at lower PIL (< 80%) being significantly superior in local control in their data (86.8% vs. 69.1%, p = 0.005). Recently, the same retrospective large–scale multi–center study have reported on local control being also significantly dependent of the maximum isocenter dose [9, 10] which strongly supports our investigation of decreasing the PIL through inverse VMAT optimization and with that increasing the GTV doses. Following that concept and going one step further, a PTV prescription dose of 3 × 18 Gy at 85% PIL (151 Gy10 to PTV D95% and D max = 198 Gy10, reference dose level in our study) may very likely be reduced to 3 × 14 Gy at 60% PIL (101 Gy10 to PTV D95% and D max = 233 Gy10), resulting in substantial reductions in dose to OARs and even possibly in an increase in tumor control probability (TCP).
Based on this idea, this study further investigated the potential of significant dose de–escalation for SBRT by making best use of the physics derivable from the LED phenomenon. When we prescribed the dose in a way that GTV D 50% equals 54 Gy (BED = 151 Gy10) for all PIL with the aim to keep the TCP constant, the resulting BED in the PTV D 95% ranged from 71.0 to 79.5 Gy10, and 87.1 to 92.7 Gy10 at 60% and 70% PIL, respectively. While such PTV doses may seem low in comparison to previous publications, a recent investigation of PTV prescription dose reduction with constant high GTV mean doses found high local control for lung tumors even with low PTV prescription doses (PTV D95% BED ≥89.7 Gy10 vs. < 89.7 Gy10, hazard ratio 0.077, confidence interval 0.012–0.503, p = 0.001,) . Hence, we may hypothesize that 3 × 18 Gy prescribed to the mean GTV dose at 60 to 70% PIL may still result in high LC (> 90% ) while substantially reduce the dose to the lungs and other OARs.
In practice, prescription based on the GTV mean dose can be optimized for different combinations of dose fractionation schedule and PIL. For example, 54 Gy GTV mean dose could be delivered in 4 fractions at 60% PIL, producing PTV D 95% of 79.5 Gy10 that is roughly equivalent to 48 Gy in 4 fractions prescribed to the isocenter as commonly practiced in Japan . For dose fractionation schedules with more fractions, 54 Gy GTV mean dose could be delivered in 5 fractions, but at slightly higher PIL at ~ 67%, producing PTV D 95% of 66.2 Gy10 equivalent to 50 Gy in 5 fractions reported by Aoki et al. Alternatively, the prescription can also be re–normalized to higher median GTV dose than 54 Gy to achieve the desired PTV D 95% covered by the optimal PIL. Table 3 is provided to predict the 3–year local control rate from different dose schedules and prescription methods reported in the literature and in this study.
Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to note that the concept of GTV–based prescription for lung SBRT and outcomes for such method are exclusively limited to robotic SBRT so far [13, 15], although the data is part of and fits nicely to recent TCP modeling [9, 10]. Clinical implementation of the proposed dose de–escalation approach by optimized PIL at ~ 60% with other techniques such as VMAT must be taken with great cautions, and further clinical studies are warranted to validate its efficacy and safety. It is admitted that this study did not fully address the implementation issues of GTV–based prescription. Future studies would be required to develop a link of the GTV prescription with the conventional concept of PTV prescription isodose line, the dose encompassing level of the PTV and their interactions with other patient–dependent / treatment technique–specific factors such as tumor motion range, PTV definition, etc. Further limitations to this study come from the limited number of presented cases as other parameter such as lesion location, volume and dimensions or density of the lesions itself could not have been statistically investigated.
Optimizing the Monte Carlo calculated prescription isodose level for VMAT has the obvious advantage of improving the dosimetric quality of lung SBRT treatment plans and offers the possibility to achieve dose de–escalation. Further clinical investigation of gross tumor volume based dose prescription and optimal prescription isodose levels are warranted.
The data will be made available upon request.
MC designed the study and prepared the manuscript. MW, RL, SC and MC generated the study treatment plans. RL, MC and OB analyzed the results. MC and OB designed and offered the final proof–read of the data and manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The study was approved by the New Territories West Cluster Clinical and Research Ethics Committee (reference number: NTWC/CREC/15138) and ethics approval was not required. | 2019-04-23T12:45:33Z | https://ro-journal.biomedcentral.com.preview-live.oscarjournals.springer.com/articles/10.1186/s13014-018-0965-6 |
Sustainability – Hurry! Stocks are Limited!
Note: The characters and forum portrayed in this article are entirely fictitious. The topics discussed are based on real information gathered from authentic sources and real experts who are referred to and quoted within.
Welcome to the Stocks Are Limited sustainability forum. My name is Jinny Jones, and the purpose of today’s discussion is to explore arguments and viewpoints on sustainability. The views we hear today will be taken into consideration to assist policy decisions on sustainability and climate change. You will notice the diverse selection of experts and consumers here today. This, we hope, will give a balanced range of opinions.
Sustainability is a term that gets tossed about by politicians, corporations, scientists, journalists and independent organizations. For most of us, presumably, it’s a good thing that we like the idea of. Something a bit like good weather or good luck; it’s nice to have, but is maybe not considered important enough that the lack of it would ruin our day. What I want you to first think about is: What does the concept of “sustainability” really mean to us in regards to our future here on Planet Earth? What exactly does it mean to be sustainable? Can we measure it? What is it based on?
When we hear experts talk about “being sustainable”, do they mean being a bit less wasteful than we currently are, so we can prolong our consumption of non-renewables a bit longer? Or do they mean sustainable in absolute terms, as a definite commitment to ensuring a continually live-able planet for the whole of the world’s population? Is sustainability about being truly sustainable or just a bit more sustainable? Are we kidding ourselves to believe that anything less than a complete commitment can be called ‘true sustainability’?
My second question to you all will be: Do you think that commitment to true, definite sustainability is necessary, realistic, or even desirable? If not, why all the fuss? Why even bother pretending that we care about our future? Is all this talk about sustainability just another form of relieving our middle-class guilt? And if the people in charge of policy making are not genuinely committed to the goal of true sustainability, is there any use in the concerned individual or like-minded group of people isolating themselves in ecologically sustainable lifestyles, when the fundamental building blocks of human civilization continue to be unsustainable?
If we really do want to be truly sustainable, then why do we continue to behave so unsustainably? Shouldn’t we be doing all we can to sustain what we have now? What are we waiting for?
But first, what is sustainability? And to help us answer this question I’d like to introduce our guest speakers, and then ask each of them to give their own definitions. Starting on my right, from Foil Seal Magazine, we have feature story writer Natalie Hutchins, next to her is Kevin Sales, PhD Student at Mintone University, who is currently doing research on corporate sustainability. At the end of the row is Dr. Rose Swann, senior research advisor for sustainable development at Pondstone University. On my left side we have Melanie Frederickson, PhD student in ecological science at James Thomas University, Michael Morris, senior economic advisor with Innings Consultancy, engineer and inventor Evan Brown, and social scientist for the Well-Being Institute, Gary Fabian. Thank you all for joining us today.
Let’s start with feature story writer, Natalie Hutchins from Foil Seal Magazine. What is your definition of sustainability?
Natalie: Thank you, Jinny. As a member of the press, I have to admit that I have not yet come across a perfect definition of sustainability. Even researchers and experts will tell you that sustainability is one of those words often used to mean whatever the writer (or speaker) has in mind (1). You would also presume then, that definitions on sustainability are as widely ranging as are people’s opinions on it. Particularly when you consider how different groups of people will be affected by the necessary changes that sustainability suggests.
Ok , let’s ask Kevin Sales from Mintone University what he thinks sustainability is.
Kevin: Thank you. My main area of studies is corporate sustainability, so I’m looking at how well companies are able to include environmental and social responsibilities as part of their business objectives, without sacrificing their responsibility to maintain profits. As a definition from a corporate perspective, I’ll quote fellow PhD student and friend of mine, Kaushik Sridah, from Macquarie University. In his view “Sustainability is the integrated concept at which corporations detect, measure and manage their environmental and social impacts with and without their financial and economic metrics, its alignment with corporate strategy, and the positive outcome coming from the integrated view, on the society and the environment” (2).
Natalie: See what I mean? Kevin’s definition must mean something to experts like him, but I think it’s likely to confuse most other people.
Kevin: There are numerous definitions of sustainability. Once society gets the definition right, then the action plan can be built around executing the vision behind the definition. As Kaushik puts it “From a corporate perspective, enhancing the economic value of the business is still the primary goal, but an integrated view towards financials and non-financials is a move towards creating more visibility around the impacts of sustainability on the business” (2).
Well, yes, that’s an important vision, and I think that raises another important question: What is the goal of this analysis? Is there any obligation or motivation to do anything with this concept other than to analyze and monitor? Let’s ask Dr Rose Swann, senior research advisor from Pondstone University how she defines sustainability.
Rose: Thanks Jinny. Even academics in the area of sustainability find it hard to pinpoint a clear, concise definition. But I think Damien Giurco from Institute for Sustainable Futures at University of Technology Sydney makes a good point: “Sustainability has this assumption of a prosperous, happy future, but if you look at the world now, for most of the population of the world, life is a battle. Is this what we want to sustain for the future? With Sustainability, let’s be sure we are heading towards an improvement for the world today as well as tomorrow” (3).
Melanie, you are doing a PhD in ecological science. What’s your understanding of sustainability?
Melanie: Well, I think Business Dictionary.com gives an elegant definition of ecological sustainability. They describe it as “A capacity of ecosystems to maintain their essential functions and processes, and retain their biodiversity in full measure over the long-term” (4).
Although I think it is also worth noting that in ecology ‘sustainable’ is a term mostly used when talking about a particular species or population, with regards to whether or not they are going to go extinct. So, essentially, if numbers are staying the same or increasing this would be considered sustainable. If numbers are decreasing it would be considered un-sustainable.
Ecologically, the word ‘sustainable’ rarely gets used in the same way as it is in the context of sustainability of human resource consumption. Perhaps most of us are more familiar with the notion that an increase in something is considered to be unsustainable, although PhD student at Sydney University, James Schlunke, once gave me an example of an ecologically unsustainable increase within captive populations of kangaroos in Australia. And by captive populations I mean fenced-off. There was a big story about a particular army base near Canberra a few years ago where officials proposed to cull hundreds of kangaroos because their increased numbers could not be supported by their limited food supply. The depletion of this resource also threatened the survival of other reptile species who were dependent on the grassy habitat (5). Essentially, If you remove downwards pressure on populations (predators and roads), then populations grow exponentially until resources (grasses) are depleted. At that point kangaroos would usually just spread out and move on when there is little food left, but in cases like army bases where there are high (human-proof) fences they can’t, and they starve. I think this gives us an obvious demonstration of what happens when a population’s needs exceed its limited supply of resources, which is therefore, unsustainable.
Hmmm… nicely illustrated. Michael Morris from Innings Consultancy, how do you define sustainability?
Michael: Well, I think the Secretary to the Treasury, Dr Martin Parkinson, puts it better than I can. He says that “Sustainable wellbeing requires that at least the current level of wellbeing be maintained for future generations. Sustainability requires that, relative to their populations, each generation bequeath a stock of capital that is at least as large as the stock it inherited” (6).
Natalie: Well-being? Capital stocks? I’m not sure what you mean by that. What are these things? And how do you measure them?
Michael: Dr Martin Parkinson emphasizes that this stock should include all forms of capital, (physical and financial capital, human capital, environmental capital, and social capital) (6).
Natalie: So why aren’t we measuring and monitoring our stocks of these things now?
(audience member 1) It still just sounds like mumbo jumbo to me.
Wait a minute, I’ll Google it… Here we are. According to Wikipedia, the most widely quoted definition of sustainability and sustainable development, is that of the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations on March 20, 1987: “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (7).
It then goes on to explain how sustainability “is the capacity to endure.” Ecologically this means that biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. For humans, sustainability is about maintaining the potential for long-term well being. In this case well-being is based on the 3 pillars – environmental, economic, and social demands. These three pillars of sustainability “are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually reinforcing” (7).
Gary Fabian, from the Well-Being Institute, what’s your take on this?
Gary: Thank you Jinny. I’d like to quote The Centre for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy (CASSE) on this one. They have a clear, down to earth understanding of sustainability. Quite simply, they are concerned with the size of the human economy relative to the ecosystems that contain it. According to CASSE, “Sustainability is achieved when the human economy fits within the capacity provided by Earth’s ecosystems” (8).
Ok, so obviously sustainability infers that there is something we wish to sustain, and we would presume that this “something” must be kept within the ecological limits of this planet, which means that it cannot be spent at a rate that is faster than it can be produced. But what is it that we want to sustain exactly? And can we measure and monitor these things?
Gary: Well, you would presume that we would want to maintain a decent standard of living and quality of life, but this may mean very different things to different people. Prosperity or well-being, for example, can be measured, and there are people doing this. You should have a read of The Inkling’s article Happiness (9). It talks more about this. But it’s not just whether or not we can do it. Do we want to do it? Will we make it a priority? Policy makers need to decide how important or valuable well-being is to society. And for this they need to know that society will gain measurable benefits as a result of greater well-being.
(audience member 2) It’s simple! To maintain what we now enjoy means that in the future we shouldn’t be any worse off, right? So to maintain our current levels of comfort and prosperity, you’d think that we shouldn’t lose any of the benefits that we currently get from our capital stocks. Otherwise, what’s the point in having them?
Natalie: But how do you expect us to maintain our current levels of comfort if our levels of consumption are ecologically unsustainable? We can’t just go on spending our environmental assets at a rate that is faster than they can be replaced… they aren’t like money, which we have gotten used to just printing more of.
(audience member 3) Dr. M. Parkinson talks about stocks of capital as our basis for prosperity and well-being (6). Maybe our perception of value needs to change. Shouldn’t we consider our environmental assets, things like fish in the sea, clean drinking water, fossil fuels in the ground, intact ecosystems, and fertile farmland as a kind of term deposit or savings in the bank, to be set aside for necessity rather than consumed thoughtlessly like petty cash? Why don’t we take regular stock of our environmental savings account and monitor the performance of these stocks with as much attention and agitation as is given to the stock market and our economic performance?
But here we are in a vicious circle. How realistic is it to expect that we can continue to enjoy these benefits indefinitely, without either losing the benefits themselves, or the assets which provide them? Can we possibly continue forward without being any worse off?
Evan Brown, as an engineer/inventor, would you like to comment?
Evan: Thank you, yes. It’s a bit of a balancing act, but if we are intelligent enough to act while we can, there are all sorts of things we can do to make better use of our resources, without necessarily consuming any more of them, and possibly consuming less. Without sacrificing the benefits themselves, we can find alternative ways to get the same benefits, we can extend our use out of things we already have, rather than throwing them away and replacing them with new ones, but most obviously, we need to be far more efficient. Reduce our waste, particularly when excess consumption delivers no extra benefit.
So, are we making any progress with this now? And what (if anything), are we doing now that IS truly sustainable?
Evan: Well just think of all the technological advances in the last 10 – 20 years, where improvements have been linked to greater efficiency in energy use, material input and size. It’s encouraging to notice how much more conscious consumers are now of “waste”. Efficiency and sustainability are now embedded in our psyche as being beneficial and desirable. This new awareness will no doubt have an effect on consumer behavior, which will, in turn, affect corporate and political behavior.
Can you give me some tangible examples of this?
Evan: Well, just look at modern architecture, engineering, and waste management. There is now a much greater demand for energy and water efficiency, material recycling in building products, better use of natural light and space. Sure, there is still a lot that we are not doing well, but people are now beginning to see and accept the benefits in doing things more efficiently, particularly when they can save money.
Michael: I agree, as do many experts who predict that we are entering a new age of efficiency. A good example of this is how using the internet has given us the potential to increase profit margins by making transactions cheaper and simpler. We no longer need to perform physical transactions when we can buy and sell for ourselves, online, and at the same time we are reducing the labour and material costs associated with transactions.
Rose: But this is just the beginning. As Damien Giurco of ISF points out, the age of efficiency has also provided us with so much more new technology for allowing us to monitor water/electricity use etc. We now have so much more data that we can use to help us decrease our resource consumption. This is significant as he states “There will be money to be made in finding less resource intense ways of doing things” (3).
Evan: Another good example of this is detailed in James Bradfield Moody and Bianca Nogrady’s book, The Sixth Wave. According to The Sixth Wave, the second wave examines the concept “Sell the Service, Not the Product”. This idea looks at the distinction between things we use (services), as opposed to things we consume. This includes things like the service-izing of products, where a customer does not buy and own a product outright, but pays a company to install and maintain a product on their premises for the product’s lifetime. The incentive for the will be to minimize waste, which will reduce their material costs and overall consumption (10).
Michael: Have you heard of the CSIRO’s Sustainable Manufacturing Initiative (SMI)? It’s goal is to work in partnership with the manufacturing industry to develop more resource efficient, cleaner technologies, which will lead to significant savings to the industry through increased efficiency. The Director of CSIRO’s Future Manufacturing Flagship, Dr Swee Mak, says the goal of the initiative is to create “$2 billion of additional annual value for Australia’s manufacturing industry by 2025 through the development and application of resource-efficient, clean and transformative technologies” (11).
Evan: No I haven’t. Now, energy efficiency is a wonderful cost-free tool, in fact after coal, petroleum, nuclear energy and renewables, it has been referred to as The Fifth Fuel (12). However, we need to watch out that we don’t get hit by the rebound effect. We must remember to look at the overall, long-term impact of greater efficiency. Will it necessarily mean, in the long run, a reduction in resource consumption? If we save by doing things more efficiently, do we risk having the opposite effect by just doing more of it? In the end all we may have is a greater number of transactions without any reduction in resource consumption.
Michael: William Stanley Jevons came up with this theory in the late 1800’s with his work Theory of Political Economy (13). The Jevons Paradox has been observed by economists for nearly 150 years. English economist Steve Sorrell goes into this in his article Empirical estimates of the direct rebound effect (14). To an economist this makes sense because being more energy efficient is really about increasing productivity. As a result of increased productivity you will reduce its implicit price and increase demand, as you gain more return for the same money (12).
As we are observing, technology, if directed in a sustainable direction, will lead us to be more efficient. But once again, the motivation for this efficiency is largely based on cost saving and profit increasing. Is it unthinkable to justify changing our behavior without guaranteed, visual, financial benefits?
Isn’t being sustainable out of ecological consciousness enough of a motivation in itself?
Rose: The Transition Movement is a good example of this.
Tell me about this movement.
Rose: Well, it began as a project at the Kinsale Further Education College in Kinsale, a small town in West Cork, Ireland, with Rob Hopkins, (a permaculture designer) and his students. In 2005, as part of this project, Rob Hopkins and his students produced a road map to the sustainable future for Kinsale, “Energy Descent Action Plan” (15). This report was then presented to the Kinsale Town Council who decided to adopt the plan for its town of 7,000 people and put it into practice.
Throughout 2005 and 2006 the idea was adapted and expanded on in other towns in the UK, and the movement has since spread throughout the world. There are currently over 300 official Transition Communities in the UK, Ireland, Canada, USA, Italy, Chile, New Zealand, and even here in Australia!
How big are these towns?
“How can we make our community stronger and happier as we deal with the impacts of peak oil and economic contraction while at the same time urgently reducing CO2 emissions?” (16).
Once a group/ community initiative has been formed, the movement provides each group with information, support and a Transition Model of how to address this question. There are many ways that a community can achieve the Transition Town goals. In addition to practical community projects to deal with food, energy, transport, health, economics and livelihoods, there are also many “connecting” activities that are encouraged. Things like raising awareness on peak oil and climate change, communication with local governments and other existing Transition groups, and regular communication within the group to reinforce the vision they have for the future, and what they need to do to achieve it. Out of this, the community will develop an “Energy Descent Action Plan” suited to their needs, for a 15 to 20 year timescale (16).
(audience member 1) Ppff…Good luck to them.
Rose: Don’t be so skeptical. Being self-sufficient doesn’t mean you need to go back to the stone-age. On the contrary. The Transition Movement welcomes technology and innovation and makes good use of it. Being sustainable doesn’t mean you need to go without. It’s about being smart, practical and efficient.
Gary: What these Transition Movers are doing is accepting the undeniable reality of the earth’s limits and adapting their own lifestyles to fit within these limits, rather than trusting that governments will get their acts together and come up with the solutions. There’s too much faith in humanity’s ability to find ways of stretching those limits and continuing to grow as we are. But is this realistic? Professor Tim Jackson, Economics Commissioner of the now unfunded Sustainable Development Commission, UK, makes this clear in his report Prosperity Without Growth? (17). He points out that to be sustainable and to prosper we need to accept that our capabilities are bounded on the one hand by the scale of the global population and on the other by the finite ecology of the planet. Tim Jackson suggests that establishing “bounded capabilities” to live well – within certain clearly defined limits – is necessary for sustainability. These limits must allow humans the possibility “to flourish, achieve greater social cohesion, find higher levels of well-being and still reduce their material impact on the environment.” He acknowledges that this is not an easy goal to achieve, but a necessary one, since “It may well offer the best prospect we have for a lasting prosperity” (17). But before we can aim towards greater well-being and flourishing, we first need to redefine our understanding of prosperity.
(audience member 4) The Quaker understanding of prosperity draws from their principle of “right relationship,” whereby “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, resilience, and beauty of the commonwealth of life. It is wrong when it tends otherwise” (18).
You lot ought to check it out!
Michael: I have read this report, and I must admit that on first glance many of the proposals appear to be radical and impossible, even frightening, but there are also many undeniable practicalities, bold solutions and well-thought-out ideas, which offer a fair and sustainable alternative. The Steady State Economy is an economic model that may be easily discarded for being too risky, too authoritarian, too radical and too limiting. Then again, compared to our current free-market system, the consequences of major economic collapse if unrestrained economic growth is allowed to continue, may be equally (if not more) risky, frightening, and limiting. According to Dr Martin Parkinson “The Australian economy will need to become more energy, resource and environmentally efficient. In fact, going forward, energy, resource and environmental efficiency will be key drivers of productivity” (6).
(audience member 2) Does this mean we all have to go and live in Transition Towns so we can slave away all day in permaculture gardens and weave baskets for a living? I don’t want to live in a commune where I have to rely on my neighbours to share all my food, energy and water!
(audience member 6) Well, not that I’m in favour of community-style set-ups, but these days it’s possible to live very comfortably without mains power, water and plumbing, provided you have access to some sort of natural water supply and enough money, time, space, knowledge and skill to be able to set yourself up properly. Not many of us do. But that’s beside the point. What I don’t like is the idea of being “looked after” by a presumptuous single state economy who decides what’s best for me. This whole concept of “living within bounded capabilities” feels like a violation of my freedom and independence!
Rose: But where has all this freedom and independence got us? We have become isolated in our independence. What Damien Giurco emphasizes is that we need to maintain vibrant social interactions. Think of all the wasted possibilities for social interactions. What is the value of quality social interaction? Think of how much money people spend on activities like dance classes and internet dating sites just to have the opportunity to mix with people and interact! He says we need to “Keep citizens central to our society, know what our role is in society, not get carried away with money making and power. (We need) A society that encourages thinking and appreciates that everyone has a voice” (3).
Even if the sustainable solutions do exist, and there are plenty of people willing to implement them, is it really necessary?
(audience member 2) Hey, when are they putting the food on?
(audience member 1) Yeah, I’m busting for a toilet break.
Ok, we’ll take a lunch break now, but we still have a lot to get through, so we will resume again in an hour. Thank you everyone for your patience and input.
(audience 1): Honestly, do we care about what happens when we’re dead? Or in a few decades? We seem to place a lot of faith in our kids and their kids’ ability to “fix it” when the time comes. Maybe our current situation is not as bad as it’s made out to be. Maybe we’re all just catastrophizing.
(audience member 7): I don’t think we can underestimate the seriousness of our current situation. The overwhelming scientific evidence is clearly telling us that Human activity is causing significant changes to our global climate. It is widely accepted that climate skeptics are idiots. However rather than catastrophizing as this young lady puts it, I think perhaps a more rational, cool-headed response is required.
(audience member 6): I would like to say, in response to the climate hysterics, that Planet Earth is far more resilient than it is made out to be. Think of all the major climatic changes and natural disasters it has survived before humans even existed. It can easily withstand Human activity, and even if we were to make living conditions insupportable to us, life on Earth would continue to survive without us.
Although the chances of us creating an un-liveable planet, (in our immediate next few generations anyway), is extremely unlikely. What is far more likely is that our human intelligence and innovation, which is advancing rapidly, will allow us to develop the technological solutions and modifications necessary to adapt to our impending climate/resource crisis. There is no doubt that humans will, and already are, working towards a rescue plan for our survival as a species. We are far from doomed.
Before this can happen, unfortunately, the immediate threat of death needs to be accepted as a reality for all individuals and lots of people will need to die. The real impact of these necessary changes will kick-in when the situation requires them – when we hit a critical crisis point and have no other choice.
Simply put, we need to see the end as an immediate threat before we are forced to take action. When this happens our human capabilities will be sufficient to rescue us from extinction.
This series of events may even be considered by many as a necessary and beneficial stage in our human evolution. The human race that survives this test will be a wiser, fairer, more ecologically sound civilization that will have learnt from and overcome mistakes of the past. Intervention in this process is futile and would only be a hindrance to allowing nature to take its course.
Natalie: This sounds to me like a feel-good encouragement for climate apathy.
(audience member 6): Not at all! I would say it is a realistic and rational response to an opportunity like none that humans have ever seen before.
(audience member8): This is disgraceful! How can you talk about your own families and descendents with such cold hearts?! Don’t you love your grandchildren and want them to enjoy the natural wonders of the world as well as surviving? I don’t know about the rest of you, but I certainly do! It might be nice to think that the species will survive but it isn’t so nice to think about it being my grandchildren who die during the transition. Doesn’t genuine love and concern count for anything?
(audience member 1): You make it all sound so apocalyptic, like it’s some great event that is going to take place, like The Rapture (20) or something. Sorry to disappoint you all, but if we let things continue as they are, then I don’t think there’s much to look forward to. I read an article in New Scientist magazine from 28 February 2009 (21), where the effects on the planet (and us) due to a 4 degrees Celsius temperature rise were outlined. It talked about how this temperature rise is likely by 2099 and maybe even by 2050. It is predicted that the population will be reduced by 90% and that most of the land south of Canada and north of Patagonia (an area covering US, Africa, India and China) will be uninhabitable due to it being desert or having extreme weather. All Australian’s will have to move to Tasmania or the Northern Territory if they want to stay here. Can you imagine it if most of the world’s population became refugees?
If it’s true, and we are heading for a new, improved, advancement in human civilization, and a sustainable future anyway, why do we first need to go through a period of decline, crisis and suffering? Why not start improving things now? Why do we need to sacrifice the lives of less fortunate people, our earth’s limited resources and countless other species to learn our lesson? Is consuming a bit less now, so that we all have enough and will continue to have enough later an even greater sacrifice to humanity?
(audience member 7): Before we start improving things, I think we need to be honest and ask if it is truly sustainable to expect to maintain our current human population. Maybe what is needed is a serious reduction in numbers. Are there simply too many of us? Is this a necessary and natural ‘survival of the fittest’ test, which is crucial to our evolution? As this lady points out, maybe love and concern are not necessary for our survival. Perhaps we should consider compassion, charity and selflessness as weaknesses? Maybe greed, ambition and exploitation should be considered as our greatest strengths?
(audience 8): I can’t believe it has come to this! Is this civilization?
4. Do We Even Want To Be Sustainable?
(audience member1): Whether or not future generations have the capabilities to deal with it when the time comes, what does it matter? Should the human race survive at all? Would our extinction be such a bad thing? How does our existence benefit the ecological balance of planet Earth? Are we necessary?
Melanie: As far as any benefits of humans on the ecology of the world, that would have to be limited to us actively protecting/managing things (i.e. species, populations or ecological communities) which, as James Schlunke of Sydney University points out, are on a downwards trajectory as things are now. He gives examples of this type of management as things like bush regeneration programs – where humans actively fight back against the impacts of invasive plant species to preserve ecological communities. This also applies to preserving endangered species where they would become extinct without human help (22).
All that said, James points out that the reasons for the original decline are almost invariably human-caused (i.e. we put these processes in place). Without people to manage these human-caused weed and feral animal populations there would likely be a very rapid extinction of the species most negatively impacted by these factors. As an exception to that, he refers to the Tasmanian Devils, which are now suffering from Devil Facial Tumour Disease, as an example of a case where human intervention is actually wholly beneficial is for the survival of the Tasmanian Devils, since as far as anyone knows this isn’t caused by people, and without people the devils would be extinct very soon (23).
(audience member 8): If you consider that it takes most species up to 10 million years to go extinct (24), and that the current age of the human race is estimated at only 200,000 years (25) then it could be said that we’re doing a pretty good job at wiping ourselves out. Maybe Human Beings are just another evolutionary experiment that wasn’t meant to last.
Michael: Maybe we expect to live too long? According to Dr Martin Parkinson “It has been projected that by 2050, around 5 per cent of the population – that is one in twenty – will be aged 85 and over – this compares to around 1.8 per cent today. The ageing of the population will create substantial pressures around fiscal sustainability” (6).
(audience member 1): I reckon that if we make it to 2050, the aging population will be the least of our worries. What is the estimated population of 2050 based on anyway? Does it take into account the expected environmental disasters – floods, droughts, famines, fires? Or the oil spills and the destruction of farmland by mining as we get more and more desperate for resources?
Gary: Well, I’ll admit I think it may be an optimistic estimate, and we need to consider also what the living standards will be like for the vast majority in 2050. As it is, some African societies are trapped in the Malthusian Era (26) where material living standards are the same or less than those of the stone-age. Technological advances have led to population growth, which has substantially reduced the standard of living for more people.
(audience member 9): I’m sick of all this fuss about economies and aging populations and stocks of capital! What really frustrates me is just how difficult it is, as an individual, to be a truly ethical, decent person. Look, I’m just an average Australian. I don’t have ambitions to save the planet, I just don’t like being wasteful or inconsiderate. All I want is to do what’s best for me and my family without harming anybody or anything else. Yet it seems that even this is impossible! No matter how hard I try to be a good person and to ‘do the right thing’, all I find is that I am becoming more and more frustrated the more conscious I am of how almost everything I do is contributing somehow to making all our problems worse. Why is it so hard to be sustainable?
(audience member 4): Hear, Hear!!
(audience member 10): Finally! Somebody who knows how I feel! Only I’d say I’m probably a more extreme case. Politicians dismiss my concerns, labeling me as “un-Australian” and not “mainstream”. I don’t want to just go with the flow, I really do want to save the world. Then I find that, far from that being possible, I’m going to be ridiculed for even just trying to do my bit. I don’t like greed or the way it gets rewarded. If I were more religious I’d go round reminding people that greed is supposed to be a sin.
I don’t like our consumer culture. I want to be a HUMAN not a consumer. I don’t want to be defined by what I consume! Elaborately packaged things don’t make me feel special, they make me feel wasteful, and conned. I care about how things were produced not which celebrities use them. I want to get what I need using as little resources as possible. I like things that are designed for reuse and to be repaired. I’m not expecting sustainability for nothing. I’d be happy to pay for it! I think natural resources should be valued more highly.
The endless pursuit of economic growth angers me. We need to live within our natural boundaries! I also dislike leaving people out or behind. It sickens me to hear wealthy people complain about their lot in life when I can turn on the TV news and see poor people losing their children to starvation. I don’t like how rich people can influence our politicians more than everyone else. And I really don’t like how the only way to live a respectable “sustainable” life in our society is to first win the rat race. If I decided to live on as little as possible I’d be labeled a failure, a crazy failure. If instead I first won the rat race and then “dropped out” to live in a luxurious eco-mansion I might get some respect, but that would only be because I’d already proven that I was a good rat.
What I want is for it to be easier to be an ethical, sustainable person than to not be. I think that’s only fair. Doing the right thing should be favoured, not doing the wrong thing!
(audience member 7): No wonder so many people prefer to turn a blind eye to their daily contributions to our unsustainable behavior. I can imagine that being constantly vigilant will drive you mad and turn you into a social misfit or a guilt-ridden hypocrite. I wonder if this has anything to do with the increasing rates of suicide and mental illness?
(audience member 1): It’s simply because the whole mechanism on which our society runs is set up to be unsustainable.
(audience member 2): Come on, how many of us are prepared to abandon our jobs, cars, suburbs and social lives to live in isolation, in a humble, self-sufficient, renewable, permacultured lifestyle? And what difference would it make to the rest of the world anyway? It’s just a selfish, self-righteous act of pride that doesn’t contribute anything to society. Or do you expect everyone else to follow you? Ha! Can you imagine how difficult it would be to convince all your friends, family, colleagues, and neighbours to join you in transforming your neighbourhood into a self-reliant transition community?
(audience member 11): Even just transforming your own existing property into a transition-style dwelling requires dedication, money, time, organization and discipline. I know! This is what I am currently trying to do. Being sustainable is hard work, but I still think it’s worth it.
Rose: Damien Giurco says “ You want to be more sustainable? Be poor. Let’s compare Australia and India in terms of purchasing power parity, or PPP. The PPP is basically just the country’s Gross Domestic Profit divided by the population, which gives us an idea of how much the individual, on average, has to spend each year. Data provided by Indexmundi for 2010 has Australia’s PPP at $41,000 per person, whereas India’s PPP for the same year is only $3,500 per person (27). Taking this difference into consideration, it’s little surprise that, according to Carbon Planet statistics, the carbon footprint of the average Indian is just 6% of an Australian (28). Work less, consume less, make time for the things you enjoy… Maybe we need new models for a good life? Not necessarily just individual happiness, but more on community well being” (3).
(audience member 1): Stuff that! The Government has to make it easier for us to change, otherwise nothing will ever happen.
6. So What’s Stopping Us?
Kevin: The main problems, according to Kaushik Sridah, are around aligning the sustainability movement with corporate strategy. The value is there, but is it visible? The topic of long term vs. short term is important. Lack of regulation, a capitalistic sense of corporate style, are but a few reasons for this problem (2).
Rose: Damien Giurco says “Humans, biologically, are very good at assessing risks in the short term, but assessing risk over long term and acting on it, both as individuals and as a species, it’s just much more difficult for us… As well as the ability to perceive it, you also need the mechanism to act” (3).
Michael: Dr Martin Parkinson admits that unsustainable growth cannot continue indefinitely. He says that by us reducing now the aggregate capital stock, we are making future generations worse off in the long run. “The problem is that we can be on an unsustainable path for a long period – and by the time we recognise and change, it could be too late” (6).
(audience member 1): Structural adjustment is going to be the killer.
Gary: Maybe the focus needs to shift off money and onto prosperity?
Natalie: Yes, and whether that is to happen in an evolved, gradual sense or in a radical sense like communism…? We shouldn’t underestimate the challenges of bringing forth and then maintaining a completely new system.
Michael: According to Dr Martin Parkinson “structural adjustment can be managed, or it can be opposed. The critical point is that it cannot be avoided. Moreover, history shows that opposing adjustment rarely succeeds, and the negative consequences are significant. The challenge for policy makers is to facilitate as smooth an adjustment as possible for all affected” (6).
Maybe we should be asking ourselves what we are more afraid of? On the one hand, if we sacrifice profits and a growing economy we risk economic collapse and human suffering due to loss of livelihoods etc. Heavier taxes and tighter regulation of non-sustainable practices risks further human suffering by imposing lifestyle changes. Many Australians see our “way of life” as having a greater value than almost anything else.
Then again, by continuing as we are, we risk major loss of resources, the outbreak of wars over resources, increasing numbers of political and environmental refugees, mass human suffering and death, not to mention the major loss of natural assets. This is the gamble we take by trusting that when the inevitable climate and resource crisis hits, we will be prepared to deal with it.
Michael: Dr Martin Parkinson agrees that there are significant risks and uncertainties arising from our imperfect knowledge of the climate system. “It is possible that climate impacts could suddenly accelerate. In fact, certain impacts to the climate system may lead to a tipping point where sudden irreversible changes arise. These sudden changes may not be seen for some time, but they could arise from our actions, or inaction, today. To an economist, climate change is fundamentally a risk management issue. Even if you do not accept all elements of the science, prudence suggests taking out some form of insurance (6).
Does it make sense to ignore this window of opportunity that we still have for investing in an insurance policy for our children’s future? Surely the sooner we stop contributing to the problem, the better chance we have of maintaining more of what we have now.
Michael: “We also need to remind ourselves, and others, that if no-one acts first we all lose. But more so – unless we all act, we all lose in the end” (6).
(audience member 6): This is nonsense! We can’t afford to risk profits and sacrificing the strong economy that we are so fortunate to enjoy in these financially volatile times! Surely it makes more sense to keep growing strong now, while we can, to secure an economic advantage, which is essential to building the new infrastructure we will need to survive the challenges ahead!
Michael: That’s not necessarily true. The key message from the modeling of the recent Strong Growth, Low Pollution report, (29) was that the economy will continue to prosper while emissions are reduced. Furthermore, as Dr Martin Parkinson points out, the economic costs of adjustment are modest if action starts sooner rather than later – delaying action will only raise the eventual economic costs.
So who is in charge of making the choice and taking responsibility for the consequences?
(audience member 5): I think we all are. We all make decisions with our wallets and our actions and our votes. We just all need to wake up and tell our politicians what we really want because they are the ones with the power to legislate and fund these choices. I like what Professor Tim Jackson says in his report Prosperity Without Growth?
“…governments have an undisputed duty to intervene. Public investment is essential. Restructuring is inevitable. Targeting these interventions towards sustainability makes obvious sense” (17).
But maybe we are missing the point here. Before we go hypothesizing and bracing ourselves for the on-coming threat of the future, why not take a look at our current circumstances and do what we can, now, as human beings, to improve our present living conditions for everybody?
Gary: We can’t ignore that even though income equality, since the Industrial revolution of the late 1800’s, has reduced within societies, it has dramatically increased between societies. The gap in income between countries, which has been called The Great Divergence, is currently around 50: 1 (26). Alive today, we have some of the richest and the poorest people who have ever lived.
Rose: So let’s not forget, as Damien Giurco of ISF remarks, “Is it about me, here, now? Or also others, elsewhere, tomorrow? What if we started at least with others here and now?…”(3).
Gary: In chapter six of the report Enough is Enough: Ideas for a Sustainable Economy in a World of Finite Resources, Rob Dietz and Kate Pickett remark that economic growth is commonly given as an excuse to avoid dealing with poverty and inequality (19). They then go on to explain that the conventional wisdom that “a rising tide lifts all boats” has been shown not to work. They refer to the Equality Trust website (30) that presents evidence showing that “In rich countries, a smaller gap between rich and poor means a happier, healthier, and more successful population” and propose that instead of concentrating on economic growth and assuming that it will help those worse off, greater equality of income be used as a substitute for growth.
They end the argument with “Narrowing income differences provides a golden opportunity to enhance social relations. By changing the nature of status competition, more equal societies can suppress unnecessary and conspicuous consumption and improve social and psychological well-being. In short, an economy that features greater equality will have healthier, happier, and more creative citizens, as well as a less degraded environment in which to operate” (19).
To achieve this, the difference in income levels between the richest and poorest people in society, and between societies, would need to shrink. The objective would no longer be on unsustainable economic growth. Instead society would give priority to economic development in areas like education, poverty alleviation and high-quality employment opportunities.
Rose: I’d just like to emphasise that sustainability isn’t about living in poverty. It isn’t about taking away economic growth without giving an alternative. It is about maximizing the well-being of all societies within the natural boundaries of the planet. What are the boundaries and how do we know whether we are within them? This is perhaps the most important question that needs to be addressed and acted upon immediately.
(audience member 12): My ancestors were able to live sustainably off this land for over 40,000 years before the arrival of the English settlers. They knew that their survival depended on living in harmony with the environment and forming a relationship with it based on respect. It’s simple. We need to respect our limits and only take what we need.
I’m afraid we’re running out of time, so I’d just like to finish off with a bit of a summary. What we have heard here today is that we can’t deny the fact that Planet Earth is not an infinite resource pool. It’s natural stocks are limited.
Trying to be more efficient alone will not increase our stocks, it may only make them last a bit longer. This is not sustainability! To be truly sustainable we must do a thorough inventory of our planet’s supplies, look at our population and it’s rate of growth, and establish limits. Once we are aware of our boundaries we can accommodate to make the best possible living conditions for everyone within those limits. If humanity is intelligent enough to adapt and live within these limits then we may have a chance of restoring the balance. There is even a good possibility for an improved future, with greater well-being for more people. But this opportunity is available for a limited time only. We must hurry!
Let’s thank our panel of experts, Natalie, Kevin, Rose, Melanie, Evan, Gary and Michael, and thank you to our audience for your input which has been both candid and insightful. So here’s to living within our limits! Cheers everybody!
“Sparkling mineral water, Prime Minister?” asked the flight attendant.
Surviving in a warmer world, New Scientist Magazine, 28 February 2009, pages 28-33.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, November 2nd, 2011 at 6:02 pm and tagged with economic growth, how can we be sustainable, inequality, maximising well being, natural resources, The Inkling, what is sustainability and posted in Features, Sustainability. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. | 2019-04-22T20:27:31Z | https://the-inkling.com/2011/11/02/sustainability-hurry-stocks-are-limited-2/ |
Nutrient compositions comprising botanical extracts and methods of their use for treating, inter alia, autism or apraxia and/or ameliorating one or more symptoms thereof are disclosed. The use of such compositions for enhancing cognitive function and/or one or more aspects thereof, or for treating stroke or seizures and/or ameliorating one or more symptoms thereof are also disclosed.
This application is a national stage application of PCT/US2011/053700 filed Sep. 28, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/387,227 filed Sep. 28, 2010 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/473,258 filed Apr. 8, 2011, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The present invention relates to methods for treating, inter alia, autism or apraxia and/or ameliorating one or more symptoms thereof.
Autism is a complex developmental disorder that interferes with, among other things, the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction, imagination, reasoning ability, cognition, and communication skills. It typically appears during the first three years of life and is the result of a neurological disorder which affects the functioning of the brain. Typically, autistic children and adults have difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions, and leisure or play activities. Formerly a rare disorder, autism has increased in the last decade by 300% to 500% in the United States and many other countries. Clearly, a means of prevention and/or treatment of what is now an epidemic are needed.
According to the Autism Society of America (hereinafter the “ASA”), autism is generally characterized as one of five disorders coming under the umbrella of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), a category of neurological disorders characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development, including social interaction and communications skills (DSM-IV-TR). The five disorders under PDD are Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), Rett's Disorder, and PDD-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). Specific diagnostic criteria for each of these disorders can be found in the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) as distributed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
The most common of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders, autism spectrum disorders affect an estimated 1 in approximately 110 births on average according to a 2009 study by the Center for Disease Control. Indeed, as of 2003-2004, as many as 1.5 million Americans are believed to have some form of autism. Such a number is on the rise inasmuch as, based on statistics from the U.S. Department of Education and other governmental agencies, autism is growing at a rate of 10-17 percent per year. At these rates, the ASA estimates that the prevalence of autism could easily reach 4 million Americans in the next decade.
The overall incidence of autism is, for the most part, globally consistent. Indeed, autism knows no racial, ethnic, or social boundaries, and family income, lifestyle, and educational levels do not affect the chance of autism's occurrence. However, it has been found to be four times more prevalent in boys than girls.
Although autism is defined by a certain set of behaviors, it is a spectrum disorder in that its symptoms and characteristics can be present in a wide variety of combinations, from mild to severe. Therefore, autistic children and adults can exhibit any combination of the behaviors in any degree of severity. Two individuals, both with the same diagnosis, may have varying skills and display very different actions.
Indeed, every person with autism is an individual, and like all individuals, each has a unique personality and combination of characteristics. Those only mildly affected may exhibit slight delays in language or communication and may face greater challenges in social interactions. For example, one may have difficulty initiating and/or maintaining a conversation. Communication by autistic children or adults is often displayed as talking at others (for example, a monologue on a favorite subject that continues despite attempts by others to interject comments).
Autism requires those affected by it to process and respond to information in unique ways. At times, aggressive and/or self-injurious behavior may exist. The following traits, as identified by the ASA, may also be present in persons with autism: Insistence on sameness or resistance to change; Difficulty in expressing needs; (i.e. uses gestures or pointing instead of words); Repeating words or phrases in place of normal, responsive language; laughing, crying, showing distress for reasons not apparent to others; prefers to be alone or aloof manner; tantrums; difficulty in mixing with others; may not want to cuddle or be cuddled; little or no eye contact; unresponsive to normal teaching methods; sustained odd play; spins objects; inappropriate attachments to objects; apparent over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity to pain; no real fears of danger; noticeable physical over-activity or extreme under-activity; uneven gross/fine motor skills; and/or not responsive to verbal cues (i.e. acts as if deaf although hearing tests in normal range).
For most people, our senses help us to understand what we are experiencing. For example, our senses of touch, smell, sound, and taste collaborate to give us a full experience of eating a ripe apple: the feel of the smooth skin as we pick it up, its sweet smell as we move it to our mouth, the crunch of the fruit being bitten into, and the juices running down our face as we enjoy the bite. For individuals with autism, however, sensory integration problems are common. In particular, their senses may be either over- or under-active. The fuzz of a kiwi may actually be experienced as painful; a sweet, fruity smell may cause a gagging reflex. Some children or adults with autism are particularly sensitive to sound, so that even the most ordinary daily noises are painful. Many professionals feel that some of the typical autism behaviors are actually a result of sensory integration difficulties.
While there is no known single known cause for autism, it is generally accepted that it is caused by abnormalities in brain structure or function. The shape and structure of the brain in autistic versus non-autistic children show differences when brain scans are viewed. Currently the link between heredity, genetics and medical problems are being investigated by researchers, as well as a number of other theories. The theory of a genetic basis of the disorder is supported by the fact that, in many families, there appears to be a pattern of autism or related disabilities. While no one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of genetic code that autistic children may have inherited. While researchers have not yet identified a single “trigger” that causes autism to develop, it also appears that some children are born with a susceptibility to autism.
Other researchers are investigating the possibility that under certain conditions, a cluster of unstable genes may interfere with brain development resulting in autism. Still other researchers are investigating problems during pregnancy or delivery as well as environmental factors such as viral infections, metabolic imbalances, and exposure to environmental chemicals.
According to the ASA, autism tends to occur more frequently than expected among individuals who have certain medical conditions, including Fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, congenital rubella syndrome, and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU). Some harmful substances ingested during pregnancy also have been associated with an increased risk of autism. Early in 2002, The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepared a literature review of hazardous chemical exposures and autism found no compelling evidence for an association; however, there was very limited research and more needs to be done.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, and to the best of Applicant's knowledge, there is no cure for autism. There are, however, a number of medications, developed for other conditions, which have been found to be somewhat helpful in treating a limited number of the symptoms and behaviors frequently found in individuals with autism, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention difficulties, and anxiety. Examples of medications used to treat symptoms associated with autism include: Serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (e.g. clomipramine (Anafranil), fluvoxamine (Luvox) and fluoxetine (Prozac)) which have been effective in treating depression, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, and anxiety that are sometimes present in autism. Studies have shown that they may reduce the frequency and intensity of repetitive behaviors, and may decrease irritability, tantrums and aggressive behavior. Some children have shown improvements in eye contact and responsiveness. Other drugs, such as Elavil, Wellbutrin, Valium, Ativan and Xanax, require more studies to be done but may have a role in reducing behavioral symptoms.
Over the past 35 years, the most widely studied psychopharmacologic agents in autism have been anti-psychotic medications. Originally developed for treating schizophrenia, these drugs have been found to decrease hyperactivity, stereotypic behaviors, withdrawal and aggression in autistic children. Four that have been approved by the FDA are clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa) and quetiapine (Seroquel). However, only risperidone has been investigated in a controlled study of adults with autism. Unfortunately, like the antidepressants, these drugs all have adverse side effects, including, but not limited to, sedation.
Stimulants, such as Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexedrine, used to treat hyperactivity in children with ADHD have also been prescribed for children with autism. Although few studies have been done, they may increase focus, and decrease impulsivity and hyperactivity in autism, particularly in higher-functioning children. Unfortunately, adverse behavioral side effects are often observed.
While many of the above-identified medications do appear to be somewhat helpful in treating a limited number of the symptoms and behaviors frequently found in individuals with autism, a wide variety of side effects are associated with such medications.
Apraxia is another of the neurological disorders or conditions that effects brain function. It is typically defined as the inability to carry out useful or skilled acts while motor power and mental capacity remain intact. Apraxia is generally understood to usually be caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebrum. Apraxia may be further divided into kinetic, or motor, apraxia, ideational apraxia, and constructional apraxia. Kinetic apraxia affects the upper extremities so that the individual cannot carry out fine motor acts, such as turning a key in a lock, even though there is no muscle weakness. Ideational apraxia is characterized by the inability to formulate a plan of action and is usually caused by a lesion of the cerebral cortex. This may manifest itself as a plan is never fully organized, with the part that is organized not remembered long enough to be performed. Alternatively, portions of an act may be completed in an improper sequence. For example, an individual may strike a match to light a campfire but then hold the match until it burns his fingers. Ideokinetic apraxia may be caused by an interruption of impulses in the association tracts of the nervous system, such that there is no coordination between ideation and motor activity. An affected individual will complain, for example, that he cannot use his hand, but then he will slap a mosquito with it. People with ideokinetic apraxia are unable to perform certain acts (e.g., whistling or making a first) upon command but are able to do so automatically. Ideokinetic apraxia is usually caused by a lesion in the supramarginal gyrus of the cerebral cortex. Constructional apraxia, typically caused by a lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere, is the inability to construct elements in the correct fashion to form a meaningful whole—e.g., being unable to build a structure with blocks or to copy a design.
Various disorders and diseases exist that affect cognitive function. Cognitive function may be generally described as including at least three different components: attention, learning, and memory. Each of these components and their respective levels affect the overall level of a subject's cognitive ability. For instance, while Alzheimer's Disease patients suffer from a loss of overall cognition and thus deterioration of each of these characteristics, it is the loss of memory that is most often associated with the disease. In other diseases, patients suffer from cognitive dysfunction or impairment that is more predominately associated with different characteristics of cognition. Other conditions include general dementias associated with other neurological diseases, aging, and treatment of conditions that can cause deleterious effects on mental capacity, such as cancer treatments, stroke/ischemia, and mental retardation.
Cognitive dysfunction creates a variety of problems for today's society. Therefore, scientists have made efforts to develop cognitive enhancers or cognition activators. The cognition enhancers or activators that have been developed are generally classified to include nootropics, vasodilators, metabolic enhancers, psychostimulants, cholinergic agents, biogenic amine drugs, and neuropeptides.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,114 discloses certain compositions for treating nervous system disorders including autism, ADD, ADHD, hyperactivity disorder and depression.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,456,224 discloses methods for treating autism comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a medicament characterized as a NMDA-receptor antagonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,335,651 discloses methods for promoting healthy body weight and improving a number of related physiological factors.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,575 discloses certain nutrient supplements comprising minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and agents capable of delivering cysteine in vivo and methods of treating autism involving administration of the nutrient supplements.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,532 discloses certain delivery systems for nutraceuticals using a low caloric chocolate base for containing one or more nutraceuticals.
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult (belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae) is a woody climbing plant that grows in the tropical forests of central and southern India. The leaves are used in herbal medicine preparations. It is an Ayurvedic herb, and used to be known as “destroyer of sugar”, because in ancient times Ayurvedic physicians observed that chewing a few leaves of Gymnema sylvestre suppressed the taste of sugar. Today it is used all over India for controlling blood sugar (Baskaran K., Kizar Ahamath B., Radha Shanmugasundaram K., Shanmugasundaram E. R., Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients, J Ethnopharmacol, volume 30, pages 295 to 300, 1990).
Gymnema sylvestre is stomachic, diuretic, refrigerant, astringent, and tonic. It has been found to increase urine output and reduce hyperglycemia in both animal and human studies.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,673 discloses an herbal formulation for therapeutic and cosmetic applications for the treatment of general skin disorders that contains an aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,532 discloses certain systems and methods for oral administration of various nutraceuticals such as plant concentrates, particularly in confectionary or chocolate matrices utilizing a novel sweetening composition.
JP-A 2001 226 274 discloses a lipase inhibitor that comprises a crude drug or its extract such as guava leaf (Psidium guajava), hop (Humulus lupulus), Apocynum venetum leaf, Gymnema leaf (Gymnema sylvestre), and/or Gardenia fructus (Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora). The lipase inhibitor according to JP-A 2001 226 274 has the following functions: anorectic, antidiabetic, antilipemic and hypotensive.
WO 01/17486 discloses a method for the cosmetic treatment of skin impairments and baldness by applying deanol or derivatives thereof (deanol is also known as dimethylaminoethanol).
JP-A 2292208 discloses a cosmetic preparation that contains substances obtained from leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, Zizyphus jujuba, bark and peelings of Malus pumila and further substances.
JP-A 02292208 discloses a cosmetic preparation that contains substances obtained from leaves of Gymnema sylvestre. The substances are obtained by extraction. The solvent used for extraction is water, alcohol, or mixtures of water and alcohol. The cosmetic preparation according to JP-A 02292208 can be used for the treatment of blotches and freckles.
JP-A 01258623 discloses a composition that stimulates hair growth and blood circulation and prevents baldness. It contains chitin and chitosan in combination with hydrolysing enzymes, organic acids, and substances of Gymnema sylvestre and Isagol (hemicellulose of Plantag).
It has now been surprisingly discovered that administering an effective amount of certain nutrient compositions appears to substantially improve frontal executive functions associated with apraxia, autism, traumatic brain injury, global delays, and/or ADHD, including, but not limited to, speech expression and decreased perseveration. Furthermore, administering such nutrient compositions has not been shown to cause side effects associated with medications previously used to treat the symptoms of apraxia, autism, traumatic brain injury, global delays, and ADHD. The present invention is directed to these, as well as other important ends.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed, in part, to methods for treating apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD, or methods for ameliorating one or more of the symptoms thereof.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods for treating apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition that ameliorates one or more symptoms of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD, said nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula.
an effective amount of an omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula.
The term “autism” as used herein includes those disorders (i.e., classical autism and autism spectrum), and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) (i.e., with autistic tendencies) as identified by the criteria set forth in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistic Manual (DSM IV, or a later version of DSM). Pervasive Developmental Disorders (as described in DSM IV) are characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development: reciprocal social interaction skills, communication skills, or the presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities. The qualitative impairments that define these conditions are distinctly deviant relative to the individual's developmental level or mental age. Pervasive Developmental Disorders include Autistic Disorder, Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. These disorders are usually evident in the first years of life and are often associated with some degree of mental retardation. Furthermore, although terms like “psychosis” and “childhood schizophrenia” were once used to refer to individuals with these conditions, there is considerable evidence that the Pervasive Developmental Disorders are distinct from schizophrenia.
The essential features of Autistic Disorder (described in DSM IV, Section 299.00) are the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interests. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. Autistic Disorder is sometimes referred to as early infantile autism, childhood autism, or Kanner's autism. Early epidemiological studies suggested rates of Autistic Disorder of 2-5 cases per 10,000 individuals (with a greater frequency in males), but much higher rates have been reported recently. By definition, the onset of Autistic Disorder is prior to age 3 years.
The essential feature of Rett's Disorder (described in DSM IV, Section 299.80) is the development of multiple specific deficits following a period of normal functioning after birth. Rett's Disorder is typically associated with Severe or Profound Mental Retardation, and has been diagnosed only in females.
The essential feature of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (described in DSM IV, Section 299.10) is a marked regression in multiple areas of functioning following a period of at least 2 years of apparently normal development. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder is usually associated with Severe Mental Retardation, and has also been termed Heller's syndrome, dementia infantilis, or disintegrative psychosis.
The essential features of Asperger's Disorder (described in DSM IV, Section 299.80) are severe and sustained impairment in social interaction and the development of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. The disturbance must cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. In contrast to Autistic Disorder, there are no clinically significant delays in language (e.g., single words are used by those that are 2 years of age, communicative phrases are used by those that are 3 years of age). In addition, there are no clinically significant delays in cognitive development or in the development of age-appropriate self-help skills, adaptive behavior (other than in social interaction), and curiosity about the environment in childhood.
The category Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (including Atypical Autism) (described in DSM IV, Section 299.80) is applied when there is a severe and pervasive impairment in the development of reciprocal social interaction or verbal and nonverbal communication skills, or when stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities are present, but the criteria are not met for a specific Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, or Avoidant Personality Disorder.
Autism is generally understood as a group of related disorders, where people diagnosed with the condition experience its symptoms to a greater or lesser extent. At the severe end of the spectrum is low-functioning autism, which can cause extensive impairments in all areas of development. Usually, low functioning (or severely) autistic children have little or no language, some degree of mental challenges, little awareness of other people and expectations. Autistic symptoms such as gestures, rituals and many other odd behaviors are visibly apparent in lower functioning children. Self injurious behavior is much more common in low-functioning autistics than in their high-functioning peers. Individuals who are labeled as having a severe autism with cognitive impairment are individuals who have greater difficulty with social skills, and academic performance. They often have few readily known and/or socially appropriate means for communicating with others. Children with severe autism may also engage in more sensory-related activities such as hand flapping, spinning, or rocking. People with severe autism usually do not speak, often do not understand receptive language, do not care nor do they wish to engage in conversation unless it is absolutely necessary and it is extremely limited due to the lack of speech, do not respond well to behavioral therapy, and do not show a great deal of improvement. For children with low functioning autism being mentally challenge is common, epilepsy is common, and other disorders may be present as well. They do not express emotions (except anger) and whether they experience those emotions is unknown due to their inability to communicate. Some of the more common traits of those with severe autism include hand-wringing, appearance of poorly coordinated manner of walking/stepping, severely impaired expressive and receptive language development, lack of or infrequent initiation, lack of usual nonverbal gestures (i.e., pointing, head shake, nod), inability to control improper behavior, avoidance of eye contact or use of eye contact in odd ways, a preference to be alone, an iInability to imitate (body movement, vocal, motor), a propensity to engage in rhythmic body movements such as rocking, pacing, hand flapping, toe walking, spinning, either over- and under-sensitivity to sound, smell, touch, visual stimulus and pain, unusual displays of emotion such as giggling or weeping for no apparent reason, impulsivity, aggressive and/or self-injurious behavior.
As used herein, the term “stimming” refers to self-stimulating behaviors, i.e., stereotyped or repetitive movements or posturing of the body. They include mannerisms of the hands (such as handflapping, finger twisting or flicking, rubbing, or wringing hands), body (such as rocking, swaying, or pacing), and odd posturing (such as posturing of the fingers, hands, or arms). Stimming may involve objects such as tossing string in the air or twisting pieces of lint. These mannerisms may appear not to have any meaning or function, although they may have significance for the child, such as providing sensory stimulation (also referred to as self-stimulating behavior), communicating to avoid demands, or request a desired object or attention, or soothing when wary or anxious. These repetitive mannerisms are common in children with autism spectrum disorders.
The term “apraxia” as used herein is a neurological motor speech impairment—a breakdown in the transmission of messages from the brain to the muscles in the jaw, cheeks, lips, tongue, and palate. There is no obvious weakness in these muscles and the patient may well be able to happily move them when not trying to speak. A patient with apraxia knows what he wants to say, but has an impairment in the signal from the brain to the mouth. Further detail on apraxia, autism, and/or related conditions such as oral apraxia, hypotonia, sensory integration dysfunction and the like are disclosed in “The Late Talker-What to do if your child isn't Talking Yet” by Marilyn Agin M D, Lisa Geng, and Malcolm J. Nicholl, St Martin's Press May 2003. As used herein. The terms “oral apraxia” and “verbal apraxia” are both neurologically based motor planning impairments that inhibit an individual's ability to perform task on command. Verbal apraxia affects the individual's expressive ability on command. Classic symptoms noted for verbal apraxia include the ability or lack thereof to say a word on command. This may be further accentuated by the length and/or complexity of the utterance.
Oral apraxia affects an individual's ability facially communicate such as to smile, make facial expressions, and the like (e.g., blow kisses or bubbles). Other symptoms may include “blank” looks in children which affect the way they are viewed by others. Individuals with oral apraxia also have an inability to lick food off their lips, and will typically use their finger instead.
An individual may have verbal without oral apraxia. However, an individual diagnosed with oral apraxia will likely later be diagnosed with verbal apraxia as well. Today most that are diagnosed with oral and or verbal apraxia present mutlifaceted symptoms and also have sensory integration dysfunction, hypotonia (typically mild) and motor planning impairments in the body, also referred to as global or limb apraxia, or called “dyspraxia” in the UK. In the US, the diagnosis term apraxia and dyspraxia are used interchangeably however.
“Side effect” refers to a consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration.
“Effective amount” refers to an amount of a nutrient composition as described herein that may be therapeutically effective to treat the symptoms of particular disease, disorder, condition, or side effect. Such diseases, disorders, conditions, and side effects include, but are not limited to, those pathological conditions associated with the treatment of apraxia, autism, traumatic brain injury, global delays, or ADHD. Thus, for example, the term “effective amount”, when used in connection with nutrient compositions of the invention, for the treatment of apraxia, autism, traumatic brain injury, global delays, ADHD, refers to the treatment of one or more of the symptoms related to apraxia, autism, traumatic brain injury, global delays, or ADHD, such as for example lowered ability or capability with regard to speech articulation, complexity and sophistication of sentence structure, written and spoken language comprehension and use, word, recall memory and/or learning capabilities, fine and gross motor skills including also multi tasking, sense of humor, awareness of surroundings, use of facial expressions especially as non-verbal cues, task focus, social communication skills, and or seizure instances. The term “effective amount”, when used in connection with nutrient compositions of the invention, for the treatment of stroke, refers to the treatment of one or more of the symptoms related to the symptoms of stroke, such as for example, hemiplegia and muscle weakness of the face, numbness, reduction in sensory or vibratory sensation, initial flaccidity (hypotonicity), replaced by spasticity (hypertonicity), hyperreflexia, and obligatory synergies, if one of the three prominent central nervous system pathways—the spinothalamic tract, corticospinal tract, or dorsal column (medial lemniscus), is affected. A stroke affecting the brain stem and brain therefore can produce symptoms relating to deficits in one or more of the twelve cranial nerves, including such symptoms as altered smell, taste, hearing, or vision (total or partial), drooping of eyelid (ptosis) and weakness of ocular muscles, decreased reflexes: gag, swallow, pupil reactivity to light, decreased sensation and muscle weakness of the face, balance problems and nystagmus, altered breathing and heart rate, weakness in sternocleidomastoid muscle with inability to turn head to one side, and weakness in tongue (inability to protrude and/or move from side to side). If the cerebral cortex is involved, the CNS pathways can again be affected, but also may produce one or more of the following symptoms: aphasia (difficulty with verbal expression, auditory comprehension, reading and/or writing Broca's or Wernicke's area typically involved), dysarthria (motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury), apraxia (altered voluntary movements), visual field defect, memory deficits (involvement of temporal lobe), hemineglect (involvement of parietal lobe), disorganized thinking, confusion, hypersexual gestures (with involvement of frontal lobe), and anosognosia (persistent denial of the existence of a, usually stroke-related, deficit). If the cerebellum is involved, the patient may have one or more of the following symptoms: trouble walking, altered movement coordination, vertigo and/or disequilibrium. The term “effective amount”, when used in connection with nutrient compositions of the invention, for the enhancement of cognitive function, refers to the enhancement of one or more of the aspects of cognitive functions, such as for example, attention, learning, and memory, particularly memory. The characteristics of cognitive function may also be viewed in terms of their right and left brained aspects. For example, description of left brain function may employ terms such as logical, sequential, rational, analytical, or objective thought, or those brain processes involving looking at parts of the whole that are being observed or studied. Examples include concrete thought, focus and academic achievements. Description of right brain function characteristics, on the other hand, may employ terms such as random/intuitive, holistic, synthesizing, subjective, or those brain processes involving looking at the whole that is being observed or studied. Examples include imagination or creativity. Enhancement in cognitive function may include some or all of right brain or left brain characteristics, or some or all of both. The cognitive function enhancements relating to focus may include aspects of improved attention to surroundings, or absorption of details relating to the thing studied, or both. Improvement in cognitive function may also appear and/or be recognized by improvements in tested IQ of a patient.
“Stroke” refers to a condition due to the lack of oxygen to the brain. Strokes can be classified into two major categories: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes are those that are caused by interruption of the blood supply, while hemorrhagic strokes are the ones which result from rupture of a blood vessel or an abnormal vascular structure. Brain tissue ceases to function if deprived of oxygen for more than 60 to 90 seconds and after approximately three hours, will suffer irreversible injury possibly leading to death of the tissue, i.e., infarction. Symptoms of the occurrence of a stroke depend on the area of the brain and/or CNS affected. In most cases, the symptoms affect only one side of the body (unilateral). Depending on the part of the brain affected, the defect in the brain is usually on the opposite side of the body. However, since these pathways also travel in the spinal cord and any lesion there can also produce these symptoms, the presence of any one of these symptoms does not necessarily indicate a stroke.
“Dosage unit” refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the particular individual to be treated. Each unit may contain a predetermined quantity of active extract (s) calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect(s) in association with the required pharmaceutical or edible food carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention may be dictated by (a) the unique characteristics of the active ingredients in the nutrient compositions and the particular therapeutic effect(s) to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such nutrient compositions. In certain preferred embodiments, each unit may contain a predetermined quantity of active extract(s), omega 3 fatty acid(s) and/or agent(s) for the treatment of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD or any mixture thereof calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect(s) in association with an optional carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention may be dictated by (a) the unique characteristics of the active extract(s), omega 3 fatty acid(s) and/or agent(s) for the treatment of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD or any mixture thereof and the particular therapeutic effect(s) to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such active extract(s), omega 3 fatty acid(s) and/or agent(s) for the treatment of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD or any mixture thereof.
“Patient” refers to animals, including mammals, preferably humans.
The terms “treat”, “treatment” or “treating”, as used herein, generally refer to palliative (e.g., therapeutic), preventative (e.g., prophylactic), inhibitory and/or curative treatment. Preferably, the terms “treat”, “treatment” and/or “treating” refer to palliative, inhibitory, and/or curative treatment, with palliative and inhibitory treatment being more preferred. In particularly preferred embodiments, the terms “treat”, “treatment” or “treating” refer to palliative treatment.
“In combination with”, refers, in certain embodiments, to the concurrent administration to a patient of a nutrient composition of the invention including, for example, an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula; and one or more additional agents including, for example, an omega 3 fatty acid, or an agent for the treatment of and mixtures thereof), preferably an effective amount of an omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof. When administered in combination, each component may be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time. Thus, each component may be administered separately but sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect.
Combinations of components and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compositions.
The invention relates to nutrient compositions containing these botanical extracts and methods for their pharmaceutical use. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be useful, inter alia, in methods for treating apraxia, autism, traumatic brain injury, global delays, or ADHD or any of the symptoms thereof. In other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be useful, inter alia, in methods for treating learning disabilities including, for example, ADHD. In still other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be useful, inter alia, in methods for treating neurologically based multifaceted communication and/or behavioral impairments. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be useful, inter alia, for treating stroke or any of the symptoms associated with stroke. In yet other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be useful, inter alia, for enhancing cognitive function, or in other embodiments, for treating cognitive dysfunction.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating a neurological condition comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition that ameliorates one or more symptoms of the neurological condition, said nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula, said neurological condition being selected from the group consisting of autism, apraxia, speech impairments, ADHD, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, and global delays, preferably autism or apraxia, more preferably autism. In certain alternatively preferred embodiments, the neurological condition is a seizure disorder. In other alternatively preferred embodiments, the neurological condition is a ADHD.
Symptoms of one or more of the brain conditions where improvements may be observed include, for example, speech articulation, including complexity and sophistication of sentence structure; language skills such as improvements in the understanding of written and spoken word and/or development of better reading and writing skills; fine and gross motor skills including those related to multi-tasking abilities; imaginative play abilities; ocular and/or auditory focus including awareness of surroundings; sensory awareness (in situations where sensor integration dysfunction has been identified), non-verbal communication skills such as facial expressions; task focus; socialization skills; and reduced levels or substantial elimination of seizures or headaches, the reduced levels of which may result in a lowering or elimination of any seizure medication dosage levels deemed necessary. The improvement may also include normalization of EEG results.
While not desiring to be bound by any theory or theories of operation, it is believed that herbs like emblica officinalis (amalaki), curcuma longa (turmeric), commiphora mukul, (guggul) and/or Gymnema may work on opening the micro circulatory channels and may also regulate various endocrine pathways contributing to improved brain function. It is reasonably likely that there may be improved oxygenation to the brain and harmonious functioning of the right and left brain hemispheres because of reduced inflammation related to administration of such herbs.
In certain embodiments, the nutrient compositions are useful, inter alia, in methods for enhancing cognitive function. In other embodiments, the nutrient compositions are useful, inter alia, in methods for treating cognitive dysfunction.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to methods for enhancing cognitive function in patients by administering nutrient compositions that enhance one or more aspects of cognitive function—said nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula. In certain preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition further comprises an effective amount of an omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
“Cognitive function”, as used herein, refers to the function of the mental process of a human or other animal, who may be unhealthy or unhealthy, and includes at least three different components: attention, learning, and memory. See, e.g., Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 5th edition (1998); Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 11th edition (1990). In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, the method of the invention are useful for enhancing cognitive function, particularly memory, including enhancing the cognitive function, particularly memory, of a healthy or unhealthy patient. As used herein, “memory” refers to the complex mental function having at least four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition, and includes immediate, recent, and remote memory. See, e.g., Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 5th edition (1998); Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 11th edition (1990).
The term “enhancing”, as used herein, refers to the ability of the compounds of the invention and/or composition containing them to increase the ability or capacity of an individual (healthy or unhealthy) to comprehend, judge, memorize, and reason; and can be measured by typically employed by those skilled in the art. Such an improvement can include at least about a 10% increase, preferably, at least about a 25% increase, and more preferably, at least about a 50% increase.
(4) impairment in cognitive functioning as evidenced by neuropsychological testing or quantified clinical assessment, accompanied by objective evidence of a systemic general medical condition or central nervous system dysfunction.
Cognitive dysfunction is exhibited in certain diseases and disorders, including, but not limited to Alzheimer's Disease, mild cognitive impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular dementia, Parkinson's Disease dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's Disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, AIDS-associated dementia, schizophrenia, Lewy-body variant of Alzheimer's Disease with or without association with Parkinson's Disease, Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease, Korsakoff's Disorder, learning disabilities caused by degenerative disorders, learning disabilities caused by non-degenerative disorders, genetic conditions (e.g., Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome), cerebral senility, vascular dementia, electric shock induced amnesia, memory impairment associated with depression or anxiety, memory impairment associated with surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), Down's syndrome, and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments of the methods of the invention, the cognitive dysfunction is memory loss, including memory loss that is age-associated, caused by electro-convulsive therapy, the result of brain damage, or a combination thereof. The brain damage may be caused by a stroke, an anesthetic accident, head trauma, hypoglycemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, lithium intoxication, vitamin deficiency (such as B1, thiamine and B 12), or a combination thereof.
Memory loss and impaired learning ability are features of a range of clinical conditions. For instance, loss of memory is the most common symptom of dementia states including Alzheimer's disease. Memory defects also occur with other kinds of dementia such as multi-infarct dementia (MID), a senile dementia caused by cerebrovascular deficiency, and the Lewy-body variant of Alzheimer's disease with or without association with Parkinson's disease, or Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. Loss of memory is a common feature of brain-damaged patients. Brain damage may occur, for example, after a classical stroke or as a result of an anesthetic accident, head trauma, hypoglycemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, lithium intoxication, vitamin (B1, thiamine and B12) deficiency, or excessive alcohol use or Korsakoff's disorder. Memory impairment may furthermore be age-associated; the ability to recall information such as names, places and words seems to decrease with increasing age. Transient memory loss may also occur in patients, suffering from a major depressive disorder, after electro-convulsive therapy (ECT).
Preferably, the nutrient compositions employed in the methods of the present invention are in granular or powder form; more preferably wherein the nutrient compositions are capable of being administered orally; still more preferably wherein the nutrient composition is combined with a liquid vehicle for oral consumption by the patient. In some preferred embodiments, the liquid vehicle comprises water or milk. In other preferred embodiments, the liquid vehicle comprises juice.
In certain preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition comprises a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising botanical extracts selected from each of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula. More preferably, the nutrient composition further comprises cinnamomum verum or capsicum annuum.
vanilla flavor and cinnamomum verum.
In some preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition further comprises one or more amino acids; more preferably wherein the amino acids are in the form of one or more whey protein isolates. In even more preferred embodiments, the one or more amino acids contained in the amino acid composition and/or contained in the one or more whey protein isolates are selected from the group consisting of: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptphan, tyrosine, and valine. In certain alternatively preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition comprises each of the essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptphanand valine.
While not desiring to be bound by any theory or theories of operation, it is believed that combinations of amino acids, preferably including one or more essential amino acids, such as those in the commercial product NutriiVeda™, for example, may assist and support the healing of neurotransmitter deficiency conditions such as seizures, depression, anxiety disorder, insomnia, Alzheimer's disease and/or Parkinson's disease.
In other preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition further comprises taurine or theonine; more preferably L-taurine or L-theonine.
In yet other preferred embodiments of the invention, the nutrient composition is gluten or casein free.
In certain preferred embodiments the nutrient composition further comprises at least one copper containing compound; more preferably wherein the nutrient composition comprises at least one copper containing compound and further comprises at least one additional metal containing compound, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum. It may be advantageous in certain preferred embodiments to incorporate one or more of the metals selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum as their yeast complexes. Accordingly, in certain more preferred embodiments, the selenium is provided as selenium yeast. In other more preferred embodiments, the manganese is provided as manganese yeast. In certain other more preferred embodiments, the chromium is provided as chromium yeast. In still other more preferred embodiments, the molybdenum is provided as molybdenum yeast.
In some preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition further comprises vitamins, preferably sourced from whey protein, botanicals or other natural sources including nutritional yeast or other natural food forms of vitamins.
from about 10 IU to about 50 IU of vitamin E.
In certain preferred embodiments the nutrient composition further comprises at least one protein source; more preferably wherein the at least one protein source comprises brown rice powder.
In some other preferred embodiments the nutrient composition further comprises at least one source of sugars, dietary fiber, or other carbohydrate.
In certain preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition contains other optional components, e.g., flavors or sweeteners to improve palatability, and/or preservatives to improve shelf life.
Preservatives may be added to the nutrient compositions according to the invention. Any suitable preservative can be employed, so long as the preservative does not negate other desirable properties of the nutrient supplements, or have undesirable side effects in persons (i.e., in autistic persons as compared with non-autistic persons). Preferred preservatives include, but are not limited to, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate which can be obtained from any commercial supplier. Preferably these preservatives are of a high purity grade. For example, these preservatives can be obtained from Spectrum Quality Products, Inc. (Gardena, Calif., Catalog Numbers S1146 and P1408, respectively), or from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo., Catalog Numbers B3420 and 57420, respectively). Other appropriate preservatives are alcohol (from about 15 to about 20%), benzoic acid (about 0.1%), methylparaben (from about 0.025% to about 0.2%), propylparaben (from about 0.025% to about 0.2%), and sorbic acid (about 0.1%). Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate (or other appropriate preservatives) also can be employed in the liquid formulations of the invention in amounts ranging from about 0.01% to about 1.0% by weight (mass/volume, such as g/l) of the liquid formulations, even more preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.5% by weight (mass/volume), and especially from about 0.1% by weight (mass/volume).
Optionally, sweeteners may be added to the nutrient compositions of the invention, for instance, to make the powder or liquid vehicle added formulations more palatable, e.g., sweeteners such as natural sugars (e.g., glucose, sucrose, fructose) and synthetic sugars (e.g., saccharin, cyclomates, Aspartame, etc.). In certain preferred embodiments, the nutrient compositions do not contain Aspartame or any of its chemically analogous equivalents. Care must be taken with use of natural fructose sweeteners, however, since a high fructose content has been suggested to exacerbate copper deficiency and to be associated with heart disease characterized by high triglyceride levels. Other preferred natural sweeteners that can be employed in the invention, include but are not limited to: Bee Honey (Dutch Gold Honey, Lancaster, Pa.); Organic Bee Honey (miscellaneous vendors); Barley Malt syrups (Briess Industries New York, N.Y.); deionized fruit juice (Daystar-Robinson, Lake Success, N.Y.); Fruitrim liquid (Adept Solutions); Brown rice syrups (California Natural Products Santa Barbara, Calif.); Organic brown rice syrup (California Natural Products); Oat syrup (T & A Gourmet); Raw or Turbinado sugar (C & H sugar La Palma, Calif.); Sucanat (Wholesome Foods Palm Bay, Fla.); Organic Sucanat (Wholesome Foods Palm Bay, Fla.); Organic Sugar (Wholesome Foods Palm Bay, Fla.); Evaporated cane juice (Florida Crystals Palm Beach, Fla.); and Ki-Sweet (kiwi fruit sweetener, marketed on the Internet), as well as other sweeteners. The amount of sweetener effective in the supplement depends on the particular sweetener used and the sweetness intensity desired, and can range from about 0.1% to about 70%.
In certain other preferred embodiments the nutrient composition further comprises iodine. In more preferred embodiments, the iodine is provided as iodine yeast complex.
In other preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition does not further comprise at least one of the following moieties: adenosine monophosphate, docosahexaenoic acid, and a sweetener containing 75% to 90% by weight of Lo Han Guo extract and 10 to 25% tagatose.
In certain alternatively preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition optionally further comprises less than 0.0002% by weight adenosine monophosphate based on the weight of the nutrient composition. Alternatively, the nutrient composition optionally further comprises more than 0.010% by weight adenosine monophosphate and less than 10% based on the weight of the nutrient composition, preferably 2%, more preferably less than 1%, with less than about 0.1% being even more preferred.
In certain preferred embodiments, the nutrient composition comprises nutrients derived from whole food sources or are in substantially the same form, more preferably the same form, as found in whole food sources.
It is believed the, compound names and abbreviations, as well as the plant extracts and biological names used herein correctly and accurately reflect the underlying compositions. However, the nature and value of the present invention does not depend upon the theoretical correctness of these names and abbreviations, in whole or in part. Thus it is understood that the compound names and abbreviations, as well as the plant extracts and biological names attributed to the correspondingly indicated compounds and extracts, are not intended to limit the invention in any way, including local origins of plant species, or restricting any compound, amino acid or component or mixture thereof to any specific tautomeric form(s) or to any specific optical or geometric isomer or mixture of isomers, except where such stereochemistry is clearly defined.
Although the nutrient compositions of the present invention may be administered as the pure ingredient mixtures, it is preferable to present the active ingredient mixture as a consumable composition. The invention thus further provides a consumable nutrient composition comprising, together with one or more carriers acceptable for consumption therefor. The carrier(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Non-limiting examples include brown rice powder, sugar, apple fiber, cocoa powder, and xanthan gum.
In addition to the food grade carrier, the extract(s) comprising the nutrient compositions of the present invention may be co-administered with at least one component comprising an omega 3 fatty acid, preferably EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) or DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid), or any combination thereof. The source of the fatty acid may be from animal fish, or plant origin and is typically derived from any of a number of fish oils including anchovy, sardine, or mackerel or their mixtures. Other fish with elevated levels of omega 3 fatty acids include salmon, tuna, cod liver and/or herring. Other potent sources of omega 3 fatty acids include algae, such as microalgae (such as Crysthecodinium cohii and Schizochytrium) and brown algae (kelp); and plankton. The omega 3 fatty acid may be provided in a native or readily isolated form, or in any of the myriad of purified forms that may be provided, or may take the form of a mixture of any one or more of the native, readily isolable or purified forms. In certain compositions the omega 3 fatty acid may be provided in its free acid form, or a derivative thereof, including but not limited to esters, especially purified esters; more preferably ethyl or mono-, di-, or tri-ester forms of glycerine; or other pharmaceutically or food grade acceptable derivatives known to the skilled artisan, including, for example pharmaceutically acceptable salts of EPA or DHA. Among the most common n-3 fatty acids found in nature are the following fatty acids: α-Linolenic acid (ALA), all-cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid; Stearidonic acid (SDA), all-cis-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid; Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE), all-cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid; Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid; (EPA), all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid; Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid; Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid; Tetracosapentaenoic acid, all-cis-9,12,15,18,21-tetracosapentaenoic acid; and Tetracosahexaenoic acid (Nisinic acid), all-cis-6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid.
It is further appreciated that while an omega 3 fatty acid or derivative thereof may be provided in purified form, it is often isolated in mixture with other fatty acids or their derivatives, including for example, omega 6 fatty acids. The ratio of omega 3 to omega 6 fatty is said to vary widely from source to source, for example, in canola oil (1:2); flaxseed oil (3:1); cold water fish oil (7:1) and in microalgae (22:6). Erasmus, Udo, Fats and Oils. 1986. Alive Books, Vancouver, p. 263. Preferably, in combination products of the present invention that include omega fatty acid components, preferably omega 6 fatty acid components, in addition to omega 3 fatty acids, the ratio of omega 3 to omega other additional omega fatty acid components, preferably omega 6, is from about 1 to 1 to about 100:1, more preferably from about 2 to 1 to about 50:1; still more preferably from about 3 to 1 to about 25 to about 1 and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges of ratios of omega 3 to omega 6 fatty acid components therein, wherein the ratios are expressed as a ratio of the weights of the omega unsaturated acid components.
In certain more preferred embodiments, the omega 6 fatty acid component comprises linolenic acid, still more preferably omega 6 gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which may be provided in its free acid form, or a derivative thereof, including but not limited to esters, especially purified esters; more preferably ethyl or mono-, di-, or tri-ester forms of glycerine; or other pharmaceutically or food grade acceptable derivatives known to the skilled artisan, including, for example pharmaceutically acceptable salts of combination products of the present invention. Exemplary sources of GLA include for example borage seed oil (typically contains about 24% GLA) and primrose oil (typically contains about 8 to about 10% GLA). These oils may be used as isolated from their sources or further purified as recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively preferred in some embodiments as an omega 6 fatty acid is dihomo-ã-linolenic acid (DGLA), a 20-carbon ù-6 fatty acid with three cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the sixth carbon from the omega end. DGLA is the elongation product of ã-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3, ù-6). The eicosanoid metabolites of DGLA include Series-1 thromboxanes (thromboxanes with 1 double-bond), via the COX-1 and COX-2 pathways; Series-1 prostanoids, via the COX-1 and COX-2 pathways.; and a 15-hydroxyl derivative that blocks the transformation of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes. See Fan, Yang-Yi and Robert S. Chapkin (9 Sep. 1998). “Importance of Dietary ã-Linolenic Acid in Human Health and Nutrition”. Journal of Nutrition 128 (9): 1411-1414; and Belch, Jill J F and Alexander Hill. “Evening primrose oil and borage oil in rheumatologic conditions”; American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 71, No. 1, 352S-356S, January 2000. All of these effects are reported to be anti-inflammatory, in marked contrast with the analogous metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), which are the series-2 thromboxanes and prostanoids and the series-4 leukotrienes. In addition to yielding anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, DGLA competes with AA for COX and lipoxygenase, inhibiting the production of AA's eicosanoids.
Preferred compositions or preparations according to the present invention that include omega 3 fatty acid components may be prepared so that an oral dosage unit form contains from about 100 to about 5000 mg of an omega 3 fatty acid, more preferably from about 100 to about 3000, still more preferably from about 100 to about 1000 mg of omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
Co-administration of the omega 3 fatty acid with a nutrient composition of the present invention may be provided by separate administration of a supplement comprising an omega 3 fatty acid at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time. Thus, each component may be administered separately but sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect. Preferably, the omega 3 fatty acid is added to the nutrient composition for ease of administration. More preferably the nutrient composition is in powdered form. The omega 3 fatty acid in a fluid form is applied to or into the powdered nutrient composition; or it may be mixed with the nutrient composition as a powdered form of an omega 3 fatty acid or derivative thereof. In preferable embodiments wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or derivative thereof is in powdered form, said powdered form is an encapsulated form of the fatty acid, preferably microencapsulated form. A non-limiting example of a powdered form of omega 3 fatty acid is any one of a number of commercially available products, preferably microencapsulated omega 3 fatty acid compositions manufactured, sold, and/or distributed by Nordic Naturals, Inc., Watsonville, Calif. Any powder form of an omega 3 fatty acid composition for use in or with any of the products of the invention has a density preferably similar to, more preferably substantially the same as, the density of the powder form of the nutrient composition, at least in part to diminish or reduce settling of one of the powder components in the combination product. The preferential density of the omega 3 fatty acid (or derivative thereof) powder form may be inherent in the product or modified by any of a known number of methods known to the skilled artisan.
The omega 3 fatty acid combination products (products comprising nutrient compositions with added omega 3 fatty acid) of the present compositions may further include one or more other active ingredients that may be conventionally employed in nutrient composition products.
The nutrient compositions of the invention may be orally administered in an effective amount by any of the conventional techniques well-established in the medical field. The nutrient compositions of the invention may also be orally administered in an effective amount by combining the composition with one or more food or beverage products and administering the combination.
The compositions may be administered alone or may be combined with a consumable carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration The relative proportions of active ingredient and carrier may be determined, for example, by the solubility and chemical nature of the ingredients in the nutrient composition, chosen route of administration and standard practice for food consumables.
Nutrient compositions as described herein may be orally administered to a mammalian host in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration.
The nutrient compositions may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or with an assimilable edible carrier, or it may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, or it may be compressed into tablets, or it may be incorporated directly with the food of the diet. For oral therapeutic administration, the active nutrient composition may be incorporated with excipient and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. The amount of active nutrient composition in such therapeutically useful compositions is preferably such that a suitable dosage will be obtained. Preferred compositions or preparations according to the present invention may be prepared so that an oral dosage unit form contains from about 0.1 to about 5000 mg of three or more active botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula, and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific amounts of active botanical extract therein.
The tablets, troches, pills, capsules and the like may also contain one or more of the following: a binder, such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; an excipient, such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent, such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant, such as magnesium stearate; a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent, such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen or cherry flavoring. When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both. A syrup or elixir may contain the active compound, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring, such as cherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material used in preparing any dosage unit form is preferably pharmaceutically pure and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed. In addition, the active peptide may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and formulations.
The dosage of the nutrient composition of the invention may vary depending upon various factors such as, for example, the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration, the age, health and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent of the symptoms, the kind of concurrent treatment, the frequency of treatment, and the effect desired. Generally, small dosages may be used initially and, if necessary, increased by small increments until the desired effect under the circumstances is reached.
Although the proper dosage of the nutrient compositions of this invention will be readily ascertainable by one skilled in the art, once armed with the present disclosure, typically a dosage of the nutrient composition of the invention, preferably a nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula, still more preferably wherein the nutrient composition comprises each of the botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula. In certain preferred embodiments wherein NutriiVeda™ weight management shakes (as provided by Zrii®, LLC of Draper, Utah 84020) are used as the nutrient composition, the proper dosage may range from about 2 to 4 grams per day up to about 20 grams a day (may be split into half dosages twice a day) for patients in the age range of from birth to about three years. For those aged about four to about eight years, the dose may range from about 20 grams to about 40 grams a day (may be split into half dosages twice a day). For patients of from about nine years to adult, a typical dose is up to about 85 grams to about 125 grams a day, preferably split into 40-65 grams per serving. Preferably, initial administration of the composition is at about 20 grams increased to about 25 grams per day. In some instances, qualified medical personnel have employed higher dosages, such as with 3 year old children up to about 40 grams over time, with children between 4 and 8 up to about 65 grams over time.
The dose may also be provided by controlled release of the compound, by techniques well known to those in the art, such as microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is a preferred means of providing an omega 3 fatty acid or derivative thereof with or within compositions of the present invention, especially for those that may be administered in the treatment or inhibitions of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD or any combination thereof.
The nutrient compositions may be mixed with any type of milk, juice, or water. However, it is preferable to mix the composition with the selected liquid vehicle at temperatures below about 100° C., more preferably below about 50° C., more preferably still at about room temperature and below to minimize any possible adverse affect on potency of the composition. The composition can also be mixed with ice cream or similar semi-frozen beverage.
A wide variety of food vehicles may be employed to assist in administration of the nutrient composition, such as yogurt, pudding, apple sauce, ketchup, ranch dressing or cake frosting. Some parents have sprinkled it over pancakes or cereal including oatmeal.
The nutrient compositions of the present invention preferably can contain other natural and man-made compounds such as would be appropriate for a particular application, e.g., other carriers, stabilizers, preservatives, active agents, etc., so long as these other compounds do not negate the desirable properties of the nutrient compositions. In particular, tablets optionally may contain suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flow-inducing agents, melting agents, and the like. Liquid formulations optionally may contain suitable solvents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, melting agents, coloring agents, and the like. Of course, any component that detracts from or negates the desirable benefits of other components present in the nutrient compositions, or which has negative effects in the persons being treated (e.g., autistic persons or persons predisposed to autism as compared with non-autistic persons or non-predisposed persons) should not be employed.
In certain preferred embodiments the nutrient composition for use in the methods of the present invention comprises any one of NutriiVeda™ weight management shake compositions provided by Zrii®, LLC of Draper, Utah.
Kits useful in, for example, for the treatment of apraxia, autism, TBI, global delays, ADHD, which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a nutrient composition of the invention in one or more sterile containers are also within the ambit of the present invention. Kits useful in, for example, for the treatment of stroke, or seizures comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a nutrient composition of the invention in one or more sterile containers are also within the ambit of the present invention. Kits useful in, for example, for enhancing cognition, which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a nutrient composition of the invention in one or more sterile containers are also within the ambit of the present invention. Sterilization of the container may be carried out using conventional sterilization methodology well known to those skilled in the art. The sterile containers of materials may comprise separate containers, or one or more multi-part containers. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, may also be included in the kit.
It will be further appreciated that the amount of the nutrient composition required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particular composition selected but also with the nature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient, and will be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant administering the composition.
The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
In certain preferred aspects, the methods comprise the step of administering to said patient an effective amount of a nutrient composition.
The nutrient compositions of the present invention may be utilized in a number of ways. In certain embodiments, the nutrient compositions are useful, inter alia, in methods for treating apraxia, autism, traumatic brain injury, global delays, or ADHD, or any of the related symptoms of apraxia, autism, traumatic brain injury, global delays, or ADHD.
Thus, in accordance with preferred aspects of the invention, there are provided methods of preventing or treating apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD, or any of the related symptoms of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD.
In certain embodiments, the nutrient compositions are useful, inter alia, in methods for treating stroke.
Thus, in accordance with preferred aspects of the invention, there are provided methods of preventing or treating stroke, or any of the related symptoms of stroke.
When any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or in any composition, its definition in each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
The present invention will now be illustrated by reference to the following specific, non-limiting examples. Those skilled in the art of organic synthesis may be aware of still other synthetic routes to the invention peptides. The reagents and intermediates used herein are commercially available or may be prepared according to standard literature procedures. These examples are for illustrative purposes only, and are not to be construed as limiting the appended claims.
Principal effects of a composition of the present invention may be evaluated using the Primary Observation (Irwin) Test in the mouse. See Irwin (Psychopharmacologia, 13, 222-257, 1968). This method detects the first toxic dose, the active dose-range and the principal effects of a test substance on behavior and physiological function. Mice are administered the test substance and are observed in simultaneous comparison with a control group given vehicle (non-blind conditions). Between 1 and 3 treated groups are compared with the same control at any one time. All animals within a treatment group are observed simultaneously.
Behavioral modifications, physiological and neurotoxicity symptoms, rectal temperature and pupil diameter are recorded according to a standardized observation grid derived from that of Irwin. The grid contains the following items: death*, convulsions*, tremor*, Straub tail*, altered activity, jumping*, abnormal gait* (rolling, tiptoe), motor incoordination*, altered abdominal muscle tone, loss of grasping, akinesia, catalepsy, loss of traction, writhing*, piloerection*, stereotypies* (sniffing, chewing, head movements), head-twitches*, scratching*, altered respiration*, aggression*, altered fear/startle, altered reactivity to touch, ptosis, exophthalmia, loss of righting reflex, loss of corneal reflex, analgesia, defecation/diarrhea, salivation, lacrimation, rectal temperature (hypothermia/hyperthermia) and pupil diameter (myosis/mydriasis).
Observations are performed 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after administration of the test substance and also 24 hours later. The symptoms marked (*) are observed continuously from 0 to 15 minutes after administration.
Raw data are entered into calculation spreadsheets. All data entered are compared with raw data by two persons to verify entry accuracy before data analysis.
In grouped data tables: qualitative data are presented as presence/absence, or decrease/increase, of the behavioural symptoms. Rectal temperature and pupil diameter are measured quantitatively and are presented as means followed by ± sign and the standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) and as variation (delta) from control at each time point.
In summary tables: qualitative data are presented as the number of animals showing the symptoms (with their intensity (slight, moderate or marked) for decrease or increase in movements). Rectal temperature and pupil diameter are graded on a 3-point scale (slight, moderate or marked) in terms of the direction change from control values.
Evaluation of Cognition Enhancing Activity Using the Social Recognition Test in the Rat (Delay Induced Deficit).
An unfamiliar juvenile is introduced into the individual home cage of a mature adult rat for 5 minutes. Following this first contact (C1), the juvenile is returned to its isolation cage for 120 minutes and reintroduced for a second contact of 5 minutes with the same mature adult rat (C2).
The time the adult rat spends investigating (sniffing, grooming, licking, closely following) the juvenile at each contact is recorded. A recognition index (=C2/C1) is also calculated. Under such conditions, a mature adult rat failure to recognize the juvenile as familiar is indicated by an absence of reduction in the duration of social investigatory behavior at C2.
The test substances are evaluated at 2 doses, administered p.o. immediately after before C1 (i.e. 120 minutes before C2), and compared with a vehicle control group. The test is performed blind. Donepezil HCl (3 mg/kg i.p.) administered immediately after C1 is used as reference substance.
Data are analyzed by comparing treated groups with control using one-way Anova followed by post-hoc analysis.
Raw data are entered into calculation spreadsheets previously verified and protected using a standard commercial spreadsheet product. All data entered are compared with raw data by two to verify entry accuracy before data analysis. Results in grouped data tables or figures are presented as means followed by a ± sign and the standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) (parametric data) or as medians followed by [interquartile ranges] (non-parametric data). All differences are considered statistically significant when the null hypothesis can be rejected at a risk a of less than 0.05.
Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity for Compositions of the Present Invention Using the 6 Hz Psychomotor Test in the Mouse.
Anticonvulsant activity may be measured by the following method as described by Brown et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 107, 273-283, 1953), which detects anticonvulsant activity.
Mice are administered a rectangular current (44 mA, rectangular pulse: 0.2 ms pulse width, 3 s duration, 6 Hz) via corneal electrodes connected to a constant current shock generator (Ugo Basile: Type 7801). The results for the number of seizures as reflected by forelimb clonus and Straub-tail are recorded during the first minute following current administration. Forelimb clonus is scored as absent (0), mild (1) and strong (2) whereas Straub tail is rated as absent (0) or present (1). 15 mice are studied per group. The test is performed blind.
Each composition is evaluated at 2 doses, administered p.o. 60 minutes before the test and compared with a vehicle control group. Diazepam (8 mg/kg p.o.), administered under the same experimental conditions, is used as reference substance.
Quantitative data (scores) with the tested compositions are analyzed by comparing treated groups with vehicle control using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Quantitative data with the reference substance are analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Quantal data (Straub tail) will be analyzed by comparing treated groups with the vehicle control using Fisher's Exact Probability tests.
The examples that follow are directed to in vivo experiments in humans which demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods of the present invention. They represent anecdotal reports gathered from parents and/or attending physicians regarding improvements in patients attributed to administration of NutriiVeda™, a nutrient composition that is administered in certain preferred embodiments of the present invention.
A nine year old male patient was administered 2 scoops (approximately 40 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a once per day basis. Prior to administration, the patient had been having uncontrolled seizures for three years in spite of continuing administration of seizure medications. Soon after administration was begun, slight improvements in mood, temper, and language comprehension were observed. Dosage was increased to approximately 40 grams twice per day basis. The patient was seizure-free for 15 weeks and the dosage level of his seizure medication was reduced on two occasions.
A 4½ year old male patient was diagnosed with high functioning autism and severe oral and verbal apraxia (also a milder limb apraxia). The patient was administered 2 scoops (approximately 40 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a once per day basis. After two weeks, the improvements in written language recognition and related speech were observed. The patient began spelling out words after week 3 and counting up to 10.
A thirteen year old male patient diagnosed with apraxia showed improvements in speech after administration of 2 scoops (approximately 40 grams) of NutriiVeda™) on a twice per day basis. After one week the patient's language was observed to be smoother and faster. At a later time, administration of NutriiVeda™ was reduced to 2 scoops (approximately 40 grams) of NutriiVeda™) at breakfast on one day and 2 scoops (approximately 40 grams) of NutriiVeda™) the next night. The parent noticed that the patient's speech had regressed at the end of this period of reduced administration. Administration was increased to earlier levels and subsequently increased to 3 scoops (approximately 60 grams) of NutriiVeda™) on a twice per day basis. In the weeks that followed the patient's speech improved. Additionally the patient began waking up each morning prior to his alarm, showed greater interest in reading and sharing the books he was reading (in detail), read a chapter book in two days, had a sudden ability to independently blink one eye at a time. The male patient's chief school administrator confirmed that was more alert, participated more in class and showed improved speech abilities.
A male child patient diagnosed with apraxia at three years of age was initially administered 1 scoop (approximately 20 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a once per day basis with a gradual increase to two scoops (approximately 40 grams) per day over a one month period. The attending speech language pathologist subsequently indicated that the patient showed fewer signs of classic apraxia and noted that the patient's apraxia symptoms have been reduced such that they now more resemble a phonological processing. After one month of taking NutriiVeda™, the patient's word usage, conversation skills, language comprehension and fine motors skill levels improved.
A speech language pathologist from Marriottsville, Md. reported the following observations regarding a client diagnosed with apraxia.
A 34 month old male patient was diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech at 24 months. He was administered 1 scoop (approximately 20 grams) of NutriiVeda™) on a once per day basis. After five days the patient's mood and demeanor improved and resistance to parental instruction decreased. The patient demonstrated improved peace/calmness. His verbal language skills showed more complex language use, and the patient's articulation of consonants was much clearer and completion of word end sounds was enhanced relative to his efforts prior to administration. His abilities to focus for extended periods were enhanced. His therapist has noted that the patient is making sounds easier and that his focus was significantly better.
A 5 year old male patient was diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech. He was administered 1.5 scoops (approximately 30 grams) of NutriiVeda™) on a twice per day basis. The patient drank a glass of water prior to administration of the NutriiVeda™. Initially the NutriiVeda™ was mixed with DariFree chocolate. Subsequently, the DariFree chocolate was substituted by water. Within six weeks, the patient required much less translation from a parent to communicate with others. In addition, the patient increased his standard score from 69 to 89 on the Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation. The patient also showed improvement in behavior, song singing, and motor skills. Upon re-evaluation by a neurologist, his diagnosis was downgraded from severe apraxia to mild to moderate apraxia, extending to limbs.
A nine year old male patient diagnosed with severe apraxia, mild PDD/NOS, and seizure disorder was scheduled for a partial lobotomy. The patient was administered 2 scoops (approximately 40 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a twice per day basis. Prior to administration, the patient had been having uncontrolled seizures with a periodicity of less than or equal to 2 weeks. Within 2 to 3 weeks of the initial of NutriiVeda™ administration, slight improvements in articulation, overall intelligibility, more sophisticated use of language, awareness of surroundings, and spontaneity of speech were observed. The patient has been seizure-free for 9 months at this dosage level. In view of the lack of seizures, the surgery was postponed indefinitely and the patient was taken off the seizure control medications Depakote and Corbotrol.
Subsequently, the parent reduced dosage of the nutrient composition in half for several months. The child's SLP noticed a reduction in earlier speech/language gains. The parent then discontinued NutriiVeda™ for about two weeks to give her son a “break” from administration. Shortly (about 3 days) after reinitiating administration of the composition, the patient had his first seizure in over a year.
A six and one half year old male patient predisposed to seizures and diagnosed with severe apraxia, autism/PDD and hypotonia, seizure disorder was administered 2 scoops (approximately 40 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a twice per day basis for one week. The dosage was increased to 3 scoops (approximately 60 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a once per day basis thereafter. After administration was begun, improvements in speech skills, social skills, awareness of surroundings, gross and fine motor skills and mood were observed. There was a decrease in the frequency/and/or severity of seizures leading to a decrease in administration levels of Topomax (for seizures) and Clonadine (for sleep assistance).
A 10 year old female patient diagnosed with severe apraxia/dyspraxia and severe autism/PDD and predisposed to seizures was administered 2 to 4 scoops (approximately 40 to 80 grams) of NutriiVeda™ split up during the day. The dosage was provided as a shake with milk, or frozen into a popsicle or ice cream. Prior to administration, the patient had been having uncontrolled seizures even while sleeping despite continuing administration of seizure medication. After four weeks of NutriiVeda™ administration, improvements in articulation, intelligibility, oral motor skills, vocabulary gross and fine motor skills, focus, and mood were observed. The intensity and frequency of seizures has subsided.
A 2 year old female patient diagnosed with apraxia and hypotonia was administered 1 scoop (approximately 20 grams) of NutriiVeda™ split up during the day. The dosage was provided as a shake with milk. After 4 weeks, improvements in sound production, articulation, overall intelligibility, motor planning, vocabulary, gross and fine motor skills, multi tasking, focus and mood were observed.
A 3 year old male patient diagnosed with severe apraxia and gross and fine motor skill delays was administered 1 scoop (approximately 20 grams) of NutriiVeda™ split up during the day for two weeks. The dosage was provided as a shake with milk. After 2 weeks, improvements in sound production, articulation, overall intelligibility, social skills, learning skills, multi tasking, focus and mood were observed.
A 4 year old male patient diagnosed with moderate autism/PDD was administered 1 scoop (approximately 20 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a once per day basis. The dosage was provided as a shake with milk. Slight improvements were noted within 3 to 5 days. After 6 weeks, improvements in sound production, oral motor dysfunction, receptive language skills, expressive language skills, social skills, gross and fine motor skills, multi tasking, focus and mood were observed.
A 3 year old male patient diagnosed with severe apraxia and dysarthria (weakness of facial muscles) was administered 1 scoop (approximately 20 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a once per day basis. The dosage was provided as a shake with milk. After 2 weeks, improvements in sound production, articulation, overall intelligibility, oral motor dysfunction, receptive language skills, expressive language skills, social skills, fine motor skills, learning skills, multi tasking, focus and mood were observed.
A 10 year old male patient diagnosed with severe apraxia, motor planning an sensory dysfunction was administered 2 scoops (approximately 40 grams) of NutriiVeda™ on a twice per day basis for five weeks. The dosage was provided as a shake with milk or juice, or mixed in a pudding, yogurt, applesauce, or peanut butter food vehicle. Slight improvements were noted within 3 to 5 days. After 5 weeks, improvements in sound production, articulation, overall intelligibility, motor planning, receptive language skills, expressive language skills, social skills, learning skills, fine motor skills, multi tasking, focus and mood were observed.
A 3 year old male patient diagnosed with mild apraxia, feeding and swallowing disorders, and sensory integration dysfunction was administered 1 scoop (approximately 20 grams) of NutriiVeda™ split up over the day for four weeks. The dosage was provided as a shake with juice. Slight improvements were noted within 3 to 5 days. After 5 weeks, improvements in sound production, articulation, overall intelligibility, expressive language skills, social skills, fine motor skills, focus and mood were observed.
An eighty nine year old male patient was diagnosed with Alzheimer's 9 years previously. His condition had progressed to a point where he was unaware of his surroundings, unable to care for himself, unable to walk without falling, and unable to speak. He was being considered as a nursing home resident based on his needed care requirements. His caregiver began administering 1 scoop (approximately 20 grams) of NutriiVeda™ four times a day (total of 4 scoops) and at times up to six times a day thereafter. Improvements in speech skills were noted within one day after the onset of NutriiVeda™ administration. Within a month the patient showed observable improvements in lucid conversation, awareness of surroundings, personal care, and ability to walk without falling as noted by the family and the patient's doctor. The recommendation for nursing home admittance was withdrawn.
A thirty five year old male was diagnosed with severe stroke in the left hemisphere right in the speech center of the brain from a severed carotid artery. While under induced coma, part of his skull was removed for brain swelling. Shortly after returning home to continue his recovery, his mother began to administer one scoop/day of NutriiVeda™. His mother observed a reduction followed by an absence of the patient's severe headaches. The mother subsequently increased her son's dosage to four scoops a day. At the time that the increased dosage was initiated, the patient's speech was 23% intelligible. It was his doctor's prognosis at that time that the patient would never again be able to speak clearly based on the location in the brain where the stroke occurred and its effect on that brain region. To the contrary, the patient had rapid improvements including in his speech. In four months, his speech intelligibility rose to 82%. He had other noted improvements in movements to his right arm and leg relative to his earlier paralytic state.
A six and a half year old male was diagnosed with severe autism, mental retardation, medication resistant epilepsy (Grand Mal seizures) and hypotonia. He had been under the care of the same neurologist all his life and was on three medications, two for seizures and one for sleep. Prior to the time he was administered NutriiVeda™, he made essentially no gains in any area in is IEP goals and was in a wheelchair, unable to perform even simple skills. He was put on somewhat less than 4 scoops of NutriiVeda™ daily for over a year. Within the first month, he started to play, smile, and climb, and became curious about his surroundings. He began to act like a normal child. Within the first six months of being on his daily regimen of NutriiVeda™ he was taken off all three of his medications and remains seizure free with no sleep issues. He met all his goals on his IEP and new aggressive goals were set for him. His long-time neurologist from Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center stated he has two other patients with similar characteristics that were administered NutriiVeda™ with similar results.
Five year old female was diagnosed with severe autism, hypotonia, global delays, and chronic constipation. Numerous therapies and strategies as well as special diets had been tried with little or no positive results. She was administered a regimen of two scoops of NutriiVeda™ per day. Within one week she began playing with a doll and other toys that had all been previously ignored. She also took an interest in an iPad™ and started playing some age and/or skill appropriate computer games on her own. She subsequently developed motor skills sufficient to carry her toys and iPad up to and into a chair to play which was previous impossible for her without assistance. She also began to walk around the house unassisted. She became openly affectionate for the first time. She was also able to move her bowels for the first time on her own.
A fifteen year old male with autism and mental retardation was put on a regimen of four scoops a day of NutriiVeda™. Prior to beginning this regimen, his IQ was 47. Within 3 months he began to perform skills that he was unable to perform previously, such as removing a carton of milk from the refrigerator on his own and pouring himself a glass of milk. After 3 months on his regimen of NutriiVeda™, his IQ improved to 62.
A sixteen year old male was diagnosed with ADHD. His high school reported that his focus was poor and he was floundering in his grades. He was put onto four scoops of NutriiVeda™ per day. Almost immediate improvements were noted in his focus. There were also improvements noted in his maturity, social skills and communication. His parents received certificates from three of his teachers in recognition of improvement in his abilities at school. He maintained these improvements on a regular regimen of from two to four scoops per day and is currently a straight A student.
A thirty seven year old woman, mother of four, was diagnosed four years ago with partial absence seizures due to a lesion in her right front temporal lobe caused by radiation treatment for cancer. She was never seizure free for more than three days. She self-administered NutriiVeda™ on a one scoop per day regimen for one month. During this time she went for 12 days without a seizure. When she ran out of Nutriiveda she decided to stop her regimen and her seizures began again. Once she reinitiated her administration of NutriiVeda™, her seizures stopped. Subsequently, she administered NutriiVeda™ each day for 4 months on a one scoop per day regimen. She then voluntarily stopped taking NutriiVeda™ and has remained free of seizures (one month so far).
A four and a half year old girl was diagnosed with global delays, was still unable to walk, and had medication-resistant Grand Mal seizures. She was put on a NutriiVeda™ administration schedule of two scoops a day. Within one week she was able to walk across a room and has stopped having seizures. After six months on her regimen, she is both walking and talking and has remained seizure free.
A male aged 4 years and nine months was diagnosed as mosaic with a partial duplication on Chromosome 19 has been on both fish oils and NutriiVeda™ for about one year. One year ago, he started a regimen of ProEFA fish oils (one capsule a day). Within three weeks he went from saying “cu” to “cup”. Within a few months started putting a few simple two word sentences together such as “go bye” however most of his speech was still limited to single word utterances. Subsequently he started a regimen of NutriiVeda™ in combination with the fish oil capsules. Within days his speech improved both in clarity and in length of sentences which was observed by professionals that worked with him. The professionals indicated that it was like a “fog was clearing” in the patient's brain. Within one month of starting NutriiVeda™ at one scoop a day together with his one capsule of ProEFA fish oil he started riding his tricycle for the first time. Six months later his mother increased his dosage of NutriiVeda™ to two scoops and again within days his speech increased to eight word sentences such as “I want a cup of apple juice, mama” While over the next four months the most dramatic improvements was in speech, he continued progress in fine and gross motor skills as well. One area that had not improved was his stimming; jumping and rubbing his fingers together when he was excited. His dosage of NutriiVeda™ was raised to three scoops per day. Shortly thereafter, he developed an ability to control his stimming for the first time.
A male aged 3 years and 10 months who was diagnosed with apraxia was put on one scoop of NutriiVeda™ per day regimen. Previous to taking NutriiVeda™, he was essentially nonverbal, non compliant in therapy, lacking in social skills, with no interest in any books, spelling or counting. During the first week of being on NutriiVeda™ he started to talk and develop more appropriate social skills. Within the first month he started speaking in understandable 3 and 4 word sentences and developed an interest in books, spelling, and writing his name. After a month, the regimen was revised to include one capsule a day of ProEFA fish oils (manufactured by Nordic Naturals). Within a week he increased up to 9 word sentences. For example to his grandmother whom he calls “Momo”, the male patient said “Momo, I luv you to moon to you home”. After starting back to school and being without speech therapy for three months (summer holiday), he started back to preschool and both the teacher as well as the principal were elated over his progress. While it is typical that children with apraxia regress without instruction over the summer months, the speech therapist noted significant improvement in this case and documented that the patient's speech was easier to understand and that he was answering questions in the classroom.
A seventeen year old female senior high school student was put on a regimen of 4 scoops of NutriiVeda™ split up during the day. Prior to the start of this regimen, her grades were primarily Bs and Cs. In social settings among peers, she showed symptoms of anxiety and insecurity. Almost immediately, her mother reported that her daughter seemed more motivated to do her school work. As the weeks progressed, she expressed interest in improving her grade point average. By the end of that school semester (about 3 months later), she was a straight A student. She became easy going and sociable with her peers, joining after school activities such as theater. After high school graduation, she was accepted into the Academy of Art University in San Fransisco where she majored in theater. She has continued to do well academically on her NutriiVeda™ regimen of 4 scoops per day.
A fourteen year old male was put on a regimen of 4 scoops of Nutriiveda split up during the day. Prior to the start of this regimen, his grades were Bs and Cs. His parents' main concern was lack of popularity among other students in the school. He was teased and insecure. Within weeks of being on NutriiVeda™ he appeared to be more confident. He became more outgoing at school and started joining after school activities and making new friends. His mother described it as “suddenly came out of his shell”. That semester his grades went from Bs and Cs to solid As and within a year of being on NutriiVeda™ he was asked to join the National Honors Society. This past summer, he saved up his own money to pay for a summer math class that enabled him to take more AP classes in high school this year. He ran for class president this year at school and won.
[Embodiment 1] A method for treating apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition that ameliorates one or more symptoms of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD, said composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula.
[Embodiment 2] A method according to Embodiment 1, for treating apraxia or autism, or one or more symptoms thereof.
[Embodiment 3] A method according to Embodiment 1 or 2, for treating apraxia or one or more symptoms thereof.
[Embodiment 4] A method according to Embodiment 1 or 2, for treating autism, or one or more symptoms thereof.
[Embodiment 5] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the nutrient composition is in granular or powder form.
[Embodiment 6] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, wherein the nutrient composition is capable of being administered orally.
[Embodiment 7] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, wherein the nutrient composition is combined with a liquid vehicle for oral consumption by the patient.
[Embodiment 8] A method according to Embodiment 7, wherein the liquid vehicle comprises water or milk.
[Embodiment 10] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises cinnamomum verum or capsicum annuum.
[Embodiment 11] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises an amino acid composition comprising one or more amino acids.
[Embodiment 12] A method according to Embodiment 11, wherein the amino acid composition comprises a whey protein isolate.
[Embodiment 13] A method according to Embodiment 11 or 12, wherein the one or more amino acids contained in the amino acid composition are selected from the group consisting of: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptphan, tyrosine, and valine.
[Embodiment 14] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, wherein the nutrient composition is gluten or casein free.
[Embodiment 15] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises taurine or theonine.
[Embodiment 16] A method according to Embodiment 15, wherein the taurine is L-taurine and the theonine is L-theonine.
[Embodiment 17] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one copper containing compound.
[Embodiment 18] A method according to Embodiment 17, wherein the copper compound containing nutrient composition further comprises at least one metal containing compound, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum.
[Embodiment 19] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one vitamin.
[Embodiment 20] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19, wherein the at least one vitamin is selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin B-1 (thiamine), vitamin B-2 (riboflavin), vitamin B-3 (niacin), vitamin B-5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B-6, vitamin B-7 (biotin), vitamin B-9 (folic acid), vitamin B-12, vitamin C, vitamin D-3, and vitamin E.
[Embodiment 21] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one protein source.
[Embodiment 22] A method according to 21, wherein the at least one protein source comprises brown rice powder.
[Embodiment 23] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one source of sugars, dietary fiber, or other carbohydrate.
[Embodiment 25] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises iodine.
[Embodiment 27] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26, further comprising an effective amount of an omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 28] A method according to Embodiment 27, wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof is provided in granular or powder form.
[Embodiment 29] A method according to Embodiment 27 or 28, wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof is microencapsulated.
an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula; and an effective amount of an omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 31] A composition according to Embodiment 30, wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof is provided in powder form.
[Embodiment 32] A composition according to Embodiment 30 or 31, wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof is provided in microencapsulated powder form.
[Embodiment 33] A composition according to any one of Embodiments 30, 31, and 32, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises an effective amount of an omega 6 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 34] A composition according to Embodiment 33, wherein the omega 6 fatty acid is selected from GLA and DGLA, or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 35] A method according to any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises an effective amount of an omega 6 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 36] A method according to Embodiment 35, wherein the omega 6 fatty acid is selected from GLA and DGLA, or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 37] A method enhancing cognitive function, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition that enhances one or more aspects of cognition; said composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula.
[Embodiment 38] A method according to Embodiment 37, wherein the aspect of cognition are selected from attention, learning, and memory.
[Embodiment 39] A method according to Embodiment 37 or 38, further comprising an effective amount of an omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 40] A method treating stroke or an associated symptom thereof, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising three or more botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalis chebula.
[Embodiment 41] A method according to Embodiment 40, further comprising an effective amount of an omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 42] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, and 41, wherein the nutrient composition is in granular or powder form.
[Embodiment 43] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, and 42, wherein the nutrient composition is capable of being administered orally.
[Embodiment 44] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43, wherein the nutrient composition is combined with a liquid vehicle for oral consumption by the patient.
[Embodiment 45] A method according to Embodiment 44, wherein the liquid vehicle comprises water or milk.
[Embodiment 47] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises cinnamomum verum or capsicum annuum.
[Embodiment 48] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 47, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises an amino acid composition comprising one or more amino acids.
[Embodiment 49] A method according to Embodiment 48, wherein the amino acid composition comprises a whey protein isolate.
[Embodiment 50] A method according to Embodiment 48 or 49, wherein the one or more amino acids contained in the amino acid composition are selected from the group consisting of: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptphan, tyrosine, and valine.
[Embodiment 51] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50, wherein the nutrient composition is gluten or casein free.
[Embodiment 52] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, and 51, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises taurine or theonine.
[Embodiment 53] A method according to 52, wherein the taurine is L-taurine and the theonine is L-theonine.
[Embodiment 54] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, and 53, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one copper containing compound.
[Embodiment 55] A method according to Embodiment 54, wherein the copper compound containing nutrient composition further comprises at least one metal containing compound, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum.
[Embodiment 56] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, and 55, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one vitamin.
[Embodiment 57] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56, wherein the at least one vitamin is selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin B-1 (thiamine), vitamin B-2 (riboflavin), vitamin B-3 (niacin), vitamin B-5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B-6, vitamin B-7 (biotin), vitamin B-9 (folic acid), vitamin B-12, vitamin C, vitamin D-3, and vitamin E.
[Embodiment 58] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, and 57, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one protein source.
[Embodiment 59] A method according to 58, wherein the at least one protein source comprises brown rice powder.
[Embodiment 60] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one source of sugars, dietary fiber, or other carbohydrate.
[Embodiment 62] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, and 61, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises iodine.
[Embodiment 64] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, and 63, further comprising an effective amount of an omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 65] A method according to Embodiment 64, wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof is provided in granular or powder form.
[Embodiment 66] A method according to Embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof wherein the omega 3 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof is microencapsulated.
[Embodiment 67] A method according to any one of Embodiments 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, and 66, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises an effective amount of an omega 6 fatty acid or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
[Embodiment 68] A method according to Embodiment 67, wherein the omega 6 fatty acid is selected from GLA and DGLA, or pharmaceutically acceptable or food grade acceptable derivative thereof.
When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodiments therein are intended to be included.
The disclosures of each patent, patent application and publication cited or described in this document are hereby incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention and that such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalent variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
1. A method for treating apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition that ameliorates one or more symptoms of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, or ADHD, said nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising botanical extracts selected from each of the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalia chebula.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient composition is in granular or powder form.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the nutrient composition is capable of being administered orally.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the nutrient composition is combined with a liquid vehicle for oral consumption by the patient.
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the liquid vehicle comprises water or milk.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises cinnamomum verum or capsicum annuum.
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises an amino acid composition comprising one or more amino acids.
8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the amino acid composition comprises a whey protein isolate.
9. A method according to claim 7, wherein the one or more amino acids contained in the amino acid composition are selected from the group consisting of: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptphan, tyrosine, and valine.
10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient composition is gluten or casein free.
11. A method according to claim 9, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises taurine or theonine.
12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the taurine is L-taurine and the theonine is L-theonine.
13. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one copper containing compound.
14. A method according to claim 13, wherein the copper compound containing nutrient composition further comprises at least one metal containing compound, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum.
15. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one vitamin.
16. A method according to claim 15, wherein the at least one vitamin is selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, vitamin B-3, vitamin B-5, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-7, vitamin B-9, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, vitamin D-3, and vitamin E.
17. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one protein source.
18. A method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one protein source comprises brown rice powder.
19. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises at least one source of sugars, dietary fiber, or other carbohydrate.
21. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient composition further comprises iodine.
(b) cocoa flavor and capsicum annuum; or vanilla flavor and cinnamomum verum.
23. A method for treating apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, Alzheimer's Disease, or ADHD comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition that ameliorates one or more symptoms of apraxia, autism, speech impairments, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, epilepsy, global delays, Alzheimer's Disease, or ADHD, said nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising botanical extracts selected from each of the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalia chebula.
24. A method for treating stroke or an associated symptom thereof comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition that ameliorates one or more symptoms of stroke, said nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising each of the botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalia chebula.
25. A method for enhancing cognitive function comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nutrient composition that enhances one or more aspects of cognition, said nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of a mixture or purified mixture thereof comprising each of the botanical extracts selected from the group of botanicals consisting of gymnema sylvestre, commiphora mukul, curcuma longa, camellia sinensis, emblica officinalis, and terminalia chebula.
26. A method according to claim 25, wherein the patient is suffering cognitive dysfunction.
27. A method according to claim 26, wherein the cognitive dysfunction is associated with condition or disorder selected from the group consisting of: Alzheimer's Disease, mild cognitive impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular dementia, Parkinson's Disease dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's Disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, AIDS-associated dementia, schizophrenia, Lewy-body variant of Alzheimer's Disease with or without association with Parkinson's Disease, Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease, Korsakoff's Disorder, learning disabilities caused by degenerative disorders, learning disabilities caused by non-degenerative disorders, genetic conditions, cerebral senility, vascular dementia, electric shock induced amnesia, memory impairment associated with depression or anxiety, memory impairment associated with surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass grafting, Down's syndrome, and combinations thereof.
28. A method according to claim 26, wherein the cognitive dysfunction comprises memory loss.
29. A method according to claim 25, wherein the aspect of cognition is selected from attention, learning and memory.
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DNA damage checkpoints arrest cell cycle progression to facilitate DNA repair. The ability to survive genotoxic insults depends not only on the initiation of cell cycle checkpoints but also on checkpoint maintenance. While activation of DNA damage checkpoints has been studied extensively, molecular mechanisms involved in sustaining and ultimately inactivating cell cycle checkpoints are largely unknown. Here, we explored feedback mechanisms that control the maintenance and termination of checkpoint function by computationally identifying an evolutionary conserved mitotic phosphorylation network within the DNA damage response. We demonstrate that the non-enzymatic checkpoint adaptor protein 53BP1 is an in vivo target of the cell cycle kinases Cyclin-dependent kinase-1 and Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1). We show that Plk1 binds 53BP1 during mitosis and that this interaction is required for proper inactivation of the DNA damage checkpoint. 53BP1 mutants that are unable to bind Plk1 fail to restart the cell cycle after ionizing radiation-mediated cell cycle arrest. Importantly, we show that Plk1 also phosphorylates the 53BP1-binding checkpoint kinase Chk2 to inactivate its FHA domain and inhibit its kinase activity in mammalian cells. Thus, a mitotic kinase-mediated negative feedback loop regulates the ATM-Chk2 branch of the DNA damage signaling network by phosphorylating conserved sites in 53BP1 and Chk2 to inactivate checkpoint signaling and control checkpoint duration.
DNA is constantly damaged both by factors outside our bodies (such as ultraviolet rays from sunlight) and by factors from within (such as reactive oxygen species produced during metabolism). DNA damage can lead to malfunctioning of genes, and persistent DNA damage can result in developmental disorders or the development of cancer. To ensure proper DNA repair, cells are equipped with an evolutionarily conserved DNA damage checkpoint, which stops proliferation and activates DNA repair mechanisms. Intriguingly, this DNA damage checkpoint responds to DNA damage throughout the cell cycle, except during mitosis. In this work, we have addressed how cells dismantle their DNA damage checkpoint during mitosis to allow cell division to proceed even if there is damaged DNA present. Using the observation that kinases phosphorylate their substrates on evolutionarily conserved, kinase-specific sequence motifs, we have used a combined computational and experimental approach to predict and verify key proteins involved in mitotic checkpoint inactivation. We show that the checkpoint scaffold protein 53BP1 is phosphorylated by the mitotic kinases Cdk1 and Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1). Furthermore, we find that Plk1 can inactivate the checkpoint kinase Chk2, which is downstream of 53BP1. Plk1 is shown to be a key mediator of mitotic checkpoint inactivation, as cells that cannot activate Plk1 fail to properly dismantle the DNA damage checkpoint during mitosis and instead show DNA damage-induced Chk2 kinase activation. Two related papers, published in PLoS Biology (Vidanes et al., doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000286) and PLoS Genetics (Donnianni et al., doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000763), similarly investigate the phenomenon of DNA damage checkpoint silencing.
Copyright: © 2010 van Vugt et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was funded by National Institutes of Health grants GM68762, CA112967, and ES015339 to MBY, and by the National Cancer Institute's Initiative for Chemical Genetics, National Institutes of Health, under contract no. N01-CO-12400. MVV was supported by a VENI award from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO-ZonMW). AG was supported by a grant from the American Cancer Society #PF-06-286-01-CCG, and RL is supported by Genome Canada through Ontario Genomics Institute and was a Human Frontiers Fellow. HCR was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (RE2246/1-1), the Deutsche Nierenstiftung, and the David H. Koch Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Throughout the life of an organism, cellular DNA constantly encounters chemical and radiation-induced damage. Solar and terrestrial sources of radiation, along with the oxidative by-products of normal metabolism, result in chemical modifications of DNA bases and disruption of the sugar phosphate backbone. Additional DNA lesions, including mismatched bases, and single- or double-stranded DNA breaks, also arise during the process of replication, which is not an error-free process . To cope with these types of genotoxic damage, cells activate powerful DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints that coordinate cell cycle arrest with recruitment and activation of the DNA repair machinery –. Depending on the amount of damage and the specific cell type, cross-talk between the checkpoint and repair pathways with pathways involved in programmed cell death leads to the elimination of irreparably damaged cells by apoptosis . The global importance of these cell cycle checkpoint pathways in maintaining genomic integrity is highlighted by the observation that loss, mutation, or epigenetic silencing of checkpoint genes is frequently observed in cancer ,. Conversely, deletion of checkpoint genes in non-neoplastic cells has been shown to cause genomic instability and predisposition to transformation ,.
Loss of DNA damage checkpoints during early stages of tumorigenesis not only facilitates the acquisition of additional mutations over time , but can also be exploited in various forms of human cancer treatment. Radiotherapy as well as many types of anti-tumor chemotherapy are believed to preferentially kill tumor cells by generating extensive amounts of DNA damage that promotes cell death in checkpoint-compromised tumors, but not in the surrounding non-neoplastic tissue where the checkpoint and repair pathways are intact . The primary cytotoxic lesion created by therapeutic radiotherapy and most other genotoxic treatments are DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). It has been estimated that a single unrepaired DSB is sufficient for cell lethality .
Early events following DSB generation include local alterations in chromatin structure, recruitment of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 mediator complex to the DNA, and phosphorylation of the variant Histone H2AX by an initial wave of activation of the checkpoint kinase ATM ,–. Subsequent recruitment of the protein MDC1 dramatically enhances further local activation of ATM as part of a positive feedback loop, which in turn recruits molecules like 53BP1 and BRCA1 –. 53BP1 facilitates DNA repair by the error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway ,, while BRCA1 is important for DNA repair by the error-free homologous recombination pathway during the S and G2 phases of the cell . A major target of ATM is the effector kinase Chk2, a critical effector kinase that functions downstream of ATM to arrest the cell cycle after DSBs by inactivating phosphatases of the Cdc25 family through catalytic inactivation, nuclear exclusion, and/or proteasomal degradation ,. This, in turn, prevents Cdc25 family members from dephosphorylating and activating Cyclin-Cdk complexes, thereby initiating G1/S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints.
In order for cells to survive DNA damage, it is important that cell cycle arrest is not only initiated but also maintained for the duration of time necessary for DNA repair. Mechanisms governing checkpoint initiation versus maintenance appear to be molecularly distinct. This was initially demonstrated by the observation that interference with specific checkpoint components can leave checkpoint initiation intact but disrupt checkpoint maintenance, leading to premature cell cycle reentry accompanied by death by mitotic catastrophe ,,–. Although the process of checkpoint termination and cell cycle reentry has not been studied extensively, the existing data suggest that inactivation of a checkpoint response is an active process that requires dedicated signaling pathways, such as the Plk1 pathway ,,. Intriguingly, a number of proteins involved in terminating the maintenance phase of a DNA damage checkpoint also play critical roles during later mitotic events, suggesting the existence of a positive feedback loop in which the earliest events of mitosis involve the active silencing of the DNA damage checkpoint through one or more mechanisms that remain unclear.
Checkpoint silencing has been best studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae and has revealed several essential genes in this process, for example the phosphatases Ptc2 and Ptc3, Casein kinase-I, and Srs1 –. In addition, the Polo-like kinase Cdc5 is required for silencing checkpoint signaling, and this requirement appears to be widely conserved, since S. cerevisiae, X. Leavis, and human cells all depend on Plks for silencing of the S-phase or G2 checkpoints, respectively ,–. The activity of Polo-like kinases has been shown to be required for inactivation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway and the Wee1 axis of checkpoint signaling. Specifically, Plk1 was shown to create β-TrCP-binding sites on both Wee1 and the Chk1 adaptor protein Claspin, resulting in efficient ubiquitin-mediated degradation of these target proteins –. Thus far, only inactivation of checkpoint components of the ATR-Chk1-Wee1 signaling axes has been identified in relation to maintenance and termination of cell cycle checkpoints. DSBs, however, primarily trigger a checkpoint arrest through the ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway. How, and if, the ATM-Chk2 signaling axis is actively silenced during release of the G2 DNA damage checkpoint is currently unclear. Here, we analyzed potential feedback mechanisms responsible for terminating this process. We reasoned that inactivation of cell cycle checkpoints after DSBs should involve at least two arms of the ATM-Chk2 checkpoint response—both the upstream sensor arm that maintains activation of ATM and the downstream effector arm that functions at and below the level of Chk2 must be silenced in order to facilitate cell cycle reentry. By using a combination of evolutionarily constrained bioinformatics analysis together with cell cycle–specific modifications of the highly conserved DNA damage checkpoint signaling network, we identified the Cdk- and Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of 53BP1 and Chk2 as critical checkpoint-inactivating events in the sensor and effector arms of the G2/M checkpoint pathway, respectively, that are important for checkpoint termination and cell cycle reentry.
To identify potential feedback and control mechanisms that extinguish the ATM-Chk2 signaling axis of the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint, we initially investigated whether we could observe silencing of this network under particular cell states or conditions. Molecular targets that are known to be inactivated in other G2/M cell cycle checkpoint control pathways, i.e. the ATR/Chk1 pathway, include Wee1 and Claspin – and inactivation of these components results in a shutdown of this checkpoint signaling pathway following mitotic entry. If the ATM-Chk2 pathway was also inactivated upon mitotic entry, clear differences would be expected when interphase cells are compared to mitotic cells following irradiation. To examine this, U2OS cells were exposed to 10 Gy of ionizing radiation (IR), and activation of the upstream checkpoint kinase ATM and the downstream effector kinase Chk2 were examined by immunoblotting (Figure 1A, B). In order to investigate whether mitotic cells remained in mitosis upon irradiation in our experimental set-up, we used two mitotic markers, MPM-2 immunoreactivity and the presence of Plk1 (Figure 1B). The monoclonal MPM-2 antibody was originally cloned on the basis of its ability to specifically recognize mitotic but not interphase cells . MPM-2 recognizes multiple mitosis-specific phospho-proteins, and its reactivity thus indicates the abundance of mitotic cells. Plk1, on the other hand, is highly expressed in G2 and M-phase of the cell cycle and is degraded during mitotic exit . Importantly, we observed that irradiation of mitotic cells did not lead to mitotic exit, as judged by the persistently elevated levels of Plk1 and MPM-2 immunoreactivity (Figure 1B). As shown in Figure 1A, in response to IR, ATM was efficiently activated regardless of cell cycle phase. We observed both rapid phosphorylation of Chk2 on Thr-68, a known ATM phosphorylation site, and enhanced Chk2 kinase activity (Figure 1B,C), after irradiation of interphase cells. However, irradiation of mitotic cells failed to result in phosphorylation of Chk2 on Thr-68, and the DNA damage-induced increase in Chk2 kinase activity was severely impaired (Figure 1B,C). This suggests that ATM may not efficiently form complexes with some of its critical downstream substrates such as Chk2 in response to DNA damage during mitosis, resulting in a failure to activate Chk2 and Chk2-dependent effector pathways required for cell cycle arrest. This hypothesis is in line with previous reports in which γ-irradiation or treatment with topoisomerase inhibitors were shown not to interfere with progression of cells already in mitosis ,, indicating that DNA damage checkpoint pathways are functionally inactivated during mitosis.
Figure 1. Inactivation of the ATM-Chk2 checkpoint signaling pathway upon mitotic entry.
(A) Asynchronous U2OS cells were untreated (“interphase”) or treated with nocodazole (“mitosis”) for 16 h and collected by shake-off. Where indicated, cells were irradiated with 10 Gy and harvested 30 min later. Whole cell lysates were immunoblotted for total and Ser-1981 phosphorylated ATM. (B) Cell lysates prepared as in panel A were immunoblotted with the indicated total and phospho-specific antibodies. (C) Lysates as in panel B were analyzed for Chk2 kinase activity using an IP/kinase assay. Error bars indicate SEM.
To elucidate potential molecular mechanisms responsible for checkpoint silencing of the ATM-Chk2 axis in mitosis, we used a supervised computational network/bioinformatics approach. First, we identified a set of core proteins involved in the human G2/M checkpoint and mapped known in vivo phosphorylation sites – onto them (Figure 2A,B and Table S1). Next, this set of phospho-proteins was used to query for conservation of the phosphorylation sites, defined by five residues N-terminal and five residues C-terminal that flank the mapped phospho-residue, in protein orthologs across eleven vertebrate genomes. We computed the conservation as the mean percentage of conserved residues within this eleven-mer site window across these vertebrate genomes. The kinases responsible for generating these phosphorylation sites were identified using data from PhosphoELM or predicted using the NetworKIN algorithm –. In addition, we used Scansite to identify potential docking sites for the Plk1 Polo-Box Domain (PBD) ,, within the network. As would be expected, we observed that many of the checkpoint proteins contained highly conserved ATM/ATR sites (Figure 2A,B and Table S1). Importantly, we also identified highly conserved phosphorylation sites for Cdk1/2 and Plk1 kinases distributed relatively equally on proteins throughout the network, independently of whether the proteins were classified into “checkpoint” or “cell cycle” modules. No potential molecular targets could be uniquely pinpointed by looking only at the putative kinase-substrate level; thus the mitotic/DNA damage phosphorylation network seems to be robust in the sense that they are highly connected via relatively few but pleotropic kinases. However, when we searched for PBD binding sites, only a few network components appeared (Figure 2B) including the previously validated Plk1 binding target Cyclin B . In addition, several components of the checkpoint signaling pathway appeared as putative Plk1 PBD-binding targets, notably MDC1 and 53BP1. Surprisingly, these two proteins belong to the non-enzymatic checkpoint adaptor family of proteins that function in the ATM-Chk2 pathway ,–.
Figure 2. Conservation of mapped phosphorylation sites in the DNA damage signaling network.
(A) Example of a conserved ATM/ATR phosphorylation motif [ST]Q in H2AX. Left: the human H2AX sequence, in which the mapped phosphorylation site was identified, was aligned with orthologous sequences from the indicated genomes. No orthologues for cow, chicken, zebrafish, or pufferfish are present in the Ensembl database. Analysis of the −5/+5 region surrounding Ser139 (green box) showed conservation of 100% (M. mulatta; C. familiaris), 87.5% (M. musculus; R. norveticus), 75% (O. anatinus), and 62.5% (X. tropicalis), leading to a mean conservation of 88.2%. Right: the site is indicated by a vertical column composed of central and flanking bars. The height of the central bar indicates the extent of conservation of the central phospho-acceptor residue among the identified orthologues (red, 100%). The height of the flanking bars indicates conservation within the 11 amino acid region surrounding the phosphosite (grey, 88.2%). (B) Phosphorylation network and evolutionary analysis for components of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathways. Each protein in the reconstructed network is shown as a grey box containing columns corresponding to each previously identified in vivo phosphorylation sites. The height of the bars in each column indicates the evolutionary conservation of the site amongst the vertebrates, as shown in panel A and tabulated in Table S1. The NetworKIN algorithm was used to reconstruct a network of kinases involved in these phosphorylation events, and predictions for Cyclin-dependent kinases (yellow), ATM/ATR (red), CHK1/2 (orange), and Polo-like kinase-1 (blue) are displayed. Sites known to be phosphorylated by other or unknown kinases are shown in dark and light grey, respectively. Polo-box binding sites are shown in green. Lines indicate established signaling interactions.
We focused on 53BP1, since our analysis predicted eight highly conserved Cdk1/2 phosphorylation sites as well as three sites with lower conservation. Importantly, five of the highly conserved Cdk1/2 phosphorylation sites constitute putative PBD binding sites. We have previously shown that 53BP1 is a target of Cdk1-Cyclin B during mitosis . Here, we aimed to investigate the functional implications of these phosphorylation events and again employed the MPM-2 antibody, which recognizes proteins that are phosphorylated on Cdk1/2 consensus motifs ,,. By immunoprecipitating 53BP1 from mitotic cell extracts, we observed clear immunoreactivity with the MPM-2 antibody, in stark contrast to 53BP1 immunoprecipitated from interphase cells (Figure 3A). These results were further strengthened by in vitro kinase assays, in which recombinant Cdk1-Cyclin B, but not Cdk2-CyclinA, efficiently phosphorylated 53BP1 (Figure 3B).
Figure 3. Cell cycle–dependent changes in post-translational modification and localization of 53BP1.
(A) Asynchronous U2OS cells were left untreated or treated with paclitaxel for 16 h and collected by shake-off. Cell lysates were used for 53BP1 immunoprecipitations and analyzed by Western blotting. Ten percent of input as well as 53BP1 immunoprecipitations were analyzed using anti-MPM-2 and anti-53BP1 antibodies. (B) Interphase U2OS cells were lysed and processed for 53BP1 immunoprecipitations. 53BP1 immunoprecipitations were subsequently used as in vitro substrates for either Cdk1-Cyclin B or Cdk2-Cyclin A. Phosphorylation of 53BP1 was analyzed by SDS-PAGE/autoradiography. (C) Asynchronously growing U2OS cells were left untreated or irradiated with 5 Gy ionizing radiation. Thirty minutes after irradiation, cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stained for 53BP1 and γ-H2AX. Magnifications represent examples of mitotic or interphase cells before or after irradiation. (D) U2OS were synchronized using a double thymidine block. At indicated time points after release, cells or cell lysates were analyzed by flow cytometry or SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting as indicated. Left panel: at each time point, 10,000 events were analyzed for phospho-Histone H3 staining by flow cytometry. Right panel: lysates prepared at indicated time points were analyzed for expression of 53BP1, phosphoSer380-53BP1, β-actin, and Cyclin B.
If 53BP1 is a critical target for checkpoint silencing by mitotic kinases, then the function of 53BP1 should be altered during mitosis. We therefore investigated the co-localization of 53BP1 and DNA damage–induced foci at different cell cycle phases. Few γ-H2AX foci were observed in untreated cells, while their number increased dramatically after 3Gy of IR (Figure 3C, Figure S1B left panel). Similar behavior was observed for 53BP1 (Figure 3C, Figure S1B left panel). In interphase cells, approximately 70% of γ-H2AX foci contained 53BP1 (Figure 3C, Figure S1B middle panel). However, when nuclear foci of 53BP1 were present, they always overlapped with γ-H2AX in both untreated as well as in IR-treated cells during interphase (Figure 3C, Figure S1B right panel). In contrast, in mitotic cells there were essentially no distinct 53BP1 foci that were observed regardless of the presence or absence of irradiation, and instead 53BP1 appeared to be largely excluded from chromatin. Hence, in mitosis no overlap was detected between the localization of γ-H2AX foci and 53BP1, showing that the function of 53BP1 in the DNA damage response (DDR) is indeed modified during mitosis, either directly or indirectly (Figure 3C).
In addition to changes in IR-induced localization of 53BP1, we also observed that the protein levels of 53BP1 rapidly declined as cells passed synchronously through the cell cycle (Figure 3D). However, the decrease in 53BP1 protein levels occurred only at late stages of mitosis or cell cycle reentry, after the destruction of Cyclin B, and thus may not have a prominent role in G2 checkpoint inactivation.
The NetworKIN algorithm, in addition to predicting 53BP1 as a substrate for Cdk1, also predicted putative Plk1 phosphorylation and PBD binding-site(s) in 53BP1 (Figure 2B). To investigate the functional roles of these sites, we immunoprecipitated endogenous 53BP1 from interphase or mitotic U2OS cells and examined the immunoprecipitates for co-association of Plk1 (Figure 4C). Whereas 53BP1 and Plk1 did not co-immunoprecipitate during interphase, a significant amount of Plk1 interacted with 53BP1 during mitosis (Figure 4C and Figure S1A). In addition to binding to 53BP1, Plk1 was able to efficiently phosphorylate 53BP1 in vitro (Figure 4D). To further identify the site(s) in 53BP1 that interact with Plk1, mutational analysis was performed (a selection of phosphorylation site mutants is indicated in Figure 4A,B). Lysates of interphase or mitotic U2OS cells stably expressing wt or mutant forms of GFP-tagged murine-53BP1 were incubated with the recombinant GST-tagged PBD from Plk1 (residues 363–562). Mitotic forms of 53BP1 show reduced migration on low percentage SDS-page gels, resulting in multiple bands in mitotic lysates from cells expressing endogenous as well as GFP-tagged 53BP1 (Figure 4E). As expected, wt-GFP-m53BP1 was efficiently pulled down by GST-PBD from mitotic lysates, but not from interphase lysates (Figure 4E). Like wt-GFP-m53BP1, both the GFP-m53BP1-1103A and mGFP-m53BP1-1620A mutants (corresponding to residues 1114 and 1635 in human 53BP1) efficiently bound to the Plk1 PBD (Figure 4F and unpublished data). A third predicted PBD binding site within 53BP1 (S380) resides in a cluster of potential PBD binding sites (some of which have not yet been shown to be phosphorylated in vivo). A 53BP1 mutant lacking this cluster of potential PBD binding sites (GFP-m53BP1 Δ196–439) did not interact with the PBD of Plk1 (Figure 4F). Importantly, the single highly conserved and predicted PBD-binding site that is found phosphorylated in vivo, S380 (corresponding to the S376 in murine 53BP1), appeared to be essential for the mitotic interaction between 53BP1 and Plk1, as the GFP-m53BP1-376A mutant could not be precipitated from mitotic lysates with recombinant PBD (Figure 4F). Furthermore, re-analysis of in vivo phosphorylation sites from mitotic Plk1 PBD pull-downs revealed the presence of phospho-S380 peptides from endogenous 53BP1 . Combined, these results indicate that S380 is a critical site amongst the predicted CDK1/2 sites that is required for stable binding to Plk1. Although mass-spectrometry-based phospho-proteomics previously identified S380 as an in vivo phosphorylation site ,, the dynamics of S380 phosphorylation during different phases of the cell cycle are unclear. In agreement with a model in which S380 is phosphorylated during mitosis, we could only observe S380 phosphorylation of 53BP1 in mitotically arrested cells, but not in interphase cells using a phospho-specific antibody raised against this site (Figure 4G). Furthermore, detailed analysis of phosphorylation during the cell cycle revealed intense phosphorylation of S380 when synchronized cells entered mitosis (Figure 3D), consistent with this site being a Cdk1 target. Finally, treatment of mitotic cells with the Cdk1 inhibitor roscovitine eliminated S380 phospho-reactivity (Figure 4G).
Figure 4. Interaction of 53BP1 and Plk1.
(A) Putative Polo-like kinase-1 binding sites within 53BP1 are indicated, along with site conservation across M. musculus and X. tropicalis. Asterisks mark residues that were found to be phosphorylated in vivo. (B) Schematic representation of 53BP1 protein organization along with location of putative Plk1-binding sites. Lower part: a selection of GFP-tagged murine 53BP1 constructs used in this study. Asterisks mark residues that were mutated to Ala. (C) U2OS cells were left untreated or treated with paclitaxel for 16 h, and mitotic cells were isolated by mitotic shake-off. 53BP1 was immunoprecipitated, and lysates (“input 10%”) or immunoprecipitations (“53BP1 IP”) were analyzed by Western blotting for 53BP1, Plk1, and β-actin. (D) 53BP1 was immunoprecipitated from interphase lysates and used as a substrate for Cdk1-Cyclin B or Plk1 kinase (Plk1 T210D). Incorporation of [32P]-γ-ATP was visualized by SDS-PAGE/autoradiography. (E) Interphase or mitotic lysates of U2OS cells and U2OS cells, stably expressing GFP-tagged wt-m53BP1, were incubated with immobilized GST-Plk1-PBD. Endogenous 53BP1 and GFP-tagged m53BP1 associated with GST-Plk1-PBD were analyzed by immunoblotting using anti-GFP and anti-53BP1 antibodies. “I” indicates 10% input for immunoprecipitations. “PBD” indicates pull-downs using the GST-Plk1 Polo-box domain. (F) Mitotic lysates of U2OS cell lines, stably expressing the indicated GFP-tagged m53BP1 constructs, were incubated with immobilized GST-Plk1-PBD. The inputs (“lysate”) and GST-Plk1-PBD associated 53BP1 were analyzed by immunoblotting using anti-GFP antibody. Equal loading of lysates and GST-Plk1 (a.a. 356–603) is indicated by coomassie staining. The lower graph indicates quantification of the 53BP1 signal on the Western blot. Signal was corrected for local background and input levels were set to 100%. (G) U2OS cells were left untreated of treated with nocodazole for 16 h. Nocodazole-treated mitotic cells were isolated by shake-off and, if indicated, subsequently treated with the Cdk1-inhibitor roscovitine for 30 min. Cell lysates were analyzed using anti-53BP1, anti-phospho-S376-53BP1, or anti-β-actin antibodies.
Although the identification of mitotic phosphorylation sites in DNA damage checkpoint proteins can elucidate potential feedback targets within the checkpoint networks, it is conceivable that mitotically phosphorylated checkpoint proteins could also possess alternative cellular functions. Mitotic phosphorylation of such proteins could, for example, be important for the regulation of normal mitotic progression, rather than facilitating feedback control during an exogenous G2 DNA damage checkpoint response. To investigate a possible role for 53BP1 during an unperturbed mitosis, we stably infected U2OS or MCF7 cell lines with 53BP1 RNAi hairpins and examined these cells for possible defects in mitotic progression (Figure 5). We used two independent hairpins that significantly decreased 53BP1 levels in both U2OS and MCF7 cell lines (Figure 5A). To select for a functional 53BP1 knockdown, MCF7 cell lines were treated with the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 . Nutlin-3 treatment leads to a cell cycle arrest that depends on p53 as well as 53BP1 ,. As expected and reported previously, knockdown of 53BP1 significantly increased mitotic indices, the number of cells in S-phase, as well as the size and number of proliferating colonies following Nutlin-3 treatment (Figure 5B,C,D and unpublished data) in the 53BP1 knockdown cells. Although the increases in M- and S-phase content after Nutlin treatment in 53BP1 knockdown cells is minor, the increase in colony formation suggests that this effect is meaningful. A functional 53BP1 knockdown was also evidenced by a small but highly reproducible increase in mitotic content after low dose (2 and 3 Gy) ionizing radiation (unpublished data). In contrast, no differences in mitotic indices were observed in the untreated cell population, indicating that loss of 53BP1 does not interfere with normal mitotic progression. Likewise, paclitaxel treatment resulted in similar increases in the percentages of mitotic cells in control and 53BP1-depleted lines, suggesting that 53BP1 is not required for normal functioning of the spindle assembly checkpoint (Figure 5E).
Figure 5. Cell cycle analysis of 53BP1-depleted cells.
Our finding that 53BP1 is not involved in spindle checkpoint functioning allowed us to use microtubule poisons to trap cells in mitosis after checkpoint escape, even in cells with modulated 53BP1 expression levels. In these experiments, if the observed mitotic phosphorylation of 53BP1 is important for attenuating the DNA damage checkpoint, one would expect to observe altered kinetics of G2-M transition when phosphorylation site mutants of GFP-m53BP1 are expressed, especially after cells are treated with genotoxic compounds. To first assess how phosphorylation by mitotic kinases alters the function of checkpoint components such as 53BP1, we utilized genetic and chemical inhibition of Plk1. Previously, a role for Plk1 in checkpoint silencing was identified by using siRNA technology –. Although clear differences in cell cycle reentry were observed after silencing Plk1 expression, a limitation of these RNAi experiments is that they cannot distinguish between a requirement for the mere presence of Plk1 in checkpoint recovery or for the enzymatic activity of Plk1 during this process. We therefore wished to confirm these results using the temporally controlled chemical inhibition of Plk1 . As previously reported, chemical inhibition of Plk1 using BI-2536 led to spindle checkpoint activation and a concomitant mitotic arrest with kinetics similar to those seen in nocodazole- or paclitaxel-treated cells (Figure 6A and unpublished data). Moreover, when the G2 DNA damage checkpoint was activated in U2OS cells by γ-irradiation, and the checkpoint then abrogated by treatment of the damaged cells with the ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine, the cells rapidly entered mitosis, where they could be trapped in the presence of paclitaxel (Figure 6B). In contrast, cells treated with the Plk1 inhibitor were unable to enter mitosis and remained in G2, clearly indicating that Plk1 kinase activity, rather than physical presence of Plk1 per se, is required for cell cycle reentry after a DNA damage checkpoint arrest when the upstream checkpoint signaling pathways are silenced with caffeine. This effect does not appear to result from DNA damage induced by Plk1 inhibition, as was previously suggested , since Plk1 inhibition did not initiate DNA damage-induced foci (Figure S1C).
Figure 6. Phosphorylation of 53BP1 controls DNA damage checkpoint release.
(A) U2OS cells were treated for indicated time periods with DMSO, paclitaxel, or the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536. Cells were stained using anti-phospho-Histone H3 and analyzed by FACS. Mean values and SEM from three experiments are indicated. (B) U2OS cells were left untreated or treated with 10 Gy ionizing irradiation (IR). Twelve hours after irradiation (indicated as t = 0 h), cells were left untreated or incubated with or without caffeine in the absence or presence of the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536 for 3 or 6 h in the presence of paclitaxel to visualize cumulative mitotic entry. Phospho-Histone H3 content was measured by FACS. (C) U2OS cells were left untreated or treated with 2 Gy ionizing irradiation (IR). Thirty minutes after irradiation, cells were incubated with paclitaxel in the absence (white bars) or presence of Plk1 inhibitor (black bars). Cells were harvested at 1, 8, and 16 h after paclitaxel addition, and phospho-Histone H3 content was determined by flow cytometry. (D) U2OS were infected with wt- or S376A-EGFP-m53BP1 and, 48 h later, irradiated with 3Gy IR. Cells were harvested 12 h later, stained with anti-γ-H2AX, and analyzed by FACS. Blue lines indicate γ-H2AX levels from cells infected with retroviruses encoding wt-EGFP-m53BP1 while red lines indicate γ-H2AX levels from cells infected with retroviruses encoding S376A-EGFP-m53BP1. GFP-positive (infected) cells and GFP-negative (uninfected) cells are plotted separately. (E) U2OS cells were infected with retroviruses encoding wt-EGFP-m53BP1 or S376A-EGFP-m53BP1 and treated with paclitaxel for indicated time periods. Percentages of phospho-Histone H3-positivity within the GFP-positive cell population were analyzed by FACS. (F) U2OS cells were infected with retroviruses encoding wt-EGFP-m53BP1 or the S376A-EGFP-m53BP1 mutant and, 48 h later, irradiated with 3 Gy. Thirty minutes after irradiation, paclitaxel was added and the percentages of phospho-Histone H3-positive cells within the GFP-expressing cell populations were determined by flow cytometry at the indicated times. Mean values and SEM from three independent experiments are shown.
In addition to caffeine-induced checkpoint abrogation, we could show that Plk1 activity was equally important for spontaneous checkpoint recovery (Figure 6C). In response to low dose IR (2 Gy), U2OS cells delay cell cycle progression for up to 8 h, during which time cumulative mitotic entry is significantly lower (Figure 6C). When cells were treated with the Plk1 inhibitor following low-dose DNA damage checkpoint activation, similarly low mitotic indices were observed. However, unlike control cells in which the mitotic index had recovered to approximately 80% of the levels seen in unirradiated cells by 16 h after 2 Gy ionizing radiation, cells that were irradiated and treated with the synthetic Plk1 inhibitor maintained persistently low mitotic indices (Figure 6C). These results confirm a specific role for the kinase activity of Plk1 in spontaneous cell cycle reentry after a G2 DNA damage checkpoint arrest, as well as the requirement for Plk1 for normal mitotic progression beyond metaphase ,,,,,.
Next, to explore whether the interaction of 53BP1 with Plk1 was important for the DNA damage recovery phenotype, we irradiated U2OS cells, expressing GFP-tagged wt-m53BP1 or a GFP-53BP1 mutant that was unable to bind Plk1 (Figure 6D), and monitored persistence of DNA damage checkpoint activity 24 h later by quantitatively measuring levels of H2AX phosphorylation by flow cytometry. As shown in Figure 6D, both the control untransfected cells and the cells expressing wt-53BP1 showed only background levels of γ-H2AX staining by this time after irradiation. In contrast, 24 h after irradiation cells expressing the Plk1-binding mutant GFP-m53BP1-S376A showed persistently increased γ-H2AX-positivity (Figure 6D). To assess the effects of such altered checkpoint activation on cell cycle progression, a parallel set of studies was performed in the absence (Figure 6E) or presence of low-dose IR (Figure 6F), and mitotic entry quantified by measuring phospho-Histone H3 staining in the presence of paclitaxel to trap all cells exiting G2 in mitosis. As shown in Figure 6E, in the absence of DNA damage cells, expressing the S376A-m53BP1 mutant showed no reduction in mitotic entry—if anything, the percentage of pH3-positive cells was slightly increased in m53BP1 mutant-expressing cells. In contrast, cells expressing S376A-m53BP1 were delayed in mitotic entry after irradiation with low-dose IR compared to either untransfected cells (unpublished data) or cells expressing wt-m53BP1 (Figure 6F), in agreement with the observed increase in checkpoint activity. These results strongly suggest that mitotic regulation of 53BP1 by Plk1 modulates DNA damage checkpoint activity to control checkpoint recovery.
It was previously suggested that 53BP1 functions as a molecular platform/scaffold for the efficient recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of several checkpoint components including p53, BRCA1, and Chk2 ,–. Chk2 is a Ser/Thr kinase that possesses an SQ/TQ-rich N-terminus, an N-terminal phosphopeptide-binding Forkhead-Associated (FHA) domain that is crucial for Chk2 activation, and a C-terminal kinase domain. Specifically, 53BP1 was shown to be required for Chk2 activation in response to DNA damage, as Chk2 activation was shown to be significantly impaired in 53BP1 null cells and in cells where 53BP1 was depleted by RNAi ,,, particularly when exposed to low doses of IR , or when signaling through the MDC1 branch of the DNA damage signaling pathway is suppressed ,,. Interestingly, the inability of Chk2 to be activated during mitosis (Figure 1B,C) strongly correlates with the absence of 53BP1 from DNA damage–induced foci in irradiated mitotic cells (Figure 3C) and with the mitotic phosphorylation of 53BP1 on Ser-376 to generate a Plk1 PBD binding site. These data suggest that 53BP1 may function as a docking platform where Plk1 and Chk2 can bind and possibly interact.
To test the hypothesis that Plk1 kinase activity could inhibit Chk2 as part of the mechanism of checkpoint inactivation, we first examined whether the activity of Plk1 could be responsible for the inability of DNA damage to activate Chk2 during mitosis (Figure 1B,C). In these experiments, U2OS cells were treated with nocodazole in the absence or presence of the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536, and mitotic cells then isolated and irradiated with 5 Gy of ionizing radiation. Chk2 activity was measured 1 h after irradiation using an immunoprecipitation/in vitro kinase assay (Figure 7A). No increase in Chk2 kinase activity was observed in the irradiated mitotic cells compared to the unirradiated mitotic cells, as expected. If the mitotic cells were treated with the Plk1 inhibitor, however, a marked elevation of Chk2 kinase activity was seen after DNA damage, consistent with a model where Plk1 kinase activity suppresses Chk2 activity during mitosis. We next examined whether Chk2 could be a direct substrate of Plk1. As shown in Figure 7B, incubation of full-length Chk2 with Plk1 in the presence of [32P]-γ-ATP resulted in significant Chk2 phosphorylation, as visualized by 32P incorporation and a clear phosphorylation-induced mobility shift (Figure 7B). In order to examine whether these effects could be recapitulated in vivo during checkpoint recovery, we irradiated U2OS cells expressing FLAG-tagged Chk2 in the absence or presence of Plk1 inhibitor (Figure 7C). Following checkpoint inactivation using caffeine, FLAG-Chk2 was immunoprecipitated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Cells treated with the Plk1 inhibitor showed a markedly faster migrating form of Chk2, confirming that the Plk1-dependent modification that was observed in vitro also occurs in vivo. Surprisingly, in vitro phosphorylation of Chk2 by Plk1 had only a minor effect on the ability of the Chk2 kinase domain to phosphorylate an optimal peptide substrate (Figure 7D). In marked contrast, in vitro phosphorylation of the FHA domain of Chk2 by Plk1 completely abrogated the ability of the FHA domain to bind to its phosphopeptide ligands (Figure 7E). Since the FHA domain is known to be critical for DNA damage–induced phosphorylation, oligomerization, and activation of Chk2 in vivo –, our results indicate that loss of Chk2 activation and function in cells during both mitosis and recovery from a DNA damage checkpoint likely involves contributions from both Plk1 binding to 53BP1 and direct phosphorylation-induced inactivation of the Chk2 FHA domain. To further examine this, the Plk1 phosphorylation sites within the FHA domain of Chk2 were mapped using nano-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (Figure 7F and Figure S2A–C), revealing three sites, Ser-164, Thr-205, and Ser-210, that are both evolutionarily conserved and match the optimal phosphorylation motif for Plk1 (; Alexander and Yaffe, manuscript in preparation). Mapping of these sites onto the X-ray crystal structures of the Chk2 FHA∶phosphopeptide complex and the recently solved structure of the near-full-length Chk2 dimer (Figure 7G) reveals that one of these sites, Ser-164, is in close proximity to the phosphopeptide-binding site, with its phosphorylation likely to disrupt ligand binding through electrostatic repulsion of the ligand phosphothreonine residue (Figure 7G right panel). Both Thr-205 and Ser-210 lie at the interface between the two monomers in the dimeric Chk2 structure that is believed to represent the early stages in the Chk2 activation process . Phosphorylation of these residues would be expected to disrupt both the dimeric FHA∶FHA domain interaction as well as the interaction between the FHA domain of one monomer with the kinase-FHA linker of the other (Figure 7G left panel). It is not technically possible to directly assay Plk1-dependent alterations in phosphopeptide-binding capacity of the Chk2 FHA domain within cells expressing wild-type or mutant 53BP1. Therefore, to determine if phosphorylation of the FHA domain by Plk1 contributes to the observed Plk1 dependence of checkpoint silencing, we tested whether mutation of the identified phosphorylation sites affected the ability of cells to recover from a DNA damage checkpoint arrest. In these experiments, cells were transfected with wild-type or mutant forms of Chk2 in which each of the phosphorylation sites was replaced by Ala, along with an IRES-driven GFP (Figure 7H). Expression of wild-type or mutant forms of Chk2 did not result in altered cell cycle distributions under untreated conditions (Figure 7H). In marked contrast, mutation of Ser-164, Thr-205, or Ser-210 to a non-phosphorylatable residue was found to clearly impair checkpoint recovery, as judged by a significant decrease in cumulative mitotic entry at 24 h after irradiation (Figure 7I), with mutation of Ser-164 showing the greatest effect. These results show that Chk2 phosphorylation by Plk1 inhibits the function of the FHA domain and that these phosphorylation events contribute to inactivation of the DNA damage checkpoint during mitosis and checkpoint recovery.
Figure 7. Inactivation of Chk2 by Plk1.
(A) U2OS cells were treated with nocodazole in the absence or presence of the Plk1-inhibitor BI 2536 for 16 h. Mitotic cells were collected using gentle shake-off and subsequently irradiated (5Gy) as indicated. Chk2 was immunoprecipitated and kinase activity was assessed by incorporation of [32P]-γ-ATP into the optimal substrate peptide (“Chk2-tide”) in an in vitro kinase assay. Means and standard deviations from three independent experiments are shown. (B) A recombinant GST fusion of full-length Chk2 was incubated with Plk1 kinase domain in the presence of [32P]-γ-ATP. Samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and imaged by Coomassie staining (top) and autoradiography (bottom). (C) 293T cells were transfected with FLAG-Chk2. Twenty-four hours after transfection, cells were treated with paclitaxel in combination with DMSO or in combination with Plk1 for 8 h. FLAG-Chk2 was subsequently immunoprecipitated from lysates, analyzed by SDS page, and imaged by staining. (D) Following in vitro phosphorylation by Plk1 as in panel B, the kinase activity of Chk2 was measured by the incorporation of [32P]-γ-ATP into the optimal substrate peptide (“Chk2-tide”). A reaction containing Plk1 but lacking Chk2 is shown as a control. Data are normalized to the amount of Chk2tide phosphorylation observed for Chk2 alone. (E) The Chk2 FHA domain, prior to or following phosphorylation by Plk1 in the presence of [32P]-γ-ATP, was incubated with a biotinylated phosphothreonine peptide library bound to streptavidin beads. Input (10%) and bead-bound material was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-GST, or by autoradiography to assess phosphorylation state. (F) Schematic representation of human Chk2. Evolutionarily conserved phosphorylation sites in the FHA domain that match the optimal Plk1 consensus motif and were identified following in vitro phosphorylation by mass spectrometry are indicated. (G) A structural basis for Plk1-mediated inactivation of Chk2. Left panel: The near full-length Chk2 dimer is shown in ribbons representation, with monomers colored green and cyan. Residues phosphorylated by Plk1 are shown in space filling representation. Right panel: The isolated Chk2 FHA domain∶phosphopeptide complex, shown in the same orientation as the boxed region in the left panel. The phospho-threonine peptide ligand and the modeled side chain of phospho-Ser-164 are shown in stick representation with phosphates colored purple. (H) U2OS cells were transfected with the indicated pIRES2-Chk2 plasmids co-expressing GFP. Cells were fixed and stained with PI and an anti-phospho-HistoneH3 antibody. GFP-positive cells were gated and the corresponding DNA profiles and percentages of phospho-HistoneH3-positive cells are indicated on the lower panels. (I) U2OS cells were treated as in panel H. Cells were left untreated for 48 h or irradiated (3Gy) and subsequently treated with paclitaxel for 24 h. Percentage of GFP-positive cells that are phosphoHistoneH3 positive at 24 h after irradiation are shown. Averages and standard errors of two experiments are shown.
In response to genotoxic injury, cells activate a network of DNA damage signaling pathways involving the upstream serine/threonine kinases ATM and ATR and the downstream kinases Chk1, Chk2, and MK2 to induce G1, S, and G2 cell cycle arrest, recruit repair machinery to the sites of damage, and target irreversibly damaged cells for apoptosis ,. ATR and its downstream effector kinase Chk1 are essential genes that respond primarily to single-strand DNA lesions and bulky base modifications. In contrast, the ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway, which is activated by DSBs (considered to be the most lethal type of DNA damage), is composed of nonessential genes. Their importance, however, is highlighted by the observation that interference with ATM and Chk2 function severely impairs the checkpoint response to IR and other DSB-inducing lesions, and mutation of the genes encoding for ATM and Chk2 results in the cancer-prone Ataxia-Telangiectasia syndrome, and familial breast and prostate cancer, respectively –. Following DNA repair, cells must extinguish the DNA damage signal to allow the cells to reenter the cell cycle, but the mechanisms through which this occurs, particularly with respect to the ATM-Chk2 pathway, are poorly understood.
Since DNA damage checkpoints respond to as little as a single DNA DSB in model systems ,, it has long been assumed that human cells also maintain the G2/M checkpoint until all of the breaks are repaired. Recent evidence, however, shows that the G2 checkpoint in immortalized human cells in culture displays a defined threshold of approximately 10–20 DSBs . Limited checkpoint control was not only apparent in response to IR doses that cause very few DNA DSBs, cells that had also repaired more extensive amounts of DNA damage also showed checkpoint release when fewer than 10–20 DSBs were left unrepaired . Although the fate of cells that continue proliferating in the presence of unrepaired DNA breaks is unclear, and the identity of the rate-limiting DNA damage checkpoint components has yet to be uncovered, a picture is emerging in which certain cues are capable of overriding the DNA damage checkpoint machinery. G2 checkpoint escape in the presence of unrepaired DNA damage may be particularly common during the evolution of cancer cells ,,,,, reinforcing the need to better understand this process in molecular detail.
Recently, a pathway comprising Aurora A, Bora, and Plk1 was shown to control inactivation of the G2 DNA damage machinery ,. Although several targets of Plk1 within or downstream from the ATR-Chk1 pathway that are involved in DNA damage checkpoint silencing have been described, no target within the ATM-Chk2 pathway has been identified thus far –. Here, we have used a combined bioinformatics and biochemical approach to identify targets of mitotic kinases within the DNA damage checkpoint. We show that the 53BP1 checkpoint protein interacts with Plk1 and is phosphorylated by Cdk1/Cyclin B and Plk1. In addition, we show that expression of a 53BP1 mutant that is unable to interact with Plk1 prevents proper checkpoint release. 53BP1 was previously identified as a non-enzymatic DNA damage checkpoint mediator protein that is recruited to sites of DNA damage through protein-protein interactions, oligomerization, and binding to methylated histones –. Although the recruitment of 53BP1 to sites of DNA damage has been studied intensively, the exact functions of 53BP1 are only beginning to emerge. 53BP1 was recently shown to regulate DNA repair as a component of the NHEJ network ,,. In addition, 53BP1 regulates checkpoint responses by interacting with a range of downstream checkpoint components, including Chk2 and p53 ,,,.
Our results strengthen a role for 53BP1 as a checkpoint regulator and indicate that 53BP1 functions as a binding platform for Plk1 during the checkpoint recovery process. This suggests a model in which 53BP1 might mediate a direct interaction between Plk1 and the 53BP1-binding protein Chk2. We suggest that mitotic Cdk1 phosphorylation of 53BP1 and subsequent interaction of Plk1 and 53BP1 may function to bring Plk1 and the 53BP1-interacting protein Chk2 in close proximity (Figure 8, step 1). Subsequent direct phosphorylation of Chk2 by Plk1 (Figure 8, step 2) leads to impaired Chk2 phosphopeptide-binding ability by its FHA domain, which is required for continued Chk2 activation and function in cell cycle arrest (Figure 8, step 3). Our results fit well with previous observations in fission yeast in which a prolonged DNA damage–induced checkpoint arrest was observed when Cdk phosphorylation site mutants of the 53BP1 homologue Crb2 were expressed . The budding yeast Polo-like kinase homologue Cdc5 has also been shown to be required for DNA damage checkpoint silencing in the presence of persisting DSBs . Moreover, S. cerevisiae cells lacking a wt-CDC5 allele were unable to silence the activity of the Chk2 homologue Rad53 , indicating that, directly or indirectly, Polo-like kinase may regulate Chk2 function in that organism. The budding yeast 53BP1/Mdc1 homologue Rad9 has been shown to regulate checkpoint responses to DNA damage. Similar to 53BP1, Rad9 is activated by the ATM/ATR homologues Tel1/Mec1 and associates with the Chk2 homologue Rad53 –. A role for Rad9 as a target for feedback control to silence checkpoint functioning, however, has not yet been shown.
Figure 8. A model for mitotic checkpoint inactivation.
One model for checkpoint inactivation at the G2-M transition. Left panel: DNA lesions promote the formation of protein complexes, including 53BP1 and Chk2, that mediate checkpoint function and promote DNA repair. Green symbols indicate active kinases. Right panel: (1) To terminate the ATM-Chk2 branch of the G2/M checkpoint, CyclinB/Cdk1 phosphorylates DNA damage signaling proteins, including 53BP1. (2) Cdk1 phosphorylation of 53BP1 creates a Plk1 PBD docking site, leading to Plk1 recruitment, phosphorylation of checkpoint components, and inactivation of the Chk2 FHA domain. (3) These combined phosphorylation events by mitotic kinases drive cell cycle reentry and prevent further DNA damage checkpoint activation during mitosis.
In addition to constituting a mechanism for silencing an activated DNA damage checkpoint, the Cdk1-Plk1-53BP1 feedback loop may be a more general means to prevent activation of the DNA damage checkpoint during mitosis. If a DNA damage–induced G2-like checkpoint were to become fully functional during mitosis, DNA lesions encountered during mitotic progression could result in inactivation of Cdk1/Cyclin B and result in forced mitotic exit. Such an event would cause the accumulation of 4N-DNA containing interphase cells, which were recently shown to have increased tumorigenic potential ,. Hence it can be expected that cellular mechanisms exist to prevent inappropriate Cdk1 inactivation during mitosis. Indeed, DNA damage during mitosis had previously been shown to be unable to delay mitotic progression or alter Cdk1 activity during mitosis ,. Our observation that Chk2 cannot be catalytically activated during mitosis by IR further strengthens this notion.
Immortalized proliferating cells are believed to have increased replication stress and elevated levels of associated DNA damage. The DNA damage checkpoint, therefore, was shown to form a barrier against malignant transformation ,. Feedback mechanisms, in which mitotic kinases can silence DNA damage checkpoints, may thus explain why Plk1 and Aurora A are frequently overexpressed in cancers and may form a rationale for including inhibitors of such mitotic kinases during cancer treatment –.
A total of 244 in vivo mapped phosphorylation sites on 33 human DDR-related proteins were manually collected from Phospho.ELM , Phosphosite , and a phospho-proteomic study of Polo Box substrates . The conservation level of these phosphorylation sites was measured by aligning predicted orthologues of these proteins in 11 species from the high-coverage vertebrate branch of Ensembl (release 46; ) with the human seed sequences in which the sites had been mapped by mass spectrometry and other means. Genomes used in the analysis included Homo sapiens (human), Bos taurus (cow), Canis familiaris (dog), Danio rerio (zebrafish), Gallus gallus (chicken), Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), Mus musculus (house mouse), Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus), Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat), Tetraodon nigroviridis (fresh water pufferfish), and Xenopus tropicalis (western clawed frog).
Ortholog mapping was performed as follows: initially the human DDR sequences and phosphorylation sites were mapped to their corresponding Ensembl gene entries by sequence comparison. Next, genes orthologous to the DDR genes were retrieved from Ensembl. Orthologous relationships between human and other vertebrate genes in Ensembl were inferred from phylogenetic trees constructed from multiple sequence alignment of CDS sequences . A detailed description of Ensembl ortholog detection pipeline in release 46 is available at http://aug2007.archive.ensembl.org/info/data/compara/homology_method.html. Finally, each DDR protein sequence and all spliced variants of its orthologous genes across the 11 species were aligned using multiple-sequence alignment program MAFFT (v6.240, E-INS-i option with default parameters) .
Cross-species conservation of the human phosphorylation sites was then computed by evaluating the average number of amino acid substitutions within a −5 to +5 residue window of the modified residue (S, T, or Y) across the 11 vertebrate genomes from the sequence alignments using Perl scripting. S→T and T→S transitions of the central phosphoresidue were permitted, but S/T→Y transitions were not. The conservation level for each phosphorylation site is reported as the average across the 11 genomes, as a percentage of conserved residues within the 11-mer window, if the corresponding S/T is conserved.
Information about which of the 244 in vivo mapped phosphorylation sites were phosphorylated by the specific kinases ATM/ATR, Cdk1/2, Chk1/2, and Plk1 was collected from Phospho.ELM and Phosphosite , along with whether phosphorylation at that site was known to create a binding site for the PBD of Plk1 . In cases where multiple kinases are known to phosphorylate a single site, all of this information was retained and displayed. For sites where the upstream kinase was not experimentally known, we predicted the likely kinase responsible for phosphorylation at that site by computational analysis using the programs NetworKIN , and NetPhorest .
Rabbit anti-53BP1 (304-A1) was from Novus Biologicals. Mouse anti-γ-H2AX (pS139, #05-636), rabbit anti-HistoneH3 pS10 (#06570), rabbit anti-Chk2 (#2662), rabbit anti-Chk2-pT68 (#2661), rabbit anti-53BP1-pS1778 (#2675), mouse anti-MPM2 (#05-368), and rabbit anti-Plk1 (#06-831) were purchased from Upstate. An additional rabbit anti-Chk2 antibody (#BL1432) was purchased from Bethyl Laboratories. Rabbit anti-Plk1 for immunoprecipitation was a kind gift from Dr. René Medema. Mouse anti-β-actin (A5441) was from Sigma. Mouse anti-Cyclin B1 (GNS1, sc-245), rabbit anti-GFP (sc-8334), and rabbit non-specific IgG (sc-2025) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Mouse anti-GFP (clones 7.1 and 13.1) was from Roche. Rabbit anti-p-S380-53BP1 phospho-specific antibody was raised against peptide Pro-Phe-Iso-Val-Pro-Ser-pSer-Pro-Thr-Glu-Gln-Glu-Gly-Arg-Tyr and purified by Cell Signaling Technologies. Radiolabelled [32P]-γ-ATP (3,000 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Amersham/GE Healthcare. Plk1 inhibitor (BI 2536) was synthesized following the procedure described by Munzert et al. . All other reagents and chemicals were from Sigma unless otherwise indicated.
The pEGFP-m53BP1 expressing murine GFP-Tagged 53BP1 was kindly provided by Dr. Yasuhisa Adachi. The Nhe1-Apa1 fragment of pEGFP-m53BP1 was cloned in the retroviral plasmid pLNCX2 (Clontech) containing a synthetic linker to generate pLNCX2-GFP-m53BP1. PCR-based mutagenesis was used to create pLNCX2-GFP-m53BP1-317A, m53BP1-330A, m53BP1-376A, m53BP1-922A, m53BP1-1103A, and m53BP1-1620A. All plasmid constructs were verified by automated sequencing. pLNCX2-GFP-m53BP1Δ196–439 was created by a nested PCR on two m53BP1 PCR fragments surrounding the deletion. The resulting 53BP1 fragment containing the deletion was used to replace wt-m53BP1 in pLNCX2-GFP-m53BP1. Full-length human Chk2 was cloned from pGEX6P2-Chk2 and subcloned into the Nhe1-EcoR1 sites of pIRES2-GFP (Clontech). Serine/Threonine to Alanine mutations at positions 164, 168, 205, and 210 were obtained by side directed mutagenesis and validated using automated sequencing. Full-length FLAG-tagged Chk2 was a kind gift from Dr. Domenico Delia. VSV-G pseudotyped retroviruses were prepared according to standard techniques. In brief, HEK293T packaging cells were transfected with the pLNCX-2 and the packaging plasmids pMDg/p and pMDg in a 4∶3∶1 ratio. Virus-containing supernatant was harvested at 24 and 48 h after transfection, filtered through a 0.45 µM syringe filter, and used to infect U2OS osteosarcoma target cells. A plasmid encoding the PBD of Plk1 (aa. 326–603) fused to GST was described previously .
U2OS osteosarcoma cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin. To obtain mitotic cell populations, cells were incubated with paclitaxel (1 µg/ml) or nocodazole (250 ng/ml, Sigma). Where indicated, cells were harvested by mitotic shake-off. Where indicated, DNA damage was induced using a gamma-cell 40 irradiator equipped with a 137Cesium source for indicated doses. Alternatively, cells were incubated with doxorubicin (0.5 µM) for 1 h.
Human breast cancer cell line MCF7 or human osteosarcoma U2OS cells were retrovirally infected with control pRetrosuper or pRetrosuper-53BP1 (53BP1-targeting sequence #1, 5′-GATACTGCCTCATCACAGT-3′; 53BP1-targeting sequence #2 5′-GAACGAGGAGACGGTAATA-3′) for three consecutive 12 h periods . Infected cells were selected with 2 µg/ml puromycin. pRS-53BP1-infected MCF7 cells were subsequently treated with 4 µM nutlin-3 to select for cells with a functional 53BP1 knockdown . The statistical analysis of colony numbers, S-phase content, and phospho-HistoneH3 content in control-infected or pRS-53BP1-infected MCF-7 cells was done using the unpaired t test. Two-tailed p values were calculated using GraphPath software.
The Plk1 kinase domain (residues 38–346) was made as a His6-tagged construct in Escherichia coli (E. coli) Rosetta cells (Novagen) and purified by Ni-NTA chromatography followed by gel filtration on a Superose-12 column. Recombinant full-length GST-Chk2 and a GST-Chk2 FHA domain (amino acids 1–219) fusion were expressed and purified from E. coli. In brief, full-length Chk2 was cloned into pGEX-6P1 (GE Healthcare) and transformed into BL21 (DE3) cells. Cells were grown at 37°C to an OD600 of 0.6 and the culture temperature was reduced to 18°C for 30 min before a final concentration of 0.3 mM IPTG was added for overnight expression. Cells were pelleted and washed with MTPBS (16 mM Na2HPO4, 4 mM NaH2PO4, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.3) and lysed by sonication in the same buffer with the addition of benzonase. The lysate was clarified by centrifugation, and the GST-Chk2 fusion protein was captured on glutathione 4B resin. After washing with 30 column volumes of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Chk2 was cleaved off the GST tag on the resin with 3C protease at 4°C overnight. The eluted full-length Chk2 was further purified by anion exchange on a Resource Q column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 50 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM TCEP, and developed with 20 mM Tris pH8, 1 M NaCl, and 0.5 mM TCEP. Peak fractions containing full-length Chk2 were pooled and further purified with a Superdex S200 gel filtration column (GE Healthcare).
The GST-Chk2 FHA domain cloned into pGex-4T1 was transfected into BL21(DE3) cells, grown to an OD600 of 0.8, and induced with 1 mM IPTG at 37°C for 6 h. Cells were lysed in PBS containing 1 mM DTT and a mixture of protease inhibitors and disrupted by sonication. Benzonase (Novagen) was added at room temperature for 30 min and the lysate cleared via centrifugation. Roughly 500 µL of PBS-equilibrated GSH beads were added to the lysate and incubated at 4°C with rocking overnight. Non-bound material was aspirated off followed by 4×10 mL washes with PBS containing 0.2% NP-40 and 1 mM DTT, and the GST-Chk2 FHA domain eluted off the beads by incubation in 2.5 mL of elution buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 40 mM glutathione, and 1 mM DTT; EB+G) at 4°C overnight. The purified GST-Chk2 FHA domain was dialyzed against elution buffer lacking 40 mM glutathione (EB) using a Slide-A-Lyzer (Pierce) dialysis cassette with a molecular weight cut-off of 6–8 kDa at 4°C with three buffer exchanges. Purity was assessed by SDS-PAGE and the protein concentration determined by absorbance at A280 using an extinction coefficient of 71,780 M−1 cm−1.
Streptavidin beads (Pierce, 75 pmol/µL gel) were incubated with a 5-fold molar excess (relative to binding capacity) of a biotinylated phosphothreonine-oriented peptide library (B-4pT5; biotin-Gly-AHA-Gly-AHA-Met-Ala-X-X-X-X-pThr-X-X-X-X-X-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Lys-NH2, where X indicates a equimolar degenerate mixture of all amino acids except Cys, and pThr denotes phosphothreonine) in 50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, and 1 mM EDTA for 30 min at 4°C. Beads were washed five times with the same buffer to remove unbound peptides and then 20 µL of the bead-immobilized library was incubated with 10 µg of GST-Chk2 FHA domain prior to or following in vitro phosphorylation of the FHA domain by Plk1 kinase in the presence of [32P]-γATP. After a 60 min incubation, the beads were washed five times with 50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, and 1 mM EDTA. Bead-bound protein was released by addition of SDS sample buffer with heating to 95°C and resolved by SDS-PAGE on 10% denaturing gels. Gels were analyzed by autoradiography using a phosphorscreen and a Typhoon variable mode imager (GE Healthcare, or transferred to PVDF membrane and immunoblotted using an HRP-conjugated anti-GST antibody to visualize binding of the GST-FHA domain).
U2OS cells were seeded on glass cover slips and treated as indicated. After treatment, cells were fixed in 3.8% formaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at room temperature. Subsequently, cells were permeabilized with 0.1% TritonX100 in PBS for 5 min. After extensive washing, cells were blocked and stained in PBS-0.05% Tween20 and mounted on slides. Images were acquired on a Zeiss Axioplan-2 inverted microscope, equipped with a Hamamatsu Orca-ER digital camera using OpenLab software.
After the indicated treatments, U2OS cells were lysed in lysis buffer (1% TritonX-100, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM beta-glycerophosphate, 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 30 mM NaF, 1 mM benzamidine, 2 mM EGTA, 100 µM NaVO4, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 µg/ml aprotinin, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 1 µg/ml pepstatin, and 1 µg/ml microcystin-LR) for 15 min at 4°C and cleared by high speed centrifugation. Protein concentrations were measured using the bicinchoninic acid assay (Pierce). 53BP1 was immunoprecipitated from 500 µg of clarified cell lysate using 3 µg of anti-53BP1 antibody and 50 µls of Protein-A-conjugated agarose beads (50% slurry) for 16 h. Immunoprecipitations were extensively washed and analyzed by SDS-Page and Western blotting. Alternatively, immunoprecipitations were subjected to in vitro phosphorylation by resuspension in kinase buffer (50 mM Tris-HCL pH7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mM DTT, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 0.01% BRIJ35, and 150 mM NaCl2), followed by addition of 25 µM unlabelled ATP, 10 µCi of [32P]-γ-ATP, and recombinant Cyclin A-Cdk2, Cyclin B-Cdk1, or Plk1 for 30 min. Kinase reactions were analyzed by SDS-page and autoradiography.
IP/kinase assays for Chk2 activity were performed as generally described using lysates from either interphase cells or from mitotic cells generated by treating U2OS cells with 0.25 µg/ml nocodazole for 16 h followed by harvesting of the mitotitc non-adherent cells by gentle shaking. In brief, Protein A microtiter strips (Pierce) were coated overnight with 1.0 µg of anti-Chk2 antibody (Bethyl) or non-specific rabbit IgG per well and washed three times with blocking buffer (1% bovine serum albumin in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Triton X-100). Cell lysates (100 µgs) were placed in each antibody-coated well, incubated for 3 h, then washed twice with wash buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl) and twice with kinase wash buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 15 mM MgCl2, 5 mM beta-glycerophosphate, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2 mM Na3VO4, 0.2 mM DTT). Kinase reactions were performed in a total volume of 60 µl containing 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 15 mM MgCl2, 5 mM β-glycerophosphate, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2 mM Na3VO4, 0.2 mM DTT, 0.4 µM protein kinase A inhibitor, 4 µM protein kinase C inhibitor, 4 µM calmidazolium, 25 µM ATP, 10 µCi [32P]-γ-ATP, and 10 µM of Chk2tide substrate. Reactions were incubated for 60 min at 37°C, then terminated by addition of 60 µl of 20 mM EDTA. Forty µl of the terminated reaction mixture was transferred to a phosphocellulose filter plate (Millipore, Bedford, MA) containing 100 µl, 75 mM H3PO4, and mixed. The reaction contents were vacuum-filtered and washed five times with 75 mM H3PO4 and three times with 70% ethanol. Scintillation counting was performed using a Microbeta TRILUX luminescence counter.
In vitro phosphorylation of recombinant Chk2 or the Chk2 FHA domain by Plk1 was performed by incubating 3–10 µgs of the substrate proteins with Plk1 kinase domain in 50 mM Tris pH 7.5 containing 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 µg/ml bovine serum albumen, 5 mM DTT, and 100–500 µM unlabelled ATP, in the presence or absence of 10–20 µCi [32P]-γ-ATP, for 60–120 min at 30°C. Kinase assays of recombinant Chk2 before or after Plk1 phosphorylation were performed in the above buffer containing 1 mM DTT, 20 µCi [32P]-γ-ATP, and 50 µM Chk2tide in a final reaction volume of 50 µl at 30°C for 60 min. Samples were quenched with an equal volume of 0.05% H3PO4, and 5 µl of the reaction spotted onto P81 paper, air dried, washed extensively with 0.05% H3PO4, and analyzed by scintillation counting.
Identification of Plk1 phosphorylation sites in the Chk2 FHA domain following in vitro phosphorylation was performed by separating the reaction products by SDS-PAGE. Gel slices containing Chk2 were excised, alkylated with iodoacetamide, and digested with trypsin. Peptides were resolved by nano-flow reversed phase liquid chromatography (Agilent 1100, Palo Alto, CA) and analyzed with a LTQ-Orbitrap equipped with a nanoelectrospray ionization source (Thermo, Bremen, Germany). Peptide and protein identification was analyzed using the Spectrum Mill MS Proteomics Workbench software (Agilent).
For the in vivo mobility shift analysis of Chk2, 293T cells were transfected with FLAG-tagged full-length hChk2. Twenty-four h after transfection, cells were treated with paclitaxel in combination with DMSO or in combination with Plk1 inhibitor for 8 h. Cell lysates were cleared by centrifugation and mixed with M2 FLAG resin for overnight immunoprecipitation. After washing, samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
Cells were harvested with Trypsin/EDTA, washed with PBS, and subsequently fixed in ice-cold 70% ethanol for 4–16 h. After washing, cells were stained with anti-phospho-Histone H3 (1∶200) or anti-phospho-γ-H2AX (1∶100) in PBS-0.05% Tween20 and counterstained with Alexa647-conjugated secondary antibodies in PBS-0.05% Tween20. Cells were treated with Propidium Iodide/RNAse and analyzed on a Becton Dickinson FACScalibur using Cellquest software. A minimum of 10,000 events were counted.
(A) U2OS cells were left untreated or were treated with nocodazole for 16 h. Total cell lysates were immunoblotted using indicated antibodies (left panel). In parallel, cell lysates were used for anti-Plk1 or control (IgG) immunoprecipitations (right panel). Immunoprecipitations were washed extensively and immunoblotted for Plk1 and 53BP1. (B) Co-localization of 53BP1 with γH2AX in interphase but not mitosis. U2OS cells were left untreated or subjected to 3 Gy of ionizing radiation. Thirty minutes after irradiation, cells were fixed and immunostained using murine anti-γ-H2AX/anti-mouse-Alexa568 and rabbit anti-53BP1/anti-rabbit-Alexa488. Left panel: The number of nuclear foci per cell was counted from 30 interphase and 30 mitotic cells. Averages and standard error of the mean (SEM) are indicated. Middle panel: γ-H2AX foci from irradiated interphase and mitotic cells were analyzed for their co-localization with 53BP1 by visual inspection. One hundred and forty-six distinct γ-H2AX foci from 20 interphase cells and 76 discrete γ-H2AX foci from 30 mitotic cells from the left panel were analyzed. Co-localization was defined as any overlap between the two signals. The percentages of γ-H2AX foci with an overlapping 53BP1 signal are indicated. Right panel: 53BP1 foci from irradiated interphase cells in the left panel were analyzed for their co-localization with γH2AX as in the middle panel. One hundred and thirty-six distinct 53BP1 foci from 20 interphase cells were analyzed. During mitosis essentially no distinct 53BP1 foci were observed; thus mitotic cells were not included in this analysis. (C) U2OS cells were treated with DMSO or with the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536 for 6 h. Anti-53BP1 and anti-γ-H2AX were used to stain DNA damage-induced foci. Average numbers of 53BP1 foci from 25 cells are indicated in the bar graph and representative cells with γ-H2AX staining are indicated. As a reference, U2OS cells were harvested 1 h after 5 Gy ionizing irradiation.
(A) Recombinant GST-Chk2 (1–219) was incubated with recombinant Plk1. GST-Chkl2 (1–219) was separated using SDS-page and subsequently purified and trypsin-digested. Phosphorylation of peptides was analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Phosphorylated serine and threonine residues and their relative position in a schematic Chk2 representation are indicated. (B) List of identified phosphorylated peptides. Observation frequency and observed phosphorylated residues are indicated. (C) Selection of phosphorylation sites. Identified phosphorylation sites that were observed at least twice and that showed an evolutionary conserved phosphorylation sites as well as a evolutionary conserved Plk1 phosphorylation consensus motif ([Asp/Glu][X][Ser/Thr]) are selected and depicted.
For each indicated phospho-residue (column A), the conservation of the −5/+5 motif is indicated for 11 species (human-H.sap; rhesus monkey-M.mul; mouse-M.mus; rat-R.nor; cow-B.tau; dog-C.fam; platypus-O.ana; chicken-G.gal; African clawed frog-X.tro; zebrafish-D.rer; pufferfish-D.nig). Conservation is calculated and is indicated on a 0–1 scale. Full conservation of the −5/+5 motif results in a score of 1; absence of conservation or absence of the conservation of the phospho-residue results in a score of 0. “NA” indicates that sequence information for this species is unavailable. “Incomplete” indicates that gaps exist in the sequence data and that information for a specific residue could not be retrieved. Motif conservation (column “M”) indicates the mean conservation of the −5/+5 motif over all 11 species. Phosphosite conservation (column “N”) indicates the conservation rate of the actual phospho-residue.
The authors acknowledge all members of the Yaffe lab for helpful discussions and Dr. Daniel Lim for numerous suggestions, providing active forms of Plk1, and assistance with Figure 7G. We thank Drs. René Medema, Domenico Delia, Yasuhisa Adachi, and Jiri Lukas for generously providing reagents, and Dr. Nikola Pavletich for providing the dimeric Chk2 X-ray structure coordinates.
The author(s) have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: MATMvV AKG RL GJO HCR CST TP SJS TRB MBY. Performed the experiments: MATMvV AKG RL GJO HCR SEO CST HM TAL. Analyzed the data: MATMvV AKG RL GJO HCR SEO CST SAC TRB MBY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MATMvV AKG RL GJO CST HM SMK JL TAL SJS MBY. Wrote the paper: MATMvV RL GJO HCR CST SJS MBY.
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OI is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by bone fragility. More than 90% of patients are heterozygous for mutations in type I collagen genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2, and a common mutation is substitution for an obligatory glycine in the triple helical Gly-X-Y repeats. Few non-glycine substitutions in the triple helical domain have been reported; most result in Y-position substitutions of arginine by cysteine. Here, we investigated leucine and cysteine substitutions for one Y-position arginine, p.Arg958 (Arg780 in the triple helical domain) of proα1(I) chains that cause mild OI. We compared their effects with two substitutions for glycine located in close proximity. Like substitutions for glycine, those for arginine reduced the denaturation temperature of the whole molecule and caused asymmetric posttranslational overmodification of the chains. Circular dichroism and increased susceptibility to cleavage by MMP1, MMP2 and catalytic domain of MMP1 revealed significant destabilization of the triple helix near the collagenase cleavage site. On a cellular level, we observed slower triple helix folding and intracellular collagen retention, which disturbed the Endoplasmic Reticulum function and affected matrix deposition. Molecular dynamic modeling suggested that Arg780 substitutions disrupt the triple helix structure and folding by eliminating hydrogen bonds of arginine side chains, in addition to preventing HSP47 binding. The pathogenic effects of these non-glycine substitutions in bone are probably caused mostly by procollagen misfolding and its downstream effects.
Funding: This work was supported by NIH grant R01AR051582 and by funds from the Medical Genetics Training Grant at the University of Washington and from the Department of Pathology, University of Washington (T.E.K.); USPHS grants AR051582 and GM007454 (P.H.B.); and Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (S.L.).
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by susceptibility to fracture . Besides bone fragility, individuals with OI may present with short stature, bone deformities, dentinogenesis imperfecta, blue sclera, scoliosis, hearing loss, and other connective tissue disorders . Although discoveries of causative mutations in over a dozen different genes have generated considerable excitement and identified new biochemical pathways that contribute to OI [3–9], about 90% of individuals with OI have a mutation in one of the two genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2, that encode the proα1(I) and proα2(I) chains of type I collagen, the major protein of bone [7,10].
COL1A1 and COL1A2 mutations lead to OI by altering synthesis, assembly, folding, posttranslational modification, secretion, and structure of collagen. The molecular events in the cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) that translate these effects into bone pathology are incompletely understood. In addition to the events in the ECM, disruption of procollagen folding in the osteoblast endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appears to cause bone pathology by affecting cell differentiation and/or function [6,11–13]. At the same time, deficient secretion and/or incorporation of abnormal collagen molecules into ECM can alter bone matrix assembly, mechanical properties, mineralization, and interactions with various growth factors and cells [14,15].
The majority of mutations identified in individuals with severe or lethal forms of OI result in substitutions for glycine residues in the 338 canonical Gly-X-Y repeats of collagen triple helix of the proα1(I) and proα2(I) chains of type I procollagen. Substitutions of glycine (Gly) by amino acids with charged or branched hydrophobic side chains are particularly disruptive for triple helix structure and folding , and generally result in the most severe OI outcomes . While it has become clear that such disruptions might cause malfunction of osteoblasts as well as malfunction of collagen molecules in bone matrix, the underlying biochemical pathways and their roles in bone pathology are less clear.
Less disruptive substitutions at the X and Y positions might provide important insights into pathophysiology of missense mutations. In the last few years, X- and Y-position substitutions have been identified in individuals with OI [17–21], osteopenia , arterial rupture [23,24], classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) [24,25], and Caffey disease . Often these mutations result in substitutions of cysteine for arginine, but other alterations also occur, and the molecular pathophysiology of non-glycine substitutions in the triple helix remains uncertain. Since cysteine for arginine substitutions are quite common, a particularly puzzling question is whether it is the loss of the charged arginine side chain or the acquisition of the sulfhydryl cysteine side chain (or both) that cause these phenotypic changes.
In the current work we describe an individual with a mild form of OI, who has a unique mutation in one COL1A1 allele (c.2873G>T, p.Arg958Leu). To understand some of the mechanisms by which non-glycine substitutions could result in OI phenotypes, we compared the effects of this substitution with cysteine substitution for the same arginine (c.2873G>T, p.Arg958Leu) and with two substitutions for glycine residues located in the same region of the triple helix (c.2821G>A, p.Gly941Ser and c.2830G>T, p.Gly944Cys). We refer to these substitutions mostly as Arg780Leu (R780L), Arg780Cys (R780C), Gly763Ser (G763S), and Gly766Cys (G766C), respectively. This “legacy” designation based on the triple helical “address” facilitates direct comparison with substitutions in COL1A2 and in the triple helical domains of other fibrillar collagens.
In fibroblasts we found that both non-glycine substitutions mimicked the effects of substitutions for glycine in that triple helix folding was delayed, procollagen was retained in the ER and resulted in ER dilation and deficient matrix deposition. These observations suggest that substitutions of at least some Y-position arginine residues can destabilize the triple helix and disrupt procollagen folding in osteoblast ER like glycine substitutions, thereby causing bone pathology.
Human subject sample collection and analysis at University of Washington (UW) was approved by the Human Subjects Institutional Review Board (IRB), UW. Clinical samples were transferred to a UW research repository with a waiver of consent for participation in research studies by the UW IRB. Analysis of anonymized samples from the UW repository at NIH was approved by the NIH Office of Human Subject Research.
Dermal fibroblasts were grown from punch biopsies obtained with appropriate consent. Normal control cells from multiple individuals of different ages were used to identify the normal range of variation in different experimental observations . Normal controls shown in the figures were mostly based on CRL-2127 cells purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). Fibroblasts were grown to confluence at 37 °C in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM Glutamax (Invitrogen) in the presence of 5% CO2. The cells were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM/Glutamax with 0.1% fetal bovine serum and 250 μM of 2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt (Fluka). The harvested medium was buffered with 100 mmol/L of Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), protected with protease inhibitors, and used for purification of collagen . Pepsin-digested secreted, intracellular and matrix collagens were prepared .
For analysis of overmodification, collagen and procollagen were metabolically labeled with [3H]proline (GE Healthcare) and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) . For analysis of CNBr peptides, the chains of type I collagen were separated under non-reducing condition in 5% SDS-PAGE gels, the regions of the bands were excised from the gel, treated with CNBr mixture and then set atop a second 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel and analyzed .
Amino acid analysis to quantify lysine and hydroxylysine was contracted with Alphalyse protein analysis service (Palo Alto, CA), which performed the analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography.
To demonstrate collagen posttranslational overmodification, pepsin-purified type I collagen from the medium of either control cells or cells from the patient was fluorescently labeled either by AlexaFluor 488 (AF488, Invitrogen) or Cy5 (GE Healthcare) . Then the mixtures of NC_AF488/NC_Cy5, NC_AF488/mutant_Cy5 and NC_Cy5/mutant_AF488 were analyzed after separation of chains by SDS-PAGE.
Kinetics of collagen triple helix folding and clearance from fibroblasts were measured by pulse metabolic labeling with azidohomoalanine in methionine-free media followed by chase in media with 10 mM of methionine .
Collagen thermal stability was determined by sensitivity to proteases and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at 0.125 °C/min heating rate. . Procollagen was examined in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. Pepsin-purified collagen was examined in 0.5 M glycerol, 0.2 M Na-phosphate, pH 7.4 (PGB) to inhibit collagen aggregation and fibrillogenesis . DSC thermograms of collagen in PBS were corrected for the contribution of type III collagen and corrected by -1.7 °C to represent collagen stability in PBS as described previously [27,32]. Denaturation thermogram of pepsin-purified intracellular α1(I)-G763S collagen in PGB was measured by differential scanning circular dichroism , demonstrating similar content of mutant and normal molecules in intracellular and secreted collagen. Local reversible unfolding was studied by circular dichroism .
Cells were cultured for 3 weeks on an ACLAR® fluoropolymer film in DMEM that containied 10% FBS and 250 μM 2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt, media was changed every 2–3 days. For EM, matrix was fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 130 mM sodium cacodylate buffer, postfixed in 2% OsO4, processed into Spurr's epoxy, sectioned, stained with UO2-acetate and Pb-citrate, and examined in a JEOL 1400 electron microscope at NICHD Imaging core. For Raman spectroscopy, cell matrix was fixed with 0.7% formaldehyde solution in 0.7x PBS. Relative ratios of matrix collagen to cell organics were determined from Raman spectra within at least 10 different matrix regions as described in .
We studied cleavage kinetics of the mutant and normal control collagens by recombinant human MMP1 (gift of Prof. H. Nagase, Imperial College, London), the catalytic domain of MMP1 (Enzo Life Sciences), and MMP2 (EMD Biosciences). MMP1 was activated with 1 mM 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate . For these experiments, purified type I collagen from the medium of either control cells or cells from the patient was fluorescently labeled either by AlexaFluor 488 (AF488, Invitrogen) or Cy5 (GE Healthcare) . Binary mixtures of mutant-AF488/control-Cy5 and mutant-Cy5/control-AF488 in 50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl2, 0.05% Brij were prepared and co-processed with the enzyme at different temperatures. The cleavage products and kinetics were examined on precast 3–8% Tris-Acetate gels (Invitrogen) using the FLA5000 scanner (Fuji Medical Systems) for fluorescence detection and ScienceLab software supplied with the scanner for quantitative analysis.
Genomic DNA and RNA and cDNA were prepared by standard methods. Primers and conditions for amplification of genomic and cDNA and for automated sequencing are available upon request.
RNA was isolated from cells using Purelink RNA kit (Life Technologies), reverse transcribed with SuperScript III First Strand Synthesis Supermix and random hexamers as primers (Invitrogen), and analyzed in a 7500 Fast Real Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) with Taqman gene expression assays. The same CT threshold value was used for all samples. Relative mRNA quantity was calculated from ΔΔCT values assuming 100% PCR efficiency .
Cells were grown to confluence and incubated with fresh medium that contained 250 μM ascorbate one day before collection. At collection, cells were rinsed with PBS and lysed in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate, lithium dodecyl sulfate, 50mM dithiothreitol, 50mM Tris, 150mM NaCl, 5mM EDTA, 1mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5mM benzamidine, 10mM N-ethylmaleimide, and PhosStop (Roche). Samples were denatured at 95°C for 10 minutes, loaded onto 3–8% Tris Acetate or 12% Bis-Tris gel and transferred onto a 0.45 um nitrocellulose membrane. The blots (Figures A-C in S1 File) were labeled with primary antibodies against proα1(I) C-propeptide (LF-42, a gift of Dr. Larry Fisher, NIDCR, NIH), BIP (Cell Signaling, 3177), PDI (Enzo Life Sciences, ADI-SPA-891-D), Calnexin (Abcam, ab10286), Calreticulin (Cell Signaling, 12238), EIF2α (Cell Signaling, 2103), phosphorylated EIF2α (pEIF2α, Cell Signaling, 3398 and 9721), and b-actin (Abcam, ab8224). After staining with secondary antibodies conjugated to AlexaFluor dyes (Life Sciences), images were captured in an FLA5000 fluorescence scanner (Fuji Medical Systems, Stamford, CT) and analyzed with Multigauge 3.0 software supplied with the scanner.
The structural models were based on Protein Data Bank entry 1BKV and molecular modeling and image generation used UCSF Chimera . Leucine substitution was modeled based on the Dunbrack backbone-dependent library .
The index patient (Fig 1A, II-1) was recognized at birth to have a mild form of OI. Neither of her parents was affected with OI (Fig 1A, I-1, I-2). Parental DNA was not available for mutation analysis. At 4 months of age, the proband had an acute fracture of the right femur (Fig 1B, arrow). Radiographic studies at the time demonstrated that the femurs and the tibias were short and bowed; the ribs had near normal appearance although the chest was slightly small. Within a year, the femurs had grown, the bowing was diminished, and the cortex was well mineralized (Fig 1B). As an adult, she had blue sclerae, modest number of fractures, and some bowing of the tibias and is at the 25th percentile for height. Her first pregnancy (Fig 1A, III-1) was terminated at 19 weeks gestation because of the identification of an encephalocele and bowed bones by ultrasound examination. This fetus was heterozygous for the maternal mutation. The encephalocele was considered to have a different basis. Later, her second and third pregnancies were normal by ultrasound examination. Cultured CVS cells from each fetus synthesized only normal type I procollagen and analysis of DNA confirmed that neither carried the mutant allele (Fig 1A, III-2 and III-3). Healthy infants were born subsequently.
Fig 1. Clinical summary for α1(I)-R780L.
A, Family pedigree; the proband (II-1) is marked with arrow. B, radiographs of the proband at 4 months (left) and 1 year (right) of age.
Cultured dermal fibroblasts from the proband (II-1) and the first pregnancy (III-1) but not the second pregnancy (III-2) produced both normal and abnormal type I collagen molecules with chains that had slow mobilities (Fig 2A and 2B). The shift in electrophoretic mobility was blocked by addition of α,α-dipyridyl (data not shown), which interferes with the post-translational hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues in the triple helical domain. Analysis of the cyanogen bromide peptides derived from the chains showed that in the α1(I) chains overmodification began in peptide α1(I)CB7, which comprises position 551–821 of the triple helical domain, indicating that an alteration in that domain delays helix propagation (Fig 2C and 2E).
Fig 2. Analysis of procollagen (A) and collagen (B) molecules synthesized by the patient (P) and control (C) cells and mutation identification (C-E).
A,B, SDS-PAGE run with 2 M urea to enhance the difference in migration between overmodified and normal chains. Compared to control cells, proα1(I) and α1(I) chains from patient were more heterogeneous and some of the chains had delayed electrophoretic migration due to posttranslational overmodification. C, The shapes of electrophoretic bands of CNBr (CB) peptides from normal (large solid bands) and overmodified (upward streaks marked by arrows) collagen chains. The main bands might be slanted (e.g. control α1(I)) due to imperfect shape/orientation of the band cut out from the original collagen gel for CNBr digestion. The streaks of overmodified chains in the top left corner of the main bands are distinguished by their different orientation. The presence of overmodified α1(I)CB3, α1(I)CB7 and α1(I)CB8, but not α1(I)CB6, is consistent with a defect in folding within residues 551–821 of the triple helical domain (see panel E), that is, amino-terminal to the beginning of α1(I)CB6. D, The heterozygous mutation, c.2873G>T in exon 41 of one COL1A1 allele, resulted in substitution of the arginine by leucine at position 958 of the protein (p.Arg958Leu), which is position 780 of the triple helical domain (Arg780Leu). E, The figure of CB-peptides shows the location of the methionyl residues in the α1(I) chain (vertical bars). The open circles (○) represent the electrophoretic mobility of the peptides derived from the normal chains relative to the streaks of overmodified peptides from the mutant chains (closed circles, ●).
Sequence of the full length of the genomic DNA from COL1A1 and COL1A2 revealed a unique mutation in one allele of COL1A1: c.2873G>T, p.Arg958Leu, Arg780Leu in the triple helical domain (Fig 2D). The same mutation was identified in cells from the affected fetus (III-1) but was absent in III-2 and III-3 (data not shown). This variant has not been reported in any major population databases (evs.gs.washington.edu/EVS; gnomad.broadinstitute.org/) or ClinVar (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar). No other coding sequencing or splice site mutations were found in either type I collagen gene and no alterations in mRNA sequence or structure of those genes was identified. The asymmetric overmodification is consistent with an altered sequence in the collagens and not in the modifying enzymes. We have used the triple helical or legacy “address” (e.g., residue 780) to identify mutation positions throughout the paper.
The COL1A1 c.2872G>T, p.Arg958Cys (Arg780Cys) mutation was identified in 1994/95 in a 7 wk old patient with bilateral subdural hematomas and multiple fractures, including vertebral compression fractures. The patient had osteopenia, normal sclerae, and no evidence of Wormian bones or other bone malformations. SDS-PAGE did not show significant posttranslational overmodification of type I collagen; but it revealed evidence of a disulfide bond between α1(I) chains, which was mapped to α1(I)CB7 CNBr peptide. Because of child abuse concern (mother admitted to some abusive behavior) and lack of other individuals with the same mutation, the cause of the fractures remained uncertain. There was no patient follow up. Parental DNA was not analyzed.
Substitutions of obligatory glycine residues decrease the thermal stability of the whole molecule and lower its apparent denaturation temperature (Tm) from ~0.5 °C up to 5 °C . Except for the immediate vicinity of the N- and C-terminal ends of the triple helix, those substitutions reduce the thermal stability of procollagen to exactly the same extent as collagen. Several examined substitutions for Y-position Arg residues were also reported to decrease collagen Tm, all by approximately 1 °C [17,23].
Analysis of secreted collagen and procollagen by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by sensitivity to trypsin and chymotrypsin revealed 0.5–1.0 °C lower Tm in α1(I)-R780L than in the control (Fig 3). DSC denaturation thermograms showed that the effects of α1(I)-R780L and α1(I)-R780C substitutions on the thermal stability of collagen were identical. The molecules with a Cys780-S-S-Cys780 disulfide bond appeared to have ~0.5 °C lower stability than the molecules without this bond (Fig 3D).
Fig 3. Type I collagen triple helix destabilization caused by glycine and arginine mutations.
A, DSC denaturation thermograms of pepsin-purified collagen (solid lines) and procollagen (dotted lines) secreted into media by normal control (NC) and patient cells. B, Denaturation thermograms of pepsin-purified collagen from media (secreted, solid lines), cell layer (intracellular, dashed line), and extracellular matrix deposited by cells (matrix, dash-dotted lines). C,D, Analysis of α1(I)-R780C collagen thermal stability by enzymatic digestion and gel electrophoresis. In A and B, each thermogram peak represents denaturation of molecules with or without mutant chains. The peak maximum is the corresponding apparent denaturation temperature Tm, which is the same in collagen and procollagen molecules (for NC as well as most mutants) . A heterozygous Gly substitution in the α1(I) chain might result in up to 3 peaks on the denaturation thermogram, representing molecules with 2, 1, and 0 mutant chains. In α1(I)-G766C collagen, the molecules with 1 and 2 mutant chains have the same Tm, producing one peak at ≈39.5 °C; the molecules without mutant chains produce the second peak at ≈42 °C. The same is true for α1(I)-G763S collagen. In α1(I)-R780L or α1(I)-R780C, molecules with 1 and 2 mutant chains produce a peak at ≈41 °C; the 42 °C peak of molecules without the mutant chains is too close to 41 °C, so that it is not resolved. The area under each peak is proportional to the fraction of the corresponding molecules. A change in this fraction upon secretion from cells or incorporation into matrix alters the shape of the denaturation thermogram . A reduced intensity of the 39.5 °C peak in matrix vs. secreted collagen indicated that only 25% of α1(I)-G766C molecules in extracellular matrix contained mutant chains, but no effects of other mutations on collagen secretion or matrix incorporation were detected. In C and D, thermal stability of secreted collagen was measured by 2 min equilibration at different temperatures followed by 5 min at room temperature, 1 min digestion with trypsin/chymotrypsin mixture, and separation of chains by gel electrophoresis at non-reducing conditions as described in . Panel C shows quantitative analysis of gel electrophoresis (D), each point representing an average of 4 experiments.
Substitutions for glycine residues α1(I)-G763S and α1(I)-G766C lowered collagen Tm by 2–2.5 °C. The effect of substitutions for glycine residues on the collagen Tm is determined by their location along the triple helix rather than the identity of the substituting residue . Comparison of the α1(I)-R780L and α1(I)-R780C collagens suggested that the same might be true for substitutions that do not alter triple helical glycine residues.
Measurement of collagen Tm by either DSC or chymotrypsin-trypsin digestion shows only mutation effects on the stability of the whole molecule. To investigate the extent of local destabilization of the triple helix near the mutation site, we exploited the proximity of the mutation to the collagenase MMP1 site (residues 775–776 of the triple helix) and the requirement of triple helix unwinding prior to cleavage by the enzyme.
We found an increase in the cleavage rate of α1(I)-G763S collagen by MMP1 (Fig 4B, black bars). The increase in the cleavage rate was more pronounced for α1(I)-R780L, α1(I)-R780C and α1(I)-G766C collagens. Overall, α1(I)-R780L and α1(I)-R780C substitutions had similar effects, indicating that the global and the local changes in the triple helix stability were similar. In α1(I)-G766C and α1(I)-R780C collagens, the cleavage rate of molecules with the two α1(I) chains linked by a disulfide bond was faster than molecules with either one or no altered chains, consistent with more significant triple helix opening in these molecules (Fig 4A).
Fig 4. Cleavage of mutant collagens by MMP1, MMP2, and catalytic domain of MMP1 (MMP1(ΔC)).
A, cleavage kinetics of collagens by MMP1 in molecules with Cys for α1(I) Gly or Cys for α1(I) Arg substitutions. Each time point represents an average of two experiments. In one, the mutant labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 (AF488) was mixed with normal control labelled with Cy5 and treated with MMP1 within the same sample tube. In the other, the fluorescent labels were switched. The error bar represents the corresponding standard deviation. Gray circles show the kinetics of cleavage for disulfide bonded chains formed in molecules containing two α1(I) chains with Cys for Gly or Cys for Arg substitutions. B, relative cleavage rates for all studied mutants determined as the ratio of the initial cleavage rate of all α1(I) chains in the mutant to the initial cleavage rate of α1(I) chains in the normal control within the same sample tube. The initial cleavage rates were determined by linear regression of the first 3–4 data points in the kinetic experiments shown in A and similar experiments for the other mutants and enzymes. The cleavage rates of α1(I)-R780L with MMP1(ΔC) were not measured. The cleavage rates of all mutants were larger than in normal control with high statistical significance (p<0.001). For instance, the cleavage rate by MMP2 was 0.18±0.01 in α1(I)-R780L vs. 0.01±0.006 in NC (in the same units), yielding high statistical significance for (0.18±0.01)/(0.01±0.006) > 1 despite noticeable uncertainty in the absolute value of this ratio.
We observed similar effects of the mutations on collagen cleavage by gelatinase MMP2 (Fig 4B, light grey bars) and by the catalytic domain of MMP1 (MMP1(ΔC)) (Fig 4B, dark grey bars). In short, the collagens that contained α1(I)-G766C, α1(I)-R780L, or α1(I)-R780C chains were much more susceptible to cleavage than normal control; α1(I)-G763S collagen was less susceptible than other mutations. The quantitatively larger effects of the mutations on collagen cleavage by MMP2 and MMP1(ΔC) confirmed that there was local triple helix destabilization at the cleavage site, since these enzymes are less able to cut the intact triple helix than MMP1 . The susceptibilities of α1(I)-R780L and α1(I)-R780C collagens to cleavage were similar, consistent with similar local destabilization of the triple helix in addition to similar change in Tm for the whole molecule.
To further understand the extent of the local helix destabilization, we measured circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified collagen in response to trains of heating pulses, during which the temperature was clamped at 37, 37.5, and 38 °C (Fig 5). At these temperatures there is rapid unfolding of unstable triple helical regions, which is reversible upon cooling, provided that the pulse is short enough to prevent denaturation of the entire molecule. The relative change in the spectra at 223.8 nm during the heating pulse is proportional to the unfolded fraction of the triple helix [27,29].
Fig 5. Reversible unfolding of mutant collagens.
The fraction (% denaturation) of the triple helix length unfolded in response to a train of heating pulses (bottom figure). This fraction was measured by monitoring % change in ellipticity of collagen solution in 2 mM HCl (pH 2.7) at 223.8 nm compared with the ellipticity change upon complete denaturation. Complete denaturation of collagen triple helix under the same conditions (e.g. after a 55 °C heating pulse) was irreversible. Reversible changes in the ellipticity were therefore associated with unfolding of a region(s) within the helix rather than the whole molecule. Assuming ellipticity of the unfolded region being the same as of a fully unfolded collagen chain and the ellipticity of the folded region being the same as of a fully folded triple helix, the measured % change in ellipticity represents the % of the triple helix length unfolded in response to the heating pulse. Thus, ~10% reversible change in the ellipticity observed in α1(I)-G763S and α1(I)-G766C collagen solutions indicated unfolding of 10% of the triple helix length.
Reversible unfolding of up to 10% of the triple helix (~100 amino acids) was observed for α1(I)-G763S and α1(I)-G766C collagens (Fig 5). In contrast, CD spectra of collagens with α1(I)-R780 substitutions were similar to the normal control, placing an upper limit of ~ 3% (~ 30 amino acids) on the length of the region destabilized by the mutations. Compared to α1(I)-G763S and α1(I)-G766C, the triple helix disruptions produced by α1(I)-R780 substitutions were just as large or larger at the adjacent MMP cleavage site. However, these disruptions did not propagate as far along the triple helix, probably because of highly heterogenous structural stability of different regions within collagen molecule .
Local destabilization also means that formation of the triple helix within this region during procollagen folding becomes unfavorable. The triple helix folds in a zipper-like fashion from the C- to N- terminal end, and local instability causes a pause around the mutation site until the helix is renucleated beyond this region . This folding delay leads to asymmetric posttranslational overmodification, N-terminal to the mutation. The overmodification of CNBr peptides from α1(I) chain regions N-terminal to the mutation was consistent with such a folding delay in α1(I)-R780L procollagen (Fig 2).
Using pulse-chase methionine substitution with a synthetic azidohomoalanine (Aha) analog followed by fluorescent labeling of Aha , we directly measured procollagen folding rate in human fibroblasts (Fig 6A). We confirmed that in these instances substitutions for arginine and glycine delayed triple helix folding. The most pronounced delay was observed for α1(I)-G766C. Interestingly, α1(I)-G766C molecules with the Cys766-S-S-Cys766 disulfide bond had shorter folding delay than α1(I)-G766C molecules without the bond; α1(I)-R780C molecules with the Cys780-S-S-Cys780 bond had longer folding delay than α1(I)-R780C molecules without the bond (Fig 6A).
Fig 6. Delay in type I collagen folding (A) and intracellular retention (B) caused by substitutions for glycine and arginine in the triple helical domain of proα1(I) chains.
A, Collagen triple helix folding measured by incorporation of azidohomoalanine (Aha) into newly synthetized collagen chains after 10 min Aha pulse, followed by chymotrypsin-trypsin digestion, labeling with DIBO dye, and quantifying α1(I) chains resistant to chymotrypsin-trypsin digestions by SDS-PAGE. The fraction of folded (chymotrypsin-trypsin resistant) molecules was measured from the intensity of Aha-DIBO-labeled α1(I) bands on SDS-PAGE relative to the intensity of these bands after 2 h chase. B, Residence time of intracellular Aha-DIBO-labeled collagen after 2 h Aha-pulse. C, Visualization of a shift in migration of overmodified mutant molecules vs. normal (NC) molecules on SDS-PAGE by double fluorescent labeling. Binary mixtures of AlexaFluor488-labeled NC, G763S, G766C, R780L, or R780C (green) with Cy5-labeld NC (red) were used to compare the migration of mutant vs normal control in the same SDS-PAGE lane. Relative to Fig 2B, the shift is less pronounced since urea was not used to enhance the separation, but it is still clearly visualized by the separation of red and green colors. D, Amino acid analysis shows higher fraction of hydroxylysines in all mutant collagens. The standard deviation was measured in NC (5 samples) and assumed to have similar relative value in other collagens.
The folding data perfectly correlated with posttranslational overmodification that we detected by slower electrophoretic migration on gel using mixtures of mutant and normal control collagens labeled with different fluorophores (Fig 6C) and by increased fraction of triple helical hydroxylysines (Fig 6D). All three parameters increased in the following order NC < R780L < G763S and R780C < G766C.
We then used pulse-chase labeling with Aha to examine the kinetics of procollagen clearance from cells . The half-lifetime of Aha-labeled procollagen inside the cell increased from ~15min in NC to ~45 min in α1(I)-G763S, ~90 min in α1(I)-G766C, ~30 min in α1(I)-R780C and ~75min in α1(I)-R780L (Fig 6B). Consistent with the folding kinetics, the Cys766-S-S-Cys766 bond decreased while the Cys780-S-S-Cys780 bond increased the procollagen clearance time.
Larger delays in the clearance time compared to the folding delays indicated retention of misfolded procollagen in the cell. This conclusion was supported by electron microscopy observation of dilated ER cisternae in all mutant but not NC cells (Fig 7). Yet, we found no evidence of significant selective degradation of mutant chains inside the cells. The fractions of mutant chains in secreted procollagen estimated from denaturation thermograms appeared to be consistent with the corresponding expected values and we did not observe significant differences between the thermograms of intracellular and secreted molecules (Fig 3A and 3B).
Fig 7. Effect of type I collagen mutations on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dilation.
Representative electron microscopy images of human fibroblasts show dilated ER cisternae in all mutant but not normal control cells. Rough ER cisternae are distinguished by ribosomes (black spots) lining the ER membrane. ER dilation was more subtle in α1(I)-G763S,G766C and more pronounced in α1(I)-R780C,R780L cells.
Retention of misfolded procollagen and resulting ER dilation suggested the possibility of cell stress. Western blot analysis (Fig 8A) provided evidence of increased EIF2α phosphorylation expected in cell stress, but this trend did not reach statistical significance. Consistently, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR, Fig 8B) suggested upregulation of DDIT3/CHOP (α1(I)-G763S,G766C,R780C) and CRYAB/αB-crystalline (α1(I)-G763C,R780L,R780C). We also observed decreased level of calnexin and PDI in α1(I)-G763S, α1(I)-G766C and α1(I)-R780L cells, indicating some disruption of ER function. Except for α1(I)-R780C cells, we found no evidence of BIP upregulation either by Western blotting or qPCR. We also found no evidence of increased XBP1 splicing.
Fig 8. Cellular stress caused by glycine and arginine mutations in type I collagen.
A, Markers of integrated cell stress response (p-EIF2α) and unfolded protein response (BIP) as well as ER chaperones PDI, calnexin and calreticulin were measured in biological-triplicate by Western blotting relative to β-actin. B, Unfolded protein response (HSPA5/BiP and XBP1(S)) and integrated cell stress response (DDIT3/CHOP and CRYAB/αB-crystallin) mRNA markers were measured in technical-triplicate by qPCR (ΔΔCT method) using a geometric mean of HPRT1, B2M and GAPDH as an endogenous control.
Comparison of collagen denaturation thermograms from cell culture media and matrix isolates revealed abnormal matrix incorporation only for α1(I)-G766C molecules (Fig 3B). Consistently, ~10% of the amount incorporated by control cells was deposited into matrix by the cells (Fig 9B) and the resulting matrix contained only very thin, disorganized fibers (Fig 9A). The matrix produced by α1(I)-G763S and α1(I)-R780C cells contained collagen fibers with normal size and appearance as well as normal amount of collagen, although α1(I)-R780C matrix appeared to be less well-organized. The α1(I)-R780L matrix had slightly less collagen and appeared to be more disorganized and heterogenous across the culture than the α1(I)-R780C matrix.
Fig 9. Effect of type I collagen mutations on matrix deposition.
A, Electron microscopy images of collagen fibrils deposited during 3-week culture. B, quantitative analysis of collagen content in extracellular matrix relative to cells by Raman microscopy; *, p<0.05; ***, p<0.001. The collagen/cell organics is the ratio of intensities of collagen-specific Raman bands to cytoplasm-specific Raman bands of organic material, which is present in cells but not in extracellular matrix. This ratio is proportional to the amount of collagen per cell present in the matrix.
To understand how the loss of Arg780 affects the triple helix in the context of the surrounding sequence at this particular site in type I collagen, we performed molecular modeling experiments. Previous studies of homotrimeric model peptides revealed much higher triple helix stability of sequences with Y-position arginine or hydroxyproline compared to other amino acids . Computational analysis and the crystal structure of a triple helical peptide incorporating arginine-containing fragment at the collagenase cleavage site in type III collagen indicated that arginine side chains form hydrogen bonds with backbone carbonyl groups that result in significant stabilization of the triple helix . Our computational analysis of the collagenase cleavage site in type I collagen is most compatible with the presence of hydrogen bonds between the ε-nitrogen of Arg780 on one α1(I) chain and backbone of the α2(I) chain as well as between the ε- and terminal nitrogens of Arg780 on the other α1(I) chain and backbone of the first α1(I) chain (Fig 10A, dashed lines). Leucine or cysteine substitutions for Arg780 (Fig 10B) prevent formation of these hydrogen bonds, destabilizing the helix.
Fig 10. Model of effects of substitution of arginine by leucine at position 780 of the triple helix in the α1(I) chain.
A stretch of 14 residues are shown in three chains which in α1(I) are Pro773-Gln-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gln-Arg-Gly-Val-Val-Gly-Leu-Pro786. The glycines at position 775 are represented by the space filling models in which cyan (chain A) and magenta (chain B) are the α1(I) chains and the α2(I) chain is in yellow (chain C). The chain order is assumed to be α1(I)- α2(I)- α1(I) in the helical domain. A, The normal sequence in which the residue at position 780 of the triple helix is arginine shown in magenta and cyan on their respective chains. The hydrogen bonds are shown by the dotted lines. B, The mutant sequence in which both residues at position 780 are occupied by leucine. No hydrogen bonds form to stabilize the molecule.
Although COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutations that result in substitutions at X or Y-positions in the triple helix are much less common among patients than those that result in substitutions of obligatory glycines, they provide insights into mechanisms by which altered collagens can produce bone pathology in OI. In particular, reduced bone mineral density with or without recurring fractures was observed in most individuals reported with Y position Arg-to-Cys substitutions but not those in which the substitutions were at the X-position. The interpretation of these phenotypic differences has to take into account several considerations. Arg-to-Cys substitutions might lead to bone pathology as a result of osteoblast malfunction caused by misfolding of mutant procollagen molecules and their retention in the ER and/or due to disruption of extracellular matrix properties by incorporation of secreted mutant collagen molecules. Both intra- and extra-cellular effects of the mutation could be related to the loss of a Y-position arginine residue, which stabilizes the collagen triple helix locally , serves as a binding site for HSP47 in the process of maturation of the triple helix in the ER , and might be important for collagen interactions in the ECM. The gain of a cysteine residue, which is not present in normal triple helices, might lead to detrimental formation of disulfide bonds in the ER, the Golgi, or in the ECM. Finally, the intra- and extracellular effects of free cysteine residues could be different for X- vs. Y-position cysteine residues perhaps because of different preferred conformations of the side chains at these positions and different bond formation efficiencies.
In the family identified here, the α1(I)-R780L substitution occurred at the same site as the α1(I)-R780C substitution in an unrelated individual with mild OI. Although we did not find other patients with the latter substitution, the present study supports its pathogenicity by demonstrating the similarity of the effects of both mutations on collagen properties. Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of collagen secreted by dermal fibroblasts from these patients provided us with a unique opportunity to distinguish the effects of Arg loss from Cys gain. It also enabled us to get additional insights into intra- vs extra-cellular mechanisms of bone pathology in OI.
One possible effect of α1(I)-R780L or α1(I)-R780C molecules in the ECM could be inhibition of collagen cleavage by collagenases, because Arg780 appeared to be important for interaction of these enzymes with collagen . A recent crystal structure revealed a hydrogen bond between the corresponding Arg residue in the leading chain of a triple helical peptide and MMP1, but substitution of this Arg to Ala did not have a significant effect on the enzyme-peptide interaction . We found that cleavage of α1(I)-R780L and α1(I)-R780C containing molecules was faster rather than slower by MMP1 and MMP2, as a result of triple helix destabilization at the cleavage site. Increased susceptibility to collagenases might affect ECM remodeling, but it is not likely to be responsible for the OI phenotype, since collagenases do not appear to play a major role in bone .
The common feature of OI-causing substitutions of Y-position arginine residues [17,23] is that all of them destabilize and affect the folding of the triple helix, similar to substitutions for glycine. Despite small changes in the collagen Tm (Fig 3), the increased susceptibilities to cleavage by MMP2 and catalytic domain of MMP1 (Fig 4) clearly show significant local destabilization of the helix already at 25 °C. This destabilization is comparable to effects of some substitutions for glycine residues described in this and our earlier studies . CD measurements indicate that this destabilization is limited to less than ~ 30 adjacent amino acids (Fig 5). However, it disrupts the propagation of triple helix folding through the mutation site, as indicated by the folding delay (Fig 6A) and posttranslational overmodification of triple helical residues on the N-terminal side of the mutation (Figs 2C & 6C and 6D).
Y-Arg loss is the primary factor in decreasing the triple helix stability while the identity of the substituting amino acid appears to be secondary, as found previously for substitutions of obligatory Gly . Similar effects of Leu and Cys suggest that the destabilization is not associated with detrimental interactions of their side chains. Even formation of a Cys780-S-S-Cys780 disulfide bond has only a relatively minor effect on the helix stability (Fig 3D) and folding (Fig 6C), like the formation of a Cys766-S-S-Cys766 disulfide bond. Instead, studies of triple helical peptides , our previous studies , and our computer simulations all suggest that the triple helix destabilization is caused by the loss of hydrogen bonds between Y-position Arg side chains and triple helix backbone carbonyls.
Furthermore, the loss of Y-Arg affects procollagen folding not only because it destabilizes the triple helix but also because these Arg residues are essential for HSP47 binding , which is required for the final stages of triple helix folding [47–49]. Although α1(I)-R780 is a medium affinity HSP47 binding site, simultaneous triple helix destabilization and loss of HSP47 binding might explain the folding delay and posttranslational overmodification comparable to Gly-X-Y repeat disruption (Figs 2 and 6).
Even relatively minor procollagen folding delay (like in α1(I)-G763S, α1(I)-R780C and α1(I)-R780L cells) causes major procollagen misfolding and accumulation of the misfolded molecules inside the cells. Indeed, the half-time required for clearing procollagen molecules from all these cells increases more than two-fold. Although α1(I)-G763S, α1(I)-R780C and α1(I)-R780L mutations cause more subtle changes in the folding rate than α1(I)-G766C, their effects on the clearance kinetics are much more pronounced and similar (Fig 6B). Curiously, neither Y-Arg nor Gly substitutions we studied significantly reduce the fraction of mutant chains in secreted procollagen. The fraction of the molecules retained inside the cells might not be large enough for detecting the change in the chain composition in secreted procollagen from denaturation thermograms. Moreover, mutant cells might non-selectively retain molecules with and without the mutant chains, e.g. because higher ER concentration of unfolded chains might cause nonspecific and therefore non-selective chain aggregation into gelatin-like structures .
Consistent with the significantly delayed procollagen clearance from the cells, Y-Arg and Gly substitutions cause similar ER dilation, indicating misfolded procollagen accumulation inside the ER (Fig 7) and possible cell stress. In agreement with other studies [11,50,51], the ER accumulation of misfolded procollagen does not trigger the conventional unfolded protein response (UPR) that is accompanied by upregulation of BIP expression and XBP1 splicing. An apparent increase in EIF2α phosphorylation, CHOP and αB-crystalline transcription, and decrease in calnexin observed here for Y-Arg and Gly substitutions (Fig 8) are consistent with the observations for cell stress response in osteoblasts from G610C mice , yet inconclusive. Our experience gained from the latter G610C mouse study suggests that conclusive evidence of cell stress response requires analysis of primary osteoblast cultures from multiple animals at low (preferably zero) passage. Dermal fibroblasts produce less collagen than osteoblasts, experience subtler ER dilation, and therefore less pronounced cell stress. The cell stress is particularly difficult to detect in human cells, since genetic variants unique for each subject might affect its severity.
Formation of a Cys766-S-S-Cys766 disulfide bond at the Gly substitution site improves procollagen folding and clearance from cells (Fig 6A and 6B), potentially reducing the severity of bone pathology. This bond might promote triple helix renucleation beyond the mutation site by keeping the three proα chains together. Formation of a Cys780-S-S-Cys780 bond at the Y-Arg substitution site has an opposite effect. This bond appears to inhibit triple helix renucleation, probably by disrupting the alignment of the chains. Reduced misfolding and accumulation of molecules with Gly-to-Cys substitution in two α1(I) chains due to disulfide bond formation might contribute to lower cell stress and therefore explain the surprising milder phenotype of homozygous vs. heterozygous mice with a Gly349-to-Cys substitution .
Note that Arg-to-Cys substitutions in the triple helical region of type II collagen were also reported to cause pathology [53,54]. In contrast to α1(I)-R780 mutations, conventional UPR and cell apoptosis were observed for α1(II)-R789C and α1(II)-R992C [55,56]. Similar to α1(I)-R780 mutations, α1(II)-R75C and α1(II)-R519C were found to cause some ER dilation without conventional UPR or apoptosis .
Despite the inconclusive evidence for the cell stress response caused by Y-Arg substitutions, we believe that the idea of resulting osteoblast malfunction provides the most logical explanation for the following observations. Bone fragility and low mineral density were identified in a number of individuals with Cys for Y-Arg substitutions at positions 396, 858, 888, and 915 in the α1(I) chain of the triple helix [17,18,23]. In contrast, classical EDS and Caffey disease were seen with Cys for X-Arg substitutions at positions 134 and 836, respectively. Procollagen folding is expected to be significantly affected only by Arg substitution at Y-positions while ECM interactions of collagen should be affected by substitutions at both X- and Y-positions. Since decreased bone density and fractures are observed only with substitutions for Y- position Arg, this bone pathology is more likely to be related to osteoblast malfunction in response to abnormal procollagen folding than to direct effects of Arg to Cys substitutions on bone matrix and its mineralization. For the same reasons, skin and joint laxity as well arterial abnormalities are more likely to be related to aberrant interactions of Cys in the ECM. These EDS symptoms were reported in patients with both X- and Y-position Arg substitutions to Cys, which is not present in normal type I collagen.
Note that similarly mild bone pathology in patients with α1(I)-R780L and α1(I)-R780C substitutions is also more difficult to explain by disruptions of collagen interactions in the ECM. As expected, hydrophobic Leu and sulfhydryl Cys appear to have different effects on ECM composition and structure (Fig 9) but similar effects on procollagen folding (Fig 6) and ER dilation (Fig 7).
The idea of osteoblast malfunction as a major factor in bone pathology caused by procollagen misfolding has been discussed in several recent studies of dominant OI caused by Gly substitutions as well as recessive OI caused by mutations in procollagen chaperones [3,6,11,12,51,57–59]. It might contribute to the reported TGF-β signaling abnormalities in OI [11,60,61]. We think that the present analysis of Y-Arg substitutions provides further support for this idea, even though we have been able to study only patient fibroblasts.
S1 File. Representative Western blots.
Figure A. Top panel. BIP and p-eIF2a were fluorescently labeled with Alexa Fluor 550 goat anti-rabbit IgG (red channel); eIF2a and β-actin were fluorescently labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (green channel). Magenta labels mark gel lanes from normal control (C5), α1(I)-G763S (763), α1(I)-G766C, α1(I)-G780C (780C), and α1(I)-G780L (780L) cells; the 811 sample was from a different study. Yellow molecular weight labels mark positions of the corresponding molecular weight standards, visualization of which requires contrast enhancement (70 kDa standard is visible as a faint red band at the left edge of the blot). Low intensity red p-eIF2a bands are masked by much higher intensity green eIF2a bands. Bottom panel. Contrast-enhanced red fluorescence channel shows thin, low intensity p-eIF2a bands and residual fluorescence of wide β-actin bands labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 (which is not completely eliminated by the Alexa Fluor 550 filter set). Figure B. Calnexin and calreticulin were fluorescently labeled with Alexa Fluor 550 goat anti-rabbit IgG (red channel); PDI and β-actin were fluorescently labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (green channel). ~85 kDa red bands (top panel) were identified as calnexin and ~55 kDa green bands (top panel) were identified as PDI. Magenta and yellow labels are the same as in Figure A, S1 File. Figure C. Procollagen α1(I) chain and β-actin were fluorescently labeled with Alexa Fluor 550 goat anti-rabbit IgG (red channel) and Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (green channel), respectively. Magenta and yellow labels are the same as in Figure A, S1 File.
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Is the Subject Area "Osteogenesis imperfecta" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Glycine" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Endoplasmic reticulum" applicable to this article? | 2019-04-20T05:04:59Z | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200264 |
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