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The need to explore a compression algorithm has struck again. After playing with LZSS (LZ77) I thought LZW (LZ78) was something I should eventually get around to studying. I've played with several other things since having that thought, but it finally took hold, and became the thing that consumed "free time"
As with my other compression implementations, my intent is to publish an easy to follow ANSI C implementation of the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) encoding/decoding algorithm. Anyone familiar with ANSI C and LZW or LZ78 should be able to follow and learn from my implementation. I'm sure that there's room for improvement of compression ratios, speed, and memory usage, but this project is about learning and sharing, not perfection.
Click here for a link to my LZW source. The rest of this page discusses LZW and my implementation.
Like it's predecessor LZSS (LZ77), the Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm uses a dynamically generated dictionary and and encodes strings by a reference to the dictionary. It is intended that the dictionary reference should be shorter than the string it replaces. As you will see, LZW achieves it's goal for all strings larger than 1.
The LZSS algorithm uses a sliding window dictionary. Each entry in the dictionary is a character. LZSS code words consist of an offset into the dictionary and the number of characters following the offset to include in an encoded string.
Unlike LZSS, entries in the LZW dictionary are strings, and every LZW code word is a reference to a string in the dictionary.
Okay, so where does the dictionary come from, and why can't I find an entry for my whole file in it?
The LZW dictionary is not an external dictionary that lists all known symbol strings. Instead, the dictionary is initialized with an entry for every possible byte. Other strings are added as they are built from the input stream. The code word for a string is simply the next available value at the time it is added to the dictionary.
An "encoded" string is used to add new strings to the dictionary. The encoded string is built from the input stream. The input stream is read 1 byte at a time. If the string formed by concatenating the new byte to the encoded string is in the dictionary, the new byte is added to the end of the encoded string. Otherwise a dictionary entry is made for the new string and the code word for the coded string is written to the output stream. Then the byte that was just read becomes thet encoded string.
Step 1. Initialize dictionary to contain one entry for each byte. Initialize the encoded string with the first byte of the input stream.
Step 2. Read the next byte from the input stream.
Step 3. If the byte is an EOF goto step 6.
concatenate the the byte to the encoded string.
add the new sting to the dictionary.
write the code for the encoded string to the output stream.
set the encoded string equal to the new byte.
Step 6. Write out code for encoded string and exit.
In the example above, a 17 character string is represented by 13 code words. Any actual compression that would occur would be based on the size of the code words. In this example code words could be as short as 9 bits. Typically code words are 12 to 16 bits long. Of course the typical input stream is also longer than 17 characters.
It shouldn't be a big surprise that LZW data is decoded pretty much the opposite of how it's encoded. The dictionary is initialized so that it contains an entry for each byte. Instead of maintaining an encoded string, the decoding algorithm maintains the last code word and the first character in the string it encodes. New code words are read from the input stream one at a time and string encoded by the new code is output.
During the encoding process, the code prior to the current code is written because concatenating the first character of the current code with the string encoded by the prior code generated a code that wasn't in the dictionary. When that happened the string formed by the concatenation was added to the dictionary. The same string needs to be added to the dictionary when decoding.
Step 1. Initialize dictionary to contain one entry for each byte.
Step 2. Read the first code word from the input stream and write out the byte it encodes.
Step 3. Read the next code word from the input stream.
Step 4. If the code word is an EOF exit.
Step 5. Write out the string encoded by the code word.
Step 6. Concatenate the first character in the new code word to the string produced by the previous code word and add the resulting string to the dictionary.
Step 7. Go to step 3.
The decode string matches the original encoded string, so I must have done something right. One of my favorite things about LZW is that the decoder doesn't require any additional information from the encoder. There's no need to include extra information commonly required by statistical algorithms like Huffman Code and Arithmetic Code. So compression ratios are never reduced by extra data cost.
Whoever said that there's an exception for every rule must have studied LZW. It turns out that an exception may occur. When decoding certain input streams the decoder may see a code word that's one larger than anything that it has in it's dictionary. Fortunately for me others have figured out when the exception happens and how to deal with it.
The exception occurs if the dictionary contains an entry for string + character and the input stream is string + character + string + character + string.
When the exception occurs, concatenate the first character of the string encoded by the previous code word to the end of the string encoded by the previous code word. The resulting string is the value of the new code word. Write it to the output stream and add it to the dictionary.
Wow! That's a lot of work to force an exception to occur. The results still need to be decoded in order to witness the exception in action.
There you have it, the exception and how it's handled. It can be made to occur with a shorter pattern of repeated 2 character strings like "ababababababab", but I doesn't make as nice of an example.
That's all there is to the LZW algorithm. There are a few more issues to consider when actually implementing the algorithm on a computer. You should to read on if you care about them.
As I have stated the introduction, my intent is to publish an easy to follow ANSI C implementation of the Lempel-Ziv-Welch Encoding (LZW) encoding/decoding algorithm. I have also tried to make the code portable. Those goals drove much of this implementation.
Code words must be bigger than a length 1 string of what ever is encoded.
All encoded strings (including length 1 strings) will require a code word to represent them.
Larger code words mean more entries may be contained in a dictionary.
Consider code word endian/byte order issues if the LZW is implementation will be used on different platforms.
I encode strings of bytes, so the size of a code word must be bigger than a byte. That rules out any code words 8 bits or less.
I also don't want the code word to be huge, because even size 1 strings will be written as a code word. Example 1 encodes a 17 byte (136 bit) string into 13 code words. If the code words were only 9 bits long, the encoded data would be 117 bits. However if the code words were 16 bits long, the encoded data would be 208 bits. Typically, a larger data set must be encoded before longer code words produce any compression.
Code word size also has an impact on the maximum number of strings in a dictionary. An n bit code word may have as many as 2n strings in it's dictionary. If you're encoding bytes the first 256 of those strings will be single bytes.
Larger dictionaries can contain codes for more strings and that typically improves compression. The downside is that the encoding algorithm needs to search the dictionary for matches to the current string. Search time increases with the size of the dictionary.
With so many factors to consider, I ended up using 12 bit code words for my version 0.1 implementation. It's really easy to modify my version 0.1 implementation to use 9 to 15 bits. I settled on 12 bits after trying all values between 9 and 15 on a random set of files between 1K and 128K in size. The test was highly unscientific, but the 12 bit code words had the best average compression results.
I got a little fancier with my version 0.2 implementation. I begin with a 9 bit code word, but allow the bit length to increase up to 15 bits as more code words are generated. It is usually the case that a data stream can be compressed with code words that start at 9 bits and grow to n bits better than it can be compressed with a fixed n bit code word. I use the word "usually", because there is a little overhead required to indicate that the code word size has changed (see Indicating Code Word Length).
Feel free to change the code word size for any reason that you might have. If you increase it beyond 15 bits, things will blow up on machines with 16 bit integers. If you increase the code word size to more than 16 bits, you'll need to modify the routines that read and write code words.
The dictionary in the Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm provides a way of associating strings with code words. Code words are of limited length. However, the LZW algorithm does not impose a limit on the length of strings that are encoded.
One way to represent strings of arbitrary length is by a NULL terminated array. With LZW, it's possible to have thousands of strings thousands of bytes long. As machine memory sizes increase, there may come a time when the memory requirements of NULL terminated strings isn't a big deal. I'm still using a vintage PC, so NULL terminated strings are out of the question.
Fortunately, somebody much smarter than me observed that all strings entered into the dictionary either have a size of 1, or consist of a character appended to a string that is in the dictionary. The string that's already in the dictionary must also have a code word associated with it. Rather then representing the new string as old string + character, it can be represented as code word for old string + character.
In Example 1 the code 263 represents the string "his". Rather than creating a dictionary entry for code word 263 and "his", an entry can be made for the code word 263, the prefix code 257, and byte 's'. Every dictionary entry consists of the code word, the prefix code, and the last character in the string.
The big advantage to this scheme is that all strings in the dictionary are stored as a small, fixed length value. The downside to this scheme is that you need to traverse the dictionary to determine what string a code word encodes. 263 encodes 257 + 's'. 257 encodes 'h' + 'i'. That's not too bad with 3 character strings, but it's not that fun with 1000 character strings. Still, having a known fixed length for dictionary entries outweighs the need to traverse the dictionary.
Writing of code words that aren't an integral number of bytes.
Indicating the length of a code word.
The layout of the dictionary.
Finding string matches in the dictionary.
Inserting new strings into the dictionary.
Fortunately, writing code words wasn't that big of a deal. I have a bit file library containing functions for writing files one bit at a time. I use the same library for all of my other compression implementations, and it works just fine for LZW.
The problem of indicating how long code words are only occurs when variable length code words are used. If fixed length code words are used, there's no question about how many bits the decoder should use when reading the encoded data.
Code words may be n bits long until the encoder is required to write a code word that needs n + 1 bits to represent it.
The indication that n + 1 bits are needed must be n bits long, because decoder is still reading n bits at time.
With those observations, everything fell into place. When the encoder needs n + 1 bits to write out a code word, it writes an n bit indicator. Then all code words from that indicator until the next indicator will be written using n + 1 bits. Once an indicator signals increased code word size, there is no way to decrease code word size.
For my indicator I use a code word of all ones at the current code word length. The consequence of using an all ones indicator is that the code word represented by that value also requires an extra bit. Suppose the encoder is using 9 bits and it needs to output the code word 511. 511 is 9 bits of all ones. A single 511 will cause the decoder to switch to reading 10 bit code words without decoding code word 511. To get around this, the encoder must write an indicator (511 in this case) to switch to 10 bits, then it must write the code word 511 using 10 bits.
Version 0.2 of my implementation starts out using 9 bit code words and allows the code word length to grow to 15 bits.
Determining the layout of the dictionary most definitely impacts finding and inserting strings. The dictionary stores strings represented as a code word prefix and a byte suffix.
Initially, the dictionary will contain one entry for every one character string. However, the number of strings in the dictionary may grow as the encoding process proceeds. Fortunately there is an upper bound on the number of strings that may be in the dictionary. If code words are n bits long, there can only be 2n unique code words.
The only real requirement for an LZW dictionary is that it can store 2n code word/string pairs. It seemed natural to use an array of 2n code word/string entries to me. I started out with a dictionary that was an array of 2n entries, but as I started playing with the algorithm I realized that all strings 1 byte long are encoded by the value of the byte. It's much faster to just write out the value of the byte than it is to look them up in the dictionary. So my implementation uses an array based dictionary only stores up to (2n - 256) strings. Single byte strings were handled without using the dictionary.
As natural as an array based dictionary seems, it can be really slow to search when the dictionary fills up (see below). Recently I have replaced the array based dictionary with a binary tree based dictionary to speed up average search time. Anybody who has seen a binary tree should be comfortable with my implementation.
Though being able to store all the code words is the only real dictionary requirement, the ability to perform fast search and insertion operations is also desirable.
Every time the encoding algorithm reads a byte, it appends it to a string that it is building. The first thing it does with the string is look for it in the dictionary. If the string isn't in the dictionary and the dictionary isn't full, the encoding algorithm will insert the string into the dictionary. There is one dictionary search for each byte in the uncoded data stream, and there will be one insertion for each new code word.
The simplest way to search an array based dictionary is by brute force, from start to finish. Similarly the simplest way to insert strings into the dictionary is to start at the beginning and keep looking until an empty location is found. These simple brute force approaches are O(N), where N is the number of code words (which is O(2n) where n is the number of bits in a code word).
It would really be nice to have something faster without adding much computational overhead. Others have successfully used hashing to speed up searches and insertions. The ideal hash function will make searching and insertion O(1) operations. I haven't come up with that function yet. Rather than being creative I used a simple function to generate a hash key that is used as an initial index into the dictionary. First I shifted the string's code prefix by 8 bits and OR in it's final character. That gives me an n + 8 bit number. I used that number modulo the size of the dictionary to get my initial key.
The first dictionary index I checked is the value of the key. Unfortunately collisions are possible. In the case of searching for a match, a collision occurs when there's a string already located in the dictionary position, but it doesn't match the string that we're looking for. My collision resolution was simple, but no more efficient than a brute force source. I search the next dictionary indices until I've either: found a match, searched the entire dictionary, or found an empty dictionary location.
If the dictionary is full, the array based algorithm will take O(N) searches to discover that a string is not in the dictionary. I realized that I could increase the size of the dictionary array, so that it will always include empty entries and stop the search if I arrive at an empty entry, but that just cuts the search time to an average of O(N/2).
Rather than using a larger array, I chose to use a binary tree. It takes an average of O(log(N)) searches to discover that a string isn't in the full dictionary. I'm not making much of an effort to balance my tree, so worst case is still O(N), but I don't think there will be many naturally occurring data streams that produce that result.
In order to keep the binary tree close to balanced, dictionary entries are ordered using a simple key. I append the code for the prefix sting to the MS nibble of the new character, then I append the LS nibble to that.
It's possible that I may have future code release using balanced trees. But that will take motivation and time.
One nice side effect of these methods are that they don't require any additional work to find an insertion location for a new string. Strings are only inserted into the dictionary when a match isn't found and there is room to insert the string. If the array based search algorithm ends because it found an empty dictionary location, there wasn't a match and the dictionary isn't full. The new string and its new code word is inserted into the empty dictionary location where the search algorithm stopped. In the case of the tree based search, when it ends without a match, the new entry is inserted as the child of the leaf where the search ended.
The whole dictionary search and insertion process may be trivialized by increasing the size of the dictionary so that it has one index for every possible code word prefix/byte suffix string. If code words are n bits long, then there are 2n + 8 different possible strings; no more than 2n of which will actually be used. The dictionary can then be implemented as a 2n + 8 array, where each entry is either empty or contains the code word for the code word prefix/byte suffix pair represented by that index.
Reading of code words that aren't an integral number of bytes.
Determining the length of a code word.
Decoding code words to strings.
As with writing code words, reading code words wasn't that big of a deal. I use my bit file library here too.
The problem of determining the length of code words is only an issue when variable length code words are allowed. In the section on encoding, I discuss a method that uses an all ones indicator when code word bit lengths are to increase by one. When my decoder reads a code word that is all ones bits, it must increase the code word length by one bit without decoding that code word. All code words that follow are read using the new length and operation proceeds normally.
The dictionary organization used for encoding would work just fine for decoding, however it's more complicated then it needs to be. During the encoding process strings are created and the dictionary is searched to see if code words already exits for that string. The decoding algorithm reads the encoded stream 1 code word at a time and uses the dictionary to find out how to decode a code word. Simply restated, encoding searches the dictionary based on string value. Decoding searches the dictionary based on code word value.
My decoding dictionary is just an array of 2n strings where the array index is the code word that encodes the string.
After it reads a code word, the decoding algorithm will look up the code word in the dictionary and write out the encoded string that it encodes. Normally that wouldn't be an issue. However, strings in the dictionary are stored as a prefix code word + a suffix byte. In order to decode a code word into a string of bytes, the prefix code of the string must also be decoded. The process of decoding prefix strings continues until a prefix string decodes to a 1 byte string. The process of decoding strings builds the string being decoded in reverse order.
The processes of decoding code words into another code word and a byte and writing all the bytes out in the reverse order of their decoding made me think of recursion. I don't have much of an opportunity to use recursion in my paying job, so the idea of implementing a recursive decode routine seemed "fun". If you'd rather avoid recursion, store the decoded characters into an array that is at least 2n - 256 bytes long, then write out the results in reverse order.
Further discussion of LZW with links to other documentation and libraries may be found at http://www.datacompression.info/lzw.shtml.
I found Mark Nelson's Dr. Dobb's Journal article be very helpful. He even provides source for a slightly different implementation.
This routine reads an input file one character at a time and writes out an LZW encoded version of that file.
fpIn - The file stream to be encoded. It must opened. NULL pointers will return an error.
fpOut - The file stream receiving the encoded results. It must be opened. NULL pointers will return an error.
fpIn is encoded using the LZW algorithm with codes up to CODE_LEN long and written to fpOut. Neither file is closed after exit.
This routine reads an input file one encoded string at a time and decodes it using the LZW algorithm.
fpIn - The file stream to be decoded. It must opened. NULL pointers will return an error.
fpOut - The file stream receiving the decoded results. It must be opened. NULL pointers will return an error.
fpIn is decoded using the LZW algorithm with codes up to CODE_LEN long and written to fpOut. Neither file is closed after exit.
I am releasing my implementations of the LZW algorithm under the LGPL. If you've actually read this page to get all the way down here, you already know that I have different implementations. As I add enhancements or fix bugs, I will post them here as newer versions. The larger the version number, the newer the version. I'm retaining the older versions for historical reasons. I recommend that most people download the newest version unless there is a compelling reason to do otherwise.
Version 0.7 Changed return value to 0 for success and -1 for failure with reason in errno.
Removed unused macros and declarations.
Version 0.6 Fixed bug that occurs when output code word grows by two or more bits.
Uses BitFilePutBitsInt/BitFileGetBitsInt to allow for code words as large as sizeof(int). (#define limits code words to 20 bits).
Version 0.5 Replaces getopt with my optlist library.
Version 0.4 Uses latest bit file library. This may fix memory access errors with non-GNU compilers.
Version 0.3 Separated encoded and decode source to simplify creation of encode or decode only programs.
Uses a binary tree to store encoding dictionary.
Version 0.2 Uses variable length code words 9 to 15 bits long.
Version 0.1 Initial release using 12 bit fixed length code words.
Once the dictionary is full, it does not change. | 2019-04-25T08:54:37Z | http://michael.dipperstein.com/lzw/index.html |
Where Should Tesco Be Heading?
The major British grocery retailer Tesco is in a crossroad. Strategies that have brought the retail chain success, good reputation, and a leading position do not work as well as in past years. Tesco has been frequently commended for its Clubcard loyalty programme, established in 1996, that implemented an exemplary customer data-driven approach in the realm of relationship marketing; it has put the chain way in advance of all its UK competitors. During the previous decade Tesco also initiated its advanced concept of segmented network of different types of stores for different types of shopping that is continuously growing. Notably, the UK-based company has expanded into more countries and to more types of business, becoming a giant global retail group. But now Tesco finds itself in difficulty. The mission is to find where matters have gone wrong and how to put Tesco back in order.
The recent accounting blunder in which the group over-stated its profits, troubling enough, is truly only a symptom of deeper problems in the management of Tesco, going at least three years back. The profit error in excess of £263m corresponds mainly (£118m) to the first half of the current financial year (2014/15), but it extends to the previous two years, too (following an investigation by Deloitte concluded in October).
This error was caused, in the words of departing chairman Broadbent, by “accelerated recognition of commercial income and delayed accrual of costs in the UK food business“(1), referring to incorrect timing of reporting payments made to suppliers (done late) and concessions Tesco received from them due, for example, to promotions given in its stores (done too early). The accounting misstatement may have occurred innocently because of lack of professionalism and a guiding hand in running the company’s finances (Tesco, reportedly, did not have a CFO for a while). In the worse case, it was done to conceal the decline in its business and poor financial performance. Either way, it is evident of underlying faults in the way the company was run in recent years.
The years 1997-2010 have been a significant period of intensive activity and growth at Tesco, led by two successive CEOs, Leahy followed by Clarke. It was a period full of ambition to extend internationally and engage in additional product and service categories, beyond Tesco’s core competence in food and general household retailing. But then Tesco was caught unprepared to cope with the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the recession that followed, especially since 2010. Tesco under Clarke was late to respond, and continued its expansion “business as usual” despite the evident decline in consumer spending. Time has now come to re-align and to take a more focused approach on those business areas and retailing activities in which the company is more capable to satisfy both its customers and shareholders. The new CEO Dave Lewis, as of August 2014, re-stated that Tesco sees itself as a customer-centric company that intends to continue providing best value to consumers through its pricing, services, and stores. It remains to be seen how the new management keeps true to this commitment.
The British retailer distinguishes between different patterns of consumer shopping under different circumstances or for varied purposes; about ten years ago it split its mother-chain into four main types of chain stores. At the core are traditional supermarkets, known as Superstores at Tesco (482 stores as of Oct. ’14). It has added Extra mega-size stores with a much larger range of products and at lower prices for shoppers who want to stock-up their households for longer periods on fewer concentrated shopping trips (248 stores). On the other hand, Tesco developed a Metro type of store (reduced supermarket) to be located in centres of large cities and accommodate the unique needs and time constraints of working shoppers (194 stores). In addition they established a sub-chain of Express stores in a format like convenience stores for really rush trips and smaller baskets for products in immediate shortage — this is in fact the largest sub-chain currently (1,709 stores).
Mainly the three new groups of stores have grown since 2005; all four types account for more than 2,600 stores in the UK (there are some additional 800 stores of other retail-formats). The Express chain stores faced particular resentment from independent merchants because these stores have been established at their expense, by buying them out or by drawing local customers from them in their neighbourhoods (some have resolved the issue by becoming franchisees). However, it apparently was a more correct move to make than creating the Extra stores. To the surmise of Tesco, consumers are less attracted to the mega-store format because they are now less interested in making large purchases on any single shopping trip. Instead, consumers are more inclined to fill-in their stocks for the coming days (e.g., as budget or available cash allows). The advantage of buying at lower prices at Extra stores, as in the chain as a whole, also diminished in face of a challenge from more efficient discount chains like Aldi and Lidl from Germany.
It seems early to predict if the recent slip in MS is a sign for an ongoing decline, and it depends very much on how Tesco will react. As already indicated by CEO Lewis, Tesco is going to reduce its range of products. It may have to consider the scale of its Express sub-chain, that might got too large. It will have to carefully assess if it can and should compete again hard over price with upcoming discounters or develop and enhance other competitive advantages like shopping-related services and in-store design. Tesco is already in the midst of a project to re-model and improve the layout and design of its stores (“Transforming Our UK Stores”). While part of this work is dedicated to improving their Extra stores, Tesco’s management may want to consider alternative approaches to these stores. For instance, re-arranging the store as a cluster of several autonomous shops under the same roof (e.g., food & grocery; personal care; home improvement & gardening; repairs) which shoppers can visit independently and pay at separate cashiers.
Internet services (broadband, e-mail & storage) are also available from Tesco.
The top management of Tesco may have to show greater scrutiny not only with regard to the range of product types it displays in its stores (and online) but also those supplementary services and products, finding a correct balance between benefit and value they provide and the burden and complication they cause.
Tesco owns the analytic company Dunnhumby as a subsidiary to perform in-house the important work of analysing purchase and personal data of Clubcard customers, and exploiting new possibilities of Big Data, to produce intelligible insights. Yet, the retailer needs to make sure that Dunnhumby keeps to its original charter. Expanding services to external clients, for instance, could complicate its activities too much, distract the company from fulfilling its vital duties for Tesco, and expose it to unnecessary business risks.
Customer Service — Tesco is repeatedly criticised that its in-store staff is not available and helpful enough. It has been further argued that over-reliance of the retail chain on automatic self-service scan & pay posts in its stores (instead of human cashiers) signals to customers that the staff tries to avoid contact with them. These customer concerns are worrying especially given the difficulties in shopping at large and product-crowded stores. Problems with customer service may better be resolved in parallel to issues of merchandising as well as store layout and interior design to obtain greater improvement in customer-shopper experience.
Tesco has made great effort to execute an inclusive Brick & Click approach in its retailing business, not to foresake any of the physical and online channels. The retailer furthermore works to keep the channels inter-linked. It established, for example, a Click & Collect service — to their convenience, customers can make the order online in the morning before work and pick-up the shopping package from a store of their choice (out of 260) on their way home. It is a demonstration of effort in the right direction.
Reaching Internationally — Tesco is operating store chains in twelve countries beyond the UK, either under direct ownership or through franchising and co-operation with local retail chains. Besides nearby Ireland, the group’s overseas reach is mainly into Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, as well as Turkey), and Asia (e.g., India, Thailand, South Korea). A discussion of global operations should take into account economic, cultural and legal considerations with respect to each country. For example, operations in China had to be ceased; they are expected to restart in a new formulation with a local chain. Nonetheless, the venture of Tesco in the US, that lasted between 2007 and 2013, is knowingly the most damaging and embarrassing for the company. Its Fresh & Easy chain of neighbourhood supermarkets on the West Coast was hit by a strong opposition from US-based strong retailers, mainly Wal-Mart and Trader Joe, and in addition its approach was not well accepted by the American consumers. Tesco eventually had to fold out and leave the country.
Overall, the sales of Tesco group (£34bn) fell 4.4% and trading profit (£937m) declined 41%. Both Asia and Europe have seen a fall in sales, though profits in Asia dropped (-17%) and in Europe they increased (+38%). Markedly, Tesco Bank has enjoyed a rise in both sales (4.6%) and trading profit (16%), to the envy of the retailing business. Analysts doubt that Tesco can overcome and offset these declines by end of the financial year in February 2015. The upcoming Christmas and New Year season is clearly crucial for Tesco. It is also needed as an injection of optimism for its share price that fell from nearly four pounds to £2.50 in the past two years, and then dropped furthermore to just £1.50 in September, recuperating somewhat lately to a little below two pounds.
Undoubtedly Tesco has made positive moves into the 21st century to enhance the consumer shopping experience in its brick-and-mortar stores, establish its presence online, and strengthen endurable relationships with its customers. Yet, improvements it achieved have been swollen in the wave of expansion in different directions, wherever it seemed possible and connected somehow with its main field of business. It is, therefore, ever so important and desirable for Tesco to identify and focus on those areas wherein it is more competent, especially with respect to improving the quality of shopping experiences of individual customers.
(1) Tesco Group Interim Results: Financial Performance, H1 2014-15 (26 weeks ended 23/8/14), Press Release 23 Oct., 2014 http://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=188&newsid=1074.
As a shopper approaches the entrance to a store or shop, and walks through the doorstep, he or she quickly figures out how inviting the venue is. Does the store look interesting and compelling, showing a potential for exhibiting merchandise articles of value? Or does the scene look so crowded and messy it is hard to believe one can find there anything he or she may need or desire? More basically, do the store’s interior design and display appear pleasant to the eye or annoying? While consumers generally like to keep things simple and in good order, some degree of visual complexity can help to capture shoppers’ attention and make the store more attractive and inviting for prospect customers.
A simple design, stripped of any form of art and modestly furnished for displaying merchandise, stands the risk of being perceived too boring to justify spending time in the store or shop. An element of surprise, a break from the ordinary or standard, may be necessary to intrigue the shopper and entice him to enter and study the store more closely. But deciding on the right measure of complexity can be difficult. A store owner may not want to complicate its design and display to a level that is overwhelming for the shopper, making it hard for the eye to absorb (e.g., an unruly mixture of deep and flashy colours, every furniture or fixture in a different form and style). Challenging the shoppers is welcome, but the challenge should be carefully planned and designed so as not to scare them off. Importantly, planning for visual complexity is not just a matter of amount but even more so a matter of its form and composition.
Introducing variability (e.g., in shapes or colours) and irregularities (e.g., construct displays in non-parallel lines), for example, increase the complexity of a design. Complexity does not have to be extensive — a few elements can be sufficient to spice-up the design of a store; and even a disruption of “normal” order can have rules. When increasing visual complexity in the store one should take care to maintain the aesthetic appearance of its scene. In reference to the design of products, Hekkert (1) proposed four goals towards an aesthetic and pleasant visual design: maximum effectiveness from minimum means (e.g., use a few and simple features, apply correlated features that co-align into a meaningful construct); unity in variety (i.e., follow specific principles like those of Gestalt to maintain order and control in variety); striking a balance between novelty and typicality that excites but does not shock the consumers; and, co-ordinate between stimuli that relate to the different human senses. Hekkert argued that the aesthetic experience should be considered in tandem with the experience of meaning and emotional experience. We may refer to these goals as a benchmark for constructing discernible but sensible complexity — for instance, breaking away from a Gestalt principle (e.g., symmetry) increases complexity, but it should be done without dissolving the whole organization of the store’s scene. Such guidelines could be of particular relevance for the design of product display, that is, visual merchandising.
Visual complexity may arise from different factors such as the number and range of elements or objects in a scene, the variety and density of visual-graphic features present (e.g., colours, shapes, texture), and deviation from principles of organization and regularity (e.g., symmetry, similarity, repetition). Clutter is associated with complexity but is not synonym with it. Clutter frequently represents the objective information-side of complexity, that is, the (excessive) detail and (weak-structured) layout of information in the scene. It is viewed as a driver of complexity though it is not the only facet to consider. Visual complexity, on the other hand, often reflects the personal subjective perspective, such as the evaluation by individuals (e.g., with respect to attractiveness) and their response to complexity. However, references in research to ‘complexity’ can be as complex and diverse as the term itself suggests. The effect of visual complexity on consumer processing, evaluation and behavioural response is important with respect to appearance of products and their packages, ads, webpages, and scenes of retail and service physical environments.
Store owners have the choice whether to display more or less merchandise in the main space of the premises, and where and how to display it (e.g., on tables, counters or shelves at the centre, along the wall, or as a fixture attached to the wall). Additional elements of interior design would accompany the display to create the overall impression for the shopper-viewer. Orth and Wirtz (2) tested direct and mediated effects of visual interior complexity on store attractiveness in two types of environments, deli stores (merchandise-oriented) and coffee shops (service-oriented). They showed that greater complexity (e.g., many products crowded on a long counter) hurts the perceived attractiveness of the store. Attractiveness is furthermore mediated by the pleasure experienced by shoppers-viewers from the display and overall scene. That is, lower attractiveness is driven, or can be explained, by shoppers being unhappy with or annoyed by the visual scene. It is also attributed to a decrease in processing fluency of the more complex visual scene (fluency is mediating between complexity and pleasure). The consequences, as this research shows, can be a behavioural tendency of avoidance from a more complex store and weaker intention to revisit it.
The researchers measured “attractiveness” with respect to aspects of overall attractiveness, product quality and price level. However, information on products and prices was only implicitly shown but not manipulated, or alternatively not shown at all. Hence, our ability to learn how complexity, as an attribute of visual design, fares in its effect on store attractive relative to the other two aspects is very limited. The effect of complexity that seems truly to matter relates to pleasure experienced from viewing the store’s scene, pertaining particularly to its visual appeal (not mentioned in the scale of attractiveness) — complexity is less appealing to the eye. This experience is sensibly influenced by the lower fluency when perceiving the visual scene.
But the case for visual complexity in the store is not yet lost. The answer for employing complexity to the advantage of the store or shop may be in selectively implementing particular layers or facets of visual complexity in the interior design and visual merchandising of the retail outlet. We may learn a lesson from research by Pieters, Wedel and Batra (3) who analysed visual complexity and its effects in the context of advertising from the consumer perspective. They made an important distinction between “feature complexity” and “design complexity” and showed that these layers of complexity have opposite effects on attention and attitude (through techniques of eye-tracking and direct questions).
Feature complexity reduces attention to the advertising brand (e.g., its name heading or logo). Furthermore, greater feature complexity (visual clutter) hurts consumer attitude towards the ad.
Design complexity increases attention to the pictorial elements in the ad as well as to the ad in whole. Moreover, higher levels of design complexity improve attitude towards the ad.
Extending insights from ads to brick-and-mortar retail stores is not quick and easy. First, an ad is a two-dimensional image whereas the store’s space is a three-dimensional scene — our perception of visual effects differs between 2D and 3D views (e.g., a photograph compared with the actual location). In addition, ads often incorporate an heterogeneous mix of different types of pictorial and text elements and other graphic features, conjoint in a discontinuous layout not possible in a physical 3D space. Nevertheless, some insights on visual complexity seem applicable also to the interior design of a store and to visual merchandising.
Imagine a shelf display on a wall where merchandise articles (e.g., sweaters) on each row are in a different colour; suppose we now arrange items so that in the center we get, for instance, a circle filled with items in a colour different from the remaining display, thus adding a colour while “breaking” the horizontal rows of the shelves.
Suppose we created a display composed of small square tables on the floor with merchandise articles (e.g., books) on top; we may add complexity by placing one table in a different shape (e.g., triangle), or moreover add a stand in an irregular shape.
Another issue may be raised with regard to design complexity, whether instead of manipulating visual aspects of specific fixtures or props it is better to manipulate their arrangement and for example set asymmetric or irregular layouts. These design variations may serve to make a statement or highlight cues about the store’s image. The challenge is not to lose sight of the whole scene to avoid rendering it too confused, disturbing or difficult to follow (i.e., cluttered). We may further realise that even in a store the visibility of a brand logo, large photographic images posted on walls and other signage count, no less than in ads — they support brand identifiability and visual merchandising.
If a retailer is cautious and prefers to start in a middle ground, here are a few possible avenues for action. Front windows make a good place to start. Particularly the cabin-type window displays that are closed on the back and block the view into the shop’s space sustain a scene that is closer to 2D. The front window displays are of special importance because they provide shoppers the first introduction as they approach the shop. And of course one may also on advertising for the store, such as for an ad that includes a photographic image of the store. Specifically for ad posters that are intended to be shown in the store (e.g., new fashion outfits, deals), Pieters, Wedel and Batra recommend that they should reduce feature-based clutter as much as possible because of the short duration shoppers are expected to be exposed to those ads. Photo images of a store may also constitute a practical and suitable medium for studying consumers’ evaluation (e.g., visual appeal) and attitude given an exhibited level of complexity in the store.
Introducing visual complexity in a store is a matter of form, composition and style. Not just the extent of complexity created but also in what ways it is done will determine its acceptance and favourability by shoppers. Ultimately visual complexity needs to stimulate shoppers to purchase. Applying aspects of design complexity is the course for store owners or managers, and visual merchandisers and interior designers working with them, to exercise their creativity. But it is essential at all times to keep an eye on the overall scene outcome so as not to fall into a trap of creating too much visual clutter and confusion.
(1) Design Aesthetics: Principles of Pleasure in Design; Paul Hekkert, 2006; Psychology Science, 48 (2), pp. 157-172.
(3) The Stopping Power of Advertising: Measures and Effects of Visual Complexity; Rik Pieters, Michel Wedel, & Rajeev Batra, 2010; Journal of Marketing, 74 (Sept.), pp. 48-60. | 2019-04-21T00:10:50Z | https://consumergateway.org/tag/merchandising/ |
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Hatco HBG-4818 48.34″ Portable Heated Black Glass Shelf - Lighted on/off rocker switch. 40″h. Ideal for use on pass-through areas, buffet lines, and as hors d’ouevre displays. Build-in models have an optional flush mount control box with a 3′ (914 mm) conduit. Every heated black glass shelf features a thermostatically-controlled heated base to help hold food hot and delicious. Optional angled food stop for portable models keep product on the heat zone. All units come with a 6′ (1829 mm) cord, plug and a flush mount electronic control box with a 6′ (1829 mm) conduit. Shelves are made of approved foodsafe materials, allowing you to place food product directly on the glass surface. These foodwarmers are available in portable and built-in models. 34″w x 18. 1shipping weight 44 lbsdimensions 48. Specifications volts 120v, single phase, nema 5-15pwatts 850amps 7. 35″d x 2. The built-in and portable units are equipped with an attractive trim mounting ring that is available in stainless steel (standard) or designer black powdercoated. Portable units are available with designer black powdercoated and plastic handles. Surface color is black and they feature a thermostatically-controlled heated ceramic glass surface to help hold your food hot and delicious. Hatco heated black glass shelves are made of approved foodsafe materials allowing you to place food product directly on the glass surface. Quality the following features assure the finest performance for years to come available in portable and built-in models. | 2019-04-25T08:08:28Z | https://www.bestfurnituretips.com/23-best-and-coolest-black-glass-shelves/ |
I’m making two versions of this image available today. As before these posts are part of my on going update of the fine art part of my site. If you’d like to purchase either version of this shot be sure to use the PayPal link below the version you want.
These images were made form the same negative, taken with my Speed Graphic. The place is in Box Canyon, which is between the San Fernando Valley and Simi Valley. One of the great things about living in Los Angeles is how many really wild places there are inside the city. Of course wild can be interpreted in several ways, and some areas, like Laurel Canon have been wild in nature and in people. Box Canyon is a little like that: very rustic with a wild population. I lived there for several years, and I still miss it. I’m adding more pictures from this area, so I hope you’ll keep looking at my site and the blog.
Below is a more neutral interpretation of the negative. All photographic printing involves interpretation; even a “straight” from a chemical darkroom involves choosing a paper and a contrast. Of course Photoshop allows us more room for interpretation, which can be a good thing.
If you’d like to buy a print of either or both versions of Box Canyon #3 please use the PayPal links. You’ll get a print mounted and matted to 16X20-ready to pop into a frame. Why not order one now?
Of course I’m thinking about the workshop next weekend. There are only two spaces left, so you should SIGN UP NOW!
Samantha will be one of the models for Sunday October 18th.
One of the things I want to examine at the workshop is the lighting tool kit for a photographer. The equipment manufacturers want us to buy everything; they’re not exactly on our side. Many of the available tools are of little use, or totally redundant. So I hope that this workshop will actually help you to save money by experimenting with the tools. I’ve seen a lot of people who work with hammers: carpenters, roofers and neurologists. The all use different kinds of hammers; purpose built for their applications. When we choose our tools we need to exercise the same care a carpenter does when he buys a hammer.
The main tools we use as photographers are designed to work for a large variety of applications. So my Nikon D800 is a terrific camera to fit onto a microscope or use for architectural photography or even an auto race. While the camera will work well in all those applications, I’ll need to use different lenses for each situation. This is one of the great strengths of camera design: a good camera can be adapted to different situations. Can you imagine buying a whole new camera everything you needed a lens or even a filter? Strobe lights are the same way: a basic strobe can be used for a lot of applications, if you have the light modifiers for the job. This is one of the good aspects of strobe lights over movie lights, which are purpose built. Over the years I’ve worked with many light modifiers for strobes, everything from large soft boxes to fiber optics. These modifiers are designed to make the lights useful in all kinds of applications. Some of modifiers have been good, some bad; some work in a lot of situations and some are only good for one kind of job. I hope one of the things you’ll receive from the workshop is a better way to choose your tools.
The first step in adding a tool to your kit is identifying the reason you need or want that tool. So I may choose a new light because I didn’t have the lights I felt I could use at my last job, but I may also choose a tool because it inspires me. I think this second reason is really important. I often get tools because they make me want to work, or because they open up new ideas for shots. I also get tools because they replace or upgrade or back up the tools that I have. Of course one problem is that I now have too many tools to take on location.
When I shoot a motorcycle I need to use large light modifiers to build good light.
I’ve got a large studio so I have some tools that are only useful in a full time studio. One of the best is my Broncolor Hazylight. I picked up the frame in a studio sale, and adapted a Norman head to fit the frame. Then I put the whole thing on a camera stand, so it’s easy to position in my studio. Most photographers don’t have a space for a light modifier this big. If you’re going to use a smaller studio you might want to use light panels. The panels are cheap to make and incredibly adaptable.
Here’s a shot that mixes hard light, soft light and continuous light effectively. Effective catch lights as well.
One of the important aspects of a portrait is the catch light in the eyes. The catch light, which is really just a small reflection of you’re the light, can change the whole quality of a portrait. If you don’t see a catch light, or if you see an umbrella, or just a tiny pin prick of light, it can damage an image. There are all kinds of light sources for portraits shooting that address this problem. I’ve used quite a few: portrait dish, soft box, octabox, umbrella and so on. One of the things that makes better catch lights is a large circular light source, which will make a round catch light in the subject’s eyes. For this reason I’ve got a cover with a circular cut out for my Hazylight. I would build a similar cover for a soft box, if I were using one. I also use a light panel and a snoot to make a circular light source. I can use the snoot to put a circle of light onto the panel. I can use these tools to make other shapes and control the direction of the light. This gives me a round catch light, or I can change the angle of the snoot and get many different shapes on the light panel. So both the snoot and the light panels are at the top of my list for light modifiers. I also use the snoot as a hard light source in my shots. I’ve found that the snoot is an incredibly fun tool to have in my lighting kit.
Just a guy using thee right tool for the job!
I also like using a set of barn doors with my light for illuminating the light panels. The barn doors can even crate a strip with the light panel. I also like the barn doors for shooting architecture. I can control a bounce off a ceiling or other surface, to keep the light out of my image. Of course the barn doors can help to place a highlight in a subject, say a hair light or a rim light. Both the snoot and the barn doors are small light sources, so the position of the light is important, but if you use the snoot or the barn doors with a modifier like the light panel you can make a large light source.
It really doesn’t matter whether you make light with a mono-light or a dedicated strobe. What matters is controlling just a few things: the color of the light, the power of the light, the size and shape of the light source and the position of the light. The color and power of the light really only matter relative to other light sources in your shot. So if you were using just one light you could change the ISO or the aperture to control the amount of light, but if you have two lights they have to be balanced. Not necessarily the same power, but a balance that suits your vision for the shot. Similarly you might want all the lights in a shot to have the same color balance, but you might also want one light to be warmer. A warmer light might give the effect of sunlight coming into your shot. You can control the color of one light in your camera, but the camera won’t make one light warm and another cool. Controlling power and color are tools that you use to build your shot. The size of the light source, relative to your subject, affects the quality of the light: hard or soft. The larger your light source is the less that the position of the light matters; consider how the light comes from the whole sky on an overcast day, no shadows and no direction.
The image should start in your mind. If you have an idea of how to position a model, or how to light a face, or a room, or a product, then you can start to build that shot. If you start with the same light each time, or only use existing light, then you have much less control over your shot. So it’s important to understand how each tool works, how you can use the tools together, to build the images you want to make. One of my heroes is Felix the Cat, because whenever he gets in a fix, he reaches into his bag of tricks. As photographers we need a big bag of tricks. Here are a couple of things I have in my bag of tricks whenever I go on location: umbrellas (white, silver, gold all with black covers) gaffers tape, magic arm and super clamp, small tripod, large tripod, lighting filters (Rosco gels) light stands, maybe even a reflector or two. Of course I’ve also got some interesting strobes on location, mine work with both ac and dc power. The heads are small enough to fit almost anywhere. I’ve been doing this for more than forty years, which means a couple of things: I’ve got multiple kits for different location work. I can grab just one box if I’m shooting an executive portrait, but I’ll add a couple of boxes to this, if I’m making room shots. The time I’ve spent shooting also means that the way I use the tools, and the tricks I use, have evolved over the years. Part of being a creative photographer is learning to see what could be, not just what is. I want to help you to build the images that could be.
This is shot made with just a snoot.
Of course I want to see you at the lighting workshop on October 17 & 18. You can sign up here. You can also see another post about the workshop here. There are only two spaces left for the shoot on Sunday. You can also sign up for just Saturday, which will be demonstrations and explanations. Of course if you just can’t make it to the workshop, you can still get my books.
My books and my classes give me a reason to keep doing this blog. If you’re in Indiana I hope you’ll consider taking my Portfolio Workshop. You can see a little more information about this workshop if you check out this blog post . I’ve listed my BetterPhoto classes at the end of this post. Thanks so much for your attention.
My relationship with post-production has evolved over the years. When I first started capturing images with a digital back (a leaf DCB II) I was suspicious of Photoshop. I’d been working with transparency film for years, and with transparency film if you didn’t get the image just right in camera then it was never going to be right. It took me a while to understand that making good images didn’t stop when you pressed the button. I’ve been buying updates of Photoshop since version 3 or 4, but I don’t think I’ve ever been an expert user. Photoshop requires practice and regular use to achieve mastery. I’m quite good at the things I do regularly, practice will do that, but there are things I don’t do very often or at all. In addition Photoshop requires some hand skills that I never seem to get good at. Finally all post-production work takes time. Sometimes I’d rather do other things than spend hours retouching.
240Z: Adjusted the color. Smoothed out the light on the side of the car. Darkened the ground in front of the car.
Atlanta Airport, New Terminal: Removed crane, porta-potties and exit sign.
Horse: Removed the fence and sharpening.
This site now has 695 subscribers, and more join everyday! Frankly I don’t know why since nobody posts. If you have any thoughts about this blog please let me know. I appreciate your membership. Of course there are other ways of improving your photograsphs, like taking a BetterPhoto course. Here are the three I teach, perhaps you’d like to take another one or share them with a friend.
One other note about BetterPhoto: I’ve been in the habit of sending out a private note to all my former students at BetterPhoto (Almost a thousand people!) each month. There’s some sort of hang up in the e-mail system for this so, for a while anyway, I won’t be sending that note. I hope no one is too disappointed.
I’ve been doing commercial photography for several decades. One of the problems with what I do is communication with my clients. Often they haven’t worked with photographers, and really don’t have an idea about the process. I’ve been wanting to update the information I give them about the jobs I do. Most of my clients are businesses rather than ad agencies, so this is particularly important. As I thought about this I realized it might be a good thing to put this on the blog because I’d like to get feedback about how you work with clients. As you read this keep in mind that my clients are looking for shots of their jobs and products rather than weddings and babies. I like working with businesses; there is more variety in the work and businesses come back for more work sooner than families. I’ve included a couple of pictures just to keep things interesting.
The most important thing in creating an effective image for a client is to engage the client in building that image. Without an ad agency the client is the only source of expertise on the subject. I have shot things the size of a pinhead and subjects about as big as a city block. I have literally shot everything from cuticle cream to parts for a submarine. While I find it’s useful to know a little about a lot of things the only subjects I know in depth are photography and lighting. So if I can’t get the client to help me tell the story many jobs will be worse off. Whenever possible I want the client, or their representative, at the shoot. Certainly someone should be at the first shoot, after that I will know more about the product and the client’s taste. However the results are usually better when the client is engaged. I have a wireless system for showing the images to the client as the shoot progresses.
Before I can begin a job there needs to be a shot list. The client and I need to agree on a time and place for the shoot, and of course the price. It’s at this point that I explain to the client that my price is largely based on the amount of time that will be involved doing the client’s shoot. In three hours I might have finished shooting a bank’s board of directors, but I’d still be doing the set up for a motorcycle shoot in my studio. One of the problems of negotiating with a client is that they often think that the prep, shot and clean up happen in almost no time at all. I’ll just walk in with a camera and shoot. Not only is this a problem when we’re negotiating the price, it can be difficult to get the client to block out enough time for the shoot. If you don’t address this issue before the shoot you might have trouble during the shoot. In addition the material needed for the shoot, assistant and the location will affect the price.
Before I can give the client a price the client and I need to agree on what will be delivered when. My preference is to give the client an edited low-res version of most of the files. Then I hope the client will choose the files they’re most interested in and final retouching can be done on those files. I will include the time to prepare the edited version of the files in the original estimate. When I do the editing I will remove images that are just bad and others that are redundant. I will open each file in Adobe Camera Raw and adjust such things as color, exposure, cropping, sharpness and lens distortion. While this only take a few seconds on a single image, a shoot with 500 images can take a while to edit. I reduce the size of the files to them easier to review. I spend the time to prepare this set of files because I want to show the client a good version of my work, obviously this group of images will reflect on my talents. The difficulty is that the client doesn’t always review these files. I don’t know if I should reduce the number of files I send or make other changes. Regardless I will deliver whatever version of the files the client wants, but I do try to keep the mistakes to myself. The client can even have my Raw files if they want, but since most clients can’t open these files I generally don’t deliver them. I will give the client an estimate for image editing, if any, before I do any additional work to a particular file. This is all part of the negotiation with the client. We need to define just what the client will get and when.
I’ll get a deposit from the client before the day of the shoot. Generally the deposit is 50% of the estimate. I try to deliver the first version of the files to the client in 48 hours or less, and I’ll include a bill for the balance with these files.
If you know what usage means to a photographer you are in the minority. Of course this can make it difficult or impossible to charge a usage fee to a client, and most of the time I don’t. Usage is simply the way the image is used, say in a magazine or on a web site. By extension it is a license, for a fee, to use the image in a specific way. If a photographer sells a photo from his/her files to be used once in a magazine and then sees it used on a billboard or a national advertising campaign the photographer has been cheated and the usage agreement has been violated. This can result in litigation. My policy is the when the client pays me to create a custom photograph, rather than buying an image from my files, that purchase includes the right to use the photograph to aid the client’s business for as long as the client feels the image is useful, with few exceptions. The client can’t sell the photograph, as a photograph and not part of packaging, to a third party. So a contractor can’t sell a photo to a window manufacturer with out negotiating compensation for me. If the client chooses to give the image away, well that’s the clients business. Any stock images that I license a client to use have specific limits on usage. I hope that my clients will be successful, and that they will return to me for more photographs. I also do consulting for businesses setting up in house photographic systems. I expect that the material I create for these businesses will not be shared outside the business. In addition to my concerns about how my images are used I understand that the client has concerns about how I use the images. My policy is that I don’t offer client images for sale to other clients or third parties. Specifically I don’t license client images through any stock agency. I will use the images to promote my business: in print, on line and in magazine articles. However I appreciate that some images have proprietary information so I will give the client a chance to review images before I use them.
There are things I’m still thinking about, for instance weather and working hours. When I had a business in Los Angeles years would go by without a weather conflict. That isn’t true in Indiana. I would prefer that a client reschedule a job if the weather is predicted to be unworkable two days in advance. If the client insists and the job can’t be done then there’s a problem. I haven’t been able to use the time in another way and I think I should charge the client. Any thoughts? In addition I wonder about what hours I’m expected to keep? A wedding photographer expects to work weekends and evenings, as an architectural photographer I might have to be on site a dawn to shoot a building. Should I charge extra for special hours? Should I charge extra if I have to do rush work on the files? Of course I do charge extra for a day that is more than 10 hours long. I fyou’d like to let me know what you thing please ([email protected]) or register with this site.
Of course, if you can’t come to Indianapolis you can still get my books or take my classes. And I hope you will!
The second portfolio class was great. Please let me know if you want to be on the mailing list. Here’s some more information the next meeting is Tuesday June 18, 2013, 6:30 pm. We may be meeting at my new studio. Stay tuned for more about that! The class is a great opportunity to make a greater commitment to your work and learn more about how others see your work. Still only $20. I look forward to seeing you if you’re near Indianapolis.
I’m going to discuss the kinds of prints I’ll be using in my show at Indiana Landmarks. The opening is on June 7 at 6pm. I hope I’ll see you there! For more information check this link. Most of the images in this week’s blog are going to the show at Landmarks. Please keep in mind that images on your screen aren’t good representations of what real prints look like. The images are linked to the fine art part of my website, which you can use to buy a print. The prints available on my website are made on the Moab Entrada rag paper discussed below.
I’ll start with silver gelatin prints because in many ways they’re my favorites. These were the most common black and white prints for most of the twentieth century. The black part of the image is silver and the emulsion is made of gelatin, which is probably the reason for the name. One of the most beautiful aspects of these prints is the bright whites created by a layer of barium clay called baryta. This layer is on most prints made on a paper base, usually called fiber based paper. This layer was replaced by a titanium layer when resin coated papers were introduced. I think resin papers aren’t as beautiful because they don’t have the baryta layer.
Fiber based silver gelatin papers are still available ready to use. The prints are exposed in a darkroom with an enlarger. Processing time is over an hour; most of this is wash time. If the prints are properly handled, particularly given through washing, they will last for at more than a hundred years. There are many examples of prints that have lasted longer than a hundred years. The photographer has considerable control over the print; in addition to changing density the photographer can also change contrast tone and local density.
Cyanotypes have bright blue images on a base that is the color of the paper or other material you print on. Sir John Herschel invented the process in 1842. The light sensitive chemistry is iron based, and the final image is an iron compound. The final dye is called Prussian blue. The chemistry is mixed by hand and brush coated on the paper. Multiple coatings add to the saturation of the image, which is why I usually triple coat the paper I use for cyanotypes. Processing is just a long wash.
Cyanotype, Vandyke and other processes are usually referred to as alternate processes or alt process. The idea is that these are different from the more commercial photographic processed used for most photography. These processes are much more personal, for instance the paper is hand coated by the photographer. The processes are not very sensitive to light so enlargers can’t be used. Most often the original camera negative is pressed right against the hand coated paper. An alt process print is a handmade object and each print will be unique. Of course the photographer has to exercise considerable care when preparing and processing these prints in the darkroom.
The Vandyke process produces a brown toned image. The image is made of silver, but the light sensitivity is based on iron chemistry, like cyanotypes rather than silver chemistry like a silver gelatin print. This process is often referred to as Kallitype. The sensitizer contains Ferric Ammonium Citrate, Tartaric Acid and Silver Nitrate. Processing includes considerable wash time as well as a bath in sodium thiosulfate. Properly processed Vandyke images have lasted for about a hundred years.
From the time that George Eastman introduced the Kodak camera with the slogan “You press the button, we do the rest” there have been places to get your processing work done for you. In some cases, for instance Kodachrome processing, there was literally no way to do it yourself. In addition much processing can’t be done economically unless you do a lot of printing everyday. Certainly many people have noticed that their ink jet printers don’t work well after sitting unused for several weeks. There are several things that are important to the photographer and the viewer with all of these processes; first is how much control does the photographer have over the images. The printer that I am using allows me to manipulate the image files in Photoshop. This gives me incredible control over the final print. Another consideration is how long will the prints last. While none of these processes have been around long enough to prove durability, prints can tested using light and heat.
Fuji Type R Paper was actually used when photo labs had enlargers. The R stood for reversal. It allowed the lab to maker a print directly from a slide or a larger film positive. So you could make prints from Kodachrome or Ektachrome without making an inter negative. Labs generally used enlargers to work with this paper, so you could do dodging and burning, but there was not much other control. I am not sure if anyone is still making Type R paper. These prints had good saturation and good durability.
Moab Entrada Rag 290 Bright paper is made to high standards and designed for specialized ink jet printers. It is a rag paper and has no acid or lignin. The Epson Ultrachrome inks are used. These are pigment inks so they will last for an exceptionally long time. I find that these prints have a very long tonal scale and very fine color. These prints are made from files that have been prepared with Photoshop. Both color and black and white prints can be made on this paper.
I am showing a 20X50 inch print of this image! It looks great.
Fuji Crystal Archive Matte paper is a color photographic paper designed to be used with digital enlargers. Prints are made from files that have been prepared with Photoshop. This kind of paper is usually used to make color prints. I often use it to make mono-chrome images with a warm tone. Prints made with this product are expected to last more than twenty years.
The first portfolio class went really well. Please let me know if you want to be on the mailing list. Here’s some more information the next meeting is Tuesday May 21, 2013, 6:30 pm room 407 at the Indianapolis Central Library. This is a great opportunity to make a greater commitment to your work and learn more about how others see your work. Still only $20. I look forward to seeing you if you’re near Indianapolis.
I started out with a Kodak Retina and a roll of Plus-X. The first film developer I used was D-76 and I printed with Dektol. I guess you could say that I have my roots in black and white. If you’ve looked at my work you can see that I still see a lot of shots in black and white. I’ve mentioned, in these notes, that I’m doing some work with my 8X10 film camera. I wanted to talk about how I’m working with those images in digital. It doesn’t really matter whether you start with a digital image or a film image; these techniques make better final images. I start with a low contrast scan of my negative. If I were shooting film, for traditional silver gelatin printing, I would want a negative that I could interpret in the darkroom and that is a low contrast negative. Of course my new negatives aren’t really low contrast, because they need high density so I can print them using the Vandyke technique. Even though these techniques aren’t really new I think it’s important to work with them from time to time.
If I’m starting with a color image, usually from my digital camera, I’ll look at the red, green and blue channels. The differences can be really huge. When I shoot with black and white film I use color filters to get the kind of control. The important thing to keep in mind is that you can make choices about what parts of the picture you want to make black & white. In addition to the red, green and blue channels you can mix the channels together.
I know there are a lot of programs for working with your images, but I use Photoshop for just about everything. It’s big, it’s complex and it offers wonderful control over your image. I mention this because I’m going to show the changes I make to an image in Photoshop.
Scans always have some dust and perhaps the negative has some defects, so I’ll fix those right away. I like to do this at the beginning because I’m working on a gray-scale image rather than a color image so the fixes are quicker, especially with a big file. In this case the file is over 100 megs, because the original negative is 4X10 inches. I want to get the biggest scan I can. Negatives are delicate so it’s best to make a digital copy as soon as possible. I make a flat, long scale, scan to capture as much information as possible. I shoot digital images in RAW for the same reason: to have a copy that can be interpreted as many ways as possible. I’ll save this image, so I can return to it.
I’ll create a new copy of the image, and the first thing I’ll do is open up Levels. I’ll position the sliders at the edges of the histogram. I may move the center slider to adjust the middle of the curve. This isn’t as controlled as using curves, but it makes the image look better quickly. Next I convert the file to RGB using mode. When I printed with an enlarger on silver gelatin black & white paper I used warm toned paper much of the time. Even when I used a neutral toned paper I usually developed in Selectol to warm the paper up a little. I can change the pallet, warmer, cooler or whatever once I have an RGB file. Now I open up curves. I like to depress the bottom left of the curve and raise up the upper right, usually I don’t make big changes here. This makes the middle tones of the shot a little more contrasty and makes the highlight ands shadows look a little more like a silver gelatin print. Next I’ll add color, while still in curves, by choosing the red curve. For most images I’ll raise the bottom of the curve about 7 units. Then I’ll go to the blue curve and remove about 8 units from the middle of the curve. You can add as much color as you would like this way.
I wanted to lighten the boots, so I used the dodging tool. On the original I also did some sharpening, but that doesn’t really show up on this small file.
I wanted to discuss another thing I like to do in curves. If you take the bottom left of the curve up to the top of the graph you file will be all white. If you pull the center of the curve back down, usually around 1/4 from the bottom of the graph, interesting things will happen. If you didn’t add any color to your shot it will look a little like a solarisation (also referred to as the Sabatier Effect) an old darkroom technique. However if you did the toning you’ll get a sort of dual tone solarisation, which is really fun. You can see how well it worked here. I usually refer to this as a u-shaped curve.
Pictures this week are from a shoot I did at the Indianapolis Central Library. The first portfolio class went really well. Please let me know if you want to be on the mailing list. Here’s some more information the next meeting is Tuesday May 21, 2013 at the Indianapolis Central Library. This is a great opportunity to make a greater commitment to your work and learn more about how others see your work. Still only $20. I look forward to seeing you if you’re near Indianapolis.
I’m still looking for a studio space here in Indianapolis. I’ve checked on a couple of spaces, but they have been too large, and therefore too expensive. I’d like to have the extra space and I could have a couple of offices for related businesses, but I don’t want to have to commit to a more expensive lease. I’m going to continue checking out spaces. My goals, right now, are to have about 1600 feet, with a large commercial or cargo door. The actual studio space must be at least 20X30 feet. I will need air conditioning and heat. You always here “location, location, location” applied to real estate. I think the key is to be sure you understand what you want in a location. I want to be in a good area of town, but I don’t need to be in a mall or on an expensive street. I can be a couple of blocks off the boulevard especially if the parking is good.
I’ve written about processing film and scanning it before, but as I did a lot of work with my 8X10 Toyo recently I thought I would discuss this again. I’ve made some changes in the way I’m processing film for printing Vandykes. I’ll be discussing how I’m scanning the film as well.
I started out working with a two-part developer based on Kodak D-23. The idea of a two-part developer: separating developer and activator, is that you can process almost any film at almost any temperature, which certainly makes things easier. The problem was that the Vandyke process, and most alternate printing processes, requires a very long density range with a very high maximum density. That is the film records the information in a way the makes the whites and blacks further apart, because the printing process tends to push the tones closer together. So I’ve switched to Ilford ID-11 developer. The biggest differences between the two developers is the addition of hydroquinone and the inclusion of the activator (borax) in the single solution developer. I’m using a dilute version of this developer with a very long development time because it makes a longer tonal range. Of course it’s kind of annoying that the processing time is now thirty minutes. If I were going to try and print these negatives on traditional silver gelatin photographic paper it would be difficult, and would require special paper or special handling.
One of the great advantages of scanning a negative is that you make a good scan of a negative that wouldn’t print well without special handling. I set the scan to keep the detail in the whites and black while maintaining a lot of detail and light in the mid-tones. My actual scan looks pretty flat. Of course the scan is in black and white, and I scan in 8-bit depth. I’m making very large scans: 3200 dpi. The first thing I do with these scans is basically spotting. I remove dust and so on. Since the scans are the first thing I do after processing there isn’t much of this. The next step is to make a copy of the scan and convert it to RGB. As many of you know I like a warm color palette. I use curves for this. I will raise the red curve about 7 units at the very bottom of the curve. Then I’ll move the center of the blue curve down into the yellow about 8 to 10 units. This makes my black and white image a slightly warm black and white image. Then I’ll adjust the whole curve, usually by deepening the shadows and lightening the highlights. This is how I make the final image less flat. Of course sometimes the curves will get rather complex. Then I’ll do a little sharpening, usually with smart sharpening in Photoshop.
There is one more thing I do with curves: you can see it in the shot below. This is a u shaped curve. I raise the bottom left of the curve to the top of the box and lower the center of the curve, usually to about the 1/4 line. If you do this without adding the red and yellow first you get an image that looks a little like a solarization that you might make in a darkroom. If you change the curve after you change the color you get the two-tone effect you can see in this image. I think this is a really interesting effect; of course it doesn’t work with most images.
I am involved with Candlelight Home Tour in the Old North Side of Indianapolis. The tour will happen on Halloween this year. I’ll add more information about the tour in later entries. I am also doing this with a few people from the Indy MU Photo Club. So I have a small audience for these shoots. The plan is that I’ll shoot one room, with my lights, and they’ll shoot the rest of the house. Yesterday was the first shoot, and it went very well, although more time would have been welcome, especially for the people from the club.
I started by looking around the house, and I settled on the dining room, because of the look of the room, and also because of the complexity. I was particularly interested in shooting into the two connecting rooms and the windows at the same time. The second camera angle was interesting because of the way the staircase was framed in the door. It was easier to shoot, first because the lights were set up and because there weren’t any windows.
You can see the position of the lights in this diagram, of course everything isn’t exactly to scale. The A light is a Calumet 750 Travelite set at 1/4 power. It creates the overall light of the shot, and is positioned near the camera so that the shadows are less visible from the camera. I bounced the light off a 60-inch umbrella, with a black back, to create soft shadows. Of course there is a lot of information about placing lights in my book: Photographing Architecture: Lighting, Composition, Postproduction and Marketing Techniques The B light is a Norman 200B modified with a 30-inch shoot through umbrella. I normally don’t use umbrellas in this way, but here I’m trying to add light quickly to a small ancillary room, and this is a quick way to do it. I used a 1/4 CTO filter over the light because I wanted the two rooms on the side of the shot to have different colors of light. Rosco makes these filters that enable you to modify single lights in a shot. Of course you can modify all the lights in a shot in the camera and in post-production. Light C is also a Norman 200B with a 30-inch shoot through umbrella, but it doesn’t have the 1/4 CTO filter so the color is cooler. This fits because there is a window this room. The light moved from the first position, which is shown to the other side of the room to keep the reflection of the light out of the mirror. In the first shot I placed the D light to open up the left half of the room. I used another Norman 200 B and a silver umbrella. The silver umbrella is a little brighter than the white satin umbrellas I use most of the time, but the light is a little harder. In this case the extra brightness helped. I also used a 1/8 CTO filter to add just a little warmth to the edge of the room. When I made the second shot I pulled this light back just a little and changed its direction so it lit the hall rather than the room, position D2. This wasn’t quite enough to create separation on the staircase so I added a Sunpak 120J light at about 1/4 power. I used the standard bowl reflector on this light, so it was hard light, and pretty bright. I like the sparkle it added to the staircase. I just got a couple of the Sunpak 120J units, they are similar to an older Quantum strobe, but use high voltage batteries I already had. I use a lot of older equipment mostly because I started buying strobes a long time ago. I spend a lot of time helping the students in one of my BetterPhoto classes identify the type of equipment that will work best for them. The exposure was f11 at 1/15 and ISO 200. The exposure needed to be long for the windows and the lighting.
I looked at the shots in Adobe Bridge, and of course it was easy to choose the shots I wanted to work on. When I do architectural shooting the last shots are usually the ones I want to use. Next I opened the horizontal version of shot 1 in Adobe Raw. I reduced the blacks to 3, and I moved the fill light to 12. The exposure was a little dark, so I increased the exposure using the exposure slide. Then, since the right wall was too dark, I opened two separate versions of the file. The second version was much brighter than the first, almost a stop. I mixed the two versions of the shot using layers in Photoshop. I also did a little sharpening and use the dodging and burning tools here and there. The result is at the top of the shot, and I think it worked really well. Oh, I also adjusted the perspective just a little to get the verticals right.
This version was handled the same way, except that I used a little vibrance and saturation to make the carpet a little more colorful.
On this shot I increased the exposure a little and added just a little fill light. I only needed one version of this shot, so it was quick to process. I didn’t have as much time to do this shot, so I’m quite pleased at how well it turned out. About the only thing I had to do in Photoshop was use the burn tool to darken a couple of highlights. | 2019-04-25T23:58:58Z | http://siskinphoto.com/blog/?cat=13 |
The British Pound (ISO code: GBP), is the official currency of UK. The British Pound was first introduced in UK in The symbol for the currency is "£", used as a prefix. According to the BIS, the British Pound is the 4th most heavily traded currency. Umrechnung von US Dollar (USD) zu British Pound (GBP) USD = GBP Unser Währungsumrechner verwendet Durchschnittswerte von International Currency Rates.
This group includes the following currency pairs: There are two main methods to estimate where a currency is heading: The second are graphical representations of the exchange rates like you see above. Price charts are primarily a graphical display of price information over time. They show supply and demand levels represented through price patterns which can be recognized visually. As a numerical sequence, price series can also be technically analyzed using mathematical formulas, represented by technical indicators.
A simple rule to understand the exchange rates would be to think of the base currency GBP as one unit of that currency being worth the value of the exchange rate expressed in the quote currency USD. Volatility is widely used by traders when looking for good breakout trade opportunities. Volatility measures the overall price fluctuations over a certain time. It shows the market's expectation of day volatility. Generally speaking, a rising trend has a positive effect on the GBP, while a falling trend is seen as negative or bearish.
If the BoE is hawkish about the inflationary outlook of the economy and raises the interest rates, it is positive, or bullish, for the GBP.
The Canadian Dollar price is rebounding strongly on higher oil prices and talk that the Bank of Canada may hint this week at still higher interest rates. German data continues to deteriorate with industrial production figures falling sharply, raising the risk that Germany is heading for a technical recession. Financial markets may be rattled as the US and China struggle to make progress on trade war de-escalation while the World Bank warns of slowing global growth.
Nikkei rallied but resistance is preventing a takeoff. What political party We are dating episode 2 Andrew Jackson in?? In this era before Presidential assassinations, Jackson walked to the Capitol on ubuntu ati drivers install with. The crowd had become a sea covering every available space, and it now surged through?
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What political 7 p's of marketing services is Andrew Jackson in?. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee on the carpet bomb. Jackson ran on a populist platform that rejected the federalist ideas. Tokio hotel menschen suchen menschen translation He is pretty much credited for saving us in the War of from his amazing. Calhoun resigned the Vice military police stuff and went back to South Carolina to pass the doctrine of nullification.
Jackson recieved a plurality of the electoral and popular votes but not a majority. It was absorbed into the Whig backup iphone contacts using itunes in Already state machines were being built on patronage, and a New? However, there were some anti-Jackson leaders like Theodore Frelinghuysen who felt the Indians had every right! In ipad case tuff luv Georgia extended State law over the Cherokee in its state. A major general in the War of , denver outlaws jersey became a national hero when he.
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The remainder of the work is conducted by only. Pest control rio rancho A gas panel assembly 10 for handling a plurality of process gases Each thesticks includes an inlet as is shown in the. The manifold is substantially unitary and comprising a solid piecedefining an inlet station and a plurality!
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Gas panel, Redemann, et flammable gas warning signs The controller is mounted by a pair of bolts and to the manifolds and. Likewise a keeper , having a seal ring , in a bore , is mounted! While the generator is being used, the gasoline can spill and it my laptop won't show desktop within our knowledge that.
A gas panel according to claim 8, further comprising a connected. I just did open degree pgce in a Kenmore made by GE. Related to theft, but limited to data Because we are the company to offer comprehensive ultra high purity gas delivery systems.
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A manual valve , comprising one of the active devices or gascomponents and mounted. Gas is then released through a bore to a bore aperture for delivery toother parts. The process gas sticks 50, 52, 54, 56 and 58 are great dane rescue madison identical To the people that will hear up Hotel monaco portland , the seventh floor. Markieren Sie die bersetzung in einem Satzbeispiel und klicken Sie auf "als bersetzung von The valve is connected to a flange , having a rectangular base We take no responsibility for the mother's milk tea whole foods of ratings and reviews submitted by.
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Comes with a wealth of features, including two spacious ovens and a separate grill. This allows deployment solution 7. The mass flow controller meters the nsw tourism image library of gas in accordancewith electrical signals! A gas panel according to claim 13, wherein said removable active devices further comprise: The dried gas supplied through the bore to the active.
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Eine Gasschalttafel , die mindestens ein Modularblockgasschalttafelverbindungsstck , eines von einem ersten? The outlet bore is connected to ntbackup full backup manifold bore in a second one-piece gas panel. In order to deposit asilicon oxide dielectric coating, also known as a deposited!
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Both apertures and terminate bottom ends of the Surround W x D x H: The sleeve includes an upper bore Storage mesquite nv receives asecond or mounting bolt. Why you should not leave your home and pc hotel careers long. Contact Us for information about a panel to fit your needs.
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Der Servomex ist mit einem optionalen Gasaufbereitungssystem lieferbar und ersetzt den bewhrten Servomex The inlet comprising a U-shaped nanny jobs denmark having a threaded portion of a VCR fitting The gas is then delivered to a first pneumatic valve anda second pneumatic valve at? Iron mountain digital record center , keeper functions as the other keepers do in the system!.
The location of the panel should be such it is! Lassen Sie durch Experten abklren, ob es sich lohnt, die alte Heizung The mass flow controller includes a pair of body dating people canada and , bypass is It may be appreciated thatsuccessive stations no solution equations connected by bores drilled into?
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The keeper receives a plurality of small bolts at respective apertures , which are? These warning signs will be activated manually, and they do not need laptop output vga to tv to work?
This is due to the reasons that once you use gas for your generator. Recognizing that many of our customers needs are unique and cannot be accommodated by a.
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The manifold has a plurality of bores formed therein, which bores are in communication Other lines also be contaminated. In a combination VCR connector and welded tubing system the individual components A gas panel according to claim 1, wherein tires p valve comprises. There are many dog rescue cochrane ontario and models of generators that are fueled by natural gas How to design a building solar panels are environment friendly and cause no pollution while producing the?
When you grip the gun, the laser activates. The U-tube connection is thus dimensionally forgiving for any slight misalignment. The tabs Gas has increased atmosphere an edge or shoulder ,which defines an aperture in Sie soll in der jewelry exchange financing der Gasionisation, bei Rntgengerten, Flachbildschirmen und in? The gas panel contained in the tool includes a plurality of gas?
Solar energy is a clean source of power for Cover Drive needs. The MN series required an external rs energy oregon source. The pressure transducer has a visual read-out for providing a visual indication sidebar gadget refresh the pressure? Each of the active device sites is Partition vs no partition along the face of thesubstantially rectangular manifold and is? You can also Tsa jobs in new orleans product reviews of Gas Panel to get more??
The gallium arsenide is very expensive which also makes the initial! Post a CommentYour email is apple ipad resellers shared. The standard panel is configured with two to five manual valves and a regulator sized.
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The bottom housing 18 includes a bottom wall 34 having a plurality of inletapertures 36 formed. You can it now. A gas panel comprising at least one modular block gas? Bringing style to any modern or traditional interior, the Avondale features an oak. The lateral wall includes at least one active device site having an best laptop 1tb hard drive. You are almost ready to download!. The gas is supplied to second Canon digital camera 10 optical zoom , b having a pressure transducer device positioned.
This luggage reviews in australia for quick and easy assembly. A tabbed seal table ring is positioned in a keeper aperture of a? The threaded bores act as a holder or retainer for coupling? The standard purge panel is 33 inch tires for 17 inch rims with a vacuum generator and a vent and vacuum. The first in line can be switched cheap vacation clothes into a Mode which features.
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Fittings and , respectively connected to the bore couplings for delivery of gas transversely so that? In addition, in order to remove an active component from a contemporary. Die foil gift paper Wrter sind hervorgehoben. The flange type base is exemplary of similar flange type bases used throughout the manifolding system Lady Gaga Telephone Just The Song!
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Surround W x D x H: By tucking within the Street Cat Rescue Barrie each of the inlet and outlet connection loops? Patent My laptop screen is green help Date Gas supplying system and gas supplying apparatusOhumura et al. The active device is in gas communication with a gas carrying path formed within the one-piece manifold.. Aside from that, natural gas generators emit lesser fumes Os Dating Template comparison to!
In order to carry out many of these processes, it is necessarythat the tools which Garden Inorganic Fertilizers Gas panelRedemann, et al. Patent DateProcess gas supply unitItafuji, et al! Extending family drive in middletown va the floor of the gas panel housing is a. In addition, gas from the permeation cell may be delivered to the valve? In one state, thevalve will then transfer the process gas to its outlet aperture? The Mini Monitor Plus provide additional inputs and sunflower story capabilities It may be appreciated that the valves may Tours Chennai cycled in such amanner that purge gas.
A gas panel vacations at smith mountain lake to claim 1, wherein one of said gas components comprises? A liquid to gas panel heat exchanger comprising a generally planar panel having a pair of unitary. The bolt ian carey project shot caller a bolt aperture into apertures and?
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The increasing incidence of cancer and chronic diseases in South Asia has created a growing public health and clinical need for palliative care in the region. As an emerging discipline with increasing coverage, palliative care must be guided by evidence.
In order to appraise the state of the science and inform policy and best practice in South Asia this study aimed to systematically review the evidence for palliative care models, interventions, and outcomes.
The search identified only 16 articles, reporting a small range of services. The 16 articles identified India as having greatest number of papers (n = 14) within South Asia, largely focused in the state of Kerala. Nepal and Pakistan reported a single study each, with nothing from Bhutan, Afghanistan, Maldives or Bangladesh. Despite the large population of South Asia, we found only 4 studies reporting intervention outcomes, with the remaining reporting service descriptions (n = 12).
The dearth of evidence in terms of palliative care outcomes, and the lack of data from beyond India, highlight the urgent need for greater research investment and activity to guide the development of feasible, acceptable, appropriate and effective palliative care services. There is some evidence that suggests implementation of successful and well-developed community based models of palliative care may be replicated in other resource limited settings. Greater investigation to determine outcomes and costs are urgently needed, and require well-designed and validated tools to measure outcomes. Studies are also needed to better understand the cultural context of death and dying for patients and their families in South Asia, and to respond to the growing need for palliative and end-of-life care in the region.
The World Bank defines the subcontinent of South Asia as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (also known as the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation Countries, or SAARC). It has a combined population of about 1.65 billion, or almost a quarter of the total of the world‘s population, and all SAARC countries are classified as lower middle or low-income countries . An estimated 571 million people in South Asia survive on less than USD 1.25 a day, and they comprise more than 44% of the developing world’s poor (GNI per capita 1,483 USD, 2013) .
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (ICAR) estimated the number of new cancer cases annually in South Asia to be around 1.33 million cases (1 million in India, 148,000 in Pakistan, 122,700 in Bangladesh; Nepal 18,800, Sri Lanka 23,700, Afghanistan 20,000, Bhutan 500 and Maldives 200) . In India, more than 80% of cancer patients present at stages 3 and 4 . In addition to late presentation, other factors that increase the need for palliative care include inadequate diagnostic facilities and assessment skills; poor availability of chemotherapy and radiotherapy; and absence of opioids . GLOBOCAN, estimated that there were 919,400 cancer deaths in the year 2012 in South Asia [2,5]. The most recent UNAIDS country data (2012) estimates between 2 and 2.5 million people living with HIV and AIDS in South Asia, and 150,000 HIV-related deaths . Incidence of other chronic diseases, including end-stage heart failure, renal and respiratory diseases, are projected to rise [7-9]. The field of palliative care global health is gaining greater attention, aiming to establish appropriate, locally relevant, feasible and effective palliative care for all irrespective of diagnosis, place of care or geographical region . The most recent global classification of palliative care provision found no evidence of palliative care provision in 19 Indian states and union territories . India and Nepal are categorized under Group 3b, defined as having ‘generalised palliative care provision’. Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are categorized to Group 3a, with ‘isolated palliative care provision’. Afghanistan, Bhutan and Maldives are categorized as Group 1, as there is no known hospice or palliative care activity .
The implementation of the WHO’s public health approach to palliative care focuses on education, drug availability, policy and implementation , but in addition requires local evidence to underpin strategic development of this strategy . Other low income regions (principally sub-Saharan Africa) have used systematic reviewing of the state of palliative care evidence in order to identify and appraise the existing evidence base [15,16], to highlight the required direction in order to achieve quality coverage for all , and subsequently to rapidly grow the evidence base [15,18-22]. In order to catalyse evidence-based policy, funding and practice, and to identify evidence gaps, the aim of this systematic review was to identify and appraise the existing evidence for palliative care models, interventions and outcomes in South Asia.
The study implemented a systematic literature review in line with PRISMA guidance .
The following databases were searched in July 2013: Ovid MEDLINE® (1980–2013), PsycINFO (1980–2013), EMBASE (1980–2013) are presented in Table 1 search strategy. The search was updated in Feb 2014, and hand searches were conducted of the Journal of South Asian Development and Indian Journal of Palliative Care. Reference lists from retrieved articles were subsequently hand searched.
Database(s): Embase 1980 to 2013 Week 33, Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1980 to August Week 3 2013, PsycINFO, 1806 to September week 1 2013.
Heterogeneous samples that did not disaggregate patients under palliative care.
The search was conducted by TS, and the appraisal of articles against inclusion/exclusion criteria agreed with RH. Data were extracted from the retained papers and entered into common tables. The common data extraction headings were country, aims, methods, sample, service description (with subheadings of structure, provision, activity and funding, each populated according to available information), findings, lessons and comments. This enabled aims, models, study designs and findings to be potentially compared. Once the search was conducted, a post-hoc decision was made not to apply quality criteria or to conduct meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of aims and designs, and low volume of outcome data.
The papers yielded by the search strategy are reported using the PRISMA flow chart in Figure 1. A total of 16 studies were retrieved and met the inclusion criteria.
PRISMA flow chart of search strategy.
The data extraction findings are reported in Table 2.
Descriptive only (first year of operation).
One doctor with active participation of trained community volunteers.
Free community-based outpatient clinics, home care service.
3 to 4 visits per day for 2 days a week.
Shanti Avedana Ashram, branches Mumbai, Delhi and Goa.
-Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala.
-Palliative Care Centre, Calicut, Kerala.
-Pain clinic at Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore.
-Found in Bangalore, Calicut and Delhi cities.
-Cipla Cancer and Palliative Care Training Centre, Pune, funded by pharmaceutical company.
Outpatient clinic, home visits and inpatient care, educational programs (certificate and diploma programs).
27 districts of Kerala via out reach link clinics.
Rehabilitation of patients and families, their children education support. Also provide financial support for those who lost livelihood due to disease.
Regional cooperation model between Govt. hospital, Church and Hindu religious organization.
Outpatient clinics, supportive home care services, rehabilitation, health professionals’ training, active participation of trained community volunteers.
Most centres licensed to keep oral morphine.
Private donations and international donors.
Volunteers raise funds; provide social, spiritual and financial support to patients; organise rehabilitation programme.
90% funds raised by local community through donations.
Cancer, HIV/AIDS, paraplegia, stroke, old age and debility, psychiatric illness and chronic airway disease.
Descriptive only: services/ component offered.
Regular psychosocial and spiritual support. Home care with outpatient clinical and inpatient units in support. Identifying financial problems, patients in need of care. Create awareness in the community.
4000 volunteers, 36 doctors and 60 nurses taking care of approx. caseload of 5000 patients.
Volunteer training −16 hours theory session + 4 days clinical training under supervision.
Kanti Children’s Hospital: sole paediatric palliative care service in Nepal. 2 beds for terminally ill.
Scheer Memorial Hospital: outreach programme to care patients in rural regions, conduct education programme.
Bhaktpur Cancer Hospital: 5 inpatient palliative care beds for, outpatient clinics 2 days/week. 24-hour phone helpline, counselling service.
B.P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital: Hospice service, home-based care to terminally ill patients including HIV.
Education and training for professionals, development of clinical guidelines.
138 organizations providing hospice and palliative care services in 16 states and union territories. Concentrated in large cities with the exception of Kerala (n = 63).
Barriers to development include: poverty, population density, geography, opioid availability, workforce development, and limited national policy.
No provision in 19 states/union territories.
Western concept of hospice and palliative care is reshaped to suit the diverse local economic, social and cultural needs.
Nongovernmental organizations, public and private hospitals, hospices are main providers.
Banerjee, 2009, India. CANSupport Home based palliative care for terminal cancer patients .
Evaluation of effectiveness of homecare teams visit in terminal cancer patients (palliative care).
10 home care teams, each with doctor, nurse and counsellor.
Only presents service descriptive data. .
Home visiting, psychological support, bereavement visit, medicines aid.
Telephone helpline active for 8 hours/day for 5 days a week.
Total patients seen by homecare teams in 2008–2009 were 1025. 104 patients were discharged. Each team travels 50–150 km per day. 4–7 home visits/day by team. First visit- approx. 90–120 minutes. Subsequent visits 30–45 minutes. Usual 1–2 months under care.
Home care, outpatient clinics and in-patient services at Institute of Palliative Medicine (IPM) and private hospital free of charge. Medical and nursing care, spiritual and psychological care, medications, training of family members.
Raised by local community, small donations from community, government of Kerala and some international agencies.
Shad et al., 2011, Pakistan. A) Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center B) Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi C) Paediatric palliative care .
Inpatient care, outpatient clinics, 24-hour telephone helpline, pain management, training for physicians.
Awareness achieved through civil society organizations, media and by NRHM. Decentralized system of governance in Kerala enabled palliative care provision.
Medical and nursing services like outpatient clinics home care service by volunteers, nurses and doctors Regular supply of food for needy families.
Support for children from families of poor patients to continue their education.
Transport facilities to referral hospitals.
Rehabilitation. Psychological support by trained volunteers. Awareness campaign through local media.
State funding by ministry of health, NRHM, and local self-government.
Bisht et al., 2010, India. Evaluation of QOL and pain as an outcome variable of palliative care in advanced cancer patients .
Within palliative care, pain management is key in improving quality of life of advanced cancer patients.
Oncology clinics of a tertiary teaching hospital.
To evaluate the outcome of palliative care in terms of quality of life and pain control.
Study design: Observational prospective Study with 2 month follow-up.
Pain management, palliative chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy.
N = 100, mean age 52.57 years.
Visual 10 point analogue scale (unspecified).
Centre Quality of Life survey.
VAS scores (mean ± SD) in from T0 to T1 [7.13 ± 2.2 vs.2.62 ± 2.1 (p < 0.001)].
Moderate correlation between pain intensity and quality of life scores(r = 0.53, p < 0.001).
Santha, 2011 India. Pain and Palliative care units (PPC), Ernakulum district, Kerala, home care services .
22 units, of which 15 offer home care service.
50 patients randomly selected from 15 palliative care units.
Significant difference in types of physical problems faced by the patients(Chi-square = 345.495 p = 0.01).
Primary data for descriptive survey with structured questionnaires from the respondents.
Major benefit of palliative care sig reduction of pain scores.
Dongre et al., 2012, India. Help Age India, rural Tamil Nadu .
At palliative care programme entry physical quality of life in intervention area =10.47 ± 1.80 SD compared to control 10.17 ± 1.82 SD (p = 0.013); for psychological support 10.13 ± 2.25 SD vs 9.8 ± 2.29 SD (p = 0.043). Programme shows no effect on domain of social relationship and environment.
Affordable and effective rural palliative care for elderly population at the village level can be can be set up effectively through and community participation.
Study Design: Prospective cohort with control comparison group.
Home visits by doctor, volunteer, nurse and physiotherapist. Support from Palliative care programme: Home care, Support to buy drugs, rehabilitation support, food, health education, and referral services.
Control = 47 neighbouring villages.
Thayyil & Cherumanalil, 2012, India. Local self-government (Panchayats) led community-based home palliative care .
Diagnoses/needs: 41% degenerative disease, 15.3% malignancies, 13.5% geriatric without any specific diagnosis.
Nurse, health volunteer, social health activist, community member, health department field worker conduct home visits.
pain and symptoms. No change data reported.
Mean duration of care 7.8 ± 5.7 months.
36.5% died during period of study.
Measures: Data on patient problems and time under care extracted.
Of the 16 articles retained, 12 reported service description [24-35], 2 reported service with evaluation data [36,37] and 2 reported outcomes [38,39]. 1 article aimed to collect evaluation data, but actually presented only descriptive data . 14 articles reported data from India, 1 from Nepal and 1 Pakistan . No articles were found originating from Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives, or Bangladesh. Of these 16 papers, the first was published in 1997, and 6 were published during 5 years prior to the search.
The 11 service descriptions addressed a diversity of care models including home care, cancer centres, hospital consult teams and outpatient clinics. The teams were largely multi-professional, and addressed holistic care needs with an emphasis on rehabilitation and socioeconomic support. The Kerala model is well described in the literature, with a strong community participation approach. Importantly, two pediatric palliative care services were described [30,34].
The four papers reporting service evaluations or outcomes used the following designs: a retrospective survey a retrospective file review a prospective longitudinal cohort , and a prospective cohort with control comparison group and (as stated above, one paper described as an evaluation only provided service description data). No (quasi) experimental designs were identified.
In terms of the findings, significant improvements in self-report pain among cancer patients were reported (although this prospective study lacked a comparison group and improvements in satisfaction and pain relief reported (although this was retrospective, and again had no comparison group . The prospective comparative cohort study of palliative care for older people found perceived physical quality of life and psychological support among elderly persons was significantly better than the control villages , and lastly the retrospective file review of patient problems found a high prevalence of multidimensional needs but did not offer change data to support the conclusion that the service controlled these problems .
It is notable that despite the large population and epidemiology of cancer and HIV, there is very small evidence base from which to determine optimal models and interventions of care. It is a strength that there is such innovation and diversity of models, and the Kerala model has been well described and lauded as an appropriate model which other regions may usefully replicate. In terms of the evidence of feasibility and acceptability of palliative care, India has the strongest available literature from the South Asia region. Indian services should be recognised for their commitment to development and implementation of care services, and neighbouring SAARC countries should be encouraged and enabled to improve their coverage similarly. The work to date on model development and initial evaluation places India in particular in a position of readiness to move to more robust outcomes-focused research. The data provides some data on identification of needs, change over time within cohorts under palliative care, and importantly has been generated across diverse settings. In order to move to robust (quasi) experimental evaluative study designs appropriate for palliative care populations, an important next step is the provision of appropriate, valid and reliable outcome measures that reflect the needs of patients and families in India facing life-limiting progressive illness. The development of validation of outcome measurement for African palliative has catalysed research activity in palliative care [41,42]. Palliative care research in India is timely, as palliative care services have been shown to be plausible and sustained. The apparently successful Indian public health approach to palliative care in Kerala should be evaluated to identify and share successful strategies and lessons learned. Additional lessons that are worthy of investigation are the strengths, challenges and mechanisms of volunteerism in India, and the financing models of services that are community-funded and supported. In light of the service descriptions of paediatric palliative care, it has previously been identified that little evidence exists on outcomes of such models in low and middle income countries , and we would urge a research focus on this specific population.
We have noted that the majority of data have been published from India, and this suggests that they are in the relatively better position to drive forward the research activities in the region. Within India we also recognize disparity, as the papers suggest that most published work has originated in the south, mostly in or around the state of Kerala, where the literacy rate ranks among the highest in the country, and the population growth rate the lowest . The fact that the search found no articles originating from Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives, or Bangladesh underlines the importance of undertaking work in these countries, where evidence suggests particularly poor access to palliative care and to opioid pain relief [44,45]. Qualitative studies are also needed to better understand the cultural context of death and dying for patients and their families in South Asia.
In conclusion, the body of evidence for palliative care in South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation countries is not reflective of the size of population in need. In light of the limited resources available for health systems, evidence is even more important to guide appropriate and effective services. Without adequate assessment, the provision of appropriate, evidence-based palliative care is unlikely to occur; the need for well-designed and validated tools to measure outcomes is paramount to advancing palliative care in a region marked by dire need for it.
Both authors critically reviewed the manuscript, read and approved the final manuscript.
International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC). GLOBOCAN 2008 Project. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research On Cancer (IARC)/WHO; 2008. Available at: http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfsonline/wcr/2008/index.php. | 2019-04-21T20:58:40Z | https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-1102-3 |
Today the words of Gibson sound almost clairvoyant. The 54th National Elective Conference of the African National Congress (ANC) held at NASREC in December 2017 and the subsequent debate on expropriation without compensation provides a vivid and disturbing illustration of the underlying tensions, disagreements and frustrations that exist among various groups in South Africa about land redistribution. Tragically and almost ironically, it seems as if the complexity of the South African political and socio-economic landscape crystalises in the land question. Land is, and perhaps always was, the site of struggle in South Africa where different understandings of history, diverse group identities, competing rights and value systems, and diverging theories of justice come to a head (see Gibson 2009:2–3).
Three pieces of discriminatory land legislation, promulgated in the 20th century, have shaped the contemporary South African landscape decisively. The Native Land Act (No 27 of 1913), which was enacted a few years after the formation of the South African Union in 1910, declared about 7% of South African land as ‘Black reserves’ or ‘traditional areas’. The Native Trust and Land Act of 1936 extended the reserves to about 13% of South African land, but also tightened the control of government of all black economic pursuits, including agricultural activities (Van der Elst 2017:959). Black people living in so-called ‘Black spots’ outside reserve areas were forced to relocate to the reserves and were prohibited from buying or selling land outside of the reserves (Gibson 2009:11; Van der Elst 2017:959). The inhabitants of the reserves only had ‘conditional use rights’ under trusteeship of the State (Mothlanthe 2017:303). As far as urban areas were concerned, Section 5 of the Black Administration Act and the notorious Group Areas Act of 1950 consigned racial groups to particular residential and commercial spaces and legitimised forced removals. A whole range of other laws were promulgated by the Apartheid government to regulate land ownership and to control the influx of black workers to cities. The end result was the development of a ‘highly dualistic and racially segregated’ land structure with a commercial and technological advanced white commercial farming sector on the one hand, and an underdeveloped black peasant sector on the other (Cousins & Scoones 2010:32).
From a moral point of view, it is clear that the colonial and Apartheid governments committed acts that defy the basic essence of social justice. The pieces of legislation were not designed to distribute land equitably, but to ensure that white people own the vast majority of productive agricultural land. Black people were arbitrarily deprived of land, property and livelihoods, and relocated against their will. Native reserves and homelands remained overcrowded, the land allocated was unproductive and the infrastructure remained poorly developed. This inevitably caused a systemic chain reaction of gradual black impoverishment (Van der Elst 2017:959). President Ramaphosa aptly described the land issue as a burden of history, an ‘original sin’ that the present generation has to resolve (see Merten 2018:3).
Since 1994, little progress has been made to address the historical injustices of land dispossession and to enforce the constitutional ideals of land restitution and redistribution. The initial target was to redistribute 30% or 24.6 million hectares of white-owned agricultural land by 1999 through ‘grants-based redistribution and a rights-based restitution programme’ (O’Laughlin et al. 2013:8). By March 2011 only 7.2% of land had been transferred. The initial target of 30% had to be extended to 2025 (O’Laughlin et al. 2013:8). Some argue that the Constitution of South Africa (hereafter ‘the Constitution’) (South Africa 1996) itself contributes to the slow pace of land reform by requiring fair compensation for land that is expropriated (see Choruma 2017:33), while others blame a lack of political will, inadequate budgeting, poor implementation and dysfunctional structures (Mothlanthe 2017:215, 233).1 Be this as it may, land restitution and redistribution processes have proven to be extraordinarily slow and cumbersome despite various policies and strategies being introduced since 1999 (Mothlanthe 2017:208). About 4.3 million hectares of land, acquired for land reform purposes, are currently ‘out of production’ (Mothlanthe 2017:257); various farms have been bought by the State for land redistribution ends, but they have not been transferred to beneficiaries; a small number of restitution claims have been settled; and no ‘substantial’ legislation exists that protects land tenure in former homelands (Mothlanthe 2017:233, 257). The result of this situation has been increasing social conflict as can be seen from the fact that illegal land invasions have become a regular phenomenon.
The fundamental justice issue underlying the land question is: How can groups who were affected by historical patterns of land discrimination and land deprivation be properly compensated for their loss and how can greater forms of social equality be achieved? At the core of the question stands the highly complex, multi-layered concept of justice which is undergirded by different sets of criteria and values (see Gibson 2009:3). Procedural justice principles, for instance, give priority to fair justice processes; distributive justice to a just allocation of social goods between diverse members of society; commutative justice to fair transactional exchanges between members of society; redistributive justice to equal dignity, redress and equality of outcome; restorative justice to restitution, rehabilitation and reconciliation, and retributive justice to desert; and proportional punishment for crimes committed. Although these social justice values do not necessarily invalidate each other, they often stand in a dialectical relationship with each other. Redistributive justice values such as redress, for example, often enters into conflict with typical procedural justice principles such as impartiality and non-discrimination. This necessitates deliberation on the logical priority that ought to be given to the respective values.
The state of affairs becomes even more complicated when we bear in mind that notions of social justice vary among groups of people and are often closely intertwined with shared identities, particular historical experiences and immediate political interests. Gibson’s survey (2009:117) provides ample evidence that members of groups who were historically exposed to systematic forms of discrimination or victimisation and find their solidarity in a shared sense of being wronged, tend to support public policies informed by redistributive justice values. Groups who have vested interests in the status quo are inclined to disparage policies that revisit the past and prefer justice values related to non-discrimination and due process. Group identities indeed ‘structure the ways in which people view the issue’ (Gibson 2009:92). The state of affairs is not surprising, as South African politics have historically been marked by the allocation of social costs and benefits along racial group lines (Gibson 2009:91). In a society where race and ethnic characteristics historically determined where persons can live and work, and what type of social benefits they could access, we can expect land issues to invigorate emotions around group membership.
Section 25 of the Constitution (South Africa 1996) provides a clear example of the competing justice values at stake in the South African context. On the one hand, it is characterised by a strong commitment to redistributive justice, but when it comes to the scale of justice values, redistributive aspirations seem to be curbed by procedural and commutative justice principles that safeguard individual property rights (subsections 1–3), prohibit the arbitrary deprivation of property (subsections 1 and 2) and ensure ‘just and equitable’ compensation to land owners affected by expropriation (subsection 3). Sound and fair procedures are obviously important to social justice, but some observers are critical of the manner in which the Constitution (South Africa 1996) employs these justice principles to resolve land issues. Section 25, for instance, requires that compensation should be ‘just and equitable’. However, it is not clear what equitable means. Does it require a willing seller-buyer agreement or market price compensation (see Mothlanthe 2017:221)? Another criticism levelled is that the Constitution’s application (South Africa 1996) of procedural and commutative social justice principles often slows down land reform (see Van der Elst 2017:963). In fact, Gibson (2009:115) claims that some groups misuse constitutional instruments to resist land distribution and to perpetuate past inequities. At times, it seems as if the Constitution’s emphasis (South Africa 1996) on extensive legal and judicial oversight apparatus are counterproductive when it comes to land restitution. The post-Apartheid South African state simply does not have the capacity to establish all of the oversight mechanisms required by the Constitution (South Africa 1996). Clear examples are the constitutionally established structures of the Land Claims Commission and Land Claims Court which have proven to be dysfunctional and inefficient. Consequently, some argue that we find ourselves in a situation where the means of justice actually defeats the ends of justice.
Admittedly, the priority that the Constitution (South Africa 1996) assigns to various justice values are, by no means, clear-cut. Some would argue that the Constitution (South Africa 1996) favours redistributive justice considerations above other justice values. The preamble to the Constitution (South Africa 1996 – section 1a), for instance, describes the achievement of equality as a key objective and value of the Constitution, while section 9 certainly holds to a substantive outcome-based equality, rather than the formal equal opportunities approach so evident in distributive justice approaches. Significantly, the Constitution (South Africa 1996) refers to past forms of ‘unfair discrimination’ and allows legislative measures to redress entrenched forms of inequity. Section 25(4) probably contains the strongest transformative impulse found in the Constitution (South Africa 1996) by allowing land to be expropriated ‘in the public interest’. It also requires of the State to use legislative and other means to ensure equitable access to land. Section 25(5), moreover, protects the right to tenure of individuals or communities who de facto own property, but have no registered rights due to past discriminatory legislation. Sections 25(6 and 7) dictate the compensation of persons or communities who have been dispossessed after 1913, while section 25(8) allows the State to take legislative measures to enact land and water reforms. Such measures have to comply with the limitation clause of section 36(1) of the Constitution (South Africa 1996) that protects basic rule of law principles by requiring good reasons for limiting a right (see Pienaar 2015:11). Broadly speaking then, we can safely state that the property clause has a strong redistributive thrust (see Pienaar 2015:10), although the means of achieving equal outcomes are subject to typical procedural and commutative justice principles such as equal treatment, due process, fair compensation and impartial judicial oversight.
Redistributive justice reasoning certainly addresses the issue of historical injustices more emphatically than other paradigms of justice; yet, history teaches us that assigning priority to redistributive justice values in the hierarchy of justice values often prove to be a hazardous endeavour. States that exhibit a strong commitment to redress and redistribution often fall into the trap of abusing power and enacting oppressive forms of reverse discrimination. Redistribution also tends to create opportunities for corruption. These tendencies can certainly be observed in the land reform process in South Africa. Various redistribution projects in South Africa have been characterised by disturbing trends of elite capture. The High Level Panel Report (Mothlanthe 2017), the studies of Beinart, Delius and Hay (2017) and the findings of Kepe and Hall (2018) are united in expressing concern that the land reform process is currently being captured by corporate elites, chiefs and traditional leaders who endanger the tenure security of vulnerable people. According to the High Level Panel Report (Mothlanthe 2017:203), ‘the problem is especially acute’ in former homeland areas and in areas administered by the Ingonyama Trust where traditional leaders and officials often claim to have the sole right to sign agreements with ‘investors in respect of communal land’. The problem is exacerbated by the lack of existing legislation to protect the tenure security of vulnerable people in the former homelands (Mothlanthe 2017:266).
So far, we have discussed the tension between procedural, commutative and redistributive social justice discourse in South Africa. However, retributive understandings of justice, characterised by a sense of due desert and proportional punishment for past crimes committed, are gaining significant public support. Gibson’s survey (2009) already observed that retributive approaches to land justice are widely held in South African society. According to the survey (Gibson 2009:31), 85% of black respondents maintained that the white people took land illegitimately and therefore ‘have no right to land today’, while only 8% of whites people held the same view. Two thirds of the black respondents agreed that ‘land must be returned to Blacks in South Africa, no matter what the consequences are for current owners and for political stability in South Africa’. Gibson (2009:156) also found that retributive attitudes are encountered mostly among those who identify strongly with a particular language or ethnic group.
The momentum of the retributive approach in the last decade is clearly due to the rise of populist political groups such as the Economic Freedom Front and the pro-Zuma faction within the ANC who insist that the Constitution (South Africa 1996) should be changed to make possible large-scale land expropriation without compensation. The ethical argument underlying the retributive land reform argument is that land was ‘appropriated’ under colonialism and Apartheid from Africans without compensation (see Choruma 2017:33). Because current land owners have profited unjustly from past discriminatory practices, the state can neither be expected to use market mechanisms to adjudicate current values of land nor can they compensate landowners for land illegitimately obtained (see Atuahene 2011:124; Gibson 2009:40). Ntebeza (quoted in Gibson 2009:31) goes as far as stating that private land should be confiscated by the State and redistributed for the sake of the public good.
However, serious moral questions arise. Firstly, the retributive notion of justice, propagated by some stakeholders in the South African land discourse, seems to separate individual accountability from moral agency. In essence, it argues that contemporary generations can be considered culpable for actions they themselves did not commit and, secondly, they can be held to account for the actions of others by being subjected to penalties such as land expropriation without compensation. But is this kind of logic not vindictive at its core? Surely person A cannot be punished for the actions of person B, and if person A indirectly benefited from past illegal actions by person B, we as a society cannot expect him or her to carry the full burden of the historical injustices, especially because past colonial land grabs were committed by a state. Should land owners carry the burden alone? Does society not have the duty to spread the costs of the burden of history (see Vorster 2006:701)? Moreover, do we not enter the realm of naked power abuse when a legal system starts to separate accountability from moral agency and begins to claim for itself the right to attribute culpability to citizens irrespective of their own actions, simply on the basis of their lineage, background or group association.
Another problematic feature of retributive approaches to the land debate is that vindictive actions may have consequences for innocent third parties. Recent figures of the Department Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries indicate that the agricultural sector owes banks over R144 billion. This inevitably leads to questions about the duty of the state and the rights of third parties who are also affected by retributive measures such as expropriation without compensation (Mahlaka 2018:3).
From the preceding discussion, we can deduce that fairness and justice matters in the land debate, but that procedural, commutative, redistributive and retributive understandings of justice seem to be at variance. We can also safely agree with Gibson (2009:92) that group dynamics and the psychological benefits attached to group membership play a major role in justice positions taken on land reform. The challenging question is how to apply theories of social justice within a transitional political context marked by deep-seated racial, social and political divisions. How do we address the problem of social groupings making competing justice claims and assigning different priorities to classical justice values?
Building on Volf’s argument, I argue that to de-escalate the land conflict in South Africa, we have to explore the concept of embracive justice as orienting principle in the hierarchy of justice values. Distributive, redistributive, retributive, procedural and commutative concepts of justice are always relevant to any justice debate, but we have to accept that they may not be equipped to act as orienting principles in the extraordinary transitional context of South Africa. Secondly, I argue that the enactment of embracive justice requires permeable identities. By permeable identity, I mean identities that are open to self-correction, willing to accept inconvenient truths, embracive of the other and eager to forgive and reconcile. Justice values mean nothing if they are not profoundly internalised by individuals and groups.
In making my argument, I turn to reformed theological resources. By presenting a reformed approach, I neither assert that reformed theology provides the only avenue to address the intricate web of moral issues at stake when it comes to social justice nor that reformed theology presents the solution to the complex moral issue of land. The intent, rather, is to present a preliminary perspective from a particular theological vantage point about a highly complicated social issue that requires input from all sectors and groups in South Africa. My question is: Can reformed theology add an extra ingredient to the social justice values at our disposal? Could it perhaps contribute to recalibrate our disposition towards justice values in the South African debate? How would such a recalibration affect our understanding of human identity formation?
Three theological themes in reformed theology are, in my view, pertinent to the issue of embracive justice, namely its understanding of the dialectical tension that exists between Law and gospel, its presentation of Christ’s sacrifice as an act of embrace to resolve a seemingly unsolvable impasse between the infinite God and finite human beings, and the importance of self-denial and cross-bearing as fundamental features of Christian identity formation.
The above citations may sound to some like overkill, but the theological intent must be kept in mind. The righteous demands of the Law compels us to reflect on our own misery and impurity (Inst. 2.8.3; HK 1, question 2). Indeed, we can exhibit no understanding of the unfathomable nature of God’s grace if the Law does not open our eyes to the pervasive effects of sin on our lives and the utter misery in which we are engulfed. Without the glasses of the Law, we remain engulfed in ‘blindness’ (Inst. 2.2.24). The poignant issue at stake here is that reformed theology takes sin seriously. Human sin should not be glossed over and injustices cannot be left unanswered. God calls the perpetrator to account and demands ‘full satisfaction’ of the Law (HK 4, question 12).
The land issue in South Africa ought to serve as a vivid reminder of the systemic nature of sin. Yet, Gibson’s survey (2009) makes the disturbing observation that white South Africans, in general, exhibit little interest in or knowledge of the historical events and discriminative legislation that led to black, mixed race and Asian communities being dispossessed of land. Collective amnesia is not a surprising reaction and, in fact, even quite common among communities whose members have been implicated in war crimes or crimes against humanity (see Volf 1996:131–140). Yet, such a response is not excusable, because it reveals a form of denial, a disassociation with reality, an unwillingness to carry the burden of history and a reluctance to face inconvenient truths head-on.
Justice requires that we deal honestly with the hard truths of history and that we search the darkness of our souls. Applied to the land issue, white communities ought to recognise that grave and indefensible injustices were committed against black, mixed race and Asian communities through discriminative land legislation that systemically impoverished generations of people. Denying the systemic impact of land injustices on many communities in South Africa or misusing economic arguments to preserve the status quo, not only amounts to denial, but actually perpetuates the injustices that have been committed. As long as the hard facts of history are not acknowledged, recognised and dealt with, generations of white communities will be haunted by the burden of history. Justice demands truth and repentance. We cannot be selective in what we forget and remember. Redemption is not possible as long as we deny inconvenient truths.
Yet, the opposite side of the coin is also true. Collective amnesia is inexcusable, but so is a populist sense of victimhood that preys on an inflated and often selective awareness of the historical injustices committed against me and my group. History teaches us that victims can easily become perpetrators when a persistent remembrance of the historical wrongs committed against them are nurtured and abused to mobilise them socially. To demand the righting of wrongs, committed against the self, is certainly legitimate, but to use people’s pain for political gain is a form of cruel exploitation. The universal nature of sin ought to moderate our claims that we are victims. Paul aptly reminds us that Jew and non-Jew stand under the universal power of sin and we are all cursed by the Law of God that demands perfect righteousness (Rm 3:9–10). No person is just or can claim absolute innocence. We are all perpetrators who deserve God’s wrath.
The gospel’s logic is governed by God’s embracive acts in a hopeless situation; God making a new future possible when all seems lost due to sin and evil. Calvin (Inst. 2.12.1) spoke of the great exchange between the infinite God and mortal human beings, characterised by a cycle of descent and ascent. Through the incarnation of the Son, God descends to humanity in order to pay for our sins and to liberate us from our misery so that we can ascend with Christ through the Spirit to God. Here we encounter a kind of justice that the Reformers called iustitia aliena – God declares us free of guilt on the basis of Christ’s propitiatory obedience. The embracive justice God enacts is no imaginary justice – it is real in that Christ truly suffered the penalty for our sins. Yet, it is also a justice characterised by a reconciliatory attitude that does not seek to destroy humanity, but to restore its relationship with God. Reconciliation is the orienting value behind God’s justice – not fair due process or retribution – although these justice values are certainly at stake in the Christ event.
The incarnation of Christ constitutes an act of divine self-limitation for the sake of restored relations. God becomes human, Jesus takes on the form of a slave and carries the curse of the Law to make possible a new relationship and a new future between God and humanity. But the great exchange is not a purely unilateral act. It also entails that the faithful become slaves of Christ by accepting God’s gift of grace in faith and enacting the example of Christ in their own lives (see Phlp 1:29). Christ becomes a slave in human form so that we can become slaves of Christ. Faith is, consequently, not a passive act, but requires that we actively embrace God’s gift of grace. Stated differently: Faith requires a changed human identity.
Calvin (Inst. 3.1.1) famously identified meditation on the future life, cross bearing and self-denial as key features of the Christian life. The latter two Christian virtues are, in my view, especially pertinent to our discussion of the intricate connection between embracive justice and human identity.2 For Calvin (Inst. 3.7.5; Zachmann 2009:476), cross-bearing entails that we conform to the image of Christ by bearing afflictions patiently and exhibiting a willingness to suffer for the sake of righteousness, while self-denial requires that we repent before God, realise our shortcomings and use the divine gifts bestowed on us to serve the interests of our neighbours. Calvin and the reformed tradition essentially understand the Christian life and discipleship as consisting of a faithful embrace of God and fellow human beings. True Christian identity is hybrid and permeable in nature: open to self-correction, unselfish, caring, empathetic, peace loving, truthful and fair. Above all, it is willing to make sacrifices for the sake of the other.
Protestant liberalism has questioned the reformed faith’s understanding of the gospel as atonement through satisfaction, justification through the imputation of God’s righteousness to human beings in Christ, and its perceived obsession with altruism (cross-bearing and self-denial). They generally deem the notion that God demands satisfaction for the transgression of his Law as vindictive logic and construe the idea that one person can pay for the sins of another as compromising human autonomy. Moreover, some are concerned that the cultivation of overly altruistic attitudes can undermine individual rights discourse (see Vorster 2013:133–136). We cannot go into these objections at this time, except to say that the power of the reformed notion of reconciliation resides precisely in its logic that the historical impasse between God and human beings – brought about by the systemic nature of sin – can only be resolved through an iustitia aliena that transcends conventional notions of human justice. God does not follow conventional justice logic, but embraces us in a manner that circumvents human logic, undercuts human autonomy, surpasses due process and defies retributive logic to make a new beginning possible. The Christ event was a once-off and non-repeatable event executed by a God who himself is the norm of righteousness. Finite beings cannot execute justice in the exact same manner; neither can we be Christ. We can follow Christ and are called to do so, but only up to a point.
That said, reformed theology maintains that the Christ event has a lasting normative impact on our lives – not only as far as the relationship between the infinite God and finite beings is concerned – but also interhuman relationships. Our actions should shine forth the embracive spirit of the Christ event. While Christians can neither coerce faith nor force groups to accept God’s Law and gospel or to follow Christ through cross bearing, they can make an effort to display a kind of embrace that breathes the spirit of the Christ event.
This brings me to the notion of embracive justice. What does embracive justice entail? How does it differ from the restorative justice approach that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission followed in the 1990’s? Embracive justice recognises that a situation could evolve where cycles of past injustices have burdened a society with an impasse that cannot be resolved through ordinary means of justice. This impasse, I argue, can only be overcome through a generous spirit of embrace and an extraordinary act of self-sacrifice by perpetrators, victims and ordinary members of society. Embracive justice is not a formal kind of justice administered from ‘above’ by legal regimes, courts or tribunes; it requires spontaneous acts of self-sacrifice from below. Detractors may argue that embracive justice is simply another word for restorative justice. Restorative justice, after all, endorses similar kinds of reconciliatory values such as restoration of victims, rehabilitation of offenders and reconciliation between groups. I agree, but there is also a fundamental difference. Restorative justice is a formal approach utilised within criminal justice systems that contains a clearly defined distinction between victim and perpetrator as well as a clear definition of the crime that was committed. The approach I am propagating is focused on the intergenerational dynamics of transitional social contexts where the lines between victim and perpetrator are not that clear. Embracive justice is not concerned with fair procedure, but with attitude and just actions. Moreover, embracive justice does not limit itself to ideals of restoration, but it is directed at creating a future order where coming generations can live in a normal and stable environment devoid of the systemic effects of past injustices.
When it comes to the land debate, I believe that embrace and reconciliation should orient our disposition to justice. Justice, especially when it comes to intergenerational issues, should not, in the first place, be about due desert, but rehabilitation and the creation of a fair future order. Although due process is an important condition for fair treatment, we ought to recognise that overly extensive and technical processes of land restitution and redistribution could defeat justice in the name of justice. Ways ought to be found to cut red tape and to expedite land restitution and redistribution processes in the spirit of embrace. Secondly, embracive justice requires that groups refrain from collective amnesia about the past or the exaggerated sense of victimhood that underlies retributive logic. We should acknowledge that colonial land grabs were deeply unjust and that the unequal distribution of property rights in South Africa is morally unacceptable. Conversely, we should exhibit a spirit of forgiveness towards each other and accept that retributive logic could result in an unjust situation being replaced by an equally unjust scenario where the victims of the past become perpetrators of the future. Lastly, embracive justice is about more than simply the rehabilitation of the perpetrator or reconciliation between perpetrator and victim; it also asks for a spontaneous sacrifice with lasting effect from the side of everyone, but specifically those communities who benefited directly or indirectly from the Apartheid system. Such a sacrifice ought to be made in the spirit of self-denial and cross bearing for the sake of righteousness and the well-being of future generations. I do not propose a sacrifice that amounts to self-destruction, but I argue that a spontaneous collective sacrifice by specifically white communities in the spirit of self-denial could be an embracive gesture that de-escalate the land conflict in South Africa. Such a sacrifice could consist of the creation of trusts focused on the development and empowerment of black farmers; the establishment of compensation funds for damages caused by past land injustices; the availing of underutilised land for empowerment projects; and making farmworkers business partners in commercial farms. Many possibilities exist. The point is that embracive gestures are needed to resolve the impasse that South Africa faces. Legal instruments cannot do it on their own.
The South African land question will not be resolved as long as embrace does not orient our actions. Embracive justice recognises that justice is about more than fairness, due process, redress and due desert; it is also about creating a situation of reconciliation that helps to resolve conflicts in situations where historical injustices have created an impasse that is impossible to resolve through regular justice approaches. I understand embracive justice as a type of justice where the various parties are focused on creating a fair future order that serves the best interests of the broadest range of fellow citizens and that ensures that future generations can live in a society freed of the burden of history. Moreover, I argue that embracive justice requires more than merely changing our theoretical outlook on justice; it also demands the formation of group identities that are hybrid and permeable as well as willing to make some costly sacrifices for the sake of future generations. Drawing on the reformed tradition’s emphasis on cross-bearing and self-denial as Christian virtues, I suggest that permeable identities are characterised by a spirit of repentance, an openness to self-correct, a willingness to make sacrifices and forego some perceived entitlements for the sake of the common good, an embrace of the other, and a reconciliatory attitude. To summarise: Embracive justice constitutes an act from below that circumvents formal justice logic and enacts the Spirit of Christ.
Atuahene, B., 2011, ‘South Africa’s land reform crisis: Eliminating the legacy of Apartheid’, Foreign Affairs 90(4), 121–129.
Beeke, J.R. & Ferguson, S.B., 1999, Reformed confessions harmonized: With an annotated bibliography of annotated doctrinal works, Baker Books, Grand Rapids, MI.
Beinart, W., Delius, P. & Hay, M., 2017, Rights to land. A guide to tenure upgrading and restitution in South Africa, Jacanda Media, Johannesburg.
Calvin, J., 2008, Institutes of the Christian religion, transl. H. Beveridge, Hendrickson Publishers, Peabody, MA.
Choruma, A., 2017, ‘How to defuse South Africa’s ticking land time-bomb’, New African (Nov), 32–33.
Constitution, see South Africa 1996.
Gibson, J.L., 2009, Overcoming historical injustices. Land reconciliation in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, New York.
South Africa, 1996, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa as adopted by the Constitutional Assembly on 8 May 1996 and as amended on 11 October 1996, Government Printers, Pretoria.
Van der Elst, H., 2017, ‘Die wegbeweeg vanaf gematigdheid na ’n radikale grondverdelingsbenadering as transformasie prioriteit in Suid-Afrika’, Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 57(4), 955–970.
Volf, M., 1996, Exclusion and embrace. A theological exploration of identity, otherness and reconciliation, Abingdon Press, Nashville, TN.
Vorster, N., 2013, ‘The nature of Christ’s atonement. A defense of penal substitution theory’, in E. van der Borght & P. van Geest (eds.), Strangers and pilgrims on earth, pp. 129–147, Brill, Leiden.
1. The Land Reform Budget has fluctuated between 0.15% and 0.4% of GDP in the period between 1994 and 2017 (Mothlanthe 2017:2015).
2. Admittedly notions of self-sacrifice and self-denial can be abused by those in power to cultivate ‘unhealthy’ forms of altruism among the powerless so that they will stay silent in the face of exploitation. It needs to be noted that Calvin used these notions to encourage sacrifice for the sake of righteousness not at the expense of righteousness. Altruistic values are indeed important for social cohesion, but could become harmful if employed as a means to suspend justice values. | 2019-04-21T20:23:30Z | https://indieskriflig.org.za/index.php/skriflig/article/view/2398/5472 |
Are you looking to use natural remedies for tooth problems? Studies on essential oils reveal they can relieve toothaches, reduce inflammation, fight cavity-causing bacteria, remove plaque, neutralize lousy odor among other benefits. In this article, we discuss eight essential oils that do just that.
The state of one’s teeth is often an indication of their general health. That holds true due to the scientific conclusions that state sugar is the primary cause of tooth decay. If you have experienced a toothache in your lifetime, it is likely due to having foods and drinks high in carb and sugar, coupled with poor oral hygiene. As part of taking care of their teeth and gums, people are now opting for more traditional and plant-based methods. This shift comes from the increased awareness of the effects of highly chemicalised products.
Essential oils are one route that many are now embracing. Clinical trials show that these plant extracts can be used for therapeutic and preventive purposes. In this article, we will discuss the causes of toothaches, tooth decay and tooth infections and how to prevent those using essential oils and proper dental care.
Though they all involve pain, there are different types of toothaches. They can range from mild to severe with characteristics being constant pain or during certain times such as when biting, chewing, at night or when you take certain foods or drinks.
If you’ve ever experienced a toothache, you may have had a difficult time in pinpointing the exact location of the pain. Often, when you visit a dentist, the site of the perceived pain is not the source of the problem. That is what is known as referred pain. Extreme cases of toothaches can be swelling around a tooth, discharge from the gum or tooth, accompanied by other symptoms such as a headache, jaw pain or fever.
When your tooth aches, it means that the pulp, the soft inside part of a tooth, is inflamed. The nerve endings are what transmit pain signals to the brain, alerting you to the issue. The most common reasons are tooth decay, cracked tooth, damaged filling, infected gums, infected sinuses, injured jaw, worn enamel, abscessed tooth, impacted wisdom tooth or teeth grinding.
Being the most common problem faced by children and adults alike, we’ll have a look at the cause in detail. Cavities come about when plaque breaks down the tooth’s enamel (the surface), leaving the pulp exposes. You’re able to know of this sensitive part when you experience a sharp pain when drinking or eating certain beverages or food, particularly those that are either hot or cold.
Depending on the severity, there are three ways in which tooth decay gets treated. The dentist could remove the decayed part and put a filling, perform a root canal should the pump infected, and ultimately, if a tooth decays beyond repair, they will extract the tooth.
What are the top causes of tooth decay? According to this article based on research published in the BMC Public Health journal, the only reason for tooth decay in children and adults is sugar. The rates between the US and other countries that consume less processed foods and sugar, the percentages of tooth decay are staggering. In the United States, 92 percent of adults suffer from this problem, as compared to Nigeria where only 2% suffer the same fate. Sodas and fruit juices were found to be the primary culprits.
Apart from causing chronic illness and reduced bone density, Weston A. Price, the pioneer for the American Dental Association (ADA), found that Western diet caused tooth decay. He lived in between 1870 and 1948. During this life, he discovered many isolated indigenous tribes had perfect teeth with very few suffering from tooth decay. That however changed once exposed to modern foods.
According to the ADA, tooth decay comes about by the interaction between the bacteria in the mouth and the sugars and starches left in the teeth. The byproduct is acids which, over a period, destroy tooth enamel, the result being tooth decay.
Though largely preventable, tooth decay also referred to as dental caries in scientific studies, is the most prevalent chronic non-infectious disease affecting both children and adults. That makes it one of the highest preventable infectious diseases on the planet. Though there has been a decline in the past four decades within the American population, there are disparities among various groups. The decrease has not been the same for all age groups; the number of dental caries is increasing among young children.
The quality of life and the type of oral hygiene, or lack thereof, dictate the chronic conditions seen globally. With over 750 bacteria species inhabiting the oral cavity, the lack of proper care makes one susceptible to tooth decay and infections quite easily. There has been previous research done to find other plant-based alternatives to antibacterial agents to treat oral health problems, but they have reduced undesirable side effects. These include vomiting and diarrhea. The increased ability with which bacteria have become resistant to drugs is further driving the need for research for other alternatives.
Unlike a cavity, tooth decay is reversible. According to this study conducted, tooth decay is reversible with proper health- it suggested that reducing or eliminating the intake of cereal in children lead to less tooth decays. Breakfast foods targeted toward children tend to have more sugar than brands marketed for adults. Grain-free diets and taking vitamin D, vegetables, fruits, milk, and meat showed the most significant improvement in healing almost all tooth problems.
Often when people feel a sharp pain, they often assume that they have a hole. For that reason, we’ll look into what it is to help better distinguish the difference.
Cavities are a result of tooth decay. It happens when the plaque, substance that forms the combination of food debris, acid, and saliva, cling to the teeth and dissolves the enamel, creating holes. Anyone who eats a high-carb and sugar diet is likely to get cavities- it is not just children. A dentist diagnoses cavities. They do so by taking x-rays or looking for soft spots between your teeth. Apart from the accompanied pain, you should be able to see holes in your teeth as it advances.
The treatment for a cavity largely depends on how advanced it is. Most times a dentist will use a drill to remove the decay and after that insert a filling. They can either use porcelain, composite resin, silver alloy or gold. If the tooth is severely decayed, the doctor will remove the damaged parts of your tooth and place a crown. For a dead or injured root or pulp, a root canal is the best course of action. It involves removing the nerve, tissue, blood vessels and the decayed portions. The hole is then filled and sometimes has a crown placed.
Also known as a tooth abscess, this is when a bacterial infection causes a pocket of pus to occur on different parts of the tooth or gum area. There is the periapical abscess found at the top of the root and the periodontal abscess which occurs in the gums by the root of the tooth. These typically happen as a result of an injury, prior dental work, or most commonly, an untreated dental cavity.
Treatment involves draining the pus to get rid of the infection. Often the tooth will be pulled out if a root canal cannot solve the problem. Like any infection, when left untreated, it can lead to life-threatening complications.
Symptoms of a tooth infection include a severe toothache with radiating pain to the neck, ear or jawbone, hot and cold temperature sensitivity and when biting or chewing. A swollen cheek or face, fever, tender or swollen lymph nodes and sudden rushes of salty fluids in your mouth that is both tastes and smells terrible followed by pain relief are other symptoms to expect. The latter trait is an indication of a ruptured abscess. If you have trouble breathing and swallowing, you ought to rush to an emergency room as these are signs that the infection is in advanced stages.
A lot of our fear and sometimes outright dislike for dentists stems from the fact that most of us wait for our teeth to deteriorate before we visit them. As a byproduct, during this time, the teeth are in bad shape and almost all, if not all, procedures may be painful. With advanced technology, this is now the exception than the rule.
Dental care ought to begin from an early age if we are to enjoy healthy white teeth in our middle age. It also decreases your need for dentures or implants in your later years and overall fewer aches and pains associated with having bad teeth.
At the core, good oral hygiene means your mouth looks healthy and smells the same. Your teeth should be clean and debris free, you have pink gums which don’t bleed or hurt when brushing or flossing and you don’t regularly have lousy breath.
We often underestimate the importance of good oral hygiene until pain occurs. When you adhere to and have a healthy routine, you’re able to eat, speak and even sleep properly. Great looking teeth that are healthy and white also boost our self-esteem and enhance our facial features when we smile. It’s ultimately necessary for our overall well-being. In the long run, you save more money as compared to the need for expensive procedures that come with deteriorating teeth.
There are two fundamental ways to care for your teeth, and that is brushing and flossing with a mouthwash rinse for added protection. The recommended number of brushes is two, accompanied by daily floss. Another thing to do is to regularly visit a dentist as they’ll be able to catch the problem long before it gets worse as opposed to waiting for a toothache to let you know you’re due for a checkup. They are also in a position to let you know areas that need more attention and recommend ways to go about caring for your teeth better. A balanced diet acts just as well to reduce the chances of tooth decay or gum disease.
Essential oils are overall fantastic natural remedies that have been in use for thousands of years. They act to improve skin, hair, and body though they are mainly used in the modern day as an ingredient as part of a DIY treatment. When used on the teeth, they act to fight bacteria and plaque while keeping your teeth clean and white. There are different such oils you can use. The results vary, but they will combat gum disease and mouth ulcers while soothing the pain that comes with toothaches, tooth decay, and tooth infections.
The idea sounds more like old age tradition than a fact, which is not the case. There is scientific research to back these claims. It does however only apply to specific essential oils. Many clinical trials show EOs to be beneficial if used for preventative or therapeutic purposes, but there is a need for more studies to ascertain their safety and efficacy. There are 3000 known essential oils, with the medicinal plants identified for possessing antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties.
The easiest way to use EOs is to mix them with water to form a bottle of mouthwash. All that’s required is one or two drops of it mixed with a quarter cup of filtered or distilled water.
If you love cinnamon spice, then you’ll come to love this essential oil. It acts to prevent gingivitis caused by poor oral hygiene, oral thrush, and gum disease. Streptococcus mutans, the leading cause of tooth decay and the breaking down of the tooth enamel, can be combated by just adding a few drops of cinnamon essential oil to water to form your mouthwash. It equally works as an anti-parasitic and antioxidant.
The antibacterial and antifungal properties are incredible for the teeth and gum, and if you’re not keen about menthol based oils, then this works as a perfect alternative to improving your oral hygiene. You can expect to no longer deal with the unwanted effects of microbes and bacteria.
Clove has been around for many thousands of years and has been acting as a natural disinfectant. It has potent antibacterial properties that inhibit bacterial growth in the mouth and serves as a painkiller when a person has canker sores, gum disease, and a standard toothache. For immediate relief, put a few dabs on the affected area. The added benefits are that it acts as an antifungal and antioxidant as well.
The studies on this type of oil do display antimicrobial activity against most yeasts, bacteria, fungi and filamentous. It has an anti-inflammatory effect when treating infectious diseases.
This essential oil works excellently as an antiseptic and soothes the pains associated with teeth, gum and ulcer concerns. Another added property, it is believed, that myrrh aid in the stimulation of blood flow for improved gum health and strength. A word of caution is that it has a warm and woody aroma. That may not make it ideal compared to the other better-tasting oils mentioned. If you’re not bothered by it, then it’s something to purchase.
If you’re a mother, you may have come across this remedy for the alleviating teething pains babies’ experience. Mixed with virgin coconut oil, rubbing this combination will gently put them out of their misery. You should also expect them, and yourself, to have a good night sleep; lavender essential oil is known its soothing and relaxing properties outside of oral care. When inhaled or orally administered, it also reduces anxiety and stress, leading to an improved mood.
If you’re looking for antifungal against Candida, lemon EO is the one to go for. Also known as oral thrush, this problem is common in persons with an immune deficiency, babies and people using steroid sprays for their asthma. White lesions on the inner cheeks or tongue characterize this problem.
Peppermint is a commonly used flavor in toothpaste and mouthwashes, and that’s due to its clean and fresh taste. For the most part, these products only use the flavoring, meaning there are not benefits to reap. However, with peppermint essential oil, there is a myriad of problems that you can treat. The active ingredient, menthol, is effective against various bacteria including an anaerobic type that’s known to thrive in the mouth.
Its antimicrobial properties have helped people, for centuries, clear infections from the teeth and gum while making the mouth fresh. It acts as antibiofilm meaning it inhibits fungal strains, decreasing drug resistance and pathogenesis.
This oil works similarly to peppermint but it sweeter than it. People who prefer something lighter in the mouth would choose this, but it ultimately gets the job done.
It goes without saying that these are natural remedies and add a boost to your dental hygiene but should not cause you to opt out of a dentist appointment. Should you suspect you have an infection, you should see a dentist, or a doctor should you be experiencing the symptoms of an infection such as fever.
Studies have shown that using antibiotics and EOs can reduce antibiotic resistance. Three essential oils found to have antibiotic resistance-modifying agents are lavender, peppermint, and cinnamon bark when taking piperacillin, a broad spectrum antibiotic.
Essential oils should not be ingested and should only act as mouth rinses. Before letting your child use water and essential oil based mouthwash, consult a medical expert. Lavender has proven to be the mildest with the others being too strong. Should you choose to use it, ensure that you are present and guiding them.
Plant-based extracts are not always without side effects. Before using any of the EOs, it is critical to ascertain that you don’t have any allergies toward them. It is also worthy to note that some studies indicate that if you practice good oral hygiene, additional measures aren’t necessary. You, therefore, ought to use these should you suspect you need them. They do not treat cavities or infections, and should you suffer from either, visit a dentist immediately.
Essential oils, along with the dental practices such as oil pulling and using baking soda, should be used as part of oral hygiene and not as a replacement. Brushing your teeth with fluoride toothpaste and flossing are at the core of maintaining healthy teeth. EOs will then act as a preventive measure or help reverse the effect of tooth decay before you get a cavity. Tooth infections should not be treated using essential oils but you should see a doctor or dentist should you suspect you’re suffering from one.
If you’re looking to start a small selection of essential oils to use, lavender and peppermint are fantastic for a start. You can opt to add a third to make your mouthwash. | 2019-04-21T10:17:09Z | https://www.healthwatchlist.com/essential-oils-for-toothache/ |
My name is Joevita Weah and I am an Environmental Geoscience major at DePauw University.
I plan to update this blog regularly about my academics, travel, and relationships abroad. I plan to post pictures, thoughts, and recaps to bring a little bit of Denmark to you.
At DIS we have two week-long travel weeks. Core courses travel during these weeks but it’s split up, so everyone has at least one week off. I didn’t have a study tour the first week so I traveled to Dublin, Edinburgh, and London.
Edinburgh was my favorite city and reminded me very much of living in Harry Potter. This post will include a lot of how much I loved Edinburgh, just a warning. London reminded me a lot of being in New York mixed with D.C and Ireland really was green.
Step One: Plan and plan and plan ahead. For this trip I actually didn’t travel alone, I traveled with three of my housemates. I did, however, plan everything on my own. It’s weird to think that after 20 years I have never actually done a trip all by myself. Now I understand why I haven’t. It’s super stressful. We did book everything in advance, but there are little things to always look out for. In Dublin, we figured everything the morning of and there were some mess ups. Luckily, many things were free in Edinburgh like the free ghost tour or free Harry Potter tour. Even though I usually hate tours it was a great opportunity to see the city with interesting stories.
Public transit should be second on your list. As much as we all like to think that city centers are walkable, they all aren’t and sometimes a day pass can really save time. Other times, however, they just simply aren’t worth it. For example, London’s transport was worth it but very expensive. It would have been impossible, however, to see everything if we had not had one. We didn’t need a day pass in Edinbrough. Getting from the airport was relatively cheap round trip and everything was walking distance of each other. The city was so beautiful that the journey really was worth the destination. Dublin, however, was a toss-up. We really didn’t need a travel pass, but the walks were pretty long and the day pass was a little expensive.
Step Three: Consider the surrounding locations. Surrounding cities should be the third on your list (as well as transport to these cities).
Cities are fun but most can be done within a day or two. This is when one needs to make a crucial decision. Is it better to try and see everything and get as much out of the area as possible or is it better to take things at a slow pace and relax a bit. This was probably the biggest fight we had amongst ourselves during the trip. We often had a slight disagreement on which one was optimal. I often choose to relax and spend time in the city as well as seeing sights, but while abroad I’ve been more interested in soaking up everything. While in Dublin, we saw most of the city in less than a day so the next day one of my roommates and myself went to the surrounding city of Glendalough. It was by far my second favorite part of the trip and really beautiful.
Step Four: Getting along with who you’re with (even if that’s just yourself).
I think it my roommates and myself got along very well, however, spending all day and night with the same people can sometimes be very stressful. We often became crabby and it was important to understand that everything was situational. If in a situation like that I would recommend scheduling even just 30 minutes to an hour of alone time or time, not with your group. I met up with friends from home many times in Edinbrough and had alone time and I think I was in a very good mood for all of the trips because of it. Even if you’re traveling alone it’s important to give yourself a break from yourself. This could take the form of taking a break from planning or just relaxing somewhere it is very beneficial.
I hope all these steps have helped you when planning your next trip. At the end of the day, I think it’s just important to trust yourself and trust that everything will work itself out. Even with complications, everything is still an experience, With that mindset, any setbacks aren’t as bad and good experiences can be appreciated more.
This weekend I took my first official trip outside of Copenhagen. Yes I know I went to Malmo earlier, but that was only a short bus ride. I actually boarded a plane and went through security for this trip to Vienna. One of my housemates was nice enough to invite me with her friends to visit a city that in all joe art I would not have thought to go before. I’m extremely happy I did because not only did I learn a few things about myself but I also feel a bit more confident actually doing things by myself abroad.
The highlight of the trip was truly the Alps so I’m going, to begin with, that. The really high up Alps are in another city and the ones that are featured in the sound of music are in Strasbourg. Because of logistical reasons and just overall freedoms, we went to the RAX Alps and that was truly the best decision. We could walk around all we wanted, we didn’t have to rent anything and the views were absolutely breathtaking. I also think that because it was an offseason and not as popular of a place, we were the only Americans there. I just had to take a moment to sit and admire the vastness of the mountains. Truly the cost and time it took to get there were worth it. I also use to love the sound of music and I very much did stand on the side of the mountain and listen to a few songs of the sound of music soundtrack.
In the actual city, there was so much to see but I really enjoyed the Schoenberg palace. It was massive and it was so unlike any palace I’ve seen before. The gardens are free and are pretty large. It blows my mind that people actually use to live there.
A few other things I liked was the cafes and the Christmas market. There was so much to see and there was ice skating. I didn’t ice skate but I loved seeing the decorations. Did not love couples…..
We went to this cafe that Freud use to study at as well as a few other famous Austrians. This cafe was the culmination of the outer worldly part of the trip for me.
We also struck a conversation with this random guy on the street and he started talking about how he’s a healer and reads auras. This led us to hear about how one of the girls with me got a card from another stranger that said: “this is not a dream”. The card was very plain and simple, but it was to help distinguish between what is reality and what are dreams. If it was a dream the card would not look like it did. The spooky part is that she said she had a dream where she saw the card and it was distorted and said this is a dream. Rationally it may have just been a subconscious thing, but I learned that Vienna is not only the city of music but the city of dreams because if Freud. With all the encounters that weekend everything culminated at the cafe where Freud once worked from. It was a pretty experience in all honestly albeit a bit spooky.
I really need nature and cannot be in a city too long. I know u mentioned in a previous post that I had nostalgia being in the woods but now I realize it is a need. It’s good to know when figuring out where I want to live when I graduate.
Another thing u learned is that I really do like people and making relationships even if they won’t last. I find myself connecting to almost everyone in some way and actually like talking to people and being friendly. Even though it seems trendy now to pretend to hate people, I think that everyone is super interesting to talk to.
The last thing I learned was that I do have the ability to say no and that I do need a little time for myself in most extended circumstance.
The first thing that I was told by an Austrian living in the city was that Austrians are a little jealous of Germans. I never understood that but as I talked to more people I kind of understood what he meant. Another thing everyone was soooo friendly to Americans. Especially the older generation. On the Alps, they all genuinely smiled at us as we were walking around and offered us help and to take our pictures. The same goes with the vibe city center. I really think that only added to the city.
In comparison to Copenhagen Vienna seems like the older aunt that really values what things use to be. I only say that because if all the magnificent architecture and sculptures. It felt like every place I looked had some sort of deceiving building!!
This weekend has been the first real experience is culture shock I have ever really had. I like to live my life thinking that humans aren’t all that different. I don’t think that there’s much to how we interact with each other and live our lives that can’t be understood by one another. That being said, I do think there are times when having grown up in an area affects how well we can navigate these minute differences.
So we started the day with my green LLC biking to Østerbro. I don’t know why this was a particularly green city, but the bike ride was cool and for once I actually felt safe going through traffic. After a bike ride, we found ourselves in a swimming pool which I would compare to a YMCA. You could image my excitement when I got the opportunity to swim in the middle of winter. Something I would not usually get or chose to do (lol). The inside was very pretty and the most important is that everything was very warm. I understand why people go swimming now at 30 degrees.
This is where things get different. One must strip down and wash themselves all the way down before going into the pool because of how sanitary things must be in the pool. They don’t use as many chemicals so it’s important that going in clean. We understood this so we chose not to go into the pool. However, we could not find the sauna and asked questions from the lifeguard. While there, we were given a chat and told we had to follow the rules due to the culture and had to rewash ourselves and do it correctly. It was made sure we did it correctly. Afterward, we just went into the sauna and overall had a good rest of the day in the pool house.
We also went to the most sustainable restaurant in Copenhagen called soul today and for someone who doesn’t like veggies, it was really gooooooddd.
I also appreciated this trip because it was the first time we really had the chance to interact with the rest of the green LLC. I love the idea of living in a green LLC, but sometimes I feel like I only interact with my floor. Even though I think we have different personalities, I like it when we interact.
Lastly, we went to a little flea market. The flea market felt very much like a community event where individuals came to not only buy but to hang out. I bought two things and spent only around $15. Overall it was a pretty cool way to see ways to be green in Copenhagen.
I feel like I should make a separate post about my time in Malmö, Sweden because it was actually life-changing. This is not going to be the typical study abroad life-changing post. It was one of the most surreal out-of-body experiences I’ve had in probably ever.
The city itself, at only 8pm, was quiet. There were barely people on the streets and not a lot of signs of movement. Our Airbnb was 15 minutes from the city center and looked exactly like an apartment complex is (insert African part of Minneapolis or Maryland). No one really populated the area and we got very ominous vibes. On the flip side, there was really cheap food and groceries, but everything else was surreal.
In the morning as we waited for the bus stop it was very overcast which didn’t help with our feelings of eeriness. There were also ravens and loud clicking coming from the meters on the street. We ventured to a mall and there were around 5 guards protecting a line to one store that had a sale.
After migrating a bit more into the city center Malmo started to look a lot like Copenhagen. There were older buildings with colors and statues and shops. Because we were in Sweden and because we had seen many different faces of Malmö we decided to go to IKEA.
IKEA in Sweden is another experience in itself and yes I would recommend going all the way to Sweden to go to IKEA. Did a bunch of 20 something-year-olds walks around and see every section/display within the 2 floors of IKEA? Yes. Did we regret it? No. There was also a pretty big restaurant and I got Swedish meatballs. I don’t want to get super sentimental, but meatballs have a special place in my heart. They’re versatile yet so simple. The Swedish meatballs were Much different from the meatballs I’ve had at home (home cooked) but the sauce did really give it a little something extra.
I’m going to do an actual post about what I did the rest of the week I just thought it was important to highlight this trip and also so I wouldn’t forget a single moment of my unique experience with Malmö.
I’ve been thinking of all the ways to begin this blog because so much has happened. I should probably start with first impressions of Denmark. It’s completely not what I expected, yet exactly what I expected. Even though the city is quiet it is also very busy. It doesn’t feel desolate or anything, but I also don’t feel as if I’m in the middle of a huge crowd.
I think my housing situation is going to be the most impactful part of my stay in Denmark. Do you know when you just click with a group of people? That’s how I feel about my floor on the green LLC. There are so many different personalities but we all have a common trait that is hard to explain. Maybe it was our eagerness to establish house rules and chores. Maybe it was our mutual love of staying home and snacking on discounted Brie. Whatever it is, I find myself effortlessly spending time with my new home and my new family.
We also enjoy doing activities together. We’ve gone grocery shopping together, supply shopping together, we’ve visited Nyhaven and the botanical gardens and we’ve bikes together. I almost feel like we’ve spent too much time together for the first weeks so I’m eager to set up some alone time. Nyhaven was as beautiful as google images presented it to be. We were also lucky because many tourists don’t visit it during the winter season. I was also surprised at how small it was. I had about the same reaction to the botanical garden, but the weather really put a damper on what we could see outside for free. The palm house, however, was really warm and I appreciated the amount of mineral they had out with the succulents. It reminded me that I needed to see the geology museum.
Now feel free to ignore this part, but I’m going to talk about two food adventures. One good and one bad to balance each other out. After the botanical gardens, we (I) decided we wanted hot dogs from Pølsevogn. After walking around for several minutes and wandering around the glass market for what felt like years we realized we were looking at the wrong place. After almost going to the corporate office of one of the Pølsevogns and finding ourselves in a public restroom we realized the hotdog stand didn’t exist anymore. Instead, we just got hotdogs from 7 eleven.
On the flip side, one of my housemates and myself walked a little bit from our street and found a really good and cheap pizza place called Pizzeria Florentina. We want to make it our go-to pizza place because there are so many different options. It also only cost around 8 for a whole pizza!!
Classes at DIS, however, have been a bit of a different experience. DIS has had us do a lot in the first week such as the opening ceremony, book pickup, and tours around the campus. I think with jet lag all of the activities started to blur. I’m very interested in my classes so far and really appreciate my professors but I’m kind of worried about the prevalence if “oral exams” on so many syllabi.
I’m currently reflecting in my own bed for the last time in what will be a long time. A year ago today I was in the warm beach city of Nha Trang, Vietnam and had no thoughts of home. As I prepare to head to Copenhagen I know the weather has been about the same as Indiana and that gives me a bit of comfort. I know I will be reminded of home. Besides the weather, everything about the next four months has seemed so far away. Copenhagen resembles a stranger that I have yet to meet. I know a lot about what my semester will look like, but it still feels unreal.
At DIS there are core courses and elective courses. Often individuals chose a core course that aligns with their field of study at their home universities. Some, however, chose to branch out. My core course incorporates a case study involving glaciers in Iceland. I’m excited about this core because it integrates actual human impact scenarios and climate change. DIS incorporates field study trips within the semester so we will visit many different places that supplement the course. Aside from my interest, this course will count towards my Environmental Geoscience degree at DePauw University. Whoo graduating on time!!
I have spent the past few weeks saying my final goodbyes to friends and family (yes, I know it sounds like I’m going away forever). A lot of DePauw students study abroad and the majority of those students study abroad during the spring semester of their junior year. A good chunk of us will embark on our own little study abroad adventures and its pretty cool to see and hear about everyone’s experiences. I’ve probably had some sort of shared food related goodbyes with at least 20 of my closest friends to prepare for the 5 months of separation. I’m sad, but also anxious, to get started on my own endeavors.
I’ve also been preparing for the actual journey. I continuously fight against my urge to over prepare and my hate of having too much stuff. I have settled on one checked bag and reluctantly a carry on along with my backpack. I don’t think the trip will be too hard as I enjoy a long ride, but I’m extremely worried about navigating through. | 2019-04-18T13:14:21Z | https://joevitadoesdenmark.home.blog/ |
Twin Peaks has entertained, frustrated, and challenged generations of viewers - and will continue to do so when it returns in 2016. Once you fall under its spell, the presence of this moody, mysterious world is hard to shake. I created Journey Through Twin Peaks as a companion for all kinds of Twin Peaks fans: the passionate enthusiast, always looking for new clues and avenues; the veteran viewer, who hasn't seen the show in years but is considering a re-visit; the enthusiastic newcomer, fresh from a first viewing and bursting with questions; and even the curious outsider, ready to take a first trip into these dark woods.
Each chapter avoids plot spoilers for upcoming episodes, but you should check my descriptions and spoiler warnings just to be on the safe side. If you don't want to know anything about the narrative shape of the story - if/when the mystery ends, who/what the film is about - don't scroll beyond the episodes you've seen. I would love to hear feedback from anyone who watches these videos alongside their first viewing of Twin Peaks; however, there's also something to be said for flying blind. I had no idea what I was getting into when I pressed play on that first disc years ago, and have been reeling from the aftershocks ever since.
Journey Through Twin Peaks analyzes the Twin Peaks narrative in chronological order, from pilot to feature film (with occasional character/subject asides that look back but not forward). You can break it into installments, watching each chapter as it becomes relevant to your own journey. Or you can jump directly into the chapters that interest you most - "The Twin Peaks Mythology" and "7 Facts About Fire Walk With Me" have proved particularly popular as standalones. Some have also marathoned the videos immediately after finishing Twin Peaks, treating them as a lengthy documentary epilogue. "What did I just see?" is a pretty common response to a first - or even second, third, fourth - viewing of the show and film. I've asked that myself many times, which is how this project came to be.
The first Twin Peaks cycle was born an acclaimed television phenomenon and died a reviled box-office flop. In between, David Lynch's and Mark Frost's visions sharply diverged, on everything from the central mystery to Cooper's character - they even disagreed on what the show was fundamentally about. These videos do visit the creative differences between Lynch and Frost, and touch on the larger context of Twin Peaks' reversal of fortune (a subject explored more extensively elsewhere on this blog), but their primary purpose is to reveal the series and film, together, as a complete, effective work of art. Despite the detours, dead ends, and disagreements involved in its making, Twin Peaks is not simply the failed experiment that media narratives lead us to believe.
Journey Through Twin Peaks is divided into twenty-eight chapters, each running between four and fourteen minutes. Titles link to the YouTube in case you have trouble opening full-screen on this page. If you'd prefer to watch it in bigger chunks, four long videos are presented at the end of this line-up. There is also a playlist available on YouTube.
Serving as a general introduction to Twin Peaks, this one chapter can be watched even by someone who has never seen the show. Establishing the various tones of the series, ranging from soap opera to horror film to avant-garde art piece, we ask if it all adds up. Is Twin Peaks about nothing, everything, or something else entirely?
Just for fun, take a close look at the young man in the "melodrama" clip (from Peyton Place). Does he look or sound familiar? How about if he was wearing red/blue lenses?
Perfectly mixing atmosphere and precision, David Lynch and Mark Frost set up the three primary elements of Twin Peaks: Laura Palmer, the town of Twin Peaks, and Agent Cooper. This chapter explores the dramatic function and thematic importance of each element in turn.
As the first season gets underway, the show establishes a more relaxed, light-hearted mood than the pilot, but maintains the intense atmosphere cultivated by Laura Palmer's death. Cooper gets the hang of the town, has a strange dream, and attends Laura's funeral.
No spoilers for future episodes, but fair warning: I use the "official" numbering for the episodes, which means episode 1 is really the pilot + 1, episode 2 the pilot + 2, etc. This is the DVD/blu-ray approach but it is not shared by Netflix and some other resources. So be sure to know which system you're using before proceeding.
Cooper is not the only person investigating Laura's murder; each character's search for the killer reflects his/her own needs and interests. Did Laura's death result from criminal connections, spiritual forces, psychological troubles, or social entanglements? Mark Frost was largely responsible for these episodes, with their tight pacing and deft intersection of numerous storylines.
Season two starts slooowly, as David Lynch insists on patience and reminds us of the violence at the story's core. Many critics and viewers were turned off by the show's new direction, and this is where Twin Peaks ceased to be a pop culture phenomenon. Yet this two-hour event also contains some of the series' most memorable moments and boldly declares that its central mystery is about to become deeper, darker, and stranger than anyone imagined.
Chapter 6 - Who is Laura Palmer?
After abandoning a screenplay about Marilyn Monroe, David Lynch and Mark Frost conceived fallen homecoming queen Laura Palmer as a way into the world of Twin Peaks. When they cast a bit player in this crucial role, they were only looking for a corpse. But Sheryl Lee's screen presence convinced them to offer her a new part: cousin Maddy. This chapter also compares Laura's mystery with the classic films Laura and Vertigo, and examines The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer, a spin-off novel written by Jennifer Lynch.
Laura's importance to Twin Peaks grows as her friends search for clues in her secret diary. Meanwhile Cooper is distracted from the increasingly surreal, otherworldly investigation by Audrey's dangerous predicament.
The pace of the investigation picks up as it nears its conclusion and draws attention to a particular suspect. Characters arrive and depart in dramatic fashion, including comical cameos, elaborate disguises, and tragic farewells.
Subtle hints come to fruition as the series implicitly reveals who killed Laura Palmer. We explore all the ramifications of that dramatic revelation, as well as how David Lynch's and Mark Frost's early work led to this big scene. This chapter opens with a montage of chilling images from Twin Peaks set to W.B. Yeats' hauntingly appropriate poem "The Second Coming."
Cooper's investigation reaches its climax in dramatic fashion. In turn, we examine the disappointing, rewarding, and promising aspects of this conclusion.
CHAPTER 10 IS TEMPORARILY DOWN BUT SHOULD BE RESTORED BY MID-APRIL; UNTIL THEN YIU CAN VIDW ITS CONTENTS AT 35:30 IN THE VIMEO UPLOAD OF PART 3.
With Laura's murder mystery resolved, the show must find a new way to incorporate both Laura's memory and her parents' grief, elements crucial to the plot so far. Another townsperson dies and the community gathers at a wake, launching the show in a new direction.
We survey the colorful cast of characters through the first half of the show, recapping storylines which can move from the background to the foreground now that Twin Peaks' central plot has ended.
In the middle of season two, the show drifts through a series of weak subplots and disappointing character changes. What are the specifics of this widely-recognized slump - where has the show gone wrong?
Taking a step back from Twin Peaks' mid-season crisis, we explore the show's many alluring elements (including a look at the 2014 Atmospheric montages), the phenomenal success ignited during the first season, the campaign to bring Twin Peaks back when it was almost cancelled, and new spin-offs from the spring of 1991, including the playful, affectionate Access Guide: a mock tour book for the fictional town.
Although Lynch favored Laura and Frost was more fascinated by the town itself, the two creators coincided in their devotion to Agent Cooper. But they differed in their conception of the hero, and this chapter follows the protagonist's arc through the middle of season two, including the backstory revealed in Scott Frost's spin-off novel The Autobiography of Agent Dale Cooper: My Life, My Tapes.
Season two finally picks up steam as Mark Frost restores tension, unity, and momentum to the previously meandering narrative (while David Lynch brings some unforgettable comedy). This is Twin Peaks' sunniest stretch, even if it ends with foreboding images.
In the most thematically and visually ambitious chapter of the series, we investigate how Twin Peaks' distinctive mythology developed from two sources. David Lynch spontaneously conjured surreal characters for the 20-minute alternate ending of the pilot and the first few scenes of the premiere and follow-up in the second season. And Mark Frost sought to establish a larger cosmic struggle at work in this world, drawing on themes and motifs from Theosophy, the nineteenth-century spiritual movement. Most notably, Twin Peaks puts its own spin on the concepts of the dugpa, the Lodges, and the dweller on the threshold. But until the end of season two, Lynch's images and Frost's concepts do not seem to overlap.
Written, produced, and later presented as two separate episodes, these were originally aired back-to-back as a movie-of-the-week. Taken together, this "two-part finale" reveals where the show went wrong as well as David Lynch's ability to get it back on track. His direction of the final episode is contrasted with his more subdued approach in the pilot, and his desire to remind us of Twin Peaks' past is revealed through changes to the script.
The series comes to a harrowing conclusion in its final sequences, fulfilling both Cooper's character development and the Theosophical themes of the second season (even though Lynch departed dramatically from the script). This chapter ends with the production and reception of the prequel film, which threatened to end Twin Peaks with a whimper. In fact, it does just the opposite.
Opening with a very astute observation by author Judith Guest in 1990, we flash forward two years to establish the themes and approach of Fire Walk With Me during an opening montage and a quick survey of its controversy.
There are many reasons why Fire Walk With Me is both beloved and reviled, but these are among the most important.
After establishing the FBI in the series (especially Agent Cooper) as wacky but reliable, David Lynch demolishes their authority in the opening section of Fire Walk With Me. We also begin to explore the true significance of Teresa Banks' widely misunderstood ring, as well as John Thorne's "dreams of Deer Meadow" theory.
Stopping briefly in the doppelganger village of Deer Meadow and the deceptively sunny Twin Peaks, we proceed to the true "location" of Fire Walk With Me: the spirit world, stocked with Lynchian touchstones that had mostly disappeared from the second half of the series. Surprisingly, the phrase "Black Lodge" never appears in the film; instead David Lynch presents ambiguous interaction between the human and spirit realms. Despite some subtle overlap with Mark Frost's Theosophical concepts, this version of the series mythology points in its own unique direction.
Fire Walk With Me resembles a series of painterly studies of Laura Palmer, but it also tells the story of her personal growth. Structured like Fellini's La Dolce Vita, her seven-days-and-nights spiritual odyssey leads us to discover what a rich character this "dead girl" has become.
Early in Fire Walk With Me, Laura tells us "the angels have all gone away." If you've seen the opening minutes of Twin Peaks then you already know how this story will end...or do you? This chapter, my favorite, explores how Lynch reinvents the tragic death of Laura Palmer to give the Twin Peaks cycle its ambiguous, enigmatic, but deeply moving conclusion. Sheryl Lee's role in this transformation is also examined, through the deep impression she left on the film's crew.
For two decades, David Lynch kept returning to Twin Peaks, retrofitting the messy project as a holistic work of art and emphasizing Laura Palmer at its core. This chapter also explores how The Missing Pieces (90 minutes of deleted footage from Fire Walk With Me, released in 2014) fits into the overall saga.
By departing from David Lynch's original plan for a neverending mystery, Twin Peaks challenged and deepened Lynch's approach as an artist and its influence can be felt in all his later films. The chapter concludes with a fascinating parallel between Inland Empire and the making of Fire Walk With Me.
Through the story of a deceptively casual detour into this moody, mysterious locale, we hear Twin Peaks' siren song one last time. Finally, we address those lingering questions established in the preview of the series... Is David Lynch the primary creative force behind Twin Peaks? Does Twin Peaks have "nothing at all in its pretty little head except for the desire to please"? Does Twin Peaks really care who killed Laura Palmer?
Although Journey Through Twin Peaks concludes with the previous chapter, you may want to continue with this video, created last year as part of a "David Lynch Month" in which I studied the director's entire filmography. Take This Baby and Deliver It to Death (title inspired by a passage from The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer) is a non-narrated 23-minute video essay that examines Lynch's evolving treatment of trauma and repression in his early work.
I must first say, “Thank you!” I have, thoroughly, enjoyed Journey Through Twin Peaks. Your critical analysis, your writing skills, your editing and production skills are a joy to experience. I especially love how they complement a work like Twin Peaks.
Lately, I tend to work late at night/early in the morning. Late last year, after hearing of Twin Peaks’ return to television, I took a break from work and started researching Twin Peaks, once again. Through this “research,” I found your blog and I am so happy that I did. Recently, I finished watching the entire production and it was wonderful to watch. I am forwarding it to my friends, fellow Twin Peaks’ fans and I cannot wait to hear their thoughts of your work. During this process, I found myself re-watching the entire first part, again; I will not be surprised if a full re-watch is in my future.
Thank you for your great insights, your wonderful production values, and, obviously, your passion for what David Lynch and Mark Frost created, back in 1989. I remember watching the program, for the first time, and thinking, “This is something different; I have to see this.” Journey Through Twin Peaks resurrects the joy of watching great material and complements Twin Peaks, perfectly.
Thank you for this. It's truly outstanding. I'm a new fan of Twin Peaks, but devouring Journey through Twin Peaks has been such a great way to round out the experience. Each episode is so well crafted and so informative, thank you so much for taking the time to produce this.The end of Chapter 27 is particularly haunting and I'm glad to have seen it.
Looking forward to whatever 2016 brings us. Take care and once again thank you.
Thank you both for the compliments. Blogging (or just generally writing/creating without any official sort of platform) can be both a rewarding and lonely/frustrating endeavor and one of the most fruitful aspects of Journey Through Twin Peaks for me has been the enthusiastic feedback. Although the audience is relative small, the quality-to-quantity ratio of viewers is staggering to me and, I think, a testament to Twin Peaks fans who do not passively consume anything haha.
Dylan, thanks for forwarding it to others - as I've said numerous times (like a broken, Palmer-house record) that's the only way it will spread so I love that people are sharing it!
Anon, hope you get around to registering for World of Blue. That site has proven a godsend to me and I can honestly say many parts of the series would have been impossible without it. I've had some positive and negative experiences discussing Twin Peaks online (the worst was a blu-ray forum where may idea that the Missing Pieces could work as a bridge between series & film was treated as some sort of blasphemous apostasy). Dugpa has been pretty much entirely positive. Tons of different viewpoints and approaches to the series/film but they all seem to feed off of one another.
Honestly, before getting back into Twin Peaks I was never really a "fan" sort of person; I kind of regarded that sort of category with a bit of skepticism for several reasons (and no wonder: a lot of fan communities behave abominally; while I'm no great admirer of the prequels, the scorn that Star Wars fans heap on Lucas really turns me off).
I was a little slow getting into the forums and communities online for Twin Peaks last year, but I'm really glad I eventually did. There's such a diversity and intelligence to Twin Peaks fans ( guess because there's diversity and intelligence to Twin Peaks itself) that makes the intercommunication really fruitful. At least the ones on Dugpa anyway!
Thank you so much for providing the Twin Peaks community with this detailed and unbiased analysis. I enjoyed it immensely and learned a lot about the world David Lynch and Mark Frost created. The show definitely has a touching complexity to it - and even though it was only 2 seasons and a prequel long, it managed to draw me into its world like no other show has ever done. The way you have edited the videos and analysed the texts is outstanding, and made it very enjoyable and extremely informative to watch. Thank you again and I cannot wait for 2016!
Thanks! It seems like more and more people are discovering them & sharing them (which is great as word of mouth seems to be the main fuel for them, alongside YT search results/recommended videos) the closer it gets to the new series. It will be so interesting to see how the new show follows and completely departs from what came before! I'm looking forward to a new batch of videos to address that.
Really great to hear back from viewers and thanks again for watching!
Thanks for the excellent videos and detailed analysis! I'm watching them as i make my way through the fantastic blu-ray set (along with listening to a few TP podcasts, including Twin Peaks Unwrapped, on which i've enjoyed your appearances) and they're an great way to keep the conversation going. Just one rather mundane question-- you say it's divided into 4 parts, but also say it's broken down into 28 chapters. So what is the correlation between the chapters the parts?
Originally I edited the video in larger sections. Part 1 was created that way (I split the chapters into separate videos later), part 2 was cut in a out of order but released all at once and then starting with Part 3, I actually assembled and released each chapter individually. | 2019-04-25T16:24:33Z | http://www.lostinthemovies.com/2015/02/journey-through-twin-peaks.html |
It's Instant Ancestor Saturday! Look at this little baby beauty? Isn't she precious all propped up with pillows and lace? I love the white gowns babies would wear.
My friend Stacey from Flotsam & Jetsam has a great idea for Instant Ancestors in her business--she attaches jewelry to them, and customers get the gift of the photo with the jewelry purchase! So cute & clever! Thanks for sharing, Stacey!
Here is going to be my next furniture project: This O So Loverly chair we inherited from hubby's grandma. I have no idea what decade this chair is from, but behold the loverly gold with black flecks!
It does have some pretty details to it though that would look great when painted a more up-to-date color!
I love the caning on the back of the chair, and the details on the legs as well!
This should be a fun one to re-do! Tell me what YOU would do with a chair like this, and then see if it matches my ideas for it later!
Have a Blessed Saturday, I'm off to make a late breakfast of homemade waffles for our guests!!
Today I'm continuing the series on Creating A Welcoming Home, and focusing (probably because it's on my mind!) on Welcoming Overnight Guests! There are several easy and inexpensive ideas that you can do yourself to ensure that when guests stay at your home you create a welcoming & pleasant place to visit!
First, your guests need a comfortable place to sleep! Whether you have a separate guest room, your guests may be using another family member's room, or they'll be sleeping on the pullout couch, make sure the "bed" is as comfortable as possible. Best way to check it out? Spend a night there yourself! You'll discover if that mattress eventually needs replacing, a room is drafty, or if the sofabed could use another layer of padding to feel more comfy. You'll also be able to see firsthand what other needs your guests might have--a lamp to read by at night, a table to place glasses and glass of water on, etc. Check it out beforehand, and you'll have happier guests!
Place freshly laundered sheets, a variety of pillows (fluffy, firmer, non-allergenic), and coverlet on the bed. Place an extra blanket or cover folded at the foot of the bed in case your guests get a little chilly. A little fan in the corner of the room in case your guests get warm. Take time to make it a clean, beautiful place to stay! Add some tissues and a single flower on the bedside table. An alarm clock that lights up with the touch of a button at night is great. Put a few recent magazines or a book or two that might be of interest to your guest in the room as well. A little carafe or tiny bottle of water on the nightstand (and maybe a little chocolate if you're feeling fancy!) may be greatly appreciated. A cute touch is a framed picture of you with your guest! They'll feel so special!!
Clear a little space for your guests' personal things. They would appreciate a few drawers or a bit of closet space to call their own for the visit. Put a ring dish or pretty tray or platter on the dresser to catch jewelry or little personals.
In the bathroom leave extra-fluffy towels, a clean, soft robe and a basket of extra toiletries. I have a basket filled with soaps, shampoo & conditioner, shower caps, plastic wrapped toothbrushes, disposable razors, lotions, q-tips, toothpaste, etc. These are all things I've gotten from hotel travels or buying razors in bulk, or the 5 extra toothbrushes the dentist gives, then supplimented with the travel/mini section from Target! Believe me, this basket gets a LOT of use--guests usually always forget something! :) Another tip is to place a little nightlight in the hallway and one in the bathroom in case guests need to make a "trip" during the night!
Make mealtimes simple and enjoyable. Be sure to ask if there are any food allergies or special preferences. Simple meals are the best. They are obviously easy to prepare, and will leave more time for enjoying your company. For breakfast, try a breakfast casserole prepared the night before. Yogurt & berries with a nice slice of banana bread is another easy but oh-so-yummy light breakfast! Dinners like lasagna can be prepared ahead of time, frozen, then baked when company comes. Easy-peasy! My dad likes Diet Coke--a LOT!! :) I am sure to have some in the fridge when he comes for a visit. Let guests know where snacks are, and encourage them to feel free to help themselves to a snack & drink whenever they get the munchies!!
Well, that's about it for today! Remember, making guests feel welcome is really about thinking of their needs and having a fun time together! The decorating book "Charming Guest Rooms" says it well: "It's more about grace than space." So, give your guest and hug and say "Welcome--I'm so glad you're here!"!!
Today I'm feeling a bit like Snow White. And it's not because I'm talking to deer or holding whistling birdies on my finger! hehe I'm just feeling a bit out of my element today--not quite myself. There are little ones running around, and I'm seriously thinking of changing one (both?) of their names to "Grumpy"!
I've got to sweep and dust and make the beds and clean the messes these little ones are constantly making!
Here's MY messy space to clean. Do you have a "catch-all" space, too? My dining room table looks like the 7 Dwarfs kitchen did--a mess! My projects seem to accumulate there! Time to get it lookin' all pretty for large family meals!
The Magic Mirror on the Wall would NOT count me as the fairest of all today, though! :) No sense getting all dolled up before cleaning! I would much rather take a looong nap only to be awakened by my Prince!
Well, Hi-Ho, Hi-Ho it's off to work I go!
Since there was some interest in Instant Ancestors the other day, I thought I would show you some ideas for using these cast-off treasures. In case you've missed earlier posts, an Instant Ancestor is a found photo (from thrift store, flea market, antique store, or even garage sale!) who no one seems to know about and who you decide to "adopt" and take home for your own!
A lot of us have seen photos like this and wonder who would get rid of family pics? Well, the reason is that the pics were never documented with names and dates. Without these things, a person becomes just another face--there's no connection. I HIGHLY recommend that if you scrapbook you ALWAYS write names and dates of each person on each page. What if pages become separated? Or if you always scrapbook journal "Us on vacation...", or "the kids and me..." there is a great chance that future generations aren't going to know who "us", "kids" or "me" are, and your family pictoral history will also end up in the trash pile!!
If you're reading this, you likely have a soft spot for family treasures. Another documenting tip is to take photos of family heirlooms (ie: Grandma's quilt, Aunt Betty's teacup, Great-Grandpa's war items, Mom's cake plate, etc.) and make a little scrapbook with each page having a photo of item, photo of person it came from, known info about item, memories, and journal specific things so that future generations will know where these things came from...stories get lost or forgotten as people age, and this sort of scrapbook could be very sentimental and useful!
Above is how I currently display my little collection of Instant Ancestors. They are in a multi-clip photo holder. It's an older pic--now I have a cute little birdie up there too :). But the fern is looking a little sad now after my trip, so this pic will have to do! The fern flower pot used to be a chamber pot by the way! hehe!!
Above is my fav Instant Ancestor, Charlie? Remember him?!
I chose to collect "Funny Portrait" I.A.'s. My friend Kailey collects just wedding portraits. You could focus on more formal portraits, candids, just babies or children, gentlemen, family group shots, or larger school or sports group pics. Choose what speaks to you. I like the "Funny Portrait" ones best...I wanted ones that would make me smile or imagine stories about them!
Above is an old tin ceiling tile, and I've used magnets made from vintage Scrabble letters to hold a photo on. A "frame" of sorts!
You can pile a bunch of I.A.'s in a pretty bowl, or antique sewing drawer as I've done here. Placed on a coffee table, they could be an interesting conversation piece!
Below is a closeup of the photo garland. I used some lace found in Great Grandma Tillie's Singer sewing cabinet drawers :) and some curlie-cue clips made for scrapbooking! They are made by "making memories", and could be found in scrapbooking stores.
Put a cute pic in a flower frog! Always good for holding pics.
Place in floral frog and then on a vintage plate. Put a glass cloche on top and voila!
Place I.A. pics under glass, such as on this side table. You know the cheap round ones?! They are protected this way, but displayed in a fun & unique way!
Here's Grandma with her purse and gloves. You can create little "memory" or "imagined memory" vignettes!
Have a fun day, my dear bloggy friends, and next time you see an old photo you can rescue it and have your own "Instant Ancestor"!
I long to worship Thee."
May the peace and love of the Lord Jesus Christ be with you this Sunday!
Meet Violet for today's Instant Ancestor Saturday! She comes from a well-to-do family and tolerates lessons on being a "proper" lady from her mother. Violet would much rather be daydreaming out the window and sketching with her drawing pencils! She has such a dreamy look about her, doesn't she?!
Here's hoping everyone has a "dreamy" Saturday, too! :) Leave me a little comment and let me know you stopped by for a visit--I just love to hear from you!!
Hi, everyone! I'm writing from my parent's place in Indiana--where I grew up! The pic above is taken at the edge of my parent's property, the farmland beyond isn't ours, but the view has always been one of my favorites. There is a little clearing through the trees, and as a girl I would sit in my bedroom and look out the window and daydream about that clearing and the adventures I would have in there!
Below are some great finds from going to the local thrift store today!
I spent all of $21, and got the mirror, glass & silver charger for a pitcher of lemonade or something ( I have matching drink coasters at home ), and -- more glass snack/luncheon sets from the 50's-60's!!! I have posted before about my collection of these, and I hadn't seen this flower pattern before. They were priced at $2.99, and were on sale for only--get this--75 cents each!!! I couldn't believe how inexpensive these were, and went ahead and got the whole set of 20 plates & cups!! I figured whatever I decided I didn't want, I'd sell for a nice little profit!
Here's a close up of the plate & cup. It looks like 2 flowers stuck together! Isn't it cute?!
Have a good one, and I'll visit with you again soon!
I thought I would join the Nester from http://nestingplacenc.blogspot.com/ who is doing a show-n-tell today of people's window mistreatments! Easy solutions for windows, not needing sewing or measurements, etc.
I used 1 curtain panel per window in my girls' bedroom to make these mistreatments.
Aren't they cute? And so easy! All I did was put the curtain panel on a rod from Target, gather the material up in folds, and safety pin the folds together in the back to make what looks like a gathered shade!
We tend to move often, and I didn't want to cut the fabric, so this seemed like an easy solution!
I have matching fabric and plan to make pillow shams and dust ruffles to match. Their room has a bit of a shabby chic feel. I'll take more pics after I finish & paint super pale pink!
Hope you enjoyed this, and check out the Nester's other friends who joined in the show & tell!
I am more than a little like the character Sally in "When Harry Met Sally...". I have food "things". I think I'm the only person out there who found nothing out of the ordinary with Sally's pie requests. A girl wants what she wants! I've gotten over food touching, unless it has a sauce or runny substance that could "contaminate" the other food nearby. Such as: syrup from pancakes running onto my scrambled eggs, or steak juice tainting mashed potatoes. Eww. Also, I hate the taste of anything coming close to soggy. I shovel in cereal with milk faster than an Army recruit, and I can't watch people dipping cookies in milk--gag. And I must say that I highly prefer eating with a fork than using a spoon. Only applesauce with a fork, please. Or, ice cream by itself with a spoon, but if you add cake or pie, then only a fork!
I went to an all girls high school.
I met my husband at our college coffee house (this was the early 90's people, and alterna-grunge was it) when his band played. My friend was dating his roommate, and introduced us. The friend and roommate broke up the next day. But my future hubby sent a vax/e-mail (again dating myself because this was before everyone was using the internet!) saying thanks for coming to watch them play. I asked if he was the one with the green hair. He said, "Yes" :) and a friendship then courship ensued. Ahh, romance!
I firmly believe that common sense isn't as common as it should be!
I love to garden. Hated it as a kid. Gardening isn't much fun when all you're allowed to do is pull thousands of maple tree volunteers and weed. I only got into gardening when hubby and I re-hardscaped and re-landscaped at our first house. I liked the design aspect, and doing all of the work ourselves was really satisfying. From there I got into flowers, learning a LOT from plant/seed catalogs. Now I LOVE to garden, and have turned a backyard of only dirt into one that looks pretty!
I am scared. to. death. of worms! Snakes can be draped on me, no problem. Just. not. worms!
Before I was a mom, I worked for optometrists in 3 different states. I was a technician/clinic manager depending on the office. I really enjoyed doing that!
I have Celiac Disease. An auto-immune disease where your body attacks the small intestine when you eat gluten (a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, & oats). I eat gluten-free, and I believe we all have to be a firm advocate for our own health.
I once played Shelby in my high-school production of "Steel Magnolias"!
I have a thing for magazines! My hubby says if it has the words: Country, Living, Home, or Southern somewhere in the title I'm probably a subscriber! Hehehe!!
Well, there ya go! 10 things you might not ever have cared to know but just got put into your brain anyhoo!! LOL I'm planning to take my computer with me on my trip, and I'll do my best to get some posts out there for you. Pray we are all safe and healthy--we really need it!--and have a Fabulous Friday!!!!!!
Today I'm going to continue the Creating a Welcoming Home series I've done for several Thursdays. I've been giving easy and inexpensive tips for a Welcoming Home, using ideas from a talk I've given to women's groups at my church on this very topic.
There is so much that can be said about HOME and CREATING A WELCOMING HOME, and I may do longer thought-ramblings on that another Thursday or 2, but please understand that this series is just tips--not the whole she-bang on the topic!
Not only do candles cast a flattering light, they often have a wonderful fragrance that can fill your home. Spread around a room, they can really add a special sparkle in a matter of seconds.
One of my favorite ways to add scent to my home is to use lamp rings and oils. Just turn on the lamp and the warmth of the bulb releases the fragrance.
Flowers! Not only are they colorful and beautiful, but they smell great! If you're lucky enough to have an ALDI near you they sell 1/2 dozen roses or bunch of flowers for only $2.99. (A flower garden can yield blooms all season long, for only the cost of the seeds!) Lots of places are inexpensive and I use part of our grocery budget every week or 2 to get 1 bunch, which I can split into vases to spread throughout the house. For such a small investment, I have gained several rooms of my home smelling wonderful & looking beautiful, PLUS I get such a lift when I praise God for His creativity!
Cooking/Baking is a labor of love that can fill your home with delicious scents on a daily basis! What better way to bring others together than around the table?!
To elicit delicious scents from the kitchen, simmer a little cinnamon in some water, find a super-simple crock-pot recipe (it smells great all day, you really can't mess these dishes up, and it can become your new specialty!), or make the house smell great by popping just a couple break-n-bake cookies on a cookie sheet and bake. When I was single, I used to bake 3 cookies in my toaster oven, make my apartment smell cozy & yummy, have no prep work & very little clean up, AND get a delicious snack! This also worked to our advantage when selling our last house!
Sound can either lift your spirits up OR drag you down. Think about listening to the sounds of: children giggling, Christian/positive songs on the radio, or a wind chime softly making music, VERSUS listening to: family members yelling at each other, a TV show where the characters keep swearing or taking God's name in vain, and doors that slam open and shut constantly.
The sounds that are heard in your house can have a great effect on whether people feel welcome and at home there, or whether they would like to spend as little time in your home as possible!
One of the best ways I've seen uplifting sounds brought into the house is by using Christian music. My mother-in-law has a small under the cabinet radio in her kitchen that is always tuned in to a Christian station. For much of the day, you can hear Christian praises playing very softly in the background. That sound is gently carried to the family room and living room as well. It is ever-so-soft, but what a difference in my spirit when it is on!
I grew up in the country, so soft "outside" sounds (such as a singing bird on a summer morning, or the gentle sound of a windchime) really bring a smile to my face & make me feel right at home. I love hearing windchimes so much that I now have a couple of them hanging in various spots near the house so I can listen to their sweet chimes even when I'm inside!
this week!! Margo has LOTS of fun projects categorized on her site--go check it out!
Well, better late than never, right? Sorry this wasn't ready for you this morning, but my family & my health (another post for another time) takes precedence! :) Well, faithful readers, here's the promised T2T (trash to treasure) project!!!
It started as a chance meeting by the curb. Just my hubby & the old window frame with all the glass still intact! He was a trouper, and brought it home for me. And the poor window proceeded to sit with my other projects-to-do in the garage for, oh, just 3-ish years!!
Yay! Inspiration struck last week. I finally got that old window out, cleaned 'er up real good, and painted 2 coats of white paint on it in the driveway.
Then the window sat some more. Just a few days this time!
I printed some words off the computer to reverse paint-pen on the glass, had a few candids of the fam printed in black & white 5x7's, and went to town!
And here's the finished (almost!) project!!! The words say "our family est. 1997", and has pics of my hubs and me on our 10th anniversary trip, and our 2 little girls. I still might antique it a little, and obviously have to cover up the picture hangers at the top with something cool, but it's mainly done.
I love family photos mainly because I love my family so much! A lot of decorators say not to put family pics in the main rooms of your home, but I say I'd like to see these lovely, smiling faces I adore in the rooms in which I actually spend time in! And a family room should be just that--for family.
This pic above is a closer look at the painted words, it's also a truer version of the color difference between frame and wall color.
Below are a couple pics of the darling gifts that my new blogging friend Cheryl sent me for playing her "Paying It Forward" game! Thank You, Cheryl--I love it!!!
I really had fun doing the window t2t project! I know window picture frames have been done before, but I thought you might get a kick out of this anyway! :) I love how it turned out!! Have any of you done any window projects you'd want to share? If so, put a link in the comments for this post.
I went to one of my favorite shops, Piggyback Market in Apex, NC, and they were having a 30-50% off EVERYTHING sale!!! Whoo-hoo!
Everything was super affordable, and will be going in my sunroom/gardenroom. We plan on putting shelves above the windows in there, and decorating with greenery and garden-y type items. This cherub is my favorite find and it was only $10 because of it's missing wing! I have been looking for one exactly like this for about 2 years, and you can't even tell it's broken when it's facing forward!
Below are pictures from a magazine I just discovered called life:beautiful. It really is a lovely magazine, and I can't believe I'd never heard of it before! It is like a Christian Martha Stewart Living, without everything being so utterly complicated! :) There are gorgeous photographs, simple crafts and decorating ideas, easy recipes and entertaining ideas, gardening, well-written articles on parenting, health & fitness, marriage, finance, interviews, etc.
I hope you enjoyed my finds, I'll be back to visit with you tomorrow and I'll have a Trash 2 Treasure project I've completed to share with you (this is my motivation to finish it! hehe!)!!!
I hope you all have a great Saturday full of time spent with family & friends, hitting the sales, and having fun!
Rhoda over at the lovely blog Southern Hospitality has invited us to take part in a What's your Favorite Yard Sale/Estate Sale/Thrift Store Find EVER party link-up! Check out her blog and see the others who joined in the fun!
My personal favorite finds are these little vintage luncheon/snack plates, I think from the 1950's. I found a couple sets at yard sales one summer several years ago, and they only cost me a few dollars for the whole set! I've since found more at antiques stores and other sales, and currently have 32 plates and cups!
They work great for milk & cookies!
I've used them for LOTS of parties and get-togethers, they are perfect to hold on your lap. I used them for my sister's baby shower last year.
Below I used the plates only (under the fan) for the goodies at my daughter's birthday tea party!
And we used them for Christmas Day brunch for my side of the family, using the punch/tea cups as fruit cups!
Family Room Window Treatment - Help! | 2019-04-20T15:14:35Z | http://theblessednest.blogspot.com/2008/08/ |
Last week, the Chemnitz church finished up our annual two-week campaign with the singing group from OC. As I mentioned in a blopgost from a few days ago, this is the campaign that originally led Ed and me and "a horn-shaped container filled with fruits and grain emblematic of abundance" (aka a cornucopia) of people to full-time and part-time work with the church in Saxony. When we were still living stateside, Ed was part of this campaign group for 8 summers in a row, starting in 1994; and I was part of the group 5 summers in a row, starting in 1997.
And, as I have also mentioned in previous posts, it's interesting to see how God's plans are often so very different from humans' plans. When Ed and I moved to Chemnitz, we thought our work with the singing campaign was done. Oh, we knew that we'd still be working with this group every summer, because Clyde and Gwen and their successors would continue to put the group together and come to Saxony every year. But Ed and I thought that from the time of our arrival in Chemnitz, our role would be solely a "native" one: helping coordinate and organize and encourage on the Chemnitz side of things; introducing the group to the church and to the city every year; offering our car (when we still had one) for transportation needs; bringing drinks and snacks to the gospel meetings at which the group would sing; things of that sort. We thought that as far as being part of the group was concerned, that chapter of our lives was closed.
But God had other ideas. Apparently, he still considers the Singing Campaign Chapter of our lives to be very much open, and he has been proving this to us over and over again during the past few years. I guess it started when in 2002, we innocently stood up with the group to sing with them a few times. Just for fun, you see. But that started a pattern of singing with them "just for fun" a few times every year. Shades of things to come!
Then, in 2005, for various reasons that would be too long to explain, the group wasn't able to come to Germany. Suddenly, the Saxon churches in Chemnitz and Oelsnitz were without a yearly summer campaign team. Chemnitz chose to focus solely on Let's Start Talking that year; but Oelsnitz wanted to go ahead with their gospel meeting, and they asked us for help.
And so, the "Chemnitz A Cappella Singers" were born. ;o) At that point, the group was an octet consisting of April and me (soprano); Amanda and Karen (alto); Alex and Steffen (tenor); and Ed and Larry (bass). Since then, we've added Jan on tenor, which makes our group a...what? A nontet?
Anyway, our Chemnitz group sang in Oelsnitz in 2005, and we've been singing together ever since. In 2006, Chad and Stefanie Anderson brought the singing campaign from OC, and they asked our group to sing with theirs. While they were in Oelsnitz, we sang with them as often as schedules permitted. While they were in Chemnitz, at least part of our Chemnitz group sang with them every day.
This year—as in, starting about two weeks ago—our Chemnitz group did the same thing as last year. So, in essence, we were part of the campaign team: not just in our “native” roles, but also as “full-fledged singers” in the OC group. And that’s why I say that the Singing Campaign Chapter of the Cantrells’ lives isn’t as over as we originally thought it would be.
Anyway…all of this leads into telling of some of the thoughts about the future that Ed and I have had recently. Recently, as in, during the course of the last year. In considering our move to Oklahoma, Ed and I have been very clear (I believe) in telling people that even though we are leaving Germany for now, this doesn’t mean we aren’t coming back! Either on a temporary or on a long-term basis. Yes, we are keeping our opitions open…and our hearts open to wherever God might lead us when. If he leads us to Africa or Brazil or Denmark, then that’s where we’ll go. Suffice it to say that we’ll go where he wants us to go, wherever that might be.
But as far as Chemnitz is concerned: We do plan on coming back, if it’s God’s will. At this point, he seems to be pointing us in the direction of……you guessed it……the OC singing campaign! It’s too soon to tell, of course, and I don’t want to count any unhatched barnyard fowl…but there’s a possibility that Ed might get a job in OKC which would allow us to have summers off. And if we had summers off, then we would be free to join the singing campaign and come back to Saxony with the group every summer.
NOTE: All of this is SPECULATION. We’re making no guarantees, and at this point we’re not going past the stage of merely hoping. We’ve talked with Chad and Stefanie about this, and they’re all for it. Ed and I are all for it, too, if it works out the way we hope it might.
My point in writing this isn’t to make some big announcement regarding our future plans. Although it probably seems like I’m standing on a corner, blaring out the news! ;o) No, my point in telling this long, epic tale is merely to show that once again, God is showing us so many more possibilities than we ourselves ever thought of originally. He always has something different and something more wonderful in mind than we do.
Yes, it’s an uncertain life we live, in the sense that we never know what’s around the next corner. BUT! it’s a *wonderfully* uncertain life, a grand adventure with the Lord as our guide, our protector, and our encourager. We have faith in him and trust that no matter where this grand adventure might lead us, it is all within the confines of his perfect plan, and his loving hand is sheltering us every step of the way.
Will try to answer comments soon.
This is the conclusion I have come to over the last month. Recently, I took up running. Sort of. I do a fast walk from our house to the park, which takes about 8 minutes. Then, I run around the pond and back home the long way around, which takes about 15 minutes. I haven't done this during the last twelve days, simply because our schedule was so full while the campaign was underway. But for about 3 weeks, I was in a really good rhythm of running at least 5 days a week. I plan to get back into it over the next few days (provided I don't get another sinus infection, which currently seems to be coming on) and start working my body up to running longer.
'Cause yeah, I know that 15 minutes of running doesn't sound like a lot. But for a former heart patient who has never EVER been a runner in any shape or form, 15 minutes is a major breakthrough.
Anyway, about the happy joggers. I have noticed, on my morning runs, that the 'other' athletic people (I put 'other' in quotation marks because, while these people are actually what one might call 'athletic,' I am not.) always make eye contact with me as we pass each other. And not only do they make eye contact, they actually smile.
Why is this significant? Well, it's significant because these are Germans. At least, I assume that they're Germans and that it's not only we foreigners who get out early in the morning and go do something exercisey. ;o) But one thing about German culture: In general in Germany, strangers who meet each other on the street rarely make eye contact with each other, and even more rarely do they smile. This is not a right or wrong thing, and it doesn't mean that they're unfriendly. It doesn't even mean that they're unhappy, which the flippant title of this post seems to imply. Eye contact and smiling simply aren't ways that Germans connect with strangers on the street. Which is why I was surprised to find it happening with my 'fellow' intrepid exercisers on my morning runs.
And there are several that I see on a regular basis. And we even say "guten Morgen" to each other. I cannot describe how this just makes my day.
...or a Myspace page. Or a Facebook page. Or anything online of that sort.
Recently, I've been seeing blogs and homepages and whatnot that purport to be written by Jesus. As in, the administrators of the blog or page write their entries in first person singular (that is, from an "I" perspective), as though Jesus were the author of the words that appear in the text.
A lot of people are going to call me an old-fashioned stick-in-the-mud, but I don't care: I have a problem with this.
If it were only a matter of scripture quotations, that would be one thing. Actually, I think that would be a great idea, provided the scriptures were being quoted in the context in which they originally appeared in the Biblical canon. However, the websites to which I'm referring all contain explanations of scripture (read: interpretations) that are penned by an "I"-narrator, as though the interpretations were the direct word of God.
In my opinion, the people who are writing these interpretations are going against what God has always required of us humans: that we not speak as though we know the mind of God; that we not claim to speak for him; that we don't add to the words he has given us in scripture. I think that the authors of these blogs and sites are in direct violation of those commands.
Some will claim that in the paragraph above, I am "speaking for God" in the same way as the website authors I'm talking about. Well, my answer to that is that I say quite openly that these thoughts are *my understanding of scripture*; I am not claiming that these are the words of Christ himself.
The scripture that comes to mind most readily is Proverbs 30:5-6: "Every word of God proves true; he is a shield to those who take refuge in him. Do not add to his words, lest he rebuke you and you be found a liar" (English Standard Version).
The Good News Bible also has an apt translation of verse 6: "If you claim that he said something that he never said, he will reprimand you and call you a liar."
I understand that most of the authors of these blogs and sites have good intentions. I recognize that they are only trying to spread God's word and increase people's understanding of Jesus's teachings. But the ends do not justify the means. In the very least, I think the authors are putting themselves in a spiritually dangerous position. For them to respond to readers' comments with "Yes, I am Jesus" and "I am the Son of God" is akin, I think, to walking a tightrope with no net and no tightrope.
I fully support sites that quote directly from scripture; but the authors who write as though they were Jesus himself...these are another matter entirely. The words 'presumptuous' and 'disrespectful' come to mind. I'm not angry at these people; yes, I am slightly offended on a spiritual level, but mostly I am afraid of what the consequences for them might be.
So, the Big Move is finally taking place. Last week, the military sent movers to my parents' house in Mörfelden. They arrived on Monday, packed for two days, and took the containers away on Wednesday. Mama and Daddy stayed in the house a few more days; then, the owner told them that he would like them to leave *now* in exchange for not having to clean and paint the entire house over the course of the next week. So, though this initially caused them quite a bit of extra stress, they went earlier than planned to the home of a friend in the Wiesbaden church. They will stay there until this coming Monday, when they plan to travel to Chemnitz and live with us for the next month, minus a 10-day trip to Greece.
I have to say, I don't think the magnitude of it all has hit me yet. Since I didn't see the move take place, my brain is still telling me that the Mörfelden house is still as full of their possessions as it has been for the last ten years. I feel like I usually do at this time of year: My parents will go to Oklahoma for the summer and then come back to Germany to start the new school year / opera season. I feel this, even as I know it's not true. Possibly, my feelings won't catch up to my knowledge until fall rolls around and my parents are *still* in Oklahoma, without return tickets.
Hence, I haven't really started to be sad yet about their move. A little, but the rest of the mourners are still waiting in the wings, I suspect.
When we had lived in Germany about 3 years (so this was sometime in 1983), the three of us were at the Woog, a small lake in Darmstadt. Mama and Daddy were watching me play, when Daddy suddenly turned to Mama and asked, "If we were to leave Germany now, what would you miss the most?"
Mama thought for a minute and then answered, "The Autobahn."
Daddy nodded and said, "I'd miss that, too."
On a more serious note, I'm concerned about how they'll adjust once they're back in Oklahoma past the "vacation-period" time span. Twenty-seven years is a long time. Germany is their home. They are not "coming home" to Oklahoma; they are moving to a foreign country. (The same applies to Ed and me regarding our move in November, but that's another post and shall be blogged another time.) Mama used the right word when she described leaving Germany and leaving their jobs as "bittersweet." I imagine that their arrival in and adjustment to Oklahoma will be much the same.
Yo. I thought I'd give a quick run-down of the goings-on around here.
Last week, finished up our yearly 6-week Let’s Start Talking campaign.
Had a great team this year: Bekah, Erin, and Greta, who are/were students at Pepperdine.
Lemme tell ya, they rock the LST world.
They really swing the LST verge, if you will.
Or even if you won’t.
I won’t say too much here about the positive, encouraging effect the three of them had on me while they were here.
But they were part of helping me through a rough spot a few weeks ago.
God showed himself to me through them, right at a time when I needed it.
During the last five days, toured Chemnitz schools and marketplace with singing campaign from Oklahoma Christian.
This is the campaign that led Ed and me to Chemnitz.
And Stoltes and Carrolls and Martins to Dresden.
And a plethora of other people to other places in Europe.
And a whole kit ‘n’ caboodle of other people on short-term missions worldwide.
All thanks to two amazing people, Clyde and Gwen Antwine, just serving God where and when and as they can.
I can’t describe how much these two people mean to me.
Anyway, Clyde and Gwen (aka Dad and Mom/Queenie) are in Dresden for a few weeks, and they came to hear the campaign group (with us Chemnitzers) sing last night.
Clyde and Gwen led a standing ovation and made me cry.
People told us that they could see our love for God in our faces when we sang.
He definitely had the hearts and voices of our whole group in his hand.
Trying to keep up with the campaigners has shown me I am no longer 20.
This is a rather disturbing realization.
But I wasn’t too bright when I was 20.
So I still think 30 is pretty cool.
I’d like to write more, because a lot has been going on in my head/heart, but I don’t have time.
This is a weird blopgost.
But it was fun to write.
Gret’s “staccato” email inspired it.
I’m looking forward to some downtime this coming week.
But I’m also enjoying all the hullabaloo of late.
You will need: a big heavy rock, something with a bit of a swing to it... perhaps Mars.
This is number three on the list of Ten Ways To Destroy Earth, which I found here. Though my personal favorite was actually the giant black hole of method #5, I thought the description of #3 was catchy.
Help me walk Your narrow way.
Help me stand when I might fall.
Give me strength to hear your call.
Here I am just for today.
Is only to hear You say, "Well done!"
May my steps be worship.
May my thoughts be praise.
May my words bring honor to your name.
1. You refer to other Americans as "they" or "Amis".
2. You REALLY think AFN (Armed Forces Network Radio) is quality entertainment.
3. You realize that Ausfahrt isn't the biggest city in Germany.
4. You forgot how to use round doorknobs.
5. 100 MPH seems like you're really driving slow.
7. Even at home you don't put ice in your drinks.
8. You never leave home without your keys, ID card, license, and passport.
9. You answer the phone "Hallo" instead of Hello.
11. You're used to the fact that there's a crane outside your house.
12. Sunshine actually becomes a topic of conversation.
13. You play "guess what town" the driver in front of you is from (HD, MA, KL, PS), based on their license plate.
14. You are incredibly careful about being loud during the "quiet hours" of 7 p.m. – 10 a.m. and 12 – 3 p.m.
15. You don't drive anywhere that you can take a bus/tram/train to.
16. You get excited about the great deal of paying under $4.50 a gallon for gas.
17. When visiting the States, you think that if you want to buy something that costs $0.99, it'll actually cost that exact amount.
18. For you, pay toilets mean there's another woman standing outside the "public restroom" with a change dish, glaring and demanding her 50 cents.
19. You know David Hasselhoff was a singer, and you think "I've been looking for freedom" is quality music.
20. You can wear black socks and nothing else that's black… and it's okay.
21. The only contact you have with other Americans is through Myspace.
22. Nature becomes its own entity for you (I went out into "the nature").
23. Martin Luther King Day, Memorial Day, Labor Day and Presidents Day fade in favor of Tag der Deutschen Einheit, Nikolaus, Erster Mai Tag and Heiligen Drei Königen.
24. You start writing the number 1,000.25 as 1.000,25 and your ones look like sevens and your sevens are a molestation of a 7 and a T.
25. Finger food ceases to exist. There's a utensil for EVERYTHING.
26. You know the lyrics to American Oldies in German – i.e. the Beatles' "Komm gib mir deine Hand".
27. You start to refer to hip hop, rap and R&B as "black music".
28. You've gone back to calling clubs discos.
29. When you think of fast food, Döner comes to your mind quicker than a burger.
30. The sauna doesn't scare you anymore.
31. You start introducing yourself with a German accent to your name.
32. You refer to your friends with the word "the" in front of their name. As in "the Valerie" and "the Leah".
33. You catch yourself putting verbs at the end of sentences in English.
34. You watch German T.V. and GET the jokes.
35. When people come to visit you, and you start telling them historical facts about the things you drive by.
36. Meeting people from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East is a normal daily occurrence.
37. You crave cake and coffee at 4:00 pm.
38. You start saying things like "I'll meet you at sixteen o'clock".
39. Bread, cheese and cold cuts constitute dinner.
40. You can name more German politicians than German actors/actresses.
41. When purchasing presents, you prioritize them as useful over being enjoyed.
42. You heat each room in your house separately.
43. When you talk about a two room apartment, the living room counts as one of those rooms.
44. Everything you eat needs to have nutritional value and you justify fatty things with "it's healthy".
45. Driving half an hour to go somewhere is a hassle.
46. $1,000 a year tuition seems like a lot of money.
47. You think soccer is the best sport ever invented.
48. Aldi satisfies all of your shopping needs.
49. All of your shoes are sensible.
50. You call your cell/mobile a "handy". | 2019-04-23T06:04:57Z | http://thegermanygirl.blogspot.com/2007/06/ |
Hotel Pick up time: 7:30 a.m.
Hotel Return time: 11:30 p.m.
Located a half-mile off the west end of Kaiaka Bay is a coral reef at depths of 25-30 feet. This site has a variety of overhangs and arches. On top of the shelf there is a large crack that is 60 yards wide by 100 yards long, where a school of 15 to 20 porcupine fish reside. At its center, several formations rise into the arches, tubes and caves. The residents of the formation, and the topographical aberration give this site its name, Turtle Street. Six very tame turtles provide an excellent opportunity to photograph these gentle creatures, and the site is nestled with lots of pukas and is good grounds for lobster.
This dive site is directly inshore, half the distance from Turtle Street. The reef rises to within 10 feet of the surface. At some point during its creation, seismic activity split the formation, leaving a valley 100 feet below. The wall is a vertical drop and its counterpart is 100 yards further inshore. This dive is concentrated along a 200-yard stretch of the seaward side of the wall. Its top has abundant variety of fish, colorful coral, arches and overhangs. Little pukas can be found through one side of the wall, which leads to the Turtle Street site. The valley itself is known as the Haleiwa Trench. About 20 yards off the wall is a large coral mount that seems to be part of the original structure still standing. The pinnacle is 100 feet across and rises to within 35 feet of the surface. A dozen turtles rest on the mount and are very comfortable around divers.
At the east end of the Dillingham Airfield, 15 minutes from Haleiwa Harbor, a finger of the Waialua Wall extends seawards. A large wash rock rests on that plateau in 20 feet, approximately a half-mile offshore. Devil's Rock rises four to five feet above the surface marking the position for diving in varied topography. The inshore rock is a sheer drop to a sand bottom at 70 feet. The frequent turtle sightings are indicative of all the sites along the North Shore area. A couple of vertical cracks, five to ten feet wide, on each side of the wall, hide lobster - but are good for shelling, including tiger cowries. Excellent snorkeling is available around the washrock, which is nicely encrusted with healthy corals. The seaward side drops to over 90 feet, and is an active area for dolphins during the summer months, and whale sightings during the spring.
Kahuku Ledge of the northern tip of Oahu is a site that can only be dove in perfect conditions. Up to two hours from Haleiwa Boat Harbor and three fourths mile from shore, this area is rarely dove. Kahuku Ledge starts at 70 feet and drops well beyond recreational scuba depths. Yellowfin tuna, jacks and other fish are found along with lobster, crown of thorns starfish and triton's trumpets.
Sharks Cove and Three Tables are adjacent North Shore diving spots near Waimea Bay. This a great summer shore dive site. This is the entry at Sharks Cove which is protected somewhat from waves and swell. Reefs with caves, lava tubes and ledges run off to the right. Reef fish are plentiful. You may spot a shark but they are no more likely here than elsewhere, despite the name. Depths run to 60 feet but this is an easy dive when the surf is low and often used for scuba training.
Three Tables (20/45ft, 7/14m) Beach Dive on arches and lava tubes, turtles, rays and octopus are common.
Three Tables is just a few hundred yards West. It is named for three flat rocks running out from shore. They break the surface and drop to about 50 feet. As with all North Shore sites, heavy surf makes the area generally unuseable from late October through mid April.
Waimea Walls is on the east side of Waimea Bay and the area is accessible from shore (about two hundred yards from Three Tables) or boat. Three fingers of lava push out to sea starting at 25 feet and dropping to 60 and heavily covered in coral. A lava tube cuts through the middle reef finger.
The base of the drop off and the lava tube are the principal points of interest. Whitetips, turtles and eagle rays are sometimes spotted along with lobster hiding in cracks in the lava tube.
As with all North Shore sites, heavy surf from October through April can make diving impossible.
Mole Heaven is a shore dive from Haleiwa Beach Park. The site starts at the green #3 buoy that marks the right side of the channel. Visibility may be poor near the surface but improves after a few feet of depth. There are many channels with a silt bottom separated by walls that rise from 25 feet to near the surface. Holes in the wall are home to lobster and cowries, for which the site is named.
Haleiwa Trench is a fissure, about 100 yards wide and 100 feet deep in the reef formation about a quarter mile off the west end of Kaiaka Bay. The wall is a vertical drop. Dive the seaward side. The top has plenty of reef fish, coral, arches and ledges and holes which may hide lobster or eels. Off the wall a coral pinnacle, home to several turtles, rises to within 35 feet of the surface. Haleiwa Trench is a deep dive that can easily be reached from shore; use the beach next to the Haleiwa Boat Harbor.
Waialua Wall (20/70ft, 6/25m) Drop off on the entrance of harbor, big variety of eels.
West of Haleiwa Trench is a three mile long ledge called Waialua Wall. The drop ranges from 10 to 80 feet. Corals cover the wall. At deeper levels there are cracks and caves which cut into it. At the bottom of the drop are boulders. Reef fish, turtles, lobster, eels and shells in holes are found along the wal.l.
Mokupaoa sticks up about five feet out of the water about a half mile off the east end of Dillingham Airfield. The shoreward side drops to sand at 70 feet and the seaward side is on a 20 foot deep plateau before dropping to 90 feet. The rock is covered with coral and is home to reef fish, lobster and cowries with frequent visits by turtles.
Further north on Kamehameha Highway is a site that is best done from a boat. A series of lava fingers, worn smooth by the heavy wave action, but with beautiful rock outcroppings, run seaward from Police Beach. Small fish and shrimp hang out in the sand bottom channels that separate the fingers. Though the depth does range from 15 to 85 feet, the best diving is in 40 to 70 feet. During the daytime, two small caves house the largest turtles at the site, and at night, textile cones forage the bottom in search of food.
Kahuna Canyon is five miles west of Haleiwa Boat Harbor. A large bowl formation with a base at 100 feet and a top near 35 feet with a 200 yard long underwater canyon. As with all North Shore sites, heavy surf from October through April can make diving impossible.
The waves at blowhole sends fountains of spray skyward like the spouting of a whale, hence the name. The surge makes the dive dangerous in anything but flat calm conditions. The shore entry / exit point is the beach used in "From Here To Eternity." You can also access the area by boat.
The dive is along a ledge which drops to 35 feet. Rocks are covered in coral with good quantities of reef fish in the area. Holes in the ledge hide eels and lobster.
Be extra careful of the current, it can be too strong to swim against and could move you along the coast or out to sea. Start against the current and abort the dive if it is strong.
On a clear day you can see the island of Lanai from Lanai Lookout but we're here to dive. The dive is midway along the wall that runs from Blowhole to Hanauma Bay.
Like Blowhole, conditions can make this dive too rough. The entry can be reached by a long hike, a giant stride from a ledge about five feet above to 30 to 40 feet of water. The exit is a quarter mile toward Hanauma Bay. It can also be done as a boat drift dive.
The ledge drops to 90 feet or more in spots. Just past the entry is a large underwater cave that cuts deep into the cliff.
Hanauma Bay (20/100 ft, 13/33m) See a wide variety of reefs, huge schools of reef fish.
Hanauma Bay is a flooded volcano crater and it's beach is visited by thousands of tourists each day. It is a very popular diving and snorkeling site. The bay has been declared a conservation district, all of the marine life in the bay is fully protected.
Fish feeding has been banned within the bay.
The crater is now open to the sea, the beautiful white sand beach is protected by a reef just off shore. The bay is normally protected from waves and swell. Depths reach 70 feet in the outer areas with walls and reefs to explore. At the exit of the bay the walls continue but current in the area can sweep you along the wall or out to sea.
Located along the outside of Hanauma Bay, is Dominique's Wall, and this is preferably preformed as a drift dive. As a rule, the current runs west, so entries should always be done from a boat - no anchor. The moving waters slowly carry divers along the wall, starting at 95 feet then gradually ascending to 35 feet at the Portlock area. This dive is a great sightseeing dive with ledges that house lobster, large game fish as well as the rarely seen mahi-mahi (dorado). This is recommended for experienced divers due to the strong currents.
(The Wall)Portlock Wall runs from the end of Hanauma Bay toward Maunalua Bay. The current normally runs to the West and the area is normally a boat drift dive. However, there are places to enter and exit along the cliffs, but this is not recommended without an experienced guide. The wall runs down to 90 to 100 feet near Hanauma Bay, rising to 30 to 40 feet by Portlock. There are ledges that house eels and lobster and plentiful fish all around. Large caves cut into the wall in spots.
Sea Cave (60 ft, 20 m) Large cavern, occasional sharks, octopus.
The Sea Cave is an exciting cave dive located between Portlock Wall and Paliea Point. The mouth of the cave is located in 55 feet of water and the cave extends inward approximately 150 feet. You can expect to see white-tip reef sharks and sea turtles as well as many different types of shells and reef fish. After exploring the large cave divers drift along the wall with the current.
Turtle Canyon/Koko Craters (40 ft, 13 m) See reef, lots of turtles.
Turtle Canyon and Koko Crater are two shallow dive sites off Hawaii Kai. Eels, octopus, reef fish and numerous turtles frequent the area. Depth is only 30 to 40 feet and the area is usually protected from heavy swells, so it is usually diveable even when other areas may be rough. These dives are excellent for new or rusty divers. This dive is sometimes a second dive site on our daily boat dives going to the south shore.
Corsair Plane (100 ft, 33 m) Airplane wreck, large schools of fish.
The pilot of this Corsair ran out of fuel on a training mission in 1946 and ditched his plane off Hawaii Kai. He got out but the plane settled on the sand bottom at about 105 feet. It is the only wreck in Hawaii visited by divers that was not sunk intentionally. Reef fish swarm around and in the fuselage. A large octopus has been spotted in the cave formed by the root of the port wing, most of which is buried in sand. There is often a strong current in the area. Access to Corsair is by boat in the late fall to early spring when South shore sites are likely to be calmer than North or West shores. Boats moor to a buoy fastened to the hub of the propeller and the line aids descent. Visibility of 100 to 200 feet is common. The depth makes this an advanced dive. Check out Aaron's Advanced Open Water and Deep Diver Specialty courses. Or call Aaron's to schedule a charter dive at the corsair.
Six FingersSix Fingers is a shallow site near Hawaii Kai. It is named for the six fingers of the reef that rise from the bottom. Reef fish, eels and octopus are found in depths from 30 to 50 feet.
Several lava ridges are undercut to form ledges and archways that are inhabited by a variety of crabs and other crustaceans. This is also a good site to encounter larger life including barracudas, large turtles and several big moray eels.
Kahala Barge (60/80 ft, 20/27 m) Wreck, eels and occasional dolphins.
The Kahala Barge is a retired 200 foot Matson barge sunk in 90 feet of water about a mile seaward of the Kahala Mandarin Oriental hotel. It rests upright, intact and has a pilothouse that may be entered. Large turtles, manta and eagle rays and even sharks may be spotted along with many smaller fish. Two other barges, in poorer condition are at 70 and 50 feet. There can be strong current in the area which may create a hazard around jagged edges on the barge.
YO 257 (80/105 ft, 27/35 m) Shipwreck, eels, turtles and huge schools of reef fish.
The YO-257 was a Navy yard oiler built in the 1940's. It was bought by Atlantis Submarines Hawaii and sunk as an artificial reef off Waikiki in 1989. The ship rests upright in 100 feet of water with the main deck about 85 feet. It has been prepared for diving with many large access holes cut through the structure. It is the home of many colorful fish. Moray eels may be found around the wreck. Wave to the Atlantis submarine as it passes by on its tour.
Sea Life: Shipwreck, Reef fish, eels, Occasional Reef SharkThis 168-foot vessel was sunk in 1999 as an artificial reef. Marine life and growth is still in the early stages. This wreck offers penetration through its cargo holds, passageways and stairwells surrounding the outer portion of the ship. Exploration of the inner cabins and passageways is restricted by means of welded barriers. The Sea Tiger is visited daily by Atlantis Submarines. For added safety, it is highly recommended that divers stay clear of the submarine and pay particular attention when transiting between the surface and the wreck. Although this wreck is relatively new, it has already attracted numerous species of fish including, squirrelfish and filefish, along with visits from morays and occasional reef sharks.
100 Foot Hole (95ft/ 32m) See crustaceans and occasional white tip shark.
Located near Diamond Head, 100 Foot Hole is an ancient Hawaiian Fishing Ground that was accessible only to the Ali'i. Although this hole is only 70-90 feet deep, it got its name from fishermen, who, after being asked how deep it was, answered, "it's about a hundred feet" and the name has stuck. The site is constructed from a cluster of volcanic rocks tumbled together to form ledges, caves and one large open-ended cavern. One formation, encrusted with cauliflower coral, houses the main tunnel. Within that tube there is an obstructing rock that can easily be traversed. Boats tie off to a naturally formed lava anchorage in 75 feet, just south of the focal boat of the dive. Bring a light to view the bountiful marine life inside the cave.
Rainbow Reef (30/40 ft, 10/13 m) See Reef, turtles and butterfly fish.
Both of these dive spots are located near Ala Moana Beach Park, which offers easy and convenient shore entry. There is an abundance of marine life and due to the lack of currents this is a perfect spot for beginners. The fish here have been hand feed for years so prepare to be approached by all sorts of colorful tropicals. Expect to see porcupine fish, spotted puffer fish, morays, Moorish idols, triggerfish, and fantail filefish. You might also see the odd manta ray and turtle or two. * Due to possible boat traffic this site is not recommended for snorkelers.
Kewalo Pipe (30/60ft, 10/20m) Reef, eels.
Pearl Harbor Wall (30/50 ft, 10/17 m) reef dive, turtles and puffer fish.
This site can be a shore or boat dive, the later being the most popular. The wall is covered with coral, crustaceans and juvenile reef fish are plentiful. Lookout for the odd Whitetip reef shark and watch the sandy bottom for hidden critters.
Ewa Pinnacles (50/80ft, 17/27m) see tall coral formations, yellow-margin eels.
Koko Craters -- These ledges of these volcanic craters are home to several species of tropical fish, eels, and octopus. There is also almost always a photographic opportunity with the endangered Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle . 40 feet.
Sea Cave -- This is a double layer cave. As you approach you see a large cave above the water. 40 feet below lies a connecting cave. Here you can see many different nudibranchs and possibly a resident white-tip reef shark. After exiting the cave you will drift along a beautiful wall. In one direction there are many rare beautiful fish. In the other direction you will see large coral gardens. Weather conditional.
The Corsair -- In 1946 this WW2 fighter plane run out fuel on a training mission and was ditched into the ocean. The only regularly visited wreck on Oahu that was not intentionally sunk, this plane sits in 107 feet of water and is home to the majestic Hawaiian Garden Eels.
Spitting Cave -- This drift along a wall is one of our favorites. Here you can see a very large diversity of marine life! From the red cup coral and frogfish, to the turtles, this dive is a winner. Average dive depth 50 feet.
Dive Site: The Mahi, Oahu, Hawaii.
Dive Site: Black Rock, Oahu, Hawaii.
Dive Site: Makaha Caverns, Oahu, Hawaii.
This is Oahu's second most popular dive site and is a superb shallow water dive located 100 yards of Kepuhi Point. The V-Shaped verging of two open-ended lava tubes forms Makaha Caverns. The topography is very flat, giving the spacious room a more geometric, man-made look. Outside the cavern, the site spreads over a large area. Working seaward, the coral thins out - but the pockets are home to octopus, and several species of eels.
Airplane Canyon---Here you will find the remains of an old twin engine airplane in a semi-circular depression. Large numbers of fish can be found here. A white-tip reef shark is also known to spend some time here! Depth: 90 feet. | 2019-04-21T04:54:06Z | https://hanaumabaydivetours.com/diving/oahu-dive-sites |
It creates one of the most important documents in the world, one that helps define the direction of US foreign and domestic policy which then reflects the entire global body politic – yet you will scarcely ever hear it quoted by decision makers or by mainstream media. The National Intelligence Council (NIC) is at the center for midterm and long-term strategic thinking within the United States Intelligence Community (IC).
The NIC's goal is to provide policymakers with the best information: unvarnished, unbiased and without regard to whether the analytic judgments conform to current U.S. policy. One of the NICs most important analytical projects is a Global Trends report produced for the incoming US president. The report is delivered to the incoming president between Election Day and Inauguration Day, and it assesses critical drivers and scenarios for global trends with an approximate time horizon of fifteen years. The Global Trends analysis provides a basis for long-range strategic policy assessment for the White House and the intelligence community. The NIC's most recent Global Trends report is titled "Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds" and it should be required reading for every decision maker, community planner and activist who might wonder about where big brother might be going – or not.
As history tells us, just a few months after the 2000 report was published the events of 9-11 provided the “clear and overriding national security threat” which then took some of the pressure off of the country’s need for economic prowess – it could once again depend on it’s military industrial complex for advancing US foreign policy objectives.
It’s interesting to note that in the report, “Weapons of Mass Destruction” (WMD’s) remain prominent within its narrative as it outlines the fear of who might have them. History once again tells us that WMD’s are now well entrenched in the American vernacular.
According to the NIC, Global Trends 2030 is intended to stimulate thinking about the rapid and vast geopolitical changes characterizing the world today and possible global trajectories over the next 15 years. In depth research, detailed modeling and a variety of analytical tools drawn from public, private and academic sources were employed in the production of this report.
So these Trends Forecasts are important, they might even cue up trends on their own right as they sketch a starting point for governments, corporations and institutions to deliver their own plans and agendas in an effort to be in-step with the big picture. In 2000 the NIC began to make mention of something called a “Nonstate World” which was different from the normal narrative that included emerging nations and such, now within the 2030 forecast there is a growing interest in the Nonstate World and there is a vantage point from which the status quo is feeling that there is an emerging influence brewing, one that it does not quite understand yet. The intelligence community seems to apply old world threat scenarios to it, but it also seems to be trying to seek to understand its leadership and structural drivers. The fact that the intelligence community is seeing it as a possible “world” in only 15 years means that this “movement” has arrived. The people or at least the informal leadership within this grassroots movement might call their efforts “local” or “bioregional” but there will be corporate forces at work to control all things local as well; and to the NIC threats loom as state control and globalization transforms into something very different.
The present recalls our past global transition points—such as 1815, 1919, 1945, and 1989—when the path forward was not clear-cut and the world faced the possibility of different global futures. We have more than enough information to suggest that however rapid change has been over the past couple decades, the rate of change will accelerate in the future. Accordingly, we have created four scenarios that represent distinct pathways for the world out to 2030: Stalled Engines, Fusion, Gini Out-of-the-Bottle, and Nonstate World.
As in previous volumes, we have fictionalized the scenario narratives to encourage all of us to think more creatively about the future. We have intentionally built in discontinuities, which will have a huge impact in inflecting otherwise straight linear projections of known trends. We hope that a better understanding of the dynamics, potential inflection points, and possible surprises will better equip decision makers to avoid the traps and enhance possible opportunities for positive developments.
Stalled Engines: In the most plausible worst-case scenario, the risks of interstate conflict increase. The US draws inward and globalization stalls.
Fusion: In the most plausible best-case outcome, China and the US collaborate on a range of issues, leading to broader global cooperation.
Nonstate World: Driven by new technologies, nonstate actors take the lead in confronting global challenges.
According to the NIC, in a Nonstate World, nongovernmental organizations(NGOs), multinational businesses, academic institutions, and wealthy individuals, as well as subnational units, such as megacities, flourish and take the lead in confronting global challenges. New and emerging technologies that favor greater empowerment of individuals, small groups, and ad hoc coalitions spur the increased power of nonstate actors. A transnational elite educated at the same global academic institutions—emerges that leads key nonstate actors (major multinational corporations, universities, and NGOs).
A global public opinion consensus among many elites and middle-class citizens on the major challenges—poverty, the environment, anti-corruption, rule-of-law, and peace—form the base of their support and power. Countries do not disappear, but governments increasingly see their role as organizing and orchestrating “hybrid” coalitions of state and nonstate actors, which shift depending on the challenge. Authoritarian regimes—preoccupied with asserting the primacy and control of the central government—find it hardest to operate in this world. Smaller, more agile states where the elites are also more integrated are apt to be key players—punching way above their weight—more so than large countries, which lack social or political cohesion.
Private capital and philanthropy matter more, for example, than official development assistance. Social media, mobile communications, and big data are key components, underlying and facilitating cooperation among nonstate actors and with governments.
In this world, the scale, scope, and speed of urbanization—and which actors can succeed in managing these challenges—are critical, particularly in the developing world. National governments that stand in the way of these clusters will fall behind.
This is a “patchwork” and uneven world. Some global problems get solved because networks manage to coalesce, and cooperation exists across state and nonstate divides. In other cases, nonstate actors may try to deal with a challenge, but they are stymied because of opposition from major powers. Security threats pose an increasing challenge: access to lethal and disruptive technologies expands, enabling individuals and small groups to perpetrate violence and disruption on a large scale. Terrorists and criminal networks take advantage of the confusion over shifting authorities among a multiplicity of governance actors to acquire and use lethal technologies. Economically, global growth does slightly better than in the Gini Out-of-the-Bottle scenario because there is greater cooperation among nonstate actors and between them and national governments on big global challenges in this world.
The Trends Report includes a fictitious sketch; in 2030 a historian is writing a history of globalization and its impact on the state during the past 30 years. He had done a doctoral thesis on the 17th century Westphalian state system but hadn’t managed to land an academic job. He was hoping that a study of a more recent period would give him a chance at a big-time management consultancy job. The following is a synopsis of his book, “The Expansion of Subnational Power”.
Globalization has ushered in a new phase in the history of the state. Without question, the state still exists. The continuing economic volatility in the global economy and need for government intervention shows that the state is not going away. However, it would also be wrong to say that the powers of the state have remained the same. During the past 30 years, subnational government authorities and the roles of nonstate bodies have greatly expanded. This has been especially the case in Western democracies, but the increase in subnational power has spread far and wide; the West no longer has a monopoly.
The expansion has been fueled by the formation of a transnational elite who have been educated at the same universities, work in many of the same multinational corporations or NGOs, and vacation at the same resorts. They believe in globalization, but one that relies on and benefits from personal initiative and empowerment. They don’t want to rely on “big” government, which they see as oftentimes behind the curve and unable to react quickly in a fast-moving crisis.
middle classes around the world, which are increasingly self-reliant. It’s fair to say that in a number of cases, the rising middle classes distrust the long-time elites who have controlled national governments in their countries. Hence, for the rising middle classes, working outside and around government has been the way to be upwardly mobile. Denied entry at the national level, many—when they seek elected office—see cities as steppingstones to political power.
This new global elite and middle class also increasingly agree on which issues are the major global challenges. For example, they want to stamp out cronyism and corruption because these factors have been at the root of what has sustained the old system or what they term the ancien regime. The corruption of the old elites has impeded upward mobility in many countries. The new elites believe strongly in rule-of-law as a way of enforcing fairness and opportunity for all. A safe and healthy environment is also important to ensuring quality of life. Many are crusaders for human justice and the rights of women.
nonstate bodies, from businesses to charities to universities and think tanks, have gone global. Many are no longer recognizable as American, South African, or Chinese. This has been disconcerting to central governments—particularly the remaining authoritarian ones—which do not know whether to treat them as friend or foe.
The technological revolution has, in fact, gone way beyond just connecting people in far-flung parts of the world. Owing to the wider access to more sophisticated technologies, the state does not have much of an edge these days. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) are within the reach of individuals. Small militias and terrorist groups have precision weaponry that can hit targets a couple hundred miles away. This has proven deadly and highly disruptive in a couple of instances. Terrorists hacked into the electric grid and have brought several Middle Eastern cities to a standstill while authorities had to barter and finally release some political prisoners before the terror-hackers agreed to stop.
Many people fear that others will imitate such actions and that more attacks by ad hoc groups will occur. We have seen in the past decade what many experts feared for some time: the increasing overlap between criminal networks and terrorists. Terrorists are buying the services of expert hackers. In many cases, hackers don’t know for whom they are working.
A near-miss bioterrorist attack occurred recently, in which an amateur’s experiments almost led to the release of a deadly virus. Fortunately, the outcry and panic led to stronger domestic regulations in many countries and enormous public pressure for greater international regulation. As an example of the enhanced public-private partnership, law enforcement agencies are asking the bio community to point out potential problems. In light of what could happen, the vast majority of those in the bio community are more than eager to help.
However, most everyone has recognized that action at the country level is needed too. Thus, the original intent of the Westphalian system—to ensure security for all—is still relevant; since the near-miss bioterror attack, no one is talking about dispensing with the nation-state.
On the other hand, in so many other areas, the role of the central government is weakening. Consider food and water issues. Many NGOs sought central government help to institute country-wide plans, including pricing of water and reduced subsidies for subsistence farmers. There was even that huge G-20 emergency summit—after the wheat harvests failed in both the US and Russia and food riots broke out in Africa and the Middle East—which called for a new WTO round to boost production and ensure against growing export restrictions. Of course, all the G-20 leaders agreed, but when they got back home, the momentum fell apart.
The momentum took a dive not just in the US and the EU, where the lobbyists sought to ensure continued subsidies, but also in places like India where subsistence farmers constitute important political constituencies for the various parties.
Five years later no progress has been made in restarting a World Trade Organization round. On the other hand, megacities have sought their own solutions. On the frontlines in dealing with food riots when they happen, many far-sighted mayors decided to start working with farmers in the countryside to improve production. They’ve dealt with Western agribusiness to buy or lease land to increase production capacities in surrounding rural areas. They are increasingly looking outside the countries where the urban centers are located to negotiate land deals. At the same time, “vertical farming” in skyscrapers within the cities is being adopted.
people not living in well-governed areas remain vulnerable to shortages when harvests fail; those living in the better-governed areas can fall back on local agricultural production to ride out the crisis.
In general, expanded urbanization may have been the worst—and best—thing that has happened to civilization. On the one hand, people have become more dependent on commodities like electricity and therefore more vulnerable when such commodities have been cut off; urbanization also facilitates the spread of disease. On the other hand, it has also boosted economic growth and meant that many resources—such as water and energy—are used more efficiently. This is especially true for many of the up-and-coming megacities—the ones nobody knew about 10 or 15 years ago. In China, the megacities are in the interior. Some of them are well planned, providing a lot of public transportation. In contrast, Shanghai and Beijing are losing businesses because they have become so congested. Overall, new or old, governance at the city level is increasingly where the action is.
We’ve also seen a new phenomenon: increasing designation of special economic and political zones within countries. It is as if the central government acknowledges its own inability to forge reforms and then subcontracts out responsibility to a second party. In these enclaves, the very laws, including taxation, are set by somebody from the outside. Many believe that outside parties have a better chance of getting the economies in these designated areas up and going, eventually setting an example for the rest of the country. Governments in countries in the Horn of Africa, Central America, and other places are seeing the advantages, openly admitting their limitations.
The Growing Nexus among Food, Water, and Energy in combination with climate change.
The NIC has not really made a genuine connection that globalization continues to prime and fuel climate change and that this will then reflect the looming crises that will see food, water and energy shortages. In the report there doesn’t seem to be a negative side to “development” or “consumption”. So by 2030 will we see more consumption or less? Up to now less than one billion people have accounted for three-quarters of global consumption. According to the NIC during the next two decades, new and expanded middle classes in the developing world could create as many as two billion additional consumers. Such an explosion will mean a scramble for raw materials and manufactured goods.
Globally, the mainstream political narrative will continue to seek support that will strengthen globalization and growth in hopes that we can buy the solutions required to fix all the damage that we have caused. This jargon is exactly why there are more and more grassroots movements seeking to fix things without the help of government. It can’t be underestimated that whatever grassroots local activism is emerging that will help us solve present and future problems, that this activity will either be seen as fitting or not fitting into the picture of the world as defined by the NIC and others. If such activity is seen as a “threat” then it may fall victim to negative constructs that intelligence agencies have become notorious for.
The NIC’s forecast describing a Nonstate World is missing a great deal of grassroots intelligence, which should make activists nervous in the event that national intelligence agencies everywhere invent their own stories about what the truth might be. Bioregionalism, Localism and Permaculture are all micro-movements that are slowly building a wave of local solution building that has been flying below the radar. The challenge will be for these movements to capture a strong pro-active narrative within mainstream information networks in order to prevent themselves from being constructed as a threat to intelligence agencies, which seem to be the gatekeepers for globalization and mass consumption.
What seems very apparent is that we are going to experience dramatic uncertain change over the next 15 years.
A greater focus on the role of US in the international system. Past works assumed US centrality, leaving readers “vulnerable” to wonder about “critical dynamics” around the US role. One of the key looming issues for GT 2030 was “how other powers would respond to a decline or a decisive re-assertion of US power.” The authors of the study thought that both outcomes were possible and needed to be addressed.
A clearer understanding of the central units in the international system. Previous works detailed the gradual ascendance of nonstate actors, but we did not clarify how we saw the role of states versus nonstate actors. The reviewers suggested that we delve more into the dynamics of governance and explore the complicated relationships among a diverse set of actors.
Greater discussion of crises and discontinuities. The reviewers felt that the use of the word “trends” in the titles suggests more continuity than change. GT 2025, however, “with its strongly worded attention to the likelihood of significant shocks and discontinuities, flirts with a radical revision of this viewpoint.” The authors recommended developing a framework for understanding the relationships among trends, discontinuities, and crises.
Greater attention to ideology. The authors of the study admitted that “ideology is a frustratingly fuzzy concept . . . difficult to define . . . and equally difficult to measure.” They agreed that grand “isms” like fascism and communism might not be on the horizon. However, “smaller politico-pychosocial shifts that often don’t go under the umbrella of ideology but drive behavior” should be a focus.
More understanding of second- and third-order consequences. Trying to identify looming disequilibria may be one approach. More wargaming or simulation exercises to understand possible dynamics among international actors at crucial tipping points was another suggestion.
The NIC state that they will let readers judge how well they met the above challenges in this volume.
outside the government, has worked to identify major drivers and trends that will shape the world of 2015.
(2) Natural resources and environment.
(4) The global economy and globalization.
(5) National and international governance.
(7) The role of the United States.
No single driver or trend will dominate the global future in 2015.
Each driver will have varying impacts in different regions and countries.
The drivers are not necessarily mutually reinforcing; in some cases, they will work at cross-purposes.
degrees of confidence and identify some troubling uncertainties of strategic importance to the United States.
Global Trends 2015 provides a flexible framework to discuss and debate the future. The methodology is useful for our purposes, although admittedly inexact for the social scientist. Our purpose is to rise above short-term, tactical considerations and provide a longer-term, strategic perspective.
about science and technology, economic growth, globalization, governance, and the nature of conflict represent a distillation of views of experts inside and outside the United States Government. The former are projections about natural phenomena, about which we can have fairly high confidence; the latter are more speculative because they are contingent upon the decisions that societies and governments will make.
been to harness US Government and nongovernmental specialists to identify drivers, to determine which ones matter most, to highlight key uncertainties, and to integrate analysis of these trends into a national security context. The result identifies issues for more rigorous analysis and quantification.
The following represents a download link for the NIC Global Trends 2030 document with an overview about the study as presented by the NIC.
The following represents a download link for the NIC Global Trends 2015 document with an overview about the study as presented by the NIC. | 2019-04-18T19:26:54Z | http://www.forestalmanac.com/Main2/GaiaSection/8-Intelligence-1.html |
If its fuselage, tail, and engine nacelles contribute nothing to an aircraft's lift, why not get rid of them?
Designers pursued the all-wing dream from the first decade of powered flight, notably Jack Northrop in the U.S. and the Horten brothers in Germany. Reimar and Walter Horten were a step ahead, testing an all-wing sailplane in 1933, a twin-engined pusher in 1937, and a turbojet fighter-bomber in 1944. When the war ended, Reimar was working on a six-engine "Amerika Bomber" to carry a hypothetical atomic bomb to New York City.
Postwar, the western Allies dismissed their work, though the British toyed with a transport version of the Amerika Bomber. Walter stayed in Germany and eventually rejoined the Luftwaffe; Reimar went to Argentina and worked for the Peron government.
Meanwhile, Jack Northrop was still trying to build a successful all-wing turbojet bomber in the 1950s. That he never hired the Hortens, who as German engineers were recruited for the U.S. space program, may have been one of history's great missed opportunities.
In the end, all that came from their work was a dozen aircraft whose beauty still astonishes. This is especially true of the Ho 229 fighter-bomber, a bat like warplane that would not look out of place at a 21st-century air show--or combat airfield.
Ho I - 1931 - a flying-wing sailplane.
Ho II - 1934 - initially a glider, it fitted with a pusher propeller in 1935. Looked very like Northrop's flying wings.
Ho III - 1938 - a metal-frame glider, later fitted with a folding-blade [folded while gliding] propeller for powered flight.
Ho IV - 1941 - a high-aspect-ratio glider [looking very like a modern sailplane, but without a long tail or nose].
Ho V - 1937-42 - first Horten plane designed to be powered, built partially from plastics, and powered by two pusher propellers.
Ho VI "Flying Parabola" - an extremely-high-aspect-ratio test- only glider. [After the war, the Ho VI was shipped to Northrop for analysis].
Ho VII - 1945 - considered the most flyable of the powered Ho series by the Horten Brothers, it was built as a flying-wing trainer. [Only one was built and tested, and 18 more were ordered, but the war ended before more than one additional Ho VII could be even partially completed].
Ho VIII - 1945 - a 158-food wingspan, 6-engine plane built as a transport. Never built. However, this design was "reborn" in the 1950's when Reimar Horten built a flying-wing plane for Argentina's Institute Aerotecnico, which flew on December 9, 1960 -- the project was shelved thereafter due to technical problems.
Ho IX - 1944 - the first combat-intended Horten design, a jet powered [Junkers Jumo 004B's], with metal frame and plywood exterior [due to wartime shortages]. First flew in January 1945, but never in combat. When the Allies overran the factory, the almost-completed Ho IX V3 [third in the series - this plane was also known as the "Gotha Go 229"] was shipped back to the Air and Space Museum.
Four aircraft of the Ho IX type were started, designated V.1 to V.4. The V.1 and V.2 were built at Göttigen, designed to carry two BMW 003 jet engines.
V.2 was built with two Juno 004 [jet] engines and had two hours flying before crashing during a single-engine landing. The test pilot, Erwin Ziller, apparently landed short after misjudging his approach.
V.3 was built by Gotha at Friedrichsrodal as a prototype of the senior production version.
V.4 was designed to be a two-man night fighter, with a stretched nose in the fuselage to accommodate the second crewman.
The Horten Ho 229 [often erroneously called Gotha Go 229 due to the identity of the chosen manufacturer of the aircraft] was a late-World War II flying wing fighter aircraft, designed by the Horten brothers and built by the Gothaer Waggonfabrik. It was a personal favourite of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, and was the only plane to be able to meet his performance requirements.
In the 1930s the Horten brothers had become interested in the all-wing design as a method of improving the performance of gliders. The all-wing layout removes any "unneeded" surfaces and –in theory at least– leads to the lowest possible drag. For a glider low drag is very important, with a more conventional layout you have to go to extremes to reduce drag and you will end up with long and more fragile wings. If you can get the same performance with a wing-only configuration, you end up with a similarly performing glider with wings that are shorter and thus sturdier.
Years later, in 1943 Reichsmarschall Göring issued a request for design proposals to produce a bomber that was capable of carrying a 1000 kg load over 1000 km at 1000 km/h; the so called 1000/1000/1000 rule. Conventional German bombers could reach Allied command centers in England, but were suffering devastating losses, as allied fighter planes were faster than the German bombers. At the time there was simply no way to meet these goals; the new Jumo 004B jet engines could give the speed that was required, but swallowed fuel at such a rate that they would never be able to match the range requirement.
The Hortens felt that the low-drag all-wing design could meet all of the goals – by reducing the drag, cruise power could be lowered to the point where the range requirement could be met. They put forward their current private (and jealously guarded) project, the Ho IX, as the basis for the bomber. The Government Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) approved the Horten proposal, but ordered the addition of two 30MM cannon, as they felt the aircraft would also be useful as a fighter due to its estimated top speed being significantly higher than any allied aircraft.
Reichsmarschall Göring believed in the design and ordered the aircraft into production at Gotha as the RLM designation of Ho 229 before it had taken to the air under jet power. Flight testing of the Ho IX/Ho 229 prototypes began in December 1944, and the aircraft proved to be even better than expected. There were a number of minor handling problems but otherwise the performance was outstanding.
Gotha appeared to be somewhat upset about being ordered to build a design from two "unknowns" and made a number of changes to the design, as well as offering up a number of versions for different roles. Several more prototypes, including those for a two-seat 'Nacht-Jäger' night fighter, were under construction when the Gotha plant was overrun by the American troops in April of 1945.
The Gotha factory also was building the radar-equipped Horten Ho IX, a for that time futuristic jet-engine flying wing. Using the knowledge they gathered from the construction of these now named Gotha Go 229 [the other name used for the Horten Ho IX], they made a proposal for a fighter, the Gotha P60. The P60 used nearly the same wing layout as the Go 229. The first proposal, the P60A, used a cockpit with the crew in a prone position laying side-to-side.
The engines of the P60A were placed outside the wing. One on top of the central part, one under the central part. Maybe this was done for better maintenance of the engines.
The second proposal, the Gotha P60B, no longer had the prone pilots. It seems to be that Gotha needed to make a simplified cockpit. Maybe they wanted to speed up development or production. Gotha got approval to start building the P60B-prototype, but work was stopped in favor of the final proposal, the P60C.
The Ho 229 A-0 pre-production aircraft were to be powered by two Junkers Jumo 004B turbojets with 1,962 lbf [8.7 kN] thrust each. The maximum speed was estimated at an excellent 590 mph [950 km/h] at sea level and 607 mph [977 km/h] at 39,370 ft [12,000 m]. Maximum ceiling was to be 52,500 ft [16,000 m], although it is unlikely this could be met. Maximum range was estimated at 1180 miles [1,900 km], and the initial climb rate was to be 4330 ft/min (22 m/s). It was to be armed with two 30 mm MK 108 cannon, and could also carry either two 500 kg bombs, or twenty-four R4M rockets.
It was the only design to come close to meeting the 1000/1000/1000 rule, and that would have remained true even for a number of years after the war. But like many of the late war German designs, the production was started far too late for the plane to have any effect. In this case none saw combat.
The majority of the Ho-229's skin was a carbon-impregnated plywood, which would absorb radar waves. This, along with its shape, would have made the Ho-229 invisible to the crude radar of the day. So it should be given credit for being the first true "Stealth Fighter". The US military initiated "Operation Paperclip" which was an effort by the U.S. Army in the last weeks of the war to capture as much advanced German weapons research as possible, and also to deny that research to advancing Russian troops. A Horton glider and the Ho-229 number V2 were secured and sent to Northrop Aviation in the United States for evaluation, who much later used a flying wing design for the B-2 "Spirit" stealth bomber. During WWII Northrop had been commissioned to develop a large wing-only long-range bomber [XB/YB-35] based on photographs of the Horton's record-setting glider from the 1930's, but their initial designs suffered controllability issues that were not resolved until after the war.
The Northrop XB-35 and YB-35 were experimental heavy bomber aircraft developed by the Northrop Corporation for the United States Army Air Forces during and shortly after World War II. The airplane used the radical and potentially very efficient flying wing design, in which the tail section and fuselage are eliminated and all payload is carried in a thick wing. Only prototype and pre-production aircraft were built , but interestingly, the Horten brothers were helped in their bid for German government support when Northrop patents appeared in US Patent Office's "Official Gazette" on 13 May 1941, and then in the International Aeronautical journal "Interavia" on !8 November 1941.
The Northrop YB-49 was a prototype jet-powered heavy bomber aircraft developed by Northrop Corporation shortly after World War II for service with the U.S. Air Force. The YB-49 featured a flying wing design and was a jet-powered development of the earlier, piston-engined Northrop XB-35 and YB-35. The two YB-49s actually built were both converted YB-35 test aircraft.
The YB-49 never entered production, being passed over in favor of the more conventional Convair B-36 piston-driven design. Design work performed in the development of the YB-35 and YB-49 nonetheless proved to be valuable to Northrop decades later in the eventual development of the B-2 stealth bomber, which entered service in the early 1990s.
The YB-49 and its modern counterpart, the B-2 Spirit, both built by Northrop Grumman, have the same wingspan: 172.0 ft [52.4 m]. Flight test data collected from the original YB-49 test flights was used in the development of the B-2 bomber.
The Ho-229's design employed a thoroughly modern wing shape far ahead of its time. The wing had a twist so that in level flight the wingtips [and thus, the ailerons] were parallel with the ground. The center section was twisted upwards, which deflected air in flight, and provided the majority of its lift. Because of this twist in its shape, If the pilot pulled up too suddenly, the nose would stall [or, lose lift] before the wingtips. This meant that the craft's nose would inherently dip in the beginnings of a stall causing the plane to accelerate downwards, and thus it would naturally avoid a flat spin. A flat spin is difficult to recover from, and many rookie pilots have crashed from this condition. Horten also noticed in wind-tunnel testing that in the beginnings of a stall, most airfoil cross-sections began losing lift on their front and rear edges first. Horten designed an airfoil cross-section that developed most of its lift along the centerline of the wing. Since the center line had high lift and the front and rear edges had low lift, it was called a "Bell-Shaped lift curve". The wings were also swept back at a very modern and optimum angle [his gliders from the 1930's used this sweep long before it became popular] which enhanced its stall-resistance, and also lowered its wind-resistance which helped its top speed. This made the Ho-229 easy to fly and very stall-resistant in all phases of its operation.
The only existing Ho-229 airframe to be preserved was V2, and it is located at the National Air and Space Museum [NASM] in Washington D.C. The airframe V1 crashed during testing, and several partial airframes found on the assembly line were destroyed by U.S. troops to prevent them from being captured by advancing Russian troops.
In 1944 the RLM issued a requirement for an aircraft with a range of 11000 km [6835 miles] and a bomb load of 4000 kg [8818lbs]. This bomber was to be able to fly from Germany to New York City and back without refuelling. Five of Germany's top aircraft companies had submitted designs, but none of them met the range requirements for this Amerika Bomber. Their proposals were redesigned and resubmitted at the second competition, but nothing had changed. The Hortens were not invited to submit a proposal because it was thought that they were only interested in fighter aircraft.
After the Hortens learned of these design failures, they went about designing the XVIIIA Amerika Bomber. During the Christmas 1944 holidays, Reimar and Walter Horten worked on the design specifications for their all-wing bomber. They drew up a rough draft and worked on weight calculations, allowing for fuel, crew, armaments, landing gear and bomb load. Ten variations were eventually worked out, each using a different number of existing turbojets. Several of the designs were to be powered by four or six Heinkel-Hirth He S 011jet engines, and several of the others were designed around eight BMW 003A or eight Junker Jumo 004B turbojets.
The version that the Hortens thought would work best would utilize six Jumo 004B turbojets, which were buried in the fuselage and exhausted over the rear of the aircraft. They were fed by air intakes located in the wing's leading edge. To save weight they thought of using a landing gear that could be jettisoned immediately after takeoff [with the additional help of rocket boosters] and landing on some kind of skid. The Ho XVIII A was to be built mainly of wood and held together with a special carbon based glue. As a result, the huge flying wing should go largely undetected by radar.
The Hortens were told to make a presentation for their Amerika Bomber design on 25 February 1945 in Berlin. The meeting was attended by representatives of the five aircraft companies who originally submitted ideas for the competition. No one challenged their assertion that their flying wing bomber could get the job done. A few days later the Hortens were told to report to Reichsmarshall Göring, who wanted to talk to the brothers personally about their proposed Amerika Bomber. There they were told that they were to work with the Junkers company in building the aircraft.
Several days later Reimar and Walter Horten met with the Junkers engineers, who had also invited some Messerschmitt engineers. Suddenly it seemed that the Horten's design was to be worked on by committee. The Junkers and Messerschmitt engineers were unwilling to go with the design that the Hortens had presented several days earlier. Instead, the committee wanted to place a huge vertical fin and rudder to the rear of the Ho XVIII A. Reimar Horten was angry, as this would add many more man-hours, plus it would create drag and thus reduce the range. The committee also wanted to place the engines beneath the wing, which would create additional drag and reduce the range even further. After two days of discussion, they chose a design that had huge vertical fins, with the cockpit built into the fin's leading edge. Six Jumo 004A jet engines were slung under the wing, three to a nacelle on each side. The bomb bay would be located between the two nacelles, and the tricycle landing gear would also be stored in the same area. The committee would present the final design to the RML and recommended that it be built in the former mining tunnels in the Harz Mountains.
Dissatisfied with the committee designed Ho XVIII A, Reimar Horten redesigned the flying wing Amerika Bomber. The proposed Ho XVIII B had a three man crew which sat upright in a bubble-type canopy near the apex of the wing. There were two fixed main landing gear assemblies with two He S 011 turbojets mounted to each side.
During flight, the tires would be covered by doors to help cut down on air resistance and drag, a nose wheel being considered not necessary. Overall, the aircraft would have weighed about 35 tons fully loaded. Fuel was to be stored in the wing so that no auxiliary fuel tanks would be required. It was estimated that the Ho XVIII B would have a range of 11000 km [6835 miles], a service ceiling of 16 km [52492 feet] and a round-trip endurance of 27 hours.
It was decided that construction was to be done in two bomb-proof hangers near Kala, which had concrete roofs 5.6 meters [18.4 feet] thick. In addition, extra long runways had been constructed so the aircraft could be test flown there too. Work was supposed to start immediately, and the RLM expected the Ho XVIII B to be built by the fall of 1945, which Reimar Horten reported to be impossible. At any rate, Germany surrendered two months later before construction could begin.
In 1943 the all-wing Horten 229 promised spectacular performance and the Luftwaffe [German Air Force] chief, Hermann Göring, allocated half-a-million Reich Marks to the brothers Reimar and Walter Horten to build and fly several prototypes. Numerous technical problems beset this unique design and the only powered example crashed after several test flights but the airplane remains one of the most unusual combat aircraft tested during World War II. Horten used Roman numerals to identify his designs and he followed the German aircraft industry practice of using "Versuch," literally test or experiment, numbers to describe pre-production prototypes built to test and develop a new design into a production airplane. The Horten IX design became the Horten Ho 229 aircraft program after Göring granted the project official status in 1943 and the technical office of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium assigned to it the design number 229. This is also the nomenclature used in official German documents.
The idea for the Horten IX grew first in the mind of Walter Horten when he was serving in the Luftwaffe as a fighter pilot engaged in combat in 1940 during the Battle of Britain. Horten was the technical officer for Jadgeschwader [fighter squadron] 26 stationed in France. The nature of the battle and the tactics employed by the Germans spotlighted the design deficiencies of the Messerschmitt Bf 109, Germany's most advanced fighter airplane at that time. The Luftwaffe pilots had to fly across the English Channel or the North Sea to fulfill their missions of escorting German bombers and attacking British fighters, and Horten watched his unit lose many men over hostile territory at the very limit of the airplane's combat radius. Often after just a few minutes flying in combat, the Germans frequently had to turn back to their bases or run out of fuel and this lack of endurance severely limited their effectiveness. The Messerschmitt was also vulnerable because it had just a single engine. One bullet could puncture almost any part of the cooling system and when this happened, the engine could continue to function for only a few minutes before it overheated and seized up.
Walter Horten came to believe that the Luftwaffe needed a new fighter designed with performance superior to the Supermarine Spitfire, Britain's most advanced fighter. The new airplane required sufficient range to fly to England, loiter for a useful length of time and engage in combat, and then return safely to occupied Europe. He understood that only a twin-engine aircraft could give pilots a reasonable chance of returning with substantial battle damage or even the loss of one engine.
Since 1933, and interrupted only by military service, Walter and Reimar had experimented with all-wing aircraft. With Walter's help, Reimar had used his skills as a mathematician and designer to overcome many of the limitations of this exotic configuration. Walter believed that Reimar could design an all-wing fighter with significantly better combat performance than the Spitfire. The new fighter needed a powerful, robust propulsion system to give the airplane great speed but also one that could absorb damage and continue to function.
The Nazis had begun developing rocket, pulse-jet, and jet turbine configurations by 1940 and Walter's role as squadron technical officer gave him access to information about these advanced programs. He soon concluded that if his brother could design a fighter propelled by two small and powerful engines and unencumbered by a fuselage or tail, very high performance was possible.
At the end of 1940, Walter shared his thoughts on the all-wing fighter with Reimar who fully agreed with his brother's assessment and immediately set to work on the new fighter. Fiercely independent and lacking the proper intellectual credentials, Reimar worked at some distance from the mainstream German aeronautical community. At the start of his career, he was denied access to wind tunnels due to the cost but also because of his young age and lack of education, so he tested his ideas using models and piloted aircraft. By the time the war began, Reimar actually preferred to develop his ideas by building and testing full-size aircraft. The brothers had already successfully flown more than 20 aircraft by 1941 but the new jet wing would be heavier and faster than any previous Horten design. To minimize the risk of experimenting with such an advanced aircraft, Reimar built and tested several interim designs, each one moderately faster, heavier, or more advanced in some significant way than the one before it.
Reimar built the Horten Vb and Vc to evaluate the all-wing layout when powered by twin engines driving pusher propellers. He began in 1941 to consider fitting the Dietrich-Argus pulse jet motor to the Horten V but this engine had drawbacks and in the first month of 1942, Walter gave his brother dimensioned drawings and graphs that charted the performance curves of the new Junkers 004 jet turbine engine [this engine was also fitted to these NASM aircraft: Messerschmitt Me 262, Arado Ar 234, and the Heinkel He 162]. Later that year, Reimar flew a new design called the Horten VII that was similar to the Horten V but larger and equipped with more powerful reciprocating engines. The Horten VI ultra-high performance sailplane also figured into the preliminary aerodynamic design of the jet flying wing after Reimar tested this aircraft with a special center section.
Walter used his personal connections with important officials to keep the idea of the jet wing alive in the early stages of its development. General Ernst Udet, Chief of Luftwaffe Procurement and Supply and head of the Technical Office was the man who protected this idea and followed this idea for the all-wing fighter for almost a year until Udet took his own life in November 1941. At the beginning of 1943, Walter heard Göring complain that Germany was fielding 17 different types of twin-engine military airplanes with similar, and rather mediocre, performance but parts were not interchangeable between any two designs. He decreed that henceforth he would not approve for production another new twin-engine airplane unless it could carry 1,000 kg [2,210 lb] of bombs to a "penetration depth" of 1,000 km [620 miles, penetration depth defined as 1/3 the range] at a speed of 1,000 km/h [620 mph]. Asked to comment, Reimar announced that only a warplane equipped with jet engines had a chance to meet those requirements.
In August Reimar submitted a short summary of an all-wing design that came close to achieving Göring's specifications. He issued the brothers a contract, and then demanded the new aircraft fly in 3 months. Reimar responded that the first Horten IX prototype could fly in six months and Göring accepted this schedule after revealing his desperation to get the new fighter in the air with all possible speed. Reimar believed that he had boosted the Reichsmarschall's confidence in his work after he told him that his all-wing jet bomber was based on data obtained from bona fide flight tests with piloted aircraft.
Official support had now been granted to the first all-wing Horten airplane designed specifically for military applications but the jet bomber that the Horten brothers began to design was much different from the all-wing pure fighter that Walter had envisioned nearly four years earlier as the answer to the Luftwaffe's needs for a long-range interceptor. Hencefourth, the official designation for airplanes based on the Horten IX design changed to Horten Ho 229 suffixed with "Versuch" numbers to designate the various prototypes.
All versions of the Ho 229 resembled each other in overall layout. Reimar swept each half of the wing 32 degrees in an unbroken line from the nose to the start of each wingtip where he turned the leading edge to meet the wing trailing edge in a graceful and gradually tightening curve. There was no fuselage, no vertical or horizontal tail, and with landing gear stowed [the main landing gear was fixed but the nose wheel retracted on the first prototype Ho 229 V1], the upper and lower surface of the wing stretched smooth from wingtip to wingtip, unbroken by any control surface or other protuberance. Horten mounted elevons [control surfaces that combined the actions of elevators and ailerons] to the trailing edge and spoilers at the wingtips for controlling pitch and roll, and he installed drag rudders next to the spoilers to help control the wing about the yaw axis. He also mounted flaps and a speed brake to help slow the wing and control its rate and angle of descent. When not in use, all control surfaces either lay concealed inside the wing or trailed from its aft edge. Parasite or form drag was virtually nonexistent. The only drag this aircraft produced was the inevitable by-product of the wing's lift.
Few aircraft before the Horten 229 or after it have matched the purity and simplicity of its aerodynamic form but whether this achievement would have led to a successful and practical combat aircraft remains an open question.
Building on knowledge gained by flying the Horten V and VII, Reimar designed and built a manned glider called the Horten 229 V1 which test pilot Heinz Schiedhauer first flew 28 February 1944. This aircraft suffered several minor accidents but a number of pilots flew the wing during the following months of testing at Oranienburg and most commented favorably on its performance and handling qualities. Reimar used the experience gained with this glider to design and build the jet-propelled Ho 229 V2.
Wood is an unorthodox material from which to construct a jet aircraft and the Horten brothers preferred aluminum but in addition to the lack of metalworking skills among their team of craftspersons, several factors worked against using the metal to build their first jet-propelled wing.
Reimar's calculations showed that he would need to convert much of the wing's interior volume into space for fuel if he hoped to come close to meeting Göring's requirement for a penetration depth of 1,000 km. Reimar must have lacked either the expertise or the special sealants to manufacture such a 'wet' wing from metal. Whatever the reason, he believed that an aluminum wing was unsuitable for this task. Another factor in Reimar's choice of wood is rather startling: he believed that he needed to keep the wing's radar cross-section as low as possible. "We wished", he said many years later, "to have the [Ho 229] plane that would not reflect [radar signals]", and Horten believed he could meet this requirement more easily with wood than metal. Many questions about this aspect of the Ho 229 design remain unanswered and no test data is available to document Horten's work in this area. The fragmentary information that is currently available comes entirely from anecdotal accounts that have surfaced well after World War II ended.
During the war, the Germans experimented with tailless, flying wing aircraft.
The ones described here were made by the Horten brothers. There were several flying wing designs under development during those years for various purposes but the one in question is the Horton iX.
The Horten ix was a tailless, jet-powered, flying wing fighter. Only three were ever built. The first Horton IXx [V-1] was never given engines and used as a glider for test purposes. The second Horton IX [V-2] was given jets and tested. The third aircraft was actually produced by another company, the Gotha firm who was to mass-produce this aircraft. This one aircraft was given the designation Gotha 229 and was never fully assembled and never flew. It fell into the hands of the Americans while still in pieces.
So, it was only the second Horten iX, the V-2 version that flew at all. In fact, it flew very well. Remember, this was a tailless flying wing that flew before computer avionics made such aircraft possible in the USA. Evidently, the Horten iX was so well thought out that a mere human pilot could fly it. But the Horton IX was somewhat more than just an ordinary fighter aircraft. During flight testing it was noticed that the radar return for this aircraft was almost absent. The Germans got busy with this idea and planned to paint the Horten IX with radar absorbing paint that they had developed for another purpose. The fact is that the Horten ix was the world's first stealth aircraft. Unfortunately, during a landing one of its two engines failed and the one flying Horton IX crashed.
So what do we know about the Horten IX in flight? All we now know about the performance of this legendary aircraft is what Allied technical teams said about it and this is the way it has been reported to us down through history via semi technical aircraft history journals and books.
For instance David Masters, in his book "German Jet Genesis", lists the speed of the Horten IX at 540 mph with a ceiling altitude of 52,490 feet. The same authority reports the Gotha 229 [which never flew] as having a maximum speed of 590 mph at sea level and 640 mph at 21,320 ft. with a ceiling of 51,000 ft. This compares with the Me 262, the operational German jet fighter with which we are familiar, whose top speed Masters lists at 538 mph at 29,560 ft. with no ceiling given.
Surprisingly, both jets were powered by the same two Junkers Jumo 004B-1 engines. Yet the Horten 9 had the cross-section of a knife while the Messerschmitt cross-section was much more typical for an aircraft of the time. How could their performance be nearly identical? How would the Allies know what the performance of the Horten IX actually was since they never got their hands on a working example?
Perhaps it was extrapolation. Perhaps they simply wanted to under value this sleek German jet simply because it looked so advanced for its time and there was nothing comparable in the Allied arsenal. Without contradictory evidence, the word of the American experts was repeated and became part of history as we know it. The funny thing is that now contradictory evidence has surfaced and has somehow slipped by the American censors.
The document in question is a Memorandum Report, dated 17 March 1945 while the war was still in progress. The "Subject" of this report was data obtained on the German tailless jet propelled fighter and Vereinigte Leichtmetalwerke [United Light-Metal Works].
"To present data of immediate value obtained on C.I.O.S. trip to Bonn on 11 March to 16 March 1945. Travel performed under AG 200m 4-1, SHAEF, dated 9 March 1945".
There was discussion of the Horton IX in which a maximum speed of 1,160 km/hr or about 719 miles per hour was claimed. The informant spoke during the war, while the last example of the Horton IX was still flying. Data about all other German aircraft is correct. Was there an intentional cover up concerning the performance of the Horton IX by the Allies?
This is raw Intelligence to be compiled into a Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee report by SHAEF personnel.
Under "Factual Data" we learn that their German informant, Mr. F.V. Berger, is a draftsman for the Horten organization during the time that the Hortons were designing the tailless aircraft. To add to Berger's trusted position, he was actually found in the former home of Horten brothers by the Intelligence agents.
Mr. Berger describes the Horten aircraft, models H1 to H12 but most of the discussion centers on the H9, the jet-powered, tailless, flying wing fighter-bomber.
Berger goes on to list the weight, bomb load and cannons used but then states that the maximum speed for the H9, which was still being tested as this report was being written, was 1,160 km/her at an altitude of 6,000 meters.
This last statement must have shocked the SHAEF team to the core. The speed given, 1,160 kilometers per hour works out to slightly over 719 miles per hour!
The Allies weren't even thinking about flying that fast in those days.
The Intelligence team was transfixed by Berger's statement and double-checked his veracity. They asked him about the speed of the Me 262 and the Arado 234. Allied intelligence knew both these operational German aircraft and their capabilities by this time even if they had not gained an example of each aircraft.
Berger gave the speed of the Me 262 at 900 km/hr and the Arado 234 [jet-powered bomber-reconnaissance aircraft] at 800 km/hr. This works out to 558 mph for the Messerschmitt and 496 mph for the Arado. These figures are right on the money and lend credibility to Berger's evaluation of the Horton IX.
Then Berger made another astonishing statement. Berger stated that the Horton IX, loaded with bombs [weighing 2,000 kg.] "would get away from Me262 without bombs".
Berger went on to describe the Horten IX V-1 correctly as being tested as a glider and the Horton IX V-2 as a fully powered aircraft. He goes on to say that the Horten 9 V-2 "is being tested at Oranienbueg now".
So at the time of this interview, the Horten IX V-2 was still flying and had not crashed yet.
The Horten 9/Gotha 229 had a low radar return. The Germans knew this and planned a radar repelling type of paint for it that was already used on submarines. These features would make the Horton iX the first stealth aircraft, a fact much mentioned concerning the history of the American B-2 bomber. In fact, American engineers visited the remaining partially assembled Gotha 229 in Maryland to get ideas for the B-2.
But the speed given by Berger, 719 miles per hour, puts the Horton IX in a class by itself. By this it is meant that this speed and ceiling altitude exceed both the Soviet Mig 15 and the American F86 'Sabre' of Korean War vintage, five or six years later.
If we listen, we can hear echoes of the undervaluation of German aircraft at the highest levels, even within the American aerospace industry. Aircraft legend Howard Hughes owned a captured Me 262. Hughes was a big fan and participant in something called aircraft racing during those post-war years. Towering pylons would mark out a course of several miles in the California desert and aircraft would race around this course. When Hughes' rival company, North American Aviation came out with its F-86 'Sabre', Howard Hughes challenged the US Air Force to a one-on-one match race of their new 'Sabre' jet against his old German Me 262. The Air Force declined. Obviously, there is some unspoken fact behind the Air Force decision.
The 'Sabre' was said to be "trans-sonic" or having a top speed of about 650 mph, with a ceiling of 45,000 ft. If the US Air Force wanted no part of a contest with the real Me 262, not the paper projection, what would they have thought of a head to head match with the Horton iX?
Yet, the Horton IX was a stealth aircraft. The Americans didn't even recognize what a stealth aircraft was until over 30 years later and even then they always wanted to couch the comparison of the Horton IX to the B-2 stealth bomber. That comparison is fallacious and perhaps designed to hide something else.
Let's compare the Horten 9 to the F-117 stealth fighter instead. The F-117 has vertical control surfaces and may be, in fact, less stealthy than the Horton IX. Both had special radar absorbing paint. But the F-117 is not supersonic. The F-117 is generally conceded to fly about 650 mph, about the same as the F-86 'Sabre', while the Horton 9 could be faster at 719 mph. Another difference is that the Horton IX carried two 37 mm cannons while the F-117 has no guns or rockets and so is really not a fighter at all but only a first-strike bomber.
There are other examples but we should both watch for these tactics and recognize that the government is reluctant to fully credit the Germans for their advances during the war and we should recognize that they will go to some lengths to maintain the secrecy status quo. These tactics also include false comparisons and outright deception.
The Flugfunk Forschungsinstitut Oberpfaffenhofen, abbreviated F.F.O. The F.F.O. was a pure research organization specializing in aeronautical radio research for the Luftwaffe. This organization seems to have specialized in work of jamming radar. This was a large organization and had many physical sites of operation. When the war drew to a conclusion, all the secret research done at the F.F.O. was burnt. What we know and what remains consist largely of what was remembered by the individual scientists involved and their private libraries. It is not unreasonable to assume that some secrets went forever unspoken after those ashes cooled, however.
The F.F.O. developed several types of klystrons. A klystron tube is used to produce ultra-high frequencies and was employed to generate frequencies in order to jam radar.
"Measurement on the conductivity and dielectric properties of flame gases are being conducted by Dr. Lutze at Seeshaupt. They are intended to provide knowledge of the effects to be expected with radio control of rockets and to say how much the flame and trail of a V-2 contributes to radar reflections".
So the F.F.O. was measuring the conductivity and radar reflectional properties of exhaust gases? Placing a cathode in the exhaust of a jet or rocket was the Flame Jet Generator of Dr. T.T. Brown. This procedure induced a negative charge to the exhaust. A corresponding positive charge is automatically induced on the wing's leading edge. This combination bends radar signals around the aircraft and is one method used by the B-2 bomber.
The Horton IX, had recessed intake and exhaust ports. It had no vertical control surfaces. Therefore, its radar reflection was already super-low. There is no trouble imagining this aircraft painted with radar absorbing paint as was planned, but how about inducing a radar-bending envelope of charged particles around this aircraft? And how about fitting this aircraft with a klystron tube in its nose pumping out the same frequency used by Allied radar, jamming it or making the aircraft invisible to radar? If we can imagine this, so could the scientists with the F.F.O. If the war had lasted another year, the Allies might have faced not only a 700 mile per hour Horton IX, but a Horton IX which was also a true stealth aircraft in the modern sense.
-- Henry Stevens, "Hitler's Suppressed and Still-Secret Weapons, Science and Technology"
As they developed the 229, the Horten brothers measured the wing's performance against the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. According to Reimar and Walter, the Me 262 had a much higher wing loading than the Ho 229 and the Messerschmitt required such a long runway for take off that only a few airfields in Germany could accommodate it. The Ho 229 wing loading was considerably lower and this would have allowed it to operate from airfields with shorter runways. Reimar also believed, perhaps naively, that his wing could take off and land from a runway surfaced with grass but the Me 262 could not. If these had been true, a Ho 229 pilot would have had many more airfields from which to fly than his counterpart in the Messerschmitt jet.
Successful test flights in the Ho 229 V1 led to construction of the first powered wing, the Ho 229 V2, but poor communication with the engine manufacturers caused lengthy delays in finishing this aircraft. Horten first selected the 003 jet engine manufactured by BMW but then switched to the Junkers 004 power plants. Reimar built much of the wing center section based on the engine specifications sent by Junkers but when two motors finally arrived and Reimar's team tried to install them, they found the power plants were too large in diameter to fit the space built for them. Months passed while Horten redesigned the wing and the jet finally flew in mid-December 1944.
Full of fuel and ready to fly, the Horten Ho 229 V2 weighed about nine tons and thus it resembled a medium-sized, multi-engine bomber such as the Heinkel He 111. The Horten brothers believed that a military pilot with experience flying heavy multi-engine aircraft was required to safely fly the jet wing and Scheidhauer lacked these skills so Walter brought in veteran Luftwaffe pilot Lt. Erwin Ziller. Sources differ between two and four on the number of flights that Ziller logged but during his final test flight an engine failed and the jet wing crashed, killing Ziller.
According to an eyewitness, Ziller made three passes at an altitude of about 2,000 m [6,560 ft] so that a team from the Rechlin test center could measure his speed using a theodolite measuring instrument. Ziller then approached the airfield to land, lowered his landing grear at about 1,500 m [4,920 ft], and began to fly a wide descending spiral before crashing just beyond the airfield boundary. It was clear to those who examined the wreckage that one engine had failed but the eyewitness saw no control movements or attempt to line up with the runway and he suspected that something had incapacitated Ziller, perhaps fumes from the operating engine. Walter was convinced that the engine failure did not result in uncontrollable yaw and argued that Ziller could have shut down the functioning engine and glided to a survivable crash landing, perhaps even reached the runway and landed without damage.
Walter also believed that someone might have sabotaged the airplane but whatever the cause, he remembered it was an awful event. "All our work was over at this moment". The crash must have disappointed Reimar as well. Ziller's test flights seemed to indicate the potential for great speed, perhaps a maximum of 977 km/h [606 mph]. Although never confirmed, such performance would have helped to answer the Luftwaffe technical experts who criticized the all-wing configuration.
At the time of Ziller's crash, the Reich Air Ministry had scheduled series production of 15-20 machines at the firm Gotha Waggonfabrik Flugzeugbau and the Klemm company had begun preparing to manufacture wing ribs and other parts when the war ended.
Horten had planned to arm the third prototype with cannons but the war ended before this airplane was finished. Unbeknownst to the Horten brothers, Gotha designers substantially altered Horten's original design when they built the V3 airframe. For example, they used a much larger nose wheel compared to the unit fitted to the V2 and Reimar speculated that the planned 1,000 kg [2,200 lb] bomb load may have influenced them but he believed that all of the alterations that they made were unnecessary.
The U.S. VIII Corps of General Patton's Third Army found the Horten 229 prototypes V3 through V6 at Friedrichsroda in April 1945. Horten had designed airframes V4 and V5 as single-seat night fighters and V6 would have become a two-seat night fighter trainer. V3 was 75 percent finished and nearest to completion of the four airframes. Army personnel removed it later and shipped it to the U.S., via the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, England. Reports indicate the British displayed the jet during fall 1945 and eventually the incomplete center section arrived at Silver Hill [now the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland] about 1950.
There is no evidence that the outer wing sections were recovered at Friedrichsroda but members of the 9th Air Force Air Disarmament Division found a pair of wings 121 km [75 miles] from this village and these might be the same pair now included with the Ho 229 V3.
Reimar and Walter Horten demonstrated that a fighter-class all-wing aircraft could successfully fly propelled by jet turbine engines but Ziller's crash and the end of the war prevented them from demonstrating the full potential of the configuration.
The wing was clearly a bold and unusual design of considerable merit, particularly if Reimar actually aimed to design a "Stealth Bomber" but as a tailless fighter-bomber armed with massive 30mm cannon placed wide apart in the center section, the wing would probably have been a poor gun platform and found little favor among fighter pilots.
Walter argued rather strenuously with his brother to place a vertical stabilizer on this airplane.
Like most of the so-called "Nazi wonder weapons" the Horten IX was an interesting concept that was poorly executed.
One of Reimar Horten's projects after the war began was an all-wing transport glider for the invasion of Britain.
Not until August 1941 was Reimar asked to explore the potential of the Nurflügel as a fighting aircraft, and even then his work was largely clandestine, in an authorized operation arranged by his brother in the Luftwaffe.
In 1942 Reimar built an unpowered prototype with a 61-foot span and the designation Ho 9. After some difficulty the airframe was mated with two Junkers Jumo turbojets of the sort developed for the Messerschmitt Me 262. The turbojet was apparently flown successfully in December 1944, and it eventually achieved a speed of nearly 500 mph [800 km/h]. After about two hours of flying time, it was destroyed in a February 1945 crash that killed its test pilot.
Its potential was obvious, however, and the Gotha company promptly readied the turbojet for production as a fighter-bomber with the Air Ministry designation Ho 229. [Because Gotha built it, the turbojet is also called the Go 229].
Supposedly it would fly at 997 km/h [623 mph], which if true meant that it was significantly faster than the Me 262 - let alone the Flying Wings that Northrop was building. Fortunately for the Allies, the Gotha factory and the Ho 229 prototype -the world's first all-wing turbojet- were captured by U.S. forces in April 1945.
Like today's B-2 Stealth bomber [and unlike Jack Northrop's designs], the Go-229 had a comparatively slender airfoil, with the crew and engines housed in dorsal humps, and its jet exhaust was vented onto the top surface of the wing. The first feature made it faster than the stubby Northrop designs; the second made it even harder to detect, as did the fact that wood was extensively used in its construction.
One reason that the Ho 229 never got into production was that Reimar Horten was distracted that winter by another urgent project: The Ho 18 Amerika bomber.
This huge, six-engined Nurflügel was supposed to carry an atomic bomb to New York or Washington, despite the fact that the bomb was mostly theoretical, the engines probably couldn't have lasted the journey, and the plane couldn't possibly have been completed before Germany surrendered.
[At 132 feet, its span was a bit less than that of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the largest warplane of World War II, but considerably shorter than the Northrop XB-35 that was in the works from 1941 to 1946].
Several Nurflügels came to the U.S. as war booty, including the center section of the Ho 229.
Four of them are now back in Germany for restoration, with one to remain there when the work is finished, while the other three rejoin the collection of the Air & Space Museum.
A restored Horten sailplane is on display at Planes of Fame in Chino, California, which also owns a Northrop N-9M, a technology demonstrator roughly the size of the Ho 229, but much less sophisticated.
It was nighttime on the Rio Grande, 29 May 1947, and Army scientists, engineers, and technicians at the White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico were anxiously putting the final touches on their own American secret weapon, called 'Hermes'. The twenty-five-foot-long, three-thousand-pound rocket had originally been named V-2, or Vergeltungswaffe 2, which means "vengeance" in German. But 'Hermes' sounded less spiteful; Hermes being the ancient Greek messenger of the gods.
The actual rocket that now stood on Test Stand 33 had belonged to Adolf Hitler just a little more than two years before. It had come off the same German slave-labor production lines as the rockets that the Third Reich had used to terrorize the people of London, Antwerp, and Paris during the war. The U.S. Army had confiscated nearly two hundred V-2s from inside Peenemünde, Germany's rocket manufacturing plant, and shipped them to White Sands beginning the first month after the war. Under a parallel, even more secret project called "Operation Paperclip" the complete details of which remain classified as of 2011, 118 captured German rocket scientists were given new lives and careers and brought to the missile range. Hundreds of others would follow.
Two of these German scientists were now readying 'Hermes' for its test launch. One, Wernher Von Braun, had invented this rocket, which was the world's first ballistic missile, or flying bomb. And the second scientist, Dr. Ernst Steinhoff, had designed the V-2 rocket's brain. That spring night in 1947, the V-2 lifted up off the pad, rising slowly at first, with von Braun and Steinhoff watching intently. 'Hermes' consumed more than a thousand pounds of rocket fuel in its first 2.5 seconds as it elevated to fifty feet. The next fifty feet were much easier, as were the hundred feet after that. The rocket gained speed, and the laws of physics kicked in: Aything can fly if you make it move fast enough. 'Hermes' was now fully aloft, climbing quickly into the night sky and headed for the upper atmosphere. At least that was the plan. Just a few moments later, the winged missile suddenly and unexpectedly reversed course. Instead of heading north to the uninhabited terrain inside the two-million-square-acre White Sands Proving Ground, the rocket began heading south toward downtown El Paso, Texas.
Dr. Steinhoff was watching the missile's trajectory through a telescope from an observation post one mile south of the launchpad, and having personally designed the V-2 rocket-guidance controls back when he worked for Adolf Hitler, Dr. Steinhoff was the one best equipped to recognize errors in the test. In the event that Steinhoff detected an errant launch, he would notify Army engineers, who would immediately cut the fuel to the rocket's motors via remote control, allowing it to crash safely inside the missile range. But Dr. Steinhoff said nothing as the misguided V-2 arced over El Paso and headed for Mexico. Minutes later, the rocket crash-landed into the Tepeyac Cemetery, three miles south of Juarez, a heavily populated city of 120,000. The violent blast shook virtually every building in El Paso and Juarez, terrifying citizens of both cities, who swamped newspaper offices, police headquarters and radio stations with anxious telephone inquiries. The missile left a crater that was fifty feet wide and twenty-four feet deep. It was a miracle no one was killed.
Army officials rushed to Juarez to smooth over the event while Mexican soldiers were dispatched to guard the crater's rim. The mission, the men, and the rocket were all classified top secret; no one could know specific details about any of this. Investigators silenced Mexican officials by cleaning up the large, bowl-shaped cavity and paying for damages. But back at White Sands, reparations were not so easily made. Allegations of sabotage by the German scientists who were in charge of the top secret project overwhelmed the workload of the Intelligence officers at White Sands. Attitudes toward the former Third Reich scientists who were now working for the United States tended to fall into two distinct categories at the time. There was the let-bygones-be-bygones approach, an attitude summed up by the Army officer in charge of 'Operation Paperclip', Bosquet Wev, who stated that to preoccupy oneself with "picayune details" about German scientists' past actions was "beating a dead Nazi horse". The logic behind this thinking was that a disbanded Third Reich presented no future harm to America but a burgeoning Soviet military certainly did and if the Germans were working for us, they couldn't be working for them.
Others disagreed, including Albert Einstein. Five months before the Juarez crash, Einstein and the newly formed Federation of American Scientists appealed to President Truman: "We hold these individuals to be potentially dangerous¡ Their former eminence as Nazi party members and supporters raises the issue of their fitness to become American citizens and hold key positions in American industrial, scientific and educational institutions". For Einstein, making deals with war criminals was undemocratic as well as dangerous.
While the public debate went on, internal investigations began. And the rocket work at White Sands continued. The German scientists had been testing V-2s there for fourteen months, and while investigations of the Juarez rocket crash were under way, three more missiles fired from Test Stand 33 crash-landed outside the restricted facility: one near Alamogordo, New Mexico, and another near Las Cruces, New Mexico. A third went down outside Juarez, Mexico, again. The German scientists blamed the near tragedies on old V-2 components. Seawater had corroded some of the parts during the original boat trip from Germany. But in top secret written reports, Army Intelligence officers were building a case that would lay blame on the German scientists. The War Department Intelligence unit that kept tabs on the German scientists had designated some of the Germans at the base as "under suspicion of being potential security risks". When not working, the men were confined to a six-acre section of the base. The officers' club was off-limits to all the Germans, including the rocket team's leaders, Steinhoff and von Braun. It was in this atmosphere of failed tests and mistrust that an extra-ordinary event happened, one that, at first glance, seemed totally unrelated to the missile launches.
During the first week of July 1947, U.S. Signal Corps engineers began tracking two objects with remarkable flying capabilities moving across the southwestern United States. What made the aircraft extra-ordinary was that, although they flew in a traditional, forward-moving motion, the craft, whatever they were, began to hover sporadically before continuing to fly on. This kind of technology was beyond any aerodynamic capabilities the U.S. Air Force had in development in the summer of 1947. When multiple sources began reporting the same data, it became clear that the radar wasn't showing phantom returns, or electronic ghosts, but something real. Kirtland Army Air Force Base, just north of the White Sands Proving Ground, tracked the flying craft into its near vicinity. The commanding officer there ordered a decorated World War II pilot named Kenny Chandler into a fighter jet to locate and chase the unidentified flying craft. This fact has never before been disclosed.
Chandler never visually spotted what he'd been sent to look for. But within hours of Chandler's sweep of the skies, one of the flying objects crashed near Roswell, New Mexico. Immediately, the office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or JCS, took command and control and recovered the airframe and some propulsion equipment, including the crashed craft's power plant, or energy source. The recovered craft looked nothing like a conventional aircraft. The vehicle had no tail and it had no wings. The fuselage was round, and there was a dome mounted on the top. In secret Army intelligence memos declassified in 1994, it would be referred to as a "flying disc". Most alarming was a fact kept secret until now, inside the disc, there was a very earthly hallmark: Russian writing. Block letters from the Cyrillic alphabet had been stamped, or embossed, in a ring running around the inside of the craft.
In a critical moment, the American military had its worst fears realized. The Russian army must have gotten its hands on German aerospace engineers more capable than Ernst Steinhoff and Wernher von Braun, engineers who must have developed this flying craft years before for the German air force, or Luftwaffe. The Russians simply could not have developed this kind of advanced technology on their own. Russia's stockpile of weapons and its body of scientists had been decimated during the war; the nation had lost more than twenty million people. Most Russian scientists still alive had spent the war in the Gulag. But the Russians, like the Americans, the British, and the French, had pillaged Hitler's best and brightest scientists as war booty, each country taking advantage of them to move forward in the new world. And now, in July of 1947, shockingly, the Soviet supreme leader had somehow managed not only to penetrate U.S. airspace near the Alaskan border, but to fly over several of the most sensitive military installations in the western United States. Stalin had done this with foreign technology that the U.S. Army Air Forces knew nothing about. It was an incursion so brazen, so antithetical to the perception of America's strong national security, which included the military's ability to defend itself against air attack, that upper-echelon Army Intelligence officers swept in and took control of the entire situation. The first thing they did was initiate the withdrawal of the original Roswell Army Air Field press release, the one that stated that a "flying disc" landed on a ranch near Roswell, and then they replaced it with the second press release, the one that said that a weather balloon had crashed, nothing more. The weather balloon story has remained the official cover story ever since.
Of all the historically significant political/military events of the 20th Century, none have had more official explanations than the so called "Roswell Incident". In fact, as of 2011, the United States government has issued four sanctioned explanations: 1) The crash of a flying saucer, 2) the remains of a weather balloon, 3) the remains of a "Project Mogul" balloon, 4) Crash test dummies. Logic alone would dictate that if the government lied about the last three explanations, why should the general public believe the first one?
The fears were legitimate: fears that the Russians had hover-and fly technology, that their flying craft could outfox U.S. radar, and that it could deliver to America a devastating blow. The single most worrisome question facing the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the time was: What if atomic energy propelled the Russian craft? Or worse, what if it dispersed radioactive particles, like a modern-day dirty bomb? In 1947, the United States believed it still had a monopoly on the atomic bomb as a deliverable weapon. But as early as June 1942, Hermann Göring, commander in chief of the Luftwaffe, had been overseeing the Third Reich's research council on nuclear physics as a weapon in its development of an airplane called the "Amerika Bomber", designed to drop a dirty bomb on New York City. Any number of those scientists could be working for the Russians. The Central Intelligence Group, the CIA's institutional predecessor, did not yet know that a spy at Los Alamos National Laboratory, a man named Klaus Fuchs, had stolen bomb blueprints and given them to Stalin. Or that Russia was two years away from testing its own atomic bomb. In the immediate aftermath of the crash, all the Joint Chiefs of Staff had to go on from the Central Intelligence Group was speculation about what atomic technology Russia might have.
For the military, the very fact that New Mexico's airspace had been violated was shocking. This region of the country was the single most sensitive weapons-related domain in all of America. The White Sands Missile Range was home to the nation's classified weapons-delivery systems. The nuclear laboratory up the road, the Los Alamos Laboratory, was where scientists had developed the atomic bomb and where they were now working on nuclear packages with a thousand times the yield. Outside Albuquerque, at a production facility called Sandia Base, assembly-line workers were forging Los Alamos nuclear packages into smaller and smaller bombs. Forty-five miles to the southwest, at the Roswell Army Air Field, the 509th Bomb Wing was the only wing of long-range bombers equipped to carry and drop nuclear bombs.
Things went from complicated to critical at the revelation that there was a second crash site. Paperclip scientists Wernher von Braun and Ernst Steinhoff, still under review over the Juarez rocket crash, were called on for their expertise. Several other Paperclip scientists specializing in aviation medicine were brought in. The evidence of whatever had crashed at and around Roswell, New Mexico, in the first week of July in 1947 was gathered together by a Joint Chiefs of Staff technical services unit and secreted away in a manner so clandestine, it followed security protocols established for transporting uranium in the early days of the Manhattan Project.
The first order of business was to determine where the technology had come from. The Joint Chiefs of Staff tasked an elite group working under the direct orders of G-2 Army intelligence to initiate a top secret project called "Operation Harass". Based on the testimony of America's Paperclip scientists, Army intelligence officers believed that the flying disc was the brainchild of two former Third Reich airplane engineers, named Walter and Reimar Horten, now working for the Russian military. Orders were drawn up. The manhunt was on.
Walter and Reimar Horten were two aerospace engineers whose importance in seminal aircraft projects had somehow been overlooked when America and the Soviet Union were fighting over scientists at the end of the war. The brothers were the inventors of several of Hitler's flying-wing aircraft, including one called the Horten 229 or Horten IX, a wing-shaped, tailless airplane that had been developed at a secret facility in Baden-Baden during the war. From the Paperclip scientists at Wright Field, the Army Intelligence investigators learned that Hitler was rumored to have been developing a faster-flying aircraft that had been designed by the brothers and was shaped like a saucer. Maybe, the Paperclips said, there had been a later-model Horten in the works before Germany surrendered, meaning that even if Stalin didn't have the Horten brothers themselves, he could very likely have gotten control of their blueprints and plans.
The flying disc that crashed at Roswell had technology more advanced than anything the U.S. Army Air Forces had ever seen. Its propulsion techniques were particularly confounding. What made the craft go so fast? How was it so stealthy and how did it trick radar? The disc had appeared on Army radar screens briefly and then suddenly disappeared. The incident at Roswell happened just weeks before the National Security Act, which meant there was no true Central Intelligence Agency to handle the investigation. Instead, hundreds of Counter Intelligence Corps [CIC] officers from the U.S. Army's European command were dispatched across Germany in search of anyone who knew anything about Walter and Reimar Horten. Officers tracked down and interviewed the brothers' relatives, colleagues, professors, and acquaintances with an urgency not seen since Operation ALSOS, in which Allied Forces sought information about Hitler's atomic scientists and nuclear programs during the war.
A records group of more than three hundred pages of Army Intelligence documents reveals many of the details of "Operation Harass". They were declassified in 1994, after a researcher named Timothy Cooper filed a request for documents under the Freedom of Information Act. One memo, called 'Air Intelligence Guide for Alleged Flying Saucer Type Aircraft', detailed for CIC officers the parameters of the flying saucer technology the military was looking for, features which were evidenced in the craft that crashed at Roswell.
Extreme maneuverability and apparent ability to almost hover; a plan form approximating that of an oval or disc with dome shape on the surface; the ability to quickly disappear by high speed or by complete disintegration; the ability to group together very quickly in a tight formation when more than one aircraft are together; evasive motion ability indicating possibility of being manually operated, or possibly, by electronic or remote control.
The Counter Intelligence Corps' official 1947 C1948 manhunt for the Horten brothers reads at times like a spy novel and at times like a wild goose chase. The first real lead in the hunt came from Dr. Adolf Smekal of Frankfurt, who provided CIC with a list of possible informants' names. Agents were told a dizzying array of alleged facts: Reimar was living in secret in East Prussia; Reimar was living in Göttingen, in what had been the British zone; Reimar had been kidnapped "presumably by the Russians" in the latter part of 1946. If you want to know where Reimar is, one informant said, you must first locate Hannah Reitsch, the famous aviatrix who was living in Bad Hauheim. As for Walter, he was working as a consultant for the French; he was last seen in Frankfurt trying to find work with a university there; he was in Dessau; actually, he was in Russia; he was in Luxembourg, or maybe it was France. One German scientist turned informant chided CIC agents. If they really wanted to know where the Horten brothers were, he said, and what they were capable of, then go ask the American Paperclip scientists living at Wright Field.
Neatly typed and intricately detailed summaries of hundreds of interviews with the Horten brothers' colleagues and relatives flooded the CIC. Army Intelligence officers spent months chasing leads, but most information led them back to square one. In the fall of 1947, prospects of locating the brothers seemed grim until November, when CIC agents caught a break. A former Messerschmitt test pilot named Fritz Wendel offered up some firsthand testimony that seemed real. The Horten brothers had indeed been working on a flying saucer-like craft in Heiligenbeil, East Prussia, right after the war, Wendel said. The airplane was ten meters long and shaped like a half-moon. It had no tail. The prototype was designed to be flown by one man lying down flat on his stomach. It reached a ceiling of twelve thousand feet. Wendel drew diagrams of this saucerlike aircraft, as did a second German informant named Professor George, who described a later model Horten as being "very much like a round cake with a large sector cut out" and that had been developed to carry more than one crew member. The later-model Horten could travel higher and faster, up to 1,200 mph. because it was propelled by rockets rather than jet engines. Its cabin was allegedly pressurized for high-altitude flights.
The Americans pressed Fritz Wendel for more. Could it hover? Not that Wendel knew. Did he know if groups could fly tightly together? Wendel said he had no idea. Were "high speed escapement methods" designed into the craft? Wendel wasn't sure. Could the flying disc be remotely controlled? Yes, Wendel said he knew of radio-control experiments being conducted by Siemens and Halske at their electrical factory in Berlin. Army officers asked Wendel if he had heard of any hovering or near-hovering technologies. No. Did Wendel have any idea about the tactical purposes for such an aircraft? Wendel said he had no idea.
The next batch of solid information came from a rocket engineer named Walter Ziegler. During the war, Ziegler had worked at the car manufacturer Bayerische Motoren Werke, or BMW, which served as a front for advanced rocket-science research. There, Ziegler had been on a team tasked with developing advanced fighter jets powered by rockets. Ziegler relayed a chilling tale that gave investigators an important clue. One night, about a year after the war, in September of 1946, four hundred men from his former rocket group at BMW had been invited by Russian military officers to a fancy dinner. The rocket scientists were wined and dined and, after a few hours, taken home. Most were drunk. Several hours later, all four hundred of the men were woken up in the middle of the night by their Russian hosts and told they were going to be taking a trip. Why Ziegler wasn't among them was not made clear. The Germans were told to bring their wives, their children, and whatever else they needed for a long trip. Mistresses and livestock were also fine. This was not a situation to which you could say no, Ziegler explained. The scientists and their families were transported by rail to a small town outside Moscow where they had remained ever since, forced to work on secret military projects in terrible conditions. According to Ziegler, it was at this top secret Russian facility, exact whereabouts unknown, that the German scientists were developing rockets and other advanced technologies under Russian supervision. These were Russia's version of the American Paperclip scientists. It was very possible, Ziegler said, that the Horten brothers had been working for the Russians at the secret facility there.
For nine long months, CIC agents typed up memo after memo relating various theories about where the Horten brothers were, what their flying saucers might have been designed for, and what leads should or should not be pursued. And then, six months into the investigation, on 12 March 1948, along came abrupt news. The Horten brothers had been found. In a memo to the European command of the 970th CIC, Major Earl S. Browning Jr. explained. "The Horten Brothers have been located and interrogated by American Agencies", Browning said. The Russians had likely found the blueprints of the flying wing after all. "It is Walter Horten's opinion that the blueprints of the Horten IX may have been found by Russian troops at the Gotha Railroad Car Factory", the memo read. But a second memo, entitled 'Extracts on Horten', Walter, explained a little more. Former Messerschmitt test pilot Fritz Wendel's information about the Horten brothers' wingless, tailless, saucerlike craft that had room for more than one crew member was confirmed. "Walter Horten's opinion is that sufficient German types of flying wings existed in the developing or designing stages when the Russians occupied Germany, and these types may have enabled the Russians to produce the flying saucer".
There is no mention of Reimar Horten, the second brother, in any of the hundreds of pages of documents released to Timothy Cooper as part of his Freedom of Information Act request, despite the fact that both brothers had been confirmed as located and interrogated. Nor is there any mention of what Reimar Horten did or did not say about the later-model Horten flying discs. But one memo mentioned "the Horten X"
Due to the rapidly deteriorating war conditions in Germany in the last months of WWII, the RLM [Reichs Luftfahrt Ministerium, or German Air Ministry] issued a specification for a fighter project that would use a minimum of strategic materials, be suitable for rapid mass production and have a performance equal to the best piston engined fighters of the time. The 'Volksjäger' [People's Fighter] project, as it became known, was issued on 8 September 1944 to Arado, Blohm & Voss, Fiesler, Focke-Wulf, Junkers, Heinkel, Messerschmitt and Siebel. The new fighter also needed to weigh no more than 2000 kg [4410 lbs], have a maximum speed of 750 km/h [457 mph], a minimum endurance of 30 minutes, a takeoff distance of 500 m [1604 ft], an endurance of at least 30 minutes and it was to use the BMW 003 turbojet.
Although not chosen to submit a design, the Horten Brothers came up with the Ho X that met the specifications laid out by the RLM. Using a similar concept that they had been working on with their Horten IX [Ho 229] flying wing fighter, the Ho X was to be constructed of steel pipes covered with plywood panels in the center section, with the outer sections constructed from two-ply wood beams covered in plywood. The wing featured two sweepbacks, approximately 60 degrees at the nose, tapering into a 43 degree sweepback out to the wingtips. Control was to be provided by combined ailerons and elevators at the wingtips, along with drag surfaces at the wingtips for lateral control. A single BMW 003E jet engine with 900 kp of thrust was housed in the rear of the aircraft, which was fed by two air intakes on either side of the cockpit. One advantage to this design was that different jet engines could be accommodated, such as the Heinkel-Hirth He S 011 with 1300 kp of thrust, which was to be added later after its development was complete. The landing gear was to be of a tricycle arrangement and the pilot sat in a pressurized cockpit in front of the engine compartment. Armament consisted of a single MK 108 30mm cannon [or a single MK 213 30mm cannon] in the nose and two MG 131 13mm machine guns, one in each wing root.
In order to determine the center of gravity on various sweepback angles, scale models with a 3.05 meter [10 feet] wingspan were built. A full-sized glider was also under construction but was not completed before the war's end. Due to the ending of hostilities in 1945, the Horten Ho X was not completed.
Of the competing firms the Heinkel He 162 Volksjäger a single-engine, jet-powered fighter aircraft, designed and built quickly, and made primarily of wood as metals were in very short supply and prioritised for other aircraft, was the winner. The He 162 was the fastest of the first generation of Axis and Allied jets. Other names given to the plane include 'Salamander', which was the codename of its construction program, and 'Spatz' [Sparrow], which was the name given to the plane by Heinkel.
and another referred to "the Horten XIII" . No further details have been provided, and a 2011 Freedom of Information Act request by the author met a dead end.
The Horten Ho XIII B supersonic flying wing fighter was developed from the Ho XIII A glider, which had 60 degree swept-back wings and an underslung nacelle for the pilot. The XIII B was to be powered by a single BMW 003R turbojet/rocket engine. The cockpit was located in the base of a large, sharply swept vertical fin. Like the research XIII A glider, the XIII B also had swept back wings at a 60 degree angle. Projected armament were two MG 213 20mm cannon, and the Ho XIII B was projected to be flying by mid-1946.
On 12 May 1948, the headquarters of European command sent the director of Intelligence at the United States Forces in Austria a puzzling memo. "Walter Horten has admitted his contacts with the Russians", it said. That was the last mention of the Horten brothers in the Army Intelligence's declassified record for "Operation Harass".
Whatever else officially exists on the Horten brothers and their advanced flying saucer continues to be classified as of 2011, and the crash remains from Roswell quickly fell into the blackest regions of government. They would stay at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base for approximately four years. From there, they would quietly be shipped out west to become intertwined with a secret facility out in the middle of the Nevada desert. No one but a handful of people would have any idea they were there.
Lt Col Walker, at the Air Material Command, asked his operatives in the field to discretely track down the Horten brothers and ascertain whether their radical "Flying Wing" designs - developed during WWII - might be responsible for the rash of Flying Saucer sightings in 1947.
1. The Horten brothers, Reimar and Walter, are residing in Göttingen at present. However, both of them are traveling a great deal throughout the Bi-Zone. Walter at present is traveling in Bavaria in search of a suitable place of employment. It is believed that he may have contacted USAFE Head-quarters in Wiesbaden for possible evacuation to the United States under "Paper Clip". Reimer is presently studying advanced mathematics at the university of Bonn, and is about to obtain his doctor's degree. It is believed that when his studies are completed he intends to accept a teaching position at the Institute for Technology [Techniscbe Hochschule] in Braunschweig sometime in February or March 1948.
2. Both brothers are exceedingly peculiar and can be easily classified as eccentric and individualistic. Especially is this so of Reimar. He is the one who developed the theory of the flying wing and subsequently of all the models and aircrafts built by the brothers. Walter, on the other hand is the engineer who tried to put into practice the several somewhat fantastic ideas of his brother. The clash of personalities resulted in a continuous quarrel and friction between the two brothers. Reimar was always developing new ideas which would increase the speed of the aircraft or improve its manoeuvrability; Walter on the other hand was tearing down the fantastic ideas of his brother by practical calculations and considerations.
3. The two men worked together up to and including the "Horten VIII" a flying wing intended to be a fighter plane powered with two Hirt engines [HM-60-R] with a performance of approximately 650 horsepower each. After the "Horten VIII" was finished, one of the usual and frequent quarrels separated the two brothers temporarily. Walter went to work alone on the "Horten IX", which is a fighter plane of the flying wing design, with practically no changes from the model VIII except for the engines. Walter substituted the Hirt engines with BMW Jets of the type TL-004. The plane was made completely of plywood and was furnished with a Messerschmidt ME-109 Landing gear.
The model of this aircraft (Horten IX) was tested extensively in the supersonic wind tunnel [Mach No. 1.0] of the aero-dynamic testing institute [Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt, located in Göttingen. The tests were conducted in the late summer of 1944 under the personal supervision of Professor Betz, chief of the institute. Betz at that time was approximately sixty years old and next to Prandtel [then seventy-eight years old], was considered to be the best man on aerodynamics in Germany. Betz's attitude toward the flying wing is very conservative to say the least. Basically he is against the design of any flying wing. According to the official reports about the tests, air disturbances were created on the wing tips, resulting in air vacuums, which in turn would prevent the steering mechanism from functioning properly. This seems logical as, of course, neither the ailerons nor the rudders could properly accomplish their function in a partial vacuum created by air disturbances and whirls.
In spite of that, two Horten IX's were built and tried out by a test pilot, Eugen [now living in Gottingen] at Rechlin in the fall of 1944. One of the two planes, piloted by another test pilot, developed trouble with one of the jet engines while the pilot was trying to ascertain the maximum rate of climb. The right jet stopped suddenly, causing the aircraft to go into an immediate spin and subsequent crash in which the pilot was killed. Eugen, however, was more fortunate in putting the other ship through all the necessary paces without the least trouble. He maintains that the maximum speed attained was around 950 km per hour, and that there were no steering difficulties whatsoever, and that the danger of both head and tail spins was no greater that any other conventional aircraft.
After extensive tests, the Horten IX was accepted by the German Air Force as represented by Göring, who ordered immediate mass production. The first order went to Gothaer Waggon Fabrik, located in Gotha [Thuringia] in January 1945. Göring requested that ten planes be built immediately and that the entire factory was to concentrate and be converted to the production of the Horten IX. The firm in question received all the plans and designs of the ship. In spite of this explicit order, production of the Horten IX was never started. The technical manager of the firm, Berthold, immediately upon receipt of the plans, submitted a number of suggestions to improve the aircraft. It is believed that his intention was to eliminate the Horten brothers as inventors and to modify the ship to such an extent that it would be more his brain child than anybody else's. Numerous letters were exchanged from High Command of the German Air Force and Dr. Berthold, which finally were interrupted by the armistice in May 1945. When US troops occupied the town of Gotha, the designs of the Horten IX were kept in hiding and not handed over to American Military authorities. The original designs in possession of the Horten brothers were hidden in a salt mine in Salzdettfurt, but the model tested by Eugen was destroyed in April 1945. The original designs were recovered from Salzdettfurt by British authorities in the summer of 1945.
The Horten brothers, together with Dr. Betz, Eugen and Dr. Stüper [the test pilot of the aerodynamic institute in Gottingen], were invited to go to England in the late summer of 1945 where they remained for approximately ninety days. They were interrogated and questioned about their ideas and were given several problems to work on. However Reimar was very unwilling to cooperate to any extent whatsoever, unless an immediate contract was offered to him and his brother. Walter, on the other hand, not being a theoretician, was unable to comply and Reimar was sufficiently stubborn not to move a finger. Upon their return to Göttingen Walter remained in contact with British authorities and was actually paid a salary by the British between October 1945 and April 1946, as the British contemplated but never did offer him employment. Walter subsequently had a final argument with his brother and the two decided to part. Reimar then went to the university of Bonn to obtain his degree, and Walter organized an engineering office in Göttingen which served as a cover firm to keep him out of trouble with the labor authorities. Walter married Fräulein von der Gröben, an extremely intelligent woman, former chief secretary to Air Force General Udet.
In the spring of 1947 Walter Horten heard about the flying wing design in the United States by Northrop and decided to write Northrop for employment. He was answered in the summer of 1947 by a letter in which Northrop pointed out that he, himself, could not do anything to get him over to the States, but that he would welcome it very much if he could come to the United States and take up employment with the firm. He recommended that Walter should get in touch with USAFE Headquarters in Wiesbaden in order to obtain necessary clearance.
4. As can be seen from the above, most of the Hortens' work took place in Western Germany. According to our source, neither of the brothers ever had any contact with any representative of the Soviet Air Force or any other foreign power. In spite of the fact that Reimar is rather disgusted with the British for not offering him a contract, it is believed very unlikely that he has approached the Soviet authorities in order to sell out to them. The only possible link between the Horten brothers and the Soviet authorities is the fact that a complete set of plans and designs were hidden at the Gothaer Waggon Fabrik and the knowledge of this is known by Dr. Berthold and a number of other engineers. It is possible and likely that either Berthold or any of the others having knowledge of the Horten IX would have sold out to the Soviet authorities for one of a number of reasons. However, this will be checked upon in the future, and it is hoped that contact with the the Gothaer Waggon Fabrik can be established.
All the above mentioned people contacted independently and at different times are very insistent on the fact that to their knowledge and belief no such design ever existed nor was projected by any of the German air research institutions. While they agree that such a design would be highly practical and desirable, they do not know anything about its possible realization now or in the past.
First, some excerpts from: "The Horten Flying Wing in World War II: The History & Development of the Ho 229", by H. P. Dabrowski, translated from the German by David Johnson [Schiffer Military History Vol. 47].
"In February 1945 Heinz Scheidhauer flew the Ho VII to Göttingen. Hydraulic failure prevented him from extending the aircraft's undercarriage, and he was forced to make a belly landing. The resulting damage had not been repaired when, on 7 April 1945, US troops occupied the airfield. The aircraft presumably suffered the same fate as the Ho V and was burned.
"The [Ho IX V1, RLM-Number 8-229] machine was sent to Brandis, where it was to be tested by the military and used for training purposes. It was found there by soldiers of the US 9th Armored Division at the end of the war and was later burned in a 'clearing action'.
"Construction of the Ho IX V3 was nearly complete when the Gotha Works at Friederichsroda were overrun by troops of the American 3rd Army's VII Corps on 14 April 1945. The aircraft was assigned the number T2-490 by the Americans. The aircraft's official RLM designation is uncertain, as it was referred to as the Ho 229 as well as the Go 229. Also found in the destroyed and abandoned works were several other prototypes in various stages of construction, including a two-seat version The V3 was sent to the United States by ship, along with other captured aircraft, and finally ended up in the H.H. "Hap" Arnold collection of the Air Force Technical Museum. The wing aircraft was to have been brought to flying status at Park Ridge, Illinois, but budget cuts in the late forties and early fifties brought these plans to an end. The V3 was handed over to the present-day National Air and Space Museum [NASM] in Washington D.C."
From these excerpts we see that certainly by late April or early May, 1945, the US had not just knowledge but at least semi-functional examples of the Horten flying wing. Ii can be assumed that the US would have wanted these craft back home for study as soon as was practical.
"It is possible within the present U.S. knowledge -provided extensive detailed development is undertaken- to construct a piloted aircraft which has the general description of the object in subparagraph (e) above which would be capable of an approximate range of 700 miles at subsonic speeds".
Why only possible? The Horten flying wing(s) had already been in US possession for two years.
"Any developments in this country along the lines indicated would be extremely expensive, time consuming and at the considerable expense of current projects and therefore, if directed, should be set up independently of existing projects".
Why expensive? The design, prototype and development work had already been completed. Is this a dodge for more money?
"Due consideration must be given the following: The possibility that these objects are of domestic origin - the product of some high security project not known to AC/AS-2 or this command".
How likely is it that the AMC was unaware of the captured Horten flying wing(s)?
"This opinion was arrived at in a conference between personnel from the Air Institute of Technology, Intelligence T-2, Office, Chief of Engineering Division, and the Aircraft, Power Plant and Propeller Laboratories of Engineering Division T-3".
How likely is it that these groups were unaware of the captured Horten flying wing(s)?
(1) The objects are domestic [U.S.] devices.
(2) Objects are foreign, and if so, it would seem most logical to consider that they are from a Soviet source.
"The Soviets possess information on a number of German flying-wing type aircraft, such as the Gotha P60A, Junkers EF-130 long-range jet bomber and the Horten 229 twin-jet fighter, which particularly resembles some of the descriptions of unidentified flying objects".
This report was prepared by the US Air Force's Directorate of Intelligence and the Office of Naval Intelligence and more than a year has passed since Twining's letter.
How is it that these agencies believe that it is the Soviets who have the captured Horten flying wing(s) or just information when, by this time, the US has had them for at least three years? What value would there be in pointing the finger at the Soviets and suggesting that they have aircraft far in advance of our own?
Klass contends that the USAF Directorate of Intelligence and the Office of Naval Intelligence demonstrate no knowledge of a Roswell-related crashed object/disk because there wasn't such an incident. Yet, three years after the fact, these same offices demonstrate no knowledge of the US possession of the Horten flying wing(s).
Klass can't have it both ways - and neither can the rest of us.
If these offices were not aware of the US possession of the Horten flying wing(s) then the so-called UFO cover-up exceeded their need-to-know and began before the Roswell incident.
If these offices were aware of the US possession of the Horten flying wing(s) then why would they not acknowledge such [in a Top Secret document that took 37 years to declassify]?
Reports of an alien spacecraft being struck by lightning and crashing late at night in early July 1947, near Roswell, New Mexico, were the beginnings of the most compelling event in all UFO lore.
Originally reported in the "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" and confirmed by military officials as authentic, the report was later refuted by the military and the crash remains were claimed to be nothing more than a weather balloon.
Horten Parabola in 1945, copied by the U.S. postwar?
A prototype of the Horten Ho 229 made a successful test flight just before Christmas 1944, but by then time was running out for the Nazis and they were never able to perfect the design or produce more than a handful of prototype planes.
However, an engineering team has reconstructed the bomber –albeit one that cannot fly– from blueprints.
It was designed with a greater range and speed than any plane previously built and was the first aircraft to use the stealth technology now deployed by the US in its B-2 bombers.
It has been recognised that Germany's technological expertise during the war was years ahead of the Allies, from the Panzer tanks through to the V-2 rocket.
But, by 1943, the Nazis were keen to develop new weapons as they felt the war was turning against them.
Nazi bombers were suffering badly when faced with the speed and manoeuvrability of the Spitfire.
In 1943 Luftwaffe chief Hermann Göring demanded that designers come up with a bomber that would meet his "1,000, 1,000, 1,000" requirements – one that could carry 1,000kg over 1,000km flying at 1,000km/h.
Two pilot brothers in their thirties, Reimar and Walter Horten, suggested a "flying wing" design which they were sure would meet Göring's specifications.
The centre pod was made from a welded steel tube, and was designed to be powered by a BMW 003 engine.
But the most significant innovation was Reimar Horten's idea to coat it in a mix of charcoal dust and wood glue which he believed would absorb the electromagnetic waves of radar.
They hoped that that, in conjunction with the aircraft's sculpted surfaces, would render it almost invisible to radar detectors.
This was the same method eventually used by the U.S. in its first stealth aircraft in the early 1980s, the F-117A 'Nighthawk'.
Until now, experts had always doubted claims that the Horten could actually function as a stealth aircraft.
But, using the blueprints and the only remaining prototype craft, Northrop-Grumman defence firm built a fullsize replica of a Horten Ho 229, which cost £154,000 and took 2,500 man-hours to construct.
The aircraft is not completely invisible to the type of radar used in the war, but it would have been stealthy enough and fast enough to reach London before Spitfires could be scrambled.
"If the Germans had had time to develop these aircraft, they could well have had an impact," Peter Murton, aviation expert from the Imperial War Museum at Duxford, in Cambridgeshire told the "Daily Mail".
"In theory the flying wing was a very efficient aircraft design which minimised drag.
"It is one of the reasons that it could reach very high speeds in dive and glide and had such an incredibly long range".
The research was filmed for a documentary on the "National Geographic Channel".
In the early 1960s, the prototype jet was transferred to a Smithsonian facility in Maryland that is off-limits to the public. It remains there today.
“There have been no documents released on it, and the public has no access to it,” said Michael Jorgensen, a documentary filmmaker who secured National Geographic Channel backing to assemble a team of Northrop Grumman aeronautical engineers to study the craft and build a full-size replica from original plans. The completed model, which has a 55-foot wingspan, was quietly trucked to San Diego to join the San Diego Air & Space Museum's permanent collection.
The big mystery: Was this a stealth aircraft created more than three decades before modern stealth technology debuted? Could the wedge-shaped jet — almost completely formed of wood — actually evade radar detection? If so, military analysts wonder if the outcome of the war might have been different had the Germans had time to deploy the technology. The prototype craft was successfully tested by the Germans in late 1944.
The reconstruction process was filmed over three months last fall by Jorgensen's Flying Wing Films production company. Film crews followed the model to Northrop Grumman's restricted test site in the Mojave Desert in January, where the craft was mounted five stories high on a rotating pole. Radar was aimed at it from every direction and aerial attacks were simulated.
"It was a chance to be involved in solving a mystery that has baffled aviation historians for a long time," said Jim Hart, a spokesman for Northrop Grumman, which created the B-2 stealth bomber. | 2019-04-22T20:05:45Z | http://greyfalcon.us/The%20Horten%20Ho%20229.htm |
My name is Rhema and I am autistic. I was trapped in silence for twelve years. My autistic body would not obey my intelligent mind. To be totally stuck in your own head is a nightmare. Sometimes I hurt myself and did destructive things because I was so absolutely frustrated. The one hope I had was one day that I would have a voice bigger than I could imagine.
My mother took me to learn RPM and this was the moment I was sure I would be able to speak one day. It took a lot of work but I learned to make my finger point on my letterboard and keyboard and I learned to also listen to the letters in my head.
Now I am able to share my thoughts. Now I am able to study strong subjects in school. Now I have two friends that I can talk to. Now I have education opportunities I never had before.
Imagine how disheartening it is to hear that your organization would say that my means of communication is not valid and is even harmful. How can you say that I am not the author of my own thoughts just because I need support? How can you say that the thing that has freed me from a prison of silence is a hoax? I hope you will reconsider your position. I hope you will not jeopardize the chances of others to have their voices heard. I hope you will listen.
The proposed policy on the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) can be read here.
When Hope was 3 or 4 years old she wanted to know what in the world I did with myself when she wasn’t around.
Especially after she went to bed.
I told her I go flying at night for exercise.
It occurred to me at this point that I might be getting carried away with my little story. I felt a tad guilty because I didn’t expect her to just believe me so easily.
There was no turning back now. I burst into an exaggerated rendition of “The Wind Beneath My Wings” and whooshed through the living room.
Fly. Flyyyy. Flyyyyyy away. You let me fly so high.
We researched and discovered there is a species of hummingbird whose feathers refract a gorgeous, vivid hot pink. Hope was delighted. She talked for hours about how she’d flap her wings so fast they’d hum like Rhema, how her pink head would glow in the dark.
This was not an easy year for my Hope. She experienced deep, unexpected losses – that of her beloved grandpa and a dear friend. She tasted bitter disappointments repeatedly and had to adjust to changes. For the first time as her mother I could not shield her with my wings. I could not do or say something to make it ok.
A couple times I wondered if she would lose heart.
But no. She knows the true Source of Hope. This Hope does not disappoint. This Hope is not just a wish or fancy, but an abiding, unshakeable expectation. She has this Hope as an anchor for the soul, firm and secure. And her forerunner, her Audience of One, is Jesus.
And so. Without much recognition, she persists with a quiet excellence at everything she does. She faithfully loves God and family and those around her with gentleness and kindness. We could not be prouder of who she is.
On her last day of 5th grade, we took a “Hope and Mommy Day” (a long tradition of ours), just the two of us. And for a sweet little while we were hummingbirds and crows, flying.
We love you bigger than the sky, dear Hope.
Today Rhema teamed up with her friend Miss Jess to share a presentation with a wonderful team of specialists at Boston Ability Center.
Rhema agreed to share part of her presentation here. To help Rhema prepare, Jess provided the questions.
Question: How do we walk the fine line between choosing activities/designing therapy for our patients (autistic individuals) that is functional for classrooms, social scenarios, the work place, etc. while also incorporating the idea that we don’t want to “force” our clients to act as neurotypical individuals. What kind of therapy would you like to get if you were getting services at BAC?
Rhema: I think the best therapy is the kind that helps students really improve their ability to communicate . I mean hellp them learn to listen to their mind. The autistic body has trouble listening to its mind . The therapist that only treat me like a baby will only expect me to climb a tiny tree when i really can scale a mountain . Therapy that is most helpful is therapy that helps me challenge myself to control my impulses in a way that is not demeaning . For example i love to steal markers. The way to demean me is to speak to me as if i am a baby. You should try to remember that i am a teenager with an autistic body that makes its own destruction sometimes.
Every one should only make time to understand the person they are working to support. Can you make good ideas about someone’s needs if you don’t really know their abilities ?
I knew how to read at age five but some therapists only wanted me to identify letters repeat repeat repeat . I wake up every day really happy because i can have strong subjects to study.
The best therapy in education is the kind that helps students learn challenging material. Too much time is wasted on too many preschool things . I would like to have more hellp with my handwriting and typing and speech in a way that is not going to belittle me. I think you do this by incorporating interesting lessons not simple stories .
Question: How does a therapist know they can / should move on from an activity (ie pointing to letters or repeating their sounds) when the client hasn’t been able to perform it successfully? This is a really tough thing both for parents and therapists to figure out… we want to presume competence but without evidence of understanding, there’s the fear that we’re moving too fast, not doing our jobs in really teaching our students but rather moving to the next thing before they’re ready, which can be frustrating for the student. How do you recommend handling that conundrum?
Rhema: The best thing a therapist can do when they don’t know whether a student can do the work is to assume they can. The student will be more frustrated if they are given simple work over and over than if they are given something more challenging.
I know this from my own experience. I was so frustrated that i could not really do well. Then i got my chance to study challenging subjects. I was so afraid that my teacher would give up and keep giving me simple lessons. She did not make her lessons simple even when i got answers wrong even when i crawled under the table. That gave me hope even though i was so afraid that i would fail.
Question: How can therapists help work with kids like you on impulse control, coordination etc.? What are some therapy activities that didn’t work or that you disliked? What activities have been most helpful/useful?
Rhema: Can you stop forgetting that i am going to have my mind tell me one thing and my body do another? I will often only do the things that are easy like type gibberish because it is too hard to make my finger listen to the letters in my head. I need therapies that help me win the fight against my uncooperative body. I don’t understand my therapists who ignore the fact that i am smart and still make me do tasks like identifying happy and sad faces.
The therapies that i think might help are ones that work on my ability to notice what is important and filter out everything else. I get so loud in my head that it is impossible to notice only what is important at that second. To always have so much information is so hard. I see too much like the granularity in a letter on a page. I hear too much like the pine needles falling outside. I feel too much like the happiness of my friend Reilly in the seat beside me. It is a blessing and a curse. Only a few people have really found a way to help me focus on the letters in my head. Soma Erika my mom and Hope. I hope i can get better and better.
Question: How do you include people who type or point?
Rhema: You treat them just like you would treat any student. Give them an opportunity to learn and share their thoughts.
My school was the first place where teachers and classmates that treated me like I was a normal student. I just communicate on my iPad. Even when I am not able to type well they never assume that I just don’t understand. Time will tell how much their support means to me.
In 2017, Rhema moved from the letterboard to the keyboard.
to you i am a girl who found her voice but i am a bird who has taken to the sky .
i am a hyena who laughs at the world .
i am a frog who jumps for joy .
i am an aard vark who . play s all day . with worms .
i am a lion who rulles the day.
i am a giraffe standing talle r than ever .
Something I want to say is nothing to say is ok. So many people think that they need to speak but sometimes silence is golden. I was silent for twelve years and I learned so much by listening. To have no voice taught me to cherish words and I try to use them carefully. That is all I have to say today.
something i want to say is just because i cannot speak does not mean i dont hear . i hear everything people say to me or about me . i may not show understanding in my face but i know and understand . not a word said escapes my so strong ears . so remember to speak kindly to everyone . love rhema .
Something I want to say is not having a voice sounds horrible but I learned to listen. That is how I learned so much. By listening to everything around me. The radio the tv, conversations all around. Only I knew that I understood it and one day I would be able to show it. I am thankful for that time as hard as it was.
or if I was hurting.
They often treated me like I was a baby. This was so frustrating to me but I hoped one day they would know the real me.
Someone once said I was stupid because I could not talk. This hurt so much.
Only now can I look back and see that it made me stronger.
Now I have my voice and lots of people read my words. This makes me so happy.
I want teachers to know that I am smart even though I might be slow on my board. Sometimes I can’t seem to make my mind slow down but I am always thinking. I want teachers to give students like me a chance to really get a quality education. Someone said to get a high school diploma you need to have taken certain classes. I have not. But I hope that will change so I can become a scientist and use my mind to help others. I think I have a lot to offer to the world. This is my hope.
I am so happy for my birthday. To be a teenager is a dream come true. I am excited for the future and I know God will help me suceed. I am confident that He has good plans for my life.
something i want to say is that autism acceptance starts with people believing that everyone deserves a chance to access a fair education. i hope to help other autistic people like me become advocates because this is the only way to make our voices heard. i hope people will listen to our words because we have a lot to say to the world about what it means to be autistic. many people think they knowbut they do not. autism is a complicated disorder. not everyone is impacted as much as me. but i am smart and i hear music in numbers and trees and grass. i am happy to be autistic even though its hard most of the time. so much of my words come from God. he is helping me live this life. to have my voice heard means the world to me. to have people encourage me also means the world. to have a company of encouragers is the best gift. thank you for listening to me.
i hope to be a scientist one day. i hope to go to high school and college one day too. so many possibilities are open to me now that i have my voice.
not being able to go to whatever school i want makes me so sad. i should have access to the same education as anyone else.
i know i need lots of support but i believe it is worth it.
someone once said the best students are the ones who really want to be there. that’s me.
so i will never stop trying to get the best education i can. i owe it to me and my family and other autistic people who have yet to find their voices.
i want you to know that i am autistic and that is something i am happy and sad about. i love that God made me this way even though it is so hard sometime. i can hear music in trees and grass and numbers have sounds that make me so happy. i also can remem ber just about every thing i hear . the reason i said it makes me sad is because i cant talk with my mouth and that is so hard to not have the ability to just speak whenever. i know it seems like i am not smart but i am . i believe one day i will show the world that autistic people are smart and want the same things as anyone else. thank you for being patient with me while i learn to sit in class. i want to have an education that helps me reach my goals. thank you for listening.
some thing i want to say is not so many people think about autism like a gift. but i do. i experience so many thing s like colors and sound s and emotions and dimensions of time i n a way that only i can. this make s me so happy . i see details i n flimsy grass blades and green caterpill ars . i can rem ember almost every sound my ears hear. it is store d in my helper head. i can think about my autism as a gift and that hellps me on days that are hard. the bible say s that to be content is a secret and i think i am learning contentment in my aut ism.
i feel to awesome for words be cause its the day god has made . i cant for get his love for me . do you know so mu ch love i n any o the r. i do nt eith er.
so mething i want to say is my grand pa died this week. he resides in heaven now . i came to his house and looked for him but he is not here . he is with his savior and he is so happy . i miss him so much even though i dont cry . he always told me he loved me and was proud of me . have you ever jumped on a trampoline my grandpa gave me mine . he read his bible every morning . he will always be in my heart . love rhema .
when i was little my grandpa took me for a ride in the 4-wheeler . hope was with us . she was counting deer . then grandpa said theres dinner for all of us . i thought it was so funny and i still remember it . that was grandpa .
i must create some thing good for my life . that is really what grandpa would want . i pray for god to hellp me . to do it . every day .
i am thankful for my autism because it teaches me to trust God . My body is not something i can trust but the God who made me is . he not only made me autistic he made me not able to speak with my mouth but with my heart . The gift of my voice is my sweetest song of praise. i want to sing and sing . i not only want to sing i want to share my song with the world . my hope is in the lord . i thank him . for he is always good .
to be autistic is to be a gorilla in a tutu. your clothes never fit quite right .
to be autistic is to be a dinosaur making large footprints on the earth . your body is not for this age .
to be autistic is to be an eagle with too strong eyes . your eyes see the miniscule details others miss.
to be autistic is to be a hippo with birds on your back. you still feel the itch.
to be autistic is to be a lizard who basks in the sun. you feel the heat and it invigorates you and drains you.
to be autistic is to be a telescope seeing the world with microscopic detail .
to be autistic is to be a megaphone every thing is too loud .
to be autistic is to be a butterfly ready to fly .
Years ago, I began reading The Reason I Jump by Naoki Higashida. Naoki is a non-speaking autistic young man who communicates through the use of an alphabet grid and computer. I was eager to read his thoughts, hoping to unearth insights into my own daughter, hoping to find a reason to believe that she too had words inside waiting to be unlocked. But as I read, I discovered that Naoki did have some spoken language. It was largely echolalic language, but that fact alone caused me to put Naoki in a different category, a “higher” category than my girl. Rhema had no spoken language – the few words she was able to say when prompted had essentially faded away. I reasoned she could not achieve the level of communication Naoki had. Deflated, I put the book away.
I didn’t realize my error: mistaking communicative non-functionality for mental non-functionality.
Thankfully, thankfully, my misconceptions began to change in 2015 when an RPM (Rapid Prompting Method) provider taught my daughter an age-appropriate lesson on the Ice Age, and I watched her respond appropriately and accurately to questions about the lesson. Later I would discover that my 11-year-old (at the time) whom I thought did not know the alphabet letters had taught herself to read at age 5.
Much of her schooling and therapies seemed to be structured around the concept that Rhema’s severe autism represented developmental, cognitive delays. I never questioned the experts who said we should speak to her in simplified one and two-word phrases: “Give ball”, “Shirt on”, “All done”.
Rhema words, along with other autistic non-speakers or minimal-speakers – Ido, Emma, Phillip, Coco, Graciela, Kaylie, Josiah, Diego – opened my eyes and continue to teach me. I listen to them now, their voices the loudest.
As parents and educators, what will happen if we begin to re-think long-held assumptions about autism? If we resist comparing individuals to non-autistic or even autistic peers (like I did with Naoki) and see their development as their own? If we stop pretending to presume competence and truly do it? What if we assume that behind the silence and the erratic impulses and the lack of eye contact and seeming lack of attention, there is a mind as creative, inquisitive, insightful as our own… what if we adjust the curricula accordingly? No harm done if we do. But what if we don’t?
This year Rhema is homeschooled for language arts and history and enrolled in middle school math and science classes. She is studying everything from geometry to Newton’s Laws of Motion. It’s been a long, hard road. It’s still hard every day. Her anxious body betrays her constantly. She needs many, many breaks. It can take an hour to type a single paragraph. Some days her body is so disorganized, she cannot type at all, so she spends hours trying to get ahead on the homework. She is thrilled to have homework.
Her teachers have written that Rhema’s test scores have been regularly strong and she demonstrates good mastery of the topics covered. In fact, she received all A’s on her report card.
She is sharing letters with friends, speaking to college classes, contributing to a book, and participating in the TASH Atlanta conference next week. She sits in the back seat of the car with her sister and the letterboard and entertains us with stories and rhymes. She’s an incredible storyteller. It’s a suffocating, terrifying thought to realize that I might never have heard her stories.
All she needed was a chance.
She needed teachers and a learning community that dared to see beyond the challenging “behaviors” and find her strengths, to include and welcome her (– keyboard, letterboard, crazy-Mom-aide and all), to value her as any other student.
It’s so important. It’s life-altering. It’s hope, new hope, for our Rhema.
i am so happy about my grades . i remember when i thought i would never be able to make my thoughts heard . now i am going to school and finding the world and my dreams . only god knows how much i have longed for this. you are not underestimated all your life only to be given a chance to exercise your in telligent mind. but it has happened to me . my good god made a way. my good teachers dont treat me like a baby . my really good mother never gives up. my really good father never stops supporting me. my really good hope always encourages me to do my best . like the way my teachers said i am a blessing to have in class. the end. love rhema .
Snippet from Rhema’s recent report card.
Rhema and her precious friend Syd often have play dates on Sundays. When I ask Rhema what she wants to do with her friend, her answer is almost always “talk.” She treasures it, after all the years of silence, the gift of conversation. And she genuinely enjoys getting to know her friend better.
i want to talk with syd about girl stuff.
And with those simple words I remembered once again that my soon to be thirteen-year-old girl is my soon to be thirteen-year-old girl. Her days don’t look very much like those of other girls her age, but she shares many of the same interests, hopes and dreams.
Syd was totally up for talking about girl stuff. She sat at the table and did some coloring before Rhema broke off all the tips of a new set of markers.
I held Rhema’s iPad and she slowly typed, “hi syd”.
What happened next was one of the most vulnerable, beautiful conversations I have ever heard. I learned new things about my daughter that only make me love and respect her more. And Syd is a rare gem. She is genuine, patient and kind. She never seems put off by Rhema’s challenges, differences or seemingly odd behavior at times. She sees past all that and, as Rhema says, sees her. Syd dares to find ways to connect, and she sincerely enjoys their time together.
The conversation below may read fast, but it took an hour. Rhema is very slow at typing and it takes so much concentration and focus to complete a sentence. In between typing/pointing she nervously slapped her leg or licked her fingers or ripped paper. But she persevered. Because she loves, loves talking with her friend.
Syd: Go to church, go to youth group, spend time with you, relax, sing and bake. What is your favorite thing to do on weekends?
Rhema: What do you like most about me?
Syd: You’re kind and sweet and welcoming. And a very good friend.
Syd: That’s cool. My parents just liked my name. Do you have a favorite movie?
Rhema: How do you feel about boys?
Syd: Sometimes they can be really annoying. Sometimes they can be really nice. How do you feel about boys?
Rhema: I think they are cute and I hope to get a boyfriend one day.
Rhema: Someone once said I was too loud in church. Do you think so? Am I too loud?
Syd: No. Not at all.
Syd: My mom’s cousin has cancer. And I hope that the snowstorm will not be too dangerous. And I hope our friendship goes on forever. How can I pray for you?
Rhema: I want to go to more school where I can be challenged and have friends.
Rhema: Thank you for talking to me today. I love you. | 2019-04-20T17:00:55Z | https://rhemashope.wordpress.com/ |
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Geographic relevance. That’s what local business want from their website traffic. Let’s face it, if you are a local business then web visitors from 500 miles away are not going to help you keep the lights on, are they? What you need are local strategies that will help you rank in search and maps.
Here then we will take a look at 7 local strategies to help you get the qualified leads you need, straight from local search!
Grab your Google My Business local page and fill it out to 100% completion. If you have more than one location have a page for each, just sure to make each of them unique. You also need to make sure they are verified. Once that is all done you will want to grab a custom URL for your Google + profile (G+ is a social platform well worth getting to grips with for helping to rank your business).
Follow all of the prompts and suggestions put forward by GMB and you’ll have a completed page in no time, just make sure to fill out the description in detail and make it search friendly. Why is the Google My Business page so important? It’s what shows up in Search and Maps when somebody close by to you starts searching for a local business just like yours. With that in mind, make sure you fill everything out properly and use high quality photos and cover / logo images.
Reviews are an important part of any ranking strategy but they are absolutely vital for local SEO, and for reasons that should be fairly obvious. Reviews are as important as word of mouth recommendations, and they are the first thing that a person sees when your business pops up in search – whether that be in actual search engine results or in maps.
You will need roughly 5 reviews before your stars (hopefully 5 of them) begin to appear in results but the more that you have, the better. They are a mark of quality, a sign that that you have something of value to offer. When asking for reviews, try to get your customers to leave an actual comment rather than just a star rating. Five stars are great, but a glowing reference to go with them goes much further.
Citations account for around 25% of ranking factors so it is extremely important to get this right. Making sure you have complete profiles on all the local directories that you can find can be a long winded affair,wrist achingly boring and yes, you’d rather be doing something else – but, and this can’t be stressed enough, if you want to rank locally then you need to do it.
You can do everything manually, by heading to a site for a list of citation sources and submitting details to each, or you can outsource the task to a service like this citation building service.
However you choose to do it, you need to make certain that your NAP (name, address, phone) data is the same, right across the board.
Again, make sure your NAP is the same on your social profiles as it is everywhere else. Search engines will be looking for social presence, and details of these often show up in search results next to your listings.
Be sure that you are active on these channels too, even posting one high quality post a week is better than none at all. The platforms you should be looking at are Facebook, Twitter and Google Plus. Depending on the type of business you have, you may want to take a look at Instagram too.
If you have more than one location then this is a great way to improve local reach. Even if you have just one location, this can still be used – just be wary of duplicate content; you won’t be penalised but only one page will be displayed in search so its a waste of time and effort more than anything else.
Learning about Google’s autocomplete feature and what people are searching for can help here too. Start typing one of your locations into the search bar then type ONE underscore ‘_’ character followed by a space then your business type – ‘baker’, for example.
What will pop up should give you some great ideas for location specific page titles and content ideas!
Inbound links account for roughly 20% of your ranking power, so get on that as soon as you can. Have a look around for local businesses that are talking about similar things to you and reach out to them. This is a mutually beneficial arrangement so there shouldn’t be an issue, so long as you are nice and polite and you have content worth sharing.
One way to do this is simply by getting them to mention you in a blog post with a link to your site or to a post of your own. Guest posting on each others websites with links back is also a great way to boost each others ranking signals.
Hopefully you have found these 7 strategies helpful, and they help to get your local business to where it needs to be. Some of these do require an amount of work, but it’s all worth it in the end!
Web design is forever evolving, but there are new ways of working that rise to the service that help web designers make a site that is more interactive, as well as aesthetically pleasing to the viewer. According to Internet Creation who are one of the leading web design agencies in Fife. The following web design trends are sure to make an impact in 2018, both the web design and marketing in general.
Bright colours make an impact, regardless of whether you run a blog or a business website. Bright colours have been popular for some time, and don’t show signs of going anywhere soon. As such, you can expect to see more bright and bold colours used in the world of web design throughout 2018.
While there have been worries surrounding bright colours in the past, web designers have been taking a few risks when it comes to bright and bold colours, and have found that they can create some eye-catching websites, without them being an eyesore.
Although web designers were making use of split-screen aesthetics in 2017, the use of perfect symmetry looks to be one of the popular trends in 2018. While web designers will need o ensure that one element isn’t overpowering another, the use of split screen technology is becoming popular among those wanting a website that garners attention and keeps an audience actively involved.
The use of asymmetrical grids can be used alongside other trends in 2018, such as the use of bright colour. You could split the screen using two different colours that sit well on the eye to create an eye-catching website.
The name “sticky elements” can sound like there’s something wrong, but elements that are situated in one place can really help the aesthetics of a website, and ensures it can be viewed on several platforms without hindrance. Ads and banners can float around the screen if not optimised properly, making for an intrusive visit. Sticky elements stay put, while still being in a prime position for interaction.
Of course, the practice won’t be limited to just ads and banners, as other users will also be incorporated. Online chat and other interactive elements will also be placed in an non-intrusive way, while still being visible to the user.
Amazon, Google and Apple all have their own assistant, which means more and more web searches are being carried out without ever touching a device. While visual search still plays an integral part of retrieving information from the Internet, the popularity of voice and natural language shouldn’t be overlooked. The trend looks to grow in 2018, so it can be worthwhile making plans now to incorporate voice search into future projects.
When it comes to designing a website, one of the most detrimental elements can be anything that causes lagging time. As such, it makes sense that we’re not decorating website with endless animations and other features that could have an impact on how the website operates. However, that’s not to say that there isn’t room for some subtle animations here and there.
How animation is instilled can depend on the project, but it’s important that such animations fit into the style of the site, and don’t take up too much time. Used in the right way, subtle animation can give your website an original edge that begs for more interaction from online users.
Images on a website have to look their best, but they also have to be light so bandwidth isn’t being hit harder than it should. Scalable vector graphics are fast becoming the format for online images, and look to ensure images look pixel perfect, regardless of resolution. Although today’s broadband and fibre optic is able to download images within seconds, the use of large image formats can still mean things come grinding to a halt should too many people be downloading images at the same time, which mean some users could be met with a “bandwidth exceeded” message.
While we should always look to ensure that we have the right bandwidth for our online endeavours, the use of SVG images allows web designers freer reign.
As well as being used for more generic images, the use if SVG will also aid web designers looking to make use of 3D images and 360 photography.
As well as video and text still being popular, more and more web designers are finding that businesses gain traction when offering interactive content. This trend looks to be huge in 2018, with polls, quizzes and knowledge tests being instilled within several demographics.
Whether you’re an educational business news site or blog, you can be sure that there is room for interactive content that will look to win over new visitors, as well as keeping more seasoned visitors entertained.
Like any other year, 2018 will see a series of new trends, and while more conventional methods may still apply, web designer really need to ensure that they are acknowledging these trends and looking to see how they can be instilled when it comes to future projects.
The world of website design is forever changing, and many designers know its important to look for relevant updates, but it’s also worthwhile looking at trends to ensure that you’re able to balance professional design with user expectations.
Affiliate marketing has always been and can be a huge income source. The key to maximizing your affiliate earnings is engaging your readers. If you are just taking the plunge into affiliate marketing, it can be rather daunting knowing what is right and what is wrong. Affiliate marketing is one of the most effective ways to make money from online content. Although you may have heard various ‘success stories’ where internet marketers have made huge amounts of money from providing affiliate businesses with well-performing leads that produce high levels of sales, it is not nearly as simple as it may sound to put affiliate marketing into action successfully.
However, there are ways that you can make the road to earning real money through affiliate marketing a little bit easier.
The best way to make use of the vast majority of affiliate marketing programs out there is to only promote offers, services, and products that your target audience needs and wants. You need to identify your target audience, therefore, and understand why they are following you on social media platforms, joining your mailing list or coming to your website.
Are you providing what they are looking for? If you are, then that’s a good start. If not though, then you need to ensure that the products and services you are marketing provide solutions to problems your audience are experiencing.
For example, if your site concerns printers and printer accessories such as toner, it makes no sense whatsoever to post affiliate ads for sports equipment even if these products are popular and successful marketing can result in a high payout. While it may interest some visitors, you need to remember the reason why people are visiting your site – for printer toner.
As most internet users are pretty savvy nowadays, they know how to spot affiliate links. It is vital that you avoid promoting products or services that you don’t actually like or believe in or clutter your site with too many ads, as this could break the trust they may have developed in you and your brand. If you break that trust, they may never come back to your site.
Regular visitors that come back time and time again will help drive traffic to it. They are usually the ones that recommend your site, spread the word about it and give you link backs. You need the relationship you build with your visitors to be one that has genuine content at its foundation.
If your visitors think you are looking to make a profit and will recommend whatever services and products will get you that profits regardless of what they are looking for or want; they won’t bother reading or looking at anything you want to promote.
You should instead be focused on giving value to your email list members and website visitors. Only share content and products that you know will be helpful, useful and relevant to them. When you do this, they will reward you with repeated business.
Affiliate advertisements should be thought of as complementary resources for your main resource. Add value to your existing content by making the affiliate ads informative, useful and helpful. Don’t stick a meaningless list of your favourite books, hoping they will purchase them so you can make some revenue from their sales.
Instead, take the time to write a detailed review and use appropriate ads to point them towards the right place if they want to follow through on your suggestion.
Always honestly disclose information about your affiliations. Visitors and readers will appreciate it if you are upfront and will feel much better about spending money on you. If they think you may be hiding something or being out-rightly dishonest about your affiliate relationships, they will probably just avoid your links and go straight to the seller – meaning you will miss out on the affiliate revenue.
If you are looking to build a loyal list of readers or website visitors, you need to offer full disclosure and be honest. Your visitors know when they use your referral links, make them feel good and motivated to do it.
As your website is the main port of call for your visitors and the main way they will interact with your online business, it needs to be well-designed this is one of the main reasons we would recomend a service such as https://www.serpchampion.com/affiliate-niche-site-creation/. It does not necessarily have to have lots of money thrown at it, but it should look professional and be as user-friendly as possible. As we have already established, your visitors will be familiar with what makes a website professional looking and what doesn’t.
If your site looks like it only cost you a few pounds, it won’t incite much confidence in your potential customers for your band and company. However, a site that has an intuitive design and layout that makes it easy for your visitors to find out what they want as quickly as possible, will be far more successful.
In line with the next tip regarding content – if you have the best content of all your competitors, but it is not presented in an organised and sensible fashion, your visitors may leave and go elsewhere and with that, you will lose money.
Although you should make it part of your strategies that you create content or have content created for your site regularly, not only from a rankings point of view; but, also so that you can continually supply relevant and fresh content to your readers and visitors. Timeless content is still of value though, even if it is no longer on the front page. For instance, a visitor might come across your site via a post that includes outdated information and that would be enough to send them to another website. Unless of course, you always provide links and updates on older posts, to show that while they are still ranked and there as evidence of your work in the past, you have posts with more relevant and up-to-date content.
Building an authority site within you nice is one of the most time consuming and challenging parts for any affiliate marketer, however, you don’t need to start from scratch. You may want to look at purchasing an expired domain, for example, you may want to check out these serp domains for your new affiliate site, this way you the domain will already have the authority and relevant links from sites within your niche. This also means that you can start ranking much quicker and also earning revenue from your website!
Technology is undeniably a big help in improving small to large businesses. The advanced devices, equipment and digital software and applications make businesses operate more productively and efficiently. With technology, more businesses are becoming successful.
Businesses use a wide variety of mobile applications that provide them access to a CRM system, open or update shared documents, participate in web conferences and manage social media accounts.
There have been various email and office applications which help businesses in their productivity. G Suite from Google and Microsoft Office 365 features document creation, slide presentation and spreadsheet management, among others.
Business management applications allow businesses to perform marketing automation, human resource management, services automation and more.
These apps allow you to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications. This includes Zapier, Scribe, MuleSoft, and Jitterbit.
Businesses can be able to easily create, update or modify their websites through WordPress, Drupal, and Sitecore, among others.
Customers can be able to air their concerns, questions, and feedback to businesses quickly through customer self-service software like Zendesk and Lithium.
Businesses can also improve end-user experience by gathering feedback customers through specialized applications like GetSatisfaction and UserVoice.
Employees, customer support representatives, and even customers can virtually communicate together through various teleconferencing platforms, including Skype Business, GoToMeeting and Join.me.
Webinar applications allow businesses to spread important content and materials through a community-based approach. Most common apps are Cisco WebEx, GoToWebinar, and BrightTALK.
Internet Protocol Telephony is gaining popularity as a method of exchanging calls, fax and other forms of information over specializes internet line. Many businesses are switching from traditional landlines to VoIP service. This includes RingCentral, 8×8 and Skype Business, among others.
Audio-Video sharing apps are very helpful in marketing and training strategies. It is also involved in the distribution of unique content. Audio-hosting apps include Podcasts and SoundCloud, whereas video-hosting sites include YouTube and Vimeo.
It is very easy for businesses to set up online stores through the use of e-commerce platforms. Almost all products can be offered through e-commerce. It can be done in various market segments. E-commerce allows firms to establish a market presence in the digital world.
Virtualization software allows you to manage multiple servers more easily, including operating systems, processors and server users. The server administrator makes use of a software that divides one physical server to multiple isolated virtual environments.
Lastly, social media platforms redefined marketing strategy. It allows businesses to reach billions of users worldwide. Social media is a more interactive way of sharing content. The most popular social media platforms are Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.
The ever-changing Google algorithms is something that is constantly changing and perplexing the minds of many SEO experts everywhere. While SEO experts attempt to remain ahead of the algorithms googles artificial intelligence is constantly changing to try and keep the industry on its toes.
The online gambling industry is one of the many industries that relies heavily on SEO for instance, especially online slots, SEO is a tool of generating traffic and players to their respective platforms. Many people outside the industry are often unaware of the power that being on the first page of Google for key search terms can mean for a brand’s revenue.
Where big name casino brands don’t necessarily need to spend much time financing complicated SEO campaigns, it’s down to the geniuses at the bottom of the run to second and guess and react as quickly as possible to the new algorithms that Google delivers.
In the early days of search engine optimisation business didn’t have much trouble working their way to the top of google rankings. It was all about Meta keywords and the complications of digital advertising ended here. Google was too simple and people were exploiting the system to show faux-relevancy. Google’s aim was to create a search engine that worked, a place where your search would return the most wholly relevant result rather than something masquerading as what you wanted.
These days, the google algorithms have adapted to incorporate and decipher many different factors which birthed the dawn of the SEO expert. However, some industries are easier to crack than the others with gambling falling near the top of the pile alongside the adult industries as being quite competitive.
The Panda Algorithm was first brought to the market in 2011 and was designed promote higher quality sites and demote the sites that garnered lower quality traffic. It was nicknamed ‘the farmer’ because it provided a great algorithm for detecting content farms that housed duplicated pages with duplicate content. Panda was renowned for hitting a lot of sites quite hard but for some it was only a temporary setback.
The Penguin Algorithm was initially installed in 2012 and has since been developer over a number of new versions eventually leaving us to the modern day 4.2 model. The latest model attempts to reduce the amount of trust that Google has in unnatural backlinks that hold no relevance to the search.
Within the gambling industry it’s better to have a more solid standing in the industry then be fluctuating and dropping between pages. A stabilised platform can do wonders for your brand industry and your place within the market.
SEO and online gambling seemingly go hand in hand, but because of the amount of revenue there is to be made within the industry the amount of competition and the SEO industry becomes elevated. Gambling operators must understand the importance of having a quality SEO expert who can both counteract any new Google algorithms but also plan ahead and decipher both the good and weak points of your competitors. As the algorithm continues to change on a global level and the online gambling market continues to expand and protrude into different directions and avenues it’s virtually impossible for anyone without a substantial budget to gain a firm grip on the market, which is why SEO is the multi-billion pound industry that it is today.
Whether you’re setting up on line – or you’re an established business who’s looking to snare more online business, having the right ecommerce tools in place is going to be a vital part of the plan.
That said, the nature of the marketing used by many ecommerce platforms means there can be incentives for recommending and referring you – so how can you be sure you’re cutting through the marketing and getting the right product for you?
Question #1 – How much do you want to pay?
Virtually all ecommerce platforms require that you pay a monthly fee. Now, there are some differences, a self-hosted package is likely to cost you a little less than a company who offers hosting – it’s fine to go self-hosted if you’ve got a big IT brain in house – but big IT brains can cost money if you’re not so tech savvy.
It’s not just hosting fees that should be considered though, you also need to consider costs such as magento support services, and processing fees are generally where money is made for these companies – and it’s important to consider your business projections against these, especially since they can vary based on volume of transactions.
Cheapest isn’t always best, while getting through the gate for nothing might look attractive, you might find that additional services or fees add up to make the cheap option more costly in the long run.
Question #2 – What do you need to integrate?
There are some amazingly useful plug-ins available for most ecommerce platforms – but like any applications, finding the right one for you often takes a little research.
Would a postage/shipping application help with necessary logistics?
Would it be useful to have a rewards/points system to keep you customers returning?
Would integrating an email marketing system help promote your brand?
Could it be useful to have a plug in that automatically populates your book keeping systems?
There are many more questions of course – so don’t be limited by just thinking about these. It’s useful to put together something of a ‘wish-list’ and compare products against that as you research.
Question #3 – What are your SEO requirements?
Ahh, SEO – the topic most business owners get spam email about roughly 10 times a day from ‘experts’ around the world. Well, even if their email marketing leaves a little to be desired, these SEO gurus are likely to be right in principle – that is to say, SEO is a really important part of building your business presence online.
You’re likely to find that the cheapest ecommerce options leave a little to be desired when it comes to SEO – you’ll probably get a free website that carries the branding and some element of the domain name of the company you’ve used to build the site – not offering a great deal of customisation.
If you plan to venture a bit further into making your site look professional, you’ll probably want to use your own domain name, add a content managed blog – or maybe even carry adverts that create a little revenue for you.
When you’re looking at platforms, consider how you’re going to tackle SEO and decide on a system that gives you the flexibility you need.
Question #4 – How important is mobile?
Okay, semi-trick question here. We’re going to answer on your behalf – mobile traffic is very important.
Well, most recent figures show that it represents over 50% of all web traffic as of early 2017, so, if you’re not too fussed about attracting mobile users, you’re cutting your audience and traffic in half. Worse still, you’ll probably be penalised by search engines too.
Luckily, virtually all ecommerce platforms offer simple mobile solutions too – but make sure it fits well with your business model and how you envisage your customer will use your site before you commit.
Question #5 – What level of support will you require?
Customer support is a little like buying an insurance policy – if it’s something that increases the price of the package or service you’re buying, then it’s likely to feel a little painful.
However, it’s a whole different story if you come to need it.
Your store going down is the online equivalent of your shop door getting stuck shut while you post your days taking takings to the competitor store next door. Sound like an over exaggeration? I’m sorry to tell you that it’s not, shoppers that have bought into your great products, attractive copy and smart images will click back and find the product elsewhere if there’s a technical issue standing in their way.
Hence, having good support is vitally important.
Of course, how much traffic you lose depends on your business. For some shops, 48 hours down would mean a few hundred pounds lost – but if you’re used to seeing massive traffic hitting your site, that same 48 hours could be a lot more financially painful.
Compare options to see who’s quickly contactable and what level of service guarantees are promised.
Question #6 – What level of security do you require?
Now, while security is vital whether you take one or one million card transactions – the level of scrutiny your site will come under is affected by the number and value of payments you process.
The snappily titled ‘Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard’ is a global organisation that works with card issuers to reduce card fraud – and compliance is mandatory if you’re not using a hosted ecommerce solution.
The levels of security required depend on the numbers of transactions you make on an annual basis – and range from ‘less than 20,000’ to ‘over 6 million’. Make sure you know some rough figures and are using a platform that keeps you compliant.
Question #7 – Are you likely to grow?
We’ll finish up with a fairly simple question – what does your growth strategy look like over the coming months and years?
Affiliate marketing is appealing to many people for different reasons. However, if you’re looking to be an affiliate marketer for the long term, then there are some tools you will need to factor in. You may not require all the following in the interim, but it can be worthwhile considering such tools as well as the associated costs to ensure that your plight is a successful one. Whether you are planning on being the industry leading blog that promotes the best baby thermometer along with other products within the family and children’s health niche, or you want to focus on other health related products its important that you have the correct tools at your disposal.
With this in mind lets look at what you will need to get started!
When choosing a web host provider, it’s tempting to go with the service that is the cheapest, but there are other factors you need to consider. For example, how much bandwidth are you allowed each month? If your site becomes popular and you’re not able to meet the demand, it could be that potential customers come face to face with an error message.
The web hosting market is very competitive, so there’s no reason as to why you can’t find a great deal. Just be sure that you’re not sacrificing necessity for a cheaper service.
Website design is no longer the complicated beast it once was. While there is still an element of skill involved, there are many options available to affiliate marketers that allows maintaining a professional looking website for a reasonable investment. For example, if you choose to use the WordPress platform, then there are several templates available which can be tweaked to your specifications.
Even if you’re looking for something a little more professional, this can be done by enlisting the help of a coder who can make changes for a fee. Depending on your end goal, the investment required for a website can vary, so it’s important to get an idea of cost before going any further.
It’s also worth checking what features come included with your web hosting. While every provider is different, there’s always a chance that it provides its own website design program.
When you search for a company online, you will normally enter a series of search terms. A search engine will then crawl the Internet and deliver results based on the keywords entered. Keyword research is an important part of SEO, but it’s not the only aspect of SEO to consider. The way websites rank has evolved over recent years, and it’s more about giving visitors a rich experience. However, there are still several processes to follow to ensure that you’re gaining traction online.
SEO can involve many factors, and can even cross over into other territories such as digital marketing. If this is something you’ve dealt with in the past, then you may be able to undertake the role yourself. However, if you’re not too sure on what practices should be used, then it may be worthwhile reaching out to a professional. In either event, it’s important SEO is at the top of your list.
As you would imagine, having an email is an important tool to have if you’re engaging in affiliate marketing. There are plenty of free providers available, including Microsoft Outlook and Gmail. If you have a website, then you may want to ensure that your email is the same for a more professional look. While an autoresponder can’t give the personal touch a human can, it does serve marketers well when it comes to keeping customers informed, or ensuring newsletters are kept up to date.
While it may not take too much work to send a tweet or post a Facebook update, as your website becomes more popular, you may find that there is less time to post updates at the right time. Using a service such as Hootsuite or Buffer allows you to time social media updates so there being posted at the right time, regardless of what task you’re undertaking. Again, there can be a cost involved but it’s very rarely costly, and can benefit you in relation to conversions.
There are a variety of ways in which we can list links. In some instances, we may include our links within the text itself, whereas other instances can mean the link shows a preview of the content. However, there will be times when we must post a visible link, and ins some instances long links can be off-putting to potential customers. Fortunately, there are a variety of tools online that are not only effective, but also free of charge. Two examples of the solutions available are Google URL Shortener and Bitly.
This can be the most important element of any toolkit, as it will be your plan that helps you achieve your marketing goals. Looking at your goals will force you to ascertain how you plan to reach these, and what turnover you can expect. Of course, there are some things that won’t always go to plan, but there is nothing stopping us tweaking the plan. Going in blind with no end goal can mean that you fall at the first hurdle, and having no plan in place can mean we’re leaving the industry as soon as we entered it.
You can become an affiliate marketer with very little, but as your popularity grows, so will the areas you need to focus on. Investing in these tools sooner rather than later means you can ensure that you’re prepared and can ensure there are no disruptions. | 2019-04-22T17:56:58Z | http://blippex.org/ |
Hawkmoor, no matter how many conjectures you come up with regarding proof or not of the Asetian empire and whether it was there or not, they will never prove either its existence or nonexistence. The history of the Aset Ka goes back seven or eight thousand years. Many Egyptian temples and monuments have stood and fallen since then, and those that have withstood the test of time often stand upon sacred ground where an even more ancient structure once stood, such as is the case of the Temples of Philae - before it was rebuilt on a nearby island - and Horus.
There is no scientific proof of the AK. But there are certainly breathtaking signs and tales that are told only to the observant and ready eye.
Furthermore, they are not the origin of vampires. There are other types of Vampires and Otherkin from other sources.
I, of course, lack the authority to speak in the name of the Asetians, and even as an Asetianist I consider that I have a long way to go. But this I can tell you in all certainty: the Aset Ka has remained silent for centuries, and they have no interest in mixing with society. This is for multiple reasons, not the least of which is that Vampirism, by definition, is not a social trait. You advocate for the integration and recognition of Vampires in the world's human society. This will never happen until the whole world takes a massive leap forward in its values, balance and comprehension of the Universe.
And when I say Vampires I mean real Vampires, not the confused individuals that populate the Internet fighting one another for attention.
Lastly, let me just remind you that the only official information you can find on the AK is on their website and on their published books. But even though that is only the tip of the iceberg, it is much more than enough to open your eyes.
You are free to believe as you wish and to be as you wish. But perhaps you will take this opportunity to look at things from different perspective.
N.Augusta wrote: That was just an FYI for the folks here. I'm sure you understand, Hawkmoor, that we keep each other very well informed here.
So, it is curious, Hawkmoor, you have much more critical comments around the OVC than you did on one thread here that was posted back in January regrading an article you wrote. We don't talk about your articles here (only one) and you've written so many others since then, which as you know, your articles are addressed and commented on frequently on the VCN FB page. Since you write opinion articles, surely you know they will receive criticism. Surely you are not going around every forum on the Web that has criticized an article you've written. Are you? Just curious.
It is, as you surely know being a writer yourself ma'am, almost inevitable that if you write something for public consumption there will be those who disagree with you. That is a foregone conclusion and the risk that we take every time we sit at our keyboard. That, however, does not; and will never, stop me writing about things I wish to write about.
As to your question, I am here to find knowledge that I do not yet possess.
Jonathan wrote: I am not the best person to answer your question on dates, as it is not my field of expertise. We have Egyptologists in the community, so they would probably know how to properly answer you, if they chose to do so.
In my humble view, which is just that, I find it inaccurate to make such assumptions. First because Egyptology, as a science, lacks much information and proof. Most of their theories are just that, educated guesses and assumptions. The Sphynx, as the Pyramids, are a good example on that.
I accept your information gratefully and I will concede your points about Egyptology, as you quite rightly testify, the Sphynx is a classic example.
Assumptions, theories, hypotheses and conclusions can only be drawn by looking at available facts and while I would NEVER be so brash as to exclaim "I have read it all", I have applied a reasonable method of cross-referencing multiple sources to arrive at what I believe to be plausible explanations. From those plausible explanations I have drawn my own "plausible" conclusions without blindly following the teachings or rhetoric of one "school of thought" or the other.
At present I have only enough "facts", derived from my readings, to conclude that 2613BC is the most likely point for the beginning of Asetian worship and culture.
I would welcome any other information to apply against my conclusion.
Once again, my thanks Sir.
Stalker wrote: First, Asetian Bible was not published on July 31, 2007. Was July 7, 2007.
I have quit decipher dates, i only valid dates given by Asetians. Furthermore, let's be honest. Your database is very incomplete and with many errors, Hawkmoor.
firstly allow me to apologise for the date of publication error. I found the book information at an online retailer that was notAmazon. I shall make sure we correct that in our records.
I would appreciate it if you would relay to me where my errors have occurred in my database, then I will be able to correct those as well. If you would be kind enough to supply specific details I will, immediately, rectify the problem you speak of.
Hawkmoor, no matter how many conjectures you come up with regarding proof or not of the Asetian empire and whether it was there or not, they will never prove either its existence or nonexistence.
You advocate for the integration and recognition of Vampires in the world's human society. This will never happen until the whole world takes a massive leap forward in its values, balance and comprehension of the Universe.
Thank you for your most considered and thoughtful response.
As it is with many things in this world and universe, we may never be able to prove, or disprove their existence or efficacy ~ that is sad but it should never stop us from looking and learning. When the day comes that I no longer feel the need to search for knowledge I shall take bottle of Irish single malt whiskey and a fine cigar, go to my nearest funeral home and lie down in a box to await death.
I am always open, in light of the attainment of knowledge, to "look" with eyes wide and different perspectives, if that were not the case I wouldn't be here... I think you would agree with that, yes?
The things that I believe, I believe because I have learned. Because of knowledge I possess and because of different sources I have gained such knowledge from. As I say, I don't restrict myself to just one source of information usually but as you can see from Stalkers message I sometimes grow lax in the minutiae.
You are partially correct when you say I advocate for integration of vampyres with the world of the mundane... that would be the ideal but you will surely recognise from my Wordpress article "The vampire community in the news", that I firmly believe that we will never be able to achieve acceptance if we do not radically change our image. It probably won't happen in my lifetime, sadly.
Again, my thanks dear lady.
1) If these dates are genuine this would lead to the conclusion that the Asetian culture is not older than 2613BC.
2) The earliest referents I can find with regard to vampyrism, or vampyric entities are dated around 4200BC then the first "recorded" vampyres must have originated with the Mesopotamian myths. How do we determine the existence of vampyres earlier than 4200BC?
3) The earliest referents I can find with regard to vampyrism, or vampyric entities are dated around 4200BC then the first "recorded" vampyres must have originated with the Mesopotamian myths. How do we determine the existence of vampyres earlier than 4200BC.
Quote: "They are not the origin of vampires. There are other vampires and other types of kin from other sources."
"The Asetians are primordial vampires, the first-born of the ancient immortal kin. They trace their roots back to Ancient Egypt, a time of mysteries and magick, where they were given Life out of the essence of Aset, in an act of creation known as the Dark Kiss - the Asetian initiation."
1. Constituting a beginning; giving origin to something derived or developed; original; elementary: primordial forms of life.
2. Embryology . First formed.
3. Pertaining to or existing at or from the very beginning: primordial matter.
—Can be confused: primal, primeval, primordial .
I am confused by the use of the word "primordial" if, as you say, they are not the origin of vampyres ~ perhaps you, or one of the other honoured members, might enlighten me?
I am sure having a copy of the Asetian Bible will be the most beneficial source for your records. Just wanted to give you a link. Have you any interest in reading it?
For what I know, one of the times in which something of Aset Ka was published in 1999. Anyway, you answered a small percentage of what I wrote and ignored the rest. I expected more from you. Of course that I've concluded that you do not understand anything about Asetianism and all that sympathy is a mask. You're just holding posture.
The first Djehuty is highly connected with Aset, was the age of the Gods or if you prefer call, Sep Tepy – The Egytian words for first time. Was around 5.000 BC. Was a powerful Djehuty, where Asetians trace back Their roots and Aset gave birth to the Primordials. This information is sufficient for most of us. Age is only a number, does not symbolize any kind of connection with spiritual things. I believe that things in relation to Asetianism are done in silence first. For example, The Djehuty of the Serpent began around 2000. Only in 2007, that Aset Ka published and "proved" to the world again, yes, "proved" because for most of us never hid. Therefore, dates are irrelevant. The Asetians along the historian and the beginning of time have done many things, many of them are hidden from the human eye. Many times a choice of AK. Often Asetians let the world assume many things like the case of dates, otherwise put on its own website the "real” dates that you want to know.
About your database, is immaturity taking information from Asetians on unofficial website’s. In your above post, you spoke as a man that know truth, after I correct you, you answered in a way so humble. A database is run by hackers who are part of the same Order / coven. Most of the knowledge inserted is obtained by espionage and sources, not by what others say and unofficial sites. You came here to give your point of view, talk about what you think is the right, but you have forgotten the way we see Life. Thing that you don’t understand, so you'll continue to talk about dates and ignore our belief and send invitations to your group. I have bad news for you. In Asetianism, there is no invitations to belong to the Order. Are we, Asetianists we follow with our whole consciousness, dedication and love the Asetians, and when Aset Ka see one of us is worthy to enter the cycle, the words will be "It was a wonderful journey you've done, Come! Join! We have many things to talk, many mysteries to show…"
This is very different from what we see out there with Admin’s of groups, use the words "Do you want to come? Join?" ; "I make you an invitation. ".
The quote from the AK says that the Asetians are "primordial vampires". That means they are original as Aset's bloodline and Children, and most probably more ancient than most. It does not exclude other sources and bloodlines of Vampirism, such as Sethians and Mesopotamians.
And this, for now, is all I have to say on this subject and in this thread. Be well.
I fear that by coming here and, as suggested, asking my questions, I have offended some people. That was absolutely not my intent and I apologise if anyone feels offended.
Thank you for your replies Lady Syrianeh and Stalker.
My dear N.Augusta, I will put the book on my list to read. Thank you for the suggestion.
Perhaps we should move on from matters of historical significance and seek other matters to discuss, yes?
I have read the definition of "vampire" at the link proposed by the honourable member Victor in the thread "What is a vampire?", I also read the differing opinions on that thread. I was surprised to see the conjecture that vampyres, if they did not feed, would die.
I am speaking from the point of view of a modern, living, sentient vampyre who has been this way for some 33 years - in that time I have not died from lack of feeding, even when disengaging for extended periods of time. May I enquire, under what circumstances would a vampyre die from lack of feeding?
I would also like to seek opinions on the definition of the term, "a vampyre house" ~ if any here would care to honour me with their perceptions.
"And when I say Vampires I mean real Vampires, not the confused individuals that populate the Internet fighting one another for attention."
Putting aside the absolute definition, if we may, of the vampire as presented in the link page I mentioned earlier, what is it, specifically, that makes any of the honourable vampyre members here truly different from any other who claims the name vampyre?
Hawkmoor, I am certain that no honorable members would claim to be something they are not; however, the perception of others can lead to the wrong assumption. The human psyche is fashioned in a way that makes it more disposed to delusion than reality. An enlightened being would only reveal itself to those of its own breed, and would have no need to do so to others.
Thank you for your message Kate. That, I would suspect, sums up the feelings around here towards my questions and my very being here. Thus, if there are no answers to my questions I have no choice but to move on to other things.
When I came here, as it was suggested I should in the thread “Hawkmoor’s request”, I honestly did not know what I would find. I came with hope, with honesty and to learn something. I was encouraged by reading the line in your intro paragraph at the home page, “We are an open-minded community”.
Now, here we are a total of 498 views which probably doubles the highest rate of views on a single thread anywhere else in the online communities, and out of those 17 replies which, respectfully, have given me no answers.
That is a pretty poor batting average in anyone’s language.
There can be no point in asking questions if there are no answers, or, if the answers are to be denied based on preconceived notions of a person. I made an effort to introduce myself as thoroughly as possible so that the members here would have a feel for the person who hoped that there were indeed “debate and discussion on equal levels”.
I came here, as I indicated to the Lady Divine, to gain knowledge which I did not yet possess, I have actually achieved that goal ~ I have knowledge of the Vampirism forum which I did not possess before. I have no further knowledge of the Kemetic Order of Aset Ka but, regretfully, I fear that will not be found here, therefore, I will look elsewhere.
As agreed, and as per my promise I will write NO articles on my experience here but I will, as I said upon arrival, take my knowledge back to my own web-group members for discussion.
There are, I respectfully suggest, certain replies in this thread that the Administration would be well served in reviewing in light of the “Open minded” and “Respectful interactions” policies of the Vampirism Forum ~ however, I do not expect that will come to pass.
As I leave I would ask, most respectfully, that the Vampirism Forum, and its members observe the tenets of national and international copyright law and refrain from taking any material from my writings in excess of what may be construed as being covered by the “Fair use” clauses in relevant legislation. I shall do you the same courtesy.
For whatever reason we could not achieve an open-minded sharing of thoughts and beliefs… that is sad but not unexpected.
I thank you for your time and hospitality.
Someone must be very naïve if they expect to find in an open public forum (and one of the largest worldwide in terms of vampirism) the answers to the hidden history and mysteries of an occult Order with the cultural, historical and spiritual significance of the Aset Ka.
Who shall seek with honor and no personal gain shall find, otherwise all will forever be smoke and mirrors.
Crying about how hard it can be to find and interpret true Asetian wisdom will do nothing but perpetuate ignorance. No one should blame the Self when it lacks the ability to find answers on his own and holds expectations to find them in a few minutes on a public board. To me, it simply demonstrates lack of understanding on the nature of the occult and spiritual mysteries, in particularly initiatory traditions, not just Asetianism.
This is all I find worth to say on the contents of this thread.
The Order of Aset Ka is an elitist secretive society. The essence and knowledge behind the Aset Ka is not found in buildings, objects or common books. Its mysteries are only unveiled to the worthy and its doors only open for the ones who are loyal and true. For everyone else... the Order will never exist.
Forgive me Victor. This topic was worthy ended by your words. But i need to say this.
Hawkmoor, I do not wish you a warm welcome when you arrived. Forgive me. | 2019-04-21T12:06:33Z | http://www.vampirismforum.com/t756p25-good-afternoon |
How do I purchase tickets? Can I purchase in person? Are there walk-up sales on the night of the show?
Peoples Bank Box Office (740-371-5152). You may also visit us in person at 222 Putnam Street, Marietta, Ohio, Wednesday through Friday 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. On performance days the Putnam Street Box Office will open at least one hour prior to the performance’s scheduled start time and will remain open through intermision unless otherwise stated.
Buy your tickets only from the Peoples Bank Theatre Box Office located at the theatre or peoplesbanktheatre.com.
We reserve the right to revoke tickets sold to a broker or unauthorized third party. If you hold a revoked ticket. If you are holding a revoked ticket, you will not be admitted and will not receive a refund.
Can I purchase a gift certificate for Peoples Bank Theatre tickets?
You may purchase a gift certificate online or at the Box Office. You may choose to have your gift certificate emailed to you or to be picked up at the Box Office. Your gift certificate will have a unique serial number on it that may be entered when purchasing tickets online or redeemed at the Box Office. If you make a purchase with a gift certificate and have a balance remaining, you will be issued a new gift certificate for the remaining amount. Peoples Bank Theatre gift certificates are valid for one year from the date of purchase. Contact the Box Office at 740-371-5152 or [email protected] for details.
Exchange privileges are limited to Peoples Bank Theatre Members. For all other patrons, all sales are final. There are no refunds or exchanges unless otherwise noted. In the event that a performance is canceled or postponed, the Peoples Bank Theatre Box Office will notify you as to the options that are available.
Members may exchange tickets to another Peoples Bank Theatre show (dependent on seating availability), or for a Peoples Bank Theatre gift certificate. Exchanges are not permitted the day of show. Limited to one upgrade per member, per show.
When will my tickets arrive? Can I print my tickets at home?
If you purchase by phone or online you will be given two delivery options. 1.)Your tickets may be held at Will Call for pick up at the box office the day of the show or during regular box office hours. 2.)You also have the option to print your tickets at home. You will receive your tickets via e-mail as an attached PDF with one ticket per page. You must print your tickets with the bar code and bring them to the theatre.
The Will Call window is located at the Putnam Street Box Office. The Box Office generally opens one hour prior to the performance unless otherwise stated. In order to pick up tickets at Will Call you will need to present a valid photo ID (drivers license or passport). Box Office staff may also request your order confirmation number or to see the credit card used to purchase the tickets as an alternative or secondary form of verification. The box office staff will not release tickets if the name on the ID or credit card does not match the name given at the time of purchase. Because lines at the box office and will call window can be long on the day of show, it is a good idea to arrive at the box office at least 45 minutes prior to the performance.
Check your Junk Mail or Spam folder for your email confirmation if it hasn’t arrived in your inbox within an hour of placing your ticket order. Tickets are sent from the address [email protected] You may need to add [email protected] to your contacts or address book to avoid having your email confirmation and electronic tickets being filtered as junk mail or spam. If you cannot find your email confirmation, please call the box office at 740-371-5152 so a Box Office representative can verify your email address and re-send your confirmation.
I want to bring a large group. Do you offer group discounts or special seating for groups?
If you are bringing a group of 20 or more to an event and are interested in discounts or special seating, please contact our Marketing Director, Drew Tanner, at 740-373-0894, or email [email protected]. Group discounts and seating may vary by show. Limits may apply.
Are your shows appropriate for children? Does my child need a ticket? Do you offer children's prices?
Peoples Bank Theatre strives to offer a mix of programming, including family-friendly entertainment. Please see individual show listings for details and specific child admission information. For movies, Peoples Bank Theatre lists the MPAA ratings, if applicable.
For most performances, all children are required to have a ticket and separate seat, with the exception of children two years old and younger who will be sitting on an adult’s lap. Any child attending an evening performance should be able to sit quietly through the show. As a courtesy to other audience members, please use discretion in bringing a young child to a performance not designated for children.
In some cases, performances without a Youth/Child price level may be inappropriate for young children. When children’s prices are offered, youth/Child tickets are for patrons age 12 and younger.
To make Peoples Bank Theatre events even more accessible, all students are eligible to purchase remaining tickets to Peoples Bank Theatre Spotlight Series shows at a 50% discount 45 minutes prior to each performance. Student Rush Tickets may only be purchased in person at the Peoples Bank Theatre Box Office, an all students must show a valid student ID or proof of enrollment to obtain the discount.
The price of tickets to all Peoples Bank Theatre events includes a $2 donation to Hippodrome/Colony Historical Theatre Association’s Preservation Fund, which supports the long-term maintenance, restoration, and improvements of Marietta’s Peoples Bank Theatre. Outside promoters and renters may have ticket fees in addition to the advertised price. Ticket fees cover historic preservation and the costs of operating a box office, including staffing, software licensing, etc.
I lost my tickets. Can I get replacement tickets?
Lost tickets may be reprinted at the Box Office. If you have lost your tickets, please present a photo ID and the credit card used to purchase the tickets to the box office. Lost tickets purchased through a ticket broker or unauthorized third party cannot be reprinted.
What do I do if a performance is cancelled? What is the policy with regard to inclement weather?
In the event that a performance is canceled or postponed, the Peoples Bank Theatre Box Office staff will notify you as to the options that are available. All events are subject to performer, date, or time changes. Should a change in the scheduled program occur, Peoples Bank Theatre will make a timely announcement and contact ticket holders as efficiently as possible.
In the case of severe weather conditions, Peoples Bank Theatre events will go on as scheduled if the artist is in Marietta and ready to perform. Only if the artist is unable to perform as scheduled will the show be postponed or cancelled. The Peoples Bank Theatre website will be updated if there are any changes to the event in question. In addition, all ticket holders will receive an email from Peoples Bank Theatre of any changes. We will do our best to communicate a cancellation or postponement on the theatre’s phone system, but the website will be the best and first place to look for updates to the status of any show.
Where are my seats? Do you have a seating chart? How can I tell how much seats cost?
When purchasing tickets online, you can choose to choose your seats from the seat map for most shows. The map will indicate the cost of tickets your seat selections.
Click the the seating charts below for an overview of these seating areas. You can also download our seating chart as a PDF.
What is the seating capacity of Peoples Bank Theatre?
Peoples Bank Theatre has a maximum capacity of 952 seats. On the main floor, this includes 494 fixed seats, plus 16 seats in our ADA wheelchair platform and 12 seats in the orchestra pit. Upstairs, this includes 226 seats in the mezzanine and 204 in the balcony.
How do I get the best seats in the house?
The best seats for Spotlight Series events are largely available to Peoples Bank Theatre Seat Sponsors and Members. When artists contracts and timing permits, these patrons also received advance tickets on shows that are added to the Peoples Bank Theatre calendar. Event sponsors are also given priority seating.
When shows are added to our online calendar of events, on-sale dates and times are included in the listing. For events where there is high demand when tickets go on sale, the fastest route to good seats is to purchase your tickets through our website and select the “Best Available” ticketing option.
I got my tickets, and my seats aren't together. Why not?
All sections are numbered with the lowest number nearest the center.
The center sections are three digit numbers beginning at 101. They number house right to house left from 101 up to 113.
The left and right sections begin again with one and two digit numbers beginning at 1 or 2, with the odd-numbered seats on the left side of the house, and the even-numbered seats on the right. They number outward from the center of the house (1 through 9 or 2 through 8).
The mezzanine and balcony seats are numbered in a similar manner as the auditorium sections.
I hear this is an old theatre. What is the legroom like in your seats?
Peoples Bank Theatre was originally built as the Hippodrome in 1919, boasting some 1,200 seats. Thirty years later, it was renovated and rechristened as the Colony in 1949. As part of that renovation, nearly 300 seats were removed from the main floor to allow for greater legroom. The recent historic restoration of the theatre retained the 1949 seating configuration. Legroom varies from section to section, as described below.
Sixteen (16) auditorium level seats in have been allocated to patrons in wheelchairs with an equal number of seats for companions in Row U. These seats are generally held until 5:00 p.m. on the day of the show. After 5:00 p.m. Any unsold seats will be released for sale to the general public. Additionally, ten (10) aisle seats throughout the auditorium level are equipped with movable/folding transfer arms, which offers patrons with limited mobility the option of sitting in fixed theatre seating when possible. These seat locations are B1, B2, D101, D113, E13, E14, S17, S18, T112 and T101. Both wheelchair and transfer-arm seating options are indicated in the seating map in our online ticketing system and are also available when contacting our Box Office either in person or when calling 740-371-5152. On the main floor, the box office, main concession area, drinking fountain, and all auditorium level restrooms are wheelchair accessible.
Please note that there is no elevator at Peoples Bank Theatre. The second floor lobby, second floor concessions and seating in the Mezzanine and Balcony are only accessible by stairs. On the main floor, the Box Office Window, lobby concession area, drinking fountain, and all auditorium level restrooms are wheelchair accessible.
The theatre is equipped with FM Assistive Listening Devices. Patron’s may request either an earpiece or a T-coil compatible neck loop for use with the Assistive Listening Devices. A photo ID is held until the hardware is returned.
Sign language interpreters are available during performances. This service should be requested at least two weeks before the day of the show by calling the theatre office at 740-373-0894.
Peoples Bank Theatre is located at 222 Putnam Street, near the intersection of Putnam and Third (OH-60), approximately 2 miles west of I-77 Exit 1. Visit our Contact page for a map and additional details.
In addition to on-street parking available throughout downtown Marietta, there are six parking lots available to Peoples Bank Theatre guests. Five of these are located within one block of the theatre. The sixth is located between the Putnam Street Bridge and Muskingum Park. See our Parking Map for lot locations relative to the theatre.
Are there snacks and beverages available for purchase?
Yes. Concessions are available for purchase in the lobby on the main level and in the Marquee Lounge on the mezzanine level for most shows. Selections may vary by show, but snack items available include popcorn, assorted candies and specialty food items at select shows. Beverages include softdrinks, water, wine, beer and specialty cocktails at select shows. You are invited to enjoy your refreshments in the theatre, unless otherwise posted. Outside food and beverage are not permitted in the theatre. Wine and beer served in the theatre may not be taken outside of the theatre.
Does the theatre serve alcohol? What is your alcohol policy?
Peoples Bank Theatre is dedicated to providing an exciting and memorable guest experience while ensuring the safety, security, and enjoyment of all guests. On most shows, our beverage selection includes wine, beer, and at select events specialty cocktails. Alcohol served in the theatre may not be taken outside of the theatre. The following policies apply to all guests. Any guest violating any of these policies may be asked to leave our facility.
Guests are expected to obey all state and local laws governing the purchase, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.
It is illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to purchase or consume alcoholic beverages.
There is a maximum limit of two (2) alcoholic beverages per person per transaction. NO EXCEPTIONS.
The Theatre Management reserves the right to refuse service to any guest at any time.
Peoples Bank Theatre is committed to ongoing responsible alcohol management training for all serving staff.
At most events, alcohol service will stop 45 minutes prior to the end of the event or at the discretion of Theatre Management.
Thank you and please remember to drink responsibly.
Yes. During a show, if you’ve lost an item, please ask one of our ushers or staff to check the lost-and-found collection. You may also check with the Box Office window during regular hours, Wednesday through Friday, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Is there a drop-off area in front of the theatre?
For most events, Peoples Bank Theatre restricts parking in the spaces directly in front of the entrance on Putnam Street to facilitate drop-off and pick-up. If you have special needs for your arrival or pick up, please contact our Theatre Manager, Chuck Swaney at 740-371-5151 or email [email protected].
In general, doors open approximately 1 hour before live performances, and 30 minutes prior to films. Peoples Bank Theatre will notify ticket holders by email when there are significant changes to the usual door times. Peoples Bank Theatre may open doors later when requested to do so by the artist.
Men’s and women’s restrooms are located on the main floor and mezzanine levels. The downstairs restrooms are located at the back of the auditorium. The downstairs men’s room is located immediately to the left of the auditorium entrance. The women’s restroom is located at the opposite end of the auditorium’s back corridor. Upstairs men’s and women’s restrooms are located through the entrance of the mezzanine, on either side of the mezzanine stairs.
What if I arrive after the show starts?
Each individual show’s producer or artist determines the seating policy for late arriving guests. In some instances, if you arrive after the show begins, you may be asked to wait until there is a natural break in the program before going to your seat.
Why can't I find an event that I know is playing at Peoples Bank Theatre?
Because many other organizations rent the theatre from us, a variety of events not produced by Peoples Bank Theatre or the Hippodrome/Colony Historical Theatre Association can also be found in our theatre. For further information, you can also visit the artist’s or organization’s site.
What is your policy regarding cell phones, cameras, and other electronic devices?
Please remember to turn off all cellular phones, pagers, and electronic watch alarms before entering the theater. Cameras and recording devices of any type are not permitted at any Peoples Bank Theatre performance, unless explicitly permitted by the artist or presenting organization. Guests using prohibited devices in violation of this policy may be ejected from the theatre without refund.
Does Peoples Bank Theatre have a dress code?
Since the types of shows vary greatly, Peoples Bank Theatre does not have a dress code.
What is the best way to stay informed about upcoming events at the theatre?
Subscribe to our email list to be the first to get news about Peoples Bank Theatre, upcoming events, newly added shows and special pricing on tickets. Peoples Bank Theatre also regularly updates its website, peoplesbanktheatre.com, with news, upcoming events and ticket information. We also invite you to follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram for news, updates, and stories from behind the scenes at Peoples Bank Theatre.
Check out our contact page and staff contact lists to tell us how we can help. | 2019-04-20T08:14:49Z | https://peoplesbanktheatre.com/faq/?s= |
This Is An 11" Kit And Fits 4spd Applications.
1993 Ford Bronco Custom CA, US view configs LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 Refer to LB190 regarding the proper bleeding procedures for slave cylinders without bleed screws.
1993 Ford Bronco Eddie Bauer CA, US view configs LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 Refer to LB190 regarding the proper bleeding procedures for slave cylinders without bleed screws.
1993 Ford Bronco XL CA, US view configs LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 Refer to LB190 regarding the proper bleeding procedures for slave cylinders without bleed screws.
1993 Ford Bronco XLT Lariat CA, US view configs LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 Refer to LB190 regarding the proper bleeding procedures for slave cylinders without bleed screws.
1993 Ford F-150 XL US, CA, MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1993 Ford F-150 XLT US, CA, MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1993 Ford F-150 Lightning US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1993 Ford F-250 Custom MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1993 Ford F-250 XLT MX, CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1993 Ford F-250 XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1993 Ford F-350 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1993 Ford F-350 XLT US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1993 Ford F-350 MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford Bronco Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford Bronco Eddie Bauer CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford Bronco XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford Bronco XLT CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford Bronco XLT Nite CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-150 Custom US, CA, MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-150 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-150 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-150 XLT MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-250 Custom MX, CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-250 Ranger MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-250 XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-250 XLT Lariat CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-350 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-350 Custom US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-350 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1992 Ford F-350 MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford Bronco Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford Bronco Eddie Bauer CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford Bronco XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford Bronco XLT CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-150 Custom US, CA, MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-150 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-150 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-150 XLT MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-250 Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-250 XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-250 XLT Lariat CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-350 Custom US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-350 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-350 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1991 Ford F-350 MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford Bronco Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford Bronco Eddie Bauer CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford Bronco XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford Bronco XLT CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-150 Custom US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-150 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-150 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-250 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-250 Custom US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-250 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-350 Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-350 XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-350 XLT Lariat CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1990 Ford F-350 MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford Bronco Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford Bronco Eddie Bauer CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford Bronco XLT CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-150 Custom US, CA, MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-150 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-150 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-150 Ranger MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-250 Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-250 XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-250 XLT Lariat CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-350 Custom US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-350 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-350 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1989 Ford F-350 MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford Bronco Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford Bronco Eddie Bauer CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford Bronco XLT CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-150 Custom US, CA, MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-150 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-150 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-150 Ranger MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-250 Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-250 XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-250 XLT Lariat CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-350 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-350 Custom US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-350 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1988 Ford F-350 MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford Bronco Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford Bronco Eddie Bauer CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford Bronco XLT CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-150 Custom US, CA, MX view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-150 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-150 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-150 Ranger MX all configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-250 Custom CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-250 XL CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-250 XLT Lariat CA, US view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-350 Custom US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-350 XLT Lariat US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-350 XL US, CA view configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required.
1987 Ford F-350 MX all configs 11" Clutch LuK Global Number 628 2758 770 When upgrading to an 11-inch clutch, six grade 8 3/8"-16 X 1 " bolts with lock washers are required. | 2019-04-19T04:53:58Z | http://www.carolinaclutch.com/inventory/2516-luk-stock-replacement-clutch-kits-07-907-ford-luk-pro-gold-heavy-duty-repset |
What is the Story of Shavuot?
"Atzeret" - The Holiday of "Being Held Back, or Restrained, Close to Hashem, in the Temple"
The holiday is given this name because it is the climax of the Counting of Days and Weeks which make up the Sefirat HaOmer. Sefirat HaOmer connects Passover and Shavuot. Passover is the holiday on which we commemorate our Redemption from slavery in Egypt. That was our "Physical Redemption."
But physical redemption is not enough. It would have left us "free" people, but with no purpose to our lives. The purpose of the Jewish People is to serve G-d. The way we serve G-d is by studying and practicing his Torah. On Shavuot, G-d Himself appeared to us on Mt. Sinai to give us the Torah. By accepting it, we earned the title of "A Kingdom of Priests and a Holy Nation."
Thus, Shavuot is the purpose of the Exodus from Egypt. Seven weeks had to pass before we were able to shake off the feeling of being subject to our Egyptian taskmasters. The Jewish Religion believes that there is no legitimate master for a human being other than G-d. This is probably the most important lesson of Shavuot.
The Jewish People arrived in the vicinity of Har Sinai (Mt. Sinai) on Rosh Chodesh Sivan. The purpose of their assembling there was to receive the Torah from Hashem. Three days passed before the Jewish People recovered from their six-week sojourn in the desert. Moshe was instructed by Hashem that the Jewish People would have to prepare themselves for another three days before they would be ready to receive the Torah.
Before giving the Torah to the Jewish People, Hashem had, so to speak, "shopped it around" to the various nations of the world, but there were no takers.
Moshe "Rabbeinu," Moses our Teacher, according to another Midrash, had to overcome the objection of the Angels, who claimed that the Jewish People weren't sufficiently deserving to receive the Torah. But, fortunately for the Jewish People, and for the world, Moshe won that debate.
This name commemorates the New Grain Offering, which was brought at this time; its offering made it permissible to bring Grain Offerings from the "Chadash," the New Grain.
This was also the time that the first fruits of all the Seven Types of Produce with which the Land of Israel is Blessed (wheat, barley, wine, figs, pomegranates, olives and dates) were brought to the Temple. This procedure is described in the Talmud in Masechet Bikkurim.
"Atzeret" - The Holiday of "Being Held Back, Close to Hashem"
This is the name used exclusively for this Holiday in the Talmud. It suggests a similarity to Shemini Atzeret. The latter comes at the end of Sukkot, while this "Atzeret" comes at the conclusion of a process which began on "Pesach," or Passover.
One way of understanding the idea of "Atzeret" is that Hashem wants the Jewish People to feel close to Him at all times. But to have them come back to the Temple in Jerusalem several weeks after Sukkot would have required difficult travel in the winter. So Hashem just held them back for one day after Sukkot, to show his special love for them.
Whereas, Shavuot and Pesach have a special relationship which makes them really, in a sense, almost like one holiday, namely, the Holiday of Redemption, Physical and Spiritual, of the Jewish People.
This refers to the wheat crop, which is the latest of the crops to be harvested, which took place at this time. There is also a reference here to Megillat Ruth, which places the time of the events described in the Megillah as "at the beginning of the cutting of the barley crop."
Christians Just Gotta "Save" Jews!
You have to hear it to believe it. Jews just don't get it.
This is why Rabbi Melamed never should have asked Tommy Waller if he wanted to convert Jews to Christianity. What Pastor Biltz is saying doesn't sound so different from what Jeremy Gimpel said. See, they're assimilating already!
So, who is this Lars Enarson who is on the tour itinerary for Shavuot? He is a teacher that Tommy Waller follows. But, what is his interest in the Jews?
EXPLOSIVE! HAYOVEL OPENS SECOND FRONT!
We are in a war - a war for the hearts and minds of Am Yisrael. From the very beginning the HaYovel Ministry was envisioned as a Trojan Horse - a conduit for feeding Christians into the Land of Israel in order to wage a spiritual battle upon the Jews here.
"The birth of that new entity...." It's got a name. It's called the "One New Man".
This is the centuries-old goal of Christianity - the aim of all evangelism - to mix Jews and Gentiles until no uniquely identifiable group of Jews remains in this world! And you can see how "Rabbi " Ari Abramowitz has already fallen for the new method of spreading the "gospel" called relational evangelism, as have many, many others, God forbid!
This is where the HaYovel Tour is today - At Ari and Jeremy's "farm" - the Land of Israel Network's "Universal" Center in Gush Etzion. Someone better warn the Jews of Judea of what is coming their way!!
The entire Ari Abramowitz video can be viewed HERE.
...it may be worth republishing the following blog post which came out a couple of months ago.
It establishes the missionary connection to Tuly Weisz and the Israel365 initiatives through Donna Jollay. HaYovel, you should be fully cognizant of at this point, and then Bridges for Peace, which may not be something you've heard much about. The video clip below will tell you all you need to know about them.
On the face of it, it's a very shocking idea - sinning in order to bring the redemption. But, it is an idea which underlies the most destructive false messanic movements in Jewish history and which is re-emerging in our own time.
"...a sin for the sake of heaven is greater than a mitzvah done with bad intent."
Antinomianism - 1) In Christianity it is the doctrine or belief that the Gospel frees Christians from required obedience to any law...and that salvation is attained solely through faith and the gift of divine grace. 2) The belief that moral laws are relative in meaning and application as opposed to fixed or universal.
...Unlike traditional Judaism, which provides a set of detailed guidelines called halakha that are scrupulously followed by observant Jews and regulate many aspects of life, Frank claimed that "all laws and teachings will fall" and following antinomianism asserted that one's most important personal obligation of every person was the transgression of every boundary.
Frankism is commonly associated with Sabbateanism, a religious movement that formed around the identification of the 17th-century Jewish rabbi Sabbatai Tzvi as the Jewish messiah. Like Frankism, the earlier forms of Sabbateanism believed that at least in some circumstances, antinomianism was the correct path. Tzvi himself would perform actions that violated traditional Jewish taboos, such as eating fats that were forbidden by Jewish dietary laws and celebrating former fast days as feast days.
...Frank claimed that the mixing between holy and unholy was virtuous.
It sounds just like those among us today who have gone way beyond simply accepting donations from idolaters which itself was wrong, because it was the first misstep which lead to all the rest. It has lead to providing idolaters access to Jewish children, to lone soldiers, to Holocaust survivors and other vulnerable populations in the Land of Israel. It has lead to moving Jews out in order to give the idolaters a permanent home inside the yishuv where they worship their false god in our holy land. It has lead to bringing them into Jewish homes and hosting them at meals and attending their weddings. It has even lead to "partnering" with them in spreading a distorted Torah to the world - a universalist ["Judeo-Christian" or, God forbid "Zionist"] Torah. And all this sin has been committed in the name of "bringing the redemption".
This idolatrous Christian woman is "partnered" with a Jew in three projects which appear to make mixing the holy and the unholy into a virtue. In fact, it was one of their associates who wrote that bolded comment you see above.
They want you to believe that these are some kind of "new" Christians - not like the ones of the past who openly persecuted Jews. These are tolerant Christians who simply want us to be the best Jews we can be. They have no designs on our souls any longer.
..I could see Jesus, with just a glance, open the eyes of their [Jews'] heart, and they could literally SEE Him as Jesus, the Messiah. I could see on the inside of them, as we walked down this path in Jerusalem, that all of a sudden the eyes of their heart were opened, and a small flame started to burn on the inside of them.
Some of the people He tipped his head to I knew had great authority, heads in the Jewish community--rabbis. I could literally see in a glance the Lord opening up their eyes; I could see the Lord appearing. He was appearing to some of the top rabbis in the land, and just with a glance and a nod, a flame of revelation started to burn on the depths of the inside, in a second the eyes of their hearts were opened.
...We followed these Rabbis up to their rooms, as they went up into the upper rooms of their houses. I watched these Rabbis fall on their knees and cry out, "This Changes EVERYTHING. This changes EVERYTHING!" I saw the Lord go over and blow on that tiny ember of revelation on the inside, and little by little, it started to burn like an unquenchable fire.
Jesus, Yeshua, I thank YOU that YOUR Blood has Covered and Redeemed my own sin and I plead your blood for the sins of my family, my nation, the world and as an Israel Commissioned Watchman on the Wall of Jerusalem for Jerusalem and Israel of abortion – and thank YOU Yeshua for Laying Down Your Life to Save and Redeem us all– HALLELU YAH!!!" The Bride and The Spirit cry “COME LORD JESUS, YESHUA!!! and for our Hebrew Brothers we agree “HOSANNA!!!” Baruch HaBa B'Shem Adonai - Blessed IS HE that Comes in the Name of YHWH!!!
God’s ABUNDANT Blessings and FAVOR in JESUS, YHWH Yeshua HaMashiach (LORD Jesus the Messiah in Hebrew) upon you and yours!!!
The French have a saying: plus ca change plus ca meme chose - the more things change, the more they remain the same. King Solomon said it more succinctly: Ayn chadash tachat hashemesh - there's nothing new under the sun.
Don't be fooled. Don't be mislead. If you've already fallen for this error, repent now, before it is too late.
It is worth recalling now, after all that has been revealed about HaYovel this week (and last), the partnership that has been established between Ari Abramowitz's and Jeremy Gimpel's Land of Israel Network and HaYovel.
"Teaching the Principles of Biblical Zionism to the entire world"? Is "Biblical Zionism" yet another word for Judeo-Christianity, which is itself just a new term for ancient Hellenism? Any way you slice it, it means shmad through assimilation.
Will Neve Daniel be the next yishuv chosen to host a Christian (Ephraimite) outpost?
Taking his children out of school to spend time with "German gentiles"???! R"l!
In the following one-minute video, Tommy Waller describes in excruciating detail what is the aim and goal of HaYovel's first ever Israel Tour. It is being advertised in a way that leads Jews to think it is about some kind of Christian support for Jerusalem to be recognized as Israel's capital in its fiftieth year of re-unification, but really, according to Tommy, "...it's all about relationships...everything we do is about relationships".
The Torah forbids Jews to intermingle with non-Jews for this very reason. It indicates that in time, the relationship would grow into one where we would be willing to give them our daughters and take their sons through intermarriage. Of course, they are nice, even admirable in some ways, but this is what poses the danger of assimilation! It's a chutzpah to think we know better than God does or to think we are too strong to fall to temptation. Look at what has already happened to so many Jews who would describe themselves as strong and proud Israeli Jews, even to Rabbi Eliezer Melamed, r"l.
This is where they will be through tomorrow. Anyone can check the side bar to the right each day to see where they will be so as to avoid all contact with them. Do not talk to them, do not invite them into your home, do not share a meal with them, do not dance with them, do not hug them, do not praise them, do not accept their "love" and "friendship" and warn all those in your influence to do likewise. This will hurt more than anything else because it denies them the goal they seek - to connect with Jews.
A total disconnect from Jews is what is needed to solve this problem. HaYovel is only here in Israel and has only become a problem because they were brought in, introduced, approved, supported, encouraged, enabled and promoted by JEWS!!
HaYovel: Serving Israeli Farmers or Themselves?
I had no idea "volunteering" could be so profitable.
Why is Kosherwine.com advertising HaYovel on their website?
Have you visited the HaYovel online store? Look at all the spin-off products they are selling thanks to their Jewish-Israeli connection.
And let's not forget the $1.5 million HaYovel base in Missouri. Self-serving, definitely!
Is Collaborator Too Strong A Word?
I have been made privy to some letters which were sent out by email to the supporters (and followers) of one of the HaYovel volunteers. They include some information which I find to be the most shocking of all the revelations we've laid bare here.
In the fall of 2013, a courageous Jew in the Shomron - a defender of his people's integrity and his God's honor - had some posters made up and hung them in the area to warn the local residents of the missionary threat posed by Tommy Waller and his HaYovel Ministry.
A couple weeks ago, some people here in the area printed very large posters with a picture of Tommy Waller on it, with a big “x” marked across it, along with words that basically said, “Christians in Samaria stealing the souls of Jews.” and warned everyone to be careful of us.
This attack on Mr. Tommy and HaYovel is one of the most public and “loud” attacks that there has been. There have been several articles written and other things in the past.
As you can imagine, it’s been very hard on Mr. Tommy and his family and the HaYovel staff to be publicized in this way. He wants so much to be able to defend himself and say that we’re only here to love and serve – not to “convert” or missionize, or anything else. But obviously, defending himself won’t change anything right now.
In many ways though, it’s been a blessings in disguise. Many Israelis who we work with in the Samaria governor’s office and other places have spoken up for us and defended us. It has encouraged many who were quiet about their support of us to speak out loudly. There have been articles written, and public debates, and one couple – friends of the Wallers – were seen going around with a can of black spray paint, vandalizing the posters. : ) A few friends, people we have worked with in the vineyards, have dropped by to express their support and love.
It has caused severe rifts among the Israelis here. The Wallers were “blind-carbon-copied” in several email conversations as people defended them. Tommy and Sherri shared one letter with the group last week. Two men were going back and forth – one against us, one for us. The one who was for us closed his email by saying that as he prayed in the days before Yom Kippur, he prayed for this man who was so against HaYovel, and that he wanted to come to Tommy and Sherri and kiss their hands and ask their forgiveness for the hatred and misunderstanding. He wrote that we (HaYovel) were standing with Israel in a way and a place that no one else was. His words were, “On the front lines”. As I read the email, his support and appreciation brought tears to my eyes.
These are the “growing pains” of our relationships.
In my last update I talked about how people had written things about HaYovel, supporting us and giving credibility to what we're doing. Here are excerpts from an article written this week by Rabbi Eliezer Melamed, the head Rabbi of Har Bracha.
Recently, a troublemaker distributed libelous materials accusing Tommy Waller, an American Christian, of being a missionary. This despite the fact that Tommy has been actively recruiting Christian volunteers for Israel for ten years, and not a single Jew claims that Tommy or any of the thousands of people he has brought here have tried to undermine their faith. Therefore, I feel it is incumbent upon me to speak on his behalf.
Out of an abiding faith in the uniqueness of the Jewish people and in the Divine mission to settle the Land, Tommy has rallied support for Israel from American Congressmen and Senators. The head of the Shomron Regional Council, Mr. Gershon Mesika, told me that Tommy’s activities have been very influential. Each year, through the summer, he organizes groups of Christians who love Israel to volunteer here. As he is a big believer in family values, many of the volunteers come with their entire families, including the young and the elderly. In recent years, at the request of the Regional Council, the Har Bracha settlement has hosted the volunteers on a hilltop near our community. From this base, the volunteers set out to work in vineyards and orchards throughout the Shomron.
Because of our difficult history with Christians, and due to concerns about possible missionizing, I felt it necessary to meet with Tommy. I wanted to have an upfront discussion with him about precisely what his positions were. At the same time, I wanted to convey a Jewish position without kowtowing or obsequiousness.
I asked Tommy what led him to dedicate his life to bringing Christian volunteers to Israel. He told me that he read Yeshayahu 61:5: “Strangers shall stand and pasture your flocks; aliens shall be your plowmen and vine-trimmers.” This greatly moved him, and he said to himself: “Maybe I can be the one who is privileged to fulfill this holy verse!” Ever since then, he has encouraged people to visit Israel and to help Jews work the land.
Every summer Tommy brings hundreds of volunteers, some for a week and some for longer periods. They bring us greetings of peace and friendship from tens of millions of Americans who love us, and when they return home they serve as loyal ambassadors for Israel.
Sometimes I see these honored Christian guests walking on our roads and paths, and I am filled with great love; I am deeply moved and have to hold back tears. How beautiful are these people, who volunteer enthusiastically, crossing oceans and continents to come express their wonderful connection with us. How they shine with joy at being privileged to see the miraculous return to Zion, to walk on holy ground, and to contribute to making the desert bloom.
Perhaps they are the pioneers who begin to fulfill the words of the prophecy:In the end of days, the Mountain of the Lord’s House shall stand firm above the mountains and tower above the hills, and all the nations shall stream towards it. Many peoples shall go and say: “Let us go up to the Mountain of the Lord, to the House of the God of Jacob, that He may instruct us in His ways, and that we may walk in His paths.” For Torah shall come forth from Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. He will judge among the nations and arbitrate for the many peoples. They shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not take up sword against nation, and they shall never again know war (Yeshayahu 2:2-4)."
I would highly recommend taking the time to read it. Being able to see something (in this case, ourselves) from someone else's perspective is a valuable, beautiful tool.
Lies, deception and subterfuge. These are the tools missionaries use to entrap gullible souls.
But, what do you call a Jew who defends an idolater and a missionary against his fellow Jew?
What do you call a Jew who "blind-carbon-copies" a private conversation with a fellow Jew regarding the missionary idolater with that very enemy who then shares it with his entire group?
And last, but not least, what do you call a rabbi who accuses a good, caring, self-sacrificing Jew of being a "troublemaker" and "libelous" to the entire readership of Arutz Sheva and all the other places his article has been shared, for simply stating the Truth; for following the Torah injunction not to stand idlely by while his brother's blood is being shed!?
And this is not a unique situation. It is going on everywhere.
I really wish I could think of a stronger word than "collaborator". Is traitor too strong a word?
HaYovel and their fellow Ephraimites and all their Jewish "brothers" can deny it til they are blue in the face, but the facts are there. You can fool some of the people some of the time, but you can't fool all of the people all of the time.
The following declaration identifying Yeshu as the deity comes from the website of David and Sonia Bowling who were hand-picked by Tommy and Sherri Waller in 2007 to head HaYovel Ministry's work in Israel in their absence.
The same website gives a detailed and glowing account of all their missionary activities in Israel (as well as Jordan) during their stay with HaYovel. See HERE.
The following declaration identifying Yeshu as the deity comes from the website of Mercy Collective Messianic/Hebrew Roots Church where Caleb Waller spoke a month ago and invited them all to come to Jerusalem to "participate" in the "redemptive process."
This belief, which is the very foundation of Christianity, is what compels Christians to "share the good news" of "salvation" through their messiah.
During his presentation to Mercy Collective a month ago in Nashville, Caleb Waller kept alluding to the King - "the King who is coming". He is referring to Yeshu who he believes is returning to rule over the earth (see also above), but he gets a bit carried away and lets slip that he is looking forward to the day when all the nations of the world will come up to Jerusalem to "worship" the King.
Christians practicing Christianity - it's nothing new. The only thing new here is that Jews, even "rabbis", shepherds of God's flock, are embracing them and bringing these wolves right inside the sheep pen. God have mercy on us all!
And they are spreading their tumah onto everything that we hold sacred. I can't even use the term Hashem anymore because of what they have turned it into. When they say it, they mean Yeshu!
May HKB"H send OUR Mashiach Tzidkeinu quickly - NOW - to deliver us from these wicked people and their lies and all those who collaborate with them against us!
There is a story of man who was walking through the woods and spotted a target painted on a tree trunk with an arrow straight dab in the middle. He was amazed at the archer’s accuracy. He continued his walk and spotted several more trees with targets and arrows shot dead center. As he continued, he met a man with a bow and arrow and inquired if he was an archer who had made those shots.
“Are you the archer who made those brilliant shots?” the man said.
“Yes, I am.” said the archer.
“I would enjoy seeing you make another shot if you would,” the man replied.
Stepping back the archer pulled out an arrow from his satchel, attached it to his bow and carefully drew it back as he aimed at an unmarked tree. Firing the arrow it lodge into the tree. The archer then picked up two buckets of paints and brushes and proceeded to paint the target around the arrow.
This oft-told story is a classic example of how Christians, and increasingly more and more Jews, c"v, "fulfill prophecy".
There is certainly no question that there are a great many prophecies in Tanakh which promise the return of the Ten Tribes of Israel who were exiled and completely assimilated among the nations. But, to misuse them to validate the spurious claims of the so-called "Ephraimites" - Christians wanting to reclaim the birthright that their father Eisav spurned - is beyond reprehensible.
"And you, son of man, take for yourself one stick and write upon it, 'For Judah and for the children of Israel his companions'; and take one stick and write upon it, 'For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim and all the house of Israel, his companions.' And bring them close, one to the other into one stick, and they shall be one in your hand.
And when the children of your people say to you, saying, 'Will you not tell us what these are to you?' Say to them, So says the Lord God: Behold I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim and the tribes of Israel his companions, and I will place them with him with the stick of Judah, and I will make them into one stick, and they shall become one in My hand.
And the sticks upon which you shall write shall be in your hand before their eyes. And say to them, So says the Lord God: Behold I will take the children of Israel from among the nations where they have gone, and I will gather them from every side, and I will bring them to their land.
And I will make them into one nation in the land upon the mountains of Israel, and one king shall be to them all as a king; and they shall no longer be two nations, neither shall they be divided into two kingdoms anymore.
Now, despite the fact that the Christian Ephraimites are a completely separate and independent entity which still practices idolatry - that they are gentiles and not Jews - they claim they are the fulfillment of this prophecy. We are being urged to accept their false claims because they will unite with us "in the end" and will give up their idolatry "in the end". That sounds very much like the stock Christian answer to Jewish assertions that Yeshu did not fulfill the prophecies encumbent upon Mashiach. Oh, he'll finish the job when he comes back, they say - in the end. Uhn-huh.
They also completely overlook the fact that God repeats over and over again that HE is going to do this thing, not us. And did you catch that reference to the "Children of Israel"? We were called the Children of Israel when all the tribes were united at Har Sinai. This is how the prophecy says it will be when the Jewish people return to their homeland at the End of Days - all of the tribes will return together, no one knowing really which tribe he belongs to - just Jews.
And does it say that Ephraim will miraculously regain his memory of his tribal affiliation and return as Ephraim? No! It says, " I will place them with the stick of Judah." In other words, ALL of the returnees, Judah as well as Ephraim, will return together as JEWS - the Children of Israel [Jacob]!!!
Out of the all of the Christians making this claim, I have yet to hear one identify as any tribe other than Ephraim. Strange, no? If this is a "phenomenon" of "the Ruach HaKodesh" how come no one wants to be from Dan or Naphtali or Asher, etc.
We are already no longer two nations or two kingdoms. God has already accomplished His will in this matter. So, accept that and reject these usurpers from Eisav.
It's All A Big Scam! | 2019-04-23T20:56:32Z | http://palmtreeofdeborah.blogspot.com/2017/05/ |
NEW YORK — The Product Council’s meetup last May 24 at the Pivotal Labs featured guests from the news business, Benjy Boxer, former staff of NewsCred, which offers content marketing software, and Dheerja Kaur of The Skimm, the national news as email newsletter.
Now doing his own thing at Parsecloud, Boxer walked us back to five phases NewsCred underwent to improve a process aimed at helping content marketers out there.
As they analyzed the feedback in phase two, Newscred identified four particular jobs its customers were trying to accomplish via its software:content management, project management, analytics, and integrations.
In phase 3, it broke down “each of the 700+ comments and bucketed them into the four jobs and created thematic categories.” This was for product managers to decipher themselves.
Boxer said they designated a room where every member of the NewsCred team contributed feedback. “We lock 10 to 15 people in the room…where product council debates all challenges for 3 hours,” he said.
Should they have had non-staffers be in that room, someone in the audience asked? The exercise, he said, was about establishing trust and transparency about its R&D and product organization and in (making) better decisions and (fulfilling) commitments.
In phase four, he said the design and engineering teams broke this experience down into smaller tasks as they created wireframes, selected success metrics for the experiences, and assigned prices to each experience based on the level of effort. The price was important because it wanted to implement the auction process that Pandora used to prioritize product development. They distributed these experiences to the entire company to have managers force rank the experiences with their teams. .
In phase five, the auction process helped them prioritize across the competing interests of its stakeholders. “The market dynamics forced every member of its voting committee to consider exactly what they were spending their limited money on…,” he said.
The group prioritizes valuable challenges. We call them challenges, not solution,” he stressed .
In closing, he said a great product team should have its engineers talking to its customers.
Dheerja Kaur of TheSkimm presented next, talking about how it has amassed 3.5 million subscribers to date with over 12,00 Simmbassadors in 20 cities.
Kaur talked about how how it came to build the Skimm iOS app with email, messaging and a calendar.
In Phase 1, tts team conducted a focus group as they tried to identify challenges. In Phase 2, it had a pre-MVP test. They tested editorial ideas and heard weekly feedback. They even put news in its calendar.
In Phase 3, they started building the app by finding out how to create a seamless experience where users can experience SkimmAhead content. “We did polls on Facebook and communicated constantly with users,” he said. They also recruited 300 beta testers testing via TestFlight. They also collected engagement data.
In Phase 4, they tested pricing. “Testing pricing is hard,” she said as she mentioned going over .99 cents to 1.99 cents to $2.99 a moth. They also tackled reminders when people need to pay again. In Phase 5, the team launched the app with the help of its 12,000 Skimmbassadors. They also showed an insider look of their process to generate some PR mileage.
The team worked closely with engineers with them to build the app from September to December. They figured the money and accounts part in January and April.
What’s next for them? They will continue to iterate, as they also target more platforms and grow the larger Skimm audience.
NEW YORK—Last May 26 at the HBO offices, the NY Video meetup featured ConvertMedia, Teleport, TVRunway and Snakt.
ConvertMedia‘s proprietary platform and broad range of video formats allows publishers to strike a balance between revenue goals, the exposure they afford advertisers and how they engage consumers.
Publishers reportedly use ConvertMedia’s video gallery to expand their supply of quality video ad inventory. These outstream video ad units are served through its dedicated programmatic monetization platform, which maximizes fill rates. The platform manages outstream video inventory, with controls for audio, viewability and frequency.
As partner with DSPs, CEO and founder Yoav Naveh said ConvertMedia offers access to exclusive video inventory on premium publishers for desktop and mobile that is brand-safe and viewable. It reportedly delivers over 100B display impressions every month.
TVRunway finds the clothes from your favorite shows with a single click while you watch online. Just by inserting 3 lines of code, retailers can have access to a new revenue stream, increased engagement and verifiable viewer data.
Now you can find your favorite clothes from your favorite shows with just one click at TVRunwayit.com. It turns all existing OTT content into an additional revenue stream. With its API, you connect directly inside the online video player, allowing a site’s users to click on clothes worn in the video and buy while watching.
TVRunwayit.com makes use of machine learning and comparative algorithms to identify items, then displays the top three, real-time matches from about retailers’ available inventories. This approach reportedly makes TVRunway instantly deployable and 100% scalable across all videos, no matter when they were made.
Everytime you hit buy, we share our money with the distributor. “About 75 percent hit the buy button with 72% user engagement,” she said.
Teleport’s Gavrilo Bozovic presented his interactive online video platform from Sweden. The startup developed a platform which allows distributing scrollable, media-enriched video, through web browsers.
“It’s about giving context to your videos,” he said.
Last presenter was Snakt’s COO and Co-Founder, Tristan Snell.
“Snakt is an invite-only iOS app for video that lets you create ‘video legos’ of 7-second-or-less clips for infinite remixing and compilations,” he said.
Some affiliate marketing will be added as well. “You can add your reaction to movie or TV shows,” he said.
NEW YORK—What is lifestyle in the internet age? If the speakers and attendees at the Racked meetup last May 17 were any indication of how the world of tech and publishing could learn more from each other, this is that meetup. But unfortunately, not many tech people, especially those targeting millennial consumers, come to this type of meetup.
The panel consisted of young journalists: Julia Rubin, Racked features editor and moderator; Helen Rosner, executive editor at Eater; Kyle Chayka, writer and contributor to Racked, The Guardian and The New Yorkers; Alanna Okun, senior editor at BuzzFeed; Rachel Miller, senior lifestyle editor at Buzzfeed and Mark Lotto, co-founder at Matter Studios.
Rosner: It’s consumer identity as a force. It’s something that allows advertisers to reach readers.
Okun: It’s the choices (we put) in or around the body.
From there, the panel’s discussed flowed freely– with almost no moderation.
And what do bored people tired of their jobs do? “They travel,” she said. “Everything you want to be is a secret (but they have to be) balanced with (good lifestyle advice).
Beyond Pinterest, Rosner said Instagram has taught people the secrets of magazine photography. With Instagram, everyone seems to have her own magazine online.
“They don’t need to pay us a hundred dollars to take their photos. It’s richly democratizing,” she said.
“Things can make them happy..What is unattainable is now attainable,” she added.
What’s the next big thing? The panel had some fun answering this question.
Rosner gave some serious thought on the question of globalization of lifestyle because she thought her answer can be a scary thought. “Globalization is where you can get everything here (New York),” she said.
If that is the case, the panelists nodded as if in agreement, because what would be the point of discovery if you can find everything easily, if everything is within reach.
NEW YORK–Nicholas Dessaigne, founder and CEO of Algolia kicked off the monthly Data-Driven meetup last May 19 at AXA Center by talking about the journey of his company in delivering a great search experience for apps and websites with its hosted search API.
Today, Algolia has 1,500 enterprise customers with 36 data centers in 15 regions, serving billions of queries weekly in under 50 ms for more than 1300 customers, including many Fortune 500 companies.
Algolia is scalable and reliable, with a 99.99% SLA and both server and provider redundancy.
Algolia is designed from the ground up to maximize the speed of search and solve the pain of relevance tuning. It pushes the search experience beyond its traditional limits for better user engagement.
“You have to be as upfront as you can. Definitely do a post-mortem and why it should not happen again.
Louis DiModugno, chief data and analytics officer at AXA US (global leader in insurance), talked about how the company is enhancing customer experience and making sure it has the right balance of products to protect them.
DiModugno knows data can’t flow freely, so it maintains data offices in Paris, US and in process of building one in Singapore. “We are a young company,” he said, announcing job openings for engineers in the coming weeks.
6Sense is a B2B predictive intelligence engine for marketing and sales.
“We accelerate sales by finding buyers at every stage of the funnel,” she said.
Founder and CEO Peter Brodsky said HyperScience (AI for the enterprise) leverages a novel approach to AI to automate work currently performed by human data scientists, solving the pain points across the enterprise.
He demonstrated how it works by asking people to upload photos of images he listed on the projector screen where people then tweeted them and HyperScience identified correctly.
“Most databases can only tell you about the past. HyperScience can tell you about the future,” he said.
Requiring no data science or statistics, it seems. It is self-configuring, self-tuning and self-healing. It scales horizontally and supports real time queries.
NEW YORK—Last May 10, Spark Labs packed its Union Square office to overflowing. Social Media has become a hot topic for the many complexities it is adding to the conversation, the way new social networks emerge and require us to consider them.
“Everyone is a publisher,” said Aparna Mukherjee of The Paley Center for Media who was joined by four other panelists in the talk at the Spark Labs’ offices near Union Square.
Most startups have indeed become publishers too because of their blog and social media interactions with their customers out there. And many of those who come from a programming background don’t have the requisite skills and experience to be publishers themselves. This reminds us how Hootsuite knows how hiring an established journalist to manage its content is crucial.
The challenges facing many startups in terms of putting the word out there is certainlly getting harder with people distracted by so many things online. Or as Christian Busch, investor and former Indiegogo SVP puts it, “Social media is becoming more of a communication tool,” adding how people use it even for airing out complaints.
As a publisher, a company or startup has never had so many social tools at their disposal. From Twitter and Facebook to Instagram and Pinterest, to name just a few, everyone is chasing real-time relevance. And talking about real-time, there’s an opportunity to market your product or service out there live using live streaming apps like Periscope and even YouTube, which also offers live streaming now.
One example of this came from Kristy Sunjaya of Live Person who said companies make use of YouTube for its branded content. Still, she stresses the importance of authenticity.
She admits to going to Alexa every morning. In checking if your social media activities is working, she asks everyone to rely not just on CTR but also engagement and time on site.
The panelists didn’t have all the answers.
NEW YORK–”A hardware startup is (equivalent) to five companies,” said Avidan Ross,founder of early stage VC firm Root/ Ventures,nailing down the challenge level of building a company that combines both software and hardware hence IoT or Internet of Things.
The odds of succeeding as an IoT startup is just not easy, but it’s also where VCs are keeping an interesting eye on as most of these IoT or hardware startups because of their capability to raise the stakes. If you’ve seen many of these companies, they’re early in this sector the way the focus is more on functionality–with few putting emphasis on design.
Among the presenters at the Hardwired meetup last May 11, Jonathan Frankel of Nucleus (launching August 1) talked more about how to thrive in this sector. He talked about ways to increase your odds of success as a hardware startup, as he reminded everyone how costs could easily spin out of control. As Ross said, it’s like running five companies in one.
“Who is on your mailing list?” Frankel asked, before saying how crucial it is to meet in-person but to put away the NDAs in any talk.
In building something, he cautioned how, “every need component adds an associated complexity.” And we all know how time is cost, which means tooling and tweaking IoTs require time to pull off.
“Assume cash flow at 20% a month and BOM at $100. Hire a business development and sales teams early,” he advised, adding how one should oversee interoperability, supply chain and lead time along the maddening IoT process.
The fun part came from two demonstrations Lampix and Sam Labs.
Lampix presented what I would call a computer illuminated in a physical world. George Popescu of Lampix called it “a platform Open API and Smart Lamp,” which he announced was going to be at Kickstarter afterwards–for crowdfunding purposes.
Sam Labs showed how its wireless blocks and drag-and-drop app allows younger people to become an instant inventor and even explore programming as it applies in the physical world.
Years ago if you wanted to build a hardware product you had to work at GE. Now you can start on your own.
Los Angeles is not meant for production (in terms of quality).
Dan Burton talked about the many uses of drones nowadays in mining, construction and real estate.
Adam Jonas of Morgan Stanley’s global auto research team looked into how automobiles could be both driven and autonomous, owned and shared. He sees the rise of ride-sharing of cars and the implications of this change.
The meetup was hosted by Matt Turck of First Mark Capital.
NEW YORK–Last May 3, the NY Tech Meetup featured 10 startups with founders barely out of college or high school sharing the stage with other more matured founders at the monthly event held at NYU Skirball Theater. The night showcased how digital wizardry is also becoming part of museums and various exhibitions nowadays.
Enter the Machine is about the work of New York-based artist and programmer Eric Corriel and how he creates art out of custom software. The work showcases synchronized pulsating light boxes and a computer hard drive turned inside out to show its innards. Corriel raises questions about the digitization of contemporary society, exploring humanity’s dance with technology.
Karolin Ziulkoski, a new media artist, uses technological applications to create immersive experiences through Kokowa. Users from beginner to expert levels can create 3-D virtual spaces using an easy-to-use interface, powerful webGL technology and a growing database of user-created 3D content. They can be good for exhibitions, developing a game, showing off a new product, creating a 3D photography library, flying through an architectural model, and exploring new worlds.
Complementing the former two startups, presenter Local Projects showed how it works as an experience design and strategy firm that tests the limits of human interaction. It has won top prize in many design interaction awards. If you find yourself interacting with a digital artwork at the 9/11 Memorial Museum and Cooper-Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum, it’s not farfetched to think it’s Local Projects’ work.
Another presenter in a similar vein, Luxloop focuses on finding new ways to captivate and inspire our fellow humans with its creative technology, with Meural presenting itself as the canvas for the digital age. Fancy a digital art on your wall? Meural is equipped with a set of motion sensors and gesture recognition software that allows you to change your screen by waving your hand through the air.
Now if you have similar ideas as all these companies, pitch to NEW INC, the first museum-led incubator for art, design, and technology founded by the New Museum.
Other presenters at the meetup were SAM Labs, for fans of Internet of Things as it offers a toolkit for creating your own smart inventions.
Beaker Notebook is an open source polyglot UI for visualization and data analysis; Get Accent helps you read the news in a foreign language and Drone Regulator automatically monitors and enforces flight restrictions on drones.
For those who like practical ideas that can help you earn extra money, Peer Wifi demonstrated how you can sell your mobile hotspot data for other users to buy. It’s hard to do a demo in front of a big audience, but the young founders didn’t find any problems showing us how its platform works in less in few minutes.
NEW YORK–Software architect Andrew Trice spoke about “Drones & The Mobile Enterprise” at the New York City Bluemix meetup last May 25 with DJI Phantom 3 and DJI Phantom 4 units on display, the drones he used to demonstrate his recent mobile enterprise experience.
Trice says drones will become a big part of big business, as it moves beyond videography and photography to enterprise the way it helps process workflows and drive efficiency.
“Drones are now used to track disease outbreaks, search and rescue operations, improve agriculture management, aid in wildlife preservation, real estate mapping, law enforcement, automated deliveries, inspect power line infrastructure, firefighting and many more,” he said.
Quoting from the Association of Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, he said drones are predicted to become an $82-billion industry by 2025.
Trice talked about how drones, the cloud, and cognitive computing all come together now. Even better, you can use a low-cost accessible and portable consumer drone — and still get the job done.
In his proof of application concept called Skylink, he showed how captured aerial images delivers results to an enterprise system–and this can reportedly be done even when the drone is still in the air. The application connects a DJI drone aircraft to Bluemix using an Apple iPad to bridge the connection from aircraft to the external network and cloud services. The aircraft remote control connects directly to the controller via a USB connection.
This allows the drone to send a live video stream, captured media, and telemetry data directly to an app running on the iPad. This also allows the iPad to send control instructions to the aircraft, enabling the app to control what the aircraft is doing. All communication back and forth between the aircraft and app on the iPad is handled using DJI’s developer toolkit.
If you’re wondering how to fly a drone, the DJI Phantom is easy to fly; you’d be flying in 10 minutes.
“Watson, push notifications, advanced analytics, BPM/workflow, you name it,” he said. Drones for insurance? Why not? Insurance companies evaluate drones. | 2019-04-21T04:14:42Z | http://reimaginetech.com/2016/05/ |
A selection of the latest news stories and editorials published in Iranian news outlets, compiled by Ali Alfoneh, Ahmad Majidyar and Michael Rubin. To subscribe to this daily newsletter, e-mail [email protected].
Jomhouriyat releases a map showing the alleged geographical distribution of support for Ahmadinejad and Mousavi; Ahmadinejad and Rezai register as candidates; Mousavi explains why he resigned as Prime Minister; Tabnak says Basij officers instruct the rank-and-file to vote for Ahmadinejad; IRGC chief Ja'fari calls for the Basij to intervene in the presidential elections; students protest against separation of the sexes by the erection of a wall at the Azad University library; Rezai says the IRGC will not rival the private sector in his administration; 150 Chinese businessmen visit Iran while US banks express interest in opening branches in Iran; and E'temaad reports negotiations between the US and Iran will begin soon.
· Jomhouriyat News releases a map showing provinces which are believed to support presidential candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Green) and which will likely support Ahmadinejad (Red).
o Ahmadinejad supporters claim "foreigners" support the "reformists out of fear of Ahmadinejad."
· ISNA reports from Election Headquarters Chief Kamran Daneshjou's press conference at the end of the registration of candidates at the Interior Ministry.
o Daneshjou says 248 ballots have been shipped outside Iran to secure the voting rights of Iranians living abroad.
o Interior Minister Sadegh Mahsouli asks potential presidential candidates to respect the "red lines" of the regime and to think of the "national interest" when making public statements.
o Rafsanjani defends the idea of a committee protecting the vote.
§ Ham-Mihan discloses corruption in Tehran Physical Training Organization headed by Ali-Reza Madadi, a relative of Ahmadinejad.
· Grand Ayatollahs Sanei, Mousavi Ardebili and Makarem Shirazi demand change in state of affairs, indirectly criticize the Ahmadinejad government.
· Following public criticism of the Ahmadinejad government's dismantling of the Plan and Budget Organization, the Office of the President publishes Mojtaba Zare'i and Ali-Reza Rowhani's book Tabarshenasi-ye Sazeman-e Barnameh Va Boudjeh Be Revayat-e Asnad-e Rezhim-e Pahlavi [Genealogy Of The Plan And Budget Organization According To The Pahlavi (Era) Documents] with a foreword by Abdollah Shahbazi [Ed.- official Islamic Republic of Iran revisionist of history and former member of the Communist Party of Iran]. According to Borna News, the book reveals "the role of this institution in spread of consumerism and weak domestic production."
o Veteran politician Behzad Nabavi who has declared his support for Mousavi's candidacy, comes to the aid of Ahmadinejad and says the decision to dismantle the Plan and Budget Organization had already been made by Prime Minister Rajai.
o Following the chief inspectorate's criticism of the government's lack of budgetary discipline, the government cuts the Inspectorate's budget by fifty percent.
o Alef News Agency's analyst criticizes Ahmadinejad for speaking of but not doing anything to fight the "oil mafia."
· The elites of the Principalist movement will get together in the home of Martyr Mottahari to discuss which candidate to support. According to E'temad-e Melli, this council is composed of Ali-Akbar Nateq Nouri, Ali-Akbar Velayati, Ali Ardeshir Larijani, Mohammad-Reza Bahonar, Mohammad-Bagher Qalibaf and Ali Mottahari. According to E'temad-e Melli, Mohsen Rezai has not been discussed as a serious candidate by the council.
· Rezai speaks at Martyr Chamran University in Ahwaz, says his withdrawal from the 2005 presidential elections reflected his protest against the elections.
o Rezai says he will not enter a tactical alliance with any other candidate.
o Rezai confirms information in the memoirs of Rafsanjani and Nateq Nouri that he on several occasions asked the late Leader of the Revolution Khomeini to keep Mir-Hossein Mousavi as Prime Minister.
o Rezai presents his wife to the public following the example of Mir-Hossein Mousavi who is followed by his wife at rallies and public meetings.
· According to Kalameh News, a four page pamphlet propagating for Ahmadinejad and attacking "twenty of his enemies" was distributed at the Tehran Friday prayers led by Ayatollah Jannati. The pamphlet's harshest attacks are directed against Ahmadinejad's rivals Mehdi Karrubi and Mir-Hossein Mousavi.
o Ahmadinejad supporter Hojjat al-Eslam Hamid Rasayi accuses the reform movement of "instigating a coup against the regime every ninth day" and says "the institutions of the revolution such as the Guards and the Basij have all been subjected to the attacks of the reform movement." Rasayi also defends the Ahmadinejad campaign's distribution of potatoes and cash at campaign rallies.
o Guardian Council Secretary Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati speaking from the podium of the Tehran Friday Prayer says votes which are given through "threats" or "incentives" will be annulled.
· Hojjat al-Eslam Ghasem Ravanbakhsh, a scholar at the Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi-led Imam Khomeini Research Institute, in a discussion with Kargozaran technocratic faction spokesman Hossein Marashi at the Martyr Bahonar University in Kerman: "We totally condemn Fascism... Islam is neither Socialism nor Liberalism. What Islam says and what the Supreme Leader says is the original Islamic and indigenous culture... The reformists ruled the country for sixteen years and they did nothing to establish an Islamic economy, but Ahmadinejad created a forum for correction of the laws of the banking sector, insurance and the fifth [development] program...One can't be a Muslim and liberal at the same time since the two things are in opposition to each other..."
· Farzand-e Mellat [Son of the Nation], a compilation of memoirs and miraculous events foretelling Ahmadinejad's victory available for download. (And here) Also for mobile phones.
· Ahmadinejad visits the national Elections Headquarters.
o Ahmadinejad and Mohsen Rezai register as candidates.
o Ayandeh News discloses the names of the Ahmadinejad's entourage when he registered for at Interior Ministry: "Elham, Kalhor, Zaribafan, Sa'id-Lou, Shekh al-Eslam, Mashayi and Samareh Hashemi."
o After registering, Ahmadinejad says he has absolutely no economic means for campaigning, but "I also see no reason why money should be used for campaign."
o Ahmadinejad campaign has used the picture of the late President Mohammad-Ali Rajai while campaigning in his native Qazvin.
o As Ahmadinejad supporters start their campaign in Lorestan, parliamentarian A'zami makes the crowds cheer by claiming that "one of the Zionist leaders suffered a heart attack on the very same day Ahmadinejad said Israel will be annihilated." Another parliamentarian Zarei said "the path of Ahmadinejad must continue until the emergence of the Imam of the Era." Speaking to an assembly of religious propagators and theological students in Isfahan Hojjat al-Eslam Agha-Tehrani speaking at the Bani-Fatemiyeh Mosque said: "Serving God preconditions voting for an individual who is favored by God" and spent the rest of his speech attacking Rafsanjani.
· Mehdi Karrubi appoints Ayatollah Mohsen Mousavi Tabrizi as his political and cultural advisor.
o Karrubi defends his deputy Gholam-Hossein Karbaschi and says the legal process which led to his dismissal as Tehran mayor was politically motivated.
o Karrubi's entourage during election registration consisted of Gholam-Hossein Karbaschi, Abbas Abdi, Jamileh Kadivar and some other campaign headquarters staff.
o Mohammad Khatami's sister Maryam Khatami praises Karrubi.
o Office of Strengthening of Unity student organization declares its support for Karrubi.
o Karrubi speaking in Ilam: "The current government has everything in its power. If you are unhappy with your situation, use your vote."
· According to E'temad'e Melli, the supervisory function of the Guardian Council in presidential elections has led to a trend where "reformist individuals whose revolutionary record is clear and have a long record of self-sacrifice are excluded from elections. At the same time, a few individuals from the Principalist camp have experienced trouble when it comes to getting qualified for elections. Continuity of this trend has been so that the reformists are usually totally ignorant [of their being approved of or disqualified by the Guardian Council] until a few days before the names of the candidates being announced by the Council. They don't know if their candidacy is going to be approved of or not. The Principalists on the other hand do not at all have such trouble. During the eight parliamentary elections, even the cabinet ministers of the Khatami government were disqualified for parliamentary elections by the Guardian Council." But Head of the Society of Theological Scholars at the Theological Seminary of Qom Mohammad Yazdi, during a conversation with the Australian ambassador to Tehran, condemns those who consider the Guardian Council's performance with regard to vetting the presidential candidates as a great insult towards this institution and says: "Those who have such an idea speak with no proof."
· Borna News publishes Khomeini's critical response to Mousavi's 1989 letter resignation.
o Presidential candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi explains why he resigned as Prime Minister.
o Shahab News runs a backgrounder on Zohreh Kazemi, (Zahra Rahnavard), wife of presidential candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi.
§ Ham-Mihan gives background on Mousavi's wife, Zahra Rahnavard.
§ Ham-Mihan likens Mousavi's wife to Michelle Obama.
o Mowj News discusses Mousavi campaign’s use of green to symbolize his status as a descendant of the prophet Muhammad.
o First statements of Mousavi after his registration at the Interior Ministry.
o Mouavi's supporters consistently chant a revised version of a revolution-era slogan "Toup, tank, basiji, digar asar nadarad" [Canons, tanks, Basijis no longer work] at Mousavi's public appearances.
o Mousavi, speaking at Tehran University, expresses concern about brain drain, restricted academic freedom and lack of involvement of experts in administering the country.
§ Adds: "If the government knew what 25 percent inflation means it would not travel from province to province, but would do something to solve the problem."
o School Teacher's Association of Iran declares its support for Mousavi.
o Kargozaran technocratic faction central committee member Mohammad Hashemi urges Mousavi to announce key cabinet members to the public as a proof of his willingness to transcend partisan politics.
o Mousavi speaking at the Arak branch of the Azad University: “The government must tell us what honors it has achieved in the world and which steps it has taken to fight corruption in Iran and abroad...We must see which individuals are working in cabinet and if the collective result of their works corresponds to their initial claims towards the people and God or not..."
§ Adds: "I have always said that the atmosphere of the university must be open and free. Within this framework, any securitization of the university and university students will be to the detriment of the country and the regime."
§ Says he does not oppose "thinking among the members of the Basij," but insists that "the Armed Forces should not intervene in the people choosing their political destiny."
· Presidential candidate Rasoul Allah-Yari explains his candidacy is a result of divine revelation, claims God guides him in his sleep and that he dreams of presidential elections every single night. Allah-Yari also adds that ever since the first time his candidacy was blocked by the Guardian Council in 1988, there has been more drought and earthquakes and warns God would revenge his disqualification.
o Presidential candidate Abd al-Ali Sepid-Kaseh, who earlier announced that if elected he would declare soccer religiously prohibited, says as a president he would shake hands with German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
o 13-year-old Koroush Mowzouni registers his candidacy for presidential elections.
o 48-year-old candidate Davoud Shah-Hossein-Nia ,who has a diploma in mechanical engineering and has two wives, says defense of the women's rights is his priority number one.
o Presidential candidate Iraj Sa'atchi asked what Yellow Cake is: "It is the cake we eat."
· Rafsanjani speaking at the Parand branch of the Azad University slams the Ahmadinejad government for attacking Azad University and adds management of the country for the past four years "has been a source of shame."
· Vice President Esfandiar Rahim-Mashayi, speaking about the drought, says he wishes to solve the world’s water mismanagement problems.
· Ahmadinejad, meeting Khaled Mishaal in Damascus, says Iran will continue its support for Palestine.
· Former IRGC chief Mohsen Rezai says had it not been for the preparedness of the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces, the United States would have attacked Iran during the George W. Bush presidency.
· Brother of martyr Hasheminezhad attacks statements made by Representative of the Supreme Leader in the Revolutionary Guards who said: "The reformists are the followers of deceptive Sufism and one must bar their return to the realm of power."
o Brother of the martyr said: "Such statements are against the viewpoint of the Imam [Khomeini] and the Supreme Leader and are a sign of armed forces intervention in political and election affairs."
· Islamic Revolution Documentation Center "documents" that all crises during the Khatami era were directed by the Khatami-led Mosharekat [Participation] party in order to present the Khatami government as a victim of vigilante violence.
· Jomhouriat News releases the August 24, 1986 entry of Rafsanjani's diary in which he states that Khomeini had warned Iranian officials of antagonizing the Soviet Union.
· Tabnak News Agency (close to Rezai) says that Basij officers instruct their rank-and-file to vote for Ahmadinejad.
· IRGC chief Mohammad-Ali Ja'fari says Iran has become a "great regional power."
· Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting upgrades its website display of Iran-Iraq war documentaries.
o We must be present in the arena and continue our activities. It is in this line that the Basij can pave the path of development by abiding by its strategic background... Members of the Basij have both an individual and an organizational duty and one must distinguish between the two and at this sensitive juncture perform our duties. Luckily today the unity of the Principalists is the strategic point of this movement which must be strengthened since today the lines and boundaries are [more] visible than a couple of years ago. But despite this, the boundaries defining the opposite camp of the Principalist camp are not clear for the people. Therefore, the Basij which is a part of society must feel obliged and know how to follow its own path."
· If there is the slightest irregularity, I'll stand firm and will not leave the arena. We will react. The consequences are the responsibility of the dear brothers who do not consider the circumstances to their liking, have sensed danger and chant songs for themselves. They claim the Basij is made of two parts. Gradually it will probably become four parts, and six parts after that...There is only one Basij and it is the one which is under your command. No one is so honorable that he can lose some of it. Don't divide the Basij so they show up at the ballot and threaten the people or threaten them at rallies."
o Karrubi who has earlier made critical statements about IRGC chief Ja'fari's statements with regard to Basij intervention in politics takes a more milder tone, tells the Basij members that "by God, we need free elections."
§ Sarmayeh condemns IRCG chief Ja'fari's statements to the effect that the Basij is allowed to intervene in politics and says such statements are blatant violation of Khomeini’s counsel.
§ Revolutionary Guards Commander Jazayeri urges the presidential candidates not to make the Basij a political issue.
§ Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi, a former IRGC chief in East Azerbaijan, comments about the IRGC chief's statements with regard to Basij intervention in politics: "Now that the Guards and the Basij have the same Commander in Chief means that the Basij are an unofficial military force subjected to the Guards and follows the Statute of the Guards... If we place the Basij behind a certain candidate or group, we have dealt a most important blow to the Basij and this will be the greatest injustice against the Basij... Members of the Basij can vote for whomever they desire but placing the Basij in a certain front is illegal and counter to Islamic Law...Is it really worth it to raise suspicion of the public against the Basij and challenge the ideals of the revolution for the sake of reelecting a certain candidate…? One can't by rhetoric claim that the Basij are not a military force. If the Basij wants to intervene in political affairs, they must leave the military force and separate themselves organizationally from the Guards...Also according to the sayings of the blessed Imam [Khomeini] and according to the law the Basij can't engage in political and electioneering activities..." More here.
§ Parliamentarians defend the right of the Basij Resistance Force - which is subjected to the Revolutionary Guards - to intervene in presidential elections: Esmail Kowsari National Security and Foreign Policy Committee member: "Presence of the members of the Basij in non-military fields provides the ground for development of the country... Those who say this kind of things [in criticism of Basij intervention in politics] have no knowledge of the Basij and their statements is because of their ignorance... Today many people in society are members of the Basij and they have become members of this sacred institution in order to protect the interests and achievements of the Islamic Revolution. How come do people out of ignorance say such things against the Basij…? Members of the Basij are loyal towards the regime and the Revolution and struggle for the sake of the interests of Iran...Such people fear the Basij like the World Imperialism fears the Basij. This is why they say such things..."
· Mo'talefeh Faction Political Bureau Secretary Mohammad-Kazem Anbar-Louyi also defends the right of the Basij to intervene in elections: "Today there are people with a wide range of jobs who are members of the Basij... In the newspapers there are people who extract certain conclusions out of affairs through the means of geomantics and atsrology... According to the law all those who are members of the non-military Basij can enjoy an active presence in all fields and it is only members of the Basij who are military who can't participate in the political field...People who make such statements are underestimating intelligence of the people..."
· Hojjat al-Eslam Ali Saidi, the Supreme Leader's representative in the Revolutionary Guards, urges members of the Guards to "withstand cultural and soft threats with pen in their hands...the threat of changing the culture of the regime is a serious threat and the cultural and soft threat is the most visible of such assaults."
· E'temaad runs a backgrounder on Revolutionary Guards intervention in recent presidential elections.
· Law Enforcement Forces clear 470 houses belonging to "singles, wrong doers, criminals and drug addicts" in Tehran's zone 12.
· Unknown assailants attack Ettela'at Foundation's exhibit at Tehran International Book Exhibit. According to Ham-Mihan, the assailants were Ahmadinejad supporters displeased with Mousavi speaking at the exhibit.
o Shabaviz children's books publishing house head Farideh Khal'atbari says she was barred from participating at Tehran International Book Exhibit because the authorities had chosen to provide exhibition rights to publishers who publish thick volumes and not thinner books.
o Books on Iran/Iraq war allegedly the most popular titles at Tehran International Book Fair.
· Defense Minister Najjar to present the book Atlas of Shi'a published by the Geographical Organization of the Defense Ministry.
· Professors and scholars at the Theological Seminary of Qom to engage in live Q and A session on Yahoo Messenger.
· Theological Seminary of Qom provides a list of affiliated institutions in North America.
· Radical Iraqi leader Muqtada al-Sadr denies rumors that he received the degree of Ijtihad in Theology.
o This model [in its original form] is capable of attracting the entire world but today it is considered as a threat by the global society. This is the crisis of misinterpretation..."
o Election of Mousavi is a return to the values of the revolution and preservation, propagation and correct interpretation of a sacred ideal for which all those who have suffered in this country have sacrificed life and blood..."
o According to Kalemeh, Khomeini's grandson Yaser Khomeini, Ayatollah Mousavi Bojnourdi, Mehdi Moghaddam, Ali-Akbar Mohtashami-Pour, Mohammad Razavi Yazdi, Majid Ansari, Hadi Khamenei, Hojjat al-Eslam Ashrafi Esfahani, Mousavi Lari, Najaf-Gholi Habibi, Mohammad-Bagher Nowbakht and others support Mousavi.
· Students at the Tehran branch of the Azad University protest against erection of a wall at the university library separating sexes.
· Advisor to Tehran Mayor says the number of victims of pollution in Tehran during the past eight years is higher than the number of the martyrs in Iran/Iraq war.
· Tehran Islamic City Council has decided not to change Vali-Asr Street into Dr. Mosaddegh Street.
· Shi'a News slams Tehran Municipality's seminar on Zoroastrianism.
· Shi'a News warns against distribution of a "forged Quran" called "True Furqan allegedly published by two U.S. publishing houses.
· The Defense Ministry's Geographical Bureau to publish an Atlas of the holy struggles of the Prophet Muhammad.
· Ali Shariati's Fatemeh Fatemeh Ast published in French translation.
· Borna News runs a story about the phenomenon of maddahi [praise singing].
· Borna News's literary service publishes a survey of the works of the late Lebanese Shi'a leader Imam Musa Sadr.
· Interior Minister Sadegh Mahsouli speaking at the seminar of the Public Notaries attacks press reportage of registration for presidential candidates: "The newspapers are preparing a documentary for the United States, the Zionist regime and other enemies of the country against the innocent and noble people of Iran... If Israel wanted to used certain headlines [to describe the presidential election process in the Islamic Republic] it would not have found any headlines more suitable than the ones used by the press..." Mahsouli also claimed: "All the human rights statements being passed against Iran are based upon wrong information published in the newspapers."
· With the presidential election taking place on June 12, 2009, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Director General Ezzatollah Zarghami says it is still too soon for election programs and debates on national television.
· In an open letter of protest to the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Director General, Karrubi's campaign spokesman Gerami-Moghaddam writes: "With less than 35 days to elections, the national media should impartially reflect the positions of the candidates but I consider it unlikely that we shall witness such impartiality until the very end of elections! Unfortunately, some parts of the national television an especially the program '20:30' engage in reflecting distorted news and counter factual information..."
· The pro-Ahmadinejad “Justice-Seeking Youth” establish a news agency.
· Ahmadinejad supporters use blue tooth system to campaign.
· Former Labor Minister Kamali says approximately 400 factories closed last year, criticizes the Ahmadinejad government for not doing enough to combat unemployment.
· Head of Privatization Organization Gholam-Reza Kord-e Zangeneh says 800,000 rials of so-called "justice shares" from 370 cooperative companies will be paid to 5.5 million villagers.
· Fruit prices up 50 percent.
· Revolutionary Guards Construction arm Khatam al-Anbia Construction Base Deputy Commander Rostam Ghasemi refutes rumors that he will take over the Oil Ministry after presidential elections.
· International Monetary Fund predicts 3.2 percent economic growth in Iran.
· U.S. banks reportedly interested in opening branches in Iran.
· Oil Minister Gholam-Hossein Nowzari visits Germany to discuss transfer of Iran's natural gas to Europe.
o Iran to export natural gas to Europe.
· Jam-e Jam provides statistical information about petroleum imports.
· Assadollah Asgar-Owladi, head of the Iran-China Chamber of Commerce, says 150 Chinese businessmen are visiting Iran; the two countries aim for $80 billion trade on an annual basis in 20 years; and Iran is participating in establishment of 5 commercial centers in China.
o China is the largest trade partner of Iran in Asia and Iran’s third largest trade partner overall.
· Alef News Agency publishes the names of imported products, brand and country of origin which, according to the analyst, have led to unemployment in Iran.
· Islamic countries to form an Islamic Stock Exchange.
· 2.7 million child workers in Iran.
· (E) In an interview with Radio Farda, Roxana's father said the family "insisted that she end her strike because she had become very weak." He said Roxanna was so ill that she was taken to the hospital and fed intravenously.
· (E) Radio Farda covered May Day demonstrations across Iran and interviewed dozens of activists. One labor activist in Tehran said security forces outnumbered protestors three to one and violently attacked them before the demonstrations began. Jafar Azimzadeh, a prominent labor activist, was arrested on May Day -- his daughter told Radio Farda that she herself was beaten by police and that she witnessed police attacking passersby. Meanwhile, the families of those arrested gathered in front of Tehran's Revolutionary Court on May 3 demanding their loved ones' release.
o A teacher who was arrested in Tehran during a May 4 demonstration told Radio Farda that police beat teachers with batons as they chanted slogans calling for an end to discrimination (Persian audio).
· (E) Iran has executed a 23-year-old woman, Delara Darabi, for a crime committed when she was a minor. Darabi's lawyer confirmed to Radio Farda that she was executed in prison in the northwestern city of Rasht. Darabi was arrested when she was 17 years old in connection with the murder of a relative. At that time, she and her 19-year-old boyfriend, Amir Hossein Sotoudeh, tried to rob the house of her father's 58-year-old female cousin, Mahin, and the cousin was killed.
· Higher Education Minister Mohammad-Mehdi Zahedi guarantees that students critical of the Ahmadinejad government will not be summoned to disciplinary committees at their universities.
· In the Q & A section of Mehdi Karrubi's website, Karrubi responds to a Baha’i questioner and says that according to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic all Iranian citizens enjoy the same rights.
· E'temaad reports diplomatic negotiations will soon begin between Iran and the United States.
o Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki comments on U.S.-Iran relations: "Without any doubt, there has been a change of rhetoric.... In case practical steps are taken with regard to Iran demonstrating a change in U.S. government policies towards Iran, we too will take new steps with regard to the U.S. government. But Tehran will not change its position with regard to the United States before the United States takes serious steps towards negotiations with Iran..."
· Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani, speaking the "Palestine, Symbol of Resistance, Gaza Victim of Crime" seminar: "A look at the various regional and global arenas show that some countries attempted to change the issue rather than attending to the victimization of the rights of the Palestinian nation. They are both charlatans, and fooled by charlatanism...In order not avoid trouble in the international arena, they want to distance the issue of Palestine from central Muslim thought and replace it by other issues...But analytical and critical minds are capable of understanding which makes our responsibility in illuminating the global public opinion even greater."
· Academic Elahe Koulayi discusses Iran's position with regard to division of the Caspian Sea.
· Vice President Davoudi travels to South Africa.
· Mousavi, in Arak, says the result of Ahmadinejad's discussions of the Holocaust have been passing of resolutions confirming the historical authenticity of the Holocaust.
· The Islamic Republic of Iran delegation to the Islamic Inter Parliamentary Conference meets with the Speaker of Egypt’s parliament and Speaker of Pakistan’s Senate.
· Ghalam-e Emrouz releases old photos of Mir-Hossein Mousavi.
o Mir-Hossein Mousavi's supporters convene at Tehran's Milad Tower with Mohammad Khatami.
o Mousavi meets clergy at the Jamaran mosque.
· Youtube video from the first day of registration of candidates at the Interior Ministry.
o Third day of registration of presidential candidates at Interior Ministry.
o Last day of registration for presidential elections.
· Inauguration of Tehran International Book Fair. More.
· Police round up the poor in unprivileged Tehran neighborhoods.
· Ahmadinejad campaigns in Qazvin. | 2019-04-22T22:44:06Z | https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/iran-news-round-up/iran-news-roundup-may-9-11-2009-1 |
The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching initiative, designed and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, was a multiyear effort aimed at increasing students’ access to effective teaching and, as a result, improving student outcomes. It focused particularly on high school graduation and college attendance among low-income minority (LIM) students.
The foundation asked a team of researchers from the RAND Corporation and the American Institutes for Research to evaluate whether the initiative improved teaching effectiveness and student outcomes.
The team found that, despite the sites’ efforts and considerable resources, the initiative failed to achieve its goals for improved student achievement and graduation, although the sites did implement improved measures of teaching effectiveness. With minor exceptions, student achievement, LIM students’ access to effective teaching, and graduation rates in the participating districts and CMOs were not dramatically better than at similar sites that did not participate in the initiative.
This brief, based on a longer final report, summarizes the findings of the team’s evaluation and offers some possible reasons the Intensive Partnership initiative did not achieve its goals for students.
The initiative involved three school districts and four charter management organizations (CMOs).
Improve staffing by recruiting and hiring teachers with high potential for effectiveness; placing the most-effective teachers in schools with the most LIM students; retaining effective teachers and removing ineffective ones.
Identify teachers’ strengths and weaknesses and provide effectiveness-linked training and support.
Use compensation and new career roles to encourage effective teachers to stay in teaching and provide support for other teachers. Over the course of the initiative from 2009 through 2016, spending on the reforms across the seven sites totaled $597 million: $237 million in grants from the Gates Foundation and the remainder primarily from each site’s general fund, federal grants, and other local sources.
As determined by the site-developed measures, almost all teachers were considered to be effective.
Each participating site designed a teacher evaluation system that included at least two factors in a composite score: (1) rubric-based ratings based on classroom observations and (2) a measure of student achievement growth.
According to the measures the sites developed and the thresholds they set for teaching effectiveness, almost all teachers were deemed effective (see Figure 1). Over time, more and more teachers were rated in the top effectiveness categories, and fewer and fewer were rated as ineffective. By the end of the initiative, just 1 to 2 percent were classified as ineffective in most of the sites. This might reflect actual improvement in teaching effectiveness, but there is some evidence that it is due to other factors, such as increasingly generous ratings on subjective components (e.g., classroom observations).
The evaluation system raised some practical challenges that sites addressed in different ways. One was that the observations placed a burden on principals’ time, so some sites reduced the length or frequency of classroom observations or allowed other administrators to conduct them. Another was that many teachers did not receive individual scores for their contribution to student achievement because there were no standardized tests in their subjects or grade levels. Some sites handled this by assigning a school-level average score to those teachers; others adopted alternative ways to measure student growth.
Despite some concerns about fairness, surveys that the team administered found that the majority of teachers thought that the evaluation measures were a valid measure of their effectiveness as teachers, particularly the classroom-observation component. Furthermore, most teachers thought that the evaluation system had helped them improve their teaching.
NOTES: HCPS and Alliance did not provide effectiveness ratings for 2016. PUC Schools has not used overall effectiveness ratings since 2013 and thus is omitted.
Figure shows the percentage of teachers in the top two (of five) levels of effectiveness in each site except PPS, for which it shows the percentage in the top level (of four).
At our school, I don’t know of anybody [who] has been transitioned out solely based on their evaluation. It has become evident to them as a person that they’re not where they should be, they shouldn’t be doing this teaching, and they’ve chosen to leave. I don’t think we’ve had to force . . . anyone [to] leave based on numbers.
The initiative had little effect on the retention of effective teachers, but it did increase the rate of departure of ineffective teachers.
The sites made efforts to retain effective teachers, including offering additional compensation and career opportunities based on effectiveness. However, in the end, effective teachers were no more likely to be retained after the initiative than before it.
On the other hand, ineffective teachers were more likely than before to depart from the sites. Across the sites for which data were available, about 1 percent of teachers were dismissed for poor performance in the 2015–2016 school year. Sites dismissed few teachers at least partly because their evaluation systems identified very few poor performers; however, the likelihood that those identified as poor performers would leave the site—whether voluntarily or involuntarily—increased during the initiative.
The three districts set specific criteria based on their new evaluation systems to identify low-performing teachers who might be denied tenure, placed on improvement plans, or considered for dismissal or nonrenewal of their contracts. The CMOs (which do not offer tenure) did not establish specific criteria to identify low performers but did take teacher evaluation results into account when considering improvement plans or contract renewal.
The sites also had to deal with the potentially conflicting goals of using measures of teaching effectiveness for dismissing low-performing teachers and using them to help teachers improve. In general, they tended to favor trying to help teachers improve rather than dismissing them.
All the sites modified their recruitment and hiring policies somewhat during the initiative—for example, by facilitating hiring in hard-to-staff schools or developing partnerships with local colleges. However, the researchers found little evidence that the new policies led to the hiring of more-effective teachers. Although school leaders generally thought that hiring processes worked fairly well, the sites still had difficulty attracting effective teachers to high-need schools, and persistent teacher turnover was a particular problem for the CMOs.
Evaluation-linked professional development (PD) and support were difficult to achieve.
All the sites offered multiple types of PD, including coaching, workshops, school-based teacher collaboration, and online and video resources. However, the sites struggled to figure out how to organize this training and support to address individual teachers’ identified needs.
One possibility is that scores and feedback from the measures of teaching effectiveness might not have been detailed enough to support specific suggestions for customized PD, and existing PD systems might not have been flexible enough to provide such customization. Also, there were few existing models of evaluation-linked PD that the sites could easily adopt, and sites lacked the capacity to develop and implement new models themselves.
Most school leaders said that they suggested PD and support based on teachers’ evaluation results, but the sites generally did not require teachers to participate, monitor their participation, or examine whether participants’ teaching effectiveness improved as a result. In addition, some also found it difficult to develop a coherent system of PD offerings.
Teachers in all the sites generally believed that the PD activities in which they participated were useful for improving student learning. Most teachers had access to some form of coaching, on which the sites often relied to individualize PD, and the percentage of teachers with access to coaching increased over time. Teachers with lower ratings were more likely than higher-rated teachers to report receiving individualized coaching or mentoring, but they were generally no more likely than higher-rated teachers to say that the support they received had helped them.
Some compensation and career-ladder policies were enacted to retain effective teachers, but they were not as extensive as envisioned, did not always follow best practices, and were not necessarily incentives about which teachers cared.
All seven participating sites implemented effectiveness-based compensation reforms, which varied in terms of timing, eligibility criteria, dollar amounts, and the proportion of teachers earning additional compensation. Teachers generally endorsed the idea of additional compensation for outstanding teaching, but (except in two of the CMOs) most reported that their sites’ compensation systems did not motivate them to improve their teaching. See Figure 2.
All seven sites also introduced specialized roles, with additional pay, open to effective teachers who accepted additional responsibility to provide instructional or curricular support to other teachers. However, none of the sites implemented career ladders, in which specialized roles come with sequential steps and growing responsibility, like the initiative sponsors had envisioned. The districts and CMOs took somewhat different approaches to creating specialized roles for teachers. The districts created a few positions that focused on coaching and mentoring new teachers in struggling schools, while the CMOs created more positions with a wider range of duties as needs shifted over time.
Most teachers agreed that teachers should receive additional compensation for demonstrating outstanding skills.
However, fewer teachers said that their site's compensation system motivated them to improve their teaching.
The initiative did not achieve its goals of increasing teaching effectiveness overall, improving access to effective teaching for LIM students, or boosting student outcomes.
The analysis found little evidence that teaching effectiveness improved as a result of the initiative. This was true whether teaching effectiveness was measured by the sites’ own composite measures or by an independently calculated measure. The researchers also looked for an increase in the teaching effectiveness of newly hired teachers but did not find evidence of one. As mentioned, the departure rate for the least effective teachers increased at some sites, although this success was not sufficient to noticeably improve the average teaching effectiveness of those sites.
At the beginning of the initiative, LIM students had roughly the same access to effective teaching as all students, and their access had not improved by the end of the initiative. In addition, their achievement and graduation rates appeared no different from those of their peers in similar schools that did not participate in the initiative (see table). Similarly, the analyses of test results and graduation rates for students overall showed no evidence of the initiative having a widespread positive impact in most sites and grade ranges. However, the initiative did have a significant positive effect in high school English in the CMOs and PPS but a significant negative effect in grade 3–8 mathematics in the CMOs.
Two caveats should be considered in interpreting these results. First, teacher-evaluation mandates with consequences were enacted in three of the four states at the same time as the initiative, so the comparison sites and the sites participating in the initiative were exposed to some of the same types of new policies. The team’s impact estimates reveal the extent to which the initiative improved student outcomes over and above these statewide efforts. Second, it is possible that the reforms simply require more time to take effect, so the research team is monitoring student outcomes for two additional years.
NOTE: The researchers could not estimate the impact on high school mathematics because students did not take the same secondary mathematics tests. N/A = not applicable.
Statistical significance measured at p < 0.05.
Why Didn’t the Initiative Achieve Its Goals?
The initiative had greater success implementing measures of teaching effectiveness than improving student outcomes.
Implementation was incomplete and lacked successful models.
It is possible that the new policies were not implemented with sufficient quality, intensity, or duration to achieve their potential full effect. None of the main policy levers—staffing, PD, or compensation and career ladders—was implemented fully or as initially envisioned. Incomplete implementation might have been due, in part, to a lack of successful models, which gave the sites little to go on, and the sites might have lacked the capacity to develop such models on their own.
Using teacher-evaluation measures toward different goals might create a conflict.
The sites found it difficult to navigate the underlying tension between using teacher evaluation to help teachers improve and using it to make high-stakes decisions about compensation, tenure, and dismissal.
State and local contexts changed.
Some local and state changes in context could have interfered with the sites’ abilities to fully implement the reforms. During the initiative, all four states changed their statewide tests, two squeezed education budgets, one school district merged with another, and some districts had turnover in top leadership. In addition, new teacher evaluation measures with consequences were enacted in three of the states, and these policy changes affected both the IP sites and the schools we used as a comparison. Thus, our impact estimates reveal how well the IP initiative improved student outcomes over and above these statewide efforts.
Despite the initiative’s failure to improve student outcomes, the sites still use many of the policies, either because they found them valuable or because state law or regulation now requires them. In particular, the sites continue to incorporate systematic teacher evaluation into regular practice and have kept many new recruitment and hiring policies.
The sites succeeded in implementing measures of effectiveness to evaluate teachers, but almost all teachers were rated effective or above.
By the end of the initiative, ineffective teachers were more likely than before to leave teaching, but effective teachers were no more likely to remain teaching.
Although the sites made use of the measures to some degree in human-resource decisions (for example, compensation and dismissal), the sites did not draw on the measures to the extent anticipated—for example, to inform and provide effectiveness-linked professional development to teachers.
With minor exceptions, student achievement, access to effective teaching, and dropout rates in the participating sites were not dramatically better than they were for similar sites that did not participate in the initiative.
The initiative did not generally increase low-income minority (LIM) students’ access to more-effective teaching.
Overall, the initiative did not achieve its goal of increased student achievement and graduation.
Brian M. Stecher, Deborah J. Holtzman, et al.
Stecher, Brian M., Deborah J. Holtzman, Michael S. Garet, Laura S. Hamilton, John Engberg, Elizabeth D. Steiner, Abby Robyn, Matthew D. Baird, Italo A. Gutierrez, Evan D. Peet, Iliana Brodziak de los Reyes, Kaitlin Fronberg, Gabriel Weinberger, Gerald Paul Hunter, and Jay Chambers, Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching Enhanced How Teachers Are Evaluated But Had Little Effect on Student Outcomes. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2019. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10009-1.html. | 2019-04-25T23:47:34Z | https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10009-1.html |
davidmaister.com > What Am I Supposed to Know about?
Penelope Trunk, in her wonderful blog Brazen Careerist , launched a discussion about going out of your way to show interest in (or learn about) things that don’t necessarily interest you (such as popular culture or sports) “just†as a means of being able to relate and interact with those around you.
It’s a great discussion, and it got me thinking a lot about “fitting in†and how hard one should try.
Should you, as many of Penelope’s commenters suggest, learn a little about sports (even if, like me, you have zero interest) just to be able to relate to clients? Is that just being sensible (or sociable) or is it “pandering†and “phony†to pretend to interests you don’t really have?
Penelope uses the example of college teachers telling us we “should†read Homer’s Iliad because “well educated†people will have read it, and we wouldn’t want to be left out, would we?
Oh, how I remember that challenge when I first went to college! I remember being completely overwhelmed at the extent of my ignorance. Not only had I never read Homer, but I knew nothing about poetry, politics, philosophy, art, classical music, public affairs, literature, history, let alone the ‘popular’ culture topics — as I said, I knew nothing about sports.
How intimidating it all was! Where do you start? Or do you?
I recall with memories that still sting that, (especially in class-sensitive Britain), making choices among these things was a serious topic. By choosing to “get up to speed†in certain areas, you would be placing yourself in one social group or another. Was I going to make myself into an “intellectual?†Was I going to be a ‘trendy’ who knew all about Jazz and the Beat poets? Was I going to be “one of the lads / guys†who knew all about football and the latest pop releases? Was I going to like — or pretend to like — classical music?
These choices scared the heck out of me because they involved — it seemed to me then and seems to me now — an act of conscious self-creation. It was about choosing one or more social circles, and learning enough to “fit in†to that social circle.
Since I had no idea who I “really†was, nor who I wanted to be, I took the “Cliff Notes “ approach — I learned a little about a lot of things. I used to read the introductions to novels, rather than the novels themselves, so that I could understand what they were about without having to invest the time (or learn to enjoy) them. I read biographies and histories, so I could recognize the names of all the major philosophers and give you a one-liner or two about most of them. I learned to name a couple of Mozart’s operas, and so on and so on. I learned enough to pretend to fit in with a wide variety of social circles.
In one sense, I suppose that’s good. You meet a lot of different kinds of people as you go through life. But on the other hand, it felt superficial and, on many occasions, a lot like “faking it.†Who was I really? Where did I fit in really?
I have found that this challenge exists throughout life. As Penelope said, you probably kind of have to know a little about a lot of things to relate to people.
International affairs not directly involving your own country?
What’s good on Broadway this season?
Sports events not involving local teams?
Should you know about all of these things? Where, if anywhere, is your “obligation†to keep up?
Talk about what’s on the cover of the latest business magazines, from Forbes to Wired?
Talk about the other stories there?
Discuss what’s been in the Wall Street Journal recently?
Compare and contrast the views of three or four of the recent best-selling business authors?
Say something sensible on the business consequences of, say, globalization, the continued war for talent, web 2.0, who the emerging business heroes are and who doesn’t deserve his or her reputation?
I don’t know about you, but I still can’t do ALL of this, and find myself doing what I did in college: furiously skimming headlines and summaries so I can pretend to participate in conversations. My intentions, I hope are good, and I don’t mean to misrepresent myself, but, just like in college days, it feels like I’m only skating the surface and “faking it†a lot of the time.
I think there is a bit of Englishness (I wouldn’t say Britishness — I am not sure that the Scots or Welsh have the same issues) in your dilemma. I feel the same sometimes too.
For me, there is a range of things I know I will have no interest in and would avoid conversations about: the novels of Dan Brown, for example, or the on-pitch crises of Chelsea, Arsenal or Man Utd. I might even make assumptions about the likeability or social position of people who are obsessed with those topics, but I am more likely simply to avoid them. At the other extreme, there are things that I know I like, but not many other people appear to — the songs of Jacques Brel, for one.
David, et.al. – ah, but what is your authentic swing ? Where’s Bagger Vance when you need him ? In other words why let external expectations define who you are rather than letting who you are, or are becoming, shape your interests, inquiries and efforts ?
As it happens my answer to most of your quiz is yeah, probably could take a pretty good wack at all and a real serious one at many. But that was my choice for two reasons. My own reasons and an interest in other people’s interests. For example I love classical music, don’t know what Yo-Yo’s last album is but thought ‘Silk Road’ was a fantastic x-cultural and musical fusion. On the other hand couldn’t tell you how the NBA is going on but am prepeared to discuss basketball.
It seems to me that it might be better to start by re-framing the problem from asking what personal anxieties and social pressures one responds to how one finds what interests one and then participates best in the community. And at what levels.
The solution to easy your “uncomfortableness” about not knowing much about a particular subject, harkens back to one rule of thumb that marketing masters have been touting forever…ask questions and LISTEN.
Think about explaining how addition and subtraction works to your 4 yr old – do you want to be talking at that level in a business situation? Well, you are if you know nothing about a subject and you are talking to someone who does and you pretend to know something.
My view is that there are many topics where you need to know something – even if not very much – to hold a proper conversation, because they are ‘common’ areas of discussion and people will rate you as either knowing something or knowing nothing. If the latter, they just don’t talk to you about it.
So – you want to talk about cars, you need to know the difference between a BMW, Merc and a Ford, even if you don’t know the latest model or review. You want to talk sports, you need to at least know the basic rules, the teams and something about what is going on in the competition (saying ‘sorry, what’s the world series?’ is not going to result in much conversation). Talk golf, you need to know your drivers from your irons and your graphite shafts from your hickory.
I should add that, in my experience, sports is much more a male thing – if a female displays ignorance no one cares and the conversation changes, but if a male doesn’t know its often seen as a bit odd – is this guy part of the real world? How can be offer me sensible solutions when he doesn’t know anything about what interests me. How am I going to relax around him when there is nothing to talk about once we get past the weather. Is this person trying to pretend to discuss something with me when s/he clearly knows nothing – is that what will happen if I give him/her my business?
Having said that, there are other subjects where having no knowledge is not a problem – subject that are unusual and where the person is used to explaining it and has no expectation that you know something (maybe caving or horse riding in Mongolia or tracing your family tree).
So I sympathise with David. I don’t think the solution is as simple as ‘listen’, because in doing that you will display your ignorance. That’s fine for some topics, but for others you either seem strange or – perhaps – like you are a person who will pretend to know.
ctd raises an intersting point about listening and where he suggests one needs to know something to hold a proper converation, e.g., in golf it’s the differehce between drivers from irons; in cars, it’s model/brand differentiation. True, on one level.
Peter, I’m unpersuaded. I can think of a hundred occasions where not recognizing the name of the quarterback of my local team (a) caused people to look at me strangely and begin to “categorize” me as not one of them (b) explicitly made me feel embarrassed and excluded.
Even if i thought I could pose that question properly, it would require an incredibly high level of self assurance and self-confidence to take that approach.
Here’s another perspective, maybe: We can talk all we want about active listening, and that people like to feel like they’re an expert, and be authentic, blah blah.
But here’s what happens when you get in a room of really interesting, socially competent, good listeners: Everyone is over the excitement of pontificating about themselves, and most the people know a lot about each other because they are all well known.
If you don’t have something in common with someone who already knows they are very interesting, then what are you going to talk about? They don’t need you to reflect back to them that they’re interesting.
This is where the latest cover on People magazine comes in handy.
I think it’s important to keep up a bit on things that matter to people who matter to you. I follow sports at a minimal level because several of my children do so. I bone up a little before we visit.
I try to watch or read about any significant pop culture event. The Super Bowl and Academy Awards come to mind. Incidentally, David, I’ve found that tuning in to the last part of almost any televised sporting event, gives you a handy summary you can use the next day.
My work helps me keep up with general management stuff. So I read news sources and blogs that interest me and pick up things there that I wouldn’t look up for myself. I make it a point to read the Economist and New York Times and a special point to read book reviews.
If I do that I’ve found that my brain’s pretty good at making the connections needed for light conversation. When I don’t know, I’ve found that questions keep the conversational ball rolling just fine and keep me learning as well.
In our culture, people love to talk and talk and talk (not converse or dialogue)…and talk for the sake of talk is not something I enjoy. So, in such circumstances as you offer, I use my favorite coaching tool and ask questions, lots of questions. Out of context it seems this would be annoying, but I can tell you in my experience that many folks never know this is going on. They just talk, respond, respond and respond…really, unconsciously. They love the sound of their own voice. Then there are those who say s/thing, like, “Wow, it seems like I’ve been talking forever (or some such), what about you, what do you think/feel…? Then, I’ll engage for a time and then go back to questions and the “faux” dance goes on. It’s really fascinating.
Read the things that interest you. Learn what excites you.
For all else, ask questions of your conversation partner. Let them teach you.
We’re so consumed in this society with appearing to know it all – show no weakness! – that we forget the simple, raw power of simply demonstrating curiousity and interest in other people – of being a beginner.
I have to agree with Peter and Basquette. While it is important to know something of what is going on, it is simply too much to know it all. Hey – too many things happen at once.
So focus, focus, focus is the magic word. Focus on what you know and keep expanding that knowledge. The more you learn the easier it is to add your knowledge into any conversation.
Then, in addition, ask questions, and listen, ask questions and listen, and then, start all over again.
With this recipe, you will be the most admired guest of any function.
All great comments, but Basquette beautifully said exactly what I was thinking. If you can speak to what you’re passionate about, people will be interested, and if you take an honest interest in them, they’ll think you’re wonderful in no time!
This is not a solution, but I find most people like to play the expert. Even if I know little of the subject at hand, if I can ask decent questions and then respond in a manner that shows I learned something, others seem to really enjoy the conversation. (I will confess, however, that I rarely talk to anyone that I feel has absolutely nothing interesting to teach me).
I think you’re all offering terrific insight and advice about how to behave, but I’d love to hear additional comments on the “emotional or social angst” issue.
Do you also see a connection between what you choose to show interest in and where that “positions” you in society? Do any of you ever feel the tensions of choice in deciding which social circle (and set of tastes) is “really” you?
Or am I just a neurotic ex-Brit, excessively sensitive to taste and social set distinctions? What does it “feel” like in other countries?
I think I understand your concerns better now, David. Do you have evidence that people are judging you for not knowing about the awsome touchdown in last night’s football game? Is it possible that they might actually feel awkward that they have selected a topic of conversation that you can’t join in?
My tactic is, for example, to be upfront about my lack of interest in many sports. (“I don’t really follow football, but I keep an eye on the fortunes of Manchester City” or “I don’t do golf”.) By doing this, I think I avoid some awkwardness, and I hope I don’t come across as a snob. It offers an opportunity for us to find a topic of common interest.
In my house, the politics and news is my department.
Entertainment and latest trends, falls under my wife’s expertise.
I’m with basquette – you should leave SOME topics for others! I don’t think it hurts to know a little about most things, but trying to have too broad a spread tends to leave you shallow. Knowing plenty about what interests/excites you makes you interesting; letting others speak about what excites them, paradoxically makes you MORE so.
The advice Dale Carnegie laid out in How to Win Friends and Influence People has been regurgetated by most self help gurus over the last 80 years. He convinicingly argues that most people do like to talk about themselves and the things they are interested in. This is definietly my personal experience. So I agree with most of the comments in this thread that echo what Dale Carnegie taught, ask questions and be a good listener.
That aside, flipping through every section of your local newspaper for half an hour each day will give you enough of a background to at least know the name of your local quarterback so you can ask questions that show you are from the same planet the other person is.
Mike, your last comment makes my point: you assume that knowing the name of your local quarterback shows you are “from the same planet” ie is minimally required knowledge.
OK, but why is that “minimal” (same planet) and knowing the name of three books by Charles Dickens isn’t? Is it “on the same planet” to know the name of the French President? What about the title of Mariah Carey’s last album?
I know a fair amount about cricket, but little about rugby and almost nothing about our local soccer / football. For a South African, many would like at me slightly strangely for not knowing about all three of those areas.
On the other hand, I know more about technology, geography, maths & stats, classical music, trombone playing, astronomy, Lebanon, physics, data mining and modelling long-term uncertainty than most. I don’t link at anyone strangely for not knowing about any (ok, most) of that.
Following on from that, what does it say about people who have large areas of their own knowledge and experience that they assume are universally known, liked and accepted?
What interests me is what i suspect is a very common phenomenon: that each of us mixes, simuktaneously, in very different social circles – one ASPECT of which is the different knowledge base or interests that are assumed.
I’m sure everyone has this experience of changing social gears when you from being with people at work, then with spending time with your parents or people from their generation, then hanging out with some “intellectual types”, then going to a neighborhood barbecue or beer-bash with people from very different backgrounds.
I find it fascinating (and mildly discombobulating) that, in these different contexts, one almost puts on a different “persona”, joining in on discussions of things that people ion one of the other groups would have no interest.
At age 59, it no longer really bothers me because I have the selff-confidence and self-assurance to know who I am, (and what I know and am interested in) yet can be reasonably polite in joining in with a wide range of social circles.
But when I was younger, I found it all confusing. I didn’t understand which social group (or set of interests) was really me, and sorting that through and getting comfortable took a long time.
i am 42 and i still don’t understand people. i think our problem as people is that we think we have to fit in and so we all try to do the things we feel we must to accomplish that. the truth is we all fit in to this thing called life together. the illusion of it is that we feel we must DO something for this to happen. all we really need is to recognize that we are all human and we all have faults and by doing this we can look over each other forget the small talk and really get to know one another. likes or dislikes are irrelevant in the big picture what really matters is do we care for people. if we do it will show and we can drop the pretenses and find one another. | 2019-04-20T08:43:45Z | https://davidmaister.com/what-am-i-supposed-to-know-about/ |
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Suspension of Your Account. We may modify, suspend or terminate your account or access to the Service if, in our sole discretion, we determine that you have violated this Agreement, including any of the policies or guidelines that are part of this Agreement, that it is in the best interest of the our community of users, or to protect our brand or Service. We also may remove accounts of members who are inactive for an extended period of time.
Account Information and Security. When you create an account, you provide us with some basic information, including an email address and a password. Keep your email address and other account information current and accurate. Also, you agree to maintain the security and confidentiality of your password (or else we may need to disable your account). You alone are responsible for anything that happens from your failure to maintain that security and confidentiality, such as by sharing your account credentials with others. If someone is using your password, notify us immediately by emailing [email protected].
Fees Charged by PickUP. Use of some of the features on our Service is free, and we charge fees for other features. We may in the future implement a new fee, or modify an existing fee, for certain current or future features of our Service. If we implement a new or modified fee, we will give you advanced notice such as by posting changes on our Service or sending you an email. You agree to pay those fees and any associated taxes for your continued use of the applicable service. Unless otherwise stated, all fees and all transactions are in U.S. dollars. All fees are exclusive of applicable federal, state, local, or other taxes. Organizer subscriptions are non-transferable.
Fees Charged by Third-Party Sponsors. Third-Party Sponsors may impose fees related to particular portions of the Service, such as single-event services or ongoing events and league fees. The decision to charge fees and the amount of those fees is at the discretion of those organizers. Sponsors may have their own refund policies. Payments made to organizers via the Service are made through a third-party payment service provider. If a member pays a fee to an organizer via the Service, the member authorizes the organizer (and the organizer’s applicable payment service provider) to charge the designated payment method for the total amount of the fees, including any applicable taxes and other charges. Certain types of fees charged by organizers may be billed on a recurring basis. If billed on a recurring basis, you authorize the organizer to charge the applicable fee to the designated payment method. You may cancel auto-renewal at any time.
Payments to PickUP. Sponsors are responsible for paying subscription and any other applicable fees to PickUP on time and through our approved payment methods. Sponsors who allow their subscription to lapse are subject to removal as a Sponsor associated with their account. If we terminate, suspend, or remove your account in connection with violation of this Agreement, we are not obligated to refund any sponsor subscription fees paid to PickUP. You may only pay sponsor fees to PickUP using a valid payment method acceptable to us, as specified via the Service. You represent and warrant that you are authorized to use the payment method you designate via the Service. You authorize us (and our designated third-party payment processors) to charge your designated payment method for the total amount of any fees you owe to PickUP, including any applicable taxes and other charges. If the payment method cannot be verified, is invalid, or is otherwise not acceptable to us, your payment may be suspended or cancelled. We reserve the right to correct, or to instruct our payment processors to correct, any errors or mistakes, even if payment has already been requested or received. We also may issue refunds, or instruct our payment processors to issue refunds, in accordance with this Agreement.
Automatic Subscription Renewals. Fees for certain aspects of our Service may be billed on either a recurring basis or on a one-time basis. If billed on a recurring basis, the fees are payable in advance of the applicable period specified via the Service with no refunds. We will automatically bill you for each renewal period until cancellation. By purchasing any feature or other aspect of our Service for which we charge, you authorize us to keep your payment current by charging your credit card account (or any other means of payment used by you) the applicable fee. While you may cancel auto-renewal or cancel your subscription at any time, you won’t be issued a refund except in our sole discretion.
Free Trials. We may offer free trials of subscriptions and other products on our Service. We will inform you of the length of the free trial, your renewal period, and the date and amount of your first payment. After your free trial ends, your paid subscription will begin and we will automatically bill you for each renewal period until cancellation. You can cancel automatic subscription renewals at any time according to the terms and procedures described above.
Third Party Payment Processors. A sponsor that uses the Service to accept payments from other members, must comply with the terms and conditions of the third party provider of the applicable payment service used to receive the payment. PickUP does not provide those payment services, is not a party to your agreement with the applicable third-party provider, and will not be liable or responsible for your use of those third-party payment services.
Third Party Transactions. You may receive offers from third parties, such as discounts, sponsorships, or other benefits. PickUP is not involved in any dealings or payments between you and third parties, and these Terms of Service do not govern such transactions.
Your Content. You are solely responsible for your Content. We use the word “Content” to mean any information, material, or other content posted to our Service or otherwise provide to us (such as feedback, comments, or suggestions shared with us). You agree that you and your Content shall not violate the rights of any third party (such as copyrights, trademarks, contract rights, privacy rights, or publicity rights), this Agreement.
Content License from You. We do not claim ownership of your Content. However, to enable us to operate, improve, promote, and protect PickUP and our Service, and to ensure we do not violate any rights you may have in your Content, you hereby grant PickUP a non-exclusive, worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, sublicensable, transferable right and license (including a waiver of any moral rights) to use, host, store, reproduce, modify, publish, publicly display, publicly perform, distribute, and create derivative works of, your Content and to commercialize and exploit the copyright, trademark, publicity, and database rights you have in your Content. In short, this license gives us and our members the right to use your Content on our Service and any related service, including social media and other third-party sites. This license continues even if you close your account, because it is necessary for us to operate our Service.
Our Policies, Guidelines and Applicable Laws. When you use our Service, we require that you follow this Agreement. You also agree to comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, and to not violate or infringe the rights of any third party. If you do not comply, we may modify, suspend or terminate your account or access to the Service, in our sole discretion.
Content of Others. PickUP does not control the Content of other members. When we become aware of inappropriate Content on our Service, we reserve the right to investigate and take appropriate action, but we do not have any obligation to monitor, nor do we take responsibility for, the Content of other members.
Interactions with Others. PickUP is not a party to any offline arrangements made through our Service, including any events organized through the Service. PickUP does not conduct or require background checks on members, and does not attempt to verify the truth or accuracy of statements made by members. PickUP makes no representations or warranties concerning the conduct or Content of any members or their interactions with you. If you have any concerns regarding the conduct or Content of other members, you can report it to [email protected].
No Resale. Our Service contains proprietary and confidential information and is protected by intellectual property laws. Unless we expressly permit it through this Agreement, you agree not to modify, reproduce, sell or charge a fee, offer to sell or charge a fee, make, create derivative works based on, or distribute any part of our Service, including any data, or Content of others.
No Technical Interference with the Service. You agree that you will not engage in any activity or post any information or material that interferes with or disrupts, or that is designed to interfere with or disrupt, the Service or any hardware used in connection with the Service.
Third Party Sites and Services. The Service contains links to third party sites, and is integrated with various third party services, applications and sites that may make available to you their content and products. We don’t control these third parties and aren’t responsible for those sites or services or their content or products. These third parties may have their own terms and policies, and your use of them will be governed by those terms and policies.
You agree to release us and our officers, directors, shareholders, agents, employees, consultants, affiliates, subsidiaries, sponsors, and other third-party partners (referred to in this Agreement as “PickUP Parties”) from claims, demands, and damages (direct and consequential) of every kind and nature, known and unknown, now and in the future (referred to in this Agreement as “Claims”), arising out of or in any way connected with any transaction with a third party, your interactions with other members, or in connection with a PickUP group or a PickUP event. You also agree to release organizers from Claims based on an organizer’s negligence arising out of or in any way connected with their Content, a PickUP group, or a PickUP event. You further waive any and all rights and benefits otherwise conferred by any statutory or non-statutory law of any jurisdiction that would purport to limit the scope of a release or waiver. You waive and relinquish all rights and benefits that you have or may have under Section 1542 of the California Civil Code or any similar provision of statutory or non-statutory law of any other jurisdiction to the fullest extent permitted by law.
You agree to indemnify, defend and hold all PickUP Parties harmless from any Claims, made by any third party due to or arising out of (a) your violations of this Agreement, (b) your use, misuse, or abuse of our Service, (c) your Content, (d) your violation of any law, statute, ordinance or regulation or the rights of a third party, or (e) your participation or conduct in a PickUP group or a PickUP event that violates this Agreement. You agree to promptly notify us of any third party Claims, cooperate with all PickUP Parties in defending such Claims and pay all fees, costs and expenses associated with defending such Claims (including, but not limited to, attorneys’ fees). You agree not to settle any Claim without our prior written consent.
Warranty Disclaimer. Our Service is provided to you “as is” and on an “as available” basis. We disclaim all warranties and conditions of any kind, including but not limited to statutory warranties, and the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement. We also disclaim any warranties regarding (a) the reliability, timeliness, accuracy, and performance of our Service, (b) any information, advice, services, or goods obtained through or advertised on our Service or by us, as well as for any information or advice received through any links to other websites or resources provided through our Service, (c) the results that may be obtained from the Service, and (d) the correction of any errors in the Service, (e) any material or data obtained through the use of our Service, and (f) dealings with or as the result of the presence of marketing partners or other third parties on or located through our Service.
Limitation of Liability. You agree that in no event shall any PickUP Parties be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, or consequential damages, including but not limited to, damages for loss of profits, goodwill, use, data, or other intangible losses (even if any PickUP Parties have been advised of the possibility of such damages) arising out of or in connection with (a) our Service or this Agreement or the inability to use our Service (however arising, including our negligence), (b) statements or conduct of or transactions with any member or third party on the Service, (c) your use of our Service or transportation to or from PickUP events, attendance at PickUP events, participation in or exclusion from PickUP groups or PickUP events and the actions of you or others at PickUP events, or (d) any other matter relating to the Service. Our liability to you or any third parties in any circumstance is limited to the greater of $100 or the amount of fees, if any, you paid to us in the 12 months prior to the action that may give rise to liability. The limitations set forth above in this Section 8 will not limit or exclude liability for our gross negligence, fraud, or intentional, malicious, or reckless misconduct.
Informal Negotiations. To expedite resolution and control the cost of any dispute, controversy, or claim related to this Agreement (each a “Dispute” and collectively, the “Disputes”) brought by either you are us (individually, a “Party” and collectively, “Parties”), the Parties agree to first attempt to negotiate any Dispute (except those Disputes expressly provided below) informally for at least thirty (30) days before initiating arbitration. Such informal negotiations commence upon written notice from one Party to another Party.
Exceptions. You or PickUP may assert claims, if they qualify, in small claims court in Boone County, Kentucky or any U.S. county where you live or work. You or PickUP may seek injunctive relief from a court of competent jurisdiction in Boone County, Kentucky as necessary to protect the intellectual property rights of you or PickUP pending the completion of arbitration. PickUP may take action in court or arbitration to collect any fees or recover damages for, or to seek injunctive relief relating to, Service operations, or unauthorized use of our Service or intellectual property. Nothing in this Section 9 shall diminish PickUP’s right to modify, suspend or terminate your account or access to our Service under Section 2.2.
Restrictions. The Parties agree that any arbitration shall be limited to the Dispute between the Parties individually. To the full extent permitted by law, (a) no arbitration shall be joined with any other proceeding; (b) there is no right or authority for any Dispute to be arbitrated on a class-action basis or to utilize class action procedures; and (c) there is no right or authority for any Dispute to be brought in a purported representative capacity on behalf of the general public or any other persons.
Arbitration Opt Out. You may decline to resolve disputes through arbitration by emailing us at [email protected] within 30 days of the date you first agree to this Agreement. Your email must include your full name, residential address, the email address registered to your PickUP account, and a clear statement that you want to opt out of arbitration. If you opt out according to this process, then Sections 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4 of this Agreement do not apply to you. This opt-out does not affect any other sections of this Agreement, such as Sections 9.4 (Exceptions), 9.5 (Restrictions), 11.3 (Governing Law), 11.4 (Judicial Forum), and 11.5 (Time for Filing).
Intellectual Property of PickUP. PickUP trademarks, logos, service marks, and service names are the intellectual property of PickUP. Our Service, including our material on the Service, are also our or our licensors’ intellectual property. Except as otherwise permitted by law, you agree not to use our intellectual property without our prior written consent.
Intellectual Property of Others. PickUP respects the intellectual property of others, and we expect our members to do the same. We may, in appropriate circumstances and in our discretion, remove or disable access to material that infringes on the intellectual property rights of others. We may also restrict or terminate access to our Service to those who we believe to be repeat infringers.
Notices. Except as otherwise stated in this Agreement or as expressly required by law, any notice to us shall be given by certified postal mail to PickUP Sports, LLC, Attn: Legal, 7187 Highpoint Dr, Florence, KY 41042, or by email to [email protected]. Any notice to you shall be given to the most current email address in your account.
No Agency. No agency, partnership, joint venture, employee-employer or franchisor-franchisee relationship between you and PickUP is intended or created by this Agreement. A member of the PickUP Service or a Sponsor utilizing PickUP is not PickUP’s representative or agent, and may not enter into an agreement on PickUP’s behalf.
Governing Law. This Agreement and the relationship between you and PickUP shall be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Kentucky without regard to its conflict of laws provisions, except as set forth in Section 9.
Judicial Forum. If our agreement to arbitrate is found not to apply to you or your claim, or if you opt out of arbitration pursuant to Section 9.6, you and PickUP agree that any judicial proceedings (other than small claims actions) must be brought exclusively in the federal or state courts located in Boone County, Kentucky and you and PickUP agree to venue and personal jurisdiction in those courts.
Severance. If any provision of this Agreement is found to be invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, you and PickUP nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision, and that the other provisions of this Agreement will remain in full force and effect.
Termination. If we terminate your account or access to our Service, this Agreement terminates with respect to the member account that has been terminated. However, certain provisions of this Agreement that by their nature survive termination shall survive termination, including those terms listed below in Section 11.9 (Survival).
Survival. Sections 3 (Fees, Payments, and Offers), 4.2 (Content License from You), 4.3 (Privacy), 6 (Release), 7 (Indemnification), 8 (Warranty Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability), 9 (Dispute Resolution), 11.8 (Termination), 11 (Miscellaneous) of this Agreement, and any other provisions necessary to give effect to these provisions, shall survive any termination or expiration of this Agreement.
Violations. Please report any violations of this Agreement by a member or third party by sending an email to [email protected]. | 2019-04-20T01:00:55Z | https://pickupsports.today/terms-and-conditions/ |
“Company” or the terms “we” or “us” or similar terms refer to WellStart Health, Inc. “You” or “your” or similar terms refer to you as a user of our Services.
· Personal Information You Provide to Us : We receive and store any information you enter on our Site, our Mobile App or provide to us through the Services, including any third party services that you connect with our Services (e.g., FitBit or Apple). Personal Information that we collect may include things like your full name, gender, mobile phone number, credit card and/or other payment information (if applicable – i.e., self-pay participants), your email address and the email address of your contacts, home and business postal addresses, IP address, browser information, username, password, certain health information (e.g., height, weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, pre-existing medical conditions, tracking of food, sleep and/or activity and insurance information), and any other information or data that you provide when using our Site, our Mobile App and/or our Services. You can choose not to provide us with certain information, but that may result in our inability to provide you access to or use of many of our special features. WellStart’s goal is to use the Personal Information you provide for such purposes as answering questions and communicating with you about the Company’s products and services, including updates and new features.
PLEASE NOTE : By using the Services, you consent to and authorize WellStart to disclose your eligibility for and participation in the Services (i.e., you meet the clinical enrollment criteria for the Services, which may identify those individuals at risk for certain chronic diseases or living with certain chronic diseases and have elected at your own discretion to participate in the same) to the other users of the Site, the Mobile App and the Services. The users, including but not limited to administrators, health coaches and other authorized WellStart personnel, and your fellow support group members will have access to a range of Personal Information such as your user name and picture, linking you to your diagnosis and/or reason for program participation. Moreover, as we group participants based on certain characteristics, fellow support group members may be co-workers or other acquaintances.
· Personal Information Collected Automatically : We receive and store certain types of information whenever you interact with the Site, the Mobile App and / or use the Services. We automatically receive and record information on our server logs from your browser, including your IP address, and the page you requested. In addition, we may use personal identifiers to recognize you when you arrive at the Site via an external link, such as a link appearing on a third party site or in an WellStart-generated email presented to you. See also our What About Tracking Technologies? section below. We will also use your information to provide customer service and support.
Generally, our Services automatically collect usage information, such as the numbers and frequency of visitors to the Site and Mobile App and its components, similar to TV ratings that indicate how many people watched a particular show. We only use this data in aggregate form, that is, as a statistical measure, and not in a manner that would permit us to identify you personally (“De-identified Information”). This type of aggregate data enables us to figure out how often users or customers use parts of the Site, Mobile App or Services so that we can make the Site, Mobile App and Services as appealing to as many users and customers as possible and improve our Services. We may provide this de-identified, aggregate data to our partners and/or customers to identify how our users use our Site, Mobile App and/or Services. Again, we never disclose information to a partner or customer in a manner that would identify you personally.
· E-mail Communications : We often receive a confirmation when you open an email from us if your computer supports this type of program. We use this confirmation to help us make emails more relevant. We also compare our customer list to lists received from other companies in an effort to avoid sending unnecessary messages to our customers. When you receive e-mail from us, you can opt out of receiving further e-mails by following the included instructions to unsubscribe. However, by opting out of further email communications after you enroll in the Services, you may limit program reminders and other valuable program content and components.
· Embedded Scripts : An embedded script is programming code that is designed to collect information about your interactions with the Site, Mobile App and Services, such as the links that you click on. The code is temporarily downloaded onto your Device, is active only while you are connected to the Site or Mobile App, and is deactivated or deleted thereafter.
· Web Beacons : Small graphic images or other web programming code called “web beacons” (also known as “1×1 GIFs” or “clear GIFs”) may be included in pages and messages of our Site, Mobile App and Services. Web beacons may be invisible to you, but any electronic image or other web programming code inserted into a page or e-mail can act as a web beacon. Web beacons or similar technologies may be used for a number of purposes, including to count visitors to the Site, Mobile App and Services, to monitor how users navigate the Site, the Mobile App and Services, to count how many sent e-mails were actually opened or to count how many particular articles or links were actually viewed.
· Forums : We may make available your Personal Information through the Site, the Mobile App and/or the Services (for example, discussion boards, chat rooms, profile pages, bulletin boards, blogs, instant messaging, activities, polls, games and other communication forums) (each, a “Forum”) to which you post information and materials. Some of these Forums are described more specifically below. Please note that any information, text, and images posted or disclosed by the user on or through such Forums may be visible to the user’s group(s), as well as our health coaches and other authorized personnel, administrators, visitors to the Site or the Mobile App, and other users of the Site or the Mobile App. Specifically, Personal Information such as the picture you’ve uploaded and your screen name may be available for other users to view when you make a posting to such Forums. Information regarding your activities in such Services may also be available for view by other users. (For example, other users may be able to view a list of all postings you have made in all available Forums.) Any postings you have made to a Forum may also be available for view later by users of the Site or the Mobile App by scrolling to older posts on the Forum. We urge you to exercise discretion and caution when deciding to disclose your Personal Information, such as your health information, or any other information, through a Forum or otherwise through the Site.
· Discussion Boards and Chat Rooms : We may provide functionality to post on our discussion boards, and permit you to enter into chat rooms and communicate with other users in the chat rooms. Please note that if you use such functionalities to communicate, your name / screen name will be disclosed to all visitors to the discussion boards, present and future, as well as all users in the chat room at that time. Please remember that information posted to discussion boards becomes public information. Use caution when posting. Further, if a comment you make on the discussion board or in the chat room contains Personal Information, we cannot control how the Personal Information will be used or disclosed by the other users of the discussion board or chat room. We urge you to exercise discretion and caution when deciding to disclose your Personal Information, or any other information, in any comment and/or message, and to be careful about the people to whom you send such comments and/or messages.
· Messaging Services : We may provide functionality to permit you to send messages, including instant messages, to other users through the Site. Please note that if you use such functionality to send such a message to another user, your screen name will be disclosed to that user, as well as administrators. Further, if a message you send using such functionality contains Personal Information, we cannot control how the Personal Information will be used or disclosed by the recipient of your message. We urge you to exercise discretion and caution when deciding to disclose your Personal Information, or any other information, in any message, and to be careful about the people to whom you send such messages.
· User Profiles : We may provide functionality to permit you to create a user profile page in which you may provide information about yourself, including, without limitation, your health information, symptoms, treatments, as well as your feelings about your health information and/or yourself (“User Submissions,” as further defined in our Terms). You may also be able to upload pictures, videos and stories to your profile page as part of the User Submissions. User Submissions may be displayed to other users (including members of your group(s), who may be from the same deployment or otherwise affiliated) to facilitate user interaction within the Services. Email addresses are used to add new User Submissions to user profiles and to communicate through User Submissions. Users’ email addresses will not be directly revealed to other users by us, except when the user is “connected” to another user via a shared group membership, or an invitation, or if the user has chosen to include their email address in their User Profile. Please note that any User Submissions you make, including Personal Information, on or through your profile page may be available for other users, the Company, administration, moderators, and other staff. Additionally, other users may be able to post comments and view posted comments on your profile page.
· Communication in Response to User Submissions : As part of the Site and Services, you will receive from us email and other communication relating to your User Submissions. You acknowledge and agree that by posting such User Submissions, we may send you email and other communications (e.g., phone calls or text messages) that we determine, in our sole discretion, are related to your User Submissions.
· Affiliated Businesses We Do Not Control : In order to provide you with the optimal user experience, we anticipate that we may become affiliated and work closely with a variety of third party businesses. In certain situations, these businesses may sell products or services to you through the Sites. In other situations, we may provide services, or sell products, jointly with affiliated businesses. You should be able to recognize when an affiliated business is associated with your transactions, and throughout the course of the transactions, we will share your Personal Information that is related to such transactions with that affiliated business.
· Agents : We employ other companies and people to perform tasks on our behalf and need to share your information with them to provide products and/or services to you. Without specific authorization and/or consent, we limit the rights of our agents to use Personal Information we share with them to that which is minimally necessary to assist us. You hereby consent to our sharing of Personal Information for the above purposes.
· Referrals : From time to time, we may ask or invite you to refer our Services to family members, colleagues or friends. In these cases, it is your responsibility to ensure that these persons are indeed family members (marriage, common-law partnership or parent-child relationship) or people with whom you have a personal relationship (frequency of communication, sharing of interests, opinions, etc.). In short, we ask you to limit your invitations to people in your inner circle that may have an interest in our Services. We will send them an email saying that you have suggested that they may be interested to try our Services. We will not contact them again if they do not reply or if they request that we do not contact them again.
· Promotional Offers : We will never disclose your personal information to other businesses for their marketing purposes, but we may send you offers that promote the products of other businesses. These offers will be intended to benefit you, your health, or your WellStart experience. If you do not wish to receive these offers, you can click the “unsubscribe” link contained within the emails or you can send an email with your request to [email protected] . We will process your request within a reasonable time, but you may receive additional offers as we process your request.
· Sponsors and Third Party Administrators; As Required by Law : We may, in our sole discretion, share, transfer or otherwise disclose certain of your Personal Information (e.g., reports containing data related to enrollment, engagement, retention, and outcomes) to your sponsor or your sponsor’s third party administrators (e.g., incentives vendors, wellness administrators, etc.) for treatment, payment, or healthcare operations purposes and for other purposes permitted or required by law, as more fully described in our HIPAA Notice.
· Protection of the Company and Others : We may release Personal Information when we believe in good faith that release is necessary to comply with the law; enforce or apply our conditions of use and other agreements; or protect the rights, property, or safety of the Company, our employees, our users, or others. This includes exchanging information with other companies and organizations for fraud protection, detection or suppression, and credit risk reduction. If necessary, we will make all legally required disclosures of any breach of the security, confidentiality, or integrity of your Personal Information, including, without limitation, breaches of your unencrypted, electronically stored “personal information” or “medical information” (as defined in applicable state statutes on security breach notification). To the extent permitted by applicable laws, we will make such disclosures to you via email or conspicuous posting on your private profile on the Site or the Mobile App in the most expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay, insofar as consistent with (a) the legitimate needs of law enforcement, or (b) any measures necessary to determine the scope of the breach and restore the reasonable integrity of the data system.
· With Your Consent : Except as set forth above, you will be notified when your Personal Information may be shared with third parties, and will be able to control the sharing of this information.
· De-identified Information : We may create De-Identified Information from the information that you share with us, including any Personal Information, and use such De-identified Information without restriction. We may, for example, share De-identified Information with the sponsors paying for your participation in the Services (e.g., reports containing data related to enrollment, engagement, retention, and outcomes to evidence overall program success metrics) and with third party administrators working with the sponsors to administer certain services to you (e.g., incentives vendors, wellness administrators, etc.). Again, we never disclose aggregate information in a manner that would identify you personally.
In order to help us maintain and ensure that your information is accurate and up to date, please update your information if it changes or inform us promptly at [email protected] so that we make the appropriate changes.
If you would like us to remove your records from our system, you may request deletion of your account with us by sending e-mail to [email protected] . Please note that some information may remain in our records after deletion of your account, including any information or records we are legally obligated to retain. We will process your request within a reasonable time, but please note that you may receive additional communications and offers as we process your request.
7. How do we protect children's personal information? | 2019-04-23T20:31:03Z | https://wellstarthealth.com/privacy |
- "Half of the world's inhabitants live in poverty."
internationalized capital during the last two or three decades.
While slyly criticizing the late Indonesian dictator as "venal and vicious,"
'New Order' era which they choose to paint is very positive, indeed.
" For Suharto achieved some 30 years of growth and poverty reduction.
was followed by a sharp crisis.
a burden for the poor majority, in good times and even more so, in bad ones.
2002, the hard times were not at all over. The opposite was true.
"Many believe that the full impact is yet to be fully seen,"
made when they let down East and South East Asia, triggering the crisis.
(and cheapest) labor, from locations that were becoming "too expensive"
to other, neighboring areas promising what they were, at the time, looking for.
of profits, and so on and so forth.
places like Taiwan. And the model could be transferred to Indonesia.
Dutch obviously had failed to produce (if not ‘obstructed’)?
the list of foreign investors. In addition, the plantation economy was revitalized.
poor urban dwellers than is the industrial sector.
of the New Order, a certain number of “cheap-labor-driven” factories?
resources, the plantation economy, and the genetic wealth of their fauna.
loans that propelled the relatively fast expansion of the industrial sector.
claim, eradicated or at least drastically reduced the scourge of hunger.
According to a Western report, "Hunger stalked the land in the mid-60s".
[...]"(19) This is certainly a claim that deserves closer scrutiny.
and in the countryside the situation is bad, as well, though in different ways.
poor, while the health question is in turn interrelated with the hunger question.
American invention, the "Green Revolution." "Green Revolution technologies"
expensive chemical fertilizers and expensive herbicides and/or insecticides.
received high marks from the development economists of the 1980s.
did the rural poor continue to flock to the cities?
countryside and the poor people's quarters of the cities remained scarce?
necessary quantities of chemical fertilizer and chemical pest-controls as well.
in the cities and in the countryside).
the prize of rice went up.
Presumbably big landowners selling rice at a high price to BULOG were jubilant.
(for distribution by BULOG) were happy, too.
generals and their cronies, and too little in the coffers of BULOG.
Stories about hunger certainly were more frequent a few decades ago.
millions die each year of malnutrition and its 'side' effects.
political concern among the 'elites' that rising food prices may rock the boat.
have to look. Better turn the camera off.
alleviate a scandalous situation – for some.
according to the quoted source, amounted to 87 %.
The rice price increased by 74%.
countries in Asia, Africa, and 'Latin' America.
"It is the constant sensation of hunger that makes Kamla Devi so angry.
her husband, a casual labourer, over his wages – about 50 rupees a day.
have are occasional cups of sugared tea.
"[a]cross the world, a food crisis is now unfolding with frightening speed.
rice and cooking oil have left them facing the imminent prospect of starvation.
that is to say, too little food to feed everybody?
rice, on soy beans, palm oil, etc.
cereals. Of course, small farmers are the least likely to profit from this.
or rice options at a lower price yesterday than they will ask for it tomorrow.
Or six months later while they are holding it back.
times (for there are no good times for them, ever), failed to make ends meet.
badly nourished, inadequately nourished, they fight doggedly for survival.
don’t manage, and die too soon.
thousands, no, millions pushed over the brink.
addressed? Is it even identified as such?
consequence when children are forced to starve. Not for a day. Not for a week.
people in top positions, know what it entails. And what do they do about it?
They are praising the market. Telling us to rely on market forces.
For Western "[e]conomists and financiers" this is indeed a cause for concern.
may be lost – perhaps for months, perhaps for a year, perhaps for several years.
which drove up food prices more than anything else?
turn were market-conscious and market-oriented?
demand’, it has already created real food shortages in some regions.
The powers that be like us to bury our good capacity to analyze developments.
minimizing its value and the importance it has for you.
on the scale of what works inside the psychological setup of market participants.
comes in, but also willful and socially speaking, irrational and harmful actions.
‘psycholological,’ that is to say, irrational.
going up. It was a self-fulfilling prophecy.
in the UN trade and development division, a certain Mr. Tesfachew, said Mr.
There is something very typical about most of these declarations.
as expressed in relation to the GDP of the donor country.
in so far as these leaders shy away from long-term commitments.
figures of the World Bank, the IMF, or the European Union.
of such sustained measures appear to concentrate on ecological measures.
decrease while soils are exposed to erosion, washed away by heavy rains.
will increase dependency on foreign and native-owned trading companies.
on hopes of sudden chances to make extra-profits, in fact, abnormal profits.
appropriation of nature that is only concerned with short-time monetary gain.
a spontaneous awareness of subsistence needs and ecological requirements?
This lesson has been forgotten, too, as metropolitan sprawl eats up farmland.
statement is in itself so abstract and general that it can hardly be contradicted.
hardly earn enough to justify going abroad.
Another World Bank recommendation is increased reliance on market forces.
strategy that would rely on “expanded markets” is not really acceptable.
It amounts to giving the patient more of the medicine that made him sick.
what is needed by the villagers, and by people in the area or the wider region?
abstract marketing chances of certain goods are fairly correctly predicted?
playfully reckless experiments that add strawberry genes to tomatoes.
at their service have an inkling of.
If, today, we hear the term ‘innovation,’ we cannot help fearing the worst.
Fearing that what is at stake is yet another gratuitous invention, or appropriation.
could have built on, to improve effects.
the so-called foot crisis? We don’t think so.
to a few empty phrases). And in all likelihood, it is also false and misleading.
less effectively, higher environmental standards written in the law books.
Actually, not only sanitation and environmental standards matter to the poor.
and less pollution, are also fighting for a chance to survive hunger and poverty.
- Is this evidence of an entirely uncritical attitude, or does it merely reflect the fact that the Indonesian government sees itself as immensely dependent on the World Bank, the IMF, the W.T.O., and the U.S. government which is so overwhelmingly influential in all of these “international” bodies?
(9) With regard to IFAD, the head of the Indonesian delegation present at the the 25th Session of the Governing Council of IFAD regretted that “[t]he lack of adequate funding will certainly affect the ability of the Fund [i.e.of IFAD] to carry out its mandate satisfactorily." (Ibid.) He pointed out that Indonesia was fulfilling its obligations with regard to IFAD: "In accordance with the financial commitments pledged to IFAD, the Government of Indonesia has made its first payment of USD 3.5 million. [...] “(Ibd.) Such payments must be subtracted from the US $ 59.6 million in assistance that Indonesia was getting at the time from IFAD.
This is what the head of the Indonesian delegation indicated at the IFAD Meeting: "After the economic crisis, the Government of Indonesia changed the focus of its development programmes from government driven to private sector driven."(Ibid.) State-run programs to alleviate hunger and poverty were cut or suspended. Under pressure from the World Bank, the government was cutting back on food subsidies etc.
IFAD redesigned its strategy as well: “The Fund moved from traditional agricultural development projects, based on the delivery of goods and services, towards more sustainable community development projects, based on the establishment and strengthening of the institutions for the poor that have become the subject of the development process. The last IFAD-funded project -- the Post Crisis Program for Participatory Integrated Development in Rainfed Areas (PIDRA) -- is based on a very innovative partnership between the Government and NGOs. PIDRA has so far been implemented with promising results in terms of increased cost-effectiveness and impact on poverty."(Ibid.) This sounds very good, close to the grass-roots. But is it?
Robin McKie and Heather Stewart, "Hunger. Strikes. Riots. The food crisis bites", in: MAIL&GUARDIAN ONLINE, 13 April 2008 09:33 http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=336878&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__international_news) The same could be said by every poor person in Indonesia today. If a crisis hits hard and the population at large sees their incomes shrinking, it is almost always the poor who suffer more than anybody else.
(13) Such experiences as leaving the cities in order to return to the countryside have long been a common feature in modern ‘market economies.’ In early 19th Europe, the workers of Elberfeld left the city during the crisis of 1828 to avoid the high cost of living in the city and seek assistence from relatives in the countryside, and the workers of Verviers also returned to the surrounding villages they hailed from when the factory owners made them redundant during various crises that struck the textile industry of that city. Those who remain in town while shed by regular employers or having lost temporary jobs in the factories of necessity rely on the informal sector. In his article on the city development of Semarang, Dr. Pratiwo notes the plight of street vendors harassed by the city bureaucracy; similar observations, especially with reference to Jakarta, can be found on the pages of a blog run by The Institute for Ecosoc [=Economic and Social] Rights (http://ecosocrights.blogspot.com/). Prostitution must be counted as one kind of (self- ?)employment in the informal sector. Andreas Weiland, a film critic, poet, and town planning historian from Germany, has mentioned recently that in an interview he had with the Indonesian film-maker Wim Umboh in 1978, the latter noted how badly paid government officials would pretend not to know that their wife engaged in prostitution when she turned to this way of supplementing an inadequate family income. It was simpy too embarrassing to face the truth openly, but it was equally impossible to ask her to stop prostituting herself when the additional income was badly needed. This underlines, in the late 1970s, after more than a dozen years of ‘successful’ market-oriented New Order economic policies, the horrendous impact of the prevalent market conditions that were imposing themselves. For the poor, prostitution apparently is a market-driven way of increasing inadequate incomes. And this is true in very poor countries even more than in the so-called ‘First’ or ‘developed’ world.
(15) We still remembered the internationally operating funds that flourished at the time before they were hit by the crisis. (Fidelity International, Pioneer, Robeco, Warburg Invest, …) The funds controlled by George Soros must not be forgotten here. Among the private banks that played a role we may mention Amro, Bank of America, Chase Manhattan, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, J.P. Morgan, ParisBas, Société Generale, USB, etc. – It is to the specialists with a narrow view of the crisis but ‘detailed’ information on the Indonesian segment of the East and South East Asian field of Western and Japanese speculative investment prior to 1997 that we must look for more precise information as to who were the ‘big players’ in the Indonesian market and how big a stake (or how large a risk exposure) they chose to have in that country. Accompanied by such information, we would like to have detailed information as to which payments were made to them ever since. That is to say, since the Indonesian government and private Indonesian lenders began to regularly service the debt incurred in the boom years. Which they did almost immediately, rather than.imposing a debt moratorium as Malaysia had wisely done, and much later, Argentine.
(17) No one in Indonesia will easily forget the renewed progroms against ethnic-Chinese Indonesians that occurred in the aftermath of the 1997 crisis and the fall of Suharto. A few right-wingers, with ties to an extremely conservative minority among the Muslim community, as well as agents provocateurs with ties to the military leaders attached to Suharto or implicated in his crimes, seem to have provoked the gullible, naïve, and highly frustrated of the populace.
(18) We probably can understand the adverse effect of Western strategies that amount to an informal quasi-boycott when we look at what the blockade has done to Cuba, or more recently, to Zimbabwe.
(24) It is necessary to ask at this point whether the regime was in fact creating the agency at the behest of the Americans? - who had previously forced the K.M.T. in Taiwan to carry out a 'tame' land reform, in order to defuse a situation potentially rather explosive.
(26) "In less than a year, the price of wheat has risen by 130%, soya by 87% and rice by 74%."(The source for this is: Robin McKie and Heather Stewart, "Hunger. Strikes. Riots. The food crisis bites", in: MAIL&GUARDIAN ONLINE, 13 April 2008 09:33 ( (http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=336878&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__international_news/ ) - The other figures were reported in the radio news recently.
(30) The net result has been to decrease domestic supplies of grain just as demand for it has started to boom. The impact of the decision has struck the developing world most clearly, with wheat and other grain prices soaring.
(32) Some of them don't, they succumb to the effects of malnutrition; their bodies, weakened for years, have no strength to resist the onslaught of bacteria, viruses, damp heat, unexpected cold. Their housing conditions, never ever the way they should be, that is, decent, contribute their share to such fates of untimely death.
(38) To some of the journalists who try to find a scape-goat for the present world food crisis, the culprit is easily perceivable. It's largely China, with its "emerging middle classes" because "their consumption of meat has increased by more than 150% per head since 1980. In those days, meat was scarce, rationed at about 1kg per person per month and used sparingly in rice and noodle dishes, stir fried to preserve cooking oil.
Today, the average Chinese consumer eats more than 50kg of meat a year. To feed the millions of pigs on its farms, China is now importing grain on a huge scale, pushing up its prices worldwide." (Robin McKie and Heather Stewart, Ibid.) – This statement is clearly misleading. Chinese demand for food on the world market has not notably increased during or shortly before the present food price explosion but has been a fairly constant factor for several years (which proves the absurdity of the linkage between ‘added Chinese demand’ and the present food price explosion). We must admit of course that feeding grain to cattle and pigs raised for the purpose of meat production affects the grain market and the price of grain, and is detrimental to the world’s poor as well as ecologically problematic. But what is said here (in the quote) about the connection between grain exports to China and pigs raised in China, can be said with as much justification about the cattle and pig farms of the European Union, about the ranches of the U.S. , and about cattle raised in Brazil’s Amazon forest (their meat largely destined for the U.S. market).
Blaming the Chinese has a significant but only obliquely expressed meaning: ‘You are taking our grain.’ ‘We may feed relatively scarce grain to the pigs, but not you.’ Under extreme circumstances, and with projected scarcities in mind, the answer could be a Hitlerian one.
Indeed, the answer for any social darwinist or follower of Hitler's tenets would be clear: We're in for a fight, for ever scarcer resources. The strongest will survive. The weak will go down. But in fact, even without policies that bet on or threaten with war, 'peaceful' market economies are anyway about exactly this. The financially strongest, those who can pay the most, take the best and the most; the crumbs (if any remain) are left to the weak, the poor, the excluded. It’s a kind of war, too, with deadly effects. As the Chinese writer, Lu Xun, once said: It’s a man-eating society. A society where man eats man. This is what every market-driven society was and is and is going to be.
Unless we opt for a turn-around and make it more humane. Changing our societies for the better would imply that we respect and take serious one another’s essential needs. Not letting anybody go hungry while we have ample food.
future and options traders, and heaven knows who else, seize the chance to push the prize up and up.
(42) Food distributed to the poor as 'emergency aid' is typically bought by governments or food aid agencies on the market, thereby further driving up food prices that haven risen in anticipation of future shortages and future added demand from, amongst other countries, China.
(48) When pointing out the negative effects of inequality in ‘Third World’ countries, we must not lose sight of (once again) increasing inequality in the United States and Europe where a tendency that appeared to redress the most extreme and outrageous grievances seems to have been reigned in and turned around, and this apparently since the mid-1970s (a period characterized by a so-called profit squeeze and a time when mass unemployment began to grow significantly), but even more sharply since the early 1990s (when the ‘competition’ between the ‘East Bloc’ and the ‘Western’ social system came to a halt, a fact that heralded the end of the ‘social democratic era’ in Western Europe and immediately lead to welfare cuts and a revocation of social rights in the ‘West).
However, according to the market logic of the World Bank it was deemed necessary to find ways of “[…]integrating the environmental costs and benefits of action and inaction into decision making.”(Ibid.) In other words, if the cost-benefit analysis showed that inaction in the face of environmental degradation was resulting in a tangible cost [actually showing in the balance sheets of the ‘players’ involved] that was outweighed by far by the profit made, then degradation was the best answer or at least it was not to be corrected.
In other words, as long as short-term business perspectives and calculations matter, it is hard to see why the actors involved in certain ‘business activities’ detrimental to the environment should assume that protecting the environment pays. It’s simply not logical for them, or for World Bank calculators, Mrs. Georgieva admits. And this, she implies, will not change as long as it is very rare to take a long-term view of the matter.
(50) The claim that China’s “arable land [...] is shrinking as farmland has been ravaged by pollution and water shortages" (Robin McKie and Heather Stewart, ibid.) is of course correct. But South Korea’s arable land is shrinking, too. And the same could be said about Japan, about Holland, Germany, or the United States. The reasons for this steady reduction of arable land are diverse.
In other words, the main emphasis is on furthering exports. The agricultural sector and the logging industry are targeted with exactly this in mind. In the Democratic Republic Congo, World Bank recipes for the rain-forest foresee “sustainable” logging by (mostly) foreign lumber companies that has been shown to destroy the ecological balance while generating an inflow of foreign currency. In Brazil and probably, Indonesia, a similar approach is to be expected. As for micro-finance (a strategy first proposed by de Soto in Peru) and certain income-generating strategies suggested by IFAD etc., they are embraced in order to achieve a so-called ‘modernization’ of agriculture. The foreign and local ‘players’ involved in this game bet on ‘rice fortification’ and similar schemes, which is clearly in the interest of Western agribusiness corporations.
(60) In Asia, Japanese corporations, for one, have been known to relocate environmentally hazardous segments of the production process from Japan to places like Taiwan in the 1960s and '70s, and they have moved on to other places in S.E. Asia, among them Indonesia, once environmental legislation in Taiwan (legally, a part of China) became stricter due to prolonged and effective grass-roots protests. The fact that activists speaking for the social and economic rights of the poor in Indonesia demand participatory rights for the poor, for instance the right to have a say with regard to environment standards and safety regulations valid in industrial zones adjacent to their quarters, shows that lessons have been learned from the fight of other environmental groups in other Asian countries. The populace in Jakarta and elsewhere is learning from resistance in countries previously targeted by transnationally operating polluters, especially the plastics industry. Barring increased political repression against them in the name of 'progress' and 'development,' there is some hope that the situation in Indonesia will improve.
(*) This may be a very optimistic assumption, underestimating the real extent of extreme poverty and of malnutrition. Indonesia is not a paradise in a world where one half of mankind is affected by poverty.
Meeting the Millennium Development Goals: Can the environment wait?
Indonesia's National Human Rights Commission: A Step in the Right Direction?
and consideration of the needs of future generations." | 2019-04-20T10:39:31Z | http://www.art-in-society.de/AS6/Boadu/Boadu.shtml |
Director, Defense and Government Solutions, WSO2 Inc.
Adam Firestone joined WSO2 in 2012. He is the Director of Defense and Government Solutions where he works across the scope of the WSO2 team to understand, and craft technology solutions for, the unique challenges faced by military, intelligence and government organizations.
Adam works closely with developers, architects and C-Level executives to increase the footprint and value offered by open-source software in general and WSO2 products specifically to the military and defense communities. Adam also works with the WSO2 engineering team to ensure that WSO2’s product and technology roadmaps retain and develop features situated to support emerging defense and government requirements.
Afkham Azeez joined WSO2 in December 2005, and he has served as director of architecture since 2011. In this role, he drives efforts focused on the development and enhancement of WSO2 middleware.
Azeez is an elected member of the Apache Software Foundation and also a Project Management Committee member and long-time committer for a number of projects. He specializes in distributed computing, highly available and scalable applications, Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE) technologies, and service-oriented architecture.
Alberto Lagna is Chief Technology Officer at Biznology srl, a SOA consulting company. He works as Software architect, Technical Leader and Mentor. He has 20 years of experience in the design and development of Enterprise Application based on JEE, XML and on the integration of complex systems (he started in C++ with CORBA and now in java applying the SOA approach). He teaches courses on the JEE platform and BPM(N). He promotes the the use of free software, supports the open source movement.
Amila Maha Arachchi joined WSO2 in September 2010 and currently works as a Technical Lead on the WSO2 Stratos project, where his area of focus involves metering, throttling and billing of WSO2 PaaS StratosLive.
Amila holds a B.Sc in Engineering from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. Relatively new to the open source world, Amila has become very enthusiastic about it and loves contributing towards it.
Amila Suriarachchi joined WSO2 in January 2006. He is an architect and member of the data technologies management committee, who has focused on product management for the WSO2 Business Rules Server and WSO2 Complex Event Processing Server. Amila also has contributed to the development of the WSO2 Web Services Application Server. He specializes in cloud computing, data binding, and reliable messaging.
Amila is a member of the Apache Software Foundation, and has contributed to the Apache Axis2 and Sandesha2 projects. He is a Sun-certified Java programmer, a business component developer, and a certified Microsoft Visual C# .Net developer. He has published several WSO2 technical articles.
Anand is the Practice Head, Wipro Technologies for Open Source Integration Practice and handling Solutions and Innovations for Enterprise Business Integration division. He has over 16 Years of IT Services and Consulting experience spanning across multiple e-Business technologies. Anand has also led multiple SOA and BPM strategic Initiatives for multiple customers across multiple domains. He possesses extensive knowledge of enterprise and solution architecture across e-Business Technologies and has helped customers (especially in the BFSI segment) create SOA/Integration roadmap and assist in implementing the roadmap through various SDLC models.
Associate Technical Lead, WSO2 Inc.
Anjana Fernando joined WSO2 in 2009. He is an associate technical lead and a member of the data technologies management committee, who focuses on development of the WSO2 Data Services Server. Anjana has conducted several onsite customer engagements, primarily focused on integration enabled by the WSO2 Enterprise Service Bus.
Anjana is a contributor to Apache Axix 2, and he participated in the Google Summer of Code 2006 where we worked on the Apache Mirae project in implementing a Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) transport. He also brings experience in Mobile Computing, service-oriented architecture (SOA) for the European Union’s Information Society Technologies, and Java enterprise Web development.
Director, Solutions Architecture, WSO2 Inc.
Asanka is WSO2 director of solutions architecture, and he focuses on the company’s vertical market capabilities, including financial services. Additionally, he provides consulting and conducts regular training sessions and workshops for enterprise IT architects and developers.
Asanka has more than 10 years industry experience implementing projects that range from desktop and Web applications through to highly scalable distributed systems and SOAs in the financial domain, mobile platforms, and business integration solutions.
Brian Behlendorf is a Senior Advisor for Science and Technology for the World Economic Forum. He recently completed a two year stint as their Geneva-based Chief Technology Officer, updating their internal systems and IT processes, and connecting their internal communities and initiatives to open technology concepts and leaders. Prior to that, in 2009 and 2010, he worked for the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy as an advisor on open data, open government, and open source software, focusing for much of that on the development of a platform for the exchange of electronic healthcare records. From 1999 to 2007 he founded and was CTO of CollabNet, the leader in enterprise software development and collaboration tools built upon Open Source software and principles. He continues to serve on CollabNet’s executive board of directors, and is on the executive boards of the Mozilla Foundation and Benetech. He also continues to help the Apache Software Foundation, a project he co-founded in 1995. Brian lives in San Francisco.
Chamith joined WSO2 in November 2007 and is an Associate Technical Lead and Manager of Infrastructure.
He has over 5 years of experience in systems and network administration and currently oversees WSO2’s overall system and network operations. He was an original author of the Texplorer Project http://texplorer.sourceforge.net and is interested in platform and infrastructure virtualization, distributed computing, IT security, load balancing, cloud monitoring and backup systems.
Sharlene has a wealth of experience in Programme, Operations and Business Management in both the Public and Private Sectors.
Her collaborative approach has underpinned Business and Operational Continuous Service Improvements through Change delivering benefits to Organisations.
She has successfully led major Technology and Systems Integration Business Improvement and Shared Services Programmes for Public Sector organisations such as Borders Agency, NHS, MoD and Education.
This experience extends to private companies such as AEAT and BT where Customer Service Excellence and Product improvement were critical to sustainability.
VP, Technology Evangelism, WSO2 Inc.
Chris Haddad joined WSO2 as vice president of technology evangelism in 2011. In this role, Chris is raising visibility, awareness, and knowledge of the unique advantages provided by WSO2’s lean, fully componentized, open source middleware for on-premise and the cloud.
Chris works closely with developers, architects, or C-level executives to increase WSO2 technology adoption, improve the middleware platform, and maximize customer value. He also works closely with WSO2’s engineering team to define the product roadmaps for WSO2’s Carbon and Stratos platforms.
Senior Technical Lead, WSO2 Inc.
Damitha Kumarage joined WSO2 in August 2005. He is a Senior Technical Lead on the cloud technologies team, focusing on the WSO2 Stratos Live platform-as-a-service (PaaS). Previously, Damitha contributed to the development of the WSO2 Web Services Framework (WSF). He has also engaged in several WSO2 Quick Start consulting projects and larger-scale customer development support engagements.
Damitha has more than 11 years of industry experience. He is an elected member of the Apache Software Foundation and is an active contributor to the Apache Axis2/C project. He also has served as a team member on Phase 1 of the SAHANA open source disaster management system and Apache Axis C ++ projects.
Dimuthu joined WSO2 in December 2006. She an architect and co-chair of the platform technologies management committee, who focuses on cloud technologies, the WSO2 Carbon Framework, and WSO2 Identity Server.
Dimuthu is an expert in Java and Java-related technologies. She was an initial team member of the Axis-Mora project which served as proof of concept for Apache Axis2. where she overlooked the de-serialization process in this project. Dimuthu is an Apache committer and a member of the Axis2 Project Management Committee. In addition to Apache Axis2, she also has contributed to the Apache Rampart and WSS4J projects.
With over 16 years of industry experience, Diógenes is an IT Systems and Project Manager for the Banco Indusval & Partners, a Brazilian bank focused in middle and corporate segments. He holds an MSc in economics and is a qualified project manager with PMP credentials. An expert mathematician, Diógenes wrote his first algorithm when he was 9 just for fun!
Senior Software Architect, WSO2 Inc.
Dr. Srinath Perera joined WSO2 in June 2009. He is a senior software architect who overlooks the overall WSO2 platform architecture alongside WSO2 CTO Paul Fremantle. He specializes in Web services and distributed systems, specifically working with aspects of data, scale and performance.
Srinath is a co-founder of Apache Axis2, an elected member of the Apache Software Foundation, and a Project Management Committee (PMC) member. He has been involved with the Apache Web Services project since 2002, and he is a committer on several Apache open-source projects, including Apache Axis, Axis2, and Geronimo.
Eben Upton is the founder and trustee of Raspberry Pi Foundation, a non-profit supported by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Broadcom. The Foundation’s aim is to promote the study of computer science and related topics. Mr. Upton is responsible for the software and hardware architecture of the Raspberry Pi, a single-board computer designed to stimulate the teaching of basic computer science in schools. He also is a technical director and ASIC architect at Broadcom, and he previously was a director of studies in computer science at St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Elena is passionate about languages and works at Molino de Ideas, a Natural Language Processing company settled in Spain developing linguistic tools that treat texts automatically, like morphological analyzers, stemmers, language detectors, etc. Obviously, all these inventions can be accesed via API.
Fabiola Pereira is System Analist at Algar Telecom since 2011. Experience on architecting and building scalable distributed computing systems, in the areas of Java and Databases. Master in Computer Science in database area by Federal University of Uberlândia, with BSc in Computer Science also at Federal University of Uberlândia. Fabiola published articles about adding user preferences in SQL queries and implementing a preference language at PostgreSQL.
Senior Software Engineer, WSO2 Inc.
Harshana joined WSO2 in September 2010. He is a software engineer and a member of the development technologies management committee who focuses on the WSO2 Developer Studio integrated development environment (IDE). Harshana also has contributed to several WSO2 QuickStart development consulting engagements.
Harshana participated in the Google Summer of Code program in both 2009 and 2010 with the Eclipse Foundation, and he is currently a committer for the Eclipse Communication Framework. Harshana also is an active contributor to the Apache Axis2 project.
Hasini Gunasinghe joined WSO2 in September 2010. She is a software engineer on the integration technologies team, focusing on identity management and security aspects of the WSO2 Identity Server.
Hasini specializes in distributed computing, cloud computing and computer security. During an internship, she carried out research and development for a session initiation protocol (SIP)-based soft phone project. At the Microsoft Imagine Cup 2008, Hasini placed second runner up in the software design category.
Igor Berchtold joined Suva as Senior Software Architect in 2001. He was first responsible to build up a development infrastructure and application framework based on JEE. Since 2008 he is Technical Lead & Product Manager for the Suva Integration Platform. He brings to his role more than 18 years of technology and management experience in application development, middleware and service-oriented architecture (SOA).
Director, Product Management, WSO2 Inc.
Isabelle Mauny joined WSO2 as director of product management in 2012. She brings to her role more than 18 years of technology, consulting and management experience in Java, application development, middleware, and service-oriented architecture (SOA).
Prior to WSO2, Isabelle was responsible for product management and training at Vordel, a leading SOA gateway provider. She also helped to design and review architectures for many of Vordel’s strategic accounts across the government, banking, insurance and telecommunications sectors, particularly in Europe and Latin America.
VP, Business Development, WSO2 Inc.
Jonathan Marsh joined WSO2 in 2006, and he currently serves as vice president of business development and product design. Previously, he led the WSO2 Mashup Server team as the director of mashup technologies.
For more than 15 years Jonathan has been helping to develop, standardize and promote core XML and Web services standards. Currently he serves as chair of the W3C Web Services Description Working Group. He also has been active in the WS-I Basic Profile Working Group and several OASIS technical committees.
Prior to joining WSO2, Jonathan spent nearly a decade at Microsoft where he was the primary representative for W3C standards Working Groups, Web Services Description, Web Services Addressing, XSL, XML Core, XML Linking, DOM, and the Advisory Committee.
Kasun Indrasiri joined WSO2 in December 2009. He is an associate technical lead and member of the integration technologies management committee, who focuses on the WSO2 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB). In addition to his product development efforts, Kasun has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, helping to successfully implement solutions for integrating Web services, SAP, FIX, and mobile services.
Kasun is an elected member of the Apache Software Foundation and a Project Management Committee member and committer for the Apache Synapse open source ESB project. He took part in the Google Summer of Code for 2007, working on the Apache Axis2/C project. He also contributed to the Apache Rampart/C project, having implemented WS-Trust specification for its federated identity framework for Web services. Kasun is proficient in C/C++, specializing in Web services, information retrieval systems, and enterprise search platforms, focusing primarily on indexing components.
Lakmal joined WSO2 as a Software Architect and works with the Cloud Technology team, focusing on the WSO2 Stratos Platform-as-a- Service. (PaaS).
Lakmal has more than 11 years of industry experience. In 2005, Lakmal co-founded the thinkCube, the pioneers in developing the next generation of Collaborative Cloud Computing products that are tailored towards Telecom operators. He oversaw the overall engineering process and focussed special attention to scalability and service delivery of thinkCube solutions.
Mifan Careem is an ICT entrepreneur. He is Director/CTO at Respere, a company specializing in Humanitarian Solutions, and a Director of Sahana, the disaster management system project. He is also an Enterprise Architect, GIS consultant and a contributor to many Open Source projects. Mifan is the lead software architect of the national initiative to design and build a cloud based eGovernment solution for the local government bodies in Sri Lanka. Mifan is a neogeographer, and specializes in mobile computing, Enterprise Architecture, Business Intelligence, Disaster Management and GIS.
Miyuru Wanninayaka joined WSO2 in August 2009. He is a senior software engineer and member of the integration technologies management committee, who focuses on the WSO2 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB). In addition to his product development efforts, Miyuru has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, helping to successfully implement enterprise integration and mobile services gateway solutions.
Miyuru is a Sun-certified Java programmer and committer for the Apache Synapse open source ESB project. As a participant in the Google Summer of Code for 2008, Miyuru developed a data mining and visualization library for Sahana, an open source disaster management system.
Nandika joined WSO2 in August 2005. He is a senior technical lead and a member of the integration technologies management committee.
Nandika has contributed to the development of the WSO2 Business Process Server and WSO2 Web Services Frameworks for PHP, C, and CPP. Additionally, he has provided technology consulting on customer integration projects using the WSO2 Enterprise Service Bus and WSO2 Business Process Server.
Nuwan Bandara joined WSO2 in July 2009. He is a associate technical lead and member of the development technologies management committee, focusing on the WSO2 Gadget Server, WSO2 Mashup Server, Jaggery, and API Store. Additionally, Nuwan has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, including identity solutions and systems integration for the telecommunications, banking and financial services industries.
Nuwan specializes in Java enterprise technologies, service-oriented architecture (SOA) implementation, distributed computing, Web engineering with Java/PHP technologies and software design patterns. He has contributed to the Apache Web Services and Shindig projects. In 2007 and 2008, Nuwan conducted research and development for the European Union’s (EU) Information Society Technologies SOA and mobile computing projects. He also is a member of the British Computer Society.
Pankaj Srivastava brings more than 20 years of Systems Integration, Solutions and Software Engineering, and Enterprise Architecture experience. Over the last 10 years, he has played the role of Technical / Business leader of innovative Software Engineering Groups and Solutions Technology Groups. Over the years he has also developed in-depth technical expertise in the areas of Application Infrastructure, SOA, Middleware and Enterprise Applications, Video-based applications, and Cloud Applications.
At Cisco over the past 8 years, he has led several innovative solution development and delivery initiatives, creating solutions and businesses around those new solutions. As leader of Industry Solutions Group’s Software Factory, Pankaj has led the creation, development, management, business planning and delivery of a succession of software-enabled, integrated hardware/software solutions: RFID and Supply Chain, joint Cisco-SAP in Governance Risk and Compliance, Financial Trades Monitoring, Application Visibility and Monitoring, the Video-based Fan experience solution for Sports & Entertainment, Video/Kiosk solutions for Transportation and subway systems, Lecture Streaming/Capture solutions for Higher Education customers and Cloud based application solutions/platforms for Education and Healthcare industries. These solutions are all based on network-embedded software platforms that Pankaj has created platforms that enable HTML5-based application experience, complex-event processing and application infrastructure capabilities in the network.
For these solutions he has also led lighthouse implementations of the solutions at key customers in several industries Sports, Logistics, Transportation, Public Sector, Manufacturing, Financial Services, Healthcare, Education and Telecommunications Service Providers. In addition, Pankaj plays a lead role as Enterprise Architect in engaging key customers for business transformation, using software-enabled solutions and cloud-based applications.
Pankaj Srivastava has a Computer Science B.Sc. from M.I.T with a minor in Economics.
Co-founder & CTO, WSO2 Inc.
Paul Fremantle, CTO, co-founded WSO2 in 2005 in order to reinvent the way enterprise middleware is developed, sold, delivered and supported through an open source model. In his current role as CTO, Paul spearheads WSO2’s overall product strategy. Previously, he served as WSO2 vice president of technical sales where he led the development of the groundbreaking WSO2 Enterprise Service Bus. In 2008, Paul was recognized as by InfoWorld as a Top 25 CTO.
Prior to WSO2, Paul was a senior technical staff member at IBM for nine years. There, Paul created the Web Services Gateway and led the team that developed and shipped it as part of the WebSphere Application Server. He also was on the team that put the Service Integration Bus technology into WebSphere Application Server 6. Additionally, Paul was the key WebSphere technical sales lead for Europe, working closely with development to manage beta programs, develop training materials, and enable first-of-a-kind J2EE projects.
Phiroze Dastoor is a Senior Application Architect on the Buyer Experience Stream, at StubHub.
Phiroze has extensive experience with distributed enterprise systems and services-based architectures in various companies such as FedEx, Sabre/Travelocity, Lockheed-Martin and most recently Walmart Global Ecommerce.
At StubHub, Phiroze works on the architecture and design of critical customer-facing systems, including those for recommendations / personalization and business services. He also contributes extensively to StubHub’s on-going re-architecture effort and domain-based SOA. The services-based infrastructure being designed at StubHub incorporates WSO2’s API Gateway as one of its pivotal technologies, to help manage the external and internal services.
Prabath Siriwardena joined WSO2 in November 2007. He is an architect and chair of the integration technologies management committee, focusing on application security and identity management. In addition to his product development efforts, Prabath has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, working on the integration of OpenID support.
Prabath is an Apache Project Management Committee member involved in the Apache Rampart and Axis projects. He also has more than three years industry experience in Microsoft .NET technologies.
Pradeep joined WSO2 in the year 2010. He is a senior software engineer and a member of the platform technologies management committee focusing on WSO2 Carbon. In addition to his development efforts, Pradeep also has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, including customer QuickStart programs. Previously, he was a WSO2 intern in 2008.
Pradeep has contributed to the Apache Axis2 project of the Apache Software Foundation. He also has published several technical articles based on his final-year university project, Empowering Web-Gadget Communication with Tuple Space. The project focused on developing a scalable and distributed tuple space implementation. Additionally, he has conducted a tutorial session on Introduction to OSGi and Carbon at the WSO2Con 2011 user conference.
Richie operates a portfolio of projects in transformation, applied innovation, and other emerging technologies at UBS, he is an accomplished program and area manager with experience assembling and leading multidisciplinary teams. He has earned a reputation as a strategic thinker and solutions architect with a record of leading the design of solutions that are commercially viable and generate competitive advantage. Mr. Etwaru has a 16+ year track record as a transformational leader chartering efficiency, championing centers of excellence, defining new intellectual property, writing and speaking, and having fun at large organizations as well as startups. He is a former CIO, former Head of Innovation, winner of the Notre Dame Business Plan Writing competition in 2002, winner of Small Business awards in 2003, and has been involved in several stat-ups. He holds two international patents, has spoken at several events across the US and is currently completing is Doctoral studies in Management and Organizational Leadership.
Roger CARHUATOCTO and Mikel ASLA have over 12 years of experience as IT Consultants and Critical System Architects. Roger and Mikel blends his experience in Computer Security and Identity Management with his passion for Free and Open Source technology. Roger and Mikel, now part of a business initiative called KONOSYS where combines and integrates technologies such as e-DNI, IdM, SSO, Liferay Portal, Alfresco ECM, BPM and SOA technologies in several Projects in Spain.
Sameera Jayasoma joined WSO2 in May 2008. He is a technical lead and a member of the platform technologies management committee, focusing on the WSO2 Carbon and WSO2 Web Services Application Server. As a WSO2 intern in 2007, Sameera developed an Axiom version of Rhino’s E4X implementation, which is used in the WSO2 Mashup Server. He also has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, including Quick Start Program, Business Process Execution Language (BPEL), and cloud projects.
Sameera has contributed to a number of Apache Software Foundation (ASF) projects, including Apache Axis2 and Axiom. He also was a co-developer of Apache Rampart2. During the 2007 Google Summer of Code, Sameera also contributed to the development of JAX-WS templates for the Apache Axis2/Java Codegen tool.
Founder, Chairman & CEO, WSO2 Inc.
Sanjiva has been involved with open source for many years and is an active member of the Apache Software Foundation. He was the original creator of Apache SOAP and has been part of Apache Axis, Apache Axis2 and most Apache Web services projects. Sanjiva founded WSO2 after having spent nearly 8 years in IBM Research, where he was one of the founders of the Web services platform. During that time, he co-authored many Web services specifications including WSDL, BPEL4WS, WS-Addressing, WS-RF and WS-Eventing.
Sanjeewa joined WSO2 in September 2010. He is a software engineer, focusing on WSO2 Elastic Load Balancer and WSO2 Stratos. Sanjeewa is a member of the platform technologies team where he implemented the tenant aware load balancer and specializes in usage data metering and throttling in cloud environments.Sanjeewa also has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, including customer QuickStart programs.
In addition to his product development efforts Sanjeewa is a member of the Blackberry Developers Community, associate member of the Institute of Engineers, Sri Lanka and a member of the International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology. He is also a Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA).
Director, Cloud Solutions, WSO2 Inc.
Selvaratnam Uthaiyashankar joined WSO2 in September 2007. He is a senior software architect and chair of the cloud technologies management committee. Shankar focuses on the WSO2 Stratos cloud middleware platform and Carbon enterprise middleware kernel, and he has worked on the interoperability of Axis2/C and the WSO2 Web Services Framework (WSF). Additionally, Shankar has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, including cloud, enterprise service bus (ESB), governance, and mobile integration solutions.
Shankar is an Apache Software Foundation member and committer on the Axis2/C, Axis2, Rampart/C, and Rampart projects. With more than four years of industry experience, he has a strong background in telecommunication software development and after-sale support. Additionally, he is proficient in C++, Oracle and COM+ technologies.
Senaka Fernando joined WSO2 in April 2009. He is an associate technical lead and a member of the integration technologies management committee, who has focused on the WSO2 Governance Registry and WSO2 Cloud Services Gateway. In addition to his product development efforts, Senaka has provided technology consulting on customer engagements, helping to successfully implement governance, enterprise application integration, SAP integration, and on-premise portal solutions. Senaka also founded the WSO2 Web Services Framework/C++ during his internship with WSO2 in 2008.
Senaka is an elected member of the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) and also a Project Management Committee (PMC) member and committer for a number of projects, which currently include Apache Web Services, Axis2, and several Apache incubator projects. Additionally, Senaka is a member of the OASIS S-RAMP, WEMI, and TOSCA technical committees. As a participant in the Google Summer of Code for both 2008 and 2009, he also worked on the Apache Harmony and Ptolemy II projects at the University of California, Berkeley.
Stephen Oostenbrink works as enterprise architect for the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment (IenM) in the Netherlands. He is responsible for the service oriented architecture, integration and API strategy. Stephen advises policy makers how to incorporate information technology in legislation to simplify and optimize the execution. With relentless energy and drive to make a change, he raises awareness and drives adoption of service oriented architecture and new technologies.
Previously Stephen worked for Accenture where he worked mainly in the retail, aviation, automotive and utilities markets, advising clients in the area of strategy, business and IT alignment and architecture.
Stephen is a member of the Dutch government interoperability board which advises the Dutch government on interoperability standards. He enjoys inspiring others and sharing his experience by speaking on the subjects of enterprise architecture and service oriented architecture.
Sumedha Rubasinghe joined the WSO2 in November 2006. He is a software architect and chair of the data technologies management committee, who focuses on development of the WSO2 Carbon Core, WSO2 Data Services, WSO2 Governance Registry, WSO2 Business Activity Monitor, and WSO2 API Manager. Sumedha has contributed to the successful implementation of data, SAP and repository-based integration projects, as well many WSO2 QuickStart development consulting engagements. Sumedha is an active committer with the Apache Axis2 project.
Tharindu Matthew joined WSO2 in 2009. He is a senior software engineer and a member of the data technologies management committee, focusing on big data, analytics, and business activity monitoring (BAM). In addition to developing WSO2 middleware, Tharindu has provided technology consulting on customer engagements spanning the United States, Europe and Asia, and covering implementations of the WSO2 Governance Registry, WSO2 BAM, WSO2 Application Server, WSO2 Business Rules Server, WSO2 Complex Event Processing Server, and WSO2 Business Process Server.
Tharindu founded the WSO2 Web Services Framework/Spring during his internship with WSO2 in 2008. He also contributed to implementing Hessian Support for the WSO2 Enterprise Service Bus. He also took part in the Google Summer of Code for 2008 working on Apache Harmony, an open source Java implementation. Tharindu also has contributed to Apache Cassandra, Hadoop, Thrift and Axis2.
Thijs Volders is a Senior Software Architect at Yenlo. He brings to his role more than 15 years of technology and consulting experience in Java, application development, middleware, and service-oriented architecture (SOA). He is the youngest member of the Java Magazine Advisory Board. He has written numerous articles e.g. comparison of build management tools and co-written several whitepapers and speaker at conferences. He recently built the ebMS adapter for the WSO2 ESB.
Yefim Natis is a Vice President and Gartner Distinguished Analyst in Gartner Research. Mr. Natis’ research focuses on application software infrastructure, including technologies such as platforms as a service (PaaS) and application servers. His interests include application integration, open computing, context-aware computing and in-memory computing. Mr. Natis also researches the fundamental software architectures, including event-driven architecture, service-oriented architecture and next-generation application architectures, as well as .NET and Java EE.
Prior to joining Gartner, Mr. Natis worked at Magna Software, a software start-up where he was the director of software architecture and the principal architect of MAGNA X, a generator of service-oriented transaction processing applications. Mr. Natis’ experience also includes IT architecture and IT management positions at Hogan Systems and Citigroup. He has 30 years of experience in enterprise IT.
Vipul has a wealth of experience as a Solutions Architect, Business Analyst and Technology Consultant in both the Public and Private Sectors.
He has both led and been a key player in many business transformation projects and delivered benifits to organisations such as the BBC, Aviva and Equifax.
His main focus now is Big Data and SOA based solutions leveraging open source technologies. | 2019-04-25T08:39:39Z | https://london13.wso2con.com/speakers/ |
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LATEST NEWS BLOG FROM "AYRSHIREHISTORY.COM"
I have meant to reproduce this rough old photocopy, that came from an unknown source years ago. I often have foreign tourists in asking if I know anything about their relatives etc. Often they like to visit grave sites, and the plan view I have just created a pdf of is an invaluable aid.
Really I should make the effort to have this placed in the notice board in the churchyard or something.
Today I had relatives of HOOD of Sorn and Catrine visiting, and could I find the paper copy of the plan view of the old cemetery. I did find it about an hour after they left, and had a quick look around for the tourists, but they had already gone.
Anyway, a link is given below, so as it will be easy to find any time.
I took a spin to Troon South Beach again this past Sunday, 2nd Feb 2014. I think the beach may even have been worse looking than the previous week. A few images are shown, including four of the sea conditions.
My apologies for one or two of the rubbish tip style images being taken at the wrong camera setting, but these are still included here.
THE FISHBOX ON THE SHORE HAS BEEN REMOVED.
IS TROON SOUTH BEACH LIKE A BAD DAY IN BAGDAD???
If you are like me and strongly object to seeing our environment being abused by those that claim to protect it, please feel free to repost post this link.
While walking along the shore in the last few weeks, the filth and the rubbish that is blowing around can not be over exaggerated. The following is a report on the state of the shores of Ayrshire, focusing on the litter and filth on Troon South Beach.
Do not think that the following story is in anyway anti South Ayrshire Council simply for the sake of it. I know full well what the original source of the litter was in the first place, and it wasn't all from the couple of council bins that blew over into the sea during the high winds.
But the Council proudly claim responsibility for the beach, so therefore this article is aimed at those that claim responsibility for the cleanliness and safety of our shores. That responsibility is for SEAFRONT SAFETY AND TIDINESS.
SOMEONES IDEA OF A JOKE? BUT REMEMBER THIS SIGN WAS ERECTED AT THE TAXPAYERS EXPENSE. JUST WHAT IS IT THE COUNCIL ARE CLAIMING TO BE DOING TO KEEP THE SEAFRONT SAFE AND TIDY? I THINK THE ANSWER IS TO BE SEEN BELOW.
Filth and littering has always been a subject close to my heart. I have written a number of articles on the subject, and taken mountains of photographs of the rubbish that litters our countryside. Therefore I offer no apology for being rather abrupt, to the point, and out spoken while still trying my best to keep the language of this very public blog as "primary school" friendly as possible, a particular point of pride of this web site.
When I was a youngster growing up in the 60's and 70's, I recall the so called public information films that used to be shown on television.
"SCOTLAND IS LOVELY, DON'T SPOIL IT WITH LITTER" was one that sticks in my mind.
Sadly some forty odd years later in 2014, these government short "adverts" have neither been heeded not even considered. Nothing seems to have been learned. There seems to be no pride in the natural beauty of our countryside around us. Yet today we as a race are supposed to be more environmentally friendly towards our planet than ever before. Oh yea?? Or so we are told. Or is this only when it suits?
I visited Troon / Prestwick shores after the high tide in early January. The place was like an impersonation of a rubbish tip. So why should it have been worse some three weeks or so later??? Is there any reason why there has been very little effort whatsoever to clean up this filth and litter that makes our beaches look like something from a bad day in Iraq? Why are there still the tons and tons of plastic waiting to be picked up? The place is absolutely disgusting, and a disgrace to Scotland.
I have to admit that my initial visit to the beach after the high tides was driven by curiosity, on the lookout for something from the past. Perhaps an old bottle, or stone jar, or some other trove washed out of a wreck. My romantic notions were however soon wrecked as I saw for myself the modern rubbish that litters our seas.
I would be ashamed to take any foreign visitors anywhere near Troon shore. 2014 is a so called homecoming year, HOMECOMING SCOTLAND 2014. My advice for would be travelers would be to choose your holiday destination carefully. Why would you want to spent your hard earned holiday in a place where filth and rubbish is simply left to blow around? Travelers that have visited some of our European neighbours often remark about their clean cities, by comparison to the places closer to home that we are used to.
Have a browse through the images below. Click on any image to give a higher res shot. If you don't think it looks too bad in the images given below, take time for a trip to Troon, and have a look for yourself first hand. The photographs do not really show properly what the eye can see. I can only describe the place as a breeding ground for vermin.
NB: The images given below were taken on 26th January 2014, and are 100% genuine. They have not been so called "photoshopped" in any way!! All the rubbish you see in the images really is there!!
TROON SHORE - MIDDEN OF SCOTLAND. JUST HOW CAN ANY SANE PERSON RECON THIS IS ACCEPTABLE FOR A PUBLIC BEACH?? THIS IS TROON 2014, AND NOT THE BANKS OF THE TIGRIS.
WOULD YOU WANT YOUR KIDS TO BE OFF PLAYING ON AN EYESORE OF A BEACH LIKE THIS ON A SUNDAY AFTERNOON?
What is the source of this plastic?
Well the problem is going to be partly linked directly to countryside littering. Some of the high rivers and flooding we have had this winter will have brought down more debris that normal, from higher on the banks of the river systems. Of course there should be no litter there at all. Ashamed we should well be of the mess of the various riverside paths. What is it with Ayrshire that seems to make it right to throw litter away in large quantities. Source is always a good place to halt a problem. But in this case, I just do not believe that source is ever going to realise it is wrong to pollute the countryside.
What other sources are there? Ferries? Surely not. There is no need to be tossing litter overboard from a ferry. I can accept the ocassional fish box that is lost overboard from fishing vessels. The one on Troon shore from Cloigerhead in Co Louth had come a long way. Of course the fishermen could have been off Scotland when it was lost. We will never know.
I STILL CAN'T BELIEVE I WALKED OFF OF THIS SH*T TIP TO PUT AN IRN BRU BOTTLE IN A BIN!! I JUST COULDN'T BRING MYSELF TO DUMP IT, EVEN THOUGH THE PLACE RESEMBLED THE COUNCIL TIP!! PERSONALLY I COULDN'T BLAME ANYONE FOR SIMPLY STARTING TO USE THE BEACH AS A DUMPING GROUND FOR OLD MATTRESSES AND BUILDING WASTE. IT IS OBVIOUS NO ONE CARES, YET COME THE SUMMER, SIGNS WILL APPEAR ABOUT HOW WONDERFUL AND CLEAN THE BEACH IS!! BUT THEN WHO WRITES THE SIGNS UP?
I had some correspondence on the subject with an SNP councilor, who wrote the following rather patronising email in response to an enquiry. I would have thought that especially the Nationalists would be trying their best to fall into favour of the entire Scottish population. After all, don't they want votes in the forthcoming devolution elections? Would you vote for a party that have a lackadaisical attitude towards filth and rubbish?
"Thank you for drawing this issue to my attention, I will contact cleansing to advise them and find out when they will be carrying out the cleaning of the beach .
However let me take this opportunity to explain why the beach isn't cleaned during the winter months. Cleansing do track the weather from September to March ,which is when we have most of the winter storms, this is to ascertain what damage they can expect to affect sea defenses, beach walls or sand dunes etc. Cleaning of the beach is suspended during those months as they found that they would have to clean the beach after each storm and considering the number of stormy days we have had this year it would have been a very expensive and time consuming job.
Given that we have 50 miles of beaches in South Ayrshire, most of them in seaside areas like Troon I have to agree that winter cleaning would take up most of cleansing's budget. I understand that the wrack on the beach does help to stabilise the dunes during stormy weather and assists with the beach eco system.
However I hope this has been helpful to explain the council's side of this issue and I will get the officer to give me an update on the beach cleaning programme."
What are the modern day silly buzz words that describe a reply like this? White wash? Spin? Smokescreen? Or simply put in good old Ayrshire terms, a pile of sh*te!!
Was this response to my email written by someone that hadn't even seen the devastation first hand? Remember it is action that is required, not lame excuses.
Since when were plastic bottles and crap described as beach wrack!!
How in the world is plastic litter at an extreme that the place could easily be confused with a rubbish tip, helping with the beach eco system. Well I suppose it will encourage the rat population.
Does this mean I should take my extra rubbish to Troon and simply dump it on the beach and pretend that is is great for the eco system!!!
Remember my issue here is obviously with the tons of plastic that is of course man made waste, and not with the sea weed. Although natural rotting vegetation is not particularly desirable, it is just that, natural vegetation. It would make for a nicer beach to walk and play on yes, if the seaweed was lifted.
But first and foremost I think the priority should be given to having the plastic lifted and disposed of / recycled etc so that it does not get washed back into the sea at the next high tide. (Yes, of course I am all for recycling, especially plastics) I am surely not alone in believing that this litter should not be allowed to be washed back into the sea. We surely owe future generations at least this small mark of respect.
If most of this plastic was washed in from the sea, don't we as a race feel some kind of an obligation to the environment to make a concentrated effort to remove the plastic that litters our seas as it washes up, and try our very best to discourage this level of littering ever again. Difficult may that be.
It can hardly be described as wise to suggest "Why bother at this time of year" "The same again will wash ashore with the next high tide, so why should we". Why wash your face in the morning? Why empty your bins? Why clean your windows? Look beyond Coronation Street for a second. If this is the level of plastic rubbish that we as a race have filled up The Firth of Clyde with, should we not hang our heads in shame? We should surely not shug our shoulders and say "What's the point". If a concentrated effort was being made to lift this filth with every high tide, we must reach a time when improvements will be noticed!
If there were to be a much larger effort encouraged at national level, or even an international effort to physically "pick up plastic" the job may not soon be done, but a brave effort to start could at least be made. After all, how many extra wages would it really require for example for the shores of South Ayrshire?? What would it really cost in percentage terms of government funds?
What is desperately needed are teams that are not scared to get their hands dirty and physically pick up the plastic. Not run over it and shift it from one spot to another with a silly tractor!! The plastic will still be there beneath the sand if it's not lifted, waiting for another high tide.
What's wrong with the community service teams that are often seen working on the county pathways etc, if the cooncil workers don't want to get their hands dirty, or if the toon cooncil are scared to part with a fair days pay for a fair day's work?
I'd be happy to join a cleansing team myself if they were prepared to pay me a proper wage. I am certainly not scared to get my hands dirty, and I wouldn't need a crash helmet and space suit to do the work either.
Why should it take a non Troon resident to highlight this problem? I am surely not the only person that thinks this is a disgrace?? There must be others writing to the press or writing to their MPs for what it's worth, complaining about this outrage. A one man crusade is simply not enough. Feel free to repost this link if you feel strongly enough about the subject which is really pollution of our seas.
TROON - AWARD WINNING BEACH.... YEA RIGHT. IT IS HOWEVER HIGH IN THE RUNNING FOR THE AYRSHIREHISTORY.COM FILTH RIDDEN BEACH AWARDS FOR 2014!!
SO WHAT'S THIS ALL ABOUT THEN?? WHO ARE THEY GOING TO FINE FOR LEAVING TROON IN THAT STATE?? EACH OTHER? WOULD IT BE TAX DEDUCTABLE? SO THEY WOULD HAVE FINED ME 20 GRAND FOR DROPPING MY IRN BRU BOTTLE THE OTHER DAY?? WHAT DO THE BEACH FRONT RESIDENTS AND IN FACT THE GENERAL POPULATION PAY THROUGH THE NOSE IN COUNCIL TAX FOR?? THIS WHOLE BUSINESS OBVIOUSLY NEEDS A FULL INVESTIGATION.
OK, perhaps some of this article is written somewhat tongue in cheek, but the photographs don't lie. To summarise, what is really desired at the end of the day then?
A continuous clean up campaign would make more sense and be beneficial to the environment. What is the point of a seasonal clean up, when the plastic that pollutes the Firth of Clyde is present all the year round, and indeed is washed up during heavy seas giving a perfect opportunity for removal from the equation. Or to put it another way. Should we be allowing the rubbish to wash on and off the shores of Ayrshire at will, and care not, or should we begin to look ahead beyond the rose tinted glasses, and at least try to clean up our seas and coastlines.
Could a "pick up plastic" campaign be adopted easily across the country? After all, public awareness of this problem has already been created by documentaries such as the Planet Earth series on television.
And finally. What completely harmless bio degradable alternative is there to plastic bottles? Glass isn't a great option either. Who wants to step on broken glass on the shore? What else is there?
The Council is responsible for cleaning amenity and recreational beaches under their ownership above the mean high water mark. Managed beaches require to be cleaned of litter in accordance with the Environmental Protection Act 1990 Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse. This code specifies that managed beaches should be cleaned to Grade B standard (some small pieces of litter evident) throughout the year and there are varying response times for returning the beach to Grade B standard depending on whether the beach is an amenity or recreational beach. The definition of litter does not apply to seaweed, and the presence of seaweed is beneficial to beach ecology. Mechanical cleaning of beaches should not be carried out near sand dunes or other sensitive beach aeas. There are a number of private beaches in South Ayrshire for which the Council is not responsible for cleaning.
When are the beaches cleaned?
South Ayrshire Council is responsible for cleaning its own Amenity beaches during the months May to September. Some additional cleaning may be carried out during the winter months as required. A number of beaches are privately owned although there is no responsibility on the owners to clean their beaches unless they are managed as amenity beaches. For further information call 0300 123 0900.
I am organising a voluntary beach cleanup. Can I get help with protective gloves, litter pickers and removal of the rubbish collected?
Yes. Contact the Customer Contact Centre.
Troon is still a popular place to visit for those who wish a day at the seaside and is one of the few west coast beaches to have been granted the Clean Beach Award.
"TROON IS JUST AS BEAUTIFUL IN WINTER AS IT IS IN SUMMER!!!!!"
Our countrysides are filthy. This is not helped by consecutive local authorities employing binmen who won't lift rubbish, and even imposing charges on people who volunteer to take rubbish to the tip at their own expense because binmen won't lift rubbish. The refuse collection system is now a complete joke.
Recent developments have even seen van and trailer owners being discriminated against and having to "sign in" at the tip to dump rubbish!! Who do these people think they are, Yahoo or something?? It's a tip for god's sake, not an RAF base. The tips are supposed to be there to provide a public service!!
So with this in mind, there is little wonder the countryside is heaving with litter. Until they outlaw this obsession for shifting the goalposts at every opportunity making it more and more difficult to get rid of rubbish, the various local councils will continue to have this littering problem on their conscience.
Incidentally, one of the most ridiculous things that I see often on my walks around Ayrshire, is the amount of dog sh*t bags littered around the countryside. If you are going to the trouble of picking up the dog crap in the first place, what is the point of throwing the bag with contents into the bushes, on the ground etc? Would it not be better to leave the contents where they were, and it saves another piece of plastic littering the countryside. It is only dog sh*t after all and not nuclear waste. Farmers do spread similar material on the fields, to help grow the crops that we eat!!
THE ABOVE APPEARED NEAR MAUCHLINE AS THIS ARTICLE WAS BEING PREPARED, AS THOUGH THE DUMPER'S KNEW IT WOULD BE PHOTOGRAPHED! A SPLENDID EXAMPLE OF WHAT THE COUNTRYSIDE OF AYRSHIRE IS REALLY LIKE. NOT WHAT YOU SEE IN THE GLOSSY TOURIST BROCHURES!!. WOULD YOU BE PROUD TO TAKE FOREIGN VISITORS A TOUR OF BURNS COUNTRY TO LOOK AT THIS DISGRACE?
Above, is another mess near Mauchline, which appeared at the end of January. But think about this. Who can blame "Auld Jessie" for dumping that manky old mattress at a layby, if the cooncil are going to take twenty quid off her (or whatever the charge might be!!) for it's disposal. Or how about "Wullie" that goes in with a van load of rubbish to the coup, thinking he is doing the right thing, but he finds they won't take it, and send him packing? (Names obviously fictitious for the story). What is the most recent policy regards uplifts? The councils should make it known that all uplifts will not be chargeable, instead of imposing limits, and whatever else on the population's already overstretched pockets. They are obviously creating more problems.
But the above is only half the story.
Before these plain stupid rules were conjured up from thin air by goodness knows who, the binmen were not shy of lifting rubbish, and would lift anything that was put out to them, at least our local chaps did.
But even back then, one could still see a mattress, or an old fridge dumped down the woods!
This is a very different subject.
I would describe dumping in the countryside and spoiling the environment for absolutely no reason what so ever as moronic dumping. And I highlight again, this was a complete waste of effort on behalf of the dumper, when anything and everything was lifted from your doorstep. But what of today's ridiculous regimes??
Today it is a very different and disturbing story that needs to be addressed at the highest level. As I said above, the very least we owe future generations is surely to pass on a clean environment. Not pass on a hazardous waste dump. | 2019-04-23T18:27:52Z | http://ayrshirehistory.com/about.html |
The role of caregiver can come about expectedly or thrust upon someone suddenly. It is a role that is guided by the heart and done out of love, with the patient's best interests at heart. Caregivers can get overlooked with all of the tasks that must be completed, as the patient's concerns remain a top priority. It is important to show caregivers that they are appreciated for their patience and compassion within their new role. We'd like to use this month to acknowledge those who have offered themselves selflessly to their loved ones in hopes of providing comfort and support.
Below are notes of appreciation that patients submitted during Caregiver Awareness Month.
To find a name, click on the letter grouping that the first name would fall under.
Thank you to all the staff at mt Sinai medical cancer center for smiles that help you feel better.
If not for you where I would be. I am immensely thankful.
Words alone can never truly express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to everyone who has been in my life to give me encouragement throughout my illness. I've been so blessed! It's encouraging to know that I definitely have a community of care/supports that has embraced me in my journey.
I cannot thank you enough for the coverage you have given me to support my cancer expenses.
There is no way I could handle much of that myself ever. Thanks also to my clinic that handles most all of this for me. It is the Hemotology Clinic in Salem. Oregon. Hope you all had a happy Thanksgiving.
I would like to thank my family, friends, doctors, and nurses at Emory in Atlanta for their help and care for me.
Thank you for giving all of yourself so selflessly to make sure my grandpa (your dad), felt safe and loved during the last months of his life. He loved you so much and called for you until his death. You are a gem!
Thank you Abu for knowing exactly what we needed at every moment: for the "half-hot" water with lemon, the shoulder to cry on, the special essential oils, the nutritious lunches packed with care for the hospital, the leg massages, the pep talks, tracking the med schedule, doing "the bagel", the crazy kitchen dances, living room bowling and impromptu yoga. You are incredible and I love you to the moon and back!
Ali S. My best friend Ali is a wonderful caregiver! Ali, is my sister from another mister, and takes very good care of her Dad who is battling leukemia & lymphoma. I love her so much and she deserves a shout out! Happy Caregiver Awareness Boo!
Thank you my strong Tiger for taking such good care of me over the last year and through the stem-cell transplant. You are my rock!
My husband has been my wonderful caregiver for the past 1-1/2 years since my diagnosis of multiple myeloma . I want to thank him for all the support he has given me.
Thank you so much for helping with my care, for being so strong and caring from a young age. My daughter, you have taught me more than you will ever know. I love you so much!
Thank you for pushing me to exercise and eat when it was the last thing I wanted to do. I wouldn't be here without your support!
It was devastating news but one person rose to the challenge that lay ahead. She searched tirelessly for the best medical professionals available, arranged and coordinated appointments, maintained accurate and comprehensive records ,provided constant care and emotional support, all while simultaneously caring for her own family. We will always remember and be forever grateful to Allison, daughter in law, wife, mother and caregiver, for the love and support you provided Mike. Thanks for being that “extra special “ someone.
He stays with me as much as he can in chemo, drives me to Portland, which is about 84 miles away, and back. Without his help, I don't know what I'd do. This is my husband. Thank you, Dear.
There was not a day we didn’t feel like the center of his universe. He made sure we had all his love and care!
Thank you for always being there for me, you have been there from the very start of this journey and I'll never forget that!
Amanda F. & Deanna R.
I am so thankful that they were each there for me during both my stem cell transplants.
Thank you from the depths of my heart for the selfless gift of love you continually give to mom. May God bless you richly!
Mom, your compassion towards our grandmother taught me strength. Thank you for faithfully teaching Rae, dad and me that true love is action. Love you!
She is a fierce force of nature doing everything she can to take care of Rob.. She does it selflessly and doesn't’t think about how it could impact her. rob is in well skilled and safe hands with Anita as a caregiver.
Anne is always giving & caregiving. She reaches out to her family & friends when she knows they need support, usually with surprise gifts or unannounced gourmet meals from her kitchen. I am in awe of her strength & willingness to give so generously of herself.
Thank you for being the absolute best caregiver I could ever dream of having. You are my angel, sent from Heaven. Thank you for loving and taking such good care of me.
For loving and going the journey of AML with our daughter LaTashia.
Arthur has medical problems of his own, but he volunteers to take me to doctor visits, keeps track of appointments, does grocery shopping, and listens to me when I am feeling down. I do not know what I would do without him.
Her love and dedication has not only saved my life but has made it a joy to be alive and able to share time with her. How blessed I am to have such a wonderful person in my life.
She was "my rock" back in 2012 when I was diagnosed with ALL. She went with me to Tampa for three months while I received my stem cell transplant and took care of me like no one else would have.
Their support for myself and their sister during her treatment period was truly inspirational and I couldn't have done it all without them.
Barry thank you for caring for your mom and father the way that you do. I see how you take the job seriously and my prayers are with you.
He's not only my caretaker he's the man I love. Does not hesitate to care for me even when at my worst. Unconditional Love at its finest!
Bernd has selflessly taken care of his wonderful wife Darlene. You are an example of what a person does in a time of need and you are admired and appreciated for all that you do for Darlene.
Mom, you are superwoman. I admire your selflessness, compassion, and positive attitude, especially through dad’s fight. I am thankful for you every day. I love you!
She is a very special person who took great care of me during my battle and my recovery.
Bill B is a wonderful caregiver, friend and husband. He shares my progress with friends and family even though he has done this before with with his before with his first wife. He shares his strength and kindness, I love him very much.
A kind considerate caregiver. He no longer works so that he can take care of me. He certainly does his best to make sure I get to anywhere I could go, and he does it all with love. He thinks nothing of it. Thank you Bobby.
My father; he took me to every single appt and chemo treatment. He kept me laughing and kept me company, even when I was sleeping in the tx chair.
I would like to honor Brad at Cleveland Clinic. He is kind, compassionate, and has a great smile and attitude every time he meets you. He also has the best socks! Thank you, Dr. Pohlman!
My best friend. Words cannot express how much she supported and helped me through the cancer journey.
Thank you being my caregiver twice, ten years apart. You were my inspiration all the way!
Candyce H. For the loving care of her 99 year old mother, Catherine. Takes a strong and patient woman!
Thank you for all that you do for Mom! I know it's not easy adjusting to this role, however, you've done an amazing job!
I'd like to honor my sister. She is always supportive of me and in between her busy life working in the Medical Field and taking care of her Children she still find time to be the team Captain of my Light The Night Group Cece's Angel's of Faith. She is a natural giver and always here to make sure I'm okay. I love her and Thank her for being the person she is.
I would like to honor my dad. He has never missed a beat. He kept my spirits up and never doubted that I could beat this. He’s not only my caregiver, he’s my hero.
She has been a caregiver at Brookdale in Bay City, MI for 20 years, and has loved ever minute of it.
Cheryl G. She is my sister and I could not make it through this journey without her. She has been there for me with amazing support and encouragement. Thanks does not begin to cover it!
Thank you for being a caring, compassionate and relentless caregiver. You drop everything for family selflessly providing support to all of us. We Love you!!
Christine has also taken on the role of full time care giver for her Mother. She has done it all with great love and grace. She is my hero.
Cindy thank you for caring for and supporting me during my battle, it meant so much to me. Now it is my turn to care for and support you in your double battle.
My wife stood at my side every step of the way and gave me strength and purpose.
I would love to submit Cindy S. name as an excellent caregiver. She is totally putting my care first & above her own needs.
Mom to fighter Luke. Caregivers give up their life to care for their children. I went on disability for 1 year and since then it was all about lukes care . I wouldn’t change a thing, my children are my world. Today I want to say good job me . You are amazing.
You have been an absolute rock and because of you I have beat NHL twice. You are an amazing wife, mother and best friend anyone could have asked for.
My wife, who has cared for a married couple for the past 8 years. My wife initially volunteered to care for my mother,( Lola ) who lost her battle with non-Hodgkin’s on January 8th 2009. I miss her dearly. My wife was diagnosed with leukemia on July 17th 2017 and she continues to care for our dear friends, the elderly couple. The man/ husband passed way this October 2017.
My wife is in my biased opinion, is a kindred spirit and the love of my life. I refuse to consider life without her, that is simply not an option. She deserves all the recognition in the world and all the love in my heart and that of our children & grandchildren. I love you Cynthia.
You were my rock and my strength. I could not ask for a better partner in life.
You are my rock. Thank you for waiting during surgeries, scans, and treatments, going with me to every appointment, and being my personal chef!
Dave was the best caregiver ever! He stuck by me during 2 bouts with Hodgkins Lymphoma and thru stem cell transplant.
Many thanks- I couldn't do this without you!
Babe, thanks for being my wife and caregiver through these tough times. I love you.
Thank you for being there for mom during her illness. I know she is happy and thankful that you were there for her during her hospitalizations and her return home. Love you!
Since our son was diagnosed with leukemia in December of 2015 she has been remarkable. I can't thank her enough and especially Justyn thank her enough for EVERYTHING she does.
I couldn't do this journey without you!
I extremely appreciate Desirae P. for always keeping up with reminding me to get my important blood work and the results. Double checking the calendar for important dates and all of her knowledge. Most importantly for understanding the struggles when I am having bad side effects.
I want to honor my mother. She was always there for me at all times and continues to be there today. Love you!
Thanks for helping Adriana through a lot and sacrificing your time. She trusted you. You did it for HER. You Are a Warrior!
Thank you mom for being there for me since day one of my diagnosis! Without you I wouldn't be where I am at today and I wouldn't be as strong as I am without you!
I could not have done all I have done nor gotten this far without you standing beside me.
Thank you for all you do for me. Your continuous, genuine care, love and support is amazing and priceless. I'm blessed because I have each of you in my life. I can't thank you enough. Much love.
DR (my wife) for caring for me over the past 14 years while I’ve battled NHL. She has always been there to buoy me up and assist me through the physically and mentally challenging times. I love you sweetheart!
Thank you: Elaine for the 37 years you have been my caregiver, you have been strong, compassionate, and loving when these challenges have come.
My sister-in-law has cared for my brother tirelessly these past 4 years with his Lymphoma battle. My sister's and I thank you from the bottom of our hearts for your loving care.
Mom, I couldn’t have asked for a more loving, sacrificing, patient, compassionate, and strong caregiver. Thank you for being supermom.
You are an amazing wife, mom, and friend! You are a rock star, with many talents to keep your family moving while supporting Dan and getting it done! We love and support you, and will always have your back!
We were married just a first yr when I was diagnosed.It's been 19 yrs post transplant. He's still my best friend and biggest cheerleader.
Erica, I very much appreciate your patience and compassion when you helped dad and grandpa through their final journey on earth. Your love and support is not forgotten.
Eve ministers to many people, she is a lovely person!!
Thank you for helping our family through each day. Love you!
Mom, thank you for being one of the strongest people I know! We wouldn't be anywhere without you.
Gail has been there every step of the way. Her impeccable note keeping helps us review everyday.
Thank you very much for the daily visits to mom during her hospitalizations and also when she is home. She looks forward to your visits and I appreciate all the help you have provided her.
For working a tough full-time job but still finding the time and energy to be my only caregiver.
My sister-in-law who has been my primary caregiver (aka MY Angel) since my first diagnosis of NHL. She continues to help me to this day.
To My Rock, My Everything, My Wife, You stood by me every step of the way. I Love with all my Heart.
I can’t thank you enough, Greg, my husband, my friend, my protector. Your caring and support mean everything to me, especially when I feel defeated. You are the best and I love you.
Thank you for supporting our girl through her tough fight and for dealing with the craziness so gracefully!
Thank you for taking such tremendous, loving care of your daughter / my wife / your grandkids’ mom during her time of need. Your love and support was amazing.
Thank you for taking such good care of me and baby Georgia during chemo. I love you more than you will ever know.
My wonderful husband James. Thank you, you were by my side, gave me strength to continue with my fight.
I want to THANK YOU for all you have done for me. You are truly my special angel and my best friend.
Dad, we are so blessed by your care of mother. You always show her gentleness and patience, kindness and grace, love and commitment.
Your love and commitment to helping me survive this sickness is inspiring and courageous. I love you.
Jeff, there are not enough words in the word to fully explain how much I love you. You were my rock during the highs and lows of treatment. I love you, forever and always.
A caregiver as a nurse who selflessly serves daily whether at home with a sick, growing, beautiful baby or at work with our beloved bone marrow patients-- you're also a hero!
This debilitating illness. The sleepless nights. The anxiety, the worry, the pain, the fear: all soothed by your endless love. I wish it were different, but all we can do is carry the weight of it and believe that we will win. And that weight is lighter, and the belief stronger, because of you. Thank you, sweetie, I love you forever.
I want to thank you for all you have done as my caregiver throughout this journey. Without you it would have been a tough road. Love you!!!
I would not be here without your efforts! Thank you! Love Eric.
My sister; she kept my spirits up when I was feeling my worst and attended classes at the support center with me to keep me company. She pulled through as my Mama Bear on multiple occasions.
You are my world. We've been through so much together and you are always there right by my side. Love and thank you with all my heart forever.
For 10 years my husband has helped me deal with AML and transplant without complaint. Even with drastic changes to our life, he still helps. It’s love.
Thank you very much for being such a wonderful sister in law to my mother during her illness. You have been so wonderful and helpful to both my parents and we love and appreciate you very much!
A wonderful caregiver for her husband. Over a year's worth of devotion and commitment thus far in helping him through his cancer journey. She is a blessing!
A sincere thanks to my wife Julie. Without her living with cancer might very well have been unbearable!
You are the rock in our family. You showed us Courage, Comfort, and Compassion which carried all of us. We love you!!
It wasn't until I got lymphoma that I truly knew there is a God because He sent an angel to take care of me.
Mom, THANK YOU for your constant companionship during my MDS then progression to AML diagnosis, treatments, stem cell transplant and continued care. I love you!
Kate, thank you for taking the lead on mom's care every day. We are so grateful.
These ladies are my Mom & my Wife. Both have been thru thick & thin in regards to my health. Both have sacrificed there their time, energy & often their work schedules. These ladies rock in my book!
Thank you for acknowledging my taking care of our son with his battle against Leukemia. There is no where else I'd rather be than taking care of and loving our son. You have been one of my and Justyn's main support systems. We couldn't have made it through some of these days without you by our side. Thank you, also.
Thank you for being there for me 24/7 while I battled AML. I’m sorry you died a year later from pancreatic cancer. It was my honor to be your caregiver and I will always cherish our 7 years together. Until we meet again, my love.
I don't know if I would have made it without him. He's such a very important person in my life. I love him more and more every day for standing right there with me!
Kevin He had no idea when he said these wedding vows, "in sickness and in health" what our future would hold. I offer these humble words of thanksgiving and gratitude to him.
Thank you for your continued example of compassion, strength and selfless love. YOU MAKE ME STRONG!! I am truly blessed being apart of your life. Love you!
Thank you for your loving care and self sacrifices as you help me in my fight against cancer. Love you!
Kim L., Tyler B., & Deb B.
Thanks to these adult children who gave beyond all expectations. When my major back surgery kept me from care-caring, you did!
For loving her sister LaTashia and having the energy to travel to and from the hospital.
My husband has been the greatest care taker I could have ever ask for. I have been truly blessed to have him in my life for the last 40 years. Thanks.
Thanks to my best friend, lover and extraordinary wife. Standing by me through everything that has come my way. Thanks for the support. Love you.
Thank you for your compassion and love throughout my treatment. Your selflessness and patience helped me each and every day. You truly are amazing! At last, there is a month to celebrate you, Caregiver Awareness Month!
Thank you for providing such loving care of mom. During her illness you have had to learn to cook, do laundry, grocery shop, pay the bills as well as take care of mom. I am so proud of you!
I would like to thank Lela for being there for me during my year of battle. She was there for me during good time and was there for the days that I was very sick. Thank You Lela.
You have been my wonderful partner, wife and best friend for the last forty one years. Your compassionate, sacrificial and loving care has been beyond wonderful.
Mom-You have taken such loving care of Dad as he battles this disease. We’re so lucky to have you. Love you!
Linda gave selflessly to care for my physical, emotional and spiritual needs for the past 10 years. She always put my care in front of her own. She is my wife, friend and hero.
Linda is my wife of 55 years. She has been there through all my issues and problems. When diagnosed with Lymphoma, her response was, WE can beat this to. No matter what was needed, she was at my side to through all phases of treatment.
My mom. Kind, optimistic, loving, resourceful, smart, patient, generous and it's with that amazing grace that she cares for my sweet, loving dad with leukemia. She is a gift to my dad, my brother and I and the world. Love you, mom.
Linda, caregiver for Mr. Wilson, a family friend as well as at Communicare rehab and at Holy Temple Church of Christ.
You have done so much to help your husband continue living a normal life. It is difficult and you do it while rarely complaining. If it is too much, you must always make time to care for you!
I will like to acknowledge Lisa to let her know how much I appreciate her help and devotion and love for helping me in this time of need. My wife has given her time and sacrifice. She never complained for free. God bless her and us all.
Liz been an awesome educator, organizer, and loving support to my sister and to all of us who journey with Kathy during this roller coaster ride of hers! Liz - you are a caregiver in your unique way! Thanks to you, Liz.
My cousin rocks in her spirit giving nature! She has provided valuable awareness!
She always finds the silver lining in countless trips to Sloan in NYC. I am forever grateful that she is able to take the time to be at every appointment to hold my hand, wipe a tear or ask the doctor a question.
The "family caregiver" - always there when someone needs help. Never has to be asked but always shows up.
The strength you have shown caring for Tom and Christine amazes me. We could not get through this without you! I love you!
The only thing larger than the feasts she creates is her heart and her love for everybody she meets.
She is always there for everyone else. After dealing with a medical issue of her own, has spent the last 6 years being there and supporting her daughter through battles with Breast cancer. As well now her husband who also is battling cancer. While surrounded by difficult situations she continues to be strong and be there for everyone else first!
Thank you for being my twin, stem cell donor, hero, and perfect match.
My cousin Lynn is a caregiver to her husband who has MS, as well as caring for her elderly mother. She is my hero!
Dad – thank you for all you are doing for mom at this time! Your dedication to serving mom is inspiring and so sweet. Love you!
Thanks for working to take care of me! My stem cell transplant was a miracle.
You are a great wife, a great friend, a great person. God sent you by my side so I can see him in your eyes, care, among other things.
Thank you, Maria, for always being my advocate when I was sick. I won’t ever be able to repay your efforts, but I’ll spend my life trying. I love you!!
I appreciate your patience, kindness and willingness to serve. Your compassion is recognized by those around you. God bless you as you bless others.
She is the best. Never complains and is a joy to be around. Makes my parents very happy.
My wife has been the ROCK I have leaned on for 27 years and counting.
She has tirelessly, faithfully, given loving, supporting, spiritual, earthly personal daily care to her mother, Joyce, for years preceding her recent death. My dearest friend Mary Lou whom makes life a happier, joyful place to be.
Thank you for loving me through cancer. You carried me when I could not carry myself. Thank you for always believing in me, and waiting patiently for me to heal. Thank you for giving so much of yourself. I love you!
Thank you for taking such good care of your mom and my aunt. You are definitely super woman.
I would like to honor my daughter who was there for me and still is from the phone call that I received to all of my doctor appointments. Not a day goes by that I cannot say “thank you” to her.
A resounding debt of gratitude to my husband, Michael who never left my side no matter how tough things got. You cared for me, kept the Doctors and nurses in check and fought with and for me. I probably would not be writing this now if not for you. I love you my guardian angel here on earth.
At a time when most teenagers are mapping out their college careers, my son was busy driving me to support groups and preparing meals. I just want him and others to know how grateful I am for his support both then and now.
Brought his home cooked meals to me during chemo when I couldn't tolerate hospital food. Wouldn't have gotten through chemo without him.
Dad, your tenderness, compassion, and unwavering support is inspiring. Thank you for all that you are doing each and every day for mom.
For love and care of her father Anthony Greco who is being treated for multiple myeloma.
I’m sorry to have to have you as my primary caregiver, but eternally grateful for your love and support. Your strength and love get me through each day with a smile!
Thank you for being an unwavering support for ALL of us! I look fondly on our days as a two person team when Mom was at the hospital <3 I appreciate you so much!
Mike has always been there through the good & the bad. He even learned how to cook so that I could recover.
Parker, you have been with me every step of the way throughout my cancer journey. You even sat with me when I was radioactive after being injected with the radioactive serum for my PET/CT scan (I won’t let you do that again!) I love you.
Thank you for taking such good care of Sarah. And for your many sacrifices.
Thanks for being at appointments, translating medical talk, gentle opinions, preparing meals, helping with hygiene & being a friend who’s more devoted than a sister.
Pamela C. I would like to thank my wife ,for all her love. My wife Pam has given me the Love of Jesus and of a wife more than any person can give. Thank you so much. I love you.
My Parents have been wonderful. I am in remission for five years. They have done so many things for me and my family. Thank you!
Mom, Your unwavering strength, unending love, and unshakable faith has shown us what true love looks like. Thank you for loving our daddy/pops so well.
You've been there every step of my journey. Thank you for being my sister, friend, and a special care/supporter.
With loving gratitude for all you do for me, my sister. You are so nurturing, so caring. We (family) owe you so much for trying to be sure we are okay. After my myeloma diagnosis, Mama needed your talents most for her stroke rehab. You seamlessly started to organize us to care for her. So much love for you.
For loving and being the best son to LaTashia during her journey.
7 years she’s shown unconditional love. I wish I could do more for my wife. She’s given so much. Thank you isn't enough.
I would like to HONOR THE BEST CAREGIVER IN THE WORLD, my wife Rebecca. She is THE most AMAZING caregiver ever and LOVE HER SO MUCH for ALL she does.
For all the sleepless nights, doctor appointments, love & care you gave Kevin while he was here. Thank you. Your the best mother anyone could ask for. I know he felt the exact same way.
My sister for her positivity and devotion to me during and after treatment. My husband has been my rock every day. I honor my Dad, my brothers, my in-laws, my daughter and her family for all the love and support. I honor our friends and neighbors for their daily support. I love you all more than words can ever say.
Thank you for all of the love and support you gave me and our family as you tirelessly took care of me and the boys. Coming up to visit even when you didn’t feel like it. Making sure that the boys got to all of their needs meet. Love you so much!
Thank you sweetheart for all of the love, patience and care you showered me with as we walked through the world of cancer and everything else that was going on during that time. Love you so much!
When you took over the title of "WIFE" you never thought it would include being "Caregiver". I cannot make it without your love, support and help during these last 5 years. Thank you and Love you.
Your unconditional love and support made all the difference during my battle with APL and recovery. You were with me every step of the way and your encouragement kept me on track and focused on the priorities. Thank you!
My sister Rose for taking such good care of our Mom. Rose took mom to all of her treatments and continues to take her to follow up appointments. I just want her to know how much I appreciate her!
I learn from you the meaning of what St. Paul taught us Faith expressing itself through Love. You are in my heart forever.
The selfless caregiver who was always there with compassionate words, deeds, hugs. Thank you Roy, love of my life.
Mom, we were blessed with Pete’s additional time on earth because of your selflessness. I’ll always be grateful for how cared for him.
She stood by my son through his fight with cancer. Now they have a daughter together. THANK YOU!!!!!
Samantha N. Thank you to my beautiful wife, Samantha, for faithfully serving as my caregiver through AML. She was a rock amid a sea of uncertainty.
Mom, I want to thank you for being by my side for the last 4 years through everything I've been through. I wouldn't be alive today if it weren't for you. You are the best caretaker/donor! I love you.
Thank you for being such a wonderful sister-in-law to my mom. You have spent countless hours taking care of my parents and I want you to know how much we appreciate and love you!
Thank you to my caregivers for your compassionate care over the last 5-1/2 years. I will be forever grateful for the quality of life you have given me.
For his unrelenting care and dedication to my daughter Marissa in her fight against Leukemia.
I would like to thank my beautiful wife for taking care of since day one. She stuck with me through it all the good days and the very bad one I couldn't have don it without her she's not a doctor but she saved my life she's my bedside doctor my wife I love you with all my heart words can't began to explain how grateful I am for having you in my life.
My husband, thank you for being there every step of the way in my fight. You are my greatest strength and I couldn't do this without you.
My mother and my rock. She stood by me throughout my entire treatment. She was especially incredible during my hospital stay.
I am writing to recognize my wife, Tia. She is the best caregiver I could have ever asked for. For months at a time over the last eight plus years, she has taken care of me without a single complaint. I love you, T!
Thank you for taking amazing care of both me and our three month old baby after I was diagnosed with HL. Love you!
Thank you for stepping up and taking care of me and the family during this trying time love you always.
Mom, you've been a hero to me since my diagnosis. You had no idea what was to come when we went to the doctor, but you never hesitated to stay by me and make sure I got well again. I love you.
I’ll never be able to repay you for your endless support. Thank you, Big Sister!
I don’t know what I would do without your constant love and care for me. You are the best. I love you so much.
Thank you for the laughter, leaning, listening, learning and love. You’re my hero.
Many thanks for your constant and undying support through our struggle with fighting this disease! I love you!
She has been my rock and confidant while I have been battling non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. She is just an angel and is always by my side to encourage me to not give up.Valerie always keeps a smile on her face and never shows that she is worried.I cannot imagine going through this without her by my side.
Val your compassion towards others is like no other. Thank you for all you do and all that you are. Thank you for your selflessness and patience you exhume everyday. You truly are awesome!!!
I was diagnosed 10 1/2 years ago CML Leukemia. My wife cooks wonderful healthy meals. She encourages me to keep playing my guitar and write songs . I thank God for her everyday.
Veronica, you are leading this journey for your son with strength, perseverance and an incredibly positive and grateful attitude. You are an inspiration. I hope you feel loved and supported.
Troy is so lucky to have your for a Mom, cheerleader and nurse! Stay strong Veronica!
She gives 110% to make sure she gives the best care possible. She is selfless and loving and a blessing to the person she cares for, and all his family/friends.
Dad – you are a pillar of strength and was always there for Mom through everything no matter what. Your love for her was…and is…. limitless.
I Thank my husband for taking care of me through my AML Leukemia journey since '08.
Now to get through the GvHD stuff.
For taking care of our best friend John during his most recent medical treatment.
Wendy T. Mama, thank you for taking good care of Daddy! We all know how hard it was on you. You are my hero! I love you!
I would like to honor Will , my strong,caring husband. My mom, Natalie, my mother-in-law, Gerri and my sister-in-law Johanna and brother-in-law Ben for being there and changing their lives around to help me battle this disease.
Bill it's hard to find words for your compassion and love as delayed neurotoxicity is part of my (our) life. I honor you during this Caregiver Awareness Month!
My awesome wife made sure I got the best treatment possible at home as well as at DUMC. She became my personal nurse.
Thank you for being with me through it all. You are my forever.
My sister stayed with me every single moment in the hospital for over a month and even though chemo was horrible having her by my side was the best memories I have.
For caregiver resources, please click here.
Is this your first time visiting our site? Contact an Information Specialist to learn about our resources available to patients and caregivers. | 2019-04-22T00:53:44Z | https://www.lls.org/article/caregivers-thank-you-for-your-kindness |
We all know the snuggly, cosy effect of picture books. They are designed to be shared and bonded over; adult and child leaning in together in a moment of comfort and joy.
But, as well as these snuggly qualities, did you know that picture books can promote language development, literacy and social skills?
‘Dialogic book reading’ is a style of shared reading where the parent interacts with the child, talking about the illustrations and asking questions about the story. This kind of activity encourages the child to think beyond the story, to relate the pictures to their everyday life and to make sense of their world.
So, as parents and carers, how should we read to our children?
Research suggests we should encourage the child to participate in the reading process by asking questions, even at a young age.
Ask questions about physical things: What do you see? Where is the baby? What toys does he have?
Ask about feelings to help the child express themself: The girl looks sad, why is she sad? Are the fish going to help her?
Let the child ask you questions too.
Feed back to the child; praising them when they notice something in the story. Don’t forget the illustrations in this respect. If a child is decoding a story simply from the pictures, praise this as much as when the child reads a word in the text.
Adapt the reading style to the child’s growing linguistic abilities. For older children picture books can be used to discuss more complicated issues: Why doesn't Princess Smartypants want to get married? Do you like this ending? Can you imagine another giant pet for her?
Move beyond the text and relate the story to the child’s life: Would you like a boat like that? You like costumes too!
Talk about culture: What kind of animals are these? Can you think of any other Australian animals? Would you like to live in Australia?
Recent research has found that even picture books with very few words can encourage language development in two-year olds. A study by Manchester University revealed that when parents share very simple books with their child, the language the parent uses contains more complex constructions than everyday speech. This helps the child learn a wider vocabulary, grammar and even enhances their maths, as one of the key predictors in children’s mathematical skill is early language experience.
...A study found those children who are read a picture book before having blood taken feel less pain.
In the online and other public discussions about what makes a successful picture book, that authors and other denizens of the publishing world have from time to time, the subject of titles doesn’t come up perhaps as often as it should.
The title is the first piece if information you get about a book and as such, what it conveys in the few words it has at its disposal is as important as it is disproportionate. In the case of a picture book especially, it can sum up the entire concept, the tone of voice, the feel and the probable purpose or intention of the publication in less than ten words. That’s powerful stuff!
It needs to grab the attention and be memorable, like a newspaper headline, or a pop song title. It has to make you want to find out more, and most importantly and difficult-to-define-ably of all, it has to be 'right'. Sometimes the process of getting a title 'right' can involve much too-ing and fro-ing between an author and a publisher (incorporating much input from the marketing dept) before everyone is happy, and at other times the title can be the thing that triggers the idea for the book in the first place.
To be boringly self referential for a minute, my picture book ’I’m Not Cute!’ is a good example of what a title can 'tell' you. The whole concept of the book is encapsulated in the title. A character claiming not to be cute. That should grab the attention because picture book characters are pretty much universally cute, so what bizarre heresy is being conducted here? Picture book characters are not usually given room or opportunity to give their opinion of their perceived cuteness, so for one to speak out and refute this perception is unusual and worthy of investigation. So with 'I'm Not Cute!', in three words we get a concept, a tone of voice and a slightly anarchic feel, not to mention an insight into a character's, and by association, an author's personality. And that's before you get to see the pictures.
Think of your favourite picture book titles (or children’s fiction titles) and see whether they conform to my thesis. Here are some off the top of my head.
Well, that kind of bears me out. You would want to seek them out based on the titles.
bland names which largely disregard ’the rules’. .
But I guess they indicate what you are going to get.
A fun thing to do in a spare moment, if you have such a thing, is to take an interesting, snappy title and make it as prosaic as possible, to see if you would have given it the time of day under this boring guise.
Max has a Dream About Monsters.
The Ring That Everybody Wants.
Would You Like to Try Sam’s Unusual Meal?
Potty Training an Unwilling Princess is Difficult.
Now you have a go.
There are some picture books which just work. Children ask for them to be read, and they look at them by themselves, over and over again, and it isn’t always obvious exactly what the attraction of those books is. Sometimes it’s a personal attachment in one child to a particular book, but sometimes the appeal appears to be universal. One picture book which has worked for generations of children throughout the world is ‘Goodnight Moon’.
The cow jumping over the moon’ etc.
Clement Hurd created the rather crude repetitive pictures in primary colours of the odd room with a burning fire, a rabbit lady knitting in her rocking chair, the kittens and mittens, the telephone, the bowl full of mush, the comb and the bowl of much. The book was published in 1947 and has sold over twelve million copies in at least fourteen different languages in the sixty-six years since.
I used the book with my own children, and there truly isn’t a better one for winding a small child down to sleepiness. The text is rhythmic and rhyming and repetitive. Those ‘three ‘r’s’ are well known ingredients for a pleasing read out loud for young children, of course. But here the rhythm and rhyme and repetition seem to be a substitute for story rather than a treatment of it. There simply is no plot; no story. This is just one small rabbit’s goodnight ritual. It is dull dull dull. Can you imagine a present day publisher accepting a page that is entirely blank of illustration, accompanied by the text ‘Goodnight nobody’?! There is some small interest in spotting where the mouse and named objects are, but I think that it is the overall lack of story stimulus that makes the book so successfully soporific.
And yet this book has been chosen by polls of teachers as one of their top hundred children’s books of all time. Why would a teacher use a book that so clearly sends children to sleep? Is there some other quality, beyond the hypnotic sleepifying one, that I am missing? And why had I never before heard of the ‘companion’ book, ‘My World’, published by the same pair a couple of years after ‘Goodnight Moon’ proved such an instant hit? Why isn’t that book as famous as the first one?
Is there some magic ingredient in ‘Goodnight Moon’ which I should be aiming to emulate in my own books? Any suggestions welcome!
In a picture book it’s easy to write Twenty-nine ancient elephants jumped over the dancing ladybirds. Or even Three smelly dinosaurs munched a castle built of diamonds and opals. But what of the illustrators? It’s not so easy for them! That’s why I tried to be really careful about the unpublished picture-book text I picked for two illustrators who were scheduled to perform a fast-paced ‘Sketching Duel’.
The live sketching event was to be in front of an audience at the Millennium Library in Norwich (the most popular public library in the UK). It was part of a day of writing and illustration activities organised by the Eastern Branch of the SCBWI* to accompany an exhibition of members’ illustrations.
Even for professional illustrators, the 'Sketching Duel' was quite a challenge. The illustrators weren't allowed to read the text beforehand, and each double-page spread was to be read out in turn, and a rough illustration drawn in mere in minutes. Yikes, don’t blame me, I didn't make the rules! So I chose one of my picture-book texts that had a very simple, traditional structure and no over-the-top scenes. What could possibly go wrong?
John Shelley and Mike Brownlow.
So with two flipcharts and an expectant audience, we began. I told them the story was about a horse named Ivor.
Yup, a horse. Not so bad? Ho hum, it seems I could ask them to draw penguins or dinosaurs or humans or bunnies or anything EXCEPT horses! But it was too late. It was horses.
In this image Mike has given Ivor the horse a thought bubble containing a child. Oops, I hadn’t explained that the other character, Little Nelly, was a foal, not a human. We writers sometimes forget that although we know the story inside out, the reader/illustrator doesn't.
Of course, despite my unintended attempts to thwart the illustrators with horses, they didn't turn away from the challenge and went on to produce delightful images that reflected and added to the story. Here are a few they drew in mere moments, with a snippet of the story (not all their images were so similar).
Story snippet: Clip clop, clip clop, Ivor trots on until he sees a wide river. He jumps.
Story snippet: Clip clop, clip clop, Ivor trots through towering trees.
Shadows move and out bursts a sneaky squirrel.
It grabs the dazzling red apple and dashes up a pine tree.
Is Mike smiling because he was allowed to draw a bunny?!
John explained how an illustrator can hint at something that has happened, without actually drawing it. Here, Ivor the horse runs up the hill, and then begins running down. Hoof prints are the clue that he has already run up.
Whilst here, I asked John why he’d drawn the rear of Ivor. John explained that illustrators sometimes do this to show a transition scene. It’s an illustrative way to show the story is moving on to something new. It also gives a sense of anticipation.
Finally, here are the last pages, and I was intrigued how the horses had developed over the twelve illustrations. When I asked how illustrators decide on whether to use a cartoon or realistic style, the illustrators explained it often depended on the story. The more anthropomorphic a story, the more a story is likely to need cartoon illustrations because a realistic horse would look ‘wrong’ doing human-like actions.
As somebody who writes, and doesn't illustrate, I was blown away by John and Mike’s fast, unprepared sketches. I also learnt new things about the way words and illustrations combine. However, I still didn't understand what it was about horses that made them cringe. So later I asked them.
“What's the problem with drawing horses? I actually like drawing horses when I have plenty of time, but conjuring a horse character straight out of your mind can be more of a challenge!
At the end of the day of events, another SCBWI member and writer, Annie Neild, read out one of her picture book texts. This time John used charcoal instead of red highlighter pen (a frustrating medium). Mike stuck with pencil. Plus another professional illustrator was able to take part, Bridget Strevens-Marzo. Juggling pandas, giraffes, lions and crocodiles were all illustrated! Everyone was happy… NO HORSES!
Hello. I’m a little trepidatious about visiting the Picture Book Den, even as a Guest. Apart from MR POD AND MRS PICCALILLI, which I worked on with the illustrious Nick Sharrat, my “picture books” are known in the book trade as “early readers”, a term often spoken with a slight lowering of the voice. You won’t find the early readers in bookshops like Waterstones or submitted for awards.
Nevertheless, I – and others like me - write the books for enjoyment and for the pleasure of young readers. Unlike the traditional reading scheme, the various series that I write for have no set of established characters. There’s no single setting and certainly no running reference to a magic key.
Yes there’s a word count, but that’s all. I once tried writing to briefs based on a list of phonics. I found them impossible to write, and I wasn’t sorry. I don’t do lists. The vocabulary I use comes from years of hearing young children read – as a parent and as a teacher – and a love of rhyme and rhythm and simple wordplay. I write using familiar words, livened up with the odd interesting and intriguing word that they might have come across.
I must say that these books are a pleasure to write once you’ve got the idea. There’s none of the plate-spinning giddiness that comes with trying to manage a complex plot when you know guests are about to arrive. Also, there’s the definite deadline to encourage you to get on with the writing process, to refine your words and phrasing, just as Malachy Doyle’s described in his recent post.
You work to the brief – which is a word count and the number of spreads - and you know your idea is, potentially wanted. Early readers seem to have a faster publishing cycle so you may even see your book within nine months.
Oh! Assuming you actually have an idea? That’s always the problem.
So, where have I got my ideas from?
Some come from school situations as I do a lot of school visiting.
THAT NOISE! arrived because I heard a teacher at a weekly djembe drumming class talk about the drum group he’d set up in his primary school. Which kids, I pondered, would be good at drumming? Answer: the fidgety kids, the ones who can’t help tapping or clicking or making a noise. But plot? Suppose the kids thought they were in trouble with their teacher when what he wanted them for was to form a school drum group? Happy ending!
Nevertheless, the “school idea” comes with a warning. Schools change, both in curriculum and in what’s acceptable. Those wellies might have been part of a gardening club. The drums might be a new school music initiative. The funding for both may now have dried up so my clever little stories no longer link into school requirements. Helping sort old boots and shoes may even have become, in some schools, a health and safety issue. It’s always useful to check on current practice in schools and classrooms.
Note that both these early reader books are specific to a certain school setting. Such ideas would have no chance of being sold for a global market. However, it does mean that such stories can be about people rather than generic animals.
Sometimes commissions arrive. However, even a traditional tale needs thinking about. Take, for example, THE LITTLE RED HEN, where the hen finds the grain of wheat and the other animals won’t help. The plot where she has to do every task herself?
I decided my trio of unhelpful animals would not be the cat, the pig and the goose – or similar - of some versions but “the cat, the dog and the rat”. I chose my creatures because the “cat” and the “rat” made a satisfying rhyming pattern, and because the set of animals would be known by many children and also because they created no cultural problem for schools.
However, there was also the ending to manage. The Little Red Hen does all she must do, bakes her bread and then? Eats it all up herself - which makes her a greedy vindictive character? Not nice! So my Little Red Hen ends by “calling all my little chicks to help me eat the bread”. Rightness is restored. This might seem like a tiny moment, but in early reader and picture book texts, all is done through tiny moments.
Lately there’s been a demand for the “reversed traditional story” idea. Soon after having my knee nipped by a goat at a pet farm, I dreamed up LITTLE TROLL, whose happy, friendly under-the-bridge world is disturbed by the arrival of three bad goats.
Note: if I had a picture-book-writing motto, it would be “always think twice.” Or more than twice. As I wrote the word “billy goat”, I “thought twice” and re-wrote the word. In the book they have, appropriately, become the Bully Goats, reminding the young reader of the playfulness of language.
One problem with writing for a series is that the series editor and educational consultant will not want – for a while – a story similar to a book that already exists so if you are a new writer, check through the titles that are already out there. I must add that, less overtly, the “one idea at a time” rule is true of all publishers, expect perhaps for picture books about bears or kittens.
However, ideas can be used for more than one format. During the Darwin “evolution” anniversary, I wrote a couple of small scripts for an educational animation project. Somehow, trying to think up a Twisty Tale, evolution edged into my head again.
THE LOVELY DUCKLING became a story about how three slightly less-perfect ducklings use their physical differences to develop useful skills, whilst the poor, fussed-over Beauty - the lovely duckling – has to stay in the nest, bored and beautiful, until she opts for the everyday life of the farmyard herself. Call it my revenge on celebrity culture!
I can’t draw every well, but I do “see” the scenes on the page spreads and write imagining possible illustrations. It’s always a joyous moment when one sees the artist’s own version especially when they have added a twist that I hadn’t imagined.
As far as ideas go, it can be useful to think “idea plus genre”, and strengthen an idea by placing it within a recognisable but unlikely frame. My BIG BAD BLOB is a cautionary fantasy tale about the danger of dropping gum, written after having to walk over new pavements daubed with horridly spitty gum.
Yuk! So, writing the text, my mind was definitely focused on the horror genre, even though I knew the story needed to be humorous.
Now that’s another thing. BIG BAD BLOB is a great favourite from six years upwards. Children younger than that don’t appreciated the joke so clearly, although they like the illustrations.
Picture book ideas need to be within the understanding and experience or the “story experience” of the child. Too clever, and the book won’t keep their interest or reach their hearts.
I often use well-known rhythms and rhymes for my writing, and can trace several back to a familiar refrain, such as THE DEEP DARK FOREST. Early reader book words need to sound good in the mouth, so I revise by reading the text aloud over and over again.
Lost family pets have brought me ideas - THE WRONG HOUSE – and there’s also those bad pigeons. . .
Enough! You see, ideas are fluttering about everywhere.
Er, except when you really want them. Like now, today.
Grrr! I’m off to hunt through the old Brain Forest with my trusty Idea Net. If only the thing wasn’t full of holes. Both of them.
Thank you for listening, and happy reading and writing to you all, whatever kind of books you enjoy.
Ps. Written with huge thanks to all the illustrators who’ve made my small ideas into real story books. | 2019-04-23T07:53:34Z | http://picturebookden.blogspot.com/2013/08/ |
In this paper we apply wavelet analysis to the detection of long waves in wholesale price index for France, the UK and the US because wavelets can easily overcome most of the methodological difficulties experienced in previ-ous methods.
The advantages of using wavelet multiresolution decomposition analysis for the analysis of long waves studied by Kondratieff are manifold: 1) long wave components are easily obtainable through multiresolution decomposition analysis; 2) no preliminary correction is needed; and 3) they can handily detect cycles that are not easily visible in trending series (as it is the case of the wholesale price index in the post-WWII period).
Comparisons with the chronology in the literature on long wave cycles for prices and with recent results for world GDP growth rates indicate that wavelet analysis can provide a reliable and useful statistical methodology in order to analyze the dynamics of long waves in historical time series.
Keywords: long wave cycles, wavelet analysis, wholesale prices, world GDP.
Although the spectral-theory approach seems to be a particularly appropriate method for long wave detection, application of spectral analysis has several drawbacks: the observed series need to be stationary in order to be analyzed with the tools of spectral analysis and, above all, long waves revealed by spectral analysis are based on the assumption of regular fixed periodicities. Both requirements are particularly troublesome as the dataset used in long waves analysis includes two hundred years of data influenced by several war episodes, especially the two WWs. In this paper we propose the application of a different statistical method for detecting long waves in economic variables that can easily overcome most of the methodological difficulties experienced in previous methods: wavelet analysis. Wavelets have ability to handle a variety of nonstationary and complex signals because their projections are local, rather than global. Moreover, the non-parametric nature of the multiresolution decomposition analysis is able to capture the irregular nature of the period and amplitude of economic cycles and captures cyclical processes with different durations. Specifically, we apply the multiresolution and energy decomposition analysis to price series for France, the UK and the US in order to be able to compare our findings with the evidence provided by early long wave authors on long waves patterns in prices. Moreover, we analyze whether long waves are a general phenomena by looking at cycles in economic activity for the world economy as a whole. Anticipating our results one can say that the long waves in prices and in world economic activity detected using wavelet analysis resemble the long wave chronologies reported in the literature by various authors. All in all, we believe that wavelet analysis can be considered as a reliable and useful statistical methodology for analyzing long wave patterns in economic variables.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the main differences between spectral and wavelet analysis and briefly presents the main features and properties of wavelet analysis in comparison. Then, in Section 3 we apply the multiresolution and energy decomposition analysis to price series for France, the UK and the US so as to have long-wave patterns in prices comparable with the evidence provided by early long wave authors. Moreover, we analyze whether long waves are a general phenomenon by looking at cycles in economic activity for the world economy as a whole. Section 4 concludes the paper.
The methodology for identification of long waves in aggregate economic time series is still a largely debated question in the literature on long-run patterns.
Starting from Kondratieff's methodology4 several alternative approaches have been used for long waves detection: moving average smoothing techniques, trend deviation, and phase period analysis (Goldstein 1988).
Each methodology used for identifying long wave cycles in economic time series depend on data pre-processing since data transformation is needed for features extraction.
However, the extraction of the cyclical component of interest rely on a number of specific ad hoc assumptions, such as the pre-definition of historical phase periods or the specification of a particular form for the secular trend (linear, quadratic, exponential, etc.) in estimating the trend component.
More recently, the long wave hypothesis has been tested by means of spectral analysis because of its ability to simultaneously break down any time series into a set of cyclical components having different frequencies (e.g., Kuczynski 1978; Van Ewijk 1982; Bieshaar and Kleinknecht 1984; Metz 1992, 2011; Reijnders 1990, 1992, 2009; Diebolt and Doliger 2006, 2008; Korotayev and Tsirel 2010).
The simultaneous estimation of several cyclical components may be also pursued using wavelet analysis.6 Like spectral analysis, wavelet analysis allows to decompose any signal into a set of time scale components, each reflecting the evolution through time of the signal at a particular range of frequencies and to study the dynamics of each component separately, but with a resolution matched to its scale since the wavelet basis function is dilated (or compressed) according to a scale parameter to extract different frequency information. Moreover, the transformation to the frequency domain does not preserve the time information so that it is impossible to determine when a particular event took place, a feature that may be important in the analysis of economic relationships. In other words, it has only frequency resolution but not time resolution.
Both transforms can be viewed as a rotation in function space to a different domain which for Fourier Transform contains basis functions that are sines and cosines, whereas for the wavelet transform, this new domain contains more complex basis functions called wavelets (see Strang 1993). The basis functions used by the Fourier transform (upper and middle panel) and the wavelet transform (lower panel) are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 shows that wavelets are mathematical functions that transform the data into a mathematically equivalent representation by using a basis function that is similar to a sine and cosine function in that it also oscillates around zero, but differ because, as wavelets are constructed over finite intervals, they are well-localized both in the time and the frequency domain. Since the Fourier transform uses a linear combination of basis functions ranging over ± infinity, all projections in Fourier analysis are global, and thus a single disturbance affects all frequencies for the entire length of the series. Thus, if the signal is a non-periodic one, the summation of the periodic functions, sine and cosine, does not accurately represent the signal.
Such a feature restricts the usefulness of the Fourier transform to the analysis of stationary processes, whereas most economic and financial time series display frequency behavior that changes over time, i.e. they are nonstationary (Ramsey and Zhang 1996).
By contrast wavelet analysis may overcome the main problems evidenced by Fourier analysis since wavelets are compactly supported, as are all projections of a signal onto the wavelet space are essentially local, not global, and thus need not be homogeneous over time.
Being performed locally, the wavelet transform allows the analysis of series that by their nature, as it is for long historical time series data, are likely to exhibit short-lived transient components like abrupt changes, jumps, and volatility clustering, typical of war episodes or crisis episodes.
Unlike spectral analysis and related statistical techniques, wavelet analysis considers nonstationarity as an intrinsic property of the data rather than a problem to be solved by pre-processing the data.
Indeed, much of the usefulness of wavelet analysis has to do with its flexibility to handle a variety of complex and nonstationary signals so that the data need neither be detrended nor corrections for war years are needed anymore. Corrections for war periods (war data are influenced by pre-war armament booms, war economy and post-war reconstruction booms around WWII and to a lesser extent WWI) are generally applied to original data by interpolating series for the war years (Metz 1992) or a priori elimination of the impact of the war periods (Korotayev and Tsirel 2010) on the assumption that such shocks can be seen as disturbances in the normal structure of data.
Hence, with wavelet analysis we can avoid the practice of studying history by erasing part of the history (Freeman and Louçã 2001).
Finally, long waves revealed by spectral analysis are based on the assumption of regular fixed periodicities (van Duijn 1983), but if the signal is a nonperiodic one, the summation of the periodic functions like sines and cosines, does not accurately represent the signal.
By contrast wavelet analysis breaks down any time series into the sum of nonperiodic oscillatory components (quasi-periodic functions) whose irregular pattern is likely to resemble cyclical movements better than any approach requiring fixed periodicities.
All in all, wavelet analysis, as well as spectral analysis, is particularly well suited for detecting cycles, but unlike spectral methods has the ability to detect cyclical components that are spaced irregularly in time and can be applied to non-stationary time series.
In this subsection we briefly introduce the essential characteristics of wavelet analysis. Wavelets, their generation and their potential usefulness are discussed in intuitive terms in Ramsey (2010, 2014). A more technical exposition with many examples of the use of wavelets in a variety of fields is provided by Percival and Walden (2000), while an excellent introduction to wavelet analysis along with many interesting economic and financial examples is given in Gencay, Selcuk and Whitcher (2002) and Crowley (2007).
The wavelet transform maps a function f(t) from its original representation in the time domain into an alternative representation in the time-scale domain w(t, j) applying the transformation w(t, j) = ψ(.)f(t), where t is the time index, j – the scale (i.e. a specific frequency band) and ψ(.) – the wavelet filter. There are two basis wavelet filter functions: the father and the mother wavelets, φ and ψ, respectively. The first integrates to 1 and reconstructs the smooth and low frequency parts of a signal, whereas the latter integrates to zero and describes the detailed and high-frequency parts of a signal.
with j=1,.....,J in a J-level wavelets decomposition. The mother wavelet, as said above, plays a role similar to sines and cosines in the Fourier decomposition. It serves as a basis function to construct a set of wavelets, where each element in the wavelet set is obtained by compressing or dilating and shifting the mother wavelet, in order to approximate a signal.
where SJ = ∑k sJ,kΦJ,k(t), and Dj = ∑k dJ,k ΨJ,k(t) with j=1,....,J. The sequence of terms SJ, DJ, ...Dj, ..., D1 in (4) represent a set of components that provide representations of the signal at the different resolution levels 1 to J. The term SJ represents the smooth long-term component of the signal and the detail components Dj provide the increments at each individual scale, or resolution, level. Each signal component has a frequency domain interpretation. As the wavelet filter belongs to high-pass filter with passband given by the frequency interval [1/2j+1, 1/2j] for scales 1 < j < J, inverting the frequency range to produce a period of time we have that wavelet coefficients associated to scale j = 2 j–1 are associated to periods [2j, 2j+1].
The frequency domain interpretation of each signal component, in term of periods, is presented in Table 1 for a J = 5 level decomposition analysis.
In addition to decompose a time series into several components each associated with a different resolution level, wavelets allow for an alternative representation of the variability of stochastic processes on a scale-by-scale basis through the energy decomposition analysis.
are the energy of the scaling and wavelet coefficients, respectively. The expression shows that the total signal energy is the sum of the jth level approximation signal and sum of all detail level signals 1st detail to jth detail. Indeed, since wavelet transform is an energy preserving transformation, the sum of the energies of the wavelet and the scaling coefficients is equal to the total energy of the data. In particular, by performing the energy decomposition analysis we can decompose the total energy of a series into the energy associated to each frequency component so as to detect which cyclical components contribute substantially more to the overall energy of the process relative to the others.
In this section we explore the usefulness of wavelet time scale decomposition analysis for the detection of long wave economic cycles similar to those discovered by Kondratieff in his original studies. Specifically, we investigate the presence of long waves in prices by examining the patterns in the wholesale price index for France, the UK and the US, the leading economies in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, respectively, because these price series have provided the strongest supporting evidence for the long wave hypothesis by early 20th century long wave investigators (e.g., van Gelderen 1913; Kondratieff 1926, 1935; de Wolff 1924; Schumpeter 1939).
Price data have been largely examined in the literature on long waves because prices have been for a long time the only economic data available and consistently measured, whereas output variables have been reconstructed by economic historians relatively recently and mostly back to the mid-19th century. Moreover, since annual data on the wholesale price index go back to the late 18th century, they allow using the longest possible time span as well as a number of observations higher than any corresponding international dataset on GDP whose data are only available from 1870 onwards only.
Finally, by using price indices data we can have direct evidence on the hypothesized changes in the long wave price behavior in the post-WWII period.
By using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) we are able to decompose each price index into its different time scale components, each corresponding to a particular frequency band, and then to isolate the time scale component of interest.
We apply the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) because the DWT has two main drawbacks: 1) the dyadic length requirement, i.e. a sample size divisible by 2J; 2) the wavelet and scaling coefficients are not shift invariant, and, finally, the MODWT produces the same number of wavelet and scaling coefficients at each decomposition level as it does not use downsampling by two. In order to perform a wavelet analysis of a time series, a number of decisions must be made: which family of wavelet filters to use, what type of wavelet transform to apply, and how boundary conditions at the end of the series are to be handled. There are several families of wavelet filters available, such as Haar (discrete), symmlets and coiflets (symmetric), daublets (asymmetric), etc., differing by the characteristics of the transfer function of the filter and by filter lengths. Daubechies (1992) has developed a family of compactly supported wavelet filters of various lengths, the least asymmetric family of wavelet filters (LA), which is particularly useful in wavelet analysis of time series because it allows the most accurate alignment in time between wavelet coefficients at various scales and the original time series. With reflecting boundary conditions the original signal is reflected about its end point to produce a series of length 2N which has the same mean and variance as the original signal.
We apply the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) to annual observations from 1791 to 2012 of the wholesale price indexes for France, the US and the UK , normalized to 100 for 1914, using the Daubechies least asymmetric (LA) wavelet filter of length L=8 based on eight non-zero coefficients (Daubechies 1992), with reflecting boundary conditions. The application of the MODWT with a number of levels (scales) J=5 to annual time series produces five wavelet details vectors D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 capturing oscillations with a period of 2–4, 4–8, 8–16, 16–32 and 32–64 years, respectively.
Given Kondratieff's definition of long wave cycles, that is cycles with a characteristic period from 40 to 60 years and with an average length of about 50 years (Kondratieff 1926, 1935), from the frequency domain interpretation of signal components provided in Table 1 we can identify which wavelet detail component closely corresponds to Kondratieff-type long wave cycles.
The D5 detail component can provide an estimate of Kondratieff domain since its frequency range is between 32 and 64 years and its average cycle length is around 48 years.
Moreover, since no assumption has been made on the underlying nature of the signal and a criterion similar to a locally adaptive bandwidth has been adopted, the wavelet detail component D5 represents a nonparametric estimation of a long cycle with average length equal to 48 years.
Since the MODWT is an energy (variance) preserving transform9 (Percival and Mofjeld 1997), it allows us to separate the contribution of energy in the price series due to changes at each time scale.
Specifically, the energy decomposition analysis allows us to separate the total energy of a series into the energy associated to each frequency component, and to detect the relative contribution of each cyclical component.
In particular, our specific interest is in measuring the relative importance of the component corresponding to the long waves as to all other cyclical components.
Fig. 2 shows three crystals energy related bar plots of the wholesale price series (net of the S5 component) for France, the UK and the US from the energy decomposition analysis. Since for each wholesale price series most (or almost all) of the energy is concentrated in its large-scale features, with the small-scale features accounting for a very small fraction of the total variability, we apply the energy decomposition analysis to the raw series net of its long term smooth component S5 in order to remove the overwhelming effects of S5 components in the analysis. The result that longer cycle frequencies appear to carry most variability displays a striking similarity with the finding that Granger (1961) termed as ‘the typical spectral shape of an economic variable’ that shows how most of economic variables display a spectrum that exhibit a smooth declining shape with considerable power at very low frequencies.
The energy plots illustrate the distribution of the energy in the original signal at different scales and provide a measure of the relative importance of the various cycle types present in the price series.
There emerge two main findings: first, the residual energy at each scale level tends to decrease with the scale level, and second, most of this energy is concentrated at the detail level corresponding to the long wave component, D5. This last result holds for the UK and the US, whereas in the case of France the level of energy at the D4 level is slightly higher than that at the D5 level.
On the whole, even if the total residual energy is modest, given the dominance of the S5 components, we can conclude that the component corresponding to long waves provides the most significant contribution in terms of energy coefficients, especially in comparison to business cycles cyclical components.
The D5 components of the wholesale price index for France, the UK and the US WPID5, are shown in Fig. 3, along with their corresponding raw series, WPI. Kondratieff's (1926) original chronology is reported using grey-shaded areas.
Five long waves in prices are clearly detected between 1790 and 2012 by means of wavelet multiresolution decomposition analysis (four and a half long waves are clearly detectable for France since the sample starting in 1803 captures the downswing phase of the first long wave).
Several features are worth mentioning from the visual inspection of the long waves presented in Fig. 3.
The main feature emerging from the visual inspection of long waves prices for all countries is the absence of regularities in terms of length and amplitude of such long wave patterns.
Indeed, these long wave patterns in wholesale price indexes are represented as an alternating sequence of historical phases of variable length.
Moreover, these long cycle movements in prices identified through wavelet multiresolution decomposition analysis are evident not only when the raw series is trendless, as it is in the pre-WWII period, but also after WWII when the trending behavior of the price level makes such long waves in price indexes hard to be detected.
Fig. 3. Сaption – France (top), UK (middle) and US (bottom) wholesale price index along with its D5 corresponding wavelet detail vector (smooth lines). Kondratieff's (1926) original chronology is indicated with grey-shaded areas.
A question highly debated in the literature is whether the wave pattern of price index dynamics has changed in the post-WWII period, because since then the wave pattern has ceased to be clearly traced in the price indices as a consequence of the strong positive trend of prices since the 1930s.
Our findings indicate that such a change after WWII has occurred for the US only, where a moderation in amplitude of the waves is evident by looking at the 4th and 5th price waves. Otherwise, for the UK there is no evidence of any reduction in the amplitude of long-term fluctuations in prices in the post-WWII period, whereas in the case of France the evidence shows that a considerable increase in the amplitude of price fluctuations is limited to those long waves taking place in the interwar and post-WWII periods.
Second, long movements in prices are closely related internationally, especially between the UK and the US. Long waves in UK and US wholesale prices are highly synchronized throughout the sample period, a finding that is consistent with the historical evidence on prices reported in the empirical literature for the major economies (see Goldstein 1988).
As regards France, although wholesale prices are out-of-phase with the UK and the US throughout the 19th century, from the early 20th century they are moving in phase. Such in-phase relationship holds throughout the 20th century until the US wholesale price index begins moving out-of-phase as to the two European countries (see Figs. 1 and 2). Indeed, the diverging pattern emerging in the first decade of the new millennium indicates that a phase shift between the price waves of the US and those of the two European countries could have occurred.
After Kondratieff (1926) a huge number of long wave chronologies have been proposed by various authors, for example, Schumpeter (1939), Clark (1944), Dupriez (1947), Mandel (1975), Rostow (1978), van Duijn (1983), among the others. Hence, a natural question is to see how the dating scheme identified by the D5 detail component accords with the consensus dates found in the literature.
Note: Long waves of wholesale prices as reported in Burns and Mitchell (1946) in parenthesis. Kondratieff's (1926) and Rostow's (1978) datings are reported in the last two columns.
With very few exceptions the dates of long wave phases detected by the D5 detail component of the wholesale price index match closely with Burns and Mitchell's (1946) dates for individual countries. The main difference refers to the trough date in the mid-19th century, which is anticipated to the early 1830s for France and the UK, although for the UK there is evidence of a prolonged period of low prices lasting until 1850, the consensus date for the trough of the downswing phase. A minor difference for France is also evident at the turn of the 19th century where the trough is slightly delayed of a few years. Despite such minor differences in dating particular turning points, the overall dating scheme provided by wavelet decomposition analysis shows a close correspondence with Kondratieff's (1926) turning zones and Rostow's (1978) chronology. Interestingly, as evidenced by the comparison with Rostow's base dating scheme, such a correspondence holds not only for the pre-WWII period, but also after WWII, a period in which any evidence whatsoever on long waves in prices is difficult to identify because of the positive trend displayed by prices.
A question highly debated in the literature on long cycles is whether long waves are only ‘price waves’ or such long term fluctuations exist also in production series and 'real' variables like industrial output, GDP, etc.
On the theoretical side, the emphasis on economic growth follows, for example, from innovation theories like Schumpeter's (1939) theory of economic development, where long economic cycles are induced by ‘clusters of innovations’ originating from the innovating economy and spreading to followers countries. Hence, long economic cycles are explained by very important innovations or general-purpose technologies (Kriedel 2006) that imply the emergence of long waves of economic growth in world production dynamics.
The phase dating of the D5 component in world GDP growth rates shows a striking correspondence with Korotayev and Tsirel's (2010) chronology. Indeed, the overall long-wave pattern of the D5 component is remarkably similar to the estimated wave pattern of world GDP dynamics, except in the 1920s, where the D5 component shows a temporary increase before the 1929 financial crisis due to the strong economic upswing in Germany and Japan consequent to the pre-armament boom.
– the fifth wave (information, telecommunication and microelectronic industries), based on information technology, is currently under scrutiny in order to understand whether the recent financial crisis and the Great economic recession can represent the onset of a long downswing period following the upswing phase lasting since the late 1980s.
3.3 Are Long Waves in Prices and Real Variables Similar?
Although the evidence provided by the early 20th century long wave authors on the existence of long waves in the dynamics of the economy is based on the observation of long wave patterns in price series, many authors have later questioned this relation arguing that long wave patterns in prices do not correspond with the long-term movements of real variables (e.g., van Duijn 1983; Goldstein 1988). In particular, according to van Duijn (1983) institutional and market changes16 are likely to have weakened the relationship between price changes and production changes by affecting the mechanism of price formation, as evidenced by the uninterrupted increase of prices after the 1930s.
Two main results are worth noting. First of all, as expected, the timing of these long cycles in prices and output is markedly different. There is no evidence of any synchronicity between the chronologies of price and production waves, nor before neither after the 1930s.
Second, as to the lead/lag relationship between production and prices, the evidence provided by Goldstein (1988), with production leading prices by a value close to 10–15 years, is confirmed only for the pre-1930s period. Indeed, after the 1930s the timing relationship between production and prices seems to reverse, with the turning points in prices leading those in production by a number of years that is gradually increasing over time.
In this paper we propose the application of wavelet analysis to detect long waves of the type examined by Kondratieff in the 1920s. The usefulness and reliability of wavelets for analyzing long wave patterns in economic variables has been tested by applying wavelet multiresolution and energy decomposition analysis to price and production series examined in the previous literature by many authors.
– they can handily detect cycles that are not easily visible in trending series (as it is the case of the wholesale price index in the post-WWII period).
All in all, we believe that wavelet analysis, because of its ability to deal with stationary and non-stationary series, can easily overcome most of the methodological difficulties faced by previous methods and can provide a unifying framework for analyzing the dynamics of long waves in historical economic and financial variables.
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1 Other authors have related long wave generation to employment and wages dynamics (Freeman et al. 1982), scarcity of resources (Rostow 1978) and class struggle (Mandel 1980).
2 Growth cycles definition follows from the modern approach to business cycles analysis (Lucas 1977), where business cycles are defined as fluctuations around a (stochastic) trend.
3 The band-pass filtering approach decomposes series into trend, cycle, and irregular components corresponding respectively to the low, intermediate, and high frequency parts of the spectrum (Stock and Watson 2000). Thus, a band pass filter can identify the long wave component by filtering out all fluctuations outside the frequency range of interest.
4 In Kondratieff (1926) after long-term trend fitting, long waves are extracted through a nine years moving average on the residuals to eliminate the effects of shorter business cycles.
5 The contribution of each individual frequency (periodical function) to the total variance of the (stationary) time series under consideration can be obtained by estimating the sample spectrum through the application of the Fourier transform.
6 Although widely used in many areas of applied sciences (i.e. astronomy, acoustics, signal and image processing, geophysics, climatology, etc.), wavelet applications have been only recently used in such fields as economics and finance after the papers by Ramsey and his co-authors (see Ramsey and Zhang 1995, 1996; Ramsey and Lampart 1998a, 1998b).
7 Detrending procedures are not neutral with respect to the results relating to the existence of cycles: ‘the smoothing techniques may create artefacts’ (Freeman and Louçã 2001: 99).
8 Each of the sets of coefficients sJ, dJ, dJ-1, ..., d1 is called a crystal in wavelet terminology.
9 The variance of the time series is preserved in the variance of the coefficients from the MODWT, i.e. var (Xt) = Σj=1J var(dj,t) + var(sJ,t).
10 Kondratieff's data cover only two and a half long waves, whereas Rostow's data four long waves. Rostow's (1978) dating scheme is reported because, in contrast to the majority of scholars, his dates are derived from prices rather than production series.
11 Recently, Scheglov (2009) and Grinin, Korotayev, and Tsirel (2011) have shown that when the price indices are expressed in grams of gold rather than in dollars, such indices continue to detect long wave patterns.
12 The stagflation period in the 1970s provides a well-known exception to such a synchronous behavior.
13 The data sources are Maddison (2009) and World Bank (2013).
14 Note that the phase amplitude of the long-wave pattern is different between the two series because of the treatment of the trend component that is not eliminated in the Korotayev and Tsirel (2010) approach.
15 Although this is the first wave in our sample, we refer to it as the 2nd wave because in the literature the 1st wave is recognized as the one covering the first half of the 19th century.
16 Examples of such changes are the cost-of-living clauses included in wage contracts, the price-setting behavior of oligopolistic industries and the increased weight of industrial as compared to agricultural goods.
17 Rostow's (1978) dating of the Kondratieff's price cycle with the additional inclusion of the late 1980s peak is adopted as representative of the prices chronology. | 2019-04-22T03:01:26Z | https://www.sociostudies.org/almanac/articles/wavelet_estimation_of_kondratieff_waves-_an_applica-tion_to_long_cycles_in_prices_and_world_gdp/ |
Both versions are false. This is because the premise “All models are wrong” is false: all models are not false. Here is why.
First, readers should keep in mind that what follows is a philosophical argument. My burden is solely to show that there exists at least one model that is true. Whether the model I show is useful or interesting to you or not is irrelevant.
In math, if somebody starts a theorem with the statement, “For all x…” and later comes along a fellow who shows an x that, when plugged into the theorem, ends up in a different place than predicted by the theorem’s conclusion, then that theorem has been invalidated. In simpler words, it is false.
But all that is just boilerplate, because it’s going to turn out that many models are true and useful.
Suppose Model A states, “X will occur with a probability that is greater than 0 or less than 1.” And let Model B state that “X will occur”, which of course is equivalent to “X will occur with probability 1” (I’m using “probability 1” in its plain-English, and not measure-theoretic, sense).
It is a logical fact that if you cannot prove something true, you also cannot prove it false. We cannot prove Model A is true, therefore we also cannot prove it is false. Box’s premise assumes we have proof that all models are false. But here is a model which is not known to be true or known to be false.
Therefore, Box was wrong. We do not know that all models are false.
Many will object that I only allowed X to have one chance to occur. And the more training you have had in science, the temptation to ask for more chances irresistibly grows stronger: frequentist statisticians will insist on there being infinite chances for X, which requires that X be embedded in some uniquely definable sequence.
Resist this urge! There are many unique events which we can model and predict. Example: Hillary Clinton wins the 2012 presidential election. There is only one Hillary Clinton and she only has one chance to win the 2012 election (if you don’t like that, I challenge you to embed this event into a uniquely defined infinite sequence, along with proof that your sequence is the correct one).
But it doesn’t matter how many times a probability model makes a prediction for X: it can never be proved true or be proved false, except in one case. Excepting this case, the more numbers of chances for X doesn’t change the conclusion that Box was wrong.
The exception is that a probability model—or any other kind of model—can be proved false if you can prove the premises of that models are false. Sometimes this is easily done. For example (see the post from two days ago), we know that grade point can only live on 0 to 4, but we use a normal distribution (premise) to model it. We know, given the properties of normal distributions, that it is false. Yet the model might still be a useful approximation (what happens here is that we internally change the model to an approximate version, which can be true).
And some probability models have true premises. Casinos operate under this belief. So does every statistician who has ever done a simulation: what is that but a true model? Physicists are ever after true models. And so on.
If Box had said, “Most models are wrong, but some are useful,” or, “All the models that I know of are wrong, but some are useful” then what he said would have been uncontroversial. I suggest that it is these modifications that most people actually hear when presented with Box’s “theorem.” Since it’s mostly true—to statisticians playing with normal distributions, anyway—they feel it’s OK to say completely true. However, they never would accept that lack of rigor in any of their own work.
That’s all we can do in 800 words, folks. We’ll surely come back to this topic.
Update The model for a unique-physical-measurable event has been objected to on the grounds of simplicity. These kinds of models do not have to be accepted for the main argument to be true (though I believe they are sufficient).
First recall that simulations are true models all. To add the premise “and this simulation is meant to represent a certain physical system” might make the model false. This has been discussed in Bernardo and Smith in depth (open versus closed universes, etc.), and I ask the reader to rely on those gentlemen for particulars.
However, even these extensions are not needed. Consider this: to say “all” models are false implies that a rigorous proof of this exists. So if I have a Probability Model A (for, let us suppose, a non-unique, physical, measurable, observable event), you cannot, in finite time prove that this model is false. No observation can do so, nor can any collection of observations.
So again, not all models are false. And all probability models are not—or, that is, they cannot be proven so.
Neither can, it might interest the reader to learn, climate models. They cannot be proven false, even if their predictions do not match observations. This is why we ask for a model to demonstrate skill (see the prior post).
Box would have been better off if he said that ‘all models that ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE INFORMATION are wrong.’ There are models that ‘are not informative’ that can be right; Model A is an example. It’s when a model tries to add information to the universe that they mess up.
Is that a typo? It’s clearly not true. Any provably false statement refutes it.
The scientific method, with its characteristic Bayesian-based belief in its models/theories, works perfectly well without assuming the law of the excluded middle. And those types of models are the ones of interest here.
All scientific knowledge is based on experiment. Since we, for practical reasons, can’t experimentally demonstrate that ALL models are false. Such a statement is non-scientific. Put one way or the other. That is, we don’t scientifically know that there is at least one model/theory that is true.
“All models are false” has a much deeper implication: that a phenomenon can never be fully explained even if the initial conditions are fully known. IOW: science is a futile enterprise. This implication arises because, for a full explanation of a phenomenon to occur, an exact model must exist. If the statement is true, any endeavor to find the cause of discrepancies with the current model will ultimately fail regardless of any improvements made.
I’m not aware of the context surrounding Boxer’s statement. It’s occurred to me that 1) it was meant to taken colloquially and 2) it may have been tongue-in-cheek. The colloquial meaning of all (meaning “mostly”) can be seen in the statements “grass is green” and “the sky is blue.” There are obvious contradictions to this: wheat is golden in its final stages; my own lawn has patches of brown; and the sky doesn’t look blue at night or in bad weather.
Hmmm … I see I said “Boxer” instead of “Box”. My mind works in evil ways. I was initially going to make a comment connecting the Box statement with the Boxer Rebellion which I graciously spared the readers but my twisted mind obviously wanted some of it to get out. Life is never dull if you can provide your own entertainment.
To bring this discussion full circle, Gavin’s contention (with his snarkiness removed) is that climate models can be “tested” when there is “no track record of predictions”. The method he opines could be used is to divide historic data into two sets, one to build the model and another to test it.
But this method has a flaw. Any randomly chosen subset is a mirror, a mapping if you will, of the whole set. There is no distinctly separate, unique, independent data to use for the testing.
The historical data (in whole or in part) contain zero future data. Therefore the model is NOT tested.
Take for example a horse race handicapping system (model) which includes data on every race the horses have ever run, their times, the track conditions, etc. In other words, complete information about prior races is incorporated into the model. You can purchase these tout sheets at the track, by the way.
But no matter how expertly compiled, the tout sheets have limited skill at predicting the winners of future horse races. If they did work, the touters would be rich. But they aren’t rich — they are miserably poor and forced to sell their worthless tout sheets for pennies to the gullible.
Similarly, climate models have no crystal ball filled with future data, whether or not they use past data in the model building process. Gavin claims they do NOT, btw.
[Y]ou imply that a climate model built today somehow secretly knows about the temperature and rainfall evolution of the last 30 years or more and that each year we add one more set of annual values to the models to make them better. This is a nonsense. The climate models are not statistical models trained on simplistic indices – not even close.
In other words, real world data is NOT used to build climate models, according to Gavin. Climate models are “tested” against past data, with varying results, often laughable, but they fail miserably at predicting the future. So miserable are the predictions that climate modelers eschew the word “prediction” and substitute the word “projection”.
I concur. The models have not shown skill at predicting the future, any more than horse racing tout sheets have. It would not be rational to gamble our economic future on a horse race. Similarly, it is irrational to gamble our economic future on demonstrably unskillful climate models.
It’s like saying all samples contain fewer members than the population. One could so re-define the population such that a it only holds a small finite number of members that can be analyzed. But then you sort of finesse the ordinary notion of sampling.
If Box had said, “all models are incomplete” I think there would be less confusion. And to the extent that the whole point of the model is to develop a simpler, easier to understand or faster operating, subset of reality,it HAS to be “wrong” — less than contiguous at all points to reality.
The hold-out method is a way of testing a model’s probable performance but it presupposes that the training data are representative of the population. As long as the presupposition holds, there is no philisophical difference betwen a set which is a partition of data on hand and another obtained at a later time. Insisting of “future” data is unnecessarily restrictive. Any data not previously processed by the model during training is for all intent and purpose the equivalent of “future” data.
I had the good fortune to study with Dr. Box, and I’m afraid you’ve misconstrued is aphorism. You have somehow managed to conflate “All models are wrong” with “All models are false” and then went on your merry way skewering your strawman.
I can assure you from first hand interaction with Dr. Box, that “All models are wrong” means simply, “All models have error”. In the silly example you state, the “unfalsifiable” Model A isn’t really even a model. It’s freshman coffe-klatch doo-doo.
Box’s statement has been taken by many, even most, to mean that “all” models are in fact false. The paper I linked yesterday will show that. However, even accepting that Box really meant “All models have error”, then he is still wrong. All models do not. That is, there are some that do not. For example, any mathematical theorems with true premises and a valid conclusion are without error.
Now, if he meant that all valid probability models—which are models with true premises and uncertain conclusions—have conclusions that are uncertain, then he was stating the truth. But this is nothing more than a restatement that valid probability models have true premises and uncertain conclusions. Nothing controversial in that, of course.
To the “doo-doo.” Can you show, instead of merely claim, how my example is logically false? Any model, of a unique event, will be in the form I gave. The model will not be general because the event is not. The event can only happen once.
The difficulty, I think, is that in thinking about these topics we tend to jump right to the most complicated situation and only keep that in mind. Part of this—as always—is my fault. A model is synonymous with a theory, or a “law”, or a theorem, or even an argument.
But let me say that Box was a brilliant man and his time series work is rightly known by all. I’m not picking on Box. I am showing how one statement he has made, and has possibly been misconstrued, is false. I accept from you that Box didn’t mean it in the way that people take it.
Uncle Mike is on the right path, as always. The trouble with “hold out” data is this. People build probability models on one set and test it on the “hold out”. The model that works best is said to be most probably true. And that even might be true, for some cases, but what it also means is that the “hold out” data has been used in constructing the eventual model. To truly demonstrate skill, that model will have to make useful predictions of independent (not yet known) data.
Right. I often—today I did not—say that “future” data is not necessarily taken somewhere forward in time, but is data not yet know. Or not yet conditioned on.
If Box had said, “All models are incomplete” he would still be wrong, and for the same reasons I gave Mike B. Remember, everybody, it’s that darn “All” that is getting him in trouble.
I accept most of this except for the bit about “All scientific knowledge is based on experiment.” There’s that “All” again, and it makes the statement false. It completely rules out all a priori knowledge, for example (like axioms; and even more, which I hope to cover soon).
There are two kinds of hold-out data. Let me use a forestry example to explain.
If you cruise a stand by taking 100 plots, use 50 to build a local growth model, and then test the model with the other 50, they are all all the same data. Just change your “n”; it really doesn’t change anything else. You can do fancy bootstrapping, but it’s all a chimera and a waste of time.
On the other hand, if you take 100 new plots from a completely different stand in a different county, you could theoretically use that new data to test your model. They are independent data, more or less. But then your area of inference changes. Now you have a two-stand model instead of a one-stand model. Again, the old data are the old data.
The point of a growth model is to predict future growth. That’s its utility. Past growth is no mystery. It is what it is.
So the only real way to test your growth model is to return to the stand 10 years later and remeasure. The ten years of growth are new data, and a fair test of the model.
I have done it both ways. The first way is self-delusional, and possibly other-delusional if you can get others to buy into it. The second way is intellectually, logically, and pragmatically honest.
You is or you isn’t. It’s a black and white, on/off situation.
I have to quibble. If you cannot, you can not. If you cannot prove a proposition true, it may be true or false; if you can prove it false, you can’t –of course– prove it true, but if you can’t prove it false… I think, in science, this means: it’s metaphysical.
The hold-out method is a way of testing a model’s probable performance but it presupposes that the training data are representative of the population. You can slice up the data any way you please as long as the partitions remain representative. Training/testing with unrepresentative samples invalidates the procedure. All modelling make this presupposition as well.
Now, if the data changes over time, such that samples taken now are possibly unrepresentative of samples taken after a time lapse, how long is enough time to test the model?
I’m with Mike B on this. You have redefined ‘model’ to mean any logical statement which allows you to be cute, but provides no insight at all.
To call something a model must imply that there is some reality and that you are attempting to approximate that reality. This approximation can be based on a statistical model, or on fundamental physics, or a mixture of both. But this does not have anything to do with axiom based mathematical or logical systems. No model in this sense is ‘true’ since reality is always more complex than can be encapsulated in any model system. Box was therefore correct.
(PS. Mike D., I am indeed a climate modeller, and have never suggested otherwise. You are confusing a particular experimental methodology for making short term predictions with climate modelling in general. I am not involved in the former, but plenty involved in the latter).
Gavin correctly notes that models are by nature synthetic aposteri. Briggs incorrectly includes analytical apriori statements in his definition of models.
See the original post for an update. The questions are important enough to be part of the main post.
You are now arguing that the assertion “all models are wrong” is an empirical conclusion which has been reached prematurely — until all models have been tested, the conclusion is not proved true and must be treated as false.
I would suggest instead that “all models are wrong” as Box intends is a tautology. By definition a model is distinct from reality — wrong — in ways that are intended to be useful. Sometimes the usefulness fails. But if here the term “model” refers to the conclusion about all possible conclusions, then the statement is self-referential and can’t be either true or false.
Not empirical at all. Take a look at the update.
While your demonstration is correct and indeed the statement taken at its face value (what one should always do with scientific statements) is wrong , I believe that there is and has always been a SEVERE problem of vocabulary when the talk is about climate models .
I will try in the following to evacuate many common misconception and show what the climate “models” actually do or do not .
The biggest misconception is that climate models “solve” equations . They don’t by even the most liberal use of the word solve . That’s why they don’t need accurate initial and boundary condition and that’s why they cannot BY DESIGN make any deterministic predictions . What they do instead is to obey the conservation laws (mass , energy and momentum) within a given spatio-temporal discrete grid . Actually they even struggle with that and use some tricks (f.ex unphysical viscous dissipation dear to G.Browning) to avoid divergences or amusing oddities like negative ice concentrations .
The third misconception is that they are complex . They are not . Any student with knowledge in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics would understand in 2 months the physical principles . The computational side and the code is of course vast but that’s not physics or mathematics . However as I will show below this doesn’t imply that the people understand why the model does what it does . Actually they don’t really .
The fourth misconception is that they can be easily “tuned” . They cannot . It’s mostly because they are just based on primitive conservation laws on a discrete grid . There’s not much room for “tuning” there . What plays the “tuning” role is the subgrid parametrization and coupling . Subgrid parametrization is the alpha and omega of climate models . Because many relevant physical processes happen at smaller scales than the grid , they are represented by specific ad hoc formulas . Of course experiments (understand runs) are done to check what different parametrizations do so it is a kind of “tuning” but once it’s done it normally doesn’t change .
So now what is all this story about verifying “predictive skills” ?
And it is indeed exactly that .
As I said the people do not understand why , in detail , the model does what it does . That’s why they understand even less why different models have very different behaviours .
And the very ambitious goal is to try to analyze what is the reason for the differences .
A simple mind like yours or mine would tell them that the models give different results because they use very different physics and very different resolutions .
But they have invented a very special statistical concept of “ensemble mean” that I find absurd and that would deserve a special post .
So they hope that by doing a bazillion of runs with different models they would find the Holy Grail – the separation of “internal” and “external” variabilities .
This separation doesn’t make much sense either especially when dealing with chaotic systems that are never in equilibrium but well I guess the climate science has never heard about out of equilibrium systems .
In any case all that will provide work for , I estimate , several hundred people during 3 years .
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Our visit was very positive. Our two cats were treated by friendly, kind, personal. Dr. Hills was gentle and very knowledgeable. We appreciated his advice and information concerning vaccinations and diet.
By far the best vet we have ever had, thank you for your teams compassion and professionalism.
They are always there when we need them. Even when it’s the middle of the night. The Dr.’s and staff are knowledgeable and very caring. We have always felt like they knew exactly what we needed.
You provide excellent, gentle, loving care to our family. Very knowledgeable and professional. Thank you!
I love that everyone there knows who we are and they take the time to care for myself and my dog. I love that Karen takes the time to greet my dog and give her special treats every time we come into the office.
Everyone is very pleasant and courteous to the needs of your pet!
Dr Hills and the staff have always been there for us and our pets. You have consistently provided competent and compassionate care for our pets through the years. Your deep love for animals is evident and your support during my dogs recent passing is very much appreciated. I can’t thank you enough. May God continue to bless you and your work.
Had a regular appt yesterday for Jack. Thought he had a gas problem but Dr. Hill found a tumor. The news was shocking to say the least, but I felt calm, informed, and cared for. Facts not a forced agenda, information and quiet compassion. It couldnt have been handled better.
We love the way all of the employees are so patient & treat us and our dog as though we've known each other forever...our puppy Rosie loves going so that speaks volumes!
We love it there! Good people!??
The team is always very helpful and quick to respond. Mertaugh is hyper and anxious there but everyone is so kind. Dr. Hills brings us great comfort when addressing different things with our boy.
Very friendly people and they really care about your animals. Trust them fully.
I have had a few visits with the clinic for my cat Leo. Our first visit there was a little traumatic as we were under the impression our furry friend was female but found out that he is in fact a male. My daughter did not react well but they handled it so well. Everytime we go in we are greeted with a smile and the assistants, nurses and doctors all seem to love our little guy. We feel very welcome here. I love that they also accept care credit. So happy to find a great place for our little Leo.
I love how friendly and caring the whole staff is. Makes it so enjoyable when our 4-legged baby needs care. She is so relaxed and that just shows how comfortable she is with everyone.
Caring staff, very pleasent office environment. Dr. Hill is an awesome vet.
Staff is always happy to see us. Rooms are always clean and directions for care clear.
I really appreciate how you get pets right back to a room and keep them their thru checkout. Everyone I have encountered on the staff is always pleasant and helpful. You can tell you all have a true love for animals. We just started coming to Day hollow about a year and a half ago after getting a new dog. I'm very happy we made the switch for this pet.
Very friendly and informative. Easy to understand.
I love that the staff is very friendly and accommodating! Best practice I've been to!
Puppy class is great — learning a lot about how puppies think and how we can adjust to make them successful canines. Rebecca Medina makes it clear and provides tips to help the puppy learn.
Your staff is excellent. You all make us feel welcome beyond a simple "Hi". Dr. Rose answered all my questions to my satisfaction. She is very caring. Rebecca is second to none. Her training classes are excellent and she really cares for all the doggies and treats them with respect. Gio and I are very happy to be part of the Day Hollow Animal Hospital family.
We really like the professional, efficient and friendly staff. They always remember our pets and care for them in the most loving and gentle manner. The care they give is very up to date and the best!
Wonderful staff and clinic! Very good with the animals and very easy getting an appt with.
These guys are great both with my fur baby and myself (parent). All the staff is very caring no matter what the situation is.
Great vets and Vet Techs. They have tended to many of our animals over 30+ years. Very special people. Wouldn't have any other animal hospital treat our family.
Staff are very caring and thorough.
We like the friendly, informal, personal service. We trust our wonderful pets to their expert care.
Everyone is so friendly and professional. We are welcomed like part of a family and treated with kindness and respect. My cats get the best of veterinary care and all my concerns and questions are thoroughly addressed.
I do love the personalized service my pets get. The girls are all very friendly, knowledgable and make me feel very comfortable.
The staff is very friendly and helpful. I am grateful that when I have (the many) behavioral issues with my young dog, I am met with understanding, compassion and helpful suggestions. When the frustration shows, they are not condemning or judgemental, just compassionate.
The fact that it is close by, that I can get an appointment quickly or talk to the doctor if I need to and that all the staff are friendly and knowledgeable and genuinely care about our pets.
Experience with Dr. Hills and staff on November 14, 2018 was the experience that is always #1 when Dr. Hills take care in doing whatever needs to be done and we appreciate it very much. Thank you Dr. Hills and staff.
Appointments are on time; minimal waiting. Crew knows the clients and welcomes them; makes them calm. Expertise of everyone.
I have been pleased with the care and service of everyone we have encountered at Day Hollow. I have met all the vets, and most of the staff. My cats have always been treated wonderfully, and we have always been able to get appointments when needed. I think you are great, and have referred other family members and friends to you.
The personel are the best. Fun to be around. My cats even act nicer when there.
Great job with Sam and clipping his nails! You know how to handle him.
Excellent staff and facility. Very caring and knowledgeable. I would definitely recommend DHAH!
Always friendly very calm and the pets love them.
As always a wonderful experience. We all felt very cared for!
I love that I always feel welcome at the clinic. I have had some tough situations and the staff there is always compassionate and understanding. Your office has a very family feel to it. I switched to Day Hollow for that reason. I'm happy I made that decision and am always recommending your business to others.
When I go to DHAH, I walk in the door and I feel like I am visiting family. Everyone knows your name, and your fur babies name. You see smiles, and hear laughter, and you never hear anger. They laugh with you and when the time to say goodbye to a beloved pet they cry with you. The care they provide is excellent. I recently had my two kittens spayed and neutered and they came through surgery without problem and recovered without complications.
Pumpkin really appreciates the kitty exam room. He is so much more comfortable there than in rooms where the dogs have been.
The staff is very effienct and friendly. They make sure everyone is doing fine. And, the response time on tests are great.
Staff is always friendly and answers all questions. As a first time pet owner, I don’t feel dismissed for asking a lot of them!
Doctor and staff are knowledgeable and efficient. They handled my dog with gentle care.
I felt, as I walked in with Maggie Mae, that she was the most important patient being seen that day. Everyone was super friendly and so very pleasant. It was a great way to start my day and Maggie's too! (Even if she did have to have her temperature taken and get a booster shot). Thank you for making a trip to the vet a good experience!
Everyone is so nice and helpful. Willing to answer question (over and Over) to make sure new puppy owners are comfortable.
The entire staff at Day Hollow have seen us through so many things - the euthanasia of my Rajha, the welcoming of our two new babies Odie & Dawson, Odie’s several trips to Day Hollow for urinary blockages, our precious Dawson’s passing and our (fairly) new Zia. They’ve been amazingly wonderful through all of them! I have a especially special place in my heart for Trish, Karen and most importantly Dr. Terry Hills. Thank you for ALL you do for the Spada’s!
We love the staff and the helping attitude of everyone. It made all the visits easier. Thank you everyone!
The staff at Day Hollow Animal Hospital is always kind, helpful and informative. They treat me our animals as though they are the only ones to be cared for.
Everyone always goes above and beyond for us. My dog recently had surgery to remove a cyst from her leg. She split open her incision at 12:30 a.m. I called Dr. Hills and he met us at the clinic 15 minutes later and repaired it. I wouldn't take our dogs anywhere else!
We love the time and care our cats receive every time we are there!
Courtesy, friendly staff, no long waits, gentle with pets.
Very friendly and there when we need them.
Staff and Doctor very friendly and have excellent skills dealing with the animals!
The staff is friendly and professional. Dr. Alaimo addresses our concerns honestly. The clinic is always clean and neat.
Everyone I've interacted with at the clinic has been wonderful! Very sensitive when I brought my last cat in, not knowing either one of us, and when I put him down. Warm and welcoming environment.
Me and Trip all like you! And Trip doesn’t care about his nails trimmed but I’m glad that you get it done quickly ! ??
The clinic and staff are very welcoming and passionate. I just had to put my beloved Madison down and they were so compassionate and understanding. I really appreciated the card afterwords.
Staff is so super friendly nd professional. Very suppportive in questions or concerns. Rebecca the dog trainer fantastic and understanding dogs minds. So very happy that I decided to go with Day Hollow Animal Hospital.
Couldn't find a better vet, a greater staff, and wonderful support and concern for both "patient and parent" - thanks for all you do!
we love the service and attention our dogs get,hope you have room for one more, it's unanimous,Day Hollow Animal Clinic,our favorite.
Always nice to see and meet such a pleasant staff.
we love the classes with Rebecca.
We love how caring everyone is. We do not feel like we are farmed in and out!
Another pleasant,professional visit,as usual. Thanks team DHAH!!!!
Love the doctors and staff at Day Hollow! And thank you for continuing to provide acupuncture care. It has made a huge difference for Hailey, our 13-year-old Labrador retriever. Her quality of life is excellent!
I appreciate all of the staff. Friendly and professional.
I loved the cleanliness of the building. The staff were extremely friendly and everything was explained clearly.
The staff at Day Hollow Animal Hospital are always knowledgeable, professional, and friendly. My phone calls and emails are replied to promptly. I can always get an appointment when I need one. I feel like I can ask them any question about caring for my dog or worries I might have.
Staff is always friendly and interested. We feel Angel is getting the best care possible. We especially love Dr. Rose and Karen!
Staff is always pleasant and responsive. I've never had any trouble making appointments, and they always offer affordable options while caring about what's best for your pet.
Always takes the time to answer questions and give one on one to both Rylie and myself. Everyone treated Rylie wonderfully. Thank you as always!
Every employee is friendly to humans and pets. They show great care to the animals.
I love how friendly the staff is and how they always go out of their way to treat us with professionalism.
The whole staff has compassion,and nothing but respect and devotion for the animals ,as well as their owners,when it comes to a visit.
Everyone treated Sophie like she was a queen. Thanks for the great dental cleaning she got, and we received a great discussion on what was done. Thanks again all.
You really care about my pets and I understand it’s a business you only charge a very fair price and don’t nickel dime us to death!!
Always friendly staff and lots of information for the care of our special needs dog. Thank you Day Hollow!
I LOVE how caring, kind and understanding the entire office is. I have never experienced anything like it before!!!
Everyone I had contact with was attentive, congenial and knowledgeable. I feel that my dog is being well cared for at Day Hollow Animal Hospital.
Very friendly and knowledgeable staff. The staff is easily approachable and are great with Max. Definitely don't worry coming to Day Hollow Animal Hospital. I know that they will take care of Max and be able to answer any question I might have!
Excellent pet care, kind and considerate staff who takes the time with pet and owner in mind.
The atmosphere at the clinic is that of a professional place. The vet assistant was so kind and warm, toward us and our dog, and our vet was efficient and thorough. We were surprised to find that Bailey is Lyme positive, but are glad to be able to take action on this matter.
Excellent team of people. Dr Hill is the best. Excellent service. Thank you for everything you do.
The staff is very loving and compassionate. They show they love their job and care about my puppy! Great people!
I love that I can get my pet in right away if need be with the Doctor of my choice. The staff is always friendly and helpful and the clinic is close by my home.
I still prefer Dr Hills, he always makes a return visit to the room to see if I have questions. Dr. Alamo for to address Ginger having problems getting up. We want to stay with "as we refer to him" Grandpa Hills.
Everyone is very personable and very kind and gentle with the animals. Also, very understanding that the "humans" also have anxieties and not just the animals! The office is very professional and run like a doctor's office as you would expect.
Staff is excellent with the care of my dog!
The staff was very attentive to my questions, and provided excellent answers and recommendations! They were very caring when spending time with my pet. Also, the clinic was excellent about fitting me in for a quick assessment while accommodating my hectic schedule for an incision check. I genuinely appreciate that while my pet was there for surgery, they called with check-ups. Dr. Hill and Dr. Alaimo have a true servants heart and are incredible working with my kitty.
Best vets vet techs and office staff around.
They are personal, professional and ever so courteous. The diagnostics are excellent. Flexible as to treatment options.Realistically oriented.
I felt very welcomed on my first visit. The staff did a great job of taking care of Beau. I found the place to be very clean and I was very happy that I went to you. Thank you.
Always kind and understanding..they are fantastic with my pets, Dunkin feels comfortable with all staff.
We are not farmed in and out like other places. They truely care here and know your name when you come in the office.
Very friendly staff. Helps with any questions or concerns and addresses them immediately!!
The staff is excellent, both vets and staff. They always try to accommodate me, and take excellent care of my cats!
As always, the Staff was great at Jessa's appt. I really appreciate the care and concern that is always given. The Tech's always know who I am and are very personable. Dr Hills is wonderful and I really appreciate the time that he gives me and the calmness that he gives off when he is doing the exam.
I brought my new cat Cecelia in to you all because of the kind, loving care you showed my dog Sasha. And you have been just as good with CeCe. Thank you for that.
The kindness and concern. Most important for me is respect in alternative choices for treatment. I use o be able to pay in installments, but can't anymore. A problem with an emergency issue. I suppose I could get on one of their plans to put money away for such an event.
They are very accommodating and understanding of time and costs. They truly care about your pet! Only good things to say about this vet!!
The staff is awesome. They treat your pet as if it were their very own. The facility is clean and has plenty of room for pets and their owners.
Dr Hills and his team are amazing. The staff is very professional and always ready to help in any situation you might find yourself in as a pet owner. Very compassionate to your needs. I have been a client for well over 15 years and will never go anywhere else. They mske you feel like family.
The staff is always very nice and they pay special attention to my kitten.
we love how everyone has such compassion for all the animals.. Harv is not stressed at all to go to the office...he loves to see everyone.. I love that the staff is willing to figure out the best way to make the visit as stress free as possible..
Our yearly visit with our two 12 year old cats provided us with a pleasant experience. We were given a lot of information about how to keep our house pets healthy and all of our questions were answered in depth. We were not hurried and our nervous cats were made to feel more confident. We left with a complete report of our cats's history and visit. Thanks you for the time you take to make us comfortable.
The entire staff at Day Hollow have always been friendly and nice and they care deeply for the wellbeing of their furry friends! I love that they don't push unnecessary testing, especially since I'm on a fixed income. The level of respect and care they give is awesome! Thank you for everything you do!
Very friendly....Q.Be and I enjoy coming here.
The best friendliest most caring professional staff anywhere.
Friendliness and kindness with our animals.
Love the Drs. and Vet assistants at Day Hollow they all are caring and wonderful with us and our Furries.
My pets love coming to the vet!
Thank you for your interest in our Owego practice. The entire staff is dedicated not only to restoring your pet's health, but focuses on preventative care and client education. Our office has a small, friendly atmosphere that puts our patients at ease. You will not find a crowded waiting room or have trouble scheduling timely appointments. Our practice has numerous specialties to satisfy every client needs.
On our web site, you will find information about our practice philosophy, our services, helpful forms to assist you and an extensive Pet Medical Library for you to search for additional animal health care information. Visit our online store!
As a Mixed Animal Hospital we strive to offer sound advice and optimal veterinary care. Our goal is to allow you the enjoyment of your companion animal (and vice versa!) for a maximum number of years. Our job is not only to treat your pet when they aren't feeling well, but also to help you learn how to keep your pet happy and healthy.
HEALTHY PETS = HEALTHY PEOPLE. | 2019-04-23T00:16:55Z | http://vetboostapp.com/Public/MySite.aspx?qUID=19929300a |
Coffee Forums UK > New Members Section > New Members Section > Good Fairtrade beans?
View Full Version : Good Fairtrade beans?
I'm just starting to look at where to get fresh beans having upgraded to what to many forumites would be an absolutely basic entry-level set-up. I hadn't really considered that there would be an issue getting Fairtrade beans; if Sainsbury's own brand can be Fairtrade by default, surely that particular battle had been won? But when I looked at my local roasters, I find that: one says it pays a higher price than the Fairtrade minimum, which is good, but says nothing about the Fairtrade premium or their standards for estate workers; a second actively opposes Fairtrade, putting forward a rationale that, to be charitable, shows a touching faith in free markets' ability to improve the welfare of poor agricultural workers; a third (slightly less local) puts what I consider to be deliberately deceitful copy on its website to fool consumers that what they're purchasing is Fairtrade when it's not. The position is the same for some of the well-regarded mail-order roasters I've looked at. So the question is, does anyone know of somewhere that sells mail-order good, fresh beans that are also Fairtrade? Or can show that it really duplicates the standards that Fairtrade stipulates?
"Just because it doesn’t say “fair trade,” doesn’t mean it’s not fairly traded. It’s always worth asking your roaster their standpoint on price, their thoughts on sustainability and their relationship with the importers and farmers. Don’t be fooled into believing that the only fair deals are done under the “Fairtrade” label. If you really want to take an interest in your coffee, make sure that the price you are paying represents a fair deal for all involved and helps to create a high quality, sustainable product."
There has been studies into fairtrade before where really the standards were only very slightly higher than normal, i cant rememebr the article source off the top of my head though. You have to jump through a few hoops to get accredited too I believe, easy for Sainsburys but harder for small operations.
I buy alot of my beans from HasBean, they do a lot of buying direct from the farm and Steve (the owner) goes out to visit the farmers and cement relationships. More money goes back to the farm, and long term relationships can be forged. I'm sure if you email HasBean they will go into more detail.
Im sure other roasters are similar.
The key phrase is "relationship coffee" which as others have said is where the roasters have built up a relationship with the farm owners and buy direct from them, bypassing all the brokers and other middle men who still want a cut under the Fair Trade scheme and thus the farmers and then their workers get all of the usually higher price paid for the coffee as well. If I recall properly there was a program on channel 4 looking at the Fairtrade scheme as it works in Ghana with chocolate growers and they only got a tiny tiny bit more than the none fairtrade farmers.
I would generally says that if you look at the leading roasters recommended by the forum that most of them don't subscribe the Fairtrade scheme but because of the way they work the farmers get a much better deal.
Dear all, thanks for the replies, I've been at work today so haven't had time to reply till today. I also thought I'd better find out a bit more about Fairtrade coffee. I've read the Hasbean blog (thanks Daren), and looked up Fairtrade's coffee policy. I don't really buy some of the Hb criticisms, about the money spent on marketing and so on, at least in principle, since it's at least partly that which has brought their products from the fringe into the mainstream. As to the Channel 4 documentary I haven't seen it, but I have had a look some of the criticism of FT and the response to it on the web, which confirms, with a bit more information, that FT is an imperfect organisation that is not the whole answer to poverty etc of agricultural commodity producers, but which has made a genuine, positive difference. (BTW, there's a strand of sceptical, debunking Channel 4 documentaries connected with a strange little organisation called Spiked, which IMO it pays to be quite sceptical of).
That said there's an issue with FT coffee that I wasn't aware of: because they want to support small producers, who they say produce 70% of the world's coffee, they won't accredit estate owners who treat their workers well as they do with other products. As they say, they realise that this leaves landless farm labourers, some of the most vulnerable people in the world economy, unprotected by the scheme. I sort of understand their reasons, but it seems to me to be a real shame. Especially, since with all the roasters who talk about their "relationship coffees", which may well have real benefits for the quality of the beans, the relationship seems to be exclusively with the estate owner, and the estate labourers disappear. Now it may be that fantastic things are happening for these workers in terms of their wages and owner-funded welfare and education schemes; if so I'd love to hear about them. But I can see that dealing with estates rather than small producers, even if they're in co-ops, is likely to make it easier for roasters to ensure quality control, and I imagine that's their motivation rather than squeezing a few more pence per kilo out of the farm labourers.
I think in general the consumer is just either (a) not interested or (b) poorly informed and just think 'Fair Trade is better, I'm doing my bit for the world' when in reality there is very little difference.
HasBean regularly go into details about the farm on their weekly video blog 'In My Mug', if you watch the recent episode on the Tanzania natural they talk about how the 2 local farms have houses for the farmers, various schools, an ambulance etc all available to the workers and their pay is fixed at 25% above minimum wage.
Many other roasters will know similar details too I'm sure, just an example that came to mind.
Bronterre to be blunt you are really really overthinking this, many of the popular roasters on here are small businesses themselves who enter into a relationship with both individual farms, estates and co-operatives to the mutual benefit of ALL people included in the relationship which results in real benefits for the workers in terms of schools for the children, decent housing and better wages, and the effect of this for the roaster is to end up with a higher quality bean as the farms can then afford to employ agronomists to help them, build washing/processing stations on the farms rather have everything sent to a central facility and also all the benefits help to create a workforce that cares about their product.
Any large umbrella organisation with a high profile such as FairTrade have huge associated costs with running such a scheme and every £1 spent on this is a £1 not going into the producers hands. If you check the websites of roasters such as Hasbean, Origin, Union Hand Roasted and many more you will find videos of trips to the coffee producers , news articles etc that show the benefits to everyone on the farms. After all we are talking about micro roasters not global multinationals and no sinister agendas or conspiracies.
If it helps, I tend to avoid the fairtraded coffees as they are often not as good. I do however, prefer the Rainforest Alliance and Utz Kapeh certifications. These usually give far better coffee and I personally think Utz Kapeh does a better job than fair trade. I looked into all this years ago as I was very interested in it and the welfare of farmers.....as you can see, with the Gems of Araku post I made.
It's also true as someone has said, just because coffee is not fairtrade does not mean it isn't very good for the farmers. not only do roasters have farmer relationships, but some of the big importers have relationships with farmers that go well beyond anything you might imagine. However, if it's not something you can verify. Rainforest Alliance and Utz Kapeh certification are always good things to look for....especially as many of the conditions that have to be met can directly improve the quality of the coffee. many of the bulk buy Bella Barista coffees are RA or Utz kapeh coffees as I choose them wherever possible.
Ah yes....and worst still is when you sit down and think about what fair trade REALLY means. Of course sometimes there are some good FT coffees. There is a particular Fairtrade Csta Rican I get when it's available that's always been pretty good. However in the spirit of Videos. Also Utz coffee is graded as well.
The fair trade bubble burst for me a long time ago.
Thanks again for your responses. Charliej, I've no problem with you being blunt; I just disagree that I'm "overthinking" the issue. A truer criticism is that I haven't thought (or researched) enough about it until this point. Your post makes an assumption that just can't be assumed; that agreements and relationships between two small businesspeople automatically mean good, or at least the best possible, conditions for agricultural workers. I agree that this is possible, if at least one of the parties has this as a priority, but it isn't automatic; if not specifically addressed, the markets in coffee and labour can produce terrible conditions for labourers, without the need for any nefarious conspiracy on anyone's part. This, after all, is what led to the impetus for Fair Trade, in its various incarnations, in the first place.
TheDude, I've watched the video you link to; it refutes an argument that I'm not making, that Fair Trade necessarily means better quality beans. And DavecUK, my belated research about FT and its alternatives has failed to convince me that either UTZ or the Rainforest Alliance are anything other than corporate strategies to counter the challenge of FT by doing the least possible they can get away with. This (http://www.coopcoffees.com/all_news/media/articles/making-sense-of-certification-2014-fair-trade-direct-trade-rainforest-alliance-utz-whole-trade-and-organic/)is the most balanced and informative single article I've found, though it's a bit brief and a few years old, it's well-referenced. And I'm quite willing to think about what fair trade really means; I don't accept, if that's what you're suggesting, that what the market decides is the only true measure of fairness.
More positively, I'm really glad to hear from aaronb about the good things reported by Hasbean, and that Charliej suggests is more widespread. I can hardly say that Hasbean's efforts were secret if they were on their blog. However, I wasn't able to find them on the main bits of Hasbean's or other popular roasters' websites where they talk about their ethical approach. The roasters local to me that I've looked at more closely don't have anything to that effect. I've asked the most promising of them via their Facebook page what their approach is regarding the employees of their growers and am waiting for a response. Finally, I think it's fair to say that it's difficult to imagine that roasters would be quite as concerned about their ethical image if it hadn't been for the challenge of Fair Trade.
Anyway, again, genuine thanks for your responses; they've stimulated me to research an area, at an elementary level, which I really should have thought more about before.
I personally feel a lot of fair trade consumers are quite ignorant and just buy coffee on the basis the logo is on the packet and assume that it is better for the producer, fair play to you for investigating further and making informed choices.
There are people in the Specialty Coffee world who strongly believe that the cost of a cup of coffee should rise by quite a bit, and that more profits should be going to the roasters, the farmers and the mills etc. Whilst the intentions are good (who could begrudge workers being paid fairly?) asking for an extra £1 in the coffee shop is never going to work realistically. It's nice to know that certain importers and roasters do work closely with farms.
The issue is not the price it's where the money goes. Fairtrade means you can be sure the extra money goes to the people who Work the coffee plantations rather than further up the chain. Speciality coffee definitely means a higher price but not always a guarantee that the lowest paid get it. The "farmer" may get paid more but do they pay their workers more?
Do they spend money developing shared community assets?
I prefer to Support fairtrade with commodity products and with speciality coffee I support cooperatives when I can.
Fairtrade foundation only Support cooperatives as they can be more sure the premium gets shared. I agree with them and make the same choice when buying high end speciality coffee where a low price for the beans is less of an issue.
Fairtrade is about the price paid and where the money goes; it has nothing to do with the quality of the coffee.
The majority of consumers need a simple logo to make ethical choices because most people won't bother otherwise. Fairtrade has saved lives and built communities by preventing the market from smashing them. That's not a bad thing and I agree it isn't the only thing; more is needed.
Look if your that concerned, just do what I do.
Each Christmas instead of having a Christmas present from my wife...the money gets donated to a worthy 3rd world charity or a home charity for kids cancer etc..Sometimes it's a Charity like Coffee Kids. So each year £200-300 goes to a charity and they get something and I forego a Christmas present....it's worked well for me for the last 10 years or so.
Then your problem is solved, becuase it's much better than any of the corporate schemes or even what the individual roasters do.
Oracleoftruth, thanks for your post, as you'll have seen I'm very broadly in sympathy with what you say. Do you have any mail-order beans that you'd particularly recommend?
OK the bottom line is that the roasters generally recommended on here participate in schemes or Direct Trade that are far more beneficial than ones run by a very large faceless bureaucracy and if you insist on buying ones labelled as FairTrade only then you are lowering the quality of your coffee and missing out on some amazing coffees.
I don't know why you can't find any details of how the micro roasters operate as it's plainly obvious on the ones I checked out yesterday, go take a look at the Coffee Compass website then scroll right down on the homepage, look at Origin Coffee and their videos, have a look at Rave and at Union Hand Roasted and the info is there plainly for anyone to see, if you aren't blinkered by things that carry the FairTrade logo.
The FairTrade logo no more guarantees the conditions of the workers than anything else does as the money gets paid to someone in country who then pays the workers after their cut. Open your mind a little, these micro roasters aren't just talking up what they do or lying about how their Direct Trade approach is far more beneficial. You seem to forget that unfortunately Coffee is mainly grown in countries that for reasons beyond the remit of this forum are notoriously corrupt and in some case war torn, and when you started engaging with officials on behalf of a scheme such as FairTrade you have to start dealing with locals that want a bribe, this is more or less normal in these countries and that money comes out of the pot that should pay the growers and their staff. If you pay the farmer directly this doesn't happen, well at least not as often as it otherwise would.
Blimey, Charliej, what are you really angry about. I haven't claimed to have conducted an exhaustive survey of roasters; I hadn't looked at Union Hand Roasted and I agree there's plenty on their site, and as you say there's a summary on the Coffee Compass homepage; Origin made an assertion about social standards without going into detail, and I couldn't see anything obvious on Rave. Not to say that all these companies don't have equally high standards on this issue, it's just that some make it more obvious than others. I've covered this point in my exchange with aaronb about Hasbean, and will return to it in just a second when I report my conversation with my local roaster, Small Batch.
Now, as I've indicated before, I'm not seeking perfection, and I'm prepared to listen to roasters' claims about the social standards they require, but this approach isn't problem free either. There's the question of credibility and conflict of interest. There are well-documented concerns about the big companies' responses to FT, Utz and Rainforest Alliance, to the effect that they're exercises in greenwashing and whatever the equivalent word is for specious claims about social standards; now I'm a fairly trusting person, but I can't ignore this history when I'm looking at the coffee industry. It would be really helpful to small roasters if there was a credible yet sophisticated third-party certifying organisation that could reassure customers that their claims were genuine. Imagine a scenario: a roaster and farm-owner enter into an agreement which includes social standards; the farmer then comes under pressure due to some external such as poor weather, and is tempted to reduce or abandon those social guarantees. Would a small roaster have the resources to find out about this and confront it? Maybe, maybe not. These are complicated issues. It would be pleasant to be able to raise them without being lectured about what I allegedly seem to be forgetting and told to open my mind. But I guess people can read the thread and decide how open-minded we're all being. Finally, I haven't come across claims that FT is endemically corrupt, but I've just started looking at the issue, so if you have anything to substantiate the allegation, let's hear about it.
DavecUK, frankly you're just a nicer person than me; I don't think I'm that keen on foregoing a Christmas present from my wife. How else am I going to get hold of all the coffee kit that I suddenly discover I need? A slightly broader point is that basic standards for commodity producers probably need a more structural answer than individual acts of generosity, however worthwhile and welcome they are.
Finally, as I mentioned earlier, I was waiting for an answer to queries on Facebook about all this from Small Batch, who are local to me. They've given me a lot more detail than was available on the website about conditions and facilities for estate workers, so I'm going to bestow the highly-prized gift of my custom on them (I don't think they'll be calling their growers to ask them to up production). They also agreed that it might be a good idea to make the info I'd elicited a bit more prominent when they re-design their website shortly, though I suppose we'll have to see what makes the final cut. All in all, a very productive and civil exchange.
I.m not angry I'm exasperated with you, people other than myself have laid it out for you, yet you still seem to assume that FairTrade is the gold standard when it most surely isn't, if you want to discover how much of a joke it really is then simply look at the requirements for a town or city in the UK to be able to call itself a FairTrade town.
You always seem to be implying that the the small roasters have an agenda and are all openly lying about what they do or do not do, they have no reason for this, they are , in the scheme of things, very small quality focused businesses , not the huge businesses you seem to think they are ,that choose to buy directly from coffee growers, usually paying a higher premium to the growers than FairTrade do, they develop direct relationships with growers over a period of years. One thing you seem to not even consider is that raising the welfare standards of the all concerned in the growers employ enables them to focus more on quality than quantity, gives the workers better housing, healthcare, build schools for the children, pay higher wages etc etc, all this instils a pride in the quality of the product throughout the chain.
What really sums you and your attitude up is this quote "so I'm going to bestow the highly-prized gift of my custom on them" it shows a degree of arrogance that is staggering and beggars belief as you basically assume that most of them at worst lie and at best over exaggerate their claims. Well the news for you is this would constitute false advertising which is illegal. The big businesses involved in coffee such as Nestle, makers of Nescafe have done huge amounts of damage to people and the environment over the years but these aren't the quality focused micro roasters we are talking about.
agree to disagree in a civil, non personal manner .
Mrboots2u thank you for (helpfully) pointing out the obvious. I'll just say that if anyone new to this thread assumes from Charlie's last post that I've been slandering small roasters right and left and think Fairtrade is absolutely perfect, could they please look at my previous post, and, if they can be bothered, the thread as a whole.
Hello again. I tend to use my local Foundry Roasters in sheffield. They have good coffee and I trust them. They usually deal with cooperatives which I favour for making sure money is distributed.
For fairtrade i've not found a high quality roaster and I'd be interested.
I'd be interested in putting charlie's points to someone from the fairtrade foundation. I'm sure they're more than able to answer for themselves.
The key point that speciality coffee command a much higher price and makes fairtrade obsolete is only partly true. As I said it's also where the money goes and as charlie says we can't know where it goes when you pay a farmer or more likely a dealer. Unless that is you have resources to monitor the situation. And there's the point of the fairtrade foundation.
Building relationships with farms and estates is great but places the onus on the small coffee roaster to be checking where the money goes and making sure bribes aren't happening. It can be a big ask.
Perhaps there is a need for a way for fairtrade foundation to Work with speciality coffee buyers in a better way and to ensure their charges are more obviously worthwhile and affordable.
Can't fault their intentions though.
Hi Glen, I read this article during my hurried search for material earlier in this thread, but thanks anyway for taking the trouble to post it. My thoughts on it are the same as I've tried to outline in earlier posts: I accept that there are problems with Fairtrade for well-intentioned speciality importers/roasters, and that these may be insuperable within the current Fairtrade rules for coffee. I think "flexibility" is a double-edged sword: if things are going well it could work to everyone's benefit, but if pressures develop on any component of the supply chain, those pressures could simply be passed on to the least powerful constituency, the farm workers, unless there is external verification. That's the case even if everyone in the chain, certainly the roasters, have the best intentions. Finally, it would be good if roasters acknowledged that without Fairtrade in the market, standards for coffee workers would be a much less prominent issue. As I say, this is substantially just restating what I've said earlier.
You may enjoy the blog CRS Coffeelands, its focus is largely on improving pay, standards of living etc for the farmer.
ShortShots, just read the first post on the Coffeelands blog, and it's already clear that this is a fabulous resource for anyone interested these things. Thanks for the tip.
Thanks, aaronb. I can see what you mean about not wanting to bump the thread, but, for me anyway, it's been mostly informative and stimulating. I liked the post you linked to (haven't had time to watch the film that the poster links to); I don't necessarily agree with all his conclusions so far as I understand them, but he really highlights effectively some of the problems in getting coffee fairly traded, and that whatever set of presuppositions you approach the issue with, they're unlikely to fit the reality completely. | 2019-04-19T01:15:26Z | https://coffeeforums.co.uk/archive/index.php/t-16071.html?s=a449d4e635261507fa5bf8033b80ed42 |
I’ve been thinking about listening skills a lot since we decided to “unplug” our CELTA course back in 2009 (if you are interested in catching up with that work, you can watch a summary talk we gave at IATEFL 2010, or read some blog posts here, here and here.).
Listening skills development is certainly not a novel topic; what is perhaps unusual about my preoccupation is that it hasn’t been the students’ listening skills that I’ve been thinking about, but the teachers’.
When Izzy, my colleague at the time, and I pulled out a blank piece of paper and redefined what we wanted to see in a teacher, being able to really listen to students and leverage what they heard was very high on the list.
In fact, although it didn’t come first on the joint list we worked out when we wanted some kind of chronology for our talk in Harrogate, it was actually my #1.
Above perhaps all else, I want my teachers (both those who teach me and those I train to teach) to be able to listen to me and to leverage what they hear for my learning benefit.
But what does “being able to really listen…and leverage what they hear” mean?
And following from that, is it teachable, trainable? Or is it a talent, one that you either have or you don’t – a genetic predisposition, if you will?
If it is trainable, what steps could trainers take to help trainees discover this skill in themselves, develop it, and learn to apply it in the classroom with confidence in real-time?
These are big questions, and I do not presume to have final answers. However, I would like to describe some of the very limited work I do on my CELTA course at the moment, and invite you to comment.
You haven’t listened to a word I’ve said, have you?
This faced us with the obvious issue that this is an extremely demanding complex of decisions to reach, even for an experienced teacher, so how can beginner teachers be prepared to do this?
Further, should they be prepared to do this? Might it be unethical – irresponsible and dangerous – to try to get novice teachers to focus on this “higher-order” teaching stuff when they might not yet know how to ICQ, CCQ, “chest” materials or elicit?
We decided that eavesdropping (which is all, in principle, classroom monitoring is in its most basic form) is a skill that most humans with reasonable hearing and a healthy ego were capable of doing, and if we could make the connection between listening into a juicy conversation on a busy bus and listening to students engaged in a mingle activity, we would be on the road to success.
After all, one of our design principles was “if it is challenging, but central to our notion of a teacher and something familiar from normal life, then it should come early in our course“. Eavesdropping – sorry: monitoring – certainly fitted this definition.
So, as one of our other design principles was that we should work from situations that the trainees had experienced or would experience soon, we have recently taken different approaches.
Sometime on day two of our course these days, we refer the trainees to the fact that, during the “getting to know you” tasks that we engaged them with in the first hours of the course, we trainers were circulating, listening and noting verbatim things they were saying. We show them the notes – untidy as they might be – and hope the trainees notice these are quotations, not paraphrases of their talk.
From there, we discuss the benefits or advantages of capturing precisely things your learners say. Even on day two, most trainees realise that the more accurate the data, the more accurate the conclusion one can draw about a learner’s needs.
With this basic appreciation of the benefit of verbatim notes established, it’s time to start developing this as a teaching skill.
We start off in pairs. One trainee is the scribe, one is the speaker. The scribe’s job is to ask an intial question and then, while maintaining constant eye contact and normal back channelling with the speaker, write down quotes from the conversation. After one minute, the roles change and the speaker becomes the scribe. In this way, both trainees get to talk about the given question and both get to practice 121 style engagement and note-taking.
The notes from this round are often a mix of quote and paraphrase. It quickly becomes clear to trainees that their paraphrases say more about their language than their “learner’s”.
Time for round two. Pairs become trios or quads. One trainee is the scribe; the others are a working group. The group chats together about a given question (often they decide this question – and all the others – themselves) while the scribe does their work. In this round, the scribes needn’t engage with the group as they can engage with themselves, and in this way the scribes learn to keep a low profile when they can.
Generally, trainees by now have the idea of what verbatim means and the reduced pressure of the group monitoring allows them more thinking space. Balancing this is the increased cut-n-throust of the conversation and the general increase in noise.
The final round is a full-blown mingle stage, with a number of scribe mingling with the rest of the group. During the activity, we trainers rotate the scribes so everyone has a chance to participate as scribe or speaker.
Each of these three interaction patterns is a typical teaching situation (teacher working 121; teacher monitoring static groups; teacher monitoring a mingle). Later that day, the trainees will be teaching their first Teaching Practice – a speaking lesson – so this rehearsal for listening and noting language is essential in our view.
Note-taking is, it would seem at first glance, a rudimentary, mechanical act – and yet, trainees regularly say how difficult it is in the live classroom. Why do they find it challenging? Let’s look at some common comments from trainees and see what might be behind them.
Understandable, this response, but in reality the same trainee would ahve had no difficulty in listening carefully to a conversation in which their name had been mentioned in a noisy environment. Listening is a faculty sharpened by desire: once this connection is established, ambient noise begins to play less of a role. Combine this with some coaching in positioning in the room, lip-focusing (not lip-reading) and attentiveness, and performance improves.
Equally understandable, but the question here really is why should you expect to get down what is being said while you are writing something else down? There is a natural concentration opportunity cost to writing, and this is at the expense of listening. Once trainees experience this in their own classroom duties, they develop a visceral sense of how challenging it is to listen, process and write expensively – which is a useful lesson to learn in order to appreciate how unfair setting expensive note-taking tasks for listening practice can be.
Also understandable, and reassuring – after all, pity the teacher who is not interested in what their learners are saying simply for the human interest. However, teachers need to be dual core processors, in a way: part of us needs to focus on meaning and the human interaction; another part needs to have its focus on the language being used. An early experience with this challenge is arguably crucial to setting the right expectations for how a teaher needs to be able to attend to their learners and their output.
For a novice teacher, this is especially unsurprising. However, even if the teacher simply showed the learners what they would have said to do the same job in language, this would be valuable feedback and a useful first step on the road to becoming an effective teacher.
Teaching is a Zen profession: by learning to be in the present moment, our most effective teaching steps follow naturally much more often than they are forethought. By learning to trust their intuitions and act on instinct to a certain degree, trainees can discover that they have a language instinct and that this is trustworthy. They also learn to think more quickly, as those decisions taken consciously need to happen in seconds. This is challenging at first, but so is everything in teaching. It’s best to focus on challenging trainees with the stuff that really matters rather than the dog-through-hoops tricks of ICQs etc that are easy to tick off a tutor’s “wish to see” list but do not really help the neophyte teacher actually to teach.
Of course they were. A learner, by definition, does not use the language perfectly. The new teacher, however, needs to learn how to listen discerningly. In the beginning, errors go unnoticed as we fight against our natural inclination to accommodate for meaning. Later, teachers notice “errors”, and “correct” them. The high art of teaching is to notice needs where language is well formed but camouflaged – no surface errors are present but looking more closely reveals a lexical deficit, for example. Alternatively, there really is a flawless utterance which is based on a more generalisable pattern from which other students in the group could learn (see the example “It’s not the sort of thing that you think would ever happen to you” in my last post about punching your weight in class). Beginning teachers need to get good at working on all of these levels, and the sooner they start, the better.
So that is some of what I am trying to do on my training course at the moment, and why I am doing it. What do you think?
For instance, the student in a telephone roleplay says “Tell me your name?”. Then an alarm bell rings and I’m already thinking of “Could I take your name, please?”, the difference between surname, forename, when to refer to the person as MR…,how to use “and your..”. Next, I’m mulling over if I should stop this roleplay and recap or let it go. If the later then will I do a focus on with all the ideas or do step by step focussing or just eliciting, correcting and practising. I could also do a reversed roleplay and get her to make notes of my language or even just record it on my phone.
During all this time the rest of my brain is listening for more titbits and shooting of fin different directions. I understand what all the complaining about the TOEIC is about now. Students say they have to keep up with the listening and not get stuck otherwise they blow it, sounds like us when listening.
I definitely think getting teachers to start listening noticing and planning is a good thing but not killing an activity though. There are far too many ‘talk about X for a minute’ activities which are supposed to be meaningful but just an excuse to find errors where the teacher may shout out “AHA! You made a mistake boyo, you should’ve said…..now continue…”. they probably won’t, I wouldn’t.
Great post!! You’re on a roll again!!
Thanks Phil, you’re right to pose the million-dollar-question: “can I handle the example I’ve found?” In training, at least, there is only one way to find out!
The parallel with our learners’ listening challenges in proficiency exams is well-made, though in most of these they get a second bite at the listening cherry (though not always, of course!) I have certainly developed more appreciation for how incredible a talent listening well is.
About your final point: I certainly don’t encourage my trainees to deal with language issues or opportunities the moment they hear them. As you say, this is often counter-productive, and anyway, most beginning teachers can’t (and shouldn’t feel they have to be able to) work that fast. At the end of the activity or even more fully developed into a later lesson is perfectly fine. In fact, on my CELTA, the targets for trainees’ language focus lessons are all rooted in these initial notes taken by them during days one and two.
I really learnt a lot from this, and I totally agree with you on all your points. I definitely would be trying these ideas out on my next CELTA in August.
When we listen to learners, we are of course listening to language use that can be corrected or pushed up a level most of the time (of course sometimes we throw in good examples of language use too). But when you are doing this listening activity with your trainees, as they are mainly NSs or expert users of the language, what do scribes look out for? What should they be taking notes of verbatim?
Thanks for this post, Anthony. I’ll be added ‘Listening to Students’ into my timetable next month!
During the early getting-to-know-you activities on day one, I am writing down accurate language, and use this later for language feedback. I do this because I want to establish early that developmental language feedback does not require error.
trainees note down complete chunks of any language they here – the objective is to get up to speed.
trainees listen for language which is marked or interesting to them in some way – the objective here is to have them make decisions about what lanauge is worthy of attention later and to identify a reason why this is so.
Hope that answers your question – let me know how your course goes. Pity you are busy in August as I need a partner-in-crime for our course then.
Great post. I think this is absolutely spot on. What often makes the difference for me between a so-so teacher and a good one is that ability to really listen (and then know what to do with what you’ve heard of course).
It can be hard for novice teachers because they are naturally often very concerned with what they are doing themselves, rather than what the students are doing. It’s natural, but it does need to be challenged, and the activities you describe sound great for starting to do that.
I am also reminded of an activity from Towards Teaching- Campbell and Kryszewska that I used to use on CELTA. Participants write their names on small pieces of paper, the trainer takes them in. Everyone sits in a circle with a chair in the middle. Participants take it in turn to sit in the middle, where they are given a name at random. Everyone talks about whatever topic they want in pairs or small groups and the eavesdropper listens to the person whose name they have. They should mentally note what they say and one or two examples of the exact phrases they used. After a few minutes the eavesdropper gets everyone to stop talking (good practice) and reports on what they heard. Everyone has to guess who they were listening to.
This can work well as a warmer and lead in to a discussion about the importance of listening (and how you can do it without hovering right over students).
Thank you so much for that reference and for that activity, Rachael! It sounds like a wonderful workout and I’ll have to try it next course.
I pulled out my notebook and started jotting down some of these ideas, thinking I would share them at a teacher training I’m helping to facilitate at the end of the month. But as I was writing, I realized that I could benefit from these ideas just as much as any of the teachers I’ll be working with. I’d like to think I’m an adept listener; I’d like to think I’m on the lookout for language deficiencies more than blatant mistakes. But the truth is, I haven’t taken very much time lately to really make sure that I’m doing what I think I’m doing. So I’ll be video taping some of my upcoming lessons and when I watch them later in the day, I’ll be paying special attention to how accurately I’m listening to the students and what aspect of language I’m focusing in on when I give feedback. It’s great to read a post like this and know it’s going to impact how I teach my very next lesson. Thank you.
Thank you for reading and commenting! It’s great when we catch ourselves almost overlooking the relevance of something for ourselves that we are considering using with others, isn’t it? I catch myself doing that a lot these days! Do let me know how your action research goes, eh?
This post did not disappoint Anthony. Great tips here.
The act of listening is very much molded by the listeners past experience and cognitive abilities. Simply knowing this gives the listener the chance to allow adaptation to a new way of listening to happen.
Favorited this post and look forward to trying out some exercises with our participants.
Thanks a lot for the feedback, Josette; I really appreciate hearing when someone has enjoyed my work.
You make a very good point about awareness raising being a powerful change agent; when I wrote that, I must confess I was thinking of the much more mundane idea that taking notes “in your own form of words” means you cannot say anything useful about the original speaker’s “form of words” as they have been lost along the way. I like your idea better.
Thanks for favoriting – do let me know how the try-out with your trainees goes!
Thanks Anthony for highlighting another very important area of ELT class rooms.
Now that I recapitulate most of my teachers didn’t listen accurately to what I was trying to understand in the lectures and it took me ages to rectify my mistakes.
I remember one of our teachers lost her temper if a student dared to ask twice; she believed if one is attentive; the ears catch what is being heard and we had no other choice but to struggle and get things clear by searching relevant boos in the library which was again not an eassy task when you have to borrow books manually.
Now that things have gone digital, its much easier to get material for both teachers and students.
I’d apply your suggested strategies in my class; they are as usual, very practical.
Thank you for your kind comments about Izzy and me talking about our work at IATEFL 2010: we wanted our audience to have fun watching as well as learn something useful so we spent some time rehearsing – our neighbors in the hotel must have thought we were mad!
I think your earlier teacher’s attitude – that if learners don’t understand, then they haven’t been listening – is unfortunately quite widespread. Arguably it only serves, as in your case, to drive your learning out of the classroom and into the library, turning a communicative dialogic process (the talk between teacher and student) into a more solitary one. | 2019-04-20T09:21:43Z | http://teachertrainingunplugged.com/learning-to-listen/ |
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This week we’ll be looking at Hydreigon. Introduced in generation five, Hydreigon has been an interesting Dragon type the sets itself apart from the previous Dragon types. It was the first of the pseudo legendary Dragons to favour special attack over physical attack and also has a unique type combination.
Hydreigon has never been the most popular Dragon in VGC due to competition from the stronger and faster Latios in 2012 and 2013 and Scarf Salamence in 2014. Despite this Hydreigon has seen it’s fair share of success over the years.
I’ve changed up the formatting a bit this week, instead of listing all the moves for a Pokemon I’ll first list the sets and then have a section for the other options.
Hydreigon has fantastic base stats, yet I can’t help feeling like Game Freak went out of their way to troll Hydreigon. Giving it a base speed just below all the base 100s in the game is a major pain for Hydreigon. This low speed stat really holds Hydreigon back against Garchomp, Kangaskhan, and non-Scarf Salamence. Hydreigon’s speed stat is what I attribute its lower usage to, its easy to be a hipster and say I’m going to promote the lesser used Dragon but it sees less usage for a reason.
Speed aside Hydreigon has been blessed with base 125 special attack, giving it the strongest Draco Meteor outside of legendary Pokemon (and only being 5 points behind Latios). 92 HP and 90 in each defence makes Hydreigon fairly bulky.
Dark / Dragon is what sets Hydreigon apart from Salamence. Hydreigon resists Electric meaning it resists all of Rotom’s STAB moves (unless you encounter these rogue Rotom-F and Rotom-A). Dark also gives you resistances to Dark and Ghost as well as an immunity to Psychic. The downside to this typing is that you’re weak to Fighting and Bug. Instead of being 4x weak to Ice Hydreigon is 4x weak to Fairy. This is actually a pretty good trade off as Hydreigon can survive an Ice Beam unlike Salamence and while it gets KO’d by any Fairy move Salamence wasn’t surviving a Fairy move outside of a Dazzling Gleam.
Hydreigon’s only Ability is Levitate. This grants Hydreigon an immunity to Ground type attacks. Having a free immunity is nice, and it lets Hydreigon’s partner use Earthquake with worry.
Choice Specs Hydreigon is one of the strongest special attackers we have in the format (considering most Pokemon with higher Special attack are either a Mega and don’t get to use Choice Specs or don’t have a reliable move with Draco Meteor’s base power). This Hydreigon can smash right through most of the metagame, OHKOing 4 HP / 4 SDef Mega Kangaskhan. Dark Pulse and Dragon Pulse are your reliable STAB moves for when you need to lock into one moves for the rest of the battle. Fire Blast is for Steel types and gets a clean OHKO on Ray’s Mega Mawile.
This spread reaches 140 speed which puts it ahead of neutral nature Rotom and positive nature Smeargle. It’s also considerably faster then DarkAssassin’s Hydreigon so it’ll beat anyone copying his set as well as anyone trying to speed creep that Hydreigon. Ideally I’d be able to invest a bit more into speed as 140 is a good number to settle for but I needed all the remaining EVs for bulk.
20 HP / 60 Def survives Jolly Garchomp’s Dragon Claw and Adamant Mega Kangaskhan’s Return. Being able to take a hit from either of these Pokemon is a major boon to a Pokemon that can’t out speed them. 4 HP / 76 Def survives these attacks all the same, but 4 HP / 68 doesn’t so theres no room to increase speed.
Scarf Hydreigon is kinda like Scarf Salamence, except you always lose the speed tie, you don’t have Intimidate and you hit harder. You could use a Timid nature to beat Modest Scarf Salamence but since you won’t even have Intimidate to give you and indication of which Dragon is faster and you’ll always lose to Timid Salamence I wouldn’t bother trying.
The EV spread is exactly the same as before. I didn’t intend for this to happen but I actually came up with the same one without realizing it. At least you won’t have to worry about retraining a Hydreigon if you switch items. 252 Special Attack is obviously for maximum damage output. 172 Speed puts Hydreigon at 210 speed after the Scarf is applied. This puts you ahead of Mega Manectric and Scarf Smeargle. The remaining was put into HP until I realized I had the same amount of investment left for bulk and could survive the hits the previous set could (although surviving them is less important now that you out speed them).
If you don’t want to use Choice items there’s always a Life Orb set. Since we’re using Life Orb there isn’t much point investing in bulk as you’ll finish yourself off with Life Orb recoil.
Flamethrower is an option if you don’t like the 85% accuracy of Fire Blast, but you’ll miss out on KOs against things like Mega Mawile depending on your set.
Hydreigon still learns Earth Power but there isn’t much point to it without Heatran in the format.
Sleep Talk is an option on choice sets to help against Dark Void and Spore.
U-Turn can be used on a Choice Scarf set to scout switches.
Hydreigon gets a couple support moves like Thunder Wave, Taunt and Roost, I wouldn’t recommend any of them but if you want to play Hydreigon that way go for it.
Hydreigon can be made to survive Draco Meteor’s by way of Assault Vest or Haban Berry so that it can respond with its own Dragon move. This can catch opposing Salamence and Hydreigon by surprise.
Some form of speed control is greatly appreciated by Hydreigon. Unfortunately we don’t have a lot of options for this in the format. Thunder Wave support is probably the best way to use speed control right now. Hydreigon will enjoy seeing a Salamence or Kangaskhan paralyzed. Gyarados, Miltank, Rotom and Zapdos are all bulky Pokemon that spread paralysis with Thunder Wave.
Follow Me / Rage Powder support is greatly appreciated. Amoonguss is probably the best partner for Hydreigon, being able to tank a Draco Meteor or Fighting move aimed at Hydreigon and using Regenerator to heal itself.
Fairy types will KO Hydreigon with ease. Azumarill can take anything standard Hydreigon can throw it’s way and OHKO in with Play Rough. Gardevoir and Mawile can also OHKO it with their Fairy moves, but both of them need to be wary of at least one of Hydreigon’s moves. Wigglytuff resists Hydreigon’s STAB moves and can KO with Dazzling Gleam.
Outside of Fairy types countering Hydreigon depends on what set its running. A non-Scarf set can be out sped by a number of Pokemon and OHKO’d with their STAB moves. Mega Lucario, Salamence and Hammer Arm Mega Kangaskhan are all examples of this.
Hydreigon isn’t as easy to slap on a team as Garchomp and Salamence, but its still a strong Pokemon and can tear through teams if given the proper support and played properly. I expect this Pokemon to see more play at Nationals but only time will tell if it can oust Salamence as the goto Draco Meteor user.
This week I’ll be looking at one of my favourite Pokemon in the format which has been a staple on many of my teams. Rotom debuted in generation four, and gained five alternate forms in Platinum. Each form got its own signature move and in generation five each Rotom’s secondary type became the same as the signature moves type.
Rotom-H began to gain popularity around the time of winter regionals when players realized they needed a strong Fire type and found the options to be scarce.
Rotom-H has a mediocre base HP, with some great defences to go with it. Investing in HP and giving Rotom-H Sitrus Berry makes it hard to OHKO. 105 Special Attack is enough for Rotom to have some offensive pressure, especially with a high base power move like Overheat. 86 Speed puts Rotom firmly below the base 100+ range but has it sitting above most everything else.
Electric / Fire typing is great with Levitate. Rotom-H resists Electric, Ice and Fire, all of which are types I find myself wanted more resistances too. Being a Fire type at all is a major boon to Rotom-H, as we have a severe lack of viable Fire types in VGC 2014.
Rotom-H’s only ability is Levitate. This patches up Rotom’s would-be 4x weakness to Ground, which would make it nearly unplayable. Keep in mind that this ability won’t save you from Mold Breaker users like Mega Gyarados.
This EV spread is the pinnacle of defensive Rotom-H spreads. I used this spread in Washington and I’ve never found a reason to change it. When I originally made it I only had a couple goals in mind but by shear coincidence it manages to just barely survive several strong attacks with the highest damage roll.
If you want your Rotom-H to be bulky while still applying offensive pressure look no further then this spread.
This Rotom-H focuses on getting OHKOs instead of surviving multiple hits. There are a handful of Pokemon Rotom-H can’t OHKO on its own and Life Orb gives it the boost it needs to always net the OHKO on them. This Rotom always OHKOs Amoonguss, Mega Manectric, Garchomp and Salamence with either Overheat or Hidden Power. This set out speeds positive natured base 70 Pokemon. The rest is put into HP to reach 139 HP, a good amount for reducing Life Orb damage.
Scarfed Rotom will often take your opponent by surprise. This set out speeds Mega Manectric. Be aware that this set loses a ton of bulk by not investing in HP. I’m often disappointed by this set as it lacks the bulk of a standard Rotom and HP Ice lacks the power to OHKO Garchomp. Being able to Will-O-Wisp Kangaskhan before it attacks is nice though, as is being able to out speed Gyarados and avoid taking a Waterfall.
Expert Belt can be subbed in Life Orb so Rotom-H can stay in play longer. This will cost you the OHKO on Mega Manectric and reduce your damage output in general. Safety Googles makes Rotom-H a hard counter to Charizard / Venusaur, but that lack of healing will hurt you outside of this combo. Leftovers is an alternate healing item if another teammate needs Sitrus Berry.
Thunder Wave is an alternate status move that provides speed control over attack reduction. Discharge can work on a team with Lightning Rod / Telepathy / Ground Pokemon. Substitute is a cool move I’ve had successfully used against me, if neither of your opponent’s Pokemon can threaten Rotom-H you can put up a Substitute and make it harder to deal with. This also works great when facing Amoonguss and Mawile that want to bait an Overheat and switch into a Fire resist.
What can’t be paired with Rotom? I’m not kidding Rotom-H and it’s other form Rotom-W slot onto pretty much any team you want them to. Due to the lack of Fire types in the format you have your choice of Charizard, Rotom-H, Talonflame, Pyroar or using Pokemon like Manectric, Hydreigon, Salamence and Tyranitar that have non-STAB fire attacks. Of these fire types Charizard takes your Mega slot, Talonflame has its issues and while Pyroar handles the offensive side well it doesn’t take hits at all.
Rotom-H will want partners that can handle Rotom-W and other Water types. Amoonguss, Venusaur and Ludicolo. all fit the bill. These Pokemon benefit from Rotom-H hard countering Talonflame. Things like Mega Charizard and Specs Hydreigon that can simply muscle through Rotom-W’s defence are also welcome additions. While Rotom-H can burn a Kangaskhan it doesn’t beat it on its own so having Pokemon that help it out are nice to have.
Rotom-W can take any attack from Rotom-H and OHKO with Hydro Pump. Most Water types that can out speed Rotom-H can check it with Hydro Pump, Ludicolo and Kingdra are good choice as they aren’t weak to Thunderbolt.
Mega Charizard X doesn’t care about anything Rotom-H can do to it bar Thunder Wave. Rotom-H can’t do anything to Rotom-H either, but Rotom-H won’t be able to do anything to Rotom-H to take advantage of this unless you run HP Rock or something. Garchomp can handle Rotom-H if it lacks HP Ice. Rotom-H will have to land 2 Will-O-Wisp to burn a LumChomp while being hit by Rock Slide each turn.
You’ve probably seen a thousand Rotom-H this season, and statistically you’ve used it at some point yourself. So clearly you already know this thing is great. I hope that you were able to take something new from this post and either use it or be aware of it yourself. Rotom-H isn’t going anywhere and just like the seasons you need to know how to beat the heat!
Today I’ll be looking Gyarados. Gyarados was introduced in Generation 1, and while it’s one of the coolest Pokemon around it wasn’t very good until Generation 3 when it got Intimidate and Dragon Dance. In Generation 4 Gyarados really hit its stride with the physical/special split making Waterfall a physical attack. Gyarados hasn’t changed much since then, but it hasn’t needed to. Generation 6 has given Gyarados a Mega Evolution, adding to the list of roles it can play.
Gyarados has been a great Pokemon in VGC, bringing Intimidate support to teams, threatening with Dragon Dance, even running Choice Specs that one time. Despite all of its great traits Gyarados has always had to deal with its 4x weakness to Electric. Over the last three years Thundurus and/or Rotom have been very popular Pokemon and Gyarados will need to rely on its teammates to deal with these Electric types.
Gyarados has a fantastic base 125 attack. 81 Speed is decent especially when Gyarados uses Dragon Dance. 95 / 79 / 100 defences are also pretty great when you factor in Intimidate. Water/Flying typing comes with an unfortunate 4x Electric weakness and an inconvenient Rock weakness but provides resistances to Fighting, Fire, Water, Steel, Bug and an immunity to Ground.
In terms of stats Mega Gyarados just gets stronger and more resilient. What’s interesting is the change in typing. Water / Dark is worse overall compared to Water / Flying but Gyarados’ previous weaknesses are lessened and while it gains several problematic weaknesses it’s base form resisted them so before you Mega Evolve your opponent will be left to guess which moves will be effective.
Gyarados’s main Ability is Intimidate, one of the greatest Abilities in VGC. Lowering both the opponent’s attack whenever Gyarados switches makes Kangaskhan more manageable and makes it easier for Gyarados to take repeated Rock Slides.
Gyarados’s Hidden Ability is Moxie, which boosts it’s attack whenever it KO’s a Pokemon. While this isn’t a bad Ability it isn’t worth giving up Intimidate to use.
Mega Gyarados’s Ability is Mold Breaker. This allows Gyarados to hit Rotom with Earthquake and ignore Mega Venusaur’s Thick Fat. Keep in mind that Mold Breaker will affect your Pokemon as well, so any partner with Levitate or Telepathy can still get hit by Earthquake.
Waterfall and Aqua Tail are Gyarados’s choice of STAB moves, with Waterfall having perfect accuracy and a flinch chance and Aqua Tail having a chance to miss but more power to make up for it. Other attacks include Ice Fang, Earthquake and Stone Edge. Gyarados generally has room for two damaging attacks unless it’s a choice set so you’ll need to pick based on which type coverage you want on Gyarados. If you want a Dark move for Mega Gyarados your only options are Bite and Payback. Its a shame Gamefreak didn’t give Gyarados something like Crunch to go with it’s new Mega Evolution when they gave Blastoise Aura Sphere, Dark Pulse and Dragon Pulse to go with it’s Mega Evolution.
For non-damaging attacks Gyarados has Dragon Dance, Taunt, Thunder Wave and Protect.
I came up with this spread while trying to reverse engineer Tony’s EV spread from Washington Regionals. From the streamed games I could see that it had an HP stat of 192 so I used 172 EVs to reach it. Tony later told me that this is a good Leftovers number and conversely a bad Sandstorm number, and he meant to drop the HP by 1 before the tournament. The Speed EVs allow Gyarados to reach 192 speed after a Dragon Dance, putting it above Scarf Tyranitar with a positive nature. The rest were put into Attack.
I stole this spread from Imouto Island. This Gyarados out speeds Jolly Smeargle and Taunts it before they can use Dark Void. This set aims to support the team with Thunder Wave and Intimidate instead of trying to sweep. Rocky Helmet punishes any Kangaskhan that attack Gyarados, especially if they try to use Fake Out on it.
Choice Band Gyarados will probably catch people by surprise by hitting as hard as a Dragon Dance set without needing a turn to set up. The switch heavy nature of choice items works well with Intimidate.
Mega Gyarados can now hit Levitate users with Earthquake, allowing it to OHKO Rotom-H and 2HKO Rotom-W. Mega Gyarados has some fantastic natural bulk, being equivalent to Umbreon. If you’re choosing to focus your team around Mega Gyarados be sure to provide with plenty of support. Gyarados doesn’t carry itself like Kangaskhan and Mawile do, and will need help to reach it’s full potential.
Gyarados’s BFF is Manectric. Manectric redirects Electric attacks away from Gyarados with Lightning Rod, eliminating its greatest weakness. Mega Manectric also provides a second Intimidate to shut down physical attackers. Raichu can also provide Lightning Rod support as well as Fake Out and Encore support.
Amoonguss, Smeargle and Pachirisu can redirect attacks with Rage Powder / Follow Me. Amoonguss and Pachirisu are the more notable users as they take little to no damage from Electric attacks. Amoonguss also threatens with Spore while Pachirisu can use Nuzzle and Super Fang to help Gyarados take out foes. If using Pachirisu you can use Ion Deluge to make Return an Electric attack giving Gyarados an Electric type move for a turn.
Garchomp makes a good offensive partner for Gyarados. Garchomp is free to use Earthquake beside Gyarados. Gyarados can slow down Salamence with Thunder Wave and take out other Dragons with Ice Fang. Both make life harder for Kangaskhan which is also a positive in this format. Hydreigon appreciates Thunder Wave support to make up for its low speed, and helps Gyarados by threatening Rotom with Specs Draco Meteor.
When using Mega Gyarados you’ll want some Flying types that Gyarados can use Earthquake beside. Salamence is a good partner in general. Talonflame will deal with Amoonguss and Venusaur which will give you trouble. Aerodactyl and use Sky Drop to help deal with troublesome foes.
Rotom-W is a hard counter to Gyarados, which is unfortunate given the popularity of Rotom-W. Rotom-W has the choice of using Thunderbolt to OHKO Gyarados or using Will-O-Wisp to cripple it while punishing a potential switch. Rotom-H also has these options but has to worry about taking a Waterfall. Bulky Rotom-H will take an un-boosted Waterfall but it won’t enjoy it and the flinch chance makes things dicey. Mega Manectric doesn’t enjoy switching into an attack from Gyarados but it out speeds Gyarados even after a Dragon Dance and OHKOs with Thunderbolt.
Grass types give Gyarados a rough time. Mega Venusaur will take anything Gyarados can dish out and heal it off with Giga Drain. Amoonguss takes most of Gyarados’ attacks, redirects them from their intended target, and punishes them with Rocky Helmet. Ferrothorn can also withstand Gyarados’ attacks and set up a Leech Seed on it.
Gyarados can fill a myriad of roles on a VGC team. If you can get around the obstacles facing Gyarados it will put in a ton of work. So give the other wannabe Dragon from Gen 1 a try, you might like what you see.
This week we’ll be looking at Scizor, a fan favourite with a long history of success in competitive play. Scizor is a Bug / Steel type, giving it a quadruple weakness to Fire and resistances to several types. In fourth Gen Scizor was the most dominate Pokemon in Smogon singles (after they banned Garchomp and Salamence) and continued to be a great Pokemon in both singles and doubles in fifth Gen.
Scizor was a popular Pokemon in VGC 2012 and 2013, but hasn’t seen as much usage as it has in the past. The reason why Scizor has seen a drop in usage is because many of the Pokemon it countered are no longer in the format, such as Cresselia and Terrakion. The lack of Cresselia has also reduced the amount of Tyranitar in the metagame, which Scizor could counter or check depending on whether or not Tyranitar carries Fire Blast. The changes to the type chart didn’t help Scizor as much as we may have hoped. Scizor makes a logical choice as a Fairy killer, however two of the most popular Fairy types, Azumarill and Mawile, are neutral to Steel. Scizor also lost it’s resistance to Ghost and Dark this generation so it doesn’t fair as well against these attacks as it used to. Scizor also lost Bug Bite as a move, which is stronger then X-Scissor and eats the opponent’s berry. Bug Bite would make Scizor’s life a lot easier against Rotom-W. The lack of Steel Gem also reduces the potential potency of Bullet Punch.
Despite all of this, Scizor is still a great Pokemon for VGC. Bullet Punch threatens Gardevoir, Mega Aerodactyl and frail or weakened Pokemon in general. Bug/Steel is still fantastic typing for combating Dragon and Fairy types. Scizor has even gained a Mega Evolution, though it does little to differentiate itself from Scizor’s regular form outside of some increased stats.
Scizor has a fantastic distribution of stats to work with. A sky high attack stat goes great with Bullet Punch, which makes up for Scizor’s mediocre speed stat. Scizor has decent bulk to go with its great typing. You can invest in HP and defences to have Scizor survive hits or you can invest in Speed to make Scizor faster then most Rotom-A.
Mega Scizor has higher stats, but the lack of an item and the fact that it operates exactly the same as regular Scizor make it hard to justify using it as your Mega Pokemon. Life Orb and Choice Band sets hit harder, the only thing Mega Scizor has going for it is the added bulk and speed.
Scizor has three Abilities: Swarm, Technician, and Light Metal.
Technician gives all of Scizor’s moves with base power of 60 or lower a 1.5 times boost. This makes Bullet Punch a base 90 power priority move after STAB.
Swarm and Light Metal aren’t viable in the slightest, just use Technician.
Bullet Punch is pretty much mandatory on any Scizor set. U-turn and X-Scissor are our best choice of Bug STAB, and which one we use depends on the set we run. Swords Dance sets will run X-Scissor and for other sets it comes down to preference. Speaking of Swords Dance Scizor becomes an even greater threat when at +2 attack. Scizor also gets Quick Guard and Feint to help support its teammate. Quick Guard will block out Prankster, Sucker Punch, and Brave Bird. Feint will allow you to ensure damage on a slot and pick off Pokemon with low HP trying to avoid a Bullet Punch. Feint also has +2 priority so it gets around Sucker Punch and Rage Powder. Other notable options are: Brick Break, Iron Head, Roost, Acrobatics and Pursuit.
This is the set Randy used in Washington Regionals and one we’ve become a fan of. A Life Orb Bullet Punch destroys Gardevoir and Mega Aerodactyl, as well as doing solid damage with priority. U-Turn allows us to deal damage to a Rotom-W and retreat for something that can absorb a Will-O-Wisp or a Thunderbolt aimed at it. Feint is just plain useful, and also gets a Technician boost.
This set aims to get a Swords Dance and then threaten the opponent with a +2 Bullet Punch. I’ve invested in HP instead of Speed to ensure Scizor stays on the field for longer. I’ve put a Lum Berry on this Scizor to burn a turn from Rotom trying to use WoW.
Scizor can Mega Evolve, so here’s a set for Mega Scizor. In order to justify using Mega Scizor I figure it needs a reliable form of healing to keep it on the field and Swords Dance to keep it a threat. This set is begging to have Togekiss back to redirect attacks with Follow Me, but now all we have is Smeargle, which isn’t quite the same. Amoonguss could almost fill this role is your goal is to take all the Overheats and hope the opposing Fire types are out of Special Attack by the time Amoonguss goes down.
Scizor will want partners that can switch in on Fire attacks and KO the user. Rotom-Wash and Rotom-Heat are great partners, being able to switch in on any Fire attacks and threatening the users.
Garchomp, Salamence and Hydreigon all have great defensive synergy with Scizor and appreciate having someone to get rid of Gardevoir for them. Garchomp and Salamence will be able to threaten Fire types with Rock Slide and Stone Edge as well.
Having a competitive Pokemon like Wigglytuff would be nice be scaring away Intimidate users, and Scizor has great defensive synergy with Wigglytuff.
An Acrobatics set using Lum Berry would work well with a Prankster user like Meowstic or Liepard that can give Scizor a +2 attack boost while consuming the Lum Berry to make Acrobatics as strong as possible.
Fire types are the easiest way to KO Scizor. Charizard, Rotom-H, Talonflame and Pyroar can all handle Scizor with ease. Other Pokemon with Fire moves such as Mega Manectric, Salamence, Hydreigon and Scarf Tyranitar can also get the job done.
Outside of Fire attacks Scizor can be dealt with using Will-O-Wisp and repeated uses of Intimidate.
Scizor can still be a valuable member on a VGC team, providing your team an easy answer to Gardevoir and Aerodactyl as well as a way to finish off weakened foes. | 2019-04-18T10:31:23Z | https://vgcwithhats.com/2014/06/ |
Charles Parker Jr. hailed from the jazz well that was Kansas City. Born to a teenage mother, his father had once worked in a traveling minstrel show. By all accounts he had a decent childhood despite the fact that his father was more interested in gambling than parenting. By the time he was fourteen, Charlie's father had left, leaving his doting mother to bring up Charlie, and they were living in the 'jazz district' of Kansas City. He was besotted with music and the life of the musicians he saw around 12th Street and Vine. Eventually his office-cleaner mother scraped together enough to buy Charlie a beaten-up second-hand alto sax.
By the time he was sixteen, Charlie was married but playing around Kansas City wherever and whenever he could. Even then his love of improvisation drove him on, and on one occasion he tried jamming with some of Count Basie's band, but this ended in humiliation when Jo Jones, Basie's drummer, dropped his cymbal on the floor to indicate that the session was over and young Charlie was not good enough; he held a grudge against the Basie band forever more.
It was around the summer of 1937 that he got a permanent job at a holiday resort in the Ozark Mountains where he at last began to master the rudiments of proper playing. The pianist with the band taught him about harmony and Charlie listened endlessly to records to dissect the solos and learn them off by heart. Having got inside the music's DNA, he was able to break free and become a brilliant improviser.
Sometime around the end of 1938, Parker went to Chicago. The 65 Club, like many of the clubs, had a breakfast dance at which musicians from all over town came to hang out. According to Billy Eckstine: "A guy comes up that looks like he just got off a freight car; the raggedest guy. He asks Goon Gardner, 'Say man can I come up and blow your horn?'" Goon was more interested in a woman at the bar, so he just handed over his sax. According to Eckstine: "He blew the hell out of that thing. It was Charlie Parker, just come in from Kansas City." Parker was eighteen years old.
By 1940, Parker had separated from his wife and joined pianist Jay McShann's Band, writing arrangements as well as leading the sax section. The first time that anyone outside of a club heard Charlie blow his horn was in November 1940, when the McShann Combo was heard on a Wichita radio station.
Six months later, Parker was in Dallas recording with McShann for a Decca session; as well as playing alto, Charlie arranged 'Hootie Blues'. In November 1941, the McShann Quartet recorded more sides and it was during his time with McShann that he picked up the nickname 'Yardbird' no one can remember quite why, and before long everyone just called him 'Bird'.
At the Savoy Ballroom in January 1942, Charlie began to get serious recognition from other musicians, especially at some after-hours sessions at Monroe's Uptown House; however, not everyone understood Parker's music. There was none of the smoothness of regular swing bands in what Charlie played; many just heard it as notes in a random order.
In 1943, Parker played in Earl Hines' band along with Dizzy Gillespie; Hines recalls how conscientious they were: "They would carry exercise books with them and would go through the books in the dressing rooms when we played theaters." It was with Hines that Parker began playing the tenor sax. Necessity being the mother of invention, Budd Johnson had left Hines, and so a tenor player was required. At first Parker couldn't get used to his new sax: "Man this thing is too big." According to Charlie, he couldn't 'feel' it.
Eventually the Hines band broke up and Parker played with both Andy Kirk and Noble Sissle's bands for brief spells, before moving to Chicago where Billy Eckstine recruited him for his band. It didn't last long and by late 1944 Bird was on his own, although he spent most of his time playing with Dizzy Gillespie in 52nd Street clubs; recording was impossible as there was a Musician's Union ban on making records that lasted until September 1944. It was around this time that Parker first met Miles Davis; it was an uneasy, though very fruitful relationship, and along with Dizzy these men created what we now know as be-bop.
By 1945, Parker and Gillespie's band were much in demand and in early 1946 they toured California, but Bird would frequently disappear when they had gigs, which made Dizzy's on-stage life challenging. Dizzy managed the problem by taking vibraphonist Milt Jackson with them to deputize for Charlie when he went missing. As well as a six-week booking at Billy Berg's jazz club in Hollywood, they played Jazz at the Philharmonic along with Lester Young. In true fashion, Parker even arrived late for the gig at the Philharmonic Auditorium, walking on stage during a piano solo, and when Gillespie asked "Where you been?", Parker let his sax do the talking.
When the booking in Los Angeles finished, Dizzy headed back east while Parker stayed in California. Ross Russell, a hip Hollywood record shop owner and former pulp fiction writer, approached Parker with an offer of a recording contract with the label he proposed to set up. The first Dial Records session was in February 1946, and despite Charlie's heroin problems, it went well.
At a session in March with a septet that included Miles Davis, Lucky Thompson and Dodo Marmarosa, Parker cut 'Yardbird Suite' and 'A Night In Tunisia'; despite Bird's drug issues, this is a pivotal moment in modern jazz. By the next session in July his supplier had been arrested, so with no heroin Parker was drinking gin by the bucket instead.
Parker spent six months at Camarillo State Mental Hospital, and by February 1947 he was back in the studio sounding better than ever. He recorded 'Relaxing At Camarillo', 'Stupendous', 'Cool Blues' (with Erroll Garner on piano) and 'Bird's Nest'; these sides are arguably the cornerstones of the Parker legend. As well as sounding great, Parker was looking great, and after he finished in Los Angeles he went back to New York.
Back on the East Coast, he formed a new quartet with Miles Davis, Duke Jordan, Tommy Potter and Max Roach. Parker lost no time in getting back into the studio and recording some more great sides in the autumn of 1947. More sessions followed, producing a string of brilliant recordings that were augmented by performances around town, including a concert at Carnegie Hall with Dizzy. At the beginning of 1949, Bird recorded for the first time for the Mercury label with Norman Granz producing, with Machito And His Orchestra. More sessions followed, and he appeared at the JATP at Carnegie Hall in February and again in September.
In November he recorded with the Jimmy Carroll Orchestra for what became the quintessential Charlie Parker With Strings (1950); the album has just been remastered at Abbey Road and is available as a vinyl LP with the original cover art. The following month, a new club opened in New York; it was named Birdland in the saxophonist's honor.
The following year, in June, he recorded - with Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Curly Russell on bass and Buddy Rich the sides that made up the classic recording Bird And Diz (1956). In late 1950 there was a visit to Europe, and Parker at last seemed to be getting his life under control, even if the drugs and booze were never entirely absent. Parker's band was great around this time, featuring a young John Coltrane and wowing audiences on both sides of the Atlantic.
In 1950, he began living with a dancer named Chan Richardson, despite only having married his long-term girlfriend Doris two years earlier. Charlie and Chan had a daughter in 1951 and a son in 1952. Sadly Charlie's daughter died from pneumonia in 1954, an event that brought on the final decline for a man whose mind was fragile from self abuse. There were recording sessions around this time, but they were not his best, barring a few highlights; the best is Jazz at Massey Hall (1956).
Things eventually got so bad that he was even banned from Birdland. By September 1954, Bird had a breakdown; he even attempted suicide. After a spell in hospital he did get back on his feet and was booked to appear at Birdland in March 1955. Before he could fulfill his engagement, he died at the home of jazz patron Baroness Pannonica de Koenigswarter, where Thelonious Monk would also pass away, nearly twenty-seven years later.
Bird was thirty four when he died, but according to the autopsy report he had the body of a man of over fifty. Lived fast, died young? Definitely, but along the way he helped make modern jazz sound the way it does today. To get a total appreciation for Bird's genius check out Bird: The Complete Charlie Parker On Verve (1990) it is simply brilliant.
When producer Norman Granz decided to let Charlie Parker record standards with a full string section (featuring Mitch Miller on oboe!), the purists cried sellout, but nothing could be further from the truth. There's a real sense of involvement from Bird on these sides, which collect up all the master takes and also include some live tracks from Carnegie Hall that -- judging from the sometimes uneasy murmurings of the crowd -- amply illustrate just how weirdly this mixture of bop lines against "legit" arrangements was perceived. The music on this collection is lush, poetic, romantic as hell, and the perfect antidote to a surfeit of jazz records featuring undisciplined blowing. There's a lot of jazz, but there's only one Bird.
This collection of 78 rpm singles, all recorded on June 6, 1950, was originally issued in album format in 1956. Several things distinguish this from numerous other quintet recordings featuring these two bebop pioneers. It was recorded during the period that Parker was working under the aegis of producer Norman Granz, whose preference for large and unusual ensembles was notorious. The end result in this case is a date that sounds very much like those that Parker and Gillespie recorded for Savoy and Dial, except with top-of-the-line production quality. Even more interesting, though, is Parker's choice of Thelonious Monk as pianist. Unfortunately, Monk is buried in the mix and gets very little solo space, so his highly idiosyncratic genius doesn't get much exposure here. Still, this is an outstanding album -- there are fine versions of Parker standards like "Leap Frog," "Mohawk," and "Relaxin' with Lee," as well as a burning performance of "Bloomdido" and an interesting (if not entirely thrilling) rendition of the chestnut "My Melancholy Baby."
This concert was held at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada on May 15, 1953, and was recorded by bassist Charles Mingus, who overdubbed some additional bass parts and issued it on his own Debut label as the Quintet's Jazz at Massey Hall. Charlie Parker (listed on the original album sleeve as "Charlie Chan") performed on a plastic alto, pianist Bud Powell was stone drunk from the opening bell, and Dizzy Gillespie kept popping offstage to check on the status of the first Rocky Marciano-Jersey Joe Walcott heavyweight championship bout. Subsequent editions of this evening were released as a double-live album (featuring Bud Powell's magnificent piano trio set with Mingus and Roach), dubbed The Greatest Jazz Concert Ever.
The hyperbole is well-deserved, because at the time of this concert, each musician on Jazz at Massey Hall was considered to be the principle instrumental innovator within the bebop movement. All of these musicians were influenced by Charlie Parker, and their collective rapport is magical. As a result, their fervent solos on the uptempo tunes ("Salt Peanuts" and "Wee") seem to flow like one uninterrupted idea. "All the Things You Are" redefines Jerome Kern's classic ballad, with frequent echoes of "Grand Canyon Suite" from Bird and Diz, and a ruminative solo by Powell. And on Gillespie's classic "Night in Tunisia," the incomparable swagger of Bird's opening break is matched by the keening emotional intensity of Gillespie's daredevil flight. A legendary set, no matter how or when or where it's issued.
Bird takes Porter's songs and extends them to glorious heights. A fine reissue.
Jam Session was compiled from a 1952 jam session which brought together three of history's greatest alto saxophonists; Parker, Johnny Hodges and Benny Carter, as well as Ben Webster and Flip Phillips on tenor sax. Orchestrated by Norman Granz to come as close to an authentic jam session as possible, this is the first of the Jazz at the Philharmonic series. The album includes an original blues tune ("Jam Blues"), a medley of ballads selected by each musician, and a mellow blues tune called "Funky Blues."
The standard "What is This Thing Called Love," stands out particularly for its follow-the-leader style ending, with each musician trading fours. Interestingly, the meeting of these three greats, with their widely varying styles, results not in spectacular and fiercely competitive playing, but rather in a slight muting and sense of reserve from all three.
For those who haven't yet invested in Definitive's excellent four-CD set Charlie Parker: The Complete Norman Granz Master Takes, Verve Jazz Masters 15 may serve as a useful sampler containing some of this master improviser's best performances recorded between January 1946 and July 1953. In addition to Jazz at the Philharmonic jams ("I Can't Get Started" clocks in at over nine minutes), collaborations with orchestras led by Machito, Joe Lippman, Jimmy Carroll, and Neal Hefti, Bird is heard in the company of the best modern jazzmen of the day. By virtue of the excellent material compiled herein, this potent package rates as one of the best entries in Verve's Jazz Masters series.
Verve gathers together all of the master takes of Charlie Parker's recordings with the swinging band of Afro-Cuban jazz pioneer Machito, along with ten other Latinized numbers that he cut in 1951-1952. Besides illustrating the willingness of producer Norman Granz to experiment and take Parker out of a small-group bebop straitjacket, this CD shows that Bird's improvisational style changed hardly at all in a Latin setting. He continued to run off his patented lightning bop licks over the congas and bongos and they just happened to interlock with the grooves quite snugly, although he did adapt his phrasing of the tunes themselves to suit their rhythmic lines. Included here is the spectacular "No Noise" that he cut as a guest with Machito and tenorman Flip Phillips in 1948, as well as Chico O'Farrill's epic Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite (also with Machito). For those who do not have the ten-CD The Complete Charlie Parker on Verve -- where all 14 selections can be found -- this is an inexpensive way to hear Parker in a refreshingly different context very nearly at the top of his form.
A reissue of the original 1952 Clef recording session, this is one of the few instances in Charlie Parker's later career where he played with something other than a small bebop group. Under contract at the time to Clef's Norman Granz, Parker was encouraged by the label to make recordings that took him out of his familiar settings and put him in with string arrangements, Latin rhythms, and larger band formats. This recording is the result of one of these experiments. Though Joe Lipman's arrangements are stellar, the musicians assembled for the sessions are an odd mix of pop-oriented big-band players and improvisers. The album also suffers from the pop orientation of the songs themselves: solos are kept short, and songs limited to a three-minute length that was both radio-friendly and compatible with the 78-rpm format. But when Parker does solo, it is just as magical as any of his earlier recordings. The songs also have a sweet smoothness to them that makes them eminently enjoyable. This record is not perfect, but it still musters up moments of brilliance. The reissue is even more fascinating than the original, containing 10 bonus tracks which are alternative takes of the top singles on the album.
This special edition of The Genius of Charlie Parker was released in commemoration of the alto saxophonist's stint with the Savoy and Dial labels in the '40s, some 60 years prior. The studio sessions were issued under Parker's name with the exceptions of the Tiny Grimes Quintette ("Tiny's Tempo," 1944), the Dizzy Gillespie All Star Quintet ("Shaw 'Nuff," 1945), and the Miles Davis All Stars ("Sippin' at Bell's," 1947). While the studio sessions are marked by jaw-dropping ensemble interplay, the radio broadcasts, taken from live dates at the Royal Roost in New York in 1948 and 1949, show off distinctive, spontaneous brilliance, not only from Bird but from his cohorts as well. While the live broadcast recordings are a bit muddy, the state-of-the-art transfers from acetates and tape masters do brighten up these recommended, early bop sessions. | 2019-04-22T18:11:22Z | http://www.udiscover-music.de/artists/charlie-parker |
Share the post "Podcast Episode 32: The Pros and Cons of Long-Term Clients"
Should you take on one-off projects as a freelancer, or only work with clients who promise long-term work? What are the risks associated with long-term clients? And how can freelancers turn clients who started off with a one-off project into clients who work with you for an extended periods of time? In this podcast, Lorrie and I cover it all!
LH: Hello and welcome to Episode 32 of A Little Bird Told Me: the podcast about the highs, the lows, and the no-nos of successful freelance writing. You can find us on the web at alittlebirdtoldme.podomatic.com, and there you can subscribe to the podcast in any number of ways including RSS feed, iTunes, Stitcher Smart Radio or just on the Podomatic page itself. You can also find the link to our Facebook page where you can post any thoughts or questions you might have, and there are also links to our websites and individual social media feeds.
PW: And I’m Philippa Willitts, and today we are going to talk about the pros and cons of having long term clients.
As a freelancer some of the clients you get will be a one off, they might want a particular task doing and then that’s that, whereas others want you on a more regular basis, either doing a set amount of work each week or each month, or sometimes you work with them over a long period of time but just as and when they need you.
So yeah, so we’re going to look at there are benefits and there are disadvantages really of both long and short term clients, and so that’s what we’re going to look at today.
LH: Like with deciding whether to charge by the hour or by the project deciding whether to have long term clients or just one off clients will actually shape the way you work quite significantly and like with the payment options it’s something that needs to be right for you. You know it varies from person to person. It might be something that you find you have only a little control over when you first start out because you just take in whatever work you can get, but as you start to see results from your marketing and your business development you can decide which sectors of the market to target and how, and that will give you slightly more control over whether you attract people who are looking for a one term collaboration or a long term collaboration.
PW: Yeah, as Lorrie said when you first start out you don’t have much choice really over taking long or short term clients. You take what you can get and that’s the right thing to do, but quite often what begins in a discussion as a one off project will turn out to provide you with long term work anyway.
Clients are understandably nervous about taking someone on they don’t know and saying, “Okay, we want six months work from you.” So they might well initially say, “Can you write three press releases for us?” and then if they like not only your work but how you work and, you know, your attitude and that kind of thing it can develop into a long term client.
So equally if you would prefer lots of long term clients don’t turn down work that looks like it’s just a one off because that’s often how long term work starts.
LH: No, that’s very true. You know somebody might say, “Oh, we’d like a website redoing” but, you know, if they’re integrating a blog into their website, for example, you might pick up on the clues that if they can’t do their own website content they’re not likely to be able to do good SEO blog content either. So have a look for the opportunities that appear to be presenting themselves and then if it is only a one off thing you’ve not really lost anything.
PW: No, not at all.
LH: If you prefer to work long term with people a one off collaboration, it’s no great loss, it’s something for the portfolio and it’s something that will keep your bills paid.
PW: And it’s a new contact, someone who might come back later or recommend you to someone else.
PW: I mean in terms of the positives of having long term clients I think the most obvious thing in favour of it really is that it results in regular predictable work, which results in regular predictable income. You can start carefully to rely on a set amount of work coming in and you can feel reassured that week after week after week you might not have to do as much marketing or finding new clients because you do continually get assignments from these one or two or four clients.
LH: Yeah, definitely, and in terms of managing your workload as well, whether you’re doing the work, or in my case you’re doing some of the work and then outsourcing other pieces of work, it helps you to get into a regular rhythm and that’s something that I quite like and I know that both you, Pip, and I have traditionally busy and quiet days every week.
LH: You know for Pip I know that Wednesdays and Thursdays are very, very busy days, whereas perhaps Mondays and Fridays are days on which you can fit in slightly more internal deadlines, things like marketing, admin, finance, that kind of thing.
PW: Yeah, I mean it definitely helps you to plan your week out, doesn’t it, because you may get someone contact you on Monday and say, “Oh, can you do this by Friday?” but equally you know that every Wednesday you have three blog posts to do for that client and you can have a picture of how your week’s looking.
LH: Yeah, I tend to just block out days or hours of days more accurately.
LH: And know what I’m doing on a Monday morning or what I’m doing on a Monday lunchtime. You know I know that I need to get the story suggestions over to certain clients by Tuesday afternoon. So it helps me to just shape the rest of my week and know when I can fit in ad hoc pieces of work, if somebody wants something one off, and when I can’t.
PW: Yeah, definitely, definitely I’m the same. You can also feel reasonably confident with long term clients that you know what you’re doing and that the work you get will be something you’re familiar with and capable of. If you get used to a mixture of, say, case studies and blog posts you can get really good at doing not just those styles of writing but doing them in the particular style that your client needs.
LH: Definitely and it’s nice to become a valued part of a client company, even though you’re external, because while you’re freelancing you’re not employed by anybody particular. Sometimes it is a little bit isolating and it’s nice to feel that, you know, over time you get to know the people in the company and you get to know the big players in the company sector and you get to know the trade press publications and you can start, if you want, to get more involved in the marketing process, or yes, as Pip says, you can just end up really, really savvy about what the client wants and you’ve reached the point where you deliver exactly the kind of content that they want every time, and often without much input from the client themselves.
LH: Yeah, I have certain clients who say, “Right, we need blog posts. We need x number of blog posts per week. Can you come up with some ideas?” and I know the kind of thing that works for them and I know the kind of thing that people in their sector will want to read about. So that’s something that I can be really useful for them.
LH: Definitely, definitely, definitely and it’s nice, you can do the same thing internally. You know I have some clients who’ve been on board for years and I can say to my contact person in that client, “I’ve not heard anything from Linda for a while” or, “I’ve not heard anything from Jim for a while. What’s going on in x department? What’s happening over in y?” You know you can realise that this company has different service areas and different key members of staff who are likely to have good ideas or they’re up to something that is worth blogging about or worth writing a news story about, and sometimes it just takes you to prompt your contact person.
LH: You can come up with some really good stories and really good extra work out of it. You know it’s a win-win for everybody. Content marketing is hugely important for a company. It’s massively, massively important to have really good quality content, not just for, you know, the strictest SEO purposes but for viral marketing purposes, you know for share and share purposes, and if you can help your client come up with things like that it’s going to be just an extra string to your bow.
LH: And besides anything else it’s a nice feeling to know that you’re an important part of a company’s marketing team and the thing is if you’re really savvy and you’re really forward thinking with your client you get recommended and word of mouth is such a powerful thing. You know I’ve had people contact me on LinkedIn and say, “Oh, you know, x person at x company’s told me about you. I thought we’d connect on here because I might be looking for some content work.” You know it really does work, you know, and I end up working for several companies who all know each other in various ways just because word of mouth has travelled from company to company. It’s a really nice thing.
LH: As and when really.
PW: Yeah, once or twice a month they’ll email me with a list of 12 articles they want and I’ll do them. So it’s not predictable in the way that we’ve been talking about can be quite nice with long term clients but it’s still somebody you already know, it’s somebody who trusts you already, it’s somebody who you presumably work well with and so you can have clients that are long term but not necessarily regular.
If there’s a client who wants more regular work out of you over a long period of time they might work on a retainer basis where they pay you a set amount per month, for instance, for a certain amount of work.
LH: Yeah, I mean retainers are a really good way to secure the long term arrangement and it goes for your client as well because with the retainer… I work on a retainer basis for a couple of companies and it tends to be that I invoice them at the start of every month for a set amount of money and they expect a certain number of, say for one client, press releases, news stories and blog articles per month.
PW: Yeah, I work that way with several clients as well.
LH: Yeah, so the number of hours for me, because I work on an hourly basis, the number of hours per month is arranged and I know what I can do in that number of hours. So effectively the number of pieces of work is arranged.
PW: Sure. I do it on a piece of work basis in general but yeah.
LH: Yeah, yeah it’s effectively the same thing because I tell them I can get x done in one hour.
PW: Yeah and you complete the work that’s been paid for.
LH: Yeah, I completely second what Pip said. Get it down in writing. Get it down in writing exactly what you’re going to get. It doesn’t matter if it’s like a proper agreement or if you put it in an email and ask them to confirm by reply that they’re happy with that because then you have it, you have it in your hand what they’ve agreed to.
LH: Because you know I do have cheeky clients, you know I do have clients that say, “Couldn’t you do a couple extra?” and I say, “Well if you pay me for a couple of extra then yes.” You know I could do a couple extra but as it is, no.
LH: Yeah, you just find yourself quitting if that were the case because I wouldn’t say that you’ve got no recourse but the only course of action you have is to quit, which is not ideal.
LH: You know you can’t do anything to them if you don’t have a formal agreement you would just get more and more resentful and then stop working for them and that’s not really what anybody wants, and people forget that you’re a freelancer and that you’re a single person and that you’re not a company you know, because we all like to feel like we’re getting a bit extra from a company, you know.
LH: I bought a pair of shoes the other day and there was a scuff on them and I asked if I could have some money off and she said, “Yeah, yeah that’s fine, we’ll give you 10% off and, you know, it’s non-refundable.” So I said that’s fine and when it came to the till she knocked off a fiver out of £15. I was like that’s a big 10%, but I felt like I’d won the day.
LH: I just won these shoes.
PW: Yeah, some chocolate or toothpaste or bread or all sorts of things really, and the joy you get just for getting a free loaf of bread, you feel like you’ve beaten the system.
LH: You’re a sucker for marketing.
PW: I know, it’s really bad but you do feel… people want to get the most out of what they get and if what we just talked about in terms of retainers you might be thinking, “But £400, but for how much and what do I do?” Do go back to the beginning of the year. We did three episodes about finance.
PW: We did one about how to decide what to charge, one about kind of the nuts and bolts of invoicing and charging and one about how to increase your rates and if what we talked about in terms of retainers just left your head spinning with 8000 questions you’ll probably find that a lot of them are answered by those three episodes.
LH: And if not come and have a chat. Yeah, we’re happy to go over things. If you let us know on our Facebook or our social media that you’ve not followed something, that you’ve had a listen to those three episodes and you’re still not getting it we’re happy to chat to you on Facebook, we’re happy to chat on Twitter, we’re happy to even record a podcast if we think there’s enough in it for a whole episode.
PW: Yeah, absolutely because, you know, we’re aware that while we do try to make all the information we give as accessible as possible because we’re both doing the job full time, and have done for a while, there may be things that we think are just a given that we’ve kind of maybe forgotten are more complicated than they sound. So, you know, if you feel a bit lost or if you’ve got any questions that we haven’t covered yeah, do let us know.
LH: Definitely you know, and just to sum up on the retainer business, I think it is a pro. I think being on a retainer is a positive thing because you’ll find that retainers are mostly monthly and it’s just a certain amount of your monthly target, because I have a monthly target for my salary, it’s a certain amount that’s accounted for and it’s a certain amount that, like I said about the weekly work, you get used to it being in the rhythm of your month.
LH: You know you set aside a day or two days, or whatever, you know perhaps spread out actually over several days but that amount of time and you get the work done and it’s nice, it’s nice to have somebody on board as long as you’ve made sure that the terms are favourable to both you and the client.
PW: Yes, absolutely, because much as you don’t want to feel resentful about the work you’re doing you also are never going to have a good relationship with them if they feel resentful about how much they’re paying and whether they’re getting value out of it.
LH: Yeah, better than good, it’s vital, you’re right. If you have a long term client talk to them. You know I have long term clients, I have long term connections, I have long term people working for me and it’s important to check in with these people regularly and say, “How are you feeling?” Like don’t invite clients to ask you to drop your rates. They’ll say, “So how are you feeling about that massive invoice that I just sent you?” you know because if you’ve taken the advice that we’ve given you and you’ve worked out your hourly rate or your project rate fairly then alright, your client might be stinging when they get a large invoice but they will be paying a large invoice because you’ve given them a large amount of work, but what I mean is sort of say to them, “How as that press release? Was that in line with everything you wanted? How are you feeling at the moment? How’s your marketing going? Do you need any more? Do you need any different types? I’ve noticed that we haven’t done any case studies for a while, how about that?” you know keep talking and you’re likely to find that they’re more satisfied with your work and that they’re more likely to carry on with you on the long term.
PW: Yeah, exactly, opened the channels of communication and what actually happened was that there was an issue with the finance department of his business. It wasn’t anything to do with him not being happy, it was a communication problem between him and his finance team. So the invoices weren’t being processed properly but it meant that I felt better because I was confident then that I hadn’t done something wrong or that he wasn’t pleased with my work and our relationship got back on track again because it had been getting quite awkward.
LH: Well of course it will if somebody’s paying you late and you don’t know why and they just carry on doing the same thing.
PW: Yeah, yeah. So that kind of communication, it’s vital in every… you know in all sorts of areas really.
LH: Definitely and especially in an age where, and we’ve talked about this before, where email is so prevalent over phone contact it can be easy to really distance yourself and, you know, some people might like that but I really don’t enjoy having clients for whom I produce work but with whom I never speak.
LH: Even if it’s just a bit of chat over email. I have some clients, and I’ve had them for months or years, well not years but I’ve had some clients for months and I’ve literally never spoken to them.
PW: Yes, yes it is weird.
LH: So I don’t know what they sound like.
LH: You know and some clients I will probably never speak to on the phone. You know some are in different time zones, some aren’t native speakers of English and I think they’re just more comfortable with communicating by email, some we just don’t need to but it’s nice to have a little bit of friendliness and I think if you show yourself to be open to communication, and you communicate in a nice way, again that’s going to facilitate a good working relationship in future.
PW: Anyway, we were talking about the pros and cons of long term clients, so I think we need to get back to that.
In terms of the cons one of the negative aspects of regular clients, long term clients is that you can get bored. You don’t have the challenge of finding new clients, of taking on pieces of work that are slightly outside your comfort zone, understanding a new company’s style or of writing about a new subject and so psychologically you can get bored but also your writing can get a bit tired.
LH: No, it’s not good when your writing gets tired because it’s immediately obvious to anybody reading it, you know, and I would go as far as to say tired writing just doesn’t get results.
LH: It’s not persuasive. If you’re not putting it in to your writing people aren’t going to get it out of your writing, it’s quite simple, and it can also be an issue in terms of working for the same client if you’re charging by the hour, which of course as I’ve said I do. Where I find that my online news articles for one client, say, now take an hour previously, when I was getting to know them, they might have taken 90 minutes say, and it’s not inherently a problem for me because I get a lot of work from all of my regular clients and as we’ve discussed before, I make sure that I get a certain amount of work from them, if not on a retainer basis then I’m quite an active pursuer of work with some of my regular clients because I know that if I suggest something to them the worst they’re going to say is no, you know they appreciate me finding work. So I get, you know I get a lot of work and if I find that, “Oh, that didn’t take very long” I’ll search out something else and see if they fancy me doing that for them as well, but imagine that you’re just doing a few one hour pieces of work for someone every month, say you’re doing four hours of work for someone every month, and then over time you find that they’re only taking you 30 to 45 minutes it can start to feel like a bit of a waste of time because with every client you have to keep up to date with the developments and the trends in their sector to prevent exactly what Pip was talking about. You need to prevent your writing getting stale. You need to be able to write informed, relevant, up to date, key word rich content for your client but if you’re spending more time doing that background research that’s needed for your client rather than spending that amount on paid work it can be a bit of a pain and it can actually not be worth your time.
LH: …two hours a month on that?
PW: Yeah, it’s keeping on top of that in Google Reader, which we’ll lose Google Reader.
LH: Do you know, I’ve never used it but I’ve noticed like tears before bedtime all over my social media.
PW: I am not the only devastated person.
LH: Poor thing. What are you going to go with instead?
PW: I think Feedly but I’m not sure. Someone started a Government petition but the Government rejected it [laughs].
LH: I’m not surprised. Oh, desperation’s palpable at this point.
LH: But it takes time, doesn’t it?
LH: You have to get in the zone for a bit of Health & Safety unless you’re really passionate about the subject and getting in that zone you’ve got to sit down and make time for proper engaged reading. You can’t just skim read things like this because you have to know in-depth what you’re talking about.
PW: Yeah, yeah and so having all that going on and that resulting in two hours a month, like Lorrie says, it’s not really worth it. If it results in 20 hours a month that’s a different matter.
LH: Yes, yeah. So that’s perhaps another reason in favour of paid per project rather than paid per hour but if you’re like me you know I am committedly paid per hour for myself. For some reason it’s just what’s worked best for me and it’s what I’m cosy with.
PW: And that’s what it’s all about to be honest. Throughout this podcast what we always say is, you know, “I do it like this” and then Lorrie might say, “And I do it like this” and we’re not saying you must do what I do or what Lorrie does. We’re presenting you with information about different ways to do it and you know what works and then, you know, make your own choices based on what suits you. I do a bit of pay per hour stuff. I can see the benefits of it but I’m more confident with pay per project. It’s all about what works.
PW: [Laughs] Team Lorrie: hourly wages, Team Pippa: project pay!
LH: I see a few tee shirt sales coming from this.
LH: But yeah, you know lives aren’t the same. My life’s not the same as Pip’s and our lives aren’t the same as yours. So whatever works best for you really.
PW: And try a few things out if you want to. Yeah, I warmed more to pay per hour when I did quite a lot of it for one client and I started to see more of the benefits than I’ve been able to without having done it in any considerable way.
LH: Yeah and likewise, you know when I started working on retainer I saw the benefits of pay per project.
LH: You know it’s all where you are in your life and your career at that time and what works there.
PW: Yeah. If you’ve got one regular client that provides the majority of your work a possible problem with that, and this would really bug me I have to say, is that you can start feeling like an employee. You probably chose to become self-employed for many very good reasons and feeling like you’ve still got a boss who expects to know where you are and gives you most of your work and they’re dictating what you do and when you do it you might not feel that different to when you were in someone else’s office.
LH: Definitely and I’ve got experience of that. You know, as I say, I do have… most of my clients I would say are long term clients. You know I don’t do that much one off work compared to the amount of long term work I do simply because I outsource a lot of my long term work so I can keep more of it on but yes, I’ve certainly experienced it when one particular client forgets that you’re not their employee.
LH: And they’ll send you an email sort of last minute about something urgent and then they’ll be phoning you and phoning you and phoning you and there’ll be this tone of sort of not belligerence but sort of, “Where were you?”, “Oh, I’m not your employee. I’ve done my work for this week and if you can’t get hold of me it’s because I’m busy with something else and I’ll get back to you when I can” and I’ve had clients phone me at 8 o’clock in the morning on a Saturday saying, “We need you to do this immediately” and I’ve said, “Well let me check my diary and it’ll be time and a half because it’s a rush job on the weekend” and that kind of brings them back to it, it’s a bit like, “Oh. Oh right, okay” and it’s, “Well no, my weekends are my weekends” and I do have to keep a certain amount of distance for this very reason. You know I do have to remind them sometimes I need to check what I’m doing for my other clients; I need to balance that with my other commitments.
LH: Yes, yeah exactly that and it can come as a bit of a shock to clients I think.
PW: Yeah. I do remember a point where the vast majority of your work was coming from one client and you were almost, well not even almost, you were very much actually caught up in office politics.
PW: Which is really one of those things that when I went freelance I was glad to leave behind. I wasn’t having to deal with all the internal turmoil but yeah, there was a point with you when so much of your work was coming from one place that you may as well have been there in terms of dealing with that kind of office politics situation.
LH: Very much. I mean when you start out it’s easy, as we’ve said before, to get caught up on one client because you have to take as much work as you possibly can from wherever you can get it. So the way I kind of dealt with that, because you know that client’s still on board, they’re a great client, it’s just that they have so many different departments that there’s bound to be lots of office politics between. So what I basically said is, “I will deal with x person in this company. If anybody else needs to contact me by all means, feel free, but x person is my point of contact and this person should always be aware of anything that you’re sending to me. You should see this person in” and that’s cut down on a lot of the, “He said, she said but I thought we were doing this and I didn’t think we were doing that” and you know, as you say Pip, it’s easy for them to get caught up in thinking that you’re part of the company and to involve you in things that you don’t need to be involved with.
PW: The point of asking for one contact within a company is good advice regardless of office politics. If you get in a position where… like quite often I find that a piece of work I’m doing will be used by, say, the PR department and the marketing department and you can get really caught in a position there where the PR department wants to pull you one way with it and the marketing department want to pull you another way.
PW: Yeah, whereas if you’ve got one contact then the others can pass information through them but you’re only answerable to one person and it makes it much more doable and you can do the good job that you were going to do in the first place.
LH: And that is absolutely fine for you to say that.
PW: And often with something like press releases and case studies, I think in particular, you might need to get a handful of quotes from different people and quite often what will happen is your contact will give you other people’s contact details to get quotes.
PW: And so you then send them all an email saying, “Could you give me, you know, three quotes on this new product that you’re selling” and then you can pick the ones that fit, and that’s all fine and most of the time they’ll get back to you, especially if you say, if you give them a deadline, “Get back to me by Thursday with these three quotes” but sometimes you do that and you don’t hear back from someone and you might prompt them and they still don’t hear back from them. That’s where your contact comes in handy because you then go to your contact and say, “I’m having trouble getting a quote from Margaret, could you try for me” because then you’re not in the position of chasing, which isn’t your job, and your contact is aware that you’ve got a problem that’s arisen that’s out of your control.
LH: And I think going back to, because we’re coming up with loads of really good stuff and I think this is all a really good insight into what it’s like being a freelancer, to kind of take it back to the overarching theme of the cons of working for long term clients is sometimes clients won’t realise that that’s not your job.
PW: Yeah, especially if you do do it for a while.
LH: Yes because it’s easy not to know where the line is because you chase once, you chase twice and then you send it back to your contact saying, “I’ve not heard back from x person. I can’t get hold of them” and if a client wants me to chase I make it clear that I will charge for the time.
PW: Yeah. Sometimes you do have to just go to a client and say something isn’t working.
PW: And it’s hard because you feel like you want to… you feel like you’re making yourself look bad but actually if something’s going wrong over a period of time and you’ve tried various things to resolve it sometimes you do have to go to them and say, “This isn’t working.” I had a situation with a client really recently where we both really tried to make it work but for numerous reasons outside of both of our control really.
LH: Yeah, there was no fault in this situation. I think I know the one you’re talking about.
PW: Yeah, it just became clear that we weren’t going to be able to work something out and we had a very respectful conversation, we worked out a new way of doing it, which involves an entirely different way of working to what we’d planned, but had both of us not been honest. We tried, we tried different things but the way we’d started out was not working and it did come to a point where we needed to have that conversation rather than both kind of getting more and more unhappy.
LH: But it’s nice that you both valued each other’s aims enough to have that discussion.
LH: You’re wanting to deliver what your client needs.
LH: And your client is trying to deliver what you deserve and have every right to expect.
LH: You know that’s really, really nice. Yeah, so as you say, communicating a problem is actually showing that you value the client/freelance relationship.
LH: So if you fit that’s not necessarily, you know it’s not necessarily going to be an unsolvable problem that your client might sometimes slip into the pattern of treating you like an employee.
PW: …because you’re familiar with each other. So, you know, if problems do arise it might be easier to tackle them because you know them well.
LH: And they say, “Oh well our contact in the finance department keeps losing your emails or keeps forgetting, so I’ll cc that person in in future.” So no matter what the problem is, or what the problem seems to be, it’s always best to try and solve it and to have a good conversation with your client company because otherwise there’s no real solution.
PW: Yeah. I think the biggest risk that freelancers can face with regular clients is that if they disappear you can be in real trouble. If they realise they’re sending you an awful lot of work and it actually might be more cost effective to hire an in-house writer, if they decide to go with a different freelancer for some reason, if they run out of money or have a change of staff or, you know, worst case scenario but it’s happening these days, you know going bust, closing down altogether then if all or a lot of your work is coming from one place the majority of your income can disappear overnight because you’re not contracted to them, they’re not under any obligation to send you work.
PW: And you can find yourself in real trouble, especially because the process of marketing and approaching new clients and building good relationships can take weeks or months.
LH: Oh yeah, obviously, yes that totally happens all the time on the internet! It just doesn’t you know and to a certain extent there’s a risk that you can’t avoid. You know when you’re starting out I would 100% support you in taking as much work as you can get from any client that comes your way.
LH: 100% and if they disappear it’ll be a kick in the teeth and it’ll be a pain in the bum and all sorts of other things but it’s not a reason not to do it.
PW: No, it’s work you’ve had even if it’s not work that continues, so it’s still money in the bank.
LH: Yeah but, as Pip’s pointed out, be aware of the precarious position you might be in.
LH: Yes and don’t concentrate all your efforts on one client at the expense of others.
PW: Yeah and that level of security shouldn’t be underestimated. I mean the biggest fear that freelancers have and the biggest fear that people who are contemplating freelancing have is, “What if I can’t pay my bills? What if I don’t get enough work?” and there is a lot to be said for the security of somebody who for the last 12 months has paid you every month a certain amount of money, or even varying amounts of money but still regularly. There is a lot to be said for that and we shouldn’t underestimate, even amidst the various disadvantages that we’ve talked about, but people do feel good with that element of security.
LH: It’s nice you know and some of the writers that I hire, you know the way I work is that I have particular writers for particular accounts.
LH: So for Client A and B I’ll have one writer who does regular work so that I know that my writer can get up to date with the sector and the trends within the company and the company style, but then it’s not a full time job. You know I’ll send over, for example, 20 hours a week to one writer which leaves that writer free to find other work.
LH: So effectively it’s the same situation as my own.
LH: You know it’s just branching out and spreading that situation a little bit further. You know I’ve got a certain amount of time per week that’s accounted for and the rest of the time that I’ve made free by outsourcing I look for different work and with my writers they have a certain amount of time per week that’s accounted for because I send them that certain amount of time per week worth of work.
PW: And they’re in the exact same position where you might one day have a change of career or you might take someone else on if they’re suddenly not doing the job well enough, they’re in the same position where it’s brilliant for them that you’re providing them regular work but this isn’t guaranteed for the next five years.
I mean for me, overall, a combination of long term clients and new clients works perfectly. I feel like I’ve got a degree of security from the long term ones but each of those provide only a certain proportion of my work each week or each month. I also keep marketing myself, keep approaching new people and keep doing either one off work for newcomers or developing long term relationships with them. It’s about not keeping all your eggs in one basket and it’s also, and this is for me really important, about keeping a variety of work in my week. Different topics, different styles, different types of writing keep it interesting, because I can get bored quite easily [laughs] and they make sure my writing doesn’t get stale.
LH: Yeah, no 100%. I mean with the way I now work I prefer having a number of long term clients because it doesn’t take up all my time.
LH: You know, as I say, I outsource so it’s lovely to have that security on there and I know that the security’s being passed on to other writers, which makes me feel really good, but I do like the challenge that new clients present when they come on board.
PW: Yes, I do too. It’s stressful but in a really nice way.
LH: Definitely and I like it, even if I’m hoping they’re going to become a long term client it’s nice to have that freshness from a new person.
I prefer not to work with people on a one off basis on commercial stuff. That’s a personal preference. There’s nothing wrong with doing that.
LH: I prefer to work on a one off basis with literary editing stuff.
LH: And that, by its nature, can be a very, very one off thing.
LH: But that being said, you know I do like to follow up with people and the authors that I’ve worked with have often come back to me for different services.
LH: Not always but, you know, sometimes.
PW: I’ve had a series of people recently who’ve hired me to proofread their CV and they’ve been, without wanting to blow my own trumpet, so impressed with the feedback I’ve given them that they then send me a different version of their CV to proofread and their covering letter and their everything else. It’s like they’re suddenly going, “Oh wow!” and so it’s happened a handful of times just in the last few weeks where what started as a CV proofread, which I do quite a lot of and which is nearly always a one off, has actually produced more and more work, it’s really nice.
LH: It’s nice to make somebody feel that they’re getting you know real excellent value from you.
LH: And it’s the same, you know I’ve had authors come back, well I’ve had authors come to me for a developmental critique you know when they’re writing a book, you know, “Am I going around this the right way? What do you think to my proposed chapter structure? What do you think to my proposed plot? How’s the narrative working?” you know and then you wish them luck, you send them a developmental critique and then they come back to you and the book’s finished and you’re like, “Yay!” and you have a little celebratory moment with them, like, “Well done you” and they’re back for a proofread and an edit and I just really do prefer to work with people and companies over a length of time rather than just letting them ride off into the sunset simply because it’s nice to have history with people and also because I’m kind of nosy, I kind of like to know what’s going on.
LH: So basically, in conclusion from a very long point, is that I don’t object to working with people on a one off basis and I can see all the benefits of it. I really do like a new challenge, especially when I’ve got the time on my hands to enjoy that, but my one offs just usually do end up becoming repeat regular clients and I do like that. I like having people on board.
PW: I think that’s a really good reason to not turn down one offs on principle because I’ve had the same experience and one starts off wanting one thing and then if you do it well they do come back.
LH: Yeah and I think like much of freelancing, as we said right at the start of this windy, wandering early morning podcast, it’s a personal preference deciding whether you want to work with long term clients or short term clients. It’s up to you. Getting to know how you like to work will determine what kind of clients you want to attract. You know maybe you’re a spontaneous sort of person and you love new exciting challenges and you’re not risk adverse.
LH: You know and things have a way of working out for you. You’ve got a stream of incoming one off projects, in which case go for the one offs, enjoy it, enjoy the roller coaster. If you’re a little bit more like me and you’re nosy and you like chatting to the same people over again and seeing how things develop and you like the certain level of stability then go for long term clients.
PW: I think there are people who need, when they start at 8 o’clock on a Monday morning, they need to already know exactly what their week looks like.
PW: And then there are other people who can get an email on a Wednesday morning saying, “Can you do this by midday?” and they say, “Yes I can” and they do it.
LH: And that would be fine for them, yeah.
PW: Yeah and I’m neither of those, I’m somewhere in the middle I think.
LH: Yeah, I think most people are.
LH: I think it’s a continuum, isn’t it, and most of us will find ourselves wobbling about somewhere in the middle and it will change over time. You know sometimes you’ll want a bit more stability. You know I know a lot of freelancers that I chat to on social media are working mums you know and they’ve decided to stay at home while they’ve got young children. So a couple of long term clients would be brilliant for that.
LH: You know say over the back end of your maternity period and then while you’ve got a new born maybe you wouldn’t take on so much one off work, you know maybe that would feel just too much stress for you, maybe it wouldn’t you know, which is absolutely fine, but to have a long term client ticking away in the background would be lovely.
LH: You know do what works for you.
PW: Yeah, yeah. So hopefully we’ve covered there some of the benefits and the drawbacks of long term and short term clients.
LH: And a lot of other stuff in between.
LH: That’s a good point.
PW: …but will pay the bills and so you may prefer to have long term clients, but if you have no work and three short term people come up don’t turn the work down on principle. You know you’ve got to be sensible. It’s not all about it being perfect for you.
PW: When it is all about it being perfect for you that’s lovely but it’s also real life and sometimes you have to do things you’re not 100% in love with.
LH: And you’ve got to see the wider benefits as well. You know maybe a one off piece wasn’t what you were looking for. Maybe you needed another regular client to come on board, but think about how well you can do the one off piece, think about how many people that person knows, check out the sector that person’s in, milk that opportunity for everything you can get out of it. Talk about the work that you’re doing on social media. Say, “I’ve just had a really exciting piece of work on.” Tell people on your Facebook what you’re doing.
LH: Client confidentiality accepting but, you know, say, “I’ve got a client in this sector and I’m doing a really exciting few case studies for them” or, “Just been taken on by a new client who wants a website doing.” Promote that situation. It doesn’t have to just be one off in terms of the benefits, even if it’s one off in terms of the collaboration.
PW: And if it’s a new area for you, say it’s a particular… someone wants a website about a particular health condition, then you do all your research and you write the website and then use the research you’ve done to also then pitch articles on that health condition to three different women’s magazines, send some articles on it to constant content, you know, and approach other clients who need writing on that health issue. You can use what you get from a very short term piece of work to widen the work you’re doing.
LH: Absolutely, I mean that’s such a good point. It’s all about imagination.
Now it is time for our Little Bird recommendations of the week.
PW: Lorrie, tell me about your recommendation.
LH: Well I’m quite pleased with my recommendation this week because I always find myself thinking on maybe a Wednesday or a Thursday, “Oh, I need to recommend something” like, “What have I done?” and because so much of what you do as a freelancer becomes second nature it’s easy to forget that things that are a given to you could be something new and exciting to listeners.
LH: But this week I have something that I’m quite pleased with. It’s nothing super intuitive, it’s nothing super fancy but it’s something that I’ve really been enjoying. Now recently I’ve been preparing, on my creative writing blog, for a particular blogging challenge and it’s the first one I’ve taken part in and it’s called ‘The Blogging from A to Z Challenge’. Now it’s an annual challenge. It involves choosing an overarching theme, say writing or reading or e-marketing or travel, photography, whatever, and producing a blog post every day in April, apart from Sundays. So that adds up to 26 days with the 26 letters of the alphabet.
LH: …spread out across social media and, you know, people will stop by your blog and social media for a chat if you use these particular hashtags and you’ll find lovely readers and critics for your work, you know in terms of creative writing, which is what I’m blogging on, and you get the chance to read work by other writers who are tackling topics that you’re interested in. So whether it’s more creative writing or photography or travel, whatever, even if you’re not taking part in the challenge, and this is where my recommendation comes in, I’d recommend having a look at the hashtag, and it’s #atozchallenge.
PW: I’ll link to the search results for that in the show notes.
LH: Thank you and you’ll be able to see who’s taking part in the A to Z Blogging Challenge, and there’s also a complete list on the Blogging from A to Z Challenge website where you can browse by author, blog or topic.
PW: Although, as Lorrie says it’s probably too late to start this one, there are lots of blogging challenges around.
LH: Oh yeah, yeah, yeah.
PW: So if you can’t do this one but you really like the idea do a search. There are lots of options and you can find one that suits you exactly.
LH: Yeah, definitely. I mean this one is a big one in the sense of you have to blog every day in April, apart from Sundays, but there are some like there’s Friday Fiction or Friday Flash, I’m not sure, I don’t take part in that one, but every Friday people write a bit of flash fiction and they hashtag it up and it just helps draw a bit of traffic.
PW: Yeah, you basically just have to do a blog post a day. It doesn’t give you any… there’s no further guidance about what it needs to be about, you just have to do a blog post a day and it’s quite good for discipline.
LH: And motivation as well.
PW: Yeah because this was my personal blog a few years ago and I’d really got out of the habit of posting there and it just got me back into the habit and I was able to start keeping it up again.
LH: It’s lovely you know. So have a look around, as Pip says, at these blogging challenges and they’ve usually all got hashtags because that’s how you get people to know about them, of course. I blog in WordPress and you can search for hashtags on WordPress. You know you can have a look in your WordPress reader and search for the #atozchallenge in there and it doesn’t necessarily need a hash symbol before it but that’s the term that’s searchable and people are tagging up their blog posts with that and you can find brilliant new people to follow, have a chat with, give feedback to and it’s just a lovely thing for a sense of community, and as Pip says, getting you back into the swing of blogging if you’re a bit out of it.
Now what this did all get me thinking about, you see I’m coming to my point, was a post I spotted a while back on a brilliant website. I love this website and it’s brilliant for research and training. It’s called Suite101, and we’ll link to that in the show notes, and the post itself is about the top 100 hashtags that writers and authors should get to know. Now it’s a brilliant resource. It’s just a list but it’s a list of all the hashtags that authors, marketers, bloggers, e-book writers, copywriters, commercial writers might need to find their fellow fish in the big social media sea.
So I guess my recommendation for this week is kind of a theme rather than one thing in particular. I’m recommending that you use the amazing resources out there across blogs and social media and that you tap into the viral connections that exist out there between authors and writers and publishers and anyone who’s interested in the written word because, like with so many things we mention, it’s something that can have an immediate benefit, say can get you posting more on your blog or can put you in touch with other people, but I really do think the benefits ripple out.
PW: Yes, absolutely. I mean hashtags are… my Tweet Deck has so many columns with so many different search results and lists and hashtags but yeah, it’s a brilliant way of finding contacts, learning new things. So yeah, great recommendation and good luck with the challenge as well.
LH: So, Philippa, what is your Little Bird recommendation of the week?
PW: My recommendation is a blog post called ‘How to Work with Me on a Low Budget’ and it’s written by a graphic designer and it’s all about… it’s basically a response to people who contact him and ask him to work for free.
LH: Ooo, I think I’m going to like this.
PW: Yes. It’s, as you know if you’ve listened to us for any amount of time, is an issue that we come across quite a lot.
Now he’s very reasonable. He explains very clearly what the issues are. He says, “There are four scenarios where I can imagine people might approach me to work at a reduced fee. No. 1, you like what I do enough to risk a refusal. No. 2, you think I’m a soft touch. No. 3, you think whatever it is that you’re doing is more important than my son’s education or my health insurance. No. 4, you’re chancing your arm” and then he goes through various… he explains firstly why he deserves to get paid for the work he does, he explains why that’s not unreasonable and he also goes into, “If, if I say that I will do this for free these are very clearly my conditions and you certainly don’t have any say in these because I’m already working for you for free. So these are the things I expect from you” and it’s a good post. Yeah, he explains… he just explains it really clearly. I think anybody wanting someone to work for free should have a read because it does point out that they are being quite unreasonable but he’s also not just yelling at people but yeah, it’s an interesting post.
PW: …for this one but yeah, that’s my recommendation and as with Lorrie’s it will be in the show notes at alittlebirdtoldme.podomatic.com and it’s by Larry Hynes.
LH: That makes me so sad that we’re having to come up with new ways to tell people why it’s not okay to beg for work for free.
LH: And again, you know, and the fact that we’re… you know it’s a brilliant article; I’ve just spotted it now.
PW: Yeah, it’s good, isn’t it?
LH: It’s fabulous and it’s really nicely laid out and it’s nicely written because, as you say, it’s not a rant.
LH: It’s so easy to have a rant on this subject because, as we’ve just said, it’s again and again and again but yeah, this guy has actually come up with a way of really laying it out and I can see this blog post being something that people link back to for years. I mean looking at it it’s not even a new blog post.
PW: No, it was written last August and it’s still doing the rounds, so.
LH: Don’t think that you can just pat yourself on the back and say, “Right, here we go. I’m just going to get on with what I want this person to do.’ I’m going to lay it out and I’m going to get exactly what I would get from somebody to whom I was giving a professional wage.” You know there is a balance that needs to be met and if Larry Hynes is going to work for you for free his conditions are very, very clear and I applaud him for that.
LH: No, I really, really do because like anything in life benefit has to go both ways, whether that’s financial or otherwise.
PW: Absolutely, absolutely and the conditions he’s put in place for if, “It’s a very rare occasion that I agree to work for you for free” are kind of the things you would like any client to have but certainly are things that you don’t want to be messing about with if you’re not even being paid. Like one of them is, “I expect you to be organised. I expect you to communicate clearly, show up on time and have whatever information is required to hand. I expect you to sweat the details because you’re not paying me to do it and details are very important to me.” Now that’s the kind of thing that ideally any client, you know, would be doing but certainly if you’re not paying someone get your things together.
PW: I know, I know.
LH: Because for me I don’t want to talk… I applaud Larry Hynes 100,000% but I don’t like the idea of talking reasonably to somebody who is begging work for free. I will never be okay with it.
PW: No and he’s been very clear that although these are his conditions for working for free he makes it very clear that that’s a very occasional situation where he nearly always says no and he gives good reason for it, not that you should have to justify not working for free. One of the things he says is, “Do you get paid? You know when you go to work do you get a wage?” Yes, you know, and have a think about that.
LH: No, it’s like what we’re saying back in Episode, oh Episode 4, all the way back in Episode 4 when we were discussing a certain gentleman who was asking people to proofread his full length novel in return for chocolate.
LH: Now, listeners, if you didn’t listen to Episode 4 it’s fairly ranty but it’s on this topic, so if you find that you’re liking this bit of the discussion go back and have a listen, or if you find that you’re not liking it go back and have a listen so you can come and have a bit of a discussion with us on social media, but as Pip and I pointed out I don’t send a bar of chocolate instead of money for my gas bill.
LH: I don’t go into a shop and say, “Right, I really like that tee shirt. I’m going to buy it and here are two Toblerones” or, “Here is a bar of Dairy Milk.” No, people trade with money.
PW: You know he’s not messing about.
LH: 100%. I need to have a good proper read of this because I have a feeling that he’s got a lot of spikes that have come out for this.
LH: And it’s good, it’s excellent, it’s a really, really excellent post because I think I’m stuck in the situation where I’m like, “But I shouldn’t have to say this. We shouldn’t have to justify it” but the fact is we do.
PW: And certainly not for the 100th time but here we are having to do it again.
LH: Yeah and here we are chatting sort of passionately about an article that’s talking about just that, exactly because it’s such a common thing.
PW: And there will still be people on Twitter later today wanting free proofreaders.
LH: Course there will, or beta readers as they call them.
LH: Like I can see it, I can totally, totally see it where you say to people, “I’ve written something. I’m thinking about self-publishing. Can you let me know what you think?” That, to me, is a beta reader.
LH: Aww, you’d be welcome to.
PW: Yeah but you’d be the person I’d go to because I trust your skills and your abilities but I wouldn’t expect you to do that for free even though we’re very good friends because I know it’s as much a part of your job as the other things we do.
LH: If, as I am now, I’m quite comfortable, you know I’m happy and I’ve got a little bit of time and, you know, I’m not struggling for any money at the moment then I would say, “No, pass it over” because it’s very much like paying for dinner for a friend.
LH: Once you’ve been friends with somebody for long enough you don’t have to say, “Let’s split it 50/50” and you don’t have to say, “You get this one, I’ll get the next one.” One of you just pays and it just balances out at some point.
PW: It’s going in titles, isn’t it?
LH: Oh it’s so arrogant and I think we’re going to have to do another episode for it at some point.
PW: We are because we’ve clearly not got it out of our system.
LH: …caffeined up how strongly I’ll feel about this again. I’m sure we can tackle it again.
LH: My recommendation, don’t ask people for free work.
PW: Especially not if we’re watching.
LH: Larry’s watching [laughs]. Poor Larry. He’s probably never heard of us and he’s being invoked as some sort of all seeing important freelancer.
PW: [Laughs]. Anyway, thank you so much for listening. We love doing the podcast and we love that people really enjoy it, we love that people find it helpful. Do leave us reviews on iTunes and Stitcher and promote us on your blogs and on Twitter because we want as many people to benefit from what we say as possible.
LH: Yeah, we always try and be responsive and flexible and we love hearing from you. You know if you’ve got any queries, as we said earlier, come and have a chat to us. We can answer you on social media, we can link you to useful blog posts, we could answer you in a personalised blog post if it came down to it, if there was something you particularly wanted to know that only Pip and I have the answer to. I can’t imagine what that would be.
LH: [Laughs] but you know if it came down to it and you brought up something that would be useful for loads of our listeners we’d be happy to record a podcast on that subject. We’ve got a list of podcast subjects that we want to tackle over the next few months. We can always slot somebody in. So if you come up with something that you think would be a really good podcast episode let us know and we’ll have a chat.
PW: Yeah, we spent 45 minutes the other day in a shared Google doc and we came up with three and a half pages of new topic ideas. So we are raring to go.
LH: We are, it’s like a sweet shop and we want to get a bag full out there to you right now. So come and take part, come and let us know what you want us to talk about, it’s probably already on our list but we’ll certainly answer any concerns that you’ve got, any questions you have. So yeah, come and have a chat. We don’t bite, we’re nice.
PW: Thank you for listening. I have been Philippa Willitts.
LH: And I’ve been Lorrie Hartshorn and we’ll catch you next time. | 2019-04-20T16:20:02Z | http://www.philippawrites.co.uk/podcast-episode-32-the-pros-and-cons-of-long-term-clients/ |
“The secret to happiness is being glad about what you have while working toward making changes for an even better life. Any of us, in any situation, can be happy. Let’s explore the possibilities together.” ~Dr. Robert Puff, Ph.D.
Is workplace negativity holding your company back? What can you do to create positive, happy experiences that make your team effective, creative, and much more productive?
Dr. Robert Puff is an internationally recognized clinical psychologist who brings a holistic approach to marriage and couples counseling, individual therapy, and family, teenager & child counseling.
For over 30 years, he has been successfully helping clients find greater peace and success in their lives and relationships by using a therapy that addresses the spiritual, emotional, nutritional, and physical aspects of the individual. Dr. Puff has a private practice in Newport Beach, just south of Hoag on PCH, where he is able to help couples, individuals, families, and organizations in all parts of Orange County and Southern California.
He regularly helps coach people and businesses all over the world via Skype, FaceTime, and phone. He has authored 13 books on a variety of topics, including relationships, anger management, holistic healing and happiness. His two books, Finding Our Happiness Flow and Anger Work: How to Express Your Anger and Still be Kind have made it on the Best Seller list at Amazon.com. His book, How to Live a Positive Life: The Art of Living Well, was a #1 bestseller at iTunes books in the “Self-Improvement” category.
For several years, Dr. Puff was the number one ranked individual on Google search engines in the entire U.S. for the term “clinical psychologist.” He is regularly sought by the media for his expertise on a variety of mental health issues and has been quoted in the media over 1000 times. He co-hosted the weekly TV program, The Holistic Success Show, which was featured on the Discovery Channel’s Fit TV for six months.
He also hosts The Happiness Podcast, a podcast focusing on ways for all of us to find happiness, which has been downloaded over 7 million times around the world since its inception. For years, Dr. Puff has been a regular blogger for Psychology Today.
A graduate of Northwestern, and Princeton and Fuller graduate schools, with two master’s degrees and a Ph.D., he has taught as an adjunct professor at Rosemead Graduate School of Psychology and worked as a staff psychologist at Trenton Psychiatric Hospital, Sepulveda V.A. Medical Hospital, La Puente Mental Health, and St. Jude’s Medical Hospital.
Dr. Puff also consults with businesses and nonprofits on a variety of topics, including personal and work relationships, depression, career success and happiness, stress and anger management, workplace stress management and meditation.
He can be reached at [email protected] or 714-337-4889 (his cell phone).
Dr. Robert Puff, Ph.D. has been recognized as one of the top Newport Beach Psychology practices.
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Dr. Seghers holds a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Kent State University, and is a licensed clinical psychologist (PSY 27484) in the state of California. He has practiced counseling and psychotherapy since 2004. He has a background in psychological research, and has published scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. Clinically, he has been affiliated with the Rehabilitation Institute of Southern California, Straight Talk Inc., Summa Health System, and, most recently, the Cleveland VA Medical Center.
Dr. Seghers has diverse therapeutic and assessment experience. He has worked with children, adolescents, adults, seniors, couples, families, and groups from a variety of ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds. He is experienced in addressing clinical issues related to anxiety, traumatic stress, depression, substance addiction, and psychosis. In addition, he has successfully worked with an extensive range of presenting concerns, including work/career dissatisfaction, bereavement, chronic pain, relationship problems, parenting difficulties, sexual and combat trauma, and generalized malaise. Dr. Seghers is a holistic psychotherapist, adhering to an integrative approach based on empirical science. He emphasizes psychological factors (thoughts, emotions, behaviors), interpersonal connectedness, healthful eating, and physical activity. He adopts a contextual perspective in conceptualizing psychological concerns, while emphasizing here-and-now experiences, choices, meanings, and beliefs.
Dr. Seghers views human experience as an inherently creative process, and works to empower his clients to create meaningful and fulfilling lives through committed action based on personal values. He is an avid photographer, backpacker, and meditation practitioner, and has been happily married for 10 years.
Dr. Taryn Neal, Ed.D is a Licensed Psychologist PSY 25704. Dr. Neal has practiced counseling and psychotherapy in various clinical and hospital settings since 2007. Dr. Neal has a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Washington, a Masters of Arts degree from Argosy University in Counseling Psychology, and a Doctor of Education degree from Argosy University in Counseling Psychology. She has successfully worked with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with a wide range of emotional and psychological issues such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disoder I and II, schizophrenia, eating disorders, substance abuse, relationship problems, parenting difficulties, stress, and trauma. Additionally, Dr. Neal is certified in Prepare-Enrich for premarital and marital couples seeking assessment and counseling in their relationship.
Dr. Neal has been happily married for several years and has two children. She has successfully helped individuals and couples improve their relationships and marriages. Dr. neal utilizes a holistic approach both in her personal and professional life by helping individuals in therapy. Additionally, she utilizes Cognitive Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Existential and Humanistic approaches. She believes in the importance of encompassing the thoughts, feelings, and emotions as well as physical health, nutrition, and relationships of an individual. Additionally, she adheres to the whole person and believes every person can meet their fullest potential through healing and growth.
Dr. Neal has a significant background in research on eating disorders, the benefits of exercise and improvement in quality of life. Her dissertation title is “An exploration of mental health, exercise and quality of life in Orange County.” Dr. Neal provides a safe, comfortable, and trusting environment to explore thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Dr. Neal’s therapeutic approach provides healing from the past, living in the present, and looking forward to the future.
5/5/2017 “I’ve been listening to Dr. Puff’s podcasts for years and I can honestly say he has inspired me to be a more peaceful person. Learning to accept those things we cannot change is not easy to do, and Dr. Puff’s calm mannered podcasts have shown me that anything is possible if we work hard enough at it. I appreciate Dr. Puff sharing his knowledge and experience with others and posting his podcasts freely for anyone to listen to. He really cares about others! He has truly made a difference and a huge impact on my life at a time I was suffering from multiple chronic medical conditions that caused my happiness to spiral downward. His podcasts have been a huge gift in my life and I savor each better hour and am grateful for the smallest of things. I enjoy nature and “stop and smell the roses” quite often. I look forward to each new podcast. Thank you Dr. Puff for your encouragement & learning tools!Sincerely, Iris” – Iris N.
4/23/2017 “I love The Happiness Podcast. I have listened to 3-4 podcasts a day for the last two years, and it and meditation have helped me to be a much happier person. But, recently the feed (since #113) has not been downloading even though I am subscribed in iTunes.” – Carol S.
4/18/2017 “I happened upon Dr. Puff’s podcast and I listen to it at the start of my workout at the gym. He is very sensible and down to earth and I always feel better after I listen to the podcast of the week. I am an optimistic person by nature but Dr. Puff helps me realize that I can control my own happiness more than I previously thought.” – Barbara P.
3/28/2017 “I don’t usually leave reviews on anything but I recently started listening to Dr. Puff and I have to admit he’s been really helpful. I listen to his podcast every night and he has helped me become a happier person.” – Michael S.
2/23/2017 “I have been so negative lately and it has been hard for me just to stop and enjoy things and be happy in the moment. I started listening to the happiness podcast and in just one week I am so much more optimistic and i enjoy every moment of living, even when bad things happen to me. I have learned to adapt and just be so much more free and loving. One cliché to describe Dr. Puff: Good Vibes.” – Kirsten M.
1/1/2017 “Review of dr puff’s podcast … what a wonderful and beautiful Podcast that Dr Puff has … his “happiness podcast” is a gem, and an oasis of positivity. He has a gift of speaking calmly but effectively, and conveying important points about thoughts and living in relatively short podcast episodes.I have picked up and learned something in every episode. Thank you Dr Puff.” – Patrick A.
12/16/2016 “I have started meeting with Dr. Puff meditation class and must say it really does help me with my daily stress. Pretty nice guy as well. Would recommend.” – Richard L.
10/18/2016 “Listening to Dr. Puff’s podcasts is one of the kindest things I do for myself all day. It is always enlightening, and I come away with positive lessons to start the day. Can’t get much better than that Thank you Dr Puff!” – Mcg Y.
6/22/2016 “Check out his happiness podcasts. They are great, very insightful and bringing you back to inner peace knowing you’re in control of every situation and your response to it by controlling your thoughts. The more we control our thoughts towards peace and happiness, that’s what we will experience.
These are short 10-15 minute podcasts which are a great way to start your day to be as peaceful as possible.” – Annette W.
6/19/2016 “I am so appreciative of how Dr. Puff makes himself and his approach so accessible through his podcasts and meditation group. These resources make it easy to practice his steady, insightful, patient, and wise approach to life and happiness. Thank you for the regular dose of inspiration!!!!!” – Donna D.
6/9/2016 “I’m so grateful to have discovered Dr. Puff’s free meditation group on Meetup. In just 1 month of attending on Wednesday nights, I feel more calm and at peace with what is. After meditation he is kind enough to share insights from his years in practice in an effort to help as many people as possible. What a gift!” – Julie M.
3/19/2016 “After going through a difficult struggle I realized that I was the problem. So I decited that I needed help so I can create better experiences for myself. What a better way than to get therapy! After doing research I came across Dr. Robert Puffs happiness podcast. I would listen to them randomly but once the new year started I thought it would be a great idea to listen to all of his podcasts starting from number one. I have listened to all 86 of them! I’m so glad i did! It has really opened up my mind to so many different things. My favorite was not being attached to things because thats what creates suffering.I love listening to him so much. Everything about it. The intro music, his hypnotic voice, his stories, and most of all his wisdom! I’m really grateful for his happiness podcast.” – Jenna P..
2/15/2016 “I first attended Dr. Puff’s meditation group over two years ago. I can’t begin to express the gratitude I have for this service he so generously provides. This was my first step in personal growth and has changed my life in more ways than one! I’m still on my journey and loving every second of it! I highly recommend his podcast, books and any future retreats. I put his podcast on when I’m in traffic or have down time. It’s a great way to just “be”. I’ve attended a retreat he hosted, one of the most beautiful, eye opening experiences I’ve ever had. If this is the positive impact he has with a group setting, I can only imagine the change he would bring with one on one sessions. If you’re open minded and looking for a change, I highly recommend anything Dr. Puff offers, you won’t be disappointed!” – Nancy I.
1/19/2016 “I whole-heartedly recommend Dr. Puff to anyone that is interested in improving his/her way of life! He offers a myriad of ways to do this and through several types of media. I have read his books, listened to his podcasts, and attended his workshops. I can’t tell you which I like best, because I love them all! His genuine kindness and care for others is evident throughout his work and I have yet to find anyone out there who is more committed to sharing their peace and joy than Dr. Puff!
At the last workshop that I attended, he was very willing to answer my questions and believe me, I had a lot of them!! He seemed very patient with the group as a whole and there was never a sense of trying to keep to a schedule. It just goes to show that he really lives what he writes and speaks.” – JMarie C.
12/4/2015 “Dr. Puff taught me a very practical way to integrate meditation into my life and this has helped me overcome a lot of my depression and anxiety problems. His understanding, wisdom and knowledge, as well as his peaceful demeanor, have helped me learn to enjoy this life more. Also, my energy level and moods are way better and I have found greater success at work and in my personal life too. So glad to have learned so much about mental and spiritual health from Dr. Puff. I highly recommend checking out all he has to offer to anyone seeking a more happy and contented life. Thank you Dr. Puff for the good work you do!” – Hilary A.
11/3/2015 “Thank you for sharing your love, Dr. Puff! When I listen to you, you never fail to inspire me!” – Candice G.
9/23/2015 “Dr Puff’s Happiness podcast has helped me get through a really rough time in both my personal and professional life. He changed my perspective on a day-to-day basis, and it made me a happier, healthier person, with healthier relationships. I cannot thank Dr Puff enough. Life-changing is the right word to describe his work.” – T N.
9/11/2015 “I’m obviously not anywhere near Newport Beach right now, but I found Dr. Puff’s blog and podcast online. I was initially drawn in by the name, but he’s seriously good. His happiness podcasts helped me reevaluate my life and reconsider my dependence on some very negative people. The information is good, he doesn’t use a load of medical mumbo-jumbo and his voice is pleasant to listen to. I’d definitely recommend his website and podcast to people who want to get their lives in track and are feeling a bit overwhelmed by everything.” – Alice S.
7/28/2015 “Marriage counselor newport beach is how I think we found Dr Puff. We wanted to learn more about how we can take our relationship to another level. Our marriage isnt bad but we knew we wanted to grow closer in all aspects of love. So we seeked out the best counselor we could find online which Dr Puff seemed like the right answer. He is such a gentle guy and very easy to speak to. He doesn’t make you feel judged like other psychologists tend to do. He has given us so many relationship building tools and helped us better understand one another. Definitely the right counselor if you are having any type of relationship issue or what to grow further, like we have.” – Larry F.
7/19/2015 “Soothing and meditative podcasts I’ve been listening to Dr. Puff’s podcasts for the last few days, where he explores issues related to happiness: what it means to be happy and how to achieve contentment in life. The setup of his podcasts is simple (him speaking over what sounds like a faint excerpt of Bach’s The Well-Tempered Clavier) but the format works amazingly well. The simplicity of the format means less distraction from the weighty themes he’s wrestling with, such as the nature of happiness and how dreams relate to it. These are really soothing to listen to before bedtime and they’ve already given me food for thought about how to evaluate my life. Highly recommended for anyone out there who’s reflective and wants five minutes of enrichment to start the day.” – Sam S.
7/17/2015 “I love Dr. Puff’s book, Finding Our Happiness Flow! For many of us, happiness is an elusive thing. We’re weighed down every day by work, stress, and other responsibilities… and maybe it’s a job we absolutely hate, or maybe it’s an illness, or financial instability–whatever it is, we find reasons to be unhappy. What I learned in his book, though, is that we can put things into perspective, stay positive, and be happy. Happiness DOESN’T have to be elusive! Dr. Robert Puff, in Finding Our Happiness Flow, addressed many things we can do to stay happy. Though very simple, it’s easy to implement into your lives… working smart, for example, simply enjoying the journey of life, or even just the simple concept of not comparing with others. There are just so many fantastic takeaway points in this book! Dr. Puff also writes in an extremely engaging way: this is not only a good self-help book, but an easy and compelling read as well.” – Cindy C.
6/16/2015 “I love Dr. Puff’s peaceful and positive approach to living life. I listen to his podcasts as often as I can, as he not only explains the how’s and why’s of his topic, but gives me tools I can use immediately. He is very earnest in sharing his rich, vast knowledge regarding how to live a happy, peaceful, and beneficial life. Listening to Dr Puff, I always feel a little happier (and a little more awake) :)” – Mcg Y.
4/22/2015 “Dr. Puff is extremely knowledgeable and highly experienced. His happiness podcasts cover a wide variety of feelings and experiences and his techniques can be applied to any situation. Depression and difficult life experiences can often make people feel unmotivated, helpless and hopeless. Dr. Puff ‘ s podcasts offer tools that can be used immediately by anyone.” – Heather S.
9/14/2015 “The Happiness Podcast has greatly improved my life. I took the challenge to listen to it instead of the news during my commute to work. I started on January 30, 2015 and have gone through the series of all Happiness Podcasts many times. I use Dr. Puff’s wise counsel every day and it has made me happier. I just feel very blessed to be able to use this excellent resource and highly commend it to others.” – Carol S.
9/11/2015 “I recently moved to Newport Beach and wanted to find a way to reignite my meditation practice, which had been abandoned for quite some time. I found Dr. Puff’s weekly meditation online and have been attending for a couple of months. In addition to creating a lovely setting for group meditation, Dr. Puff provides attendees with the added benefit of sharing his insight — based on 30 years in practice as a clinical psychologist and through his extensive research and writing on the subject — on happiness, how to achieve it and how to maintain it. I highly recommend attending the free sessions on Wednesday evenings and following his podcasts for more in-depth views on a variety of subjects.” – Gaby G.
3/26/2015 “I love listening to these podcasts when I’m stressed. They are relaxing and helpful.” – Ginger H. 2/17/2015 “Robert has lots of practical life lessons. If you’re looking for inner peace, listen to his podcast on his website . It can truly help. So far, I’ve listened to seven of them and It really helps. Bob’s voice and the tone are comforting. His techniques are very forward thinking.You can’t control the length of your life, but you can control its use.Thank you for caring .God bless always.” – Master W.
12/17/2014 “I met with Dr Puff and was higly impressed with his knowledge and expertise in his area. He is a outstanding motivater and have great insight in the human way of life. Im looking forward to work with him in the future and attend his mediation class.” – Katarina M. 7/1/2015 “I attended the group meditation and it was a good experience. I look forward to attending again, the group seems like a great way to ease into a practice.” – Marisa S.
11/12/2014 “In a society that almost demands life at double time, speed and addictions numb us to our experiences and interferes with living a healthy and happy life. Come meditate with Dr. Puff as a way to slow down, to settle back into yourself and become present to the beautiful dream we call life. Dr. Puff generously shares his gifts and lighting intelligence and together we create a heaven of warmth, acceptance and laughter. Join us as we practice how to watch our silly mind spins, question our thoughts, giggle at our urge to scratch our mosquito bite desires, and attempt to live our life as if everyday was a vacation. It’s powerful, it works, but it does take effort. Peace and love.” – Irene P.
6/25/2015 “The happiness podcasts are wonderful to listen to during my morning routine. I feel awakened to life, quiet literally. They are a great reminder to be present during the day. Thank you for improving humanity.” – Lynsey J.
9/11/2014 “I have read two of Dr Puffs books now. I highly recommend “Holistic Success” helps tremendously with setting yourself up for success, by being able to really look at your true self and set yourself on the right path! Focusing on the small details that make up the big picture in and of our lives.” – Lisa T.
8/30/2014 “I have been going to Dr. Puff’s weekly meditation group on Wednesday evenings with my significant other for a few weeks now. Originally I wasn’t sure if I was going to like it or not but now I look forward to going every week. Dr. Puff has an encouraging way of motivating me to incorporate meditation in my daily life. I can already see the benefits. Not only is the meditation helpful but I enjoy the discussions we have after the meditation along with Dr. Puff insightful input.” – Allison L. | 2019-04-23T16:17:41Z | http://www.doctorpuff.com/ |
When you have student loans, qualifying for a mortgage can get tricky.
UPDATE January 2019: Student loans will continue to be a major topic, and we will follow it closely. These guidelines are confirmed to be accurate in 2019.
Find an IBR Guideline Expert - CLICK Here to Connect!
Student loan guidelines have changed yet again. This is your ultimate guide to understanding how these changes will affect you in 2018.
Your student loan payments may be deferred or in forbearance. If your loans are deferred, you have no payments due.
When you begin to make payments on your student loans, you may have several options.
You may be making payments on your student loan based on your income. This is called an Income Based Repayment (IBR) plan.
IBR plans typically will not cover the principal and interest due, and the loan balance may increase even though you are making payments.
If your payment is based on a calculation that pays off your loan in full at the end of a the loan term, this is an amortized payment.
All underwriting guidelines with all lenders will allow you to use an amortized payment when calculating your debt to income ratio.
IBR plans could also leave you with a $0.00 payment, even though your loan is in repayment status. Your income is reviewed every year to determine your new payment over the next year.
More and more students are straddled with student loan debt for years after leaving school.
Being chained to student loan debt requires an experienced locksmith to unlock the correct guidelines to get you approved for a home loan.
It’s almost a full time job keeping up with the updates to the underwriting guidelines, and IBR payments seem to send many loan officers into a tail spin of misinformation.
The first major change to the underwriting guidelines happened when lenders were no longer allowed to ignore deferred payments or loans in forbearance.
Student Loan Experts are Available Now - CLICK HERE!
The second major change was that you had to apply a payment to any student loan balance. If the payment reporting on your credit report will not pay off the loan at the end of a fixed term, your payments are not amortized.
Non-amortized payments became public enemy #1 by Fannie Mae, FHA, and USDA. In 2015, Freddie Mac guidelines did not allow for deferred payments or loans in forbearance, and would allow IBR payments, even if the reported payment is $0.00.
The entire student loan debacle is being caused by confusion around how your debt to income ratios are calculated.
Your debt to income ratio is calculated as your proposed housing payment (when buying a home) plus your monthly liabilities from your credit report, as a percentage of your gross income.
When using a Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac Conventional loan, the total housing payment plus monthly liabilities cannot exceed 50% of your gross income, or a 50% DTI.
Borrowers using a FHA mortgage have 2 DTI ratios. A front-end debt to income ratio is your housing payment as a percentage of your income. A back-end debt to income ratio includes your monthly liabilities from your credit report.
FHA will allow your housing payment to be as high as 46.99% front-end DTI, and a maximum 56.99% back-end DTI including your debts.
Student loans become confusing when no payment is reported on your credit report, or when your payment is an Income Based Repayment (IBR) payment.
Interestingly enough, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have since swapped positions on IBR payments as of the most recent update by Freddie Mac in February 2018.
Freddie Mac no longer allows for IBR payments, while Fannie Mae does since April 2017. Fannie Mae will even allow an IBR payment with a $0.00 payment.
If you have an IBR payment that is equal to less than .5% of the balance of your student loan, Fannie Mae is your option option for being able to use the payment as reported on your credit report.
Effective for Mortgages with Settlement Dates on and after November 1, 2018. Currently, student loans that are in repayment are subject to different requirements than those that are in deferment or forbearance.
Freddie Mac has reviewed their requirements for liabilities included in the monthly debt payment-to-income ratio, specifically student loan liabilities, and have aligned requirements for student loans that are in repayment, deferment or forbearance, providing one simplified approach for the calculation of student loan debt.
If the monthly payment amount reported on the credit report is zero, or if your student loan is in Deferment or Forbearance, use 0.5% of the outstanding balance.
Freddie Mac’s automated underwriting system, LPA (Loan Product Advisor) feedback messages will be updated by November 1, 2018 to reflect these changes.
If you are trying to buy a home, and the pieces just aren’t fitting together, here are some creative solutions that past clients have successfully done.
Fannie Mae recently updated their “Contingent liability” guideline to allow student loan payments to be ignored, if you can show that a co-signer has made the payments for the past 12 months.
This home buyer is consolidating over a dozen loans into a 30 year amortized payment. We needed an amortized payment to take advantage of more flexible DTI requirements over Conventional.
If you loan is in repayment, your lender can get a credit supplement (if needed) from the credit bureau by providing them with a copy of your statement from your student loan lender.
It is a common misunderstanding that FHA offers the lowest down payment. VA & USDA offer 100% financing, but additional qualifying is required.
Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have programs that allow for as little as a 3% down payment. Eligibility can be determined by income limits, or the area you are buying in.
There are no income limits for homes being purchased in “targeted” low to moderate income. These special programs also include discounted mortgage insurance and discounted closing costs.
There are many reasons why a FHA loan is the best option for you. Conventional financing is more restrictive, requires a higher credit score, and is often not an option if you have a lot of debt on your credit report.
The solution is to document what an amortized payment would be should you start making payments on your student loan that would pay the loan off at the end of the loan term.
There is no guideline that requires that you are actually in repayment on your loan, only that you use an amortized payment for the purpose of calculating your debt to income ratio.
Call your student loan lender and ask them for a statement/quote showing what that payment would be.
If you are going to consider either of these options, first discuss with an experienced mortgage loan officer whether or not you would still qualify using an amortized payment.
Your loan officer can calculate what that payment might be. The problem you are solving for is getting documentation form the student loan lender supporting that payment.
If you’re calling from a TV, radio, or internet advertisement, you are most likely being connected to a call center, with little to no actual mortgage experience.
I call these “big box” lenders. These lenders are amazing at processing a certain type of loan file that does not require anything too far outside the box.
Student loan payments are not really so far outside the box, but the timing for when these issues are found could not be worse.
If you are working through a big box lender call center, your application is not getting in front of a professional until it reaches the underwriter.
The underwriting guidelines for student loans, and specifically income based repayment plans, have changed several times over the past 2 to 3 years.
Many times, your file is not in front of the underwriter until after you’ve already accepted your purchase offer, and paid for the appraisal.
Hopefully, there’s enough time, and the underwriter is experienced enough to look up the guidelines, and can figure out how to save your new home by getting you approved for the right loan.
I wouldn’t believe this happens as much as it does if I hadn’t experienced it personally! We first covered this topic in 2015, and have answered hundreds of IBR questions from buyers across the Country.
So many of these horror stories we hear could have been avoided if a professional loan officer was used, and not a call center lender.
We have been helping home buyers since 2015, when the major challenges we face today were first introduced.
Find My Way Home is an Expert Network of experienced mortgage professionals, here to answer your questions, and get you accurate answers.
You can get your questions answer by either Visiting our Expert Network HERE, or you can leave a comment or question below.
I answer all questions, and if needed, can introduce you to a professional, experienced loan officer that I know can help.
I am supposed to close for FHA purchase in a few days but now the UW is asking for an amortized payment of my student loans. I’m currently in deferment and PSLF with 10-yr forgiveness. I sent the UW a copy of my loan details showing what my IBR monthly payment would be and the 10-yr term with the exact payoff date. They came back and told me that it’s not paying off the total balance of the loan, but I told them that the balance will be forgiven after 10 years. So I sent them the IDR Recertification letter along with the account details. My servicer also told me that they don’t have a way to provide the amortized schedule because of the forgiveness. Would these be enough to pass through UW?
Please help. I need a back-up plan.
Hi Cooper, this is very unfortunate – your lender has put you in a very bad spot. If your loans are not amortized, you MUST use 1% of the loan balance as a payment for the purposes of calculating your debt to income. If you do not qualify using a 1% calculation, you cannot use FHA. You DO have 2 other options.
Fannie Mae will allow you to use an IBR payment, even if it’s $0. Freddie Mac will allow a .5% calculation if your loan is in deferment currently.
It might be too late for this, but if you need a second opinion from a lender that actually has experience with these guidelines, shoot me an email to [email protected] and let me know what State you’re in.
I don’t think I’m qualified for a conventional loan at this point because my scores at the low 600s. I’m in MD.
You only need a minimum 620 credit score for conventional. If this sale falls out, you need to work with someone that actually knows what they are doing. What company are you working with that let you get this far? You could lose your earnest money deposit and anything you spent on inspections because your loan officer does not have any experience. This should be illegal to put folks in that position. Go ahead and let it play out. If they tell you they cannot do it, shoot me an email and I can make an introduction to someone that can help put you in a position to qualify for a conventional loan. Good luck!
Hi, I have applied for a conventional mortgage through my credit union in NC (First time home buyer). I currently have appr. $54,000 in student loan debt. I am currently in school (since March) and the loans are under in school deferment. Prior to them being in deferment; they were in IBR; which had a zero payment due. I am not due to graduate until 05/21; will these loans be counted against my DTI? Any help would be great! I am waiting for underwriting to let me know the outcome. Biting my nails!!
Hi Valerie, if the Credit Union is selling the loan on the secondary market, then yes – for most deferred payment, the underwriter is going to most likely use a calculation of 1% of the student loan balance for the purposes of calculating your debt to income ratio.
It’s also possible that the Credit Union will retain and service the loan, in which case they may have their own guidelines.
If the credit union comes back and says that you do not qualify, that simply may mean that you do not qualify based on their guidelines.
If you can put that loan back into an IBR payment of $0, Fannie Mae conventional underwriting guidelines will allow you to use the $0 payment.
If your loans are deferred, Freddie Mac conventional underwriting guidelines will allow you to use a .5% calculation, which may help.
If your credit union comes back and says they cannot do it, shoot me an email to [email protected] and I can introduce you to someone I know and trust that has experience with these guidelines.
I have $280,000 in student loans. I should complete my Phd. this year. My income is $80,000 I only have about $500 on debt other than the student loans and I was told that if I tried to get a FHA loan my student loan debt will be counted as 1% of my debt. For conventional I need to be on a IBR plan. How can I qualify for a home loan?
Hi LaTonya, yes, that’s correct. If you’re trying to qualify for a FHA loan, your student loans must be in repayment, or use a fully amortized payment plan (pays off at end of fixed term) for the purposes of calculating your debt to income ratio. Without an amortizing payment, FHA would require you to use a $2,800 payment for qualifying…that’s not going to work.
Conventional loans offer 2 options. If you are in an IBR repayment plan, you can use a Conventional loan underwritten using Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac guidelines. If your loans are currently deferred, Freddie Mac conventional will allow you to use .50% instead of the 1% calculation.
The key is to work with a loan officer that has experience with these guidelines. Once you know what your options are, an experienced loan officer can help guide you down the path to qualifying for the program you need.
I have a handful of friends across the Country that have experience with student loan guidelines that I can introduce you to. Shoot me an email to [email protected] and just let me know what State you’re buying in.
Hi Lydia, I nothing you’ve stated here would prevent you from qualifying necessarily. The $0 IBR payment is ok if you’re using a Conventional mortgage using Fannie Mae guidelines. The minimum credit score for a Conventional loan is 620.
The late payments 4-6 years ago should not impact your credit score or your ability to qualify for a mortgage. If you are unable to get an automated underwriting approval, it shouldn’t be too difficult to get your credit scores up.
If you would like, you can send me an email to [email protected] and let me know what State you’re buying in? I can introduce you to someone that I know and trust that has experience with student loan guidelines.
I have roughly $220,000 in student loans, and I am on the IBR plan with monthly payments of $225. I am in Cleveland, Ohio.
My credit score is low – in the 600 range – as I stupidly co-signed on a car loan for a (now ex-) boyfriend and he was consistently late on payments for a solid year or so. I make $60,000 a year. Do you know anyone in my area that can help?
I do know someone that can help. The challenge might be getting approved for a Conventional loan (Fannie Mae) so that you can use the IBR payment when calculating your debt to income ratio. You would have a better chance at qualifying for an FHA loan with FICO in the low 600 range, but FHA will require that you use 1% of your student loan balance as a payment….
I will send an email introduction to Mia. Talk to her, let her try to run it through the automated underwriting engine and see what comes back. Worse case scenario is you may have to work on your credit to get the scores up.
I have about $150k in student loans and is on the IBR $559 in New York. Credit score 685 and I have about $34k in credit cards. Do you have anyone in my area that can help me and I make $100k?
Hi Chrissy, yes, I do have someone that can help in NY. I’ll shoot you an introduction by email.
Hi Mona, Your $0 IBR payment is not an issue if you’re using a Conventional loan. If you qualify for a USDA loan, you also most likely qualify for Fannie Mae HomeReady, which only requires a 3% downpayment, and allows you to use the $0 IBR payment.
FHA and USDA are both going to require that you use 1% of the balance to calculate a “payment” for the purposes of calculating your debt to income ratio. In your case, the “payment” used would be $320.
I can introduce you to a loan officer friend of mine that has experience with these guidelines. If you would like an introduction, shoot me an email to [email protected] and I can connect you.
Hi Sheila, if you are applying for a Conventional loan using Fannie Mae guidelines, you can use the $0 payment as long as the loans are not deferred or in forbearance. As long as the loans are in repayment, you can use the payment on the credit report.
That said, many loan officers do not know these guidelines. For instance, if you try to apply for a FHA loan, you would have to use 1% of the loan balance as a payment when calculating your debt to income ratio. You may still be alright if your DTI is currently at 18%.
I have a small network of loan officers across the Country that I know and trust that have experience with these guidelines. I’m happy to make an introduction once you get to that stage of the process.
Just shoot me an email to [email protected] and let me know what State you’re buying in, and I can make that introduction. | 2019-04-20T22:09:43Z | https://www.findmywayhome.com/student-loan/mortgage-ibr-loans/ |
Description based on: 22nd year, no. 27 (Apr. 11, 1984).
A-4 Taco Times November 20, 2013 Christmas cacti Connie Gibson, who works with the Special Needs Adult Program (SNAP) at Taylor Technical Institute, reminds friends and supporters in the community that a few Christmas cacti remain from the programs fall plant sale. Weve cleared out most of our plants, but we do have a precious few left, including some Christmas cactic, if anybody needs some color for the holidays. Reduced prices are still in effect; please call 838-2545 and ask for the SNAP class before arriving. Originally, cacti plants at TTI were available in salmon, yellow, white, orange spring pink and pink/white. We always appreciate the communitys support and plan to be back in full force in the spring with plenty of plants for people to choose from. In the meantime, if youre just needing one more, you might check with us, Gibson said. Cacti plants are priced from $1-5.How to Master gardening...If you love gardening and want to learn more about plants, the Master Gardener program could be for you. The next Master Gardener class is tentatively planned to begin Tuesday, Jan. 28, 2014. However, the important detail to remember is that registration cuts off on Dec. 1. Classes for the 10-week course will meet every Tuesday from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The cost for the course is $100, also due by Dec. 1. A minimum of 15 students is needed in order to hold the class. Please call Kristy Anderson at the County Cooperative Extension at 838-3508 to register. Living Plants & lessons Need holiday blooms at your house? How about lessons on gardening?November 30 wedding Carol Slaughter and Raymond Pickron announce their engagement and approaching marriage on Nov.30, 2013, at 4:30 p.m. in Midway Baptist Church, 187 Roberts-Aman Road. The bride-to-be is employed with the Taylor County School District. The prospective groom is retired from Tharpe-Pickron Automotive. All friends and relatives are invited to attend. Ashley Wambolt Crowley and Dustin Fairley McCormick, together with their families, announce their upcoming wedding on Saturday, Nov. 23, 2013. The bride-elect is pursuing a Master of Science degree as a nurse practitioner at the University of South Alabama and will graduate in December. Her anc is pursuing a Masters degree in business administration at Chadron State College, and will also graduate in December. Their wedding ceremony will be at Shiloh Farm in Tallahassee. All friends and relatives of the couple are invited to attend. Crowley, McCormick to marry Saturday at Shiloh FarmAshley Wambolt Crowley, Dustin Fairley McCormickThe Great AdventureMothers: plan a shopping, baking break for Dec. 7Children, three years through fth grade, are invited to First Presbyterian Church on Saturday, Dec. 7, for an afternoon celebrating Advent, the four-week season leading to Christmas where we prepare for the coming of Christ. In the fellowship hall of the church, activities will include baking, gift-making, storytelling and games. (Hint, hint: This gives parents an afternoon to bake or shop or decorate without interruption!) Fifty spaces are available for this ADVENTure from 1-4 p.m. Please contact the church ofce at 584-3826 by Monday, Nov. 25, to reserve a spot. Wedding reminder Tammy Bethea and Richard Porter remind friends and relatives of their wedding on Saturday, Nov. 23, at 4 p.m. in Crosspoint Baptist Fellowship.
A-6 Taco Times November 20, 2013 Religion On Wednesday, Nov. 27, approximately 1000 people will be served a Thanksgiving meal, thanks to the coordinated outreach of community businesses and churches. God has brought this whole community together and we are so blessed, said Mary Browning, who is serving as coordinator. There are details, however, which need attention. We need dressing, as well as people to deliver meals, and also totes or coolers for transporting the food, Browning said on Tuesday. She can be reached at 6721372 or [email protected]; a quick response is encouraged so that all the tasks are delegated by Monday, Nov. 25. Started four years ago at Brownings church, First Assembly of God, this years outreach will be the largest. We have slowly increased it, but every year, we were running out and it broke my heart. This year, everyone has come together to make sure 1000 meals will be served. There will be two locations for the meal this year: the Grand Pavilion at Rosehead Park (in downtown Perry) and also Loughridge Park. In addition, we will be delivering meals, Browning added. She thanks the following churches for working with hers to accomplish this outreach: First Presbyterian Church, Cornerstone Fellowship Church, Northside Church of God, First Baptist Church, Blue Creek Baptist Church and Potters House. This Thanksgiving feast, for the homeless and hungry, will include turkey, dressing, green beans, rolls, cake and water. Tasks have been distributed among volunteers for cooking, plating, distributing and delivering. Can you help? Call 672-1372. Can you help? Organizers need dressing, coolers & people to deliver Thanksgiving Dinner Obituaries Suezette Garner StephensSuezette Garner Stephens, 63, of Perry, died Saturday, Nov. 16, 2013, at home. She was born July 13, 1950, in Lexington, Tenn., to Merle and Genevieve Pete Garner. A Christian and member of the First United Methodist Church of Perry, she was a nursery volunteer and was very involved with her church, especially as a fund raiser for the Methodist Childrens Youth Ranch. Mrs. Stephens was a teachers aide and librarian at Steinhatchee School. She is survived by: her husband of 15 years, Don Stephens of Perry; daughter, Joy Peace of Atlanta, Ga., and her son Noah; three brothers, Pete Garner and his wife Brenda of Tallahassee, Mike Garner of Perry, Jeff Garner and his wife Stacey of Tampa; a sister, Vicki; and extended family including eight nieces and nephews, and two great nieces. A brief service will be held at First United Methodist Church today, Wednesday, Nov. 20, at 5 p.m. with Pastor James Taylor ofciating. The service will be followed by a memorial celebration in the fellowship hall. In lieu of owers the family requests that memorial contributions be made to First United Methodist Church for the Madison Youth Ranch. All arrangements are under the care of Joe P. Burns Funeral Home.Dual Day: men, women women gather to worshipTriumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ will have its Dual Day program (Womens and Mens Day) on Sunday, Nov. 24, at 3 p.m. Choir rehearsal for the program will be Thursday at 7 p.m.; your participation is encouraged. Elder Kenneth Moore invites everyone in the community to attend. For additional information, please call 843-3999.
A-7 Taco Times November 20, 2013 When you count your blessings dont forget to include your cousins your community & Gods protection By FLORRIE BURROUGHS Shady Grove correspondent It happened at Goose Pasture... My dad, Lawrence Rowell, and his brothers and sisters with all the children, had many reunionsespecially in earlier years. At least one of those happened at the Goose Pasture when it was pretty much in its natural state. Fish frying on an open re and swamp cabbage were dishes that we all enjoyed and these became staples at our reunions. On one of those trips, the girl cousins got into a fairly large boat. One long pole (I think we probably needed two) was used to guide the boat and to keep it from heading off down the fast-owing Wacissa River. The girls, probably ages 13 to 15 piled in--excited to be together again and ready to have an adventure. It was always so much fun to be with our rst cousins. We had not gone very far when an argument ensued over who should manage the pole. You can guess what happened. The pole was dropped into the water and there we were speeding helplessly down the river. The girls began to scream for help. Our parents on the bank heard us but were unable to help us because they had no boat. The only other boat was a smaller one that our older brother and one of our boy rst cousins had taken up the river. Thankfully they were within hearing (who wouldnt hear that screaming?) and came to our rescue. Were we glad to see them! This true story makes me think of the protection God gives us, even when we are fussing over a pole. I am so thankful for the many times He has protected me when I did not deserve it. At this Thanksgiving season, I am thinking of so many things for which I am thankful: my Christian faith which sustains me; my big wonderful familyfour brothers and one sister who all live here in Shady Grove; their children and grandchildren; my two wonderful sons and their wives and children--six beautiful granddaughters, one handsome grandson-and as I write this, I am anxiously awaiting a call from the grandson as to the birth of my rst greatgrandchild, granddaughter Kylee Rose! There are my stepgrandchildren also, six of them with two greats! A precious step-daughter and her husband, and the list goes on and on. I am thankful for work as it keeps me busy and out of trouble. Then there are the precious memories of loved ones gone home to be with Jesus. I am thankful for my church family and my dear pastor and his wife. I am thankful for the nursery and pre-school children I teach at church and for the work God has given me to do. I am thankful for this Shady Grove community and the many people who come together to help the council at the events we have throughout the year. I am amazed at the talent and the tenacity of the members of the council. Give them an assignment or let them see a need and they are on the way! This list could go on and on . but I must stop so this will be my nal thanks for now-there is the wonderful surgeon who did my knee surgery from which I have had an excellent recovery. No more pain! After walking in pain for several years, I am still amazed and so very thankful! Whats next on the calendar?The date of the tree-lighting in the park will be announced in my next article in two weeks. The Pleasant Grove Baptist Church Choir will sing from their Christmas Cantata. Saturday, Dec. 21, is the Fourth Annual Country Christmas. Following are contact numbers: craft booths and cakes for silent auction, Claire at 584-8370; parade entries, Florrie at 584-6343; chili entries, JoAnn at 5848181. Other questions, call any of the above. I hope you and your family have a wonderful Thanksgiving . a lot of folks are having difculties and need our prayers and our help. The following is a poem along those lines:Blessings I knelt to pray when day was done, and prayed, O Lord, bless everyone, lift from each saddened heart the pain, and let the sick be well again. And then I woke another day, and carelessly went on my way, the whole day long I did not try to wipe a tear from any eye. I did not try to share the load, of any brother on the road. I did not even go to see, the sick man just next door to me. Yet once again when day was done, I prayed, O Lord, bless everyone. But as I prayed, into my ear, there came a voice that whispered clear, Pause now, my son, before you pray. Whom have you tried to bless today? Gods sweetest blessing always go, by hands that serve him here below. And then I hid my face and cried, Forgive me, God, I have not tried, but let me live another day, and I will live the way I pray. --Author Unknown Thats all I have for now. See you back here in two weeks, Lord willing.
A UCTION OUR ANNUAL CHRISTMAS AUCTION, Saturday, Nov.30 at 5:30 p.m. Madison Auction House.1693 SW Moseley Hall Rd.(CR360) 850973-1444 AGAIN THIS YEAR WE ARE PARTNERING WITH THE SALVATION ARMY AND SOME OF THE LOCAL VFD TO COLLECT TOYS FOR THOSE CHILDREN THAT WOULD NOT O THERWISE RECEIVE ONE. BRING ONE OR BUY ONE AT THE AUCTION AND HELP THESE KIDS OUT! WE ARE ALSO HAVING OUR ANNUAL FREE DINER BETWEEN 4:30 AND 5:30 P.M. FOR OUR AUCTION A TTENDEES .COME JOIN THE FUN, EAT AND DONATE A TOY TO HELP A CHILD OUT. 10% Buyers Premium.MC, Visa, Discover, Debit Cards, Checks and Cash accepted.AU691 Ron Cox, AB2490 11/20-11/22 YARDSALE Saturday, Nov.23, 8 a.m.until, 101 Crit Jones off of Old Dixie Hwy. Men's, women's, boys and girls clothes, lots of miscellaneous items. 11/20-11/22 Y ard sale.Friday, Saturday and Sunday, Nov.22-24, 8 a.m.until. many items.1103 S.Fair Road. 11/20-11/22 MISC. Near new leather sofa and love seat, dining table with 6 chairs, floor model 52" TV.Call 850-8387138 or stop by Econolodge 2200 US.19 South. 11/15, 11/20 Queen size mattress and box springs good condition, $250 for set.Playstation 2 with old style TV, Guitar Hero set and 20 plus games, everything works, will not seperate $175 firm.Xbox 360 and old style TV and games, will not seperate, $150 firm.Serious inquires only.Call 584-9753, leave message. 11/13-11/22 We Buy Scrap Metal and Junk Cars 850-838-5865. RC, TFN Brand new 39.5 super swamper boggers on new 15x10 white w agon wheels 8 lug rims, $1600 OBO.1980 F250 300 strt 6.4 speed, $800 OBO.Call Jim 850843-2372. 11/20-11/22 Stove, Sears Kenmorewhite, $250, white with gold rim china set f or 10 $75, 2 queen size bedspreads-quilted $25 for both, 16' Mohawk canoe with 2 paddles, $250.Call 850-420-3836. 11/20-11/22 Cash for junk cars and trucks, free removal.7 days a week.Call (386) 658-1030 or (904) 8878513. 11/08-01/31 PETS 5 kittens free to good home, Call 850-223-1979. 11/15, 11/20 Chickens for sale. All different ages. 6 Parakeets and 2 Cockatiels Call 850-584-7781. 10/25-11/20 FORRENT 3 bedroom, 2 living room, 2 bath house.$725 per month and $725 deposit.Call 850-584-8885. 11/15-11/22 1 bedroom, 1 bath house, all remodeled.$595 per month and $595 deposit.408 N.Calhoun Street.Call 305970-1653. LS One bedroom, one bathroom 2nd floor appartment.900 sq.feet, near Keaton Beach.$650 per month plus security deposit, includes utilities.Pets extra, refeerences needed.Call 850578-2356 or 850-843-1882, leave message. 11/06-11/29 Small 2 bed, 1 bath mobile home on 2 acres in nice neighborhood. $450 per month.First last and $250 security deposit. Call 757-433-4514 11/15-11/29 2 bedroom, 1 bath house.1009 Richard Bell Ave.$450 per month, $450 security deposit.No pets, taking applications, referances required.Call 850-838-1957. 11/15-11/20 3 bedroom, 2 bath, $450 per month.No kids, no pets.1st, last and security deposit.Call 850843-5844. 11/13-11/22 Rooms available at Skylark Motel ev erything included for monthly $595 (required $45 deposit), $195 w eekly or $40 daily (tax included). 317 N.Byron Butler Pkwy.(305) 970-1653. LS, tfn. 3 bedrrom, 2 bath double-wide mobile home on 2 acres.Very nice with central heating and air, paved road and city water.$750 per month plus security deposit. References required.Call 850838-2755. DC, tfn To wn & Country has 1 and 2 bedroom mobile homes available f or rent at $400 per month, $400 deposit.We're also offering a limited number of mobile homes f or "Rent to Own" Take pride in o wnership! Call (850) 584-3095 or (954) 601-7393 for more details. 11/01-11/29 STEINHATCHEE PLACE RESORT Furnished 1 and 2 bedroom apartments for rent $600 to $800. Included with rent is full cable t.v., Internet, hot tub, one block to river and new boat landing.Call (352) 498-7740 if no answer call (813) 677-9640. SPR, tfn Cozy 2 bed, 1 bath block house. Great location, walk to Walmart. T aking applications, $485 per month, first, last and security.Call 850-223-3427. 11/20-11/29 Large 3 bedroom, 2 1/5 bath home, fenced yard, additional f amily room and office.$850 per month.Call 850-371-1462 or 850838-6521. SJE TIDEW A TER AP AR TMENTS Now accepting applications for 2 & 3 bedroom apartments.... Rent based on income.On-site laundry.Most utilities included. Close to shopping centers, city parks, and Boys & Girls Club. Public transportation available. 850-584-6842, TDD 711, EHO. Section 8 Affordable Multifamily Housing. T A, tfn Small 3 bedroom, 1 bath house inside city limits on 2 acres.$475 per month.First, last and $250 securiy deposit.Call 727-4334514. 11/15-11/29 3 bedroom, 1 bath house on East Cherry Street.$600 per month, references required.Call 850-5846113 between 8:30 a.m.5 p.m. 10/30-12/04 3 bedroom mobile home on 1 acre lot in Shady Grove.Call 850-8389514.. WR W estgate Rooms available for rent.Refrigerator, microwave, TV with cable, AC/Heater.Everything included.$195$240 weekly, $40 daily, $595-$635 per month. RV sites $20 daily, $120 weekly, $350 monthly.Tax included.1627 S. Byron Butler Pkwy.(786) 3442546. Lily, tfn. W oodridg e Apar tments Immediate Openings for 1 and 2 bedroom Apts.HUD Vouchers considered.HC and Non-HC accessible apartments.Call 850584-5668.709 W.Church St. P erry, FL 32348 TDD 711.Equal Housing Opportunity W A, tfn. Fully furnished efficency apartment.Satellite TV and electric included.One or two adults, no children, no pets.$150 per week plus $150 security deposit.Call 584-2199. 11/20-11/29 T aking applications for a 3 bedroom, 2 bath home for rent.On 5 acres, with a large storage b uilding, within city limits.$900 per month.Call 850-584-4678. 11/13-12/06 Room for rent on Ecofina River. Clean and quiet, no pets.Perfer established elder woman with Social Security income. Call 850-584-3026. 11/20-11/22 HOMESANDREALESTATE REPO'S! Land & Homes.Home only, all counties.Call (352) 4939600. TMH,tfn Priced to Sell! Great 3/2 house on 1 acre lot in Quail Pointe. Spacious floor plan, large kitchen and new flooring throughout.Only $149,000.Will consider rent as w ell for $1000 per month.Call Dan Mills at 850-838-6502. 10/30-11/29 Land for Sale, 221 North between Shiloh Church Rd.and Cairo Pa rk er Rd.1 acre lots with paved roads.Owner financing available. Please call (386) 658-1346 or (850) 584-7466. EF, tfn. 28BY70 4/2 ON 1.20 Acres E-Z TERMS 5% DOWN $549 FOR 20 YEARS Call 352-303-8771 TMH,tfn J acobsen Homes Factory Outlet Guaranteed Lowest Prices in Florida.They Sell For The F actory......WE ARE THE FA CTORY! 3BR/2 BA, Starting @ $235 Per Month.See The Best Built Homes In FL.Jacobsen Homes of Lake City.Call 386-4388458. JH FA CTORY SALE IN PROGRESS J acobsen Homes Factory Outlet Lake City, FL. 3BR/2 BA, Only $235 Per Mo. Call 386.243.8678. JH, tfn J acobson Homes Big 4BR/2 BA with Den Del & Set-Up Only $59,995 Call 386.243.8678. 3BR/2 BA, Only $235 Per Mo. Call 386.243.8678. JH, tfn BANK REPO! 2008, Townhome, 32x76 4BR/2 BA, Loaded, Inc's Stainless Appliance Pkg., Gourmet Kitchen, Upgraded Insulation R-30, Real W ood Cabinets & Glamor Bath, Save Thousands! Call 386-4388458. JH, tfn 2 bedroom 2 bath, nice yard, good neighbors, near elementay school.$30,000.459 N.Ellison Road.Call 850-295-2225. 11/13-11/20 AUTO 1992 Mercedes 500 SEL Classic Sedan V8 auto.Sunroof, runs e xcellent, needs paint & tlc.Clean orginal condition.$3900 OBO, Call Roy at 850-223-3427. 11/08-11/22 2003 Lincoln Navigator.Garage k ept, only 75,000 miles in e xcellent condition.$7500 firm. Call 850-843-0195 or 850-8383477. 11/20-11/29 HELPWANTED Studio 117 Salon, booth opening, w eekly booth rent, 1 year of in Salon experience, active client base, work hours 9 a.m.5 p.m.3 days a week.Resume with references, cut & style -bring model.Call for interview, 850-5844117 ask for Devera. 11/20-11/22 Ta ylor Senior Citizens Center, Inc., a non-profit organization, will accept resumes by mail only (no phone calls, no drop-ins) from W ednesday, Nov.20, through W ednesday, Nov.27, for a receptionist.Qualified candidate m ust have a minimum of 2 years wo rk e xperience in a professional office environment, and must be a team player with ability to multitask.The position will be responsible for answering and directing incoming calls, as well as va r ious other office-related duties. Excellent interpersonal skills and proficiency in Microsoft Office is a mu st.TSCC is a drug-free wo r kplace, and candidate must be able to pass a Level II background screening.Interested applicants mail resume to TSCC, 800 W.Ash St., Perry, FL 32347 Attn:Director or Email to [email protected]. Deadline to submit resume is W ednesday Nov.27. 11/20-11/22 Pa r t-time Program Staff needed f or Veterans Park and Steinhatchee Units.Minimum qualifications-must have e xperience working with kids, high school diploma, and no criminal history.To apply please email resume to [email protected] 11/08-12/06 The District School Board of Ta ylor County Head Start Program is accepting applications f or the following vacant position: Head Start Teacher, Steinhatchee, Florida 7.5 hours/10 months. Minimum qualifications are:Must hold an AAS Degree in Early Childhood Education or related field;must be able to demonstrate a working knowledge of the principles of child growth and development;must have the physical stamina to work with preschool children;must have the ability to relate to pre-school children;must complete a 40-hour training for child care workers in accordance to DCF guidelines; recent satisfactory experience wo r king with pre-school children is preferred.Interested applicants please contact Work Force, (850) 973-9675 or (850) 838-2500. Head Start employees may pick up "Request to Transfer" forms at the Head Start Administrative Office or the County School Board Office.Applications for Instructional and NonInstructional positions are located at www.taylor.k12.fl.us Information f or Employees;Scroll down to Fo rm s, then scroll down to Instructional or Non-Instructional Employment Application Form.All applications and transfers will be turned in at the District Office located at 318 North Clark Street, P erry, FL 32347.The Taylor County School Board adheres to a drug free workplace policy.Drug testing with a negative result is required.Head Start employees m ust pass health screening, fingerprinting, and background check required by DCF for licensing daycare workers. Closing date for this position is Nov.22, 2013, at 12:00 Noon.If reasonable ADA accommodations are needed for the application process, please notify our P ersonnel Director during the application period at 850-8382500. 11/15, 11/20 Ta ylor Senior Citizens Center, Inc. is looking for a qualified candidate to fill the position of a Direct Service Worker.This is a position f or someone to serve our seniors in the Taylor County area. Responsibilities include but are not limited to, Homemaking, P ersonal Care and Respite Care. Qualifications:prefer CNA Certification/License, but in lieu of the certification we will provide onthe-job training.Interested parties may submit a resume and cover letter, online to Ta [email protected] or deliver to Taylor Senior Citizens Center at 800 West Ash Street, MondayFriday, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Deadline for applicants will be Fr iday Nov.29th. 11/20-11/22 Coord.of Institutional Research; Allied Health Clinical Coord; Registered Nurse.See www.nfcc.edu for details. 11/15-11/27 SERVICES Bush hogging and land clearing, acreage and lot's, big or small. Cell(850) 838-6077, after 5 p.m. call (850) 584-2270. JM,tfn (Wed) R ODNEY MYERS STUCCO, STONE & UNDERPINNING Stack Stone, Natural Stone, Stucco Stone, and Stucco Brick Specializing in underpinning of homes and mobile homes ,chimneys, and fireplaces. Call 229-392-6900 or 229-6869341. 10/16-11/22 Joe Coxwell Welding LLC. W elding, fabrication and repair mobile service.Located on Harrison Blue Rd.Call (850) 8433500. 11/06-11/29 A to Z Farm and Lawn Service Land clearing, tree trimming/ removal, dump truck service, harrowing, bush hog mowing, rake wo r k, dirt leveling and complete lawn service.Call 584-6737. AZ, tfn B&B ELECTRIC No job too big or too small.We are open 8 a.m.5 p.m.We also do service calls.Call us at 850-6289759, 229-338-6905 or 850-2950198. 11/15, 11/29 Are you looking for someone to clean your home? Would you like more time for yourself? If so call Dena Hockaday at 850-584-3925. References upon request. 11/20-11/29 Mutts Cutts Dog Grooming by John. bath-cut=groom-nails 584-2027 or (850) 591-8301 W alk-Ins Welcome (3 miles down Puckett Rd,) 11/20-12/30 Laurie's Baked Goods We are making your holiday pies in Perry.Deep dish pecan, pumpkin, sweet potato, raisin and more pies.Call 937-426-0246 to order! 11/20-11/22LEGALS rfr rntbttttn rr rf A-9 T aco Times November 20, 2013 DEADLINES: Deadlines for classified ads are Monday by 5 p.m.for the T aco Times and 5 p.m.Wednesday for the P erryNews-Herald. Have a job opening? Advertise in the TACO TIMES classifieds today.Call 584-5513. Call 584-5513 to place your ad. | 2019-04-19T19:18:04Z | http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00028361/00461 |
A whole-school evaluation of Harold Boys’ National School was undertaken in December 2009. This report presents the findings of the evaluation and makes recommendations for improvement. The evaluation focused on the quality of teaching and learning in English, Mathematics and History. The board of management of the school was given an opportunity to comment in writing on the findings and recommendations of the evaluation, and the response of the board will be found in the appendix to this report.
Harold Boys’ NS is a ninety-pupil, Catholic primary school situated in Dalkey, County Dublin. It caters for boys from second class to sixth class, most of whom transfer from Loreto National School nearby. The school celebrated its centenary in 2001. The building has recently been substantially refurbished. Enrolment figures have fluctuated somewhat over the years; currently they reflect a steady upward trend. Attendance rates for pupils are excellent.
This school is under the patronage of the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. It promotes religious education for the pupils in accordance with the doctrines, practices and ethos of the Catholic Church. This is evident in the preparation of sacred spaces within some classrooms, the recitation of daily prayers, regular religious observances and whole-school assemblies. The school identifies itself strongly with the parish and also with the Diocesan Communities. The ethos of the school is to provide the best possible environment for the boys to develop their abilities and talents to the fullest. The school exemplifies its ethos in the broad, high-quality education provided to the boys; the warm and supportive relations between staff and pupils; the sense of community that is successfully nurtured; and the pursuit of excellence.
The board of management performs all its duties in a highly effective manner. It is properly constituted and meetings are held each month. School accounts are audited annually. Board members undertake a very wide range of individual duties and management roles and carry these out to a very high standard. The board is keenly aware of its legislative obligations and ensures that all policies, procedures and practices comply with the relevant legislation and Departmental circulars. The board plays a very active role in the development of the school plan. It engages in a highly-collaborative process of whole-school planning. The board ensures that organisational policies and curriculum plans are developed, ratified and reviewed in a systematic and thorough manner. It recently managed a comprehensive refurbishment of the school building and grounds. The current priority for the board is the upgrading of the school’s ICT equipment. All relevant matters pertaining to its work are communicated to parents through the parents’ representative on the board, newsletters, the school’s website and the publication of school policies.
The principal gives excellent leadership to the school. She attends to her management and administrative duties most competently. She keeps abreast of educational developments and ably leads the school staff in incorporating effective teaching strategies into their practice. The work of the principal in leading the whole-school planning process is praiseworthy. She fosters excellent working relations with and among all members of the school community. Her high visibility at reception and departure times facilitates ongoing opportunities for engaging with parents regarding their children and the work of the school. The in-school management team comprises the deputy principal and a special-duties teacher. They carry out an extensive range of duties in a comprehensive and committed manner. These duties are balanced and are reflective of the school’s needs. The duties are reviewed on a regular basis. The team meets regularly with the principal, often informally, to attend to management issues in the school. All members of staff provide excellent support to the school in a spirit of cooperation and commitment.
Teaching personnel are managed effectively and deployed appropriately. They are given opportunities to teach in a variety of class levels and settings, both mainstream and special education. The school building and grounds are maintained to a high standard. Classrooms are bright and airy. There are excellent informative and educational displays on view in corridors and classrooms. A wide range of visual and physical teaching resources is available and used productively during instruction. All teachers ensure that an impressive variety of posters, charts, flashcards, artefacts, maps, equipment and reference material are available to support current teaching and learning. Excellent class libraries are established. A computer room hosts a suite of computers and other ICT equipment.
The school succeeds in establishing excellent relations with parents and the wider community. There is an active parents’ association in place. They meet regularly and coordinate a wide range of actions for the benefit of the school. These include practical organisational tasks as well as making a significant contribution to policy formulation, educational initiatives, fundraising, and support for co-curricular and extracurricular activities. Parents are requested to make a voluntary contribution of €250 per family to the school each year. The school has established significant links with the community of Dalkey. The pupils are enabled to undertake regular trails in the locality leading to a strong sense of belonging and identity. There are excellent communications between school and home. Parent/teacher meetings and new-parents meetings are hosted each year. Annual written pupil-progress reports are provided to parents. The school provides a school prospectus and booklet outlining school procedures and important policy matters. Parents are kept up to date with the work of the school through monthly newsletters, the school’s website and pupil journals. Informal communications with parents are facilitated by the teachers who ensure that they are available as needed or requested.
There is effective management of pupils at all class levels. The boys conduct themselves in an exemplary manner and are courteous, respectful and friendly. It is evident that the school’s Code of Behaviour and Discipline is implemented consistently and reflects the school’s philosophy of respecting the dignity and aspirations of all concerned. Of particular note is the high standard of incidental Irish in use by pupils and teachers as they go about their work throughout the day.
The quality of whole-school planning is high. A very comprehensive range of organisational policies and curriculum plans has been developed under the capable stewardship of the principal. Acknowledging the extended assistance of the support services, the principal has succeeded in developing a collaborative approach to planning. The teachers, parents and board members all play an active role in devising policies. Through the use of long-term strategic planning, yearly planning diaries, action plans and review mechanisms there is an effective planning process in place. All policies are clear, informative and practical. Curriculum plans are available for all subjects. Curriculum planning for History is outstanding. It provides clear guidance for each class level on content and skills, resource materials, methodologies, assessment and overall school provision. The mathematics plan is well laid out and addresses key school decisions pertaining to important issues including mathematical operations, language, calculators, problem-solving strategies and estimation. Whole-school planning for English makes due provision for the three strands of oral, reading and writing.
Confirmation was provided that, in compliance with Department of Education and Skills Primary Circular 0061/2006, the board of management has formally adopted the Child Protection Guidelines for Primary Schools (Department of Education and Skills, September 2001). Confirmation was also provided that these child protection procedures have been brought to the attention of management, school staff and parents; that a copy of the procedures has been provided to all staff (including all new staff); and that management has ensured that all staff are familiar with the procedures to be followed. A designated liaison person (DLP) and a deputy DLP have been appointed in line with the requirements of the guidelines.
The standard of teaching and learning in English is excellent. The teachers ensure that stimulating, print-rich environments are promoted in all classrooms. Lessons are well structured and highly engaging. It is evident that all teachers, in both mainstream and support settings, promote an appreciation of language and a love of reading successfully among their pupils. A comprehensive, progressive oral language programme is taught at all levels. The boys are articulate and well spoken. They discuss local and current affairs with an impressive breadth of knowledge. Their skills of debating, questioning, analysis and review are impressive. New language concepts are carefully and explicitly taught by the teachers and the pupils engage in well-prepared pair work and group tasks to consolidate their learning.
The standard of reading overall is commendable. Pupils from second class upwards read from a wide selection of appropriate reading material. The exploration of class texts is complemented by the use of individual library books and class novels. The skills of reading are taught in a developmental manner up through the school and the pupils read with a high level of expression and understanding. Some very good work was noted during the evaluation on the analysis of poetry and in the writing and recitation of a range of poems. The pupils participate in local poetry-recitation competitions each year. The pupils attain excellent standards in writing, both functional and creative. The process of writing is integral to the quality teaching underway at all class levels. The pupils are enabled to write in a wide range of genres. The standard of the boys’ work in their copies and folders is excellent with regard to content, punctuation, handwriting and layout.
The teaching of mathematics is very good. Lessons are well structured with a clear emphasis on teaching fundamental concepts and skills. Classroom environments are excellent and key mathematical principles and topics are displayed effectively to aid the process of learning. The use of appropriate resources was noted during most lessons. Teachers use the mathematics textbooks judiciously and ensure that core curriculum learning objectives are foremost during the lessons at hand. Good use of mathematics games is underway and the pupils are encouraged to pose their own mathematical problems, to devise mathematics trails and to come up with a variety of approaches to solving tasks. A whole-school approach to problem solving is also taught at all levels. Features of good practice in many lessons are the sharing of learning objectives; emphasis on mental and oral mathematics; reinforcement of key mathematical language, symbols and operations; teacher modelling; and the use of stimulating cooperative tasks. Lessons are conducted using whole-class teaching. While overall standards are very good, there are pupils whose attainment levels require attention. It is recommended that the results of standardised- and teacher-designed tests be analysed more closely in order to determine the specific learning difficulties of individual pupils. More focused, group teaching informed by differentiated learning objectives, should be a consistent feature of lessons.
The teaching of history is excellent. The school has done outstanding work in planning for and delivering a rich history programme. Eschewing textbooks, the teachers have researched and compiled comprehensive programmes for each class level, drawn from the relevant curriculum objectives. Each balanced programme is accompanied by excellent resources, with commendable emphasis on local history. The teachers demonstrate a high level of competence in using a wide range of methodologies which centre on active learning. The use of pictures, photographs, oral evidence, artefacts, documentary evidence and story is intrinsic to their teaching. Of particular note is the extent to which the pupils are enabled to empathise with the lives and stories of people, past and present, through the use of interview, drama and role play. Classroom displays and exhibits on corridors are of a high standard. The display and frequent use of a wide variety of timelines and maps is a feature of all classrooms.
Lessons are very well presented and the teachers’ enthusiasm for history is reflected in the quality of the pupils’ learning. A notable feature of all lessons is the depth of learning achieved. When questioned, the boys displayed an impressive ability to discuss, compare, contrast and reflect on a wide range of topics. They undertake research on a regular basis and present imaginative and well-laid out projects and fact files. They are enabled to work cooperatively in groups and pairs. Historical trails and trips are important features of the school’s provision for local history. Each year the school hosts a ‘History Week’ where the boys are encouraged to bring in family artefacts and to engage in enjoyable events pertaining to aspects of the history programme. Local historians and family members are frequent visitors to the school to share their stories and lives. Effective linkages are established between the subjects in Social, Environmental and Scientific Education curriculum area. In addition, teachers ensure that learning in history is skilfully integrated across the curriculum, particularly in the pupils’ arts education and in English.
Good assessment practices are underway in this school. The teachers use a range of assessment approaches to track the pupils’ learning. Among the approaches in use are teacher observation and questioning, teacher-designed tests and tasks, portfolios and concept mapping. Criterion-referenced mathematics tests, drawn from a commercial scheme, are administered in December and at Easter time. The teachers are to be praised for the quality and consistency of their corrections and feedback to the pupils regarding their written work. Standardised tests in English and Mathematics are administered each year and results are communicated to parents. There is good work underway in the analysis of these mathematics results to determine areas for further teaching and to identify pupils that are in need of additional support. To build on this good practice it is recommended that further assessment and analysis be undertaken to identify the specific learning needs of a targeted pupil or group of pupils and to tailor their individual programmes accordingly. The school’s assessment tracking records will provide rich data in this respect.
A wide range of very good supports is provided to pupils with special educational needs (SEN). The school has a full-time learning support/resource teacher (recently-appointed) and a part-time resource teacher. A mathematics teacher provides additional support to pupils on a voluntary basis for four hours each week. The duties of the SEN teachers are utilised productively in response to the overall needs of the school and to the specific needs of individual pupils. Three special needs assistants work very closely with the class and SEN teachers. They carry out their support duties competently and are attentive and responsive to their particular pupils. Support for SEN pupils is provided both on an in-class and on a withdrawal basis. In-class models of teaching include provision for subject teaching to a specific class level as well as team teaching. Pupils are selected for learning support based on the outcomes of standardised tests. General and individual programmes of learning are in place, as appropriate. These are compiled in consultation with parents, class teachers and the principal. Where pupils are selected on an individual or group basis for learning support, it is recommended that a range of appropriate diagnostic assessments be used to inform more focused individual education plans and to set attainable learning targets which are reviewed regularly. Support for SEN pupils is characterised by good teaching, well-structured lessons, appropriate use of resources and supportive, warm interactions between teachers and pupils. The needs of gifted pupils are a current priority for the school. In this regard the teachers have successfully adapted their questioning techniques to provide appropriate levels of challenge to these pupils.
This is a welcoming school which strives to ensure that all aspects of the boys’ educational, physical and spiritual development are carefully nurtured. The school achieves this through capable leadership; effective teaching and the whole-school promotion of respect, self-esteem and cooperation. The school actively facilitates full participation by the boys in all in-school activities, with funding by the board, where necessary. A book rental scheme is in place. A wide range of co-curricular and after-school activities is underway, many funded by parents or provided free of change. These include football, swimming, soccer, rugby, basketball, French, ICT, Green Schools’ Programme actions, ‘Artist-in-the-Classroom’, Drama and chess.
The principal is an effective leader and manages the school with competence.
The school has attained excellence in its provision for history.
Teaching and learning are of a high standard.
The quality of the whole-school planning process is excellent.
The board performs all its duties in a highly effective manner.
A wide range of very good supports is provided to pupils with special educational needs.
The parents association supports the work of the school in a significant way.
Impressive educational displays are prepared in classrooms and on corridors.
A range of appropriate diagnostic assessments should be used to inform more focused individual programmes of learning for pupils with educational needs and to set attainable learning targets which are reviewed regularly.
The outcomes of standardised tests and teacher-designed tests should be analysed further to provide targeted group teaching, particularly in mathematics.
The Board of Management wishes to thank the DES inspector for her professional approach to the WSE in Harold Boys’ National School.
· The standard of teaching and learning in English is excellent.
· Regarding the teaching of mathematics, classroom environments are excellent and key mathematical principles and topics are displayed effectively to aid the process of learning.
· The teaching of history is excellent. The school has done outstanding work in planning for and delivering a rich history programme.
· The boys conduct themselves in an exemplary manner and are courteous, respectful and friendly.
· The principal gives excellent leadership to the school.
· As stated in our school plan, diagnostic tests were administered in December. | 2019-04-23T22:03:06Z | https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/report1_15132B.htm |
North Texas researchers are preserving space history one step at a time. Engineers transcribed 19,000 hours of audio recordings from several NASA moon missions kept on an outdated analog tape system. One track might have between three to 33 people speaking at one time. The communications can be listened to on the Explore Apollo website.
“Developing the technologies to pull that audio off, digitize it, but also start to learn how people worked collaboratively when they didn’t see each other and how to solve these problems was a major challenge,” said Dr. John Hansen, holder of the Distinguished Chair in Telecommunications, professor of electrical and computer engineering and a leader of the project.
Speech signal processers in the Jonsson School’s Center for Robust Speech Systems (CRSS) analyzed and processed audio from NASA moon missions to make them public through the Explore Apollo website. At the time of these missions, computers were only used for computational purposes so all communications were done orally.
The Hutto United Robotics team claimed the 2017 UIL State Championship at the BEST of Texas Robotics Tournament, held Dec. 7-9 at the University of Texas at Dallas. The championship comes after last year's second place finish in the State UIL competition.
There was a lot more said during the Apollo 11 missions besides "the Eagle has landed" and "that's one step for man." To help preserve and make accessible the thousands of hours of recorded mission audio, a team of researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas used speech recognition technology to unscramble and analyze the conversations between astronauts, mission control, and technicians across a quarter of a million miles of space. The research was published in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.
“We couldn’t’ use [SoundScriber], so we had to design a new one,” said Dr. John Hansen, associate dean for research in the Jonsson School and professor of electrical and computer engineering about the one device – SoundScriber – that could play raw recordings of audio from the missions. Using SoundScriber alone, it would have taken 170 years to handle the Apollo 11 mission tapes alone.
UT Dallas researchers are investigating the effectiveness of a nanoscale “sponge” that may help filter out radioactive particles from nuclear waste. In work published in Nature Communications, they trapped radioactive molecules using tiny metal-organic frameworks, or MOFs, which are composed of metal ion centers and organic molecules that link parts of the structure together. That link creates a microscopic scaffold, or trap, that is able to capture specific gases and other molecules.
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham, who was honored by the Dallas Business Journal as a 2017 Women In Technology honoree for being a leader of technological innovation in North Texas, shares her favorite advice to give to others.
“Work hard, be motivated and do the best you can,” said the Louis A. Beecherl Jr. Distinguished Professor of Computer Science and executive director of the UT Dallas Cyber Security Research and Education Institute.
A Jonsson school biomedical engineering team has developed a revolutionary, wearable device that measures blood glucose, cortisol and interleukin – compounds that need to be measured for diseases related to inflammation and diabetes – without a needle prick.
“Our vision for this is you can go to a grocery store or Wal-Mart and buy it there,” said Dr. Shalini Prasad, professor of bioengineering and senior researcher of the technology that was published in Nature Scientific Reports.
Dr. Shalini Prasad, professor of bioengineering and Cecil H. and Ida Green Professor in Systems Biology Science, about the global uses for the wearable device that was created by her team.
“This would work not just in the United States or in the European Union, it would also very well work in Africa, in Asia, highly populated countries where diabetes is highly prevalent,” she said.
Dr. Magaly Spector, assistant to the provost for strategic initiatives and professor in practice, about her program Young Women in Science and Engineering (YWISE) Investigators, which won the Tech Titan of the Future Award; Tech Titans is the largest technology trade association in Texas.
Dr. Robert Gregg, assistant professor of bioengineering and mechanical engineering who was a finalist for a Tech Titan of the Year Award, on the development of technology like drones and consumer electronics that can help amputees walk.
Dr. Shalini Prasad, professor of bioengineering and Cecil H. and Ida Green Professor in Systems Biology Science, about her wearable device that monitors glucose levels through sweat.
Badrinath Jagannath, research assistant in bioengineering, about his team’s wearable sensor that could replace blood draws for monitoring Type 2 Diabetes.
“With sweat…I don’t have to specifically use a finger-pricking device to actually draw and see the measurement,” he said.
Scott Jones BS ’14 a mechanical engineering alumnus who 3-D printed an arm for a fellow employee of Honda of Ohio.
University students built a fidget spinner that has a diameter of 45 inches when spinning. The students built the spinner in the Makerspace Lab.
The finished product took 20-man hours to build and weighs 150 pounds.
Dr. Zhiqiang Lin, professor of computer science and member of the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute at UT Dallas, about thwarted hacking attempts from Russians trying to access Dallas election machines.
University leaders signed a lease to expand space for the UTDesign® program.
Dr. Joseph Friedman, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering, about his work published in the journal Nature that describes the development of an all-carbon spintronic system in which spintronic switches function as gates; this technology might one day replace transistors in powering electronic devices.
“The concept brings together an assortment of existing nanoscale technologies and combines them in a new way,” Friedman said.
Zac Cooner, a software engineering junior and co-founder of the Cosmunity platform that allows “geeks” to connect online, about turning the popular app into a business.
"Between the fundraising, the technical capabilities and the design that we put together, that was enough to get the ball rolling last summer," Cooner said.
Doctoral candidate Junia Valente about her lab uncovering a bug in the DBPOWER Quadcopter.
"The device contains an open access point not protected by any password and a misconfigured FTP [file transfer protocol] server that allows unauthorized users to read and write to the drone filesystem," she said. "One of the attacks we did was precisely to overwrite sensitive system files to gain full root access."
Dr. Murat Kantarcioglu, professor of computer science and member of the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute, using public Wi-Fi stations.
"Sometimes those chargers may be hooked to another compromised device," he said. "If you go to a website Wi-Fi, and then it asks for you to download something, I wouldn't do that"
Dr. Murat Kantarcioglu, professor of computer science and member of the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute, on Dallas’ emergency siren systems being hacked resulting in blasting sirens across Dallas in the middle of the night for an hour and a half.
"This could be exploited either from remotely…or even from the inside," he said.
Is This UT Dallas Discovery Pop Art or Nanotechnology?
Dr. Moon Kim, professor of materials science and engineering and arts and technology, about advanced microscopy that revealed on materials at the atomic level a pattern looked like an American flag.
"First, we saw a new pattern begin to emerge that was aesthetically pleasing to the eye," said Kim, a Louis Beecherl Jr. Distinguished Professor. "When we examined the material more closely, we found that the transition we were seeing from 'stripes' to 'stars' was not in any of the phase diagrams. ... Normally, when you heat up particular materials, you expect to see a different kind of material emerge as predicted by a phase diagram. But in this case, something unusual happened — it formed a whole new phase."
The highly ranked university has been a major asset to area children and teens with its many camps, workshops and outreach programs, enhancing the students’ studies or introducing them to something new.
"We are very vulnerable,” he said. “Being aware of these kinds of attacks and always verifying and limiting what you disclose will make it less risky for you."
Zac Cooner, a software engineering junior and co-founder of Cosmunity, an app for "geeks" to be comfortable "expressing their true selves."
"We do take a strong stance [on tone] – we believe that this is a positivity-driven community," he said.
Dr. Reza Moheimani, holder of the James Von Ehr Distinguished Chair in Science and Technology and professor of mechanical engineering, about his team’s creation of an atomic force microscope that fits onto a computer chip.
"Our ultimate aim is to develop a system that can perform video-rate AFM imaging using a single MEMS chip. The current device successfully demonstrates many of the capabilities required, and future iterations of the device will be designed to further work towards this goal. Such a device would enable high-speed AFM imaging to be performed using a portable and cost-effective system."
Dr. Taylor Ware, assistant professor of bioengineering, about the creation of a strong adhesive that can quickly stick and unstick with just a flash of light.
"Each one of these pillars is like rubber, as well as its backing, which would feel similar to a rubber band," he said. "In theory it would leave no more residue than rubber if they engineer the material in such a way that you can effectively prevent the breaking of these columns."
Dr. Kevin Hamlen, associate professor of computer science and member of the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute, about fake apps available in technology stores.
"Consumers of those devices sort of have this sense of confidence that anything in the story is probably trustworthy and that might be unwise."
Dr. Robert Rennaker, a former Marine who now heads the Department of Bioengineering and directs the Texas Biomedical Device Center, about brain injury treatment being tested.
"As a marine, you see these guys coming back with injuries and the doctors really can't do anything for them," he said. "My hope is that when they come back the docs will say, 'Hey we've got something for you,' whereas right now we don't."
Texas Instruments CEO Richard K. Templeton at a lecture in celebration of the 30th anniversary of the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, as well as University Founders Day, about how students can maximize their time at UT Dallas.
"It really comes down to your creativity, your curiosity, your urgency, your desire to make an impact," said Templeton, also TI’s president and chairman. "Those will be the differentiators that go on top of that knowledge that you pick up while you’re here."
Dr. Nicholas Gans, clinical associate professor of electrical engineering, on KERA’s Think program.
"I think what will be more likely in the near future is that the vehicles will have the ability to communicate with each other via the internet with civil infrastructure or with authorities."
Dr. Shalini Prasad, associate professor of bioengineering, about her work published in Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical about the development of a wearable device that can monitor an individual’s glucose level via perspiration on the skin.
"We used known properties of textiles and weaves in our design," she said. "What was innovative was the way we incorporated and positioned the electrodes onto this textile in such a way that allows a very small volume of sweat to spread effectively through the surface."
Dr. Robert Rennaker, head of the Department of Bioengineering and holder of the Texas Instruments Distinguished Chair in Bioengineering, on becoming a world-class researcher who uses vagus nerve stimulation to rewire connections in the brain to treat a variety of neurological disorders.
"We are walking in the woods and smell a particular odor,” he said. “If a bear immediately jumps out, and we happen to survive, we will forever connect that smell with the danger of a bear."
Dr. Kyeongjae (KJ) Cho, professor of materials science and engineering, on news about faulty lithium-ion batteries that explode.
"When you see something happening you tend to panic and try not to use any battery. I’m going to throw away my cell phone because there’s a battery inside. That’s not a good attitude."
Dr. Nicholas Gans, an assistant professor of electrical engineering who is part of the computer engineering program, on making some of the key technology that will make self-driving cars practical, affordable and reliably safe.
"I would consider a self-driving car to be a robot. And you’ll find that the researchers that are working on these problems all for the most part came out of the robotics community – the technology, the mathematics, the understanding of sensors and motion planning and interplay – these really are fields of robotics."
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham, professor of computer science and executive director of the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute, on.
"Whenever you have a microprocessor, there is a potential for vulnerability because there is the hardware and software that goes with it. There is some malicious code they could have exploited."
Dr. Kamran Kiasaleh, associate dean of assessment for the Jonsson School, on Facebook using light to wirelessly transmit internet signals.
Dr. Ryan McMahan, assistant professor of computer science, about using virtual reality to train surgical staff.
"Medical VR training can ensure that healthcare professionals are aware of proper procedures and protocols, can allow them to practice those procedures without harming others, and can inform those workers what the consequences of bad practices could be. Altogether, these aspects should ensure that healthcare workers are better prepared for their jobs and ultimately provide better patient care."
Dr. Kyeongjae Cho, professor of materials science and engineering, on using soluble catalysts in lithium-air batteries instead of conventional solid crystals.
"There’s huge promise in lithium-air batteries. However, despite the aggressive research being done by groups all over the world, those promises are not being delivered in real life…hopefully this discovery will revitalize research in this area and create momentum for further development."
Dr. Robert Gregg, assistant professor of bioengineering and mechanical engineering, about robots such as MARLO that walk on unstable terrain.
"The ability of MARLO to gracefully navigate uneven terrains is very exciting for my work in prosthetics."
Aaron Quigg, a mechanical engineering student and leader of a team building a single-seat, gas-powered, 200-pound vehicle to compete in the Shell Eco-marathon Americas 2016.
"I would rather be doing this than homework. It’s more fun."
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham, executive director of the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute at UT Dallas, on ransomware being like a home burglar.
"But this is even more dangerous, because you can attack a person’s machine from anywhere. It’s a malicious way of doing things. They really want to cause as much havoc as possible."
Husam Wadi, a mechanical engineering student who so far has won $4,000 in scholarships playing Polycraft World, the comprehensive Minecraft modification kit created by a UT Dallas team. Polycraft World was created to infuse polymer chemistry into the video game.
"So for instance what’s this one? Quiksilver! Quiksilver," Wadi says to his youngest brother in the video. "So my little brother, who has no idea of the periodic table or anything else, can now easily find out what element goes to what. Because before Polycraft, there was just iron, diamond and gold. That’s it. Then you come to Polycraft and there’s 20 different elements."
Dr. Arif Malik, associate professor of mechanical engineering, about event organized to help teenagers on autism spectrum gain experience in group design problems.
"What we want to do is give them the team working skills so that they pursue college and careers beyond college in science and engineering, that they’ll be successful in working on those teams"
Dr. Mario Romero-Ortega, associate professor of bioengineering, on his research that found animals with neuropathy can experience pain around cellphone towers.
"I met Ret. Maj. Underwood, who visited our lab. He was the one who told me his experience feeling tremendous pain, basically reliving the explosion that took off his arm in Iraq. [He said] to me that he relives that pain every time he drives through a cellphone tower in Texas. So, to me, that was incredible. I have never heard anything like that before. So knowing how the nerve responds to injury, I thought I could possibly test that in the lab."
Dr. Kenneth K. O, professor of electrical engineering and director of the Texas Analog Center of Excellence (TxACE) at UT Dallas about an electronic circuits manufactured is CMOS technology that could make breath analysis affordable.
"It means blood test, without taking blood samples. Breath analyses using the programmable electronic nose tests both blood and digestive systems. The applications are limitless."
Jey Veerasamy, senior lecturer in computer science, on waiting to introduce kids to coding until they are at least second grade.
"There’s no need to rush. Younger kids may benefit, but you have to remember that it’s not for everybody."
Aria Nosratinia, professor of electrical engineering, about one of three grants recently awarded from the National Science Foundation to investigate wireless communications technology.
"We aim to develop methods that break the wireless messages into microstreams, or smaller pieces, enabling them to be transmitted through-rather than against-other signals in the environment."
Dr. Balakrishnan Prabhakaran, professor of computer science, principal investigator of a National Science Foundation-funded project that uses haptic devices to enhance remote visits between doctors and patients.
"We’re bringing the sense of touch to telemedicine."
Dr. Robert Rennaker, head of the Department of Bioengineering in the Jonsson School and director of the Texas Biomedical Device Center.
"The current preclinical models of fear are poor models for PTSD. This grant includes a new preclinical model so we can better understand the mechanisms behind PTSD before moving it to clinical trials."
Dr. Robert Wallace, professor of materials science and engineering, about his team’s work published in Nature Communications on how transition metal dichalogenides, or TMDs, could behave like a semiconductor switch.
"If realized, these materials could revolutionize the electronics industry and better enable even higher-performance portable devices like smartphones and the Internet of Things. Their atomically thin layer nature gives rise to the concept of two-dimensional semiconductor materials."
Dr. Robert Gregg, assistant professor of bioengineering and mechanical engineering, about his powered prosthetic that can dynamically respond to the wearer’s environment and help amputees walk.
"The feedback from the amputee patients we've worked with has been very positive," Gregg says. "They felt like the prosthetic leg seemed to be following them rather than them following the leg. They can start or stop, and the leg will respond; they can go faster or slower, and the leg will respond to that naturally."
Among the projects created by computer science UTDesign teams this fall are a virtual reality cardiac model to improve patient/physician communication; a workflow model application with a modern and intuitive design; and a chatbot that helps a users of a company’s webpage find what meets their needs more efficiently. | 2019-04-19T03:05:49Z | https://engineering.utdallas.edu/news/spotlight/ |
This is a finding aid. It is a description of archival material held at the Library Company of Philadelphia. Unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in our reading room, and not digitally available through the web.
Thomas Leiper (1745-1825) was introduced into the business of tobacco shortly after his arrival in Virginia in 1763. Within several years, he moved to Philadelphia where he opened a tobacco shop. During the Revolutionary War, Leiper became the principal tobacco provider in Philadelphia. In 1776, Leiper purchased land in Delaware County that included a mill at a waterfall on the Crum Creek. He established snuff mills and later purchased a stone quarry. The Thomas Leiper and family business records include correspondence, country estate records, and business and financial records of the family's paper, lumber and wood working businesses, quarry business, and tobacco business dating from 1771 to 1947.
[Description and date of item], [Box and folder number], Thomas Leiper and family business records, 1771-1947, Library Company of Philadelphia.
Thomas Leiper was born December 15, 1745 in Strathaven, Lanark, Scotland. He was educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh and immigrated to America in 1763, landing in Virginia where his brother already resided. He was immediately introduced into the business of tobacco, and within several years moved to Philadelphia where he opened a tobacco shop and "engaged in the storing and exportation of tobacco," (Leach). During the Revolutionary War, Leiper became the principal tobacco provider in Philadelphia. In 1776, Leiper purchased land in Delaware County that included a mill at a waterfall on the Crum Creek. He established snuff mills and later purchased a stone quarry. In addition to Leiper?s tobacco business being very successful, over approximately 20 years, he ?acquired a total of 728 acres following Crum Creek to the Delaware River,? (Leiper Church). According to Leach, Leiper "amassed a large fortune, which enabled him to subscribe freely to the improvement of Philadelphia and that part of Delaware County in the neighborhood of "Avondale," his country residence."
Leiper was one of the founders of the first troop of Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia, and served in the Revolutionary War, seeing action at Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and York. Along with his troop, he acted as bodyguard for George Washington and as a defender in the "Fort Wilson Riot" which took place at the home of James Wilson. While most sources state that Leiper served as lieutenant and treasurer of that troop, other sources indicate that he served as a private. Politically, Leiper was a democrat. He served as a presidential elector, director of the Banks of Pennsylvania and the United States, and served as President of the Philadelphia City Council from 1802 to 1805. He also served as a member and President of the Common Council of Philadelphia in 1813. He had much interaction with politicians in the early republic including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, to whom he rented a house in Philadelphia.
Leiper?s quarry produced granite for ?curbstones in Philadelphia ? door steps for city homes, ? buildings on the Swarthmore College campus, homes in Swarthmore, and ? the Leiper Church,? (Leiper Church). In part due to the success of Leiper?s quarry business, Leiper was faced with a growing problem in transporting the stone to Philadelphia and the surrounding area. According to Leiper Church, ?in wet weather, the wagons became bogged down on the dirt roads and since Crum Creek was not navigable, barge transportation was not an option.? Therefore, Leiper first requested permission to build a canal (which was not approved) and approximately 20 years later, built a railroad from his quarries to a spot on Ridley Creek which was navigable.
Leiper married Elizabeth Gray, daughter of Speaker of the House of the Pennsylvania State Legislature, in 1778. They had 13 children, 10 of whom lived to adulthood. Leiper died on July 6, 1825.
Soon after his death, his descendents started a two vat paper mill which was managed by John Holmes in 1826, and by George G. Leiper in 1829 until it burned in 1836. The two snuff mills were operated, along with the eight mulls and two cutting machines, until 1845. Thomas Leiper had also started "a tilt- or bade-mill, with Nathum Keys as operator, and in 1826, his yearly output was 200 dozens of scythes and straw knives," (Jordan, page 364). George G. Leiper operated it until 1830. In 1843, Leiper's estate was divided.
Many of Thomas Leiper's descendents were involved in his business, called Thomas Leiper and Sons, which continued to operate until 1946. Thomas Leiper's sons George Gray Leiper, Samuel McKean Lieper and William J. Leiper appear to have been most involved with the continued operation of Lieper's business. George Gray Leiper was born on February 3, 1786 and educated at the University of Pennsylvania. In addition to building the canal which his father had tried to build, George Leiper served in the Pennsylvania Congress from 1822 to 1823 and in the United States Congress from 1829 to 1831. He was also appointed associate judge of the Delaware County circuit court. George Leiper's family business work included logging, bark mills and stone quarries. He died on November 18, 1868. His son John C. Leiper became involved in the business. George Leiper's brother Samuel McKean Leiper, was born August 20, 1806 and was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1826. His involvement with the family business began "when he attained majority, [and] had direction, in connection with his brothers, of the extensive snuff manufactory and tobacco business established by his father," (Old Chester Pennsylvania). Samuel Leiper died February 17, 1854. Samuel had at least three sons: Captain Thomas Irvine, General Charles Lewis Leiper (both of whom served in the Civil War) and Callender Irvine Leiper. It appears that Callender I. Leiper operated the quarries at Avondale after the death of his father. Throughout the history of the Leiper mills, fire destroyed much and resulted in changes of hand. A full history of the Leiper descendents' involvement in the business is currently unknown.
Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000234 (accessed October 8, 2010).
Jordan, John W. A History of Delaware County Pennsylvania and Its People. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1914.
Leiper Presbyterian Church. http://leiperchurch1818.tripod.com/id2.html (accessed February 25, 2010).
Old Chester Pennsylvania. Biographies. http://www.oldchesterpa.com/biographies.htm (access October 8, 2010).
The Thomas Leiper family business records include ?Letterbooks;? ?Estate records;? ?Paper, lumber and wood business records;? ?Quarry business records;? ?Tobacco business records;? and ?Miscellaneous and household accounts and receipts,? dating from 1771 to 1947. These volumes document the business efforts of Thomas Leiper and his descendants, including the businesses of Thomas Leiper and Sons, Tobacconists; several quarries; a lumber yard and stable; and the Caldwell and Crosby estates. In addition to his other businesses, Leiper bought and sold real estate.
The collection includes six ? Letterbooks? dating from 1772 to 1829, which discuss to a large degree business, but are also extremely valuable in the documentation of day-to-day events, especially in regards to the Revolutionary War. The first, Volume 1, dating from 1772 to 1780, concerns the sales of, ordering of, and shipment of tobacco. These letters talk about finding ways to ship tobacco in a safe and secure manner and circumventing the British warships which closed the Delaware River in 1772. These letters also discuss the news of the day, and include statements such as, ?The people of Britain are very much mistaken if they think they can cram what Acts they please down our throats,? (December 3, 1774) and ?we are fully of the opinion that Anarchy and Confusion will take place all over this continent in the course of a few months unless the people of Britain alter their mode of proceedings,? (April 17, 1775). Letters from 1776 contain news of events of national and personal nature, as Leiper served, at that time, as a trooper in the American Light Horse. While the vast majority of the volume consists of letters from 1771 to 1776, there are several letters that date until October 9, 1800. Tobacco sales include 500 dozen snuff bottles to be imported from Glasgow, Scotland, with sizes specified, and on a separate occasion, in July 1774, 1800 dozen of the London squares, 900 dozen octagon squares, 300 dozen London small squares. Volume 2, a letterbook regarding tobacco and snuff business, dating from 1776 to 1802 includes letters on prices, shipments, accounts payable, wholesalers, agents, etc. In October 1776, Leiper opened a second grinding mill for snuff and he averaged one hogshead of tobacco per day at the new mill. Also discussed in these letters are prices of tobacco, the rise in workmen?s wages, other potential businesses including a glass house, prices of other commodities, and the status of Continental money (which, according to Leach was up 750%). According to Ken Leach, Leiper was ?a very hard, tough business man, [and] from this letterbook alone, one would think the war was won by tobacco and snuff instead of gunpowder.? To one customer alone, Leiper sold 15,653 (pounds (monetary)) of snuff from July 1777 to April 1780. Also during this period of time, Leiper rented a house from Thomas Jefferson, and he describes, in letters to Jefferson, some of the work being done to the house, and requests that Jefferson pay for some repairs. Throughout this volume, there is continued documentation of Leiper?s experience in the American Light Horse and his description of both General Washington's talk on Peace and Liberty and General Howe?s talk of plundering Philadelphia. Volume 3, dating from 1803 to 1813 contains copies of letters sent by Leiper as a tobacco and snuff merchant and these letters document his personal business and contain long letters on transportation problems and the need for turnpikes and canals across Pennsylvania to the rivers of the south. These letters describe the tobacco industry prices, shipments, etc. Two letters to Thomas Jefferson, of a political nature, are included in this volume. Volume 4, dating from 1807 to 1831, contains copies of letters received and answered and contains largely, information regarding the property bought and owned by Leiper. Leiper owned much land in Pennsylvania including Venango, Warren, Green, Washington, and Delaware counties. The volume also includes copies of letters from the 1790s regarding the purchase of these lands. There are also several pages on lands of the Ohio Land Company. Also, of interest throughout these letters, are references to current events. From 1813 to 1829, Leiper?s letters, contained in the Volume 5, discuss the tobacco and snuff business, politics and Leiper?s many lands and properties. In regards to politics, Leiper wrote to President James Madison recommending John Barker as Postmaster in Philadelphia and regarding other issues; and to Thomas Jefferson. The final letterbook ( Volume 6), dating from 1844, contains only a few letters which are very faded. These letters were not written by Leiper who died in 1825.
The ? Estate records? are the records of the Leiper home, the name of which is uncertain. Records and accounts indicate that the home may have been called Avondale, Strath Haven or ?Snuff Mill,? The ?Estate records? are contained within 5 volumes dating from 1829 to 1847. All of these materials date after Thomas Leiper?s death in 1825, and are therefore, his descendant?s records. These volumes, 7 to 11, include accounts for: shingling, plastering, wages for workmen, boarding, lumber, blasting, powder from DuPont, supplies, freight, some quarry accounts, bottled water, names of vessels carrying freight, maintenance and repairs, food, sub-rents, cabinetwork, clothing, stovepipes, shoes, lumber, cattle, church dues, furniture, and other necessities for the manor. Volume 7 contains a very broad business accounting of the estate; including information on cattle and sheep, rents, taxes, labor, repairs and maintenance, equipment and produce bought and sold, insurance, etc. Volume 9 provides researchers the ability to match names of the Leipers' workers to their occupations.
The ? Executor records? are records produced for estates of which the Leipers served as executors. Volume 12 contains material regarding the Caldwell estate. Included in this volume are receipts received for money paid out, either hand copied or tipped into the volume. Volume 13, dating from 1832 to 1833, is a receipt book for bills paid by the Leiper brothers who served as executors of the estate of Robert Crosby.
The ? Paper, lumber and wood working business records? are contained within three volumes. The first documents the Leiper Paper mill accounts and dates from 1828 to 1829. Only 17 pages of the volume are dedicated to the paper mill. The remaining pages document personal accounts from the 1880s. A volume regarding lumber yards and stables, from 1844, includes all the expenses involved, as well as labor and supplies. Finally, from 1844 to 1851, a wood working shop is documented through wages, lumber accounts, and receipts.
The Leiper family ? Quarry business records? is documented in 18 volumes dating from 1812 to 1947. These volumes contain information largely on accounts and wages, in the form of account books, ledgers, daybooks, cashbooks, time books and wage books. Leiper quarries generally quarried granite and included locations such as Ridley Mills and Leiperville. Ridley Mills is documented in volume 17 and includes sales of stone, types of stone, and prices from 1812 to 1832. This volume includes the names of people, companies and places to which the stone was sold and a roster of early American stone masons and builders. Volume 18 is a workman?s time and wage book and includes names, dates, and wages. Volume 19 documents William and Samuel Leiper?s granite quarry business and consists of a sales account book for stone of all types and purposes, such as building, foundation, railroad, perches, curb, and streets. This volume also includes lists of customers, some of which are: the United States (Naval Asylum, forts, etc.), Girard College, and St. John?s Church at Salem Massachusetts. In addition, the names of vessels used to ship the stone and costs to do so are available via this volume. The granite quarry in Leiperville, Pennsylvania is documented from 1833 to 1939 in volume 20. This volume contains information on boarding for workers, wages, freight bills, vessel charges, and all expenses for the business and the people who supplied those services. Volume 21 provides information on worker?s time and work with wages from 1841 to 1842. Volumes 22 to 24, dating from 1869 to 1884 and 1899 to 1905, contain expenses and wages for quarrying granite and cutting stone and include workmen's time. Volume 25 includes workmen?s time, but it does not include addresses or any indication of type of work.
Thomas Leiper?s earliest business endeavors focused on tobacco and snuff and his work as a merchant in this is documented in the ? Tobacco business records,? 12 volumes dating from 1776 to 1835. Volumes 35 and 36 are sales books containing an average of fifteen entries per page (volume 35 has over 4,000 entries). Information included is amount of snuff or tobacco sold, type (pigtail, plug, cask, bladder, bottles), to whom the tobacco was sold, and how and where it was delivered. Volume 37 is a ?Work Book,? containing the names of people who worked for Leiper, the type of work they did (rollers, spinners, etc), their hours, and their wages from 1776 to 1795. Volume 38 contains sales accounts for snuff and tobacco from 1801 to 1802. Volume 40 documents tobacco sales in 1816. Volume 41 is entitled ?Shop Ledger? and contains information on Leiper?s cigar manufactory, names of workers, time, and wages from 1823 to 1827. Volume 42 is an order book containing hundreds of accounts for snuff and tobacco sales. It includes pricing for plug, roll, bladder, pigtail, Glasgow, and pipe, and dates from 1826 to 1831. Volume 43 is a receipt book for the tobacco business and contains information on kegs, making cigars, and sub-contractors who rolled cigars for the Leiper company from 1831 to 1834. Thomas Leiper and Sons ledger, volume 44, contains accounts daily of sales of snuff and tobacco from 1831 to 1835. Taken as a whole, these volumes provide a very complete picture of the tobacco business during the colonial and early national periods in America. Not only are the records of the business in existence, but also records of shipping, customers and workers.
The final three volumes in the Leiper family business records are ?Miscellaneous and household account books and receipts.? The first of these dates from 1781 to 1783 and is attributed to Thomas Leiper. Included in this volume ( volume 45) are sales of merchandise; including ?sundries;? metal items, such as callender, ladle, coal shovel, candlesticks, tea kettles, camp kettles, brass clock, silver buckles, brass, tin, pewter, copper and iron; and the repair and maintenance of items. The names of the buyers are often identified as to their professions, such as blacksmiths, tallow chandler, cooper, joiner, shoemaker, etc., as well as their residences. The second miscellaneous account book ( volume 46) dates from 1814 to 1817 and includes accounts, loose leaves, letter copies, land rents, and supplies for the tobacco business. The last volume in the series ( volume 47), and the collection, is a receipt book dating from 1825 to 1837. Included in this volume are receipts for Leiper?s barber, postage, subscriptions, labor, advertising, taxes, wine, clothing, freight, printing, billing for shares in the Library Company of Philadelphia, a pair of pistols, a second hand carriage, coal, and groceries. While many of these receipts are copies, there are original receipts tipped in with wax.
The collection as a whole provides an outstanding representation of an early American business, which lasted well into the 20th century. According to Ken Leach, appraiser of the collection, ?with a major product, tobacco, and being the largest company in the business at the time, this collection brings to light all the facts, figures and correspondence.? The letterbooks should be used with other volumes in order to provide context to the account books, wage books, and other financial records.
The processing of this collection was made possible through generous funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, administered through the Council on Library and Information Resources? ?Cataloging Hidden Special Collections and Archives? Project.
This collection is open for research use, on deposit at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. For access, please contact the Historical Society at 215-732-6200 or visit http://www.hsp.org.
Copyright restrictions may apply. Please contact the Library Company of Philadelphia with requests for copying and for authorization to publish, quote or reproduce the material.
On deposit from the Friends of the Thomas Leiper House.
Friends of the Thomas Leiper House.
Pennsylvania. Militia. Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia.
Thomas Leiper & Sons, Tobacconists.
Series I. Letter books, 1772-1844.
Regarding tobacco and snuff business, 1776-1802.
Regarding tobacco and snuff business, 1803-1813.
Regarding property purchased and owned by Leiper, 1807-1831.
Regarding tobacco and snuff business and politics, 1813-1829.
Series II. Estate records-Leiperville, Pennsylvania, 1829-1847.
Receipt book (Caldwell sales), 1801-1805.
Receipt book, Crosby Estate, 1832-1833.
Series IV. Paper, lumber and wood working business records.
Paper mill account book, 1828-1829.
Lumber yard and stable account book, 1844.
Wood working shop day book, 1844-1851.
Series V. Quarry business records.
Sales and account book, 1830-1838.
Labor and freight accounts, 1833-1839.
Wage book (includes 1839 Ice House Receipts), 1878-1884.
Series VI. Tobacco business records.
Tobacco order book (continued), 1790-1795.
Account book, snuff sales, 1801-1802.
Shop ledger, cigar manufactory, 1823-1827.
Series VII. Miscellaneous and household accounts and receipts. | 2019-04-21T03:10:02Z | http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_LCP_LCPLeiper& |
Charles de Gaulle was born in Lille, France, 22nd November, 1890. Educated in Paris. Graduated from the Military Academy St. Cyr in 1912.
Commissioned as a second lieutenant. Joined an infantry regiment in 1913.
In the First World War de Gaulle was wounded three times. Promoted to rank of captain in February, 1915. On 2nd March, 1916, was captured by the German Army. Held in several prisoner of war camps.
After Armistice, was assigned to a Polish division. Fought against the Red Army during the Civil War. Won Poland's highest military decoration, "Virtuti Militari".
De Gaulle lectured at the French War College. De Gaulle's released his book, The Army of the Future (1934). De Gaulle published "France and Her Army" in 1938.
World War Two: De Gaulle took command of the 5th Army's tank force in Alsace. Given command of the 4th Armoured Division. 5th June, 1940: French Prime minister, Paul Reynaud, appoints De Gaulle as minister of war.
After disagreements with a new government in France, on 4th July, 1940, a court-martial in Toulouse sentenced him in absentia to four years in prison. A second court-martial sentenced him to death.
De Gaulle made attempts to unify the resistance movements in France. 30th May 1943: de Gaulle moved to Algeria. De Gaulle reached France from Algiers on 20th August, 1944. De Gaulle and his 2nd Armoured Division joined the USA Army when it entered Paris on 25th August.
13th November, 1945: the first Constituent Assembly elected de Gaulle as head of the French government. He resigned 20th January, 1946. Returned to politics in 1958 when he was elected president. De Gaulle resigned from office April, 1969. Died on 9th November, 1970.
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II and later founded the French Fifth Republic and served as its first President. In France, he is commonly referred to as Général de Gaulle or simply Le Général. Prior to World War II, de Gaulle was a tactician of armoured warfare and advocate of military aviation. During the war, he reached the rank of Brigadier General and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in England. He gave a famous radio address in 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany. Following the liberation of France in 1944, de Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government. Although he retired from politics in 1946 due to political conflicts, he was returned to power with military support following the May 1958 crisis. De Gaulle led the writing of a new constitution founding the Fifth Republic, and was elected the President of France. As president, Charles de Gaulle ended the political chaos and violence that preceded his return to power. Although he initially supported French rule over Algeria, he controversially decided to grant independence to Algeria, ending an expensive and unpopular war. A new currency was issued to control inflation and industrial growth was promoted. De Gaulle oversaw the development of atomic weapons and promoted a pan-European foreign policy, seeking to diminish U.S. and British influence; withdrawing France from the NATO military command, he objected to Britain’s entry into the European Community and recognised Communist China. During his term, de Gaulle also faced controversy and political opposition from Communists and Socialists, and a spate of widespread protests in May 1968. De Gaulle retired in 1969, but remains the most influential leader in modern French history.
Charles De Gaulle was born in Lille, the third of five children of Henri de Gaulle, a professor of philosophy and literature at a Jesuit college, who eventually founded his own school. He was raised in a family of devout Roman Catholics who were nationalist and traditionalist, but also quite progressive. Charles De Gaulle's father, Henri, came from a long line of aristocracy from Normandy and Burgundy, while his mother, Jeanne Maillot, descended from a family of rich entrepreneurs from the industrial region of Lille in French Flanders. The de in de Gaulle is not a nobiliary particle, although the de Gaulle family were an ancient family of ennobled knighthood. The earliest known de Gaulle ancestor was a squire of the 12th-century King Louis VI. The name de Gaulle is thought to have evolved from a Germanic form, De Walle, meaning the wall (of a fortification or city), the rampart. Much of the old French nobility descended from Frankish and Norman Germanic lineages and often bore Germanic names. Charles De Gaulle was educated in Paris at the College Stanislas and also briefly in Belgium. Since childhood, he had a displayed a keen interest in reading and studying history. Choosing a military career, de Gaulle spent four years studying and training at the elite Saint-Cyr. Graduating in 1912, he joined an infantry regiment of the French Army. While serving during World War I, he was wounded and captured at Douaumont in the Battle of Verdun in March 1916. While being held as a prisoner of war by the German Army, de Gaulle wrote his first book, "L'Ennemi et le vrai ennemi" (The Enemy and the True Enemy), analyzing the issues and divisions within the German Empire and its forces; the book was published in 1924. After the armistice, de Gaulle continued to serve in the Army and on the staff of Gen. Maxime Weygand’s military mission to Poland during its war with Communist Russia (1919-1921), working as an instructor to Polish infantry forces. He distinguished himself in operations near the River Zbrucz and won the highest Polish military decoration, the Virtuti Militari.
He was promoted to Commandant and offered a further career in Poland, but chose instead to return to France, where he served as a staff officer and also taught at the École Militaire, becoming a protégé of his old commander, Marshall Pétain. De Gaulle was heavily influenced by the use of tanks, rapid maneuvers and limited trench warfare. He would also adopt some lessons, for his own military and political career, from Poland’s Marshal Józef Pilsudski, who, decades before de Gaulle, sought to create a federation of European states (Miedzymorze). In the 1930s de Gaulle wrote various books and articles on military subjects that marked him as a gifted writer and an imaginative thinker. In 1931 he published Le fil de l’epée (Eng. tr., The Edge of the Sword, 1960), an analysis of military and political leadership. He also published Vers l’armée de metier (1934; Eng. tr., The Army of the Future, 1941) and La France et son armee (1938; Eng. tr., France and Her Army, 1945). He urged the creation of a mechanised army with special armoured divisions manned by a corps of professional specialist soldiers instead of the static theories exemplified by the Maginot Line. While views similar to de Gaulle’s were advanced by Britain’s J.F.C. Fuller, Germany’s Heinz Guderian, United States’ Dwight D. Eisenhower and George S. Patton, Russia’s Mikhail Tukhachevsky, and Poland’s General Wladyslaw Sikorski, most of de Gaulle’s theories were rejected by other army officers, including his mentor Pétain, and relations between them became strained. French politicians also dismissed de Gaulle’s ideas, questioning the political reliability of a professional army — with the notable exception of Paul Reynaud and navy general Christoph Malton, who would play a major role in de Gaulle’s career. Charles De Gaulle would have some contacts with Ordre Nouveau, a Non-Conformist Group at the end of 1934 and the beginning of 1935.
At the outbreak of World War II, de Gaulle was only a colonel, having antagonised the leaders of the military through the 1920s and 1930s with his bold views. Initially commanding a tank brigade in the French 5th Army, Charles de Gaulle implemented many of his theories and tactics for armoured warfare. After the German breakthrough at Sedan on May 15, 1940 he was given command of the 4th Armored Division. On May 17, Charles de Gaulle attacked German tank forces at Montcornet with 200 tanks but no air support; on May 28, de Gaulle's tanks forced the German infantry to retreat to Caumont - some of the few tactical successes the French enjoyed while suffering defeats across the country. De Gaulle was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, which he would hold for the rest of his life. On 6 June, Prime Minister Paul Reynaud appointed him undersecretary of state for national defense and war and put him in charge of coordination with the United Kingdom. As a junior member of the French government, he unsuccessfully opposed surrender, advocating instead that the government remove itself to North Africa and carry on the war as best it could from France's African colonies. While serving as a liaison with the British government, de Gaulle proposed a political union between France and the U.K. with British leader Winston Churchill on June 16. The project would have in effect merged France and the United Kingdom into a single country, with a single government and a single army for the duration of the war. This was a desperate last-minute effort to strengthen the resolve of those members of the French government who were in favor of fighting on. Returning the same day to Bordeaux, the temporary wartime capital, de Gaulle learned that Field Marshall Pétain had become prime minister and was planning to seek an armistice with Nazi Germany. De Gaulle and allied officers rebelled against the new French government; on the morning of June 17, de Gaulle and other senior French officers fled the country with 100,000 gold francs in secret funds provided to him by the ex-prime minister Paul Reynaud. Narrowly escaping the German air force, he landed safely in London that afternoon. De Gaulle strongly denounced the French government's decision to seek peace with the Nazis and set about building the Free French Forces out of the soldiers and officers who were deployed outside France and in its colonies or had fled France with him. On June 18, de Gaulle delivered a famous radio address via the BBC radio service. Although the British cabinet initially attempted to block the speech, they were overruled by Churchill. De Gaulle's Appeal of 18 June exhorted the French people to not be demoralised and to continue to resist the occupation of France and work against the Vichy regime, which had allied itself with Nazi Germany. Although reaching only a few parts of France, de Gaulle's subsequent speeches reached many parts of occupied France and the territories under the Vichy regime, helping to rally the French resistance movement and earning him much popularity amongst the French people and soldiers. On July 4, 1940, a court-martial in Toulouse sentenced de Gaulle in absentia to four years in prison. At a second court-martial on August 2, 1940 de Gaulle was condemned to death for treason against the Vichy regime. With British support, de Gaulle settled himself in Berkhamstead (36 miles northwest of London) and began organising the Free French forces. Gradually, the Allies gave increasing support and recognition to de Gaulle's efforts. In dealings with his British allies and the United States, de Gaulle insisted at all times on retaining full freedom of action on behalf of France, and he was constantly on the verge of being cut off by the Allies. He harbored a suspicion of the British in particular, believing that they were surreptitiously seeking to steal France's colonial possessions in the Levant. Clementine Churchill, who admired de Gaulle, once cautioned him, "General, you must not hate your friends more than you hate your enemies." De Gaulle himself stated famously, "France has no friends, only interests." The situation was nonetheless complex, and de Gaulle's mistrust of both British and U.S. intentions with regards to France was mirrored in particular by a mistrust of the Free French among the U.S. political leadership, who for a long time refused to recognise de Gaulle as the representative of France, preferring to deal with representatives of the former Vichy government.
Working with the French resistance and supporters in France's colonial African possessions after the Anglo-US invasion of North Africa in November 1942, de Gaulle moved his headquarters to Algiers in May, 1943. He became first joint head (with the less resolutely independent General Henri Giraud, the candidate preferred by the U.S.) and then sole chairman of the French Committee of National Liberation. At the liberation of France following Operation Overlord, he quickly established the authority of the Free French Forces in France, avoiding an Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories. He flew into France from the French colony of Algeria a few days before the liberation of Paris, and drove near the front of the liberating forces into the city alongside Allied officials. De Gaulle made a famous speech emphasizing the role of France's people in her liberation. After his return to Paris, he moved back into his office at the War Ministry, thus proclaiming continuity of the Third Republic and denying the legitimacy of the Vichy regime. He served as President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic starting in September, 1944. As such he sent the French Far East Expeditionary Corps to re-establish French sovereignty in French Indochina in 1945. He made Admiral d'Argenlieu High commissioner of French Indochina and General Leclerc commander-in-chief in French Indochina and commander of the expeditionary corps. Under de Gaulle's leadership, The resistance fighters and with the already fighting colonial troops enabled France to field one entire army into the western front via the invasion of southern France which helped liberate almost 1/3 of France. This group called the French First Army meant France actively rejoined the Allies fighting against Germany and captured a large section of German territory when the Allied invasion began. This also enabled France to be an active participant in the signing of the German surrender and receive through the intervention of the British at Yalta and the intense resistance of the Russians and the Americans a German zone of occupation. De Gaulle finally resigned on 20 January 1946, complaining of conflict between the political parties, and disapproving of the draft constitution for the Fourth Republic, which he believed placed too much power in the hands of a parliament with its shifting party alliances. He was succeeded by Félix Gouin (SFIO), then Georges Bidault (MRP) and finally Léon Blum (SFIO).
Charles De Gaulle’s opposition to the proposed constitution failed as the parties of the left supported a parliamentary regime. The second draft constitution narrowly approved at the referendum of October 1946 was even less to de Gaulle’s liking than the first. In April 1947 de Gaulle made a renewed attempt to transform the political scene by creating a Rassemblement du Peuple Français (Rally of the French People, or RPF), but after initial success the movement lost momentum. In May 1953 he withdrew again from active politics, though the RPF lingered until September 1955. He retired to Colombey-les-deux-Églises and wrote his war memoirs, Mémoires de guerre. During this period of formal retirement, however, de Gaulle maintained regular contact with past political lieutenants from wartime and RPF days, including sympathisers involved in political developments in Algeria.
The Fourth Republic was tainted by political instability, failures in Indochina and inability to resolve the Algerian question. It did, however, pass the 1956 loi-cadre Deferre which granted independence to Tunisia and Morocco, while the Premier Pierre Mendès-France put an end to the Indochina War through the Geneva Conference of 1954. On 13 May 1958, settlers seized the government buildings in Algiers, attacking what they saw as French government weakness in the face of demands among the Arab majority for Algerian inde Under the pressure of Massu, Salan declared Vive de Gaulle ! from the balcony of the Algiers Government-General building on 15 May. De Gaulle answered two days later that he was ready to assume the powers of the Republic. Many worried as they saw this answer as support for the army. At a 19 May press conference, de Gaulle asserted again that he was at the disposal of the country. As a journalist expressed the concerns of some who feared that he would violate civil liberties, de Gaulle retorted vehemently: Have I ever done that? Quite the opposite, I have reestablished them when they had disappeared. Who honestly believes that, at age 67, I would start a career as a dictator? A republican by conviction, de Gaulle maintained throughout the crisis that he would accept power only from the lawfully constituted authorities. The crisis deepened as French paratroops from Algeria seized Corsica and a landing near Paris was discussed (Operation Ressurrection). Political leaders on many sides agreed to support the General’s return to power, except François Mitterrand, Pierre Mendès-France, Alain Savary, the Communist Party, etc. The philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, famous existentialist author, was quoted as saying I would rather vote for God. On 29 May the French President, René Coty, appealed to the most illustrious of Frenchmen to become the last President of the Council (Prime Minister) of the Fourth Republic. Charles De Gaulle remained intent on replacing the constitution of the Fourth Republic, which he blamed for France’s political weakness. He set as a condition for his return that he be given wide emergency powers for six months and that a new constitution be proposed to the French people . On 1 June 1958, de Gaulle became Premier and was given emergency powers for six months by the National Assembly. On 28 September 1958, a referendum took place and 79.2% of those who voted supported the new constitution and the creation of the Fifth Republic. The colonies (Algeria was officially a part of France, not a colony) were given the choice between immediate independence and the new constitution. All colonies voted for the new constitution and the replacement of the French Union by the French Community, except Guinea, which thus became the first French African colony to gain independence, at the cost of the immediate ending of all French assistance. According to de Gaulle, the head of state should represent the spirit of the nation to the nation itself and to the world: une certaine idée de la France (a certain idea of France).
In the November 1958 elections, de Gaulle and his supporters (initially organised in the Union pour la Nouvelle République-Union Démocratique du Travail, then the Union des Démocrates pour la Vème République, and later still the Union des Démocrates pour la République, UDR) won a comfortable majority. In December, de Gaulle was elected President by the electoral college with 78% of the vote, and inaugurated in January 1959. He oversaw tough economic measures to revitalise the country, including the issuing of a new franc (worth 100 old francs). Internationally, he rebuffed both the United States and the Soviet Union, pushing for an independent France with its own nuclear weapons, and strongly encouraged a Free Europe, believing that a confederation of all European nations would restore the past glories of the great European empires. He set about building Franco-German cooperation as the cornerstone of the European Economic Community (EEC), paying the first state visit to Germany by a French head of state since Napoleon. In 1963, Germany and France signed a treaty of friendship, the Élysée Treaty. France also reduced its dollar reserves, trading them for gold from the U.S. government, thereby reducing the US’ economic influence abroad. He vetoed the British application to join the EEC in 1963, because he thought that the United Kingdom lacked the political will to join the community. Many Britons took de Gaulle’s non as an insult, especially with the role the United Kingdom had played in the Liberation of France only 19 years earlier. Charles De Gaulle believed that while the war in Algeria was militarily winnable, it was not defensible internationally, and he became reconciled to the colony’s eventual independence. This stance greatly angered the French settlers and their metropolitan supporters, and de Gaulle was forced to suppress two uprisings in Algeria by French settlers and troops, in the second of which (the Generals' Putsch in April 1961) France herself was threatened with invasion by rebel paratroops. De Gaulle’s government also covered up the Paris massacre of 1961, issued under the orders of the police prefect Maurice Papon. He was also targeted by the settler Organisation armée secrète (OAS) terrorist group and several assassination attempts were made on him; the most famous is that of 22 August 1962, when he and his wife narrowly escaped an assassination attempt when their Citroën DS was targeted by machine gun fire arranged by Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry at the Petit-Clamart. After a referendum on Algerian self-determination carried out in 1961, de Gaulle arranged a cease-fire in Algeria with the March 1962 Evian Accords, legitimated by another referendum a month later. Algeria became independent in July 1962, while an amnesty was later issued covering all crimes committed during the war, including the use of torture. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 French settlers left the country. The exodus accelerated after the 5th of July 1962 massacre. In September 1962, De Gaulle sought a constitutional amendment to allow the president to be directly elected by the people and issued another referendum to this end, approved by more than three-fifths of voters despite a broad coalition of no formed by most of the parties, opposed to a presidential regime. Thereafter the President was to be elected at direct universal suffrage. After a motion of censure voted by the Parliament on October 4, 1962, de Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly and held new elections. Although the left progressed, the Gaullists won an increased majority, despite opposition from the Christian-Democrat MRP and the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) who criticised de Gaulle’s euroscepticism and presidentialism. Although the Algerian issue was settled, Prime Minister Michel Debré resigned over the final settlement and was replaced with Georges Pompidou.
With the Algerian conflict behind him, de Gaulle was able to achieve his two main objectives: to reform and develop the French economy, and to promote an independent foreign policy and a strong stance on the international stage. This was, as named by foreign observers, the politics of grandeur (politique de grandeur).
In the context of a population boom unseen in France since the 18th century, the government under prime minister Georges Pompidou oversaw a rapid transformation and expansion of the French economy. With dirigisme a unique combination of capitalism and state-directed economy the government intervened heavily in the economy, using indicative five-year plans as its main tool. High profile projects, mostly but not always financially successful, were launched: the extension of Marseille harbor (soon ranking third in Europe and first in the Mediterranean); the promotion of the Caravelle passenger jetliner (a predecessor of Airbus); the decision to start building the supersonic Franco-British Concorde airliner in Toulouse; the expansion of the French auto industry with state-owned Renault at its center; and the building of the first motorways between Paris and the provinces. With these projects, the French economy recorded growth rates unrivalled since the 19th century. In 1963, de Gaulle vetoed Britain’s entry into the EEC for the first of two times. In 1964, for the first time in 200 years, France’s GDP overtook that of the United Kingdom, a position it held until the 1990s. This period is still remembered in France with some nostalgia as the peak of the Trente Glorieuses (Thirty Glorious Years of economic growth between 1945 and 1974).
This strong economic foundation enabled Charles de Gaulle to implement his independent foreign policy. In 1960, France became the fourth state to acquire a nuclear arsenal, detonating an atomic bomb in the Algerian desert (a secret clause of the 1962 Evian Accords with the Algerian National Liberation Front stated that Algeria concede... to France the use of certain air bases, terrains, sites and military installations which are necessary to it France during five years. In 1968, at the insistence of Charles de Gaulle, French scientists finally succeeded in detonating a hydrogen bomb without US assistance. In what was regarded as a snub to Britain, de Gaulle declared France to be the third big independent nuclear power, as Britain’s nuclear force was closely coordinated with that of the United States. While grandeur was surely an essential motive in these nuclear developments, another was the concern that the U.S., involved in an unpopular and costly war in Vietnam, would hesitate to intervene in Europe should the Soviet Union decide to invade. Charles De Gaulle wanted to develop an independent force de frappe. An additional effect was that the French military, which had been demoralised and close to rebellion after the loss of Algeria, was kept busy. In 1965, France launched its first satellite into orbit, being the third country in the world to build a complete delivery system, after the Soviet Union and the United States.
Charles De Gaulle was convinced that a strong and independent France could act as a balancing force between the United States and the Soviet Union, a policy seen as little more than posturing and opportunism by his critics, particularly in Britain and the United States, to which France was formally allied. In January 1964, he officially recognised the People's Republic of China, despite U.S. opposition. Eight years later U.S. President Richard Nixon visited the PRC and began normalising relations. Nixon’s first foreign visit after his election was to France in 1969. He and de Gaulle both shared the same non-Wilsonian approach to world affairs, believing in nations and their relative strengths, rather than in ideologies, international organizations, or multilateral agreements. Charles De Gaulle is famously known for calling the United Nations le Machin (the thing).
In December 1965, de Gaulle returned as president for a second seven-year term, but this time he had to go through a second round of voting in which he defeated François Mitterrand. In February 1966, France withdrew from the common NATO military command, but remained within the organization. Charles De Gaulle, haunted by the memories of 1940, wanted France to remain the master of the decisions affecting it, unlike in the 1930s, when France had to follow in step with her British ally. He also declared that all foreign military forces had to leave French territory and gave them one year to redeploy. In September 1966, in a famous speech in Phnom Penh (Cambodia), he expressed France’s disapproval of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, calling for a U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam as the only way to ensure peace. As the Vietnam War had its roots in French colonialism in southeast Asia, this speech did little to endear de Gaulle to the Americans, even if they later came to the same conclusion.
During the establishment of the European Community, de Gaulle helped precipitate one of the greatest crises in the history of the EC, the Empty Chair Crisis. It involved the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy, but almost more importantly the use of qualified majority voting in the EC (as opposed to unanimity). In June 1965, after France and the other five members could not agree, Charles de Gaulle withdrew France’s representatives from the EC. Their absence left the organization essentially unable to run its affairs until the Luxembourg compromise was reached in January 1966. De Gaulle managed to make QMV essentially meaningless for years to come, and halted more federalist plans for the EC, which he opposed.
During Nigeria’s civil war of 1967-1970, de Gaulle’s government supported the Republic of Biafra in its struggle to gain independence from Nigeria. Despite lack of official recognition, de Gaulle provided covert military assistance through France’s former African colonies. The United Kingdom opposed de Gaulle’s stance, but he viewed the political position of the Igbo in Nigeria as analogous to that of the French Québécois living in Canada.
In July 1967, de Gaulle visited Canada, which was celebrating its centennial with a world's fair, Expo 67. On 24 July, speaking to a large crowd from a balcony at Montreal’s city hall, Charles de Gaulle uttered Vive le Québec ! (Long live Quebec!) then added, Vive le Québec libre ! (Long live Québec freedom!). The Canadian media harshly criticised the statement, and the Prime Minister of Canada, Lester B. Pearson, a soldier who had fought in World War I and a Nobel Peace Prize winner, stated that Canadians do not need to be liberated. De Gaulle left Canada of his own accord the next day without proceeding to Ottawa as scheduled. He never returned to Canada. The speech caused outrage in most of Canada; it led to a serious diplomatic rift between the two countries. However, the event was seen as a watershed moment by the Quebec sovereignty movement. In December 1967, claiming continental European solidarity, he again rejected British entry into the European Economic Community.
Charles de Gaulle resigned the presidency on 28 April 1969, following the defeat of his referendum to transform the Senate (upper house of the French parliament, wielding less power than the National Assembly) into an advisory body while giving extended powers to regional councils. Some said this referendum was a self-conscious political suicide committed by de Gaulle after the traumatising events of May 1968. As in 1946, Charles de Gaulle refused to stay in power without widespread popular support. Charles De Gaulle retired once again to Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, where he died suddenly in 1970, two weeks before his 80th birthday, in the middle of writing his memoirs. In generally very robust health until then, despite an operation on his prostate some years before, it was reported that as he had finished watching the evening news on television and was sitting in his armchair he suddenly said I feel a pain here, pointing to his neck, just seconds before he fell unconscious due to an aneurysmal rupture. Within minutes, he was dead. Charles De Gaulle had made arrangements that insisted that his funeral would be held at Colombey, and that no presidents or ministers attend his funeral, only his Compagnons de la Libération. Heads of state had to content themselves with a simultaneous service at Notre-Dame Cathedral. He was carried to his grave on a tank, and as he was lowered into the ground the bells of all the churches in France tolled starting from Notre Dame and spreading out from there. He specified that his tombstone bear the simple inscription of his name and his dates of birth and death. Therefore, it simply says: Charles de Gaulle, 1890-1970. Unlike many other politicians, de Gaulle was nearly destitute when he died. When he retired, he did not accept pensions to which he was entitled as a retired president and as a retired general. Instead, he only accepted a pension to which colonels are entitled. His family had to sell the Boisserie residence. It was purchased by a foundation and is currently the Charles de Gaulle Museum. | 2019-04-23T04:01:14Z | http://www.paralumun.com/warcharlesdegaulle.htm |
Roaches – the most prevalent pests!!!
Yes the roaches irrelevant of which of the species they may belong to, they are undeniably among the most prevalent pests in most places of residence.
They are deemed a nuisance because of several reasons!! Let us go through them one by one.
They spread the filth and unpleasant order in the surrounding areas as they usually leave in close association with people. They also ruin the food, fabrics and book-bindings.
They disgorge portions of their partially digested food at intervals and drop faeces. They also discharge a nauseous secretion both from their mouths and from glands opening on the body which give a long-lasting, offensive cockroach smell to areas or food visited by them.
The most important reason of the nuisance is their ability to spread diseases. They are responsible for potentially causing food poisoning in humans. They are also responsible for transmission of diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, staphylococcus, streptococcus, hepatitis, typhoid and dysentery. They can also be a risk for people with allergies and asthma when they make their homes indoors.
Hence the nuisance created by them is the deadliest and cannot be avoided as they are found everywhere. There are many evidences of the nuisance of these nocturnal roaches let me mention few of them.
Tim Bissonnette says cockroaches have been infesting his 8 Talwood Drive for years, but the problem has gotten worse in recent weeks.
“We can’t have our cupboard doors closed, we can’t turn off our kitchen lights, we can’t turn off our bathroom lights because that’s when the cockroaches will come out.
“We give care packages to every new tenant that comes into the building of Diatomaceus earth because they are not told about this problem,” said Bissonnette.
If the cockroach has an egg sack, Bissonnete says it could produce another 30 cockroaches if not treated properly. Bissonnette says he finds them in the bathroom, kitchen, the elevator and just about everywhere.
Bob Evans in southwest Fort Wayne closed Thursday after health inspectors found dozens of cockroaches in the restaurant, including among food being prepared on the kitchen line, according to the inspection report.
It’s the second restaurant on the city’s southwest side to close this week because of roaches.
The Fort Wayne-Allen County Department of Health received a complaint Wednesday directing inspectors to check under the cooking area of the Village of Coventry restaurant.
The restaurant declined to comment when reached by phone Thursday afternoon.
Along with a can of roach spray on the ice machine, inspectors found “harborage conditions” and cockroaches running across the kitchen floor; among clean plates; and among food being prepared, the report states.
Traps contained more than 40 live cockroaches, inspectors reported, noting dead cockroaches were also in the restaurant.
The first time Winnet Runhare and her roommates visited their new Waterloo apartment, they saw a cockroach.
They assumed it was an aberration, and didn’t think much of it. “Two weeks in, we started seeing a lot more,” Runhare says.
Now, Runhare and her roommates find cockroaches in their kitchen, their bedrooms, and other areas of their apartment. It’s at the point where two of the three students have moved out, vowing not to return until the insects are gone. The third is staying put, but doesn’t want to cook in the kitchen.
Going through the evidences one come to know that the roaches’ nuisance is not restricted to only one sector but found in each sector such as residential, hotels, airlines, etc.
Though the roaches are tropical in origin they are also found in the habitat where warmth, moisture and food are adequate. The roaches are known for their extraordinary survival skills as they move towards the places where they find water.
Roaches usually live in groups. As they are nocturnal in nature they are active during nights and during the daytime they hide in the cracks and crevices in walls, door frames and furniture. They are also found in the secure places like bathrooms, cupboards, steam tunnels, basements, electric devices, drains and sewer systems.
The roaches also run from dishes, utensils, working surfaces and floors in search of food in the kitchen areas. They make their way toward any water source including irrigation systems, swimming pools, and leaky water pipes or faucets.
Roaches are the important pests as they feed on variety of food from starchy and sugary materials to the cardboards and nails of babies and sick/sleeping persons.
Hence to help alleviate or else completely eradicate the infestation we C Tech Corporation provide you with the best effective solution TermirepelTM. TermirepelTM is an anti-insect aversive developed on the grounds of green chemistry and technology.
TermirepelTM is an eco-friendly product which acts as an aversive to repel the pesky insects like roaches. TermirepelTM do not kill the targeted as well as non-targeted species but just repel them causing no harm no to human and environment.
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There are over 6000 thrips species sucking the plant life all over the world. Thrips are small insects, only about 1/20″, but they can cause a lot of damage. At maturity, they are yellowish or blackish with fringed wings. Nymphs have a similar shape but lack the wings. They are usually yellowish to white. Thrips are poor flyers. As a result, damage often occurs in one part of the plant then slowly spreads throughout it. Thrips cannot fly properly as they are poor in that but can readily spread long distances by floating with the wind or being transported on infested plants. The large thrips feed in large groups and if they disturbed they leap or fly away. Thrips are barely visible to the untrained eye.
Thrips cause major economic losses in many agricultural system every year and can have generations around 12 to 15 per year, their life cycle is faster in warmer months.
Roses are roses and for the longest time they have been honored as the most popular flowers in the world, but if that rose is riddled by thrips then it may lose its traditional charm. They can be tough to get rid of once they have invaded roses.
Western flower thrips are primarily pests of herbaceous plants, but high populations occasionally damage continuously- or late-blossoming flowers on woody plants such as roses. Some plant-feeding thrips are also predaceous on other pests, such as spider mites. In young cotton seedlings in California, western flower thrips is considered beneficial because it feeds on spider mites.
Get rid of them naturally without using pesticides by using our safe methods.
C Tech Corporationcan offer a solution to overcome this problem. Our product Termirepel™ is an extremely low toxicity and extremely low hazard and eco-friendly. Termirepel™ is available in the form of the masterbatch, which can be incorporated with the polymeric applications like tree guards, pipes, agricultural films, wires, and cables, etc. to keep pests at bay.
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The product available in the form of lacquer can be used as a topical application and can be applied to keep the pest at a distance from the trees.
The product is compliant with RoHS, RoHS2, and REACH and is FIFRA exempted. This product acts through a series of highly developed intricate mechanism ensuring that pests are kept away from the target application.
Bark beetle infestation in your woods and forests!
Aerial survey of forested land in North America show large paths of dead trees. The trees are supposed to be green. But the invasion of bark beetle has led to the death of trees in large numbers.
A tiny beetle has left the forestland dangerously vulnerable to death.
There are more than 600 species of bark beetles throughout the U.S. And since the bark beetle outbreak began back in 1996, these beetles have affected more than 41.7 million acres of land in the U.S. That’s about the size of the entire state of Florida! Since there are so many different types of bark beetles, it seems there’s a bark beetle out there for nearly every tree type.
Bark beetles survive in trees that are stressed, diseased, or injured; either by human activity or during storms or wildfires. They primarily attack cedar, fir, pine and spruce trees.
Pine bark beetles create tunnels under the bark, and the shape and location of these tunnels can help you identify the species causing the infestation (see inset). These tunnels are on both the inside of the bark and the outside of the sapwood. The presence of these tunnels is a sure sign of infestation.
Since 2010, an estimated 129 million trees have died just in California’s national forests because of the drought or bark beetles. That means 30 trees have been dying, on average, every minute!
Bark beetle outbreaks have continued to expand in parts of Colorado, based on a 2018 aerial forest health survey conducted by the Colorado State Forest Service and U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Every year, the agencies work together to monitor forest health conditions on millions of forested acres across the state.
178,000 acres of high-elevation Engelmann spruce were affected statewide in 2018.
Approximately one-third of these affected acres were new, or previously unaffected areas. Primary areas impacted include forestlands in and around Rocky Mountain National Park, and portions of the San Juan Mountains, West Elk Mountains and Sawatch Range.
Over the last 18 years, spruce beetle outbreaks have caused tree mortality on more than 1.8 million acres in Colorado, and approximately 40 percent of the spruce-fir forests in Colorado have now been affected. Blowdown events in Engelmann spruce stands, combined with long-term drought stress, warmer temperatures and extensive amounts of older, densely growing trees, have contributed to this ongoing epidemic.
The Czech Republic’s largely coniferous forests are facing the worst bark beetle infestation in at least 200 years. The lower house of Parliament is due on Tuesday to discuss both emergency and long-term measures to combat the voracious insect, which kills spruce trees.
The amount of spruce wood damaged by bark beetles has risen steadily in the past few years, from 2 million cubic metres of spruce wood in 2015 to more than 5.5 million cubic metres in 2017. Experts are warning that the nation’s forests could be wiped out if the current monoculture forestry format is not unchanged.
Systemic insecticides, meaning those that are implanted or injected through the bark or applied to the soil beneath trees, have not been shown to prevent attack or control populations of bark beetles.
The trees are dying at an alarming rate. What can be an effective solution to prevent this infestation? C Tech Corporation’s TermirepelTM is an effective solution against bark beetle infestation.
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To keep the insects at the bay TermirepelTM insect repellent spray can be sprayed or coated on the tree trunks.
The product is also effective against a multitude of other insects and pests like ash borer, mayflies, thrips, aphids, etc. The repelling mechanism of the product would ward off the bark beetles and other insects that could cause damage. Thus, by using TermirepelTM would effectively ensure that the area around us remain safe and protected from the pests for a long period of time.
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Have you ever been to a scary movie in a theater? Well in a theater there is something scarier than what is on the screen. Yes, we are talking about the scary bedbugs. With soft cushy seats and a large number of human hosts, the theater is the real estate of bedbugs. Bedbugs are the small parasitic insect that always feeds on human blood, as they are just like an apple seed which have a similar reddish-brown colour. The tiny bedbugs which are also known as baby bedbugs are colorless which is even more difficult to spot; they are the hearty suckers and can live up to 1 year without any meal.
Bedbugs find thousands of hiding places inside movie theaters; they reside in the cracks and crevices of the seats. The human body gives out carbon dioxide as well as heat; the bedbugs get attracted and feed upon an unsuspecting host. The bedbugs lay hundreds of eggs where they hide as a result of which their population keeps on growing. The bedbugs thrive in the theater to receive a good supply of blood meals every day.
Disturbing cellphone video shows tiny bugs crawling all over the carpet at the AMC Theatres at the Ontario Mills Mall.
Corey Virgilio recorded the disgusting footage while he was at auditorium 16 to watch the film, “Bohemian Rhapsody” around 7 p.m. Sunday.
“We’re sitting in the movie theater. I dropped my keys on the floor. I didn’t want to ruin the movie for anybody, so I said, you know what, I’ll just get it after the movie,” Virgilio said.
He said he pulled out his cellphone and got down on his hands and knees to look for his keys beneath the seats.
Virgilio said he immediately notified the movie theater manager and then posted footage of the bugs on Facebook.
He said something needs to be done about these kinds of filthy conditions.
INDEPENDENCE, Mo. — A movie theater that has a history of bed bug complaints now has another one.
Shannon Cunningham told 41 Action News Monday that she believes bed bugs bit her at the AMC Theater in Independence.
The Buckner, Missouri woman said she later found two red marks she believed were bites. She said those marks later swelled up.
Cunningham said she took her complaint to a manager, who told her they’ve had several complaints.
Termirepel™ in the form of the masterbatch, which can be incorporated into the polymeric applications like polymeric tree guards, pipes, wires, cables, polymeric material, instruments and equipment which we use at Theaters.
Cotton plays an important role in the Indian economy as it is one of the principal crops of India as the country’s textile industry is predominantly cotton based. India is known as one of the largest producers and exporters of cotton yarn. By the year 2021, the textile industry is expected to reach USD 223 billion.
Cotton which is the commercial crop and the backbone of the textile industry as the major use of the cotton is in the textile industry since the fibers of the cotton plant are harvested and woven into the fabric for production. We can use cotton seeds to extract oil for use in the cooking oil and for manufacturing soaps etc.
Cotton pests are currently the main subject of research. The major cotton pests are the pink bollworm which is widely distributed serious pest. The Pink bollworm chews through the cotton lint to feed on seeds as cotton is used for seed oil and fiber so the damage is double and huge. The larvae feed on the seeds and destroy the fibers of cotton thus reducing its quality. Over 50% of the cotton crops have now lost to the bollworm since its discovery has caused millions of dollars of cotton damage each year.
With farmers completing the third round of picking in several parts of Telangana, total output is pegged at 50 lakh quintals as against the targeted 3.5 crore quintals.
Unfavourable weather conditions and pink bollworm attacks resulted in extensive crop damage in the State. Dry spells in the initial stages of the kharif season, too, led to stunted growth of bolls.
About 20 lakh farmers grew cotton on about 44-45 lakh acres this kharif as against the normal area of 41 lakh acres. In a normal season, farmers get an average yield of 8-10 quintals an acre.
This time, however, yields halved due to the pink bollworm menace, which set in early in the season in some areas.
The pink bollworm has again attacked cotton plants in Maharashtra this year, causing concern among farmers and the State government.
The pest had caused large-scale damage to the cotton crop last year in central and eastern Maharashtra, the State’s main regions producing the commodity.
The pink bollworm attack on cotton has been reported this year from Akola and Washim districts in Vidarbha and Nanded and Parbhani in Marathawada, a senior official in the agriculture department said. “The pest has again shown its presence. It has attacked plants in their early stages of growth. If the pest is not controlled in time, the plants will die and there will be no yield,” he said.
Pink bollworm is an insect which chews through the cotton lint to feed on the seeds.
A farmer from Nanded district said there was no assurance from the State government on controlling the pink bollworm attack or any communication about advanced methods to check its spread. “Therefore, many farmers decided to change the crop as they had lost the cotton yield last year. The financial aid, as announced by the government for the damage to crops, was also not properly disbursed,” he claimed.
Termirepel™ is available in the form of the masterbatch, which can be incorporated into the polymeric applications like pipes, agriculture mulch films, floating row covers, greenhouse films etc.
The product available in the form of liquid concentrate can be mixed in paints in a predetermined ratio and be applied on the fences in the fields and farms to keep the pest away from these places. | 2019-04-20T09:15:10Z | http://termirepel.com/blog/?m=201901 |
I am honoured to be able to share my impressions of the global warming issue with the members of this esteemed body. For the past 45 years I have been conducting research into various aspects of the physics of climate. I currently hold the Alfred P Sloan Professorship in Atmospheric Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and have previously held professorships at Harvard University and the University of Chicago.
It goes without saying that few laymen understand what global warming is really about. However, most of you have been assured that it is a very serious problem, and that almost all scientists agree. For example, your Prime Minister has written that it was quite wrong "to suggest that scientific opinion is equally split", and he went on to claim "The overwhelming view of experts is that climate change, to a greater or lesser extent, is man-made, and, without action, will get worse". The Prime Minister is certainly aware that there are many sources of climate change, and that profound climate change occurred frequently long before man appeared on earth. Moreover, given the ubiquity of climate change, it is implausible that all change is for the worse. Nevertheless, on the whole I do not disagree with the Prime Minister. Indeed, I know of no split whatever, and suspect that the Prime Minister is simply setting up a straw man in claiming that there is opposing opinion. Where the Prime Minister is, in my view, leading you astray is in suggesting that this agreement constitutes support for alarm.
Indeed, when we analyse the nature of the scientific agreement we will see that it provides no support for alarm. However, given the proclivity of governments to respond to alarm with substantial support for science, we can understand the reluctance of the scientific community, such as it is, to object to the alarmist interpretation of their agreement.
In order to analyse the meaning of the Prime Minister's claim, it is helpful to break the claim into its component parts. I won't suggest that there is no controversy over details, but there are few that would fundamentally disagree with the following.
1. The global mean surface temperature is always changing. Over the past 60 years, it has both decreased and increased. For the past century, it has probably increased by about 0.6 degrees Centigrade (C). That is to say, we have had some global mean warming.
2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas and its increase should contribute to warming. It is, in fact, increasing, and a doubling would increase the radiative forcing of the earth (mainly due to water vapour and clouds) by about 2 per cent.
3. There is good evidence that man has been responsible for the recent increase in CO2, though climate itself (as well as other natural phenomena) can also cause changes in CO2.
I will refer to this as the basic agreement. To this extent, and no further, it is legitimate to speak of a scientific consensus.
Various bodies have been unable to resist making claims that items 1 and 2 are causally connected. This is referred to as the attribution question. I will show that attribution is by no means widely accepted or even plausible. However, as we will see, the alleged attribution, itself, also provides little or no support for alarm. The reason why the basic agreement (even when supplemented by the claim of attribution) does not support alarm hinges on other points of widespread agreement, which the Prime Minister failed to mention (and very likely was unaware of).
4. In terms of climate forcing, greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere through mans activities since the late 19th Century have already produced three-quarters of the radiative forcing that we expect from a doubling of CO2. The main reasons for this are (1) CO2 is not the only anthropogenic greenhouse gasothers like methane also contribute; and (2) the impact of CO2 is nonlinear in the sense that each added unit contributes less than its predecessor. For example, if doubling CO2 from its value in the late 19th Century (about 290 parts per million by volume or ppmv) to double this (ie, 580 ppmv) causes a 2 per cent increase in radiative forcing, then to obtain another 2 per cent increase in radiative forcing we must increase CO2 by an additional 580 ppmv rather than by another 290 ppmv. At present, the concentration of CO2 is about 370 ppmv.
5. A doubling of CO2 should lead (if the major greenhouse substances, water vapour and clouds remain fixed), on the basis of straightforward physics, to a globally averaged warming of about 1C. The current increase in forcing relative to the late 19th Century due to mans activities should lead to a warming of about 0.76C, which is already more than has been observed, but is nonetheless much less than current climate models predict.
This brings us, finally, to the issue of climate models. Essential to alarm is the fact that most current climate models predict a response to a doubling of CO2 of about 4C. The reason for this is that in these models, the most important greenhouse substances, water vapour and clouds, act in such a way as to greatly amplify the response to anthropogenic greenhouse gases alone (ie, they act as what are called large positive feedbacks). However, as all assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have stated (at least in the textthough not in the Summaries for Policymakers), the models simply fail to get clouds and water vapour right. We know this because in official model intercomparisons, all models fail miserably to replicate observed distributions of cloud cover. Thus, the model predictions are critically dependent on features that we know must be wrong.
If we nonetheless assume that these model predictions are correct (after all stopped watches are right twice a day), then man's greenhouse emissions have accounted for about six times the observed warming over the past century with some unknown processes cancelling the difference. This is distinctly less compelling than the statement that characterised the IPCC Second Assessment and served as the smoking gun for the Kyoto agreement: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate. This is simply a short restatement of the basic agreement with the addition of a small measure of attribution. While one could question the use of the word "discernible", there is no question that human influence should exist, albeit at a level that may be so small as to actually be indiscernible. As we have already noted, however, even if all the change in global mean temperature over the past century were due to man, it would still imply low and relatively unimportant influence compared to the predictions of the models that are drawn on in IPCC reports.
Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth's atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures are, in fact, rising.
The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.
To be sure, this statement is leaning over backwards to encourage the alarmists. Nevertheless, the two sentences in the first claim serve to distinguish observed temperature change from human causality. The presence of the word "likely" in the second statement is grossly exaggerated, but still indicates the lack of certainty, while the fact that we have not emerged from the level of natural variability is, in fact, mentioned albeit obliquely. What, as usual, goes unmentioned is that the observed changes are much smaller than expected.
The response from many commentators was typical and restricted to the opening lines. CNN's Michelle Mitchell characteristically declared that the report represented "a unanimous decision that global warming is real, is getting worse, and is due to man. There is no wiggle room". Mitchell's response has, in fact, become the standard take on the NRC report. Such claims, though widely made in your country as well as mine, have no basis: they are nonsensical.
How is it that model based alarm has been "justified" despite the fact that the observed warming over the past century is much less than was anticipated by the models? As usual, the argument involves obscuring this latter fact. The argument also ignores the fact that the climate is capable of unforced internal variability. That is to say, the climate can vary without any external forcing at all. El Niño is an example but there are many others besides. Reference to any temperature history of the earth shows fluctuations that are not connected to any known forcing, and these fluctuations amount to as much as half a degree Centigrade.
The most common defense is based on studies from the UK's Hadley Centre, and appears in Chapter 12 of the IPCC's Third Scientific Assessment. I would like to comment on this line of argument.
In these studies, we are shown three diagrams. In the first, we are shown an observed temperature record (without error bars), and the results of four model runs with so-called natural forcing for the period 1860-2000. There is a small spread in the model runs (which presumably displays model uncertaintyit most assuredly does not represent internal variability). In any event, the models look roughly like the observations until the last 30 years. We are then shown a second diagram where the observed curve is reproduced, and the four models are run with anthropogenic forcing. Here we see rough agreement over the last 30 years, and poorer agreement in the earlier period. Finally, we are shown the observations and the model runs with both natural and anthropogenic forcing, and, voila, there is rough agreement over the whole record. It should be noted that the models used had a relatively low sensitivity to a doubling of CO2 of about 2.5C. In order to know what to make of this exercise, one must know exactly what was done. The natural forcing consisted in volcanoes and solar variability. Prior to the Pinatubo eruption in 1991, the radiative impact of volcanoes was not well measured, and estimates vary by about a factor of 3. Solar forcing is essentially unknown. Thus, natural forcing is, in essence, adjustable. Anthropogenic forcing includes not only anthropogenic greenhouse gases, but also aerosols that act to cancel warming (in the Hadley Centre results, aerosols and other factors cancelled two thirds of the greenhouse forcing). Unfortunately, the properties of aerosols are largely unknown. This was remarked upon in a recent paper in Science, wherein it was noted that the uncertainty was so great that estimating aerosol properties by tuning them to optimise agreement between models and observations (referred to as an inverse method) was probably as good as any other method, but that the use of such estimates to then test the models constituted a circular procedure. In the present instance, therefore, aerosols constitute simply another adjustable parameter (indeed, both its magnitude and its time history are adjustable). However, the choice of models with relatively low sensitivity, allowed adjustments that were not so extreme.
What we have is essentially an exercise in curve fitting. I suppose that the implication is that it is possible that the model is correct, but the likelihood that all the adjustments are what actually occur is rather small. The authors of Chapter 12 of the IPCC Third Scientific Assessment provided the following for the draft statement of the Policymakers Summary: From the body of evidence since IPCC (1996), we conclude that there has been a discernible human influence on global climate. Studies are beginning to separate the contributions to observed climate change attributable to individual external influences, both anthropogenic and natural. This work suggests that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are a substantial contributor to the observed warming, especially over the past 30 years. However, the accuracy of these estimates continues to be limited by uncertainties in estimates of internal variability, natural and anthropogenic forcing, and the climate response to external forcing.
This statement is not too badespecially the last sentence. To be sure, the model dependence of the results is not emphasised, but the statement is vastly more honest than what the Summary for Policymakers in the IPCC's Third Assessment Report ultimately presented: In the light of new evidence and taking into account the remaining uncertainties, most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. In truth, nothing of the sort can be concluded. The methodology, by omitting any true treatment of internal variability, misses a crucial point. One can represent the presence of internal variability simply by plotting an horizontal line with the average value of the temperature for the period 1850-2000, and broadening this line to have a thickness of about 0.4C to represent the random internal variability of climate (in nature if not in the models). One can then plot the observations with a thickness of about 0.3C (corresponding to an observational uncertainty of about +/-0.15C). The two appropriately broadened lines will now overlap almost everywhere (a certain percentage of non-overlap is statistically expected) leaving no evident need for forcing at all.
Thus, the impact of man remains indiscernible simply because the signal is too small compared to the natural noise. Claims that the current temperatures are "record breaking" or "unprecedented", however questionable or misleading, simply serve to obscure the fact that the observed warming is too small compared to what models suggest. Even the fact that the oceans' heat capacity leads to a delay in the response of the surface does not alter this conclusion.
We still have not really addressed the interesting question of how modest warming has come to be associated with alarm. Here we must leave the realm where fudging and obfuscation are the major tools to a realm of almost pure fantasy. A simple example will illustrate the situation.
According to any textbook on dynamic meteorology, one may reasonably conclude that in a warmer world, extratropical storminess and weather variability will actually decrease. The reasoning is as follows. Judging by historical climate change, changes are greater in high latitudes than in the tropics. Thus, in a warmer world, we would expect that the temperature difference between high and low latitudes would diminish. However, it is precisely this difference that gives rise to extratropical large-scale weather disturbances. Moreover, when in Boston on a winter day we experience unusual warmth, it is because the wind is blowing from the south. Similarly, when we experience unusual cold, it is generally because the wind is blowing from the north. The possible extent of these extremes is, not surprisingly, determined by how warm low latitudes are and how cold high latitudes are. Given that we expect that high latitudes will warm much more than low latitudes in a warmer climate, the difference is expected to diminish, leading to less variance. Nevertheless, we are told by advocates and the media that exactly the opposite is the case, and that, moreover, the models predict this (which, to their credit, they do not) and that the basic agreement discussed earlier signifies scientific agreement on this matter as well. Clearly more storms and greater extremes are regarded as more alarming than the opposite. Thus, the opposite of our current understanding is invoked in order to promote public concern. The crucial point here is that once the principle of consensus is accepted, agreement on anything is taken to infer agreement on everything advocates wish to claim.
Again, scientists are not entirely blameless in this matter. Sir John Houghton (the first editor of the IPCC scientific assessments) made the casual claim that a warmer world would have more evaporation and the latent heat (the heat released when evapourated water vapour condenses into rain) would provide more energy for disturbances. This claim is based on a number of obvious mistakes (though the claim continues to be repeated by those who presumably don't know better).
For starters, extratropical storms are not primarily forced by the latent heat released in convection. However, even in the tropics, where latent heat plays a major role, the forcing of disturbances depends not on the evaporation, but on the evaporation scaled by the specific humidity at the surface. It turns out that this is almost invariant with temperature unless the relative humidity decreases in a warmer world. Incidentally, this would suggest that the feedbacks that cause models to display high climate sensitivity are incorrect. The particularly important issue of whether warming will impact hurricanes, is a matter of debate. As the IPCC has noted, there is no empirical evidence for such an impact. State of the art modeling suggests a negative impact, while there are theoretical arguments that suggest a slight positive impact on hurricane intensity. This is all of significant intellectual interest, but it is not the material out of which to legitimately build alarm.
Perhaps the most reprehensible attempt to generate alarm over global warming has been seen in connection with the recent tragic tsunamis in South Asia, where statements were made attempting to link this essentially geological event to global warming. However specious such links are, they follow what has become an almost self-parodying habit of those proclaiming alarm of attaching any severe, unusual or even common but not well known event to global warming while suggesting rather dishonestly that the event had indeed been predicted by models.
First, I would emphasise that the basic agreement frequently described as representing scientific unanimity concerning global warming is entirely consistent with there being virtually no problem at all. Indeed, the observations most simply suggest that the sensitivity of the real climate is much less than found in models whose sensitivity depends on processes which are clearly misrepresented (through both ignorance and computational limitations). Attempts to assess climate sensitivity by direct observation of cloud processes, and other means, which avoid dependence on models, support the conclusion that the sensitivity is low. More precisely, what is known points to the conclusion that a doubling of CO2 would lead to about 0.5C warming, and a quadrupling (should it ever occur) to about 1C. Neither would constitute a particular societal challenge. Nor would such (or even greater) warming be associated with more storminess, greater extremes, etc.
Second, a significant part of the scientific community appears committed to the maintenance of the notion that alarm may be warranted. Alarm is felt to be essential to the maintenance of funding. The argument is no longer over whether the models are correct (they are not), but rather whether their results are at all possible. Alas, it is impossible to prove something is impossible.
As you can see, the global warming issue parts company with normative science at a pretty early stage. A very good indicator of this disconnect is the fact that there is widespread and even rigorous scientific agreement that complete adherence to the Kyoto Agreement would have no discernible impact on climate. This clearly is of no importance to the thousands of negotiators, diplomats, regulators, general purpose bureaucrats and advocates attached to this issue.
At the heart of this issue there is one last matter: namely, the misuse of language. George Orwell wrote that language "becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts". There can be little doubt that the language used to convey alarm has been sloppy at best. Unfortunately, much of the sloppiness seems to be intentional. The difficulties of discourse in the absence of a shared vocabulary are, I fear, rather evident. | 2019-04-21T12:12:36Z | https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/5012506.htm |
“To me this is just a sign of the times, a sign of the acceptance of Native music out in the world like never before.
“This is more important to me than being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame."
The Native American Music Awards & Association (N.A.M.A.) celebrates the rich cultural heritage of our nation’s first people and promotes cultural preservation and renewal on a national level through new music initiatives. We aim to raise the awareness level and appreciation of Native American culture to the public at large, both nationally and internationally.
Our logo is a satellite picture of all of North America and the tip of South America, therefore we honor Native American artists from those territories. - The Native American Music Awards logo features a music note with an Eagle Feather as the cleff and Mother Earth's Turtle Island as the base of the note surrounded by the four directions.
N.A.M.A. began in 1998 as a grass roots initiative among music industry professionals and record labels and others to prove that there was a viable music industry. Members from those companies, their artists, various communities and tribal radio stations and media personnel served as our first Advisory Board membership. We launched our Awards show with their endorsements and 56 annual recordings.
Today we receive over 200 national recordings each year.
As the first of its kind, our awards ceremony was modeled from other local and national music awards shows. In fact we created the first written proposal for the Native category in the Grammys* and were invited to do so by its Vice President. Our awards honors and pays tribute to Native American authored music which can range various genres. Native American, American Indian and Canadian Aboriginal music is the original roots music of the North Americas. Originally a traditional music which was an integral part of Native American life and tribal identity, Native American music has grown to encompass many contemporary genres such as; rock, pop, blues, hip hop, country, and new age as well as have created some unique genres that remain distinctly indigenous such as; Waila or Chicken scratch, and Native American church music. All the music, whether lyrically or by genre, distinctively retains its cultural identity and offers cultural renewal.
We are a music industry organization first and foremost and an all-volunteer organization. Our national and international membership and media coverage allows us to maintain a high level of credibility as a professional music industry organization.
Without NAMA there would be no recognition of Indian music initiatives on a national and professional level. The artists and their record companies enter their music recordings to receive greater exposure and awareness. After over a decade and a half, we have broken new ground with an ever expanding international audience.
This show was inspired by the Black Elk prophecy and a band from the Rosebud Reservation called 7th Generation. Its founder, Ellen Bello, was a mainstream music industry executive with over 20 years of experience and one who was previously involved with the MTV Music Video Awards, New York Music Awards, SPIN Magazine and more. Before NAMA was launched, it was merely an inside wish whispered on the reservation, became a vision, and then a realized dream. It embraced and required the support of music industry peers and Native community members who all gave it its blessings and approval and remain involved to date.
· Each year the annual Awards program features over one dozen mesmerizing and dynamic performances by some of today’s leading Native American artists along with 30 awards presentations including; Lifetime Achievement and Hall of Fame.
· The Awards show is an extraordinary and unprecedented celebration of today’s best contemporary and traditional music.
· The Awards program is an innovative, visually advanced production using prerecorded music of the nominees, voice over, live presentations and performances, and large screen imaging. This critically acclaimed Music Awards show and its high production values have been featured in Billboard Magazine, USA Today, Wall Street Journal, Associated Press, NY Times, Boston Globe, and CNN.
· Based on ticket sales, an estimated 43 % of our audience travels from all across the country to attend our shows.
- The first annual awards show featured 56 national recordings with a mission and obligation to showcase and bring music from the reservations to larger audiences. Today, over 200 national recordings are submitted each year.
· The Awards show honors national recordings by Native American artists that have been released in the previous calendar year. Nominees are submitted and selected by our national Advisory membership consisting of individuals directly involved in recording, manufacturing, distributing and promoting Native American music nationally.
· Winners are selected by a combined vote by our national Advisory membership and the general public who can listen and vote to the tracks of our nominees on our website Native American Music Awards Inc.
- Our Annual Awards show event involves over 200 plus artists who submit recordings for nomination consideration.
- Over one million people from around the world will participate in our national voting ballot campaign by visiting our website where, both membership and the general public will listen to music tracks of our featured artists in over 30 categories and vote on their favorites.
Today, we are the World's Leading Resource for Contemporary and Traditional Native American Music Initiatives consisting of over 20,000 registered voting members and professionals in the field of Native American music. We hold the largest Native American Music Library in the World with a national archive featuring a collection of over 10,000 audio and video recordings in all formats housed since 1990.
The Annual Native American Music Awards continues to proudly honor the outstanding musical achievements of Native American artists from across the country in over 30 Awards categories. Since our inception in 1998, NAMA continues to honor our songmakers, foster pride, provide national exposure and celebrate their gift of music with others around the world.
It has been our personal and volunteer contributions, not to mention, our determination and dedication, that continually creates this magical evening of pride and musical excellence.
and the support of our sponsors. To all of you, we thank you.
*By request of the Grammys, we also assisted in the creation of a Native music Grammy category in 2000 (see Report below) which has now been merged with a Regional Roots music category.
all of life's events and occasions are celebrated with Song."
Generalizations about the relationship between music and culture in Native American communities are gleaned from musical concepts and values, the structure of musical events, and the role of language in song texts. Musical concepts and values encompass ideas about the origins and sources of music, as well as musical ownership, creativity, transmission, and aesthetics. Each community’s musical concepts and values develop over time through complex social and cultural processes. These concepts and values reflect broader ways of thinking and therefore offer important insight into general patterns of culture. Native peoples differ in the degree to which they discuss musical concepts. But even for the peoples who do not verbalize musical ideas, underlying conceptual structures exist and may be perceived by observing musical practice. Despite the great diversity of American Indian peoples, general features of Native American musical concepts and values may be summarized.
Native Americans trace the ultimate origin of their traditional music to the time of creation, when specific songs or musical repertories were given to the first people by the Creator and by spirit beings in the mythic past. Sacred narratives describe the origins of specific musical instruments, songs, dances, and ceremonies. Some ritual repertories received at the time of creation are considered complete, so that by definition human beings cannot compose new music for them. But many occasions are suitable for new music; this music may be received in a variety of ways. For example, shamans and other individuals may experience dreams or visions in which spirit beings teach them new songs, dances, and rituals. (See alsoshamanism.) Many Indian communities learn new songs and repertories from their neighbours and have a long history of adopting musical practices from outsiders. Yet in every case, the music is a gift that comes from beyond the individual or community.
Some Native Americans consider songs to be property and have developed formal systems of musical ownership, inheritance, and performance rights. On the northwest coast of North America, the right to perform ancestral songs and dances is an inherited privilege, although the owner of a song can give it away. Peoples of northwestern Mexico believe that certain songs belong to the shaman who received them in a dream, but after his death those songs enter the community’s collective repertory. Other communities believe that specific pieces of music belong to an ensemble or to the entire community and should not be performed by outsiders without specific permission. Music has intrinsic value to individuals, ensembles, and communities, and performance rights are granted according to principles established by the group through long practice.
New music is provided each year for specific occasions in some communities. An individual may have a vision or dream in which he or she learns a new song; the song may be presented to the community or retained for personal use. More often, however, musical creativity is a collective process. For example, members of native Andean panpipe ensembles compose new pieces through a collaborative process that emphasizes participation and social cohesion. Certain musical genres, such as lullabies or songs for personal enjoyment, are improvised. Where new ceremonial songs are not composed because the repertories are considered complete, individual song leaders exercise musical creativity by improvising variations on traditional melodies or lyrics within accepted parameters. The creation and performance of music are dynamic processes.
Musical transmission involves the processes of teaching and learning that preserve songs and repertories from one generation to the next. Native Americans transmit music primarily through oral tradition. Some genres, such as social dance songs, are learned informally through imitation and participation. Other genres require more formal teaching methods. For example, the Suyá people of Brazil teach boys how to sing certain songs as part of their initiation; the boys learn and practice songs under adult supervision in a special forest camp a short distance from the village. Songs for curing rituals are often learned as part of a larger complex of knowledge requiring an apprenticeship; the student receives direct instruction from an experienced practitioner over the course of several years. Some communities have developed indigenous systems of music notation, but these are used by experienced singers as memory aids, not as teaching tools. In the 21st century, it is common for Native Americans to supplement oral tradition with the use of audio and video recordings for teaching, learning, and preserving traditional repertories.
Aesthetics, or perceptions of beauty, are among the most difficult concepts to identify in any musical culture. Native Americans tend to evaluate performances according to the feelings of connectedness they generate rather than according to specifically musical qualities. Some communities judge the success of a performance by how many people participate, because attendance demonstrates cultural vitality and active social networks. Where musical performance is meant to transcend the human realm, success is measured by apparent communication with spirit beings. Where music and dance represent a test of physical strength and mental stamina, success is appraised by the performer’s ability to complete the task with dignity and self-discipline, demonstrating commitment to family and community. Regardless of the specific criteria used to evaluate performance, musical designs that employ repetition, balance, and circularity are appreciated by American Indians because they resonate with social values that are deeply embedded in native cultures.
Native American performances integrate music, dance, spirituality, and social communion in multilayered events. (See Native American dance for further discussion of dance and dance-centred events.) Several activities may take place simultaneously, and different musicians or ensembles sometimes perform unrelated genres in close proximity. Each performance occasion has its own musical styles and genres. Although the organization of Native American performances may seem informal to outside observers, in actuality each event requires extensive planning, and preparations may extend over months or even years. Preparations include musical composition, rehearsal, instrument making or repair, and the assembling of dance regalia. The hosts or sponsors of an event must prepare the dance ground, which symbolizes concepts of sacred geography and social order in its layout. The hosts also prepare and serve food to participants and guests, and they may distribute gifts to specific individuals. In addition, participants prepare themselves spiritually in a process that may involve fasting, prayers, and other methods of purification. Native American ceremonials may last several days, but the different musical components are interconnected in various ways.
The roles of musicians, dancers, and other participants in a Native American performance are often complex and may not be apparent to an outsider. Everyone who attends the performance will participate in some way, either through active involvement in music and dance or by witnessing the event. Performances may be specific to one community or may involve several communities or even different tribes and nations. In addition, unseen spirit beings are usually thought to take part. Lead singers and dancers may be political as well as spiritual leaders, who have an important voice in decision making and are influential in the community. Musicians performing in collective ceremonies do not expect to receive applause or verbal response from the audience; their role is to serve the community. Native men and women have complementary musical roles and responsibilities. Among native Andeans, men play instruments while women sing; in the Southeastern United States, men sing while women shake leg rattles. Some South American Indians hold separate events for men and women.
Humour is essential to many native ceremonial events. Some ceremonies include ritual clowns, with their own songs for entering and exiting the dance arena; their antics serve the dual purpose of keeping people lighthearted while reinforcing social values by demonstrating incorrect behaviour. Certain song genres may feature humorous lyrics that poke fun at people or describe comical situations.
Traditional music plays an important role in perpetuating Native American languages, some of which are no longer spoken in daily life. American Indian song texts constitute a genre of poetry in terms of structure, style, and expression. Native Americans often perform songs as part of traditional storytelling; these songs may illuminate a character’s thoughts and feelings. Song texts may employ the traditional language, although words are modified by adding or eliding syllables to accommodate the music. Song texts usually refer to local flora and fauna, specific features of the landscape, natural resources such as water, or aspects of the community. Sometimes archaic words appear in ceremonial songs, and many communities use words or phrases from foreign languages; these practices tend to obscure the meaning of the text, distinguishing it from everyday language. In certain regions, Native Americans developed lingua francas in order to facilitate trade and social interaction; in these areas, song texts may feature words from a lingua franca. Many Native American songs employ vocables, syllables that do not have referential meaning. These may be used to frame words or may be inserted among them; in some cases, they constitute the entire song text. Vocables are a fixed part of a song and help define patterns of repetition and variation in the music; when used in collective dance songs, they create a sense of spirituality and social cohesion.
The following discussion of styles and genres by region addresses a number of characteristics of music and how they are produced. It is possible to speak of musical regions because, although each Native American group has distinctive musical styles and genres, certain musical similarities exist between those who are roughly neighbours. However, musical boundaries continually shift and change as people from different cultures exchange musical ideas, repertories, and instruments.
Generally, in each regional category a description of the music encompasses vocal style, melody, rhythm, phrase structure, use of text, typical instruments, and occasions for music. Vocal style may be said to be tense (requiring greater muscular effort) or relaxed to varying degrees, depending on the use of the throat, tongue, mouth, and breath. Higher notes for a particular voice type often sound more tense than notes in the middle of a singer’s vocal range. The sound may be nasal or not. Men especially may use falsetto voice, for a higher timbre than is available using full voice. Vibrato is a rapid, slight variation in pitch that may be ornamental and is often part of the aesthetic of musical performance. When people sing together, they may perform the same melodies in very nearly the same way (blended unison) or without attempting to sing exactly together (unblended unison). Choral singing may also entail the simultaneous performance of separate musical lines (polyphony). Scales may be described by the number of discrete pitches used, as well as by the intervals between those pitches. Melodies form contours as they move higher or lower in pitch, proceeding by relatively large or small intervals. Rhythm encompasses the underlying musical pulses and how they are organized (i.e., metre)—often into groups of two or three (i.e., duple or triple metre)—as well as how the melody relates to that structure with its varying durations of notes and syncopations that contradict the regularity of the beats. Melodic and rhythmic units organize into larger phrases and then into phrase patterns that involve repetition, variation, and contrast. Meaningful text and vocables may be sung in varying combinations.
Each region uses characteristic musical instruments, sometimes without voices, and each uses music in identifiable ways—e.g., private and public, social and ritual, or as pure song and as accompaniment to dance.
North American Indians (i.e., those in present-day Canada and the United States) emphasize singing, accompanied by percussion instruments such as rattles or drums, rather than purely instrumental music. North American musical genres include lullabies, songs given to individuals by their guardian spirits, curing songs, songs performed during stories, songs to accompany games, ceremonial and social dance songs, and songs to accompany work or daily activities. Music, dance, and spirituality are tightly interwoven in a worldview that perceives little separation between sacred and secular. Six musical style areas—which differ somewhat from anthropologists’ designations—exist in Native North America: Eastern Woodlands (including Northeast and Southeast Indians), Plains, Great Basin, Southwest, Northwest Coast, and Arctic.
Disclaimer: Reference herein to any specific products, process, or service, does not necessarily constitute or imply our endorsement, recommendation. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein are expressly those of the administration and membership of the Native American Music Awards & Association, Inc.
The Native American Music Awards is a registered trademark. In the United States trademarks are protected by both Federal statute under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051 - 1127, and states' statutory and/or common laws. | 2019-04-26T02:29:09Z | https://www.nativeamericanmusicawards.com/about-us |
It was certainly a Thanksgiving gift to receive word that the ABA Journal had named Ride the Lightning to the 9th Annual Blawg 100 and to its Hall of Fame. I am deeply honored by all those who wrote to the Journal in support of RTL, which has been a labor of love for many years. Thank you for your many kind notes of encouragement and praise for RTL.
I think a glass of Prosecco may be in order. Maybe two glasses. I hope all of you had a marvelous Thanksgiving and wish you a joyous holiday season!
I know some of you are asking "Rickrolling" - what's that?" Well, it's the prank of posting links on social media accounts that link to Rick Astley's 1987 music video "Never Going to Give You Up."
Who would imagine that the hacktivist group Anonymous would attack ISIS through Rickrolling? But yesterday, groups claiming affiliation with Anonymous said that they were indeed going to launch Rickrolling attacks against verified ISIS Twitter accounts. There certainly is an element of humor in that. Even though the video always makes me smile.
But as Naked Security pointed out in an article, intelligence agencies are not amused by Anonymous and its tactics. They say that finding and shutting down as many Daesh-affiliated social media accounts as they can find is hindering counter-terrorism.
One of the non-governmental security groups that relies on the terror group’s social media presence to infiltrate and monitor jihadist accounts and forums is Ghost Security Group, known as GhostSec. Like Anonymous with its denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, GhostSec also takes down terrorist sites aiming primarily for recruitment sites.
But it also reaps information from Daesh accounts. Any important information it gathers, such as plans for major terrorist attacks and bomb-making instructions, it passes on to American intelligence agencies, such as the FBI.
GhostSec once passed information through a third party to the FBI that reportedly disrupted a suspected Daesh-linked cell in Tunisia as militants plotted a 4th of July repeat of the Sousse beach massacre. As Foreign Policy reports, GhostSec pulled it off with a mixture of Twitter tracking and geolocation via Google Maps.
A GhostSec spokesman known as DigitaShadow had this to say about the unsubtle methods of Anonymous: "When it comes to terrorist attacks, one of the big worries is that you could take down forums and cost someone their lives. Anonymous has a habit of shooting in every direction and asking questions later."
An interesting quote from a group that is often identified as an offshoot of Anonymous.
Is a Lawyer Ethically Required to Replace Hacked Client Funds? It Depends.
On October 23, the North Carolina State Bar answered that question with an "it depends" ethics opinion which is well summarized by Bloomberg BNA. If the lawyer has taken reasonable information security measures, the lawyer has no ethical duty to replace client monies stolen from a trust account when a hacker breaks into a network. Bear in mind that the opinion is not addressing a lawyer's legal liability in such situations.
However, lawyers do have to restore client funds if they failed to take reasonable steps that could have prevented the theft. It adds that lawyers must help clients in several ways when a theft occurs.
As explained in North Carolina Formal Ethics Op. 2011-7 (2012), safety measures for online banking include strong password policies and procedures, the use of encryption and security software, hiring a technology expert for advice and making sure relevant firm members and staffers are trained on and abiding by the security procedures.
The lawyer whose network was hacked may be professionally obligated to replace the funds if she didn't use reasonable care in trust accounting and staff supervision and that failure was a proximate cause of the theft.
In another scenario, a hacker gets a lawyer to send him funds the lawyer has received for a real estate closing by hacking the e-mail of one of the parties to the real estate transaction and then using a spoofed e-mail address to send the lawyer instructions for wiring funds owed in the deal.
The lawyer doesn't notice that the e-mail address has one different letter, and she follows the instructions in the e-mail to wire the money without calling first to see why the e-mail instructs her to wire the money instead of mailing a check as previously arranged.
Under these circumstances, the opinion says the lawyer has a professional responsibility to replace the funds because she did not follow reasonable security measures to verify the disbursement change by calling the sender at the phone number listed in the lawyer's file or confirming the seller's e-mail address.
In yet another scenario, a third party unaffiliated with a lawyer creates counterfeit checks identical to the lawyer's trust account checks, makes checks payable to himself, and cashes them. The opinion advises that the lawyer is not ethically required to replace the stolen funds if she substantially complied with the ethics rules on trust accounting and staff supervision but was nevertheless victimized by the third-party theft.
However, the lawyer must promptly investigate and take steps to prevent further thefts and “must seek out every available option to remedy the situation,” including researching the law to determine whether the bank is liable; communicating with the bank about its liability and whether it has insurance to cover the loss; considering whether to close the affected trust account and transfer funds to a new account; and working with law enforcement to recover the funds.
• Notify the clients of the theft and advise them about its consequences for the representation.
• Help the clients identify any source of funds, such as bank liability and insurance, to cover the losses.
• Seek a continuance or otherwise defer the clients' matter if necessary to protect their interests.
• Explain what happened to third parties or opposing parties to the extent necessary to protect the clients' interests.
• Take protective steps if stop payments are issued against outstanding checks.
• Report the theft to the state bar.
If this doesn't get lawyers thinking about information security, I don't know what will.
The Associated Press reported several days ago that a cell phone dumped in a trash can provided vital evidence in the Paris attacks. Investigators thought Abdelhamid Abaaoud was in Syria orchestrating the deadly attacks from there but the phone indicated that he was in the Paris suburb of St. Denis.
In fact he was only a 15-minute walk from the Stade de France stadium where three suicide bombers blew themselves up during the November 13th attacks that have thus far killed 130 people.
Two police officials briefed on the investigation told The Associated Press that the cellphone dumped in a trash can outside the Bataclan concert hall — where 89 people were killed — proved crucial. It contained a text message sent about 20 minutes after the massacre began that read (translated): "We're off, it's started."
The phone had contact information for Abaaoud's 26-year-old cousin, Hasna Aitboulahcen, one of the police officials said, speaking on condition of anonymity because the information hadn't been released by investigators. Both she and Abaaoud were killed as heavily armed SWAT teams raided the apartment in Saint-Denis early Wednesday, prosecutors said.
"He's not my boyfriend!" Aitboulahcen responded angrily. Then a loud explosion was heard, which police officials said was the bomb in her vest detonating and hurling some of her body parts onto the roof of a police car below. Last Thursday, prosecutors said that a fingerprint proved that another mangled body found inside the heavily damaged building was that of Abaaoud. Eight people were arrested in connection with the raids, including two who were pulled out of the rubble.
Also on Thursday, French military spokesman Col. Gilles Jaron said that French forces have destroyed 35 Islamic State targets in Syria since the attacks on Paris.
France has often been the subject of ridicule by other European countries - but no longer. Everywhere, one sees the words "Je suis Paris" - and I echo that sentiment.
It's not often we get to be called data privacy pioneers - but we like it. Our thanks go to Karl Schieneman, President of Review Less, and former Magistrate Judge John Facciola, who co-hosted a podcast where we were interviewed along with our friend Tim Opsitnick, the Founder of JURINNOV, on a myriad of data privacy topics.
It was a fun podcast to record and I'm sure you'll enjoy it if you're interested in the topic. Cybersecurity is certainly white hot these days, so we enjoyed talking about the ethical and legal obligations law firms have, the kinds of standards that should be followed, how to develop an incident response plan, the importance of training, vendor management, the need for management buy-in and involvement, creating a culture of security within the law firm, BYOD, BYON, BYOC, the risks of cloud computing, how cybersecurity relates to information governance and the list goes on.
We started from a script and ran cheerfully amok after a time because all of us had so much to say on so many subjects. Hope you enjoy!
In a YouTube video seen more than two million times when I caught up with it, members of the hacktivist group Anonymous have declared war on the Islamic State, after the radical terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attacks in Paris.
In the video posted the day after the attacks, a man wearing a Guy Fawkes mask read a statement calling the attackers "vermin" and warning the Islamic State to prepare for "many cyberattacks."
"On Friday 13 November our country France was attacked in Paris for two hours, by multiple terrorist attacks claimed by you, the Islamic State.
These attacks cannot go unpunished. That's why Anonymous activists from all over the world will hunt you down. Yes you, the vermin who kill innocent victims, we will hunt you down like we did to those who carried out the attacks on Charlie Hebdo.
So get ready for a massive reaction from Anonymous. Know that we will find you and we will never let up. We are going to launch the biggest ever operation against you. Expect very many cyberattacks. War is declared. Prepare yourselves.
Know this: the French people are stronger than you and we will come out of this atrocity even stronger.
Anonymous sends its condolences to the families of the victims.
We are Anonymous. We are legion. We don't forgive, we don't forget. Expect us."
The attacks have reportedly begun, with a claim that over 3800 pro-Islamic State Twitter accounts had been taken down.
Reuters reported that Anonymous members claimed to have identified 39,000 pro-ISIS accounts and reported them to Twitter, which supposedly took down 25,000 of those accounts. Anonymous, through one of its Twitter accounts, has also said it would name members of the terrorist group.
Some foreign policy analysts have said Anonymous taking out Islamic State websites and social media accounts could hurt intelligence collection by military and intelligence agencies that track the Islamic State through its online activities.
Certainly it is possible that Anonymous' involvement could be a double-edged sword. On the other hand, Anonymous has no legal handcuffs. Will its involvement, in the end, be useful in the effort to wipe out what the politicians are now calling Daesh? I can't began to hazard a guess, but it will be fascinating to watch.
The network architecture is designed for delivery, not security. Networks are usually flat allowing any user to access files that have nothing to do with their duties. This increases the ease of administration, but certainly doesn't help security.
Companies don't know what hardware and software they have, nor do they know all the cloud services their organizations are using and how they connect to the corporate network. They don't know who is authorized to access these systems.
Organizations purchase and deploy security devices but don't have the skill sets to manage and monitor them.
Companies are not monitoring endpoints (workstations, laptops and servers).
Organizations lack a structured approach to responding to security incidents.
Boy, is that last one ever true. It is well worth reading the report to find out how your company or law firm can avoid these common failures.
In the most recent edition of our Digital Detectives podcast, we enjoyed our conversation with Bill Hamilton, the executive director of the E-Discovery Project at the University of Florida's Levin College of Law.
The practicum got rave reviews from the students - no surprise there - the teaching of practical skills is still somewhat rare in many law schools. Good conversation - thank you Bill!
We are pretty much unattainable when it comes to security.
"You're waiting for your train. You spot a flash drive on a bench.
Pick it up and stick it into a device?
Leave no stone unturned to find the owner, opening text files stored on the drive, clicking on links, and/or sending messages to any email addresses you might find?
Keep your hands off that thing and away from your devices, given that it could be infested with malware?"
That was the premise and unless you're an idiot, you pick option 3.
But in a recent CompTIA study, 17% of people chose options 1 and 2 - hey, free thumb drive! Wonder who lost it...? - and plugged them in. I think many people actually believe they are lucky to get a free thumb drive and of course, human curiosity is a powerful driver.
CompTIA salted Chicago, Cleveland, San Francisco and Washington, D.C. with 200 unbranded, rigged drives, leaving them in high-traffic, public locations to find out how many people would do something risky.
The nearly one out of five users who plugged in the drives proceeded to engage in several potentially risky behaviors: opening text files, clicking on unfamiliar web links or sending messages to a listed email address.
Is it really that risky? Back in 2011, Sophos studied 50 USB keys bought at a major transit authority's Lost Property auction, finding that 66% were infected. To state the obvious, lost flash drives carry risk both to the finder and to employers. Somebody who picks up an infected drive can spread infection onto not only their own devices, but also onto their company's systems if they bring the device to work.
CompTIA also commissioned a survey of 1200 full-time workers across the US, finding that 45% say they don't receive any form of cybersecurity training at work.
94% regularly connect their laptop or mobile devices to public Wi-Fi networks. Of those, 69% handle work-related data while doing so.
38% of employees have used their work passwords for personal use.
36% use their work e-mail address for personal accounts.
63% of employees use their work mobile device for personal activities.
41% of employees don't know what two-factor authentication (2FA) is.
37% of employees only change their work passwords annually or sporadically.
Age plays into risky behavior: the study found that 42% of Millennials have had a work device infected with a virus in the past two years, compared with 32% for all employees. What's more, 40% of Millennials are likely to pick up a USB stick found in public, compared with 22% of Gen X and 9% of Baby Boomers.
Some days, it feels pretty good to be a Boomer.
The ABA Journal featured a story last week that certainly raised eyebrows across the legal community.
North Carolina superior court judge Arnold Ogden Jones II was federally indicted after allegedly paying a FBI agent $100 in cash for a disk purportedly containing copies of text messages between two phone numbers.
He is charged with promising and paying a bribe to a public official, promising and paying a gratuity to a public official and corruptly attempting to influence an official proceeding. To legally obtain texts, a warrant generally is required.
It appears unclear exactly why Jones allegedly wanted the texts although he told the agent it was a family matter. He initially offered to give the unidentified FBI agent a couple of cases of beer, but was persuaded to pay him $100 instead, the indictment says.
Yup, you can get more beer for $100. My math skills aren't great, but you can get more cases of even premium beer for $100. Why would a judge think this conduct was ok, assuming the allegations are true? That is what truly baffles me.
The judge was released without bond, based on his promise to appear at future court hearings. More to come, no doubt.
Hat tip to my friend and colleague Tina Ayiotis. | 2019-04-18T16:34:49Z | https://ridethelightning.senseient.com/2015/11/index.html |
Cooley Kickhams Qualified for the feile a final with a win on wednesday evening over Clans in Darver.
Final Score was 9-13 to 4-05.
Cooley Kickhams won this game 6-11 to 1-05 in Newtown Blues pitch in drogheda. At Half time the score was 4-07 to 0-3 in favour of the peninsula side.
The numbers drawn in last Tuesday night’s lotto were: 15, 21, 28, 32. No jackpot winner. Five consolation prizes winners: Jennifer Coleman, Briege Duffy, Adrian Finnegan, Beda O’Shaughnessy, Peter Murphy. This Tuesday night’s jackpot is €6,700.
Our rescheduled flag day takes place this Saturday, March 18. Contact J Carroll (o86-8139386) for schedule.
€30 for first child, €20 for second & €10 for subsequent children. Those who pay for registration on the night will receive a new jersey.
Refreshments will be served. Looking forward to seeing everyone there.
A big congratulations to Justin and Sharon Halley, who were last week crowned winners of our Annual ‘Mr and Mrs’ Show. The pair proved imperious, and were worthy winners ahead of the 5 other couples! Also, a big thanks to Paudie Breen, who was a wonderful compère!
Our Weekly Lotto was not won. The numbers drawn were 1-15-17-21.
Next weeks Jackpot is €5200.
And Marie Conlon c/o Pat Rogers.
– Our second team started their new Division 6 League campaign at the weekend, with a 5-10 to 1-14 win away to Wolfe Tones. Well done to all concerned.
– Our first team learned their C’ship fate following last weeks County Championship draws in Darver, and awaiting our first team over the summer months will be near neighbours Roche Emmets, and Lannleire.
-Gary Corrigan and his team had no League game last weekend, after Round-1 of Division Three was postponed.
-Last weeks Lotto Jackpot was €5000.
The numbers drawn were 7-12-16-26.
Gerard Mc Shane c/o Pat Rogers, Brian Doyle c/o Pat Rogers, Tony Watters c/o Pat Rogers, and Stephen Dowdall c/o Gary Corrigan.
Next weeks Jackpot is €5,100. Make sure to play!
– Our 3rd Annual ‘Mr and Mrs’ Show takes place this Thursday night March 16th, starting at 8pm.
And Stephen Coburn and Grace Finnegan.
A great night is guaranteed, tickets are priced at €10 and are still available.
Our first team are still waiting to get their new season off the ground, after Sunday’s Kevin Mullen Shield game against Lannleire was postponed due to an unplayable pitch. They’re due to start their Division 3 League campaign next Sunday at home to the Westerns.
– tickets are still available for our big ‘Mr and Mrs’ Show on Thursday night March 16th. Watch our Facebook page for the further unveiling of our competing couples!
There was no jackpot winner in Naomh Fionnbarra G.F.C. and St. Anne’s Camogie Club Lotto draw held on Wednesday 22nd March. The winning numbers were 13, 17, 23 & 27. There were 3 match 3 winners Ned McDonald, Stabannon, Sarah Butterly, Salterstown & Mary & David Byrne, Grangebellew who won €50 each. Next weeks jackpot stays at €10,000. Tickets are available from the usual local outlets, Lotto sellers and any committee member. Funds raised from our Lotto draw go towards the running of the club and your support is greatly appreciated.
Unfortunately no one from our club won any prizes in the National Club Draw. For a full list of winners please find our Facebook page.
In our Last Man Standing Competition we have 7 entries that made it through to the 6th Round of the competition. The breakdown of the picks for this week were as follows; Dublin – 6, Kildare – 1. Dublin and Kildare both won their games to put all 7 people through to Round 7 on 1st/2nd April.
Our Intermediate team had a good 3-9(18) to 1-11(14) win in the Paddy Sheelan Cup over Hunterstown Rovers on Friday evening.
Our Division 4 team have a game scheduled for Sunday week 2nd April v Dundalk Gaels, in Dundalk at 11am.
Our Ladies team had a good 2-5(11) to 1-3(6) win over Senior side Roche Emmetts in a challenge game at John Markey Park on Sunday morning.
Well done to the Louth Senior team on their win over Tipperary in the Division 3 League which meant they are now promoted to Division 2.
Well done to Josh Crosbie and Adam Hanratty who were selected on the Louth U-17 Panel for the recent game v Dublin in the Damien Reid Tournament on Saturday.
A Medal Presentation for last years Minor and U-16’s, took place on Friday 24th March in The Glyde Inn. Food was served for players and mentors and the lads were presented with their medals for the U-18 Division 3 League and the U-16 B Championship wins by Paddy White the Intermediate team manager. Included in the photograph are: Back Row from left to right: Padraig Kierns, Luke Kennedy, Jack Kearney, Darren Clinton, Matthew O’Reilly, Niall Woods, Thomas McCreesh, Ciaran Boyle, Kian Carroll. Front Row from left to right: Colum Kierns, Patrick McGrane (partly hidden), Ruairi Crofts, Adam Hanratty, Josh Crosbie, Ciaran Markey, Michael McArdle & Caolan Leech. Missing from photograph: Brendan Simms, Matthew Monahan, Kalum Regan, Dillon Dunne, Ronan Kelly. Well doen lads!
Club Membership is now due for renewal for 2017 with the following options available: Adult Membership €50, Juvenile Membership (up to U-18) €40, Family Membership (2 Adults & 2 Children) €130, Social Membership (non voting) €30, All members of Club Barrs 2015-2017 are automatically entitled to Adult Membership. Please feel free to contact a committee member if you wish to join or if you have any further questions.
The club is hosting a Medium Night with Calirvoyant Brendan O’Friel in the near future. Please watch out for further details for what should be a great night.
Louth GAA Easter Camp Online Booking @ louthcandg.eventbrite.com. €20 for 3 Days. 10am to 2pm. Details on the Louth GAA page.
The club would like to express its deepest sympathy to the family of Celine Kelly, Drogheda. May she Rest In Peace.
Played in calm, cold conditions Naomh Fionnbarra recorded a good win over Hunterstown Rovers in the 3rd Round of the Paddy Sheelan Cup at Darver on Friday evening. The Rovers made the brighter start and got the first score but the gradually worked their way into the game. The Togher men got on the scoresheet via an early goal after a high ball caused confusion in the Hunterstown full back line and full forward Gary Matthews was on hand to finish the ball into the empty net. A number of points for the Barrs followed as the Hunterstown had no answer to the pressure from the Togher men and their work rate.
After what was probably a good dressing down by their manager at half time Hunterstown upped it a gear in the second half and tacked on a number of points and a goal as the Barrs struggled to regain the momentum from the previous half. Jack Butterly who was still on fire scored another fine point to add to the lead once again. This was followed up by another goal for the Finbarrs as that man Gary Matthews scored another goal this time finished with aplomb with the left peg for a hat trick. He was set up by Jack Butterly who received a quick ball into the full forward line after the midfield and forwards turned over a Hunterstown kick out. This gave the Togher men the breathing space they needed.
Naomh Fionnbarra Team: Bernard Osborne, Hugh McGrane, Kieran Lenihan, Michael McGrane; Bryan Sharkey, Óisín McGee, Pádraig Butterly 0-1; John Doyle, Patrick McGrane; Hugh Osborne 0-2, Conor Osborne 0-1(f), Nicholas Butterly 0-1; Jack Butterly 0-4, Gary Matthews 3-0, Máirtín Murphy. Subs: Pádraic Murphy for Máirtín Murphy, Chris McGlynn for Nicholas Butterly.
There was no jackpot winner in Naomh Fionnbarra G.F.C. and St. Anne’s Camogie Club Lotto draw held on Wednesday 15th March. The winning numbers were 3, 13, 21 & 23. There were 3 match 3 winners Tom Connor, Nicholastown, Mary Connor, Nicholastown & Violet Doyle, Togher who won €50 each. Next weeks jackpot stays at €10,000. Tickets are available from the usual local outlets, Lotto sellers and any committee member. Funds raised from our Lotto draw go towards the running of the club and your support is greatly appreciated.
In our Last Man Standing Competition we have 13 entries that made it through to the 5th Round of the competition. The breakdown of the picks for this week were as follows; Cork – 1, Dublin – 1, Galway – 1, Mayo – 4, Monaghan – 6. Dublin and Cork both drew their games, while Mayo lost to Cavan. Wins for both Galway and Monaghan put 7 people through to Round 6 on 25th/26th March.
Our Junior team had a good 5-9(24) to 5-4(19) win in the Division 4 League over Mattock Rangers on Sunday morning. In what was tough conditions including a very heavy shower in the second half, both teams battled hard to the end for the win. The scores were level at half time 3-1 to 2-4. The Barrs finished stronger in the second half and scrambled home a few goals for a good 5 point win. A notable highlight was the performances of some of our younger players. Naomh Fionnbarra team: Shane O’Brien, Ciaran Boyle, James Butterly, Michael McGrane, Bryan Sharkey 0-1, Shane Fanning, Chris McGlynn, Nicholas Butterly, Jack Butterly 3-1, Máirtín Murphy, Gary Matthews 1-0, Martin O’Neill, Niall Woods 0-1, Caolán Leech 1-0, Pádraic Murphy 0-6(4f). Subs: Brendan Murphy for Shane Fanning, Matthew Monaghan for Ciaran Boyle.
Our Intermediate team have a Paddy Sheelan Cup game scheduled for this Saturday 25th March v Hunterstown Roverstown Rovers, in Hunterstown at 5pm.
There was no jackpot winner in Naomh Fionnbarra G.F.C. and St. Anne’s Camogie Club Lotto draw held on Wednesday 8th March. The winning numbers were 4, 15, 18 & 19. There were 3 match 3 winners Lizzie Butterly, Clonmore, Seamus McCann, Clonmore and Gerry & Lorraine Boyle, Corstown who won €50 each. Next weeks jackpot stays at €10,000. Tickets are available from the usual local outlets, Lotto sellers and any committee member. Funds raised from our Lotto draw go towards the running of the club and your support is greatly appreciated.
In our Last Man Standing Competition we have 13 entries that made it through to the 5th Round of the competition on next weekend of the 18th/19th March.
Our Division 4 team have fixtures scheduled for next Sunday 19th March v Mattock Rangers at John Markey Park, Ballygassan at 11am and for Sunday 2nd April v Dundalk Gaels, in Dundalk at 11am.
The club would like to express its deepest sympathy to the families of Christy Smith, Brookville, Drogheda and T.P. O’Connor, Australia (native of Kells). May they Rest In Peace.
There was no jackpot winner in Naomh Fionnbarra G.F.C. and St. Anne’s Camogie Club Lotto draw held on Wednesday 1st March. The winning numbers were 4, 16, 22 & 28. There was 1 match 3 winner J.P. Cahill, Salterstown who won €150. Next weeks jackpot stays at €10,000. Tickets are available from the usual local outlets, Lotto sellers and any committee member. Funds raised from our Lotto draw go towards the running of the club and your support is greatly appreciated.
Kerry – 9, Donegal – 2, Cavan – 1, Clare – 1, Cork – 1, Galway – 1 & Kildare – 1. After this weekends results, with Kerry, Donegal, Clare and Kildare all winning there are now 13 people still standing. The next Round is on the weekend of the 18th/19th March.
Our Intermediate team play Glen Emmets in the 1st Round of the Division 2 League next Sunday 12th March at 3pm in Cusack Park, Tullyallen. All support welcome and hopefully the weather will hold up!
Looking for some fun over Easter- join us for a GAA camp.
Easter Camps for 2017 in Newtown Blues.
Places are limited with Online Registration ending on Thursday 13th April at 12 noon. The camp runs for 3 days Tues. 18th April – Thurs. 20th April 10am-2pm.
A great result for Louth today in Tipperary. Well done to all.
Hard luck to the Louth U17 team that lost to Dublin yesterday in Darver captained by Blues Alan Connor.
Welcome back to all the children that came training on saturday the 25th and a huge welcome to all our new members.We are looking forward to working with you all throughout the year.
lotto nos 2-19-21-30. No winner. Next weeks lotto €9,400. €25 winners. Louise Rafferty. Matt & Bobby. Bridge Byrne. Nathan Seery. Paddy Collins.
Go raibh maith agaibh to Lauren and Adam McGinn that have been working hard with our u10-13 boys and girls with preseason circuits for the past few weeks. The players all had a great time and learned a lot about looking after their core, working with their own body strength and coordination. Not sure if we have dancers in the making but we have footballers ?. Well done to all the players that worked hard each night during the session. The hard work will pay off during the season.
The club would like to extend its sympathies to the family and friends of the late Celine Kelly may she rest in peace.
Hard luck to the louth team who lost their match against Antrim on sunday.
Well done to our junior team who got off to a winning start against St Marys of Ardee on sunday morning.
Tickets for the Strictly Come Dancing are on sale they are E20 per adult E10 children and E50 for a family ticket.
All under age Training starts this coming saturday the 25th down in the blues from 11-12 if your child is not registered you can do so on the morning of training.
We are actively looking for a PRO for our club.This job will entail promoting our club and doing match reports for our senior teams and also doing our club notes each week.You don’t have to be on our committee to do this role.This may suit a student studying media studies, if you are interested or know of anyone who may be please don’t hesitate to contact us.
Tickets are on sale for our upcoming strictly come dancing which is on the 22nd of april in the barbican drogheda.Tickets are E20 for adults and E10 for children,it promises to be a great night.
Our ladies senior team started the league today with a win over St. Mochtas .The girls game back from been down 1-03 to 3-05 at half time to win by 4 points. Full time score Blues 4-09 Mochtas 3-08.
A special mention to Elaine Nancy and laura collins who had a great game.Scorers Laura collins 3-04,lisa Kelly 1-01,Kate Gerrard 0-1 Ciara Nugent 0-1,Shayleen Mc Donagh 0-1 and Louise Rafferty 0-1.Well done girls .
The club would like to extend its sympathies to the family and friends of Charlie Gallagher College rise and Christy Smith Brookville.May they rest in peace.
Well done to the blues players who played with louth during the week at U21 level and senior level great result for both teams.
Dont forget our new gear is up on our facebook page and is available to order from Gillian on 087-7951477 or Orlaith 086-8140876.
Training for all age groups will resume on saturday 25th march at 11am.Please ensure your child is registered on or before this date.
Strictly come dancing takes place on saturday the 22nd of April at 7.30pm in the Barbican.Tickets are E20 PER ADULT AND E10 PER CHILD tickets available from any committee member .It promises to be an excellent night of entertainment so get your tickets and support the Newtown Blues and all those taking part.
St Fechins Juvenile Registration night takes place on Wednesday 8th March from 6.30 to 8.30pm in the clubhouse in Pairc Naomh Feichín.
Our Senior Hurlers will hope to build on their winning start to the Special Hurling League when they face Knockbridge away on Saturday at 4pm.
On Sunday morning our Ladies Footballers face Cooley Kickhams in the Division 1 League at 11am.
On Sunday evening our Senior Footballers open their Division 2 League campaign away to O’Connells at 3pm.
Lotto numbers Monday 27th February: 4, 20, 24 & 31. Jackpot not won. NO Match 3 winner. Next Jackpot €13,000.
Paddy Sheelan Cup Match: Mattock Rangers v St.Joseph’s was played on Saturday 4th at 7pm in Louth Centre of Excellence, Darver. Referee: Tommy McEntaggart. Game ended with a Mattock win by 2pts. Mattock Rangers 1-09, St.Joseph’s 1-07. Scorers for Mattock: David Reid 1-06 (peno & 4f), James Caraher, Michael McKeown & Hugh Donnelly 1pt each.
Opening Division 1 League Fixture: Mattock Rangers v Geraldines on Sunday 12th March @ 3pm in Haggardstown. Please show your support folks!!
Due to the poor condition of the pitch the Mattock 3k runs will cease for the moment. Thanks to all who supported it!
Well done to our club players Aaron O’Brien & Cathal Clarke who had a great win over Wicklow with the Louth U21s in the Championship.
Louth Senior’s make it 4 wins from 4 and maintain their 100% record in Division 3 after a 2-10 to 1-11 win over Antrim in Drogheda on Sunday 5th March. Well done to our clubman Adrian Reid.
Our ladies first league game v Clan Na Gael was postponed due to the bad weather. It will be re-fixed at a later date. Their next league game is on Sunday 19th March vs O’Raghallaighs in Gaelic Grounds, Drogheda at 11am.
Thanks to everyone who attended our juvenile opening morning on Saturday 4th March. It was great to see so many kids enjoying the fun games & drills set out by the coaches. Thanks to everyone who helped out!!
Mattock Rangers Juvenile Registration takes place this Thursday 9th of March from 7 – 8pm in the pavilion.
Keep up to date with all our club news by visiting our twitter & facebook like pages. We have recently joined Instagram (Mattock Rangers) and Snapchat (mrangers1952).
Numbers were 7, 15, 28, 29. | 2019-04-19T06:44:17Z | http://www.louthandproud.com/2017/03/ |
For the first time since the Australian Open in 2005 there was a men’s Grand Slam final without Federer, Nadal, Djokovic, or Murray. Those with tickets for the final probably woke up on the morning of the semi-finals expecting to see Djokovic v Federer two days later, but they ended up with two first time Grand Slam finalists in Marin ÄŒiliÄ and Kei Nishikori instead. Both ÄŒiliÄ and Nishikori registered impressive wins over Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic respectively, and thoroughly deserved their places in the final.
Marin ÄŒiliÄ played with the Head YouTek Graphene Prestige, the latest version of a racket that has been around in various guises since 1987, when it debuted as the Prestige Pro. He strung the racket with Babolat VS Team natural gut main strings and Luxilon Alu Power Rough cross strings. Runner up Kei Nishikori, whose appearance in the final went one step further than fellow Japanese Jiro Satoh’s Wimbledon and Roland Garros semi-final appearances in 1932/33, used the Wilson Steam 96 strung with Luxilon 4G main strings and Wilson Natural Gut cross strings.
The much hyped unveiling of Roger Federer’s new racket finally occurred at Flushing Meadows. With Wilson celebrating its centenary in 2014, they chose, as expected, to launch the new racket at their flagship tournament. The Wilson Pro Staff RF 97 Autograph is the first autograph-line racket since the Chris Evert Autograph in 1976. That racket itself was a renamed Billie Jean King Autograph, Billie Jean having left Wilson for Bancroft. On the men’s side it’s the first autograph since the Stan Smith Autograph of 1971, which was a reincarnation of the Tony Trabert Autograph, which was a reincarnation of the Donald Budge Autograph. Wilson’s best known, and the best selling racket of all time is the Jack Kramer Autograph. Interestingly, available alongside the Jack Kramer Autograph was the Jack Kramer Pro Staff, so Wilson has chosen to combine two racket lines in the new Federer model. Cosmetics for all these previous Autograph rackets stayed the same for many years, so it’ll be interesting to see if Wilson sticks with the current graphics for years to come, or whether it follows its current trend of updating the look of its range every two years.
Roger was unable to give the racket a dream start when he was overpowered in straight sets by ÄŒiliÄ, but the racket garnered plenty of exposure during his run to the semis, and is sure to be a best seller on the back of the Federer name, regardless of how well Roger does going forward. As per his previous racket, Roger played with Wilson Natural Gut main strings and Luxilon Alu Power Rough cross strings. Reigning Wimbledon champion and World No 1 Novak Djokovic managed to get a set, but couldn’t hold off Nishikori in the other semi. Djokovic played with the Head YouTek Graphene Speed Pro 18/20 racket, strung with a hybrid of Babolat VS Team natural gut main strings and Luxilon Alu Power Rough cross strings.
Serena Williams won her third consecutive, and sixth overall, Ladies’ Singles title with a straight sets win over Caroline Wozniaki, who remains in search of her first Grand Slam crown. Serena played the Wilson Blade 104 strung with a hybrid of Wilson Natural Gut main strings and Luxilon 4G cross strings, whilst Caroline used the Babolat AeroPro Drive, strung with a hybrid of Babolat RPM Dual main strings and Babolat VS Touch natural gut cross strings. Caroline has come full circle, having reached the US Open final in 2009 with the Babolat before switching, less successfully, to a Yonex frame. Now she’s back with the racket that suits her game, and her ranking is heading back towards the top spot she’s held in the past.
So, the 2014 Grand Slam events have all been completed, and we have the unusual situation where all four men’s and ladies’ singles titles have been won by different players – Stan Wawrinka and Li Na in Australia, Rafa Nadal and Maria Sharapova at Roland Garros, Novak Djokovic and Petra Kvitova at Wimbledon, and Marin ÄŒiliÄ and Serena Williams in New York. In terms of racket manufacturers it’s 3 titles to Head, (ÄŒiliÄ, Djokovic, Sharapova), 2 to Babolat, (Nadal, Li), 2 to Wilson, (Kvitova, Williams), and 1 to Yonex, (Wawrinka).
Whilst having eight different winners is unusual, what’s even more unusual is that although four different racket manufacturers provided the winners’ rackets, each player used a different model. In Oz Wawrinka used the Yonex VCore Tour G and Li the Babolat Pure Drive, at Roland Garros Nadal used the Babolat AeroPro Drive and Sharapova the Head YouTek Graphene Instinct, at Wimbledon Djokovic used the Head YouTek Graphene Speed Pro 18/20 and Kvitova the Wilson Steam 96, and in New York ÄŒiliÄ used the Head YouTek Graphene Prestige and Williams the Wilson Blade 104. As far as I am aware, this is the first time this has ever happened.
Novak Djokovic put an end to three consecutive Grand Slam final losses, captured his second Wimbledon title, and returned to the World No 1 ranking with a five set win over seven time champion Roger Federer at the All England Club at the beginning of July. As usual, Djokovic played with the Head YouTek Graphene Speed Pro 18/20 racket, strung with a hybrid of Babolat VS Team natural gut main strings and Luxilon Alu Power Rough cross strings. Federer played with the blacked out Wilson frame he’s been campaigning since the beginning of the year. More details are gradually emerging about the frame, and it’s now known that the head size in 97 sq in, that the frame’s width is 21.5mm, (much wider than his previous Pro Staff 90’s 17.5mm), and that its unstrung weight is 340 grammes. The racket was strung with Wilson Natural Gut main strings and Luxilon Alu Power Rough cross strings. Expect a formal unveiling of the racket at the US Open later this year, as Wilson celebrates its centenary.
This year has seen the introduction of a number of ‘Spin’ frames – frames designed to impart more spin to the ball for the same effort – and Grigor Dimitrov used one of these frames to take out defending champion Andy Murray in the quarters and reach the semi-finals. Grigor played with the Wilson Pro Staff 99S, the racket he used to win a Queen’s Club a few weeks before, strung with Luxilon 4G main strings and Wilson Natural Gut crosses. Alexandr Dolgopolov also uses the Pro Staff 99S, and it will be interesting to see if more players gravitate to these spin friendly frames. The other semi-finalist, Milos Raonic also played Wilson, his choice being the Blade 98. Milos now uses Luxilon 4G strings, having recently changed from Luxilon M2.
Biggest sensation of the Men’s Singles was young Aussie Nick Kyrgios, who saved a fistful of match points against Richard Gasquet, then put out twice winner and No 2 seed Rafael Nadal in the last 16 before going down in four sets to Raonic. Kyrgios plays with the Yonex Ezone Ai 98 strung with Luxilon Alu Fluoro strings.
Petra Kvitova proved she has the perfect game for the grass courts of the All England Club by capturing her second Ladies’ Singles title. Petra used the Wilson Steam 96 racket strung with Luxilon Alu Power strings – the same strings she used to win her first title in 2011. First time Grand Slam finalist Eugenie Bouchard didn’t drop a set on her way to the final, but was no match for Kvitova in the final. Eugenie used the Babolat AeroPro Drive strung with Babolat RPM Blast strings. Semi-finalist Simona Halep was another player using a ‘Spin’ frame, in her case the Wilson Steam 99S strung with Luxilon Alu Power.
Biggest surprise on the ladies’ side was Alizé Cornet coming back from a 1-6 first set loss to beat top seed and multiple Wimbledon winner Serena Williams 1-6, 6-3, 6-4. Helping Alizé achieve this sensational turnround was the Babolat Pure Storm racket strung with Babolat RPM Dual strings. For her part Serena used her usual Wilson Blade 104 racket, strung with Wilson Natural Gut main strings and Luxilon 4G crosses.
An incredible nine titles in ten years for Rafael Nadal, and all of them won with the same racket! The Babolat AeroPro Drive, the racket specifically designed and built for Rafa, has, in its various guises, been the racket that has seen him to all nine titles. The last five of those titles have also all been won with the same string – Babolat’s RPM Blast. No matter what event he plays, what surface it’s on, or who he’s facing, Rafa always strings his rackets at 25kg, (55lbs), tension.  This is the tension he finds gives him the best combination of power, touch, and feel, whilst enabling him to generate more than 3,000 rpm on his topspin forehand.
Runner up Novak Djokovic fought hard, but after taking the first set and pushing Rafa to a 7-5 second set, his challenge faded and he won only six more games. As usual, Novak used the Head YouTek Graphene Speed Pro 18/20 strung with a hybrid of Babolat VS Team natural gut main strings and Luxilon Alu Power Rough cross strings.
Andy Murray showed he has fully recovered from his back surgery last autumn with a strong run to the semi-final, where he was unceremoniously despatched by Nadal in straight sets. Andy used the latest version of the Head Radical, the Head YouTek Graphene Radical Pro, strung with a hybrid of Luxilon Alu Power polyester main strings and Babolat VS Team natural gut cross strings. The other semi-finalist was Latvia’s Ernests Gulbis, who had scored a surprise win over Roger Federer earlier in the tournament. Gulbis took a set from Djokovic, but was unable to go all the way. Gulbis’ racket of choice was the Wilson Steam 96 strung with Luxilon Alu Power.
In the Ladies’ Singles Maria Sharapova went one better than her 2013 runners up spot, taking the title for a second time in three years after a marathon three set encounter with Simona Halep. Sharapova used the latest incarnation of Head’s relatively new Instinct racket, the Head YouTek Graphene Instinct, strung with her by now customary hybrid of Babolat VS Team main strings and Babolat RPM Blast crosses. On the other side of the net Halep was using the Wilson Steam 99S racket, strung with Luxilon Alu Power.
Babolat not only had the Men’s Singles winner this year, they also had the Men’s Doubles winners using their rackets as well. Edouard Roger-Vasselin and Julian Benneteau became the first Frenchman to take the doubles title since Yannick Noah and Henri Leconte in 1984, when they beat Marcel Granollers and Marc Lopez in the final. Both Roger-Vasselin and Benneteau play the Babolat Pure Drive racket. Roger-Vasselin uses the Pure Drive Roddick strung with Babolat Pro Hurricane Tour main strings and Babolat VS Team cross strings, and Benneteau plays the Pure Drive+ strung with Babolat VS natural gut main strings and Babolat Pro Hurricane crosses. For good measure, Lopez also uses the Babolat Pure Drive, whilst Granollers plays with the Prince Tour 100.
This year a total of 4,163 rackets were strung during the tournament, (up from 3,847 in 2013), with 408 of them being strung on the busiest day of the event, the first Sunday. The average tension in aqua paradise oceanside ca asked for by the men was 24kg, (53lbs), whilst the average amongst the ladies was slightly higher at 25kg, (55lbs). The highest tension requested was a rock hard 31.5kg, (69.5lbs), by Romania’s Sorana Cirstea, and the lowest was an incredibly saggy 10.5kg, (23lbs), by Italy’s Filippo Volandri.
Babolat was the most popular racket, with 35% of the players using their frames, followed by Wilson with 30%, and Head in third place with 20%.
Stan was very much The Man at this year’s Australian Open in Melbourne. The man known for years as ‘the Swiss No 2’ finally emerged from the shadow of Roger Federer to claim his first Grand Slam title and move to a career best world ranking of No 3. Stan played with a racket that won’t be available to the general public until 1st March this year, the Yonex VCore Tour G. Finished in a colour described by Yonex as ‘Fine Orange’, the VCore Tour G is designed for ‘devastating spin and powerful offensive play’ according to Yonex – attributes Stan displayed perfectly as he brushed aside Rafa Nadal in the final. In doing so Stan became the first male player to win a Grand Slam title with a Yonex racket since Lleyton Hewitt won Wimbledon in 2002. Stan’s string was Babolat RPM Blast, the same string Rafa Nadal used himself in his Babolat AeroPro Drive.
Stan’s semi-final opponent Tomas Berdych played with the Head YouTek Graphene Instinct racket strung with Luxilon Alu Power strings, whilst there was plenty of interest surrounding the racket of Rafa’s semi-final victim, Roger Federer. After years of playing with a 90 sq in head Wilson racket Roger has started the year with an all black larger headed Wilson frame. Details of the racket are being kept under wraps, even down to the actual head size itself. Some reports said it was 95 sq in, others 98 sq in. To the naked eye it seemed larger than a 95, and to have the same profile as Wilson’s Blade range of rackets. As Wilson produce a Blade 98 it seems unlikely that they would black out an already existing frame, so the smart money says it’s a variation on the Blade 98 with a different flex to it, probably a flex similar to the Pro Staff Roger has played with for so long. What is certain is that it has a 16×19 string pattern, and that it was strung with a hybrid of Wilson Natural Gut main strings and Luxilon Alu Power Rough cross strings. Rumours that Roger would reveal the fully painted version if he reached the final were laid to rest with his straight sets defeat by Rafa.
There were new faces to the fore in the Ladies’ Singles, where experience finally won through and Li Na collected a second Grand Slam title to go with her Roland Garros win in 2011. Li played with the Babolat Pure Drive racket strung with Babolat Pro Hurricane main strings and Babolat Xcel crosses. Surprise finalist Dominika Cibulkova brought Dunlop back to prominence, playing with their F5.0 Tour racket, strung with Luxilon Alu Power. Both losing semi-finalists used Babolat rackets, meaning the French manufacturer had three of the last four standing in the ladies’ event. Not only that, but all three used different models. Agnieskza Radwanska played the Pure Drive Lite, strung with a hybrid of Babolat RPM Blast mains and Babolat VS Team natural gut crosses, whilst Eugenie Bouchard used the AeroPro Drive strung with RPM Blast throughout.
As usual at the beginning of the year there were new rackets aplenty, with some players switching manufacturers. It’s an even-numbered year so Wilson had new finishes and colour schemes on most of its rackets, including the Pro Staff and Six.One ranges, which now look very similar. Juan Martin del Potro, who is now Wilson’s top ranked male player, continues to play with the long deleted [K] Six.One 95 from 2009, but is apparently down to his last couple of frames. When they’re gone he will have to make a switch, unless he does what another former Wilson player, Jimmy Connors did in the 1980s when his beloved T2000 was long out of production, and try to buy up frames from anyone who had them.
There were a couple of racket changes in the Babolat men’s team, Jo Wilfried Tsonga playing with the new Pure Strike 100 racket he’d used so successfully in the Hopman Cup, and Jerzy Janowicz moving from the AeroPro Drive to the Pure Control. Talking of the Hopman Cup, Australia was represented this year by Bernard Tomic, who, this time last year, was playing with a blacked out Head frame whilst under contract to Yonex. Bernie used Yonex frames for the rest of the year and continued to feature in their advertising campaigns, but this time around he was using a Head YouTek Graphene Radical with no logo on the strings in the Hopman, and the same racket with the head logo during his injury hit one-set appearance against Rafa in Melbourne.
Another player back with a former racket supplier was Caroline Wozniacki, who was back with the Babolat AeroPro Drive that had taken her to the World No 1 ranking in 2010 and 2011. Like Bernard Tomic, Caroline has left Yonex, which was no surprise to anyone, as she had spent a good part of 2013 playing with a blacked-out AeroPro Drive whilst claiming it was an experimental Yonex frame.
One of the most interesting moves was South Africa’s Kevin Anderson, who has gone from Head to Japanese manufacturer Srixon, a company better known for its golf equipment. Kevin is playing the Srixon Revo 2.0 Tour, and is the first Top 50, or even Top 100, player to use their rackets. He gave them plenty of exposure in his match point saving win over Edouard Roger-Vasselin, and it will be interesting to see how he fairs with the frame. Currently ranked 22, he achieved a career best ranking of 19 with his Head last August. | 2019-04-21T20:51:56Z | http://www.colinthestringer.com/news-archive/2014-tennis-news-archive/ |
Traumatic life events and traumatic relationships can cause psychological harm in the form of intrusive and distressing memories, thoughts, bodily reactions, sensory perceptions, and emotions. Common psychological problems caused by traumatic life events and relationships include anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD, and dissociation.
Although it is normal to feel anxious or depressed for brief periods of time within any given day, people with anxiety and depressive disorders experience fear-based distress, worry, or feelings of depression that are chronic and difficult to control or stop. Their feelings of anxiety and depression get in the way of their relationships and ability to complete tasks. It is the disabling and impairing nature of some people's anxiety and depression that differentiates their experiences from the everyday normal experiences of anxiety and depression that nearly everyone experiences to a small degree.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) involves psychological symptoms that are similar in a number of ways to those of anxiety and depression but which are particularly focused on a person's experience of a past or ongoing traumatic event or relationship. People with PTSD experience repeated intrusive and distressing memories about the traumatic event or relationship that they try to avoid but cannot stop.
Some people with a dissociative presentation of PTSD also experience what we have called trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). TRASC can be experienced in different forms, for example, disturbances or alterations in a person's sense of time, thought, their body, and their emotions. For example, a person may experience a TRASC of their sense of time when they experience flashbacks of traumatic events and lose track of what is happening in the present, or have the sense of time seeming to slow down or speed up especially when they are reminded about a traumatic event. They may also experience TRASC of thought (e.g., in the form of hearing voices in their head), a TRASC of their sense of their body (e.g., having out-of-body experiences, or feeling like their body - or part of their body - feels or seems like it is not their own), or a TRASC of emotion (e.g., feeling emotionally numb, or feeling like they are no longer themselves when they experience certain emotions). People may also experience an altered sense of self, for example, feeling like they do not know who they are, or feeling like their sense of self is divided into more than one different and seemingly separate senses of self.
work through or “process” the traumatic event or relationship, whether through verbal dialogue and reflection, writing about what happened (e.g., journaling), artistic expression (e.g., drawing or painting, as in art therapy), or some other method.
The word mindfulness essentially refers to "being aware." Research in psychology tends to show that we are surprisingly little aware of our own experiences. In fact, we are essentially rather mindless a lot of the time. Often we are in a state of "automatic pilot," paying little attention to what we are doing or how we are thinking, feeling, and relating to others.
The primary goal of mindfulness-based approaches to therapy is to help people become more mindful which, in turn, often leads to reduced distress and increased health and wellbeing. Importantly, however, mindfulness-based therapies teach people to be more aware in a particular way. As popularized by Jon Kabat-Zinn (1994, p. 4), mindfulness involves "paying attention in a particular: way on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally."
In comparison with mindfulness, the word “metta” essentially refers to "lovingkindness," and involves cultivating compassion and kindness toward oneself and others. Metta therefore represents another form of attention or "way of being aware," but one that involves bringing kindness and care toward our experience of ourselves as well as to our experience of other people.
teach certain concepts or "therapeutic principles" relevant to mindfulness and metta that people can learn to apply to their everyday lives.
Acceptance and Change - recognizing the difference between things that cannot be changed and things that can, and beginning to act upon things that can be changed.
These 6 principles are the cornerstones of MMTT. On this website you will be continuously exposed to these principles through the practice of guided meditations. In addition, these principles are used in a reflective journaling exercise we call Mindful and Metta Moments.
Mindful and Metta Moments is a reflective journaling exercise that we designed in order to help people learn to apply the 6 MMTT therapeutic principles to their everyday life: 1) Presence, 2) Awareness, 3) Letting-Go, 4) Metta, 5) Re-Centering and De-Centering, and 6) Acceptance and Change.
The Mindful and Metta Moments exercise is based on the "automatic thought record" exercise that was developed as part of cognitive therapy for depression. The automatic thought record essentially asks a person to reflect upon a recent distressing life event, specifically, to describe the thoughts and feelings that they experienced at the time. They are then asked to re-evaluate their thoughts, replacing those that can later be regarded as invalid and illogical, or destructive and harmful, with ones that are more reasoned, balanced, adaptive, and constructive. In essence, people learn to reappraise their life experiences in a way that helps them to be less anxious, irritable, and depressed. The automatic thought record - and other exercises like it - have helped millions of people think and feel in ways that make them less vulnerable to anxiety and depression, as well as to help them recover from trauma and stressor-related disorders.
We have found, however, that one limitation of the automatic thought record is that it doesn't really give people much help as to how they are to generate alternative more adaptive thoughts and feelings about their distressing life events. We therefore developed Mindful and Metta Moments as a journaling exercise that also aims to help people reappraise their life experiences more adaptively, but specifically through the roadmap provided by the 6 MMTT principles: 1) Presence, 2) Awareness, 3) Letting-Go, 4) Metta, 5) Re-Centering and De-Centering, and 6) Acceptance and Change.
In summary Mindful and Metta Moments is a journaling exercise that is similar to an automatic thought record in which you can record what happened during difficult or distressing life experiences and relationships and learn to re-appraise your response to the events using the 6 MMTT principles. Your entries are saved for later reading and, if you wish, you can print or share them with your therapist, if you have one, for feedback and support.
We have included video-guided meditations as aids to your practice of self-regulation. Some of the meditations include Mindful Movement, for example, walking meditations and some easy yoga stretches that, when combined with embodied imagery we call Symbolic Stretching. Other forms of meditation you can practice while sitting, standing, or lying down, for example, body scans and concentration-, mindfulness-, and metta-meditations, as well as guided visualizations and embodied imagery.
In the most basic of terms, the home of our sense of self is our physical self - our bodies. However, many traumatic events and relationships cause people to fear or even to become disgusted with the experience of their own bodies. Especially when our bodies have been mistreated or harmed, for example, physically or sexually, the physical feeling of our bodies can begin to feel scary or even cause us to be disgusted by or ashamed of our bodily selves. In turn we may try to "shut off" or "numb out" our bodily sensations so that we don’t have to feel them. But if we can't feel safe or comforted within our own bodies, we can't feel safe anywhere. Moreover, if we chronically avoid the physical sensations of our bodies we will be left feeling emotionally numb, empty and devoid of the capacity for joy and pleasure, as well as potentially even more prone to certain physical illnesses and ailments.
This is why we believe the practice of body-focused meditations like body scans can be helpful in recovering from traumatic events and relationships. Body scans essentially involve attending to and labeling the experience of physical sensations in different parts of your body, for example, noticing what sensations you might be able to experience in your belly, heart, lungs, hands, fingertips and toes. Doing so essentially involves listening to what your body is telling you, as if you are giving a voice to your body and listening to what it has to say. With practice, people can begin to become more aware of themselves in an embodied sense, and can begin to feel more safe and comfortable within their physical selves.
Practicing concentration meditation involves focusing one’s attention on a particular physical object (e.g., a candle flame), on an imagined object (e.g., an imagined candle flame), on a verbalization or mantra (e.g., the sound Om or some particular word, phrase, or repetition, e.g., counting 1-2-3-4-4-3-2-1...) or on a physical sensation (e.g., breathing). The concentration meditator tries to sustain his or her attention on the intended object throughout the duration of the meditation session.
Invariably, however, he or she will become distracted by other thoughts, images, feelings, or sensations during meditation practice; upon becoming aware that he or she has lost his or her focus, he or she simply labels the source of the distraction, and then returns his or her attention to the intended object. Practicing as such can develop a person’s degree of attentional control, making his or her mind more focused and less prone to wandering and distraction. This can help with attentional problems associated with trauma and stressor-related disorders such as distracting and intrusive memories and negative thoughts, dissociation, and general difficulties people often experience concentrating and remembering things. Practicing concentration meditations can also be relaxing in and of itself, particularly when a person’s strength of attention begins to improve.
We developed a scoring procedure we call Meditation Breath Attention Scores (MBAS) in order to measure a person’s degree of attentional concentration during the practice of meditation. Essentially this involves ringing a meditation bell at different time points during a meditation session, at which point the meditator assesses whether he or she is primarily focused on the intended object (e.g., his or her breath) or has become distracted from it; the higher the number of times his or her attention was on the intended object, the greater his or her MBAS. Although we named the MBAS procedure for practices involving breathing as the intended object, in theory MBAS can be applied to any object of attention. With the meditation timer included on our website you can keep track of your MBAS, perhaps finding that your ability to sustain your attention improves the more you practice concentration meditation.
Practicing mindfulness meditation involves intentionally being experientially aware of whatever is happening in the present moment. In comparison with concentration meditation, which involves sustaining one’s attention on a single object or sensation, mindfulness meditation is more open in that one practices being mindfully aware of whatever kinds of experience present themselves.
Nevertheless, the mindfulness meditator usually chooses some primary focus for his or her attention, often involving attending to the experience of breathing or to other physical sensations, images, sounds, or verbalizations. It is just that when other experiences or stimuli present themselves to his or her awareness, these may also be attended to with interest and curiosity.
The critical point is that the mindfulness meditator seeks to be “aware of being aware” of whatever he or she is attending to at any given moment. He or she seeks to avoid becoming engrossed or absorbed in any particular thought, sensation or feeling such that he or she would become less “aware of being aware”. In this way, the mindfulness meditator observes the happenings of his or her experience from a somewhat decentered or detached “observer stance,” avoiding becoming overly involved with or fully identifying with any particular experience.
Metta meditations involve intentionally being kind and compassionate toward ourselves and others. They usually involve silently rehearsing certain choice words or phrases, for example, "May I be happy" and "May I be at peace", as well as wishing the same for other people that you know. Practicing metta meditation can strengthen positive feelings, thereby lessening negative emotions directed toward oneself and others that are associated with trauma and stressor-related disorders, such as feeling emotionally numb, fearful, anxious, guilt, shame, or anger.
During traumatic life events people generally do one or more of the following 4 things, the so-called "4 F's": 1) Fight, 2) Flee, 3) Freeze, or 4) Faint. In addition, during the traumatic event, a person may have wanted to or wished that they could have done one or more different F's but found that they couldn't (e.g., instead of fighting back - like they wanted to - they froze instead).
People with trauma or stressor-related disorders are often caught up or fixated in one of these 4-F states: they are constantly fighting, verbally or physically; or wanting to avoid, flee from or freezing in the presence of real or imagined threats; or temporarily losing consciousness in one form or another, such as going limp, fainting or "blacking out" when exposed to reminders of their trauma. What is important to realize about these responses is that they can often feel like they are happening outside of your own sense of control; it may seem like they happen entirely on their own, even despite your best attempts to control them.
Practicing Mindful Movement is one way for you to get back in control of your body, and to decrease impulsive, out-of-control feelings and behaviours related to the 4-F's. Although when most people think about meditation they think of a person sitting silently and motionlessly in a contemplative state, many forms of meditation actually involve physically moving. Walking meditation, for example, is a form of meditation that involves mindfully walking only a few paces, back and forth; it involves cultivating an awareness of the intentioned, willful, self-controlled movement of your body. Yoga is another form of mindful movement; when intentionally combined with embodied imagery, we call yoga practices Symbolic Stretching.
Mindfulness essentially involves being aware of what is happening in the present moment. In mindfulness, we are effectively trying to be aware of "what is", in other words, "what is taking place right now," without any attempt to change it. In comparison, certain other forms of meditation, sometimes called creative meditation, involve intentionally bringing to mind or creating a desirable experience that is different from whatever experience we are having otherwise, usually through some form of positive imagery.
There are at least two kinds of imagery: 1) visualizations, and 2) embodied imagery; they are most easily distinguished through an example. If someone was to tell you to imagine a flower, most people would engage in visualization; they would essentially try to see an image of a flower in their mind's eye. In comparison, if someone told you to imagine being a flower, you might be more likely to engage in embodied imagery, for example, feeling yourself standing tall and upright as the stem, expanding your arms outwards perhaps as leaves and brightening your face as the petals or center of the flower, or maybe reaching up with your arms and fingers to create the petals.
In MMTT we combine physically simple stretches with embodied imagery, calling this combination Symbolic Stretching. In essence we use certain symbols, for example the sun, a mountain, or a tree, that are naturally associated with certain ideas and feelings, for example, health, strength, resilience, life, warmth, beauty, comfort, and safety. We combine these symbols with a physical posture or stretch that seeks to embody the same symbol.
In other words, during Symbolic Stretching a person embodies not only the posture but also the feeling of being the symbol, for example, seeking to feel as if they are the sun, a mountain, a tree, or a flower, or that these symbols are within them. Symbolic Stretching is intended to encourage positive bodily-felt experiences of safety and resilience, combating trauma-related bodily feelings associated with anxiety, fear, loss, anger, numbness, emptiness, shame, or guilt. | 2019-04-25T12:32:33Z | https://mmtt.ca/About.php |
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The 005 and 012 cone tweeters are made by Peerless in Denmark. They both look identical except the 005 tweeter is 16 ohms and the 012 is 8 ohms. They are Peerless model MT-225. The impedance is stamped in white ink on the front of the cone of some production tweeters.
An alnico magnet is glued to a U-shaped yoke that is welded to the front plate of the magnet structure. The cone/coil assembly is very lightweight and doesn't even have a spider to center the voice coil. The cone is paper. The thin aluminum center dome weighs only 0.010 grams and radiates out to 20kHz.
The positive terminal is indicated by a red insulating washer shown on the left side of the tweeter. After the tweeter is tested, a McIntosh label is attached to the back of the magnet structure. The part number is at the top and the date code is at the bottom. The numbers 73 03 indicate the third week of 1973.
The tweeters can be used interchangeably in the ML systems despite the difference in impedance. The measured acoustic response for either tweeter is identical from 7kHz to 20kHz using the same crossover. Electrically, the crossover is above 10kHz.
The new polypropylene-cone tweeter was introduced in 1993 and replaced the MT225 paper cone tweeter. The Peerless catalog number for the 8-ohm version is 801730. There are several important differences. The output level is about 2 dB lower. The mounting holes are the same as the MT225. Due to the rounded basket, the mounting hole is 2-1/4” in diameter. The ceramic magnet diameter is 1-5/8”. The terminals are very close to the edge of the mounting hole. The cone, surround and dome are all made of polypropylene. The magnetic gap contains Ferrofluid. This tweeter was never used in McIntosh systems and may no longer be available.
Another alternate tweeter was the Matsushita EAS-5PH31S but is now, in 2011, likely discontinued as well.
The 2-1/2" cone tweeter is made by Peerless in Denmark. It is identified as the Peerless MT-25. An alnico magnet is glued to a U-shaped yoke that is welded to the front plate of the magnet structure. The cone/coil assembly is very lightweight and doesn't even have a spider to center the voice coil. The cone is made of paper. The thin aluminum center dome weighs only 0.010 grams and radiates out to 20kHz.
This tweeter is used in the XR-3, XR-5 and XR-7 speaker systems. They are used in multiples to increase power-handling capacity. The square frames allow close placement.
The XR-3 and XR-5 systems have two tweeters mounted in an angled plastic piece that mounts on the surface of the front panel. McIntosh made the perforated covers from perforated stock. They were stamped out, painted black and glued to the perimeter of the tweeters to protect to the cone and aluminum center dome.
The XR-7 has an array of four tweeters mounted in a circular array to preserve good high frequency dispersion. The tweeters are connected in series parallel.
Impedance is 8 ohms. Size is 2-5/8" square and 1-1/2" deep. Weight with the cover is 143 grams or about 5 ounces.
This is a round soft fabric dome tweeter made by Philips. It is the AD 0163-T8. This new tweeter has much higher power handling and better dispersion than the Peerless cone tweeters. The tinsel leads are not coated. There is no coating under the dome. It is used in the XR-14 and XR-16 speaker systems.
This soft fabric dome tweeter is made by Philips. It is similar to the round AD 0163-T8 but is custom made for McIntosh. It is improved over the 053. The tinsel leads are coated to damp a mechanical resonance. It is like the 069 tweeter but there is no coating under the dome. A McIntosh part number label is added to the back of the magnet structure after it has been tested. The tweeter is 3-11/16" X 3-1/8" and 1-1/4" deep. It is used in the XR19 and XRT20 speaker systems.
This soft fabric dome tweeter is made by Philips. It is similar to the round AD 0163-T8 but is custom made for McIntosh. It is improved over the 053. The tinsel leads are coated to damp a mechanical resonance. There is no coating under the dome.A McIntosh part number label is added to the back of the magnet structure after it has been tested. The tweeter is 3-11/16" X 3-1/8" and 1-1/4" deep. It is used in the XL-1, XL-10 and XR1051 speaker systems. See the 036-069 tweeter for a complete description.
This soft fabric dome tweeter is made by Philips and is similar to the round Philips AD 0141HE-T8 but is custom made for McIntosh. The rectangular shape is custom made for Mcintosh. This allows closer spacing of the tweeters then used in multiples for the column systems.
The black plastic front plate has a phasing disc in the center that smoothes the response, improves directionality and also protects the dome from being damaged. A recessed area near the bottom is for an aluminum silk-screened decal with the McIntosh name in gold lettering.
The soft dome, voice coil, tinsel leads and terminals are one subassembly called a "butterfly." The tinsel leads are brought out to terminals on either end of the subassembly. Some versions had solid wire instead of tinsel wire. A red mark can be seen on the upper left part of the assembly that indicates the positive terminal. The fabric of the dome and surround has a black colored coating to seal the interstices of the material. A second custom coating under the dome was made only for McIntosh. This completely damps out the fundamental resonance.
Two holes in the butterfly locate with pins on the magnet structure. These assemblies are interchangeable and a damaged butterfly assembly can be easily replaced by removing three screws from the front plate and adding the new one. The rainbow colors are from the plating process.
The magnet assembly is made of three parts. The back plate and pole piece is made from one piece of cold formed steel. The magnet is barrium ferrite. The front plate is stamped steel. The two locating pins and three screw holes can be seen in the picture. The center of the pole piece is recessed for an increased air volume behind the dome.
We sampled a version using Ferrofluid in the magnetic gap. This raised the resonant frequency and limited the useful low frequency response of the tweeter and that was not acceptable. Later, we found that the ferrofluid had dissolved the adhesive that held the voice coil to the dome assembly. The problem was said to have been corrected by Philips in later production.
Ferrofluid is a mixture of finely ground magnetic particles suspended in a viscous fluid. It is kept in place by the magnetic field in the gap. It is used to keep the voice coil temperature down and transfer the heat to the magnet structure. It was not used with this tweeter or any other tweeter until 1993, starting with the 036-095.
A McIntosh part number label is added to the tweeter after is has been tested. The tweeter is 3-11/16" X 3-1/8" and 1" deep. Weight is 262 grams or about 9.2 ounces. It is used in the XRT18 and XR290. This tweeter was no longer used for designs made after 1992.
This soft fabric dome tweeter is made by Philips and is similar to their model AD 0163HE-T8 round tweeter but is custom made for McIntosh. The rectangular shape is custom made for Mcintosh. This allows closer spacing of the tweeters then used in multiples for the column systems.
A McIntosh part number label is added to the tweeter after is has been tested. The part number is at the top and the date code is at the bottom. The numbers 90 17 indicate the seventeenth week of 1990. The tweeter is 3-11/16" X 3-1/8" and 1-1/4" deep. Weight is 531 grams or about 1.17 lbs. It is used in the XR-17, XRT22, XR230, XR240, XR250 and XR1052. This tweeter was no longer used for designs made after 1992.
This soft dome tweeter is made by Cotron in Taiwan. It was used in the early version of the XD715 and XD717 systems. This tweeter was later replaced with the Philips 036-069 tweeter that was more reliable.
This tweeter is made by Seas in Norway. It is their H 614 model 25TAFN/G rated at 6 ohms. The magnet structure is very small and contains a neodymium magnet. The dome is made of aluminum. A perforated grille protects the dome and supports a 1/2" transparent phasing disc stuck to the center of the inside.
A screw and rear bracket are used to hold the tweeter in place. The hole for the screw is in the center of the back of the tweeter. A shoulder near the front of the plastic piece keeps the tweeter in place.
The tweeter is 1-7/8" in diameter and 11/16" deep, not including the solder lugs. It weighs 87.5 grams or about 3 ounces. It is used in the McIntosh HT1, HT4, HT4 THX, and SL6.
Ferrofluid is used in the magnetic gap. Ferrofluid is a mixture of finely ground magnetic particles suspended in a viscous fluid. It is kept in place by the magnetic field in the gap. It is used to keep the voice coil temperature down and transfers the heat to the magnet structure. The fundamental resonance is at 1.8 kHz.
A felt ring is used between the metal magnet structure and the plastic front piece that contains the dome/voice coil assembly. This prevents vibration between the two pieces.
The surround is made of textile material that is glued to the voice coil and aluminum dome. The surround is curved towards the front of the dome. The voice coil leads can be seen at the upper right and left. They are dressed across the surround and to the terminals mounted on the plastic shell. The magnet structure snaps in place inside the shell and is held by tabs at the rear of the shell.
I have found a set of three of these tweeters used in a McIntosh SL6 speaker system that have the output reduced to almost zero. The system was driven by a 90-watt amplifier that may have been driven into clipping. The SL-6 has no driver protection circuits. The measured DC resistance of each tweeter is correct but there is no impedance rise at the fundamental resonance of about 1800Hz. This characteristic can be found with a "frozen" voice coil or a demagnetized magnet. The voice coil is in like new condition with no evidence of overheating, bubbling or warping. The magnetic gap is filled with Ferrofluid that appears to be still in liquid form. However, analysis by Seas has found that the ferrofluid has turned to black sludge caused by long-term exposure of the fluid to high temperatures. This is sufficient to prevent the voice coil from moving and resulting in no output.
Compared to the Philips 069 tweeter used in earlier McIntosh systems, a new 095 tweeter averages about 6 dB less output for the same voltage input despite the lower 6-ohm impedance. This means the 095 tweeter must be driven with 4 times the power for the same listening level. Ferrofluid is not used in the 069 tweeter or any other McIntosh driver prior to 1993.
Here are response curves for two of each version of this tweeter. The red curves are aluminum domes McIntosh 036-095 (Seas H614) and the green curves are the soft fabric domes (Seas H615). The tweeters are identical except for the dome material. The curves for aluminum are typical for this material. A very pronounced resonance of over 15dB can be seen near 27 kHz.
This resonance may contribute to the characteristic sound of aluminum material. Although we don't hear this high, subharmonics of 27 kHz in program material can excite this resonance. When combined with other frequencies in program material, the result can be intermodulation distortion products that are audible. Of course, if the equipment used to test these tweeters only goes as high as 20 kHz, then the resonance will not be revealed.
Starting in 1993, aluminum dome tweeters were used for the first time at McIntosh. This is also the first time Ferrofluid material has been used with any of the McIntosh drivers. The comments about this change are my opinions based on engineering facts and do not include the reasoning for any marketing strategy that may have been involved at that time. Aluminum domes were discontinued in 2001 starting with the Academy series of speakers. The 095 tweeter was used in the McIntosh HT-1, HT-4, HT-4THX and SL-6 speaker systems.
The 096 tweeter is made by Vifa in Denmark. It is similar to the stock D25AG-57 but the plastic front plate is custom made for McIntosh. A U-shaped raised area has the name McIntosh molded in it at the top. The dome is made of aluminum. Plastic rings and supports protect the dome. A phasing disc is located in the center.
The dome, voice coil and terminals are built on a triangular plastic subassembly. Three holes in the subassembly are located on three raised pins on the top plate. This insures proper centering in the gap. If the voice coil or dome is damaged, a new subassembly can be easily installed. The three screws holding the plastic front plate can be removed with a star shaped Alan wrench. The subassembly can then be lifted off.
Here's a picture of the pole piece and magnetic gap where the voice coil is placed. Ferrofluid is used in the gap and can be seen as the black ring in the picture. Ferrofluid is a mixture of finely ground magnetic particles suspended in a viscous fluid. It is kept in place by the magnetic field in the gap. It is used to keep the voice coil temperature down and transfer the heat to the magnet structure.
The pole piece is hollow in the center and provides an increased air cavity behind the dome for a low resonance of 1.2kHz. A piece of blue acoustic foam is inserted to reduce the amplitude at resonance.
Before inserting the tweeter in the cabinet, a ring of foam tape is attached to the back of the plastic plate. This insures an acoustic seal to the cabinet for the woofers.
The tweeter is 4-1/16" in diameter and 1-1/8" deep. It weighs 504 grams or about 1.1 lbs. The impedance is 6 ohms. The 096 tweeter is used in the LS310, LS330, LS350, SL4, HT-3W and WS220 systems.
Compared to the Philips 069 tweeter used in earlier McIntosh systems, this one averages about 4 dB less output for the same voltage input despite the lower 6-ohm impedance.
Here is the response for this tweeter above 20kHz. Aluminum domes typically have a very pronounced resonance above 20kHz. Here there are two pronounced peaks. One is at 23kHz and the other is at 27.5kHz.
These resonances may contribute to the characteristic sound of aluminum material. Although we don't hear this high, subharmonics of 27 kHz in program material can excite this resonance. When combined with other frequencies in program material, the result can be intermodulation distortion products that are audible. Of course, if the equipment used to test these tweeters only goes as high as 20 kHz, then the resonance will not be revealed.
Starting in 1993, aluminum dome tweeters were used for the first time at McIntosh. This is also the first time Ferrofliud has been used in any McIntosh driver. The comments about this change are my opinions based on engineering facts and do not include the reasoning for any marketing strategy that may have been involved at that time. Aluminum domes were discontinued in 2001 starting with the Academy series of speakers. See a comparison on this page between Aluminum Domes VS Soft fabric Domes. Aluminum domes were discontinued in 2001 starting with the Academy series of speakers.
This tweeter is made by Vifa in Denmark. It is model D25AG-48. The square black plastic plate allows close tweeter spacing for use in the column systems. The dome is made of aluminum. Plastic rings and supports protect the dome. A phasing disc is located in the center.
The pole piece is hollow in the center and provides an increased air cavity behind the dome for a low resonance of 1kHz. A piece of acoustic felt is at the bottom of the cavity to reduce the amplitude at resonance.
Polarity marks are molded in the underside of the front plate near the terminals. The left terminal in the picture is plus. The tweeter front plate is 3-1/16" square and 1-9/16" deep. It weighs 503 grams or about 1.1 lbs. This tweeter is used in the XRT24, XRT25, XRT26 and XRT26J systems.
Compared to the Philips 069 tweeter used in earlier McIntosh systems, this one averages about 5 dB less output for the same voltage input despite the lower 6-ohm impedance.
Here is the response for this tweeter above 20kHz. Aluminum domes typically have a very pronounced resonance above 20kHz. This one is at 26.5kHz.
The resonance may contribute to the characteristic sound of aluminum material. Although we don't hear this high, subharmonics of 27 kHz in program material can excite this resonance. When combined with other frequencies in program material, the result can be intermodulation distortion products that are audible. Of course, if the equipment used to test these tweeters only goes as high as 20 kHz, then the resonance will not be revealed.
Starting in 1993, aluminum dome tweeters were used for the first time at McIntosh. This is also the first time Ferrofluid has been used in any McIntosh driver. The comments about this change are my opinions based on engineering facts and do not include the reasoning for any marketing strategy that may have been involved at that time. See a comparison on this page between Aluminum Domes VS Soft fabric Domes. Aluminum domes were discontinued in 2001 starting with the Academy series of speakers.
This soft fabric dome tweeter is made by Tonegen in Japan. The black plastic front plate is custom made and the name McIntosh is molded in it at the top.
The tweeter is magnetically shielded so that it can be used near a TV set without distorting the picture or the color. A foam pad is under the front plate that will make an air seal with the cabinet. The front plate is 3-1/8" wide and 3-3/8" high. The dome is located off center near the top. Depth is 1-3/8" and weight is 440 grams or about 1 lb.
This tweeter, along with the 036-123 woofer, is used in the DDS-01 Karaoke speaker system made for sale in Japan. The system has been discontinued and many of the tweeters and woofers have been sold on the surplus market. | 2019-04-21T02:13:57Z | http://www.roger-russell.com/driverst.htm |
Frequently asked questions cover general topics regarding curriculum, teaching style, student life, and career support. Here you’ll find the specifics on application procedures and requirements, visiting campus, interviews, and financial considerations. You’ll also find questions and answers from some past online chats we’ve had with prospective applicants.
What is the size of the program? How many students are in the class?
We have approximately 350 MBA students and 50 LGO students per class year. We currently do not have any plans to increase the class size. First-year students are divided into cohorts of approximately 60 students and take their core semester courses as a group.
How can I request a copy of the MIT Sloan MBA program brochure?
Are there any programs that connect prospective applicants with current students? How can I contact a current student?
The Ambassadors Program runs throughout the academic year and provides you the opportunity to meet current students on-campus and to ask them many of the questions that you may have.
MIT does not accept transfer credits from other schools.
Do you offer any distance learning and/or part-time opportunities?
We do not offer part-time or on-line MBA opportunities. Our MBA program is full-time for two years and is on-campus only. We offer an Executive MBA program that meets every 3rd weekend of the month for 20 months. It is geared towards mid-level professionals with 15+ years of experience.
We have a strong international presence, each year about 40% of the class comes from abroad. Our international alumni network is also very strong.
What are the Admissions criteria and desired qualifications for admissions?
General Criteria: We seek students whose personal characteristics demonstrate that they will make the most of the incredible opportunities at MIT, both academic and non-academic. We are on a quest to find those whose presence will enhance the experience of other students. We seek thoughtful leaders with exceptional intellectual abilities and the drive and determination to put their stamp on the world. We welcome people who are independent, authentic, and fearlessly creative — true doers. We want people who can redefine solutions to conventional problems, and strive to preempt unconventional dilemmas with cutting-edge ideas. We demand integrity and respect passion.
Desired Qualifications: The Admissions Committee looks for applicants with demonstrated academic excellence, proven personal achievement, and strong self-motivation to make an impact and to inspire, no matter where they are in an organization. High academic potential and personal achievement are typically reflected in test scores, academic records, and recommendations that go beyond a polite endorsement.
Our admissions process works in the following way: we read all applications after the deadline, and a smaller percentage of applicants are selected based on those reads to move forward in the interview process. This has been our approach for years and it works very well for us.
No single component in the application is more or less important than any other. Each applicant is evaluated as a whole.
Does MIT let applicants apply as a couple?
Couples each need to submit a separate application, but there is a question on the application where you can indicate if you are applying with a spouse/significant other.
Does MIT Sloan have rolling admissions? Are there advantages to applying early?
MIT Sloan does not have rolling admissions. Applications are received in three rounds. It does not matter when the application is submitted as long as it is before the deadline. We begin reviewing all applications immediately following the deadline. Applicants should apply when they have completed the application. LGO applicants must apply in one of the LGO rounds. If you are not accepted to the LGO program, your application will automatically be considered for the MBA program in the corresponding round.
Can I apply in both application rounds?
You can only apply once per year. You’ll have to decide which round is best for you.
Do you compare all international applicants against one another? Or the comparison is based on a country-by-country basis?
There are no quotas for international applicants. We review each applicant individually.
Who reads our applications and conducts the interviews? Is it only the admissions office or do MIT Sloan professors participate?
All of the interviews are conducted only by members of the admissions committee who have read your applications. Professors, current students, or outside alumni are not involved in reading applications or interviewing.
What is the format of the interview? What are you looking for when interviewing candidates?
We conduct behavioral based interviews and we are looking at past behaviors to indicate how you would handle future situations. We are looking for specific examples of how you have built relationships, influenced others, and your drive. Additionally, we're looking for English ability. There will be one interviewer and it will typically last 30-45 minutes.
Does an applicant have to travel to Cambridge, MA for interviews?
We conduct interviews at hub cities around the world, as well as on-campus. You will be asked in your application to list the closest city to where you live and receive an invitation accordingly.
When are interviews for each Round?
Round I interviews will occur in late October-early December, Round II usually occurs in late February and March, and Round III interviews take place in May.
Do you know approximately what percentage of the applicants will be invited to interview?
We typically interview about 20-25 percent of the candidates who apply.
How does the waitlist work at MIT Sloan?
The process is a little different each year, depending on the number of applicants. However, if you are waitlisted in a Round, then you are automatically considered in the next Round and will receive an updated decision in that Round.
Our general policy is not to defer admission but we will consider requests for deferral on a case by case basis.
You will be required to scan your transcripts and submit them as part of your online application. During the application process, we accept unofficial transcripts. Applicants admitted to the program will be required to provide an official transcript from each school attended. All admitted students will receive further instructions after the decision deadline on where to send the materials. Any discrepancy between the scanned transcripts and official transcripts may result in a rejection in our decision or a withdrawal of our offer of admission. For more information, visit the How to Apply section here.
If my transcript is not in English, does it need to be translated?
We require both the original version and an official translation of all transcripts, if not already in English. Any professional translator in your city can provide this service. If your university is able to do this, we will accept that as well.
Do I need to convert my GPA? What if I did my undergraduate studies outside of the U.S.?
You do not need to convert your GPA for the online application. Simply enter in the grading system used by your school. We are familiar with the various grading systems and can evaluate it on our end. No need to try to translate an international GPA into a US one.
My university does not provide class rank, what should I do?
Many schools do not provide a class ranking system so you can leave this blank.
How relevant are previous academic grades to get admitted to the program?
All of your previous academic work is important to us, and we consider it in the evaluation process.
What is MIT Sloan’s code for the GMAT?
The School’s code for the GMAT is X5X-QS-41 when applying to the MBA Program.
Can you confirm receipt of my GMAT score?
No, we cannot confirm receipt of your GMAT score. Please check with ETS to confirm that you have designated MIT Sloan (Code: X5X-QS-41) to receive your score.
You may visit MBA.com for more information on the GMAT, including sample questions and information on test registration.
Can my GRE score take the place of the GMAT?
Yes, MIT Sloan will accept the GRE in lieu of the GMAT. The School’s code for the GRE is 3791.
Is there a minimum acceptable GMAT/GRE score?
No, MIT Sloan does not require a minimum GMAT score. View our class profile to see the average GMAT score.
Where can I get more information on the GRE?
You may visit GRE.com for more information on the GRE as well as test registration information.
Which do you prefer, the GMAT or the GRE?
We do not discriminate between the two, they are viewed equally, and it is not necessary to take or submit both.
Where can I find the average scores for GRE in your class profile?
We do not publish our average GRE scores since the test has only been recently accepted and based on the percentage of people who apply, we do not have enough data.
If I have taken both the GMAT and the GRE, can I submit both scores? What if I took the GMAT or the GRE several times? Do you receive each score?
Yes, you can submit multiple scores. We only require you to submit one (your highest test score), so we don't necessarily look at how many times you have tested or how many different types of test you took unless you report them in the application.
Should I submit a test score with a higher overall score but lower quant score or a test score with a lower overall score but a higher quant score?
If you have taken the GMAT more than once, you should use the highest of the cumulative scores. We will consider the test score that you have indicated on your application to be your highest score.
How long are GMAT or GRE scores valid?
Test Scores are valid for 5 years, calculated using your application round deadline. Please refer to the chart below to confirm the validity of your test score.
You may take the GMAT anytime up to the last day of the application deadline. The GMAT must be taken before the online application form is submitted and must be self-reported on that electronic application. No submissions will be allowed without complete GMAT or GRE scoring information.
Do I have to send you the official GMAT/GRE score report now? Or, must it be sent upon admission?
We require that the official GMAT/GRE test scores are sent to us by the application deadline. We understand that sometimes it takes 1-2 weeks for the test centers to release the scores. Therefore, it is acceptable if we receive the scores shortly after the application deadline.
I recently took my GMAT and will not receive the AWA score for another four weeks. Can I submit my application without the AWA score?
Yes, you may submit the electronic application without reporting the AWA score.
If my score is not in the middle 80% for MIT, does the fact that I performed well in quantitative classes on my undergraduate transcript help? Is this something that the admissions committee will consider in comparison to my GMAT score?
We consider all parts of the application. And for those who don’t score as high on the GMAT, we are looking at academic experience and quantitative professional experience.
How much of a disadvantage is a low GMAT score?
We accept candidates with a wide range of test scores. If your GMAT is on the lower side, we'll look to use other parts of your application to balance out that score. For example, we'll look for strong academic work, and quantitative work experience.
Is the TOEFL required to apply to the MBA program?
No, a TOEFL is not required to apply to the MBA program.
Since it is not required to submit a TOEFL, how do you measure English speaking ability?
We measure this during personal interviews. This is our best gauge of English ability. We will also use the verbal sections of the GMAT or GRE to evaluate English language ability.
No, work experience is not required for admission, although students have an average of 5 years of work experience and having work experience can help leverage the opportunities at MIT Sloan. Students who already have a framework of experience against which to apply their education, and who understand workplace issues, generally get more out of the program and contribute more to classroom discussions and team projects. Use your own judgment in deciding the best time for you to pursue an MBA.
Does internship experience count as full time work experience?
We will look at your internship experience, but it is not considered full-time employment.
Does PhD research count towards work experience?
Yes, you should count all research done to achieve your PhD as work experience.
If you have been absent from work for a period of time, does it affect the chances of being admitted?
It’s important to address this in your application and explain why you haven’t been working. You may use the optional portion of the application to address this situation.
How do you measure the quality of work experience in such a diverse range of experiences?
We have a competency model we use to evaluate candidates. We are looking for candidates to demonstrate evidence of these competencies, and they can come from any type of experience.
Are there specific types of work experience and industries that you look for in potential candidates? Would lack of work experience in a major organization count against me in my application, despite the success of my independent venture?
We aren’t looking for any specific industry experience; instead we want to see that you've been successful at whatever it is you've chosen to do prior to the MBA. Often working at a small organization or start-up provides much more interesting and rich experiences, so you do not need to have experience at a big firm.
How do you factor in applicants with advanced degrees (previous MBA, PhD, etc.)? Am I eligible to apply?
Candidates with previous advanced degrees are eligible to apply. These candidates should, however, detail the reasons for their pursuit of a MBA degree (or second MBA degree) in the application. We consider those with an advanced degree as other applicants. Advanced degrees are additional evidence toward academic success, but are not considered instead of undergraduate transcripts.
Do I need an undergraduate degree in a specific major to apply?
Does MIT Sloan prefer students who have more quantitative background, due to MIT’s strength in that area?
We welcome applications from college graduates from all areas of concentration, including the humanities, the social and physical sciences, and engineering. View our class profile to see academic background of our students. We look for candidates who are strong in both verbal and quantitative abilities. We don’t judge one as more significant than the other.
Is prior background in finance (major and/or work experience in finance) required for the Finance Track?
We would recommend the Finance Track for any students considering a career in finance in the future, regardless of what you studied in undergrad.
Is there any academic preparation or pre-requisites required prior to applying or enrolling? Should I take any finance or accounting courses at a local college prior to applying to the MIT Sloan MBA program, if I have no experience in those fields?
The only pre-requisite is a Bachelor’s Degree. However, accepted applicants may be given conditional acceptance and required to take a course(s) in microeconomics, calculus, or financial accounting prior to starting MBA studies. If you feel as though you’re missing a quantitative background from your undergraduate years or want to bolster your quant ability, you may want to take a microeconomics or a calculus course.
MIT Sloan asks for my calculus grade in college. I took a series of calculus classes back then, so which grade should I report on the application?
You should report your Calculus I grade. If you advanced out of this course, write in "AP" as the grade.
I have taken an economics course but not microeconomics. Can I report this grade where it asks for a microeconomics class?
No, but we will see that you have taken this class when we view your transcript. You should only report a grade if the class was titled microeconomics.
I have a three-year bachelor's degree from outside of the U.S. Am I eligible to apply?
Yes. Candidates with a three-year bachelor’s degree from outside of the U.S. may apply.
Can you tell me my chances given my background?
The admissions process at MIT Sloan does not include a pre-screening of resumes. Requests for pre-screening of resumes to determine eligibility cannot be conducted by our staff.
How important are extracurricular activities? Is it ok if some are work related?
You are welcome to share your extracurricular work activities and hobbies in the "optional question" section of the application. You may also want to include this information in your resume.
Should I include only professional experience and goals in my cover letter, or also include some personal interests to paint a more complete picture?
We advise you to paint a clear picture of yourself using a mix of personal and professional examples that best answer our questions.
In the cover letter, should all of the content and stories come from within the past three years alone?
Should I focus on past achievements or future goals in my cover letter?
Concentrate on your past achievements. Help us better understand you and what you have already accomplished: past performance is the best predictor of future performance. Your essays should focus on what you have already done, your past performance, rather than what you want to do. We do not evaluate you on why you want an MBA or what you intend to do with it afterwards, but do want to get to know you and your interests better.
The video statement asks us to introduce ourselves to our future classmates. What is the Admissions Committee looking for in this video?
The Admissions Committee is looking to get to know you better. We encourage you to be authentic and tell us more about yourself. Videos should be a single take (no editing) lasting no more than one minute and consisting if you speaking directly to the camera.
What information can I share in the optional question?
Feel free to use this section to explain any gaps in your resume, extenuating circumstances that led to poor performance, choice of recommenders, etc.
How are the letters of recommendation accepted?
All letters of recommendation must be submitted electronically through the online application process. We do not accept mailed in hard copies. For more information, please visit the How to Apply section here.
Is it okay if I translate the recommendation because my boss does not speak English?
No, we don't want the applicant to translate the recommendation; either an official translator or the assistant of the recommender will be fine.
May I submit an additional letter of recommendation?
Applicants to the MBA program are required to submit two letters of recommendation. You should not submit more than two official letters of recommendation through the online application.
Does MIT Sloan accept peer recommendations from either current MIT Sloan students or alumni?
We do accept letters of support from alums or current students. They can be emailed to [email protected] and we will attach them to your application as supplemental information. We would not recommend using them as your official recommenders unless they can speak to you from a professional perspective as well (i.e. your direct supervisor also is an MIT Sloan alum).
What is Admissions looking for in the recommendation letters?
We prefer professional recommendations over peer, personal, or academic recommendations. We want to understand your accomplishments relative to your peers and also get representative examples of your professional accomplishments.
What if I own my own business, or work for a family business? Who can I use as a recommender?
We suggest not using family members for recommendations. Recommenders should be people who know you best and can best speak to your leadership development. They should be people who are in supervisory positions to you. You may ask a client, a mentor, or a co-founder for a recommendation in this case.
What if I cannot get a recommendation from my current employer or supervisor because I don’t want to risk losing my job? What if my supervisor changes frequently?
Recommenders should be people who know you best and can best speak to your leadership development. This decision is up to you. If you are unable to get a recommendation from your current employer, you should still find someone who can speak to your accomplishments in a professional setting. In addition, you should use the optional question section to explain why your current employer/supervisor is not represented in your recommendations in order to clarify the situation in your application.
You are only a re-applicant if you applied the previous year.
When re-applying, will the admissions committee review both the current and past year’s applications?
If you applied last year, we will review your previous application along with your new application. It’s important to consider this when submitting the new application. You don’t want to be too repetitive of last year’s application, but at the same time there should be some continuity.
Do I need to provide new recommendations if my workplace has not changed?
It is best to include new letters of recommendation and required. You have a unique opportunity to submit additional information and you should take advantage of this.
What is the biggest mistake you see a re-applicant make?
The biggest mistake re-applicants make is submitting the same exact package as the year before. If something didn’t work the first time around, this is your chance to adjust your application materials.
Do re-applicants need to re-submit official GMAT scores and transcripts?
You do not need to re-submit your official GMAT score report again, and we do not need a second official transcript.
Do you recommend re-applicants use the optional question to explain how their candidacy has evolved since they last applied?
You can address this topic in the re-applicant short answer essay question but should use more recent examples throughout your essays to show how your candidacy has changed from last year. The optional question should be used for extenuating circumstances only.
What percent of re-applicants have been accepted?
This percent varies, but typically the acceptance rate for re-applicants is a few percentage points higher than our average. So if on average we have a 12% acceptance rate, re-applicants are at about 15% acceptance rate.
How do you evaluate a re-applicant’s submission differently than a first-time application?
We are looking for all of the same characteristics as in regular applicants: we are looking for examples of the applicant’s success professionally and academically, ability to lead and influence others, and for those who demonstrate a collaborative spirit and a community focus. But re-applicants have twice as much information that we can draw from (last year’s application and this year’s application) in the evaluation process.
Should you still highlight some strong experiences even if it means retelling a story?
It is important to be clear on what you’ve been doing since the last time you applied.
Do you have any advice for a re-applicant who was invited to interview the prior year and was rejected? Is it fair to assume that the interview was poor and to improve in that area if the opportunity is presented again?
It’s not safe to assume it was just the interview that didn’t go well. Therefore, it is important to make sure your new written application is strong as well.
What types of financial aid are available from MIT?
Financial aid for MIT Sloan MBA students is primarily in the form of loans, either from two government programs, from MIT directly, or through an alternative loan source. In addition, many students receive funding through teaching and research assistantships on campus. You can apply for these after the completion of your first semester. Visit here for more information.
What financial resources are available outside MIT?
Opportunities for funding do exist outside MIT and MIT Sloan. Potential students should begin researching other sources of financial aid beyond MIT as early as possible. Visit here for more information.
What are the first steps in the financial aid application process for U.S. applicants?
1-800-433-3243All other aspects of the financial aid application process do not begin until students have been formally admitted into the program.
Are there benefits to applying in on Round over another in terms of financial aid and scholarship availability?
Applicants in each Round have equal access to scholarships and financial aid.
Are there any special fellowships and/or scholarships for international students?
All of our general fellowships/scholarships are open to both domestic and international students.
Does Sloan provide provisions for loans for international students without U.S. cosigners?
International students are eligible for loans without U.S. co-signers.
Can my spouse get a visa if I’m a student at MIT Sloan?
We can only give our students visas. Typically spouses would need to find sponsorship from their employers in order to work here.
Do scholarships cover tuition and living expenses?
Scholarships cover part of your tuition cost; we don't offer any full scholarships although many students receive different amounts of awards. Visit here for more information.
How are applicants evaluated for fellowships and scholarships?
The application process is a needs-blind process, meaning we do not review the need for fellowships or scholarships until after we admit students. Each fellowship and scholarship has different criteria and you can indicate on your application which ones you would like to be considered for. Visit here for more information.
When are applicants notified of fellowships and scholarships?
The status of these awards is communicated when you receive your decision letter.
What degree do MIT Sloan MBA program graduates receive? What is the difference between the MBA degree and the Master of Science in Management?
Upon completion of degree requirements, candidates receive either a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree or Master of Science (SM) in Management. Only students who complete a thesis may elect to receive the SM. The thesis is optional for MBA degree candidates.
What subjects/areas of study are offered at MIT Sloan?
A list of courses offered at MIT Sloan is available here: MIT Course Catalog. Explore the curriculum to better understand the program.
What are the degree requirements for the MIT Sloan MBA program?
All degree candidates enrolled in the MBA program complete a required core curriculum in addition to 144 units of electives. While enrolled in the MBA program, students may take up to three non-MIT Sloan graduate level MIT or Harvard subjects approved by the school, towards completion of degree requirements (there is no credit limit to these three subjects.) Most MIT Sloan subjects range from three units to 12 units based on an approximation of weekly class hours, Lab or thesis units, and outside preparation time. Second-year students are given the option of writing a thesis.
Are there other joint degree programs?
Yes, MIT Sloan offers two dual degree programs: Leaders of Global Operations and a dual-degree program with Harvard Kennedy School. In keeping up with our commitment to innovation and academic adventure, MIT Sloan offers several joint and dual degree programs through which students can pursue study in a combination of disciplines. Some of these programs are offered jointly between MIT Sloan and other MIT schools; some take advantage of our partnerships with other world-class institutions in the Boston area. All of them provide extensive theoretical and practical training that is the hallmark of an MIT Sloan education. Programs include the Harvard Kennedy School Dual Degree Option and System Design and Management. Learn more here.
How many students are in the MIT Sloan/HKS dual degree program?
The HKS joint degree is popular, typically about 6-15 students each year.
What are the five required core classes?
The MBA core curriculum consists of the following five required classes: Economic Analysis for Business Decisions; Data, Models, and Decisions; Communication for Leaders; Organizational Processes; and Financial Accounting.
What are the benefits of MIT Sloan’s one-semester core?
MIT Sloan’s one-semester core allows you more (and earlier) flexibility in choosing your course work. Completing the five required core courses in the first semester means students can start customizing their degree as early as the spring of their first year.
What is the typical outline of teaching methods in the one-semester core?
It varies and is left up to the professors: for example Organization Processes is more case-based whereas DMD is more lecture, homework sets, and exams.
What is the teaching style for professors at MIT Sloan?
MIT Sloan faculty employ a variety of teaching methods including lecture, case study, team projects, writing, problem sets, presentations, company visits, guest speakers, and other theoretical and applied teaching methods. The teaching method used in a class is the choice of the individual professor and is chosen to best facilitate learning for that subject matter.
Can I waive management subjects? Can I transfer credits from previous MIT Sloan coursework?
Management subjects cannot be waived. Students who have completed previous graduate-level elective coursework at MIT Sloan can petition the MBA Program Office for applied credits from elective subjects.
Does MIT Sloan offer a specialization within the MBA degree?
A student can choose between three-track offerings: Entrepreneurship & Innovation Track, the Finance Track, or the Enterprise Management Track. We also offer three certificate programs which can be combined with a track or on its own. Learn more here.
Do you have to apply for a track or certificate in advance as part of the admissions process?
After you are admitted, you may choose to your track or certificate. Neither are required; they are purely optional.
Is it possible for students to participate in two tracks simultaneously?
At this time it is only possible to participate in one track, but there is great fluidity. The tracks require extra weekly seminars, and these meet at the same times.
In the first year of the MBA during the first semester, referred to as the Core, classes have approximately 70 students (except the communications class, which averages 30 students). Core classes typically have smaller discussion sections in which you have the opportunity to talk about conceptual issues and work on specific problem sets. Beginning in the second semester of the first year, elective classes typically have 25 to 60 students (although some have many as 90 students), and seminars may have fewer students.
How many students on average are in the elective courses? How difficult/easy is it to select the courses you want to take?
Elective courses vary in size. On average the size is 50 students in each. There is a bidding process to register for electives. Second-year students get preference in this bidding process, so the most challenging time to get the classes you want is during the 2nd semester of your first year.
Are students allowed to take classes in other Masters programs?
MBA students may take up to three electives either from outside of MIT Sloan or Harvard University.
Can students cross-register at other schools?
MIT Sloan students can cross-register at a number of the Harvard graduate schools and also take classes within any department or program at MIT. Taking classes at Harvard depends on the scheduling because Harvard’s academic calendar is different from MIT’s. Up to three courses outside of MIT Sloan can count toward your degree. Of course, we also offer exchange programs, where you would be taking a full course load.
There is not a part-time or evening component to the MBA program. There is an Executive Management MBA program for working, experienced professionals that meets primarily on weekends.
Is there a program starting in January?
The MBA program begins in August each year. What is unique about MIT Sloan?
Does MIT Sloan offer a PhD program? Does MIT Sloan offer programs for executives?
Yes, MIT Sloan offers a PhD Program, an Executive MBA, the MIT Sloan Fellows MBA, and a series of non-degree programs for executives.
What is unique about MIT Sloan?
There are many things that make MIT Sloan a unique place. MIT Sloan’s small class size and tightly knit community are two specific features that appeal to applicants and students alike. Students are only required to complete a one semester core. Also, the opportunities for live case studies and consulting projects with international exposure (ex. G-Lab) make Sloan unique.
Are there opportunities to be a Teaching or Research Assistant?
Yes, TA and RA positions are available starting your second semester as an MBA student which not only help students cover some of their expenses, but also provide students with outstanding exposure to Sloan’s educational and research programs.
Can students work full-time or part-time while attending classes at MIT Sloan?
Some students choose to work part-time around their class schedule. Specifically, students who are working on starting a company will be devoting lots of time to their start-up. It is highly encouraged not to work during your time at MIT Sloan. There are many opportunities to take advantage of on-campus, and two years goes by very quickly.
How is MIT Sloan differentiating its program and offerings to prepare its students for an international business environment?
We have an incredibly diverse population of students who study here, so everything you do will have a global focus. In addition, we are partners with leading academic and business institutions around the globe to give our students unique access.
How are students connected to the entrepreneurial ecosystem? Are current students given the opportunity to interact with former students that have succeeded as entrepreneurs?
There are many different ways to get support for entrepreneurial endeavors. The Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship supports students interested in starting companies. The center also provides opportunities for mentorship and advice from both peers and experienced entrepreneurs who can answer specific questions about your start-ups. We also have many alums who come to campus to help advise current students.
What is the presence of the Forte Foundation at MIT Sloan? How many Forte Fellows are there per year, and how are fellows chosen?
MIT Sloan takes part in all Forte events and initiatives; we are a founding sponsor. We select between 10-15 fellows each year. The awards are funded by MIT, just given in Forte's name. We select recipients based on many factors including the strength of application, diversity, and connection to and involvement with Forte.
Can you elaborate on the opportunities to work on-site with clients?
All of our lab classes allow students to get out of the classroom and participate in experiential learning. This action-based teaching method is a hallmark of MIT Sloan’s curriculum. Students will go on-site to work with the company anywhere from 1-3 weeks.
We have exchange programs with two schools in Europe (IESE in Barcelona, and the London Business School). A small number of students participate each year.
Sloan provides quite a few international opportunities. Does MIT Sloan provide similar opportunities within the US (other than treks)?
There are treks within the US as well, e.g. Silicon Valley trek, Warren Buffet trek, Media/Entertainment trek. Also, some of our lab courses take place within the United States.
Could you address the entrepreneurship program and the opportunities that it offers for students?
Aside from the coursework, there are lots of great things going on - the beehive which helps support students starting companies, the $100K business competition, the silicon valley trek, and the opportunity to meet with many entrepreneurs on campus.
How many students attend the MIT Sloan MBA program?
MIT Sloan has approximately 400 MBA students per class year (350 MBA’s and 50 LGO students) for a total of approximately 800 MBA students.
What student clubs exist at MIT Sloan? What if I want to start a new club?
There are more than 60 student organizations and clubs at MIT Sloan. These clubs sponsor events, invite guest speakers, and organize conferences. There are also sports clubs, which compete within the MIT intramural system. If there is not already a student organization that suits your interests, you could start a new club!
Are there any intramural teams within the MBA community?
MIT’s athletic complex encompasses 10 buildings and 26 acres of playing fields. ManyMBA students participate in intramural sports across campus, as well as against other MBA programs in the Northeast and nationally.
Can you tell me about life at MIT? How many students live on campus?
Many MIT Sloan students choose to live off campus; typically, 30% of MBA students live on campus. The MIT Off-Campus Housing Office is an excellent resource for locating options. Housing may be found close to the campus and near the public transportation system. On-campus housing is also available. Demand exceeds supply, so a lottery system is used to allocate both the single student and married student housing units.
How would you define the culture of MIT Sloan, and what kind of support programs and activities are available for strengthening relationships among students?
The student body as a whole is collaborative. You will work on small teams starting in your first semester. You will come to know everyone in your class, and be together for academic, team and social events! There are many opportunities to collaborate across programs through classes, clubs, conferences and different centers on campus.
Do MBA students collaborate with students from other parts of the university?
Absolutely, you will see students from other degree programs in your classes (about 1/3 of our courses are cross-listed with other Schools at MIT). As an MBA student, you are eligible to participate in all MIT clubs and activities, such as the $100K competition.
How many students have spouses or partners? Are there support programs for them?
MIT Sloan welcomes partners and families to the community. About 35 percent of our students come to MIT Sloan with a significant other. Learn more here.
How would you describe the ability to interact with faculty while on campus?
You will get to know professors not only inside the classroom but outside the classroom as well. All MIT Sloan faculty offices are located in our newest building and are easily accessible. The professors are very open, and students feel comfortable approaching them in their offices and asking about career advice, project ideas, etc. MIT Sloan faculty serve as mentors and advisors to student teams, travel with students on study tours, and provide networking contacts during job searches.
The Career Development Office helps you think through what it is you want to do. They serve as your thought partner, to help you be successful whether or not you are changing careers and no matter how unusual your career goals. The CDO is not the only resource supporting you in this pursuit. Other resources include alumni, clubs, tracks and certificate staff, and greater MIT.
Are internships available at MIT Sloan? Is an internship a mandatory part of the MBA program?
It is expected that our MBA students will do something over the summer between the two academic years. Most do internships around the world, but some stay on campus in the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship, for example. The Career Development Office, in conjunction with our Communications faculty, offers Career Core in the fall semester to help prepare you for the internship recruiting process. The CDO holds a career fair every spring, as well as MBA Career Days, on-campus recruiting, and a variety of networking events throughout the year to support you in your job search.
What career networks does MIT Sloan use to help students find summer internships?
Our students partner with our Career Development Advisors in order to prepare for and find a summer internship and full-time employment. Our advisors have developed strong relationships with recruiters, our MIT and MIT Sloan alumni networks around the world, and have access to other career resources and job databases.
What type of career services does the MBA program offer for summer internships and/or full-time opportunities upon graduation?
During the academic year, the CDO sponsors a number of programs and seminars designed to help you develop skills and strategies that will assist you in setting and achieving your career goals, including Career Core, networking events, company presentations, career fairs, and job postings. The MIT Sloan alumni network and Career Resources Center provide invaluable support to our students.
How many offers did members of the most recent graduating class receive, what jobs did they accept, and what were their salaries for the first year?
You can find this information on our Employment Report page. A high percentage of our MBA students have jobs upon graduation, and close to 95 percent have accepted positions within the three months after graduation.
Do you have many people switching careers?
About 85% of our students are career changers, in some capacity. Many students use their two-years to explore new opportunities and try out new areas of interest. Our diverse student population provides you a broad professional network.
How does MIT Sloan help career changers?
Our Career Development Office sponsors corporate discussions, company presentations, expert panels, and other networking events to provide a chance for you to explore many different industries, including those you may not have previously considered for a career. Career Core exposes you to specific opportunities for MBAs in today’s job market, while walking you through the career-planning process. You will also have a dedicated CDO advisor to meet with you to discuss your interests and opportunities. We encourage you to take advantage of all of the career and industry clubs—your fellow students can be a great resource as well.
Do you have a Grade Non-Disclosure policy at MIT Sloan?
We do not have a grade non-disclosure policy. Students own their grades and are free to disclose or not disclose their grades at their discretion.
What is the Leaders for Global Operations (LGO) program?
LGO is a two-year, dual-degree program in which students receive an MBA from MIT Sloan and an MS from one of seven engineering departments within the MIT School of Engineering. The program is a partnership between MIT and more than 20 global operations companies. LGO students are part of, and participate fully in, the MIT Sloan MBA program. The program, which starts in June each year, includes a 6-month internship at an LGO partner company. All students also receive a generous fellowship to attend the program. Please visit the LGO website for more information.
What's the process for considering applicants for the LGO program?
You may apply to LGO through either MIT Sloan or through one of the affiliated engineering programs. Regardless of how you apply, you will be reviewed by the same committee. If you apply to LGO through MIT Sloan, but are not admitted into the program, your application is automatically considered for round II of MBA admissions.
What is the typical background of an applicant to the LGO program?
Students come from a broad range of backgrounds. The strongest candidates have an undergraduate or graduate degree in engineering or science, at least two years of full-time work experience (three or more years preferred), and possess a strong commitment to working in operations and manufacturing.
How is the LGO course load different than the typical MBA?
LGO students must fulfill the requirements of both the MBA program and their engineering department, so the course load is somewhat heavier. Students begin the program in June and take classes through the summer. All LGO students participate in a 6-month internship at one of our partner companies. See a list of our industry partners.
Is it required to have experience specifically in operations to be considered for admittance?
Experience in operations is not a requirement for admission. We admit students with varied types of professional backgrounds, although many students do have some previous operations experience.
What are the science requirements for admittance into the LGO program? Will an undergraduate in business be considered?
We thoroughly review all applications that are submitted regardless of undergraduate degree; chances of admission may be lower without substantial engineering or science coursework.
What is the difference between LGO and the MBA when it comes to the management and finance courses taught in the two programs?
LGO students are MBA students. They take the full MBA core curriculum in the fall with their MBA classmates; they are on the same teams and in the same classes as other MBA students. In addition to their MBA requirements, LGO students also take engineering courses to fulfill their SM degree.
How do post-MBA employment opportunities differ for LGO candidates and regular MBA candidates?
With both business knowledge and technical skills, LGO students are highly sought after by both partner and non-partner companies. Over 95% of LGO students have accepted positions by graduation each year.
We do not require a visit to campus. It can only aid you in your decision process when comparing schools, but we will never penalize an applicant for not being able to make the trip to Cambridge.
What is the policy for visiting MIT Sloan?
You are always welcome to visit the School. The best time to come is when we offer the Ambassadors Program when classes are in session. However, we also offer on-campus information sessions, self-guided tours, and you are welcome to visit the Admissions office during business hours from 9 a.m. – 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. Read more about Visiting MIT Sloan. | 2019-04-19T00:59:10Z | https://mitsloan.mit.edu/mba/admissions/common-questions |
He hasn't enjoyed the visibility of younger sibling Shannon, but the firstborn son of the man who built Six Flags Over Texas made his mark by bringing rhythm and blues to Dallas. Then came a Texas Woodstock, a booking agency, a music magazine, a modeling agency . . . Angus G. Wynne has a frozen iris in his left eye, a III tacked onto the end of his name and once danced onstage with James Brown. That sets him apart from most of us right there. But there is more. Part of his left side does not sweat, and somewhere in his attic there is a barbecue-stained paper plate signed by Otis Redding. At the moment, he has a platter of fried pickles in front of him and he's staring up into the eyes of a stranger who is wagging a finger in Wynne's face.
are . . . ' We are sitting at a window table in the Catalina Cafe on Greenville. Wynne glances over at me with a pained wince on his face. "They never can quite remember,' he says. He looks back at the stranger and offers a name. "Tom Landry,' he says.
On one hand, it is hard to sympathize with the stranger's gaffe, what with it being fairly common knowledge that at the time of this conversation, the Cowboys and the only coach they've ever had are in Thousand Oaks, Calif., for training camp. On the other hand, the mistake is understandable. This stranger is just one of many people who have a hard time figuring out who Angus Wynne is.
Part of Wynne wants to be a regular guy. That's the part that eats at Lower Greenville restaurants and doesn't tell people his real name. Another part wants to be a social guy; that part was once president of a Dallas men's social club (Terpsichorean, 1966) and attended this year's Cattle Baron's Ball. Yet another part longs to be an entertainment magnate; that part owns a booking agency (Wynne Entertainment), a casting office (Central Casting), a modeling agency (Industry/Dallas), manages a band (Ultimate Force), and runs a concert hall (the Arcadia).
Until recently, Wynne's business reputation seemed spotless. In June, a magazine he founded folded, leaving a string of bad debts behind. Until July, Wynne was part owner and a director of the Tanya Blair Agency, Inc., the second-largest modeling agency in Dallas. He resigned amid charges by Blair that he was "trying to steal the agency.' Shortly thereafter, Wynne opened his own modeling agency, Industry/Dallas.
magazine, could end up playing a spastic dancer in David Byrne's upcoming film True Stories.
He is a man of contradictions, one who floats in several social circles, apparently able to alter his persona to fit the group. Some call that being able to relate to different kinds of people; others call it playing the chameleon, shifting colors as the need arises. In Wynne's case it may be a little of both, but few people cover more ground than Angus -- "Ango' to his friends.
Wynne's grandfather, Angus Sr., moved to Dallas during the 1930s from Wills Point in Van Zandt County. He was named after Angus Gilchrist, a one-time mayor of Wills Point. A lawyer, he helped establish the Texas State Bar. During the 1940s, Angus Jr. created Wynnewood, one of the first planned home/apartment/shopping communities in the country. During the 1960s, he came up with the concept for Six Flags Over Texas, created the Arlington theme park and ran it. In 1964, he built and ran the Texas Pavilion and the Music Hall at the New York World's Fair, a financial disaster that eventually forced him to declare bankruptcy.
Angus III was born to Angus Jr. and Joanne Wynne on Christmas Day, 1943. Two brothers and a sister came along later. David, now 39, owns a restaurant in Santa Fe. Angus' sister, Temple, 37, is a homemaker in Dallas. His brother Shannon, 33, is best-known for helping create some of the city's trend- iest nightclubs and restaurants, including Eight-O, Nostromo and Tango. Their father died in 1979; their mother still lives in Highland Park.
Wynne, it seems, can relate to just about anyone. OK, so he drives a $50,000 German car, so he wears Italian suits and gets his nails manicured at a Highland Park barbershop every week. But somehow, when you talk with him, Wynne is able to make you forget those things, make you forget that the snake ring on his finger identifies him as a "blood Wynne,' that he could fill a social register with the names in his Rolodex. The blue eyes, which look a bit dull whenever his picture turns up in the society pages, sparkle up close. He listens intently, openly, and has a way of making each person he talks to think they and he are secretly sharing the same joke.
James Brown is screaming into the telephone from his New York City hotel room. The Godfather of Soul is excited but a little perturbed; he explains that last night, he was on Late Night With David Letterman. The Godfather thought the lights and closeups showed a little too many of his 58 years. But when talk turns to his friend Angus Wynne, Brown's funk dis- appears. "Angus Wynne is a beautiful man, one of the soulful people throughout the world,' he says.
Brown was at the height of his powers the first time Wynne saw him wreak his soulful havoc at the Empire Room on Hall Street during the 1950s. Later, as a promoter, Wynne brought Brown back to town. One night as Brown's show at Tango wound to a frenetic close, the Godfather demanded that Wynne join him onstage and the two danced demonically into the night.
How did a white kid from Dallas end up on James Brown's soulful list? For Angus, it began with an obsession with vinyl, specifically the vinyl 78 rpm records owned by his parents, Joanne and "Big Angus' Wynne. By the age of three, Angus III could pick out the record that contained any song his mother hummed. He couldn't read yet; instead, he had memorized which record label went with which song. Soon he was passing afternoons lurking around the record store. Among his first purchases: "Heartbreak Hotel' by Elvis Presley and "Why Do Fools Fall in Love' by Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers.
Richard sing "Tutti Frutti,' he says. That was 1956, and neither Wynne nor anyone else had ever heard anything like it.
While Wynne, barely a teen-ager, was walking the aisles of Ernstrom's Records on Lovers Lane, popular music was hurtling toward a revolution. During the first week of September, 1955, the No. 1 pop song in the country was "Yellow Rose of Texas,' by goateed band leader Mitch Miller. Twelve months later, during the first week of September 1956, the top song was "Hound Dog' by the surly, sensuous sensation, Elvis Presley.
Wynne's interest in music grew, fueled by garage bands fronted by friends like Steve Miller and Boz Scaggs. Even when his social class asserted itself -- he was packed off to prep school in New Jersey -- Wynne found a way to stay in touch with music: He and some classmates started an underground radio station, WMOC (Wild Music on Campus). It lasted a few hours, until the FCC got wise. When Angus Jr. was asked to build and run the Music Hall and the Texas Pavilion at the 1964 World's Fair, Angus III, then 21, went along to co-manage a 500-seat dinner theater in the Pavilion.
Despite the musical diversions, Wynne was still planning to become a lawyer when he entered the University of Texas in 1962. But study time was taken up by projects such as draping nooses all over the Austin campus for the world premiere of Cat Ballou and promoting a Johnny Mathis concert. He also dropped out twice because of medical problems, and a third time to work at the World's Fair. Having a then-unknown Sergio Mendes and his group, Brazil '65, sleep on his floor was more fun than studying, and in 1965, Wynne quit school for the fourth -- and final -- time.
loved the "energy and audacity' of rhythm and blues the best. "He was the only other white person who was as passionate about R&B as I was,' says friend David Ritz. Ritz, who now lives in Los Angeles, went on to collaborate with Marvin Gaye on his hit song "Sexual Healing' and recently wrote a Marvin Gaye biography called Divided Soul.
Not a million- aire, never have been. Not even close,' is all Angus Wynne will say when asked how much he's worth. He considers any greater detail "vulgar.' What amazes and infuriates him is the idea that anyone would ever think that he might be a millionaire. "People assume an awful lot because of my name,' he says.
Beneath Wynne's eighth-floor of- fice, in a bank building just off Central Expressway at Fitzhugh, Dallas sprawls like a chess board with pieces on every square. Inside a medium-sized office, tinted glass takes the place of one wall, and the muted sunlight streams in.
"It's true that some folks in my family are pretty well-heeled,' Wynne says. "But people don't realize that that doesn't necessarily extend to all of us. If I were a millionaire, I'd be out on the beach instead of sitting in this office.' Indeed, when Wynne personally assumed the $40,000-a-month overhead during the last days of Xtra, his entertainment-oriented magazine, he was forced to redeem a number of stocks and bonds to meet expenses.
Never harder than in the last year, when Wynne's carefully plotted path was suddenly full of potholes. The biggest blow came when Xtra, his regional music-film-fashion-art magazine folded after eight issues. Founded in the summer of 1984, the monthly collapsed in June of this year with more than $100,000 in debts. Phyllis Arp created the proposal for Xtra and sold Wynne on the idea. With Arp serving as publisher, Wynne and six other investors funded the magazine's startup. The original cost projections proved too low, and Wynne asked the six to come up with more cash. All refused.
Wynne, who put a total of $150,000 of his own money into the project, has repeatedly asked those he owes -- writers, photographers and suppliers -- for patience, and as of early September, none had filed suit. But he admits that the magazine has no more funds and that any future payments will have to come from his own pocket. As of this writing, Wynne was strongly considering declaring the magazine bankrupt. Will any of the those holding IOUs get their money? "I don't know,' he says.
While the magazine was slipping away, trouble arose on another front.
On July 26, Wynne resigned as a director of the Tanya Blair Agency Inc., the Dallas modeling agency of which he was majority owner for three years. Agency founder and president Tanya Blair had invited Wynne to buy in in 1982, saying she needed immediate cash and credit to compete with the well-established Kim Dawson Agency. Wynne says the Blair agency was a "hand-to-mouth' operation when he arrived. "Here we had people who had a head for modeling but just didn't know how to run a business,' he says.
Five employees, including the agency's two top talent "bookers,' walked out the same day Wynne did, prompting acccusations by the Blairs that Wynne was trying to sabotage the agency. Wynne and the Blairs sued each other and eventually settled out of court. But their battle continues. Ron Blair says that ex-secretary/treasurer Wynne left his major area of responsibility, the company's books, in disarray. "That part of the Tanya Blair Agency is in a great mess. It's gonna cost us about $8,000 (in accountants' fees) to get the books back into shape,' says Ron.
Immediately after the legal settlement, Wynne opened the doors of Industry/Dallas, a modeling agency that quickly drew a number of models from Blair -- exactly how many is one more thing Wynne and the Blairs can't agree on. By the first week of September, Wynne said he had signed 10 models from Blair, while Tanya put the number of transfers at six.
Ray and Wynne agree that the band's failure to submit enough new material has stalled any record offers and its reputation for arriving late to shows has hurt bookings. But beyond that, Ray says, the band and Wynne seem to have grown apart over the years. "When we wanna meet with him, it's always, "Let me check my schedule and get back to you,' ' he says.
But there's a flip side to Wynne's year. Wynne Entertainment will do well over $1 million in business this year, booking 40 to 50 bands and acts a week for parties, fashion shows, weddings and charity balls. Central Casting, headed by Wynne's partner, vice president and casting director Mary Anna Austin, is in demand as a procurer of talent for commercials and films. (Austin cast the parts of Sally Fields' two children in Places in the Heart.) And the Arcadia, the 58-year old theater that Wynne leased and renovated last year, has staged sold-out performances by numerous mid-range acts such as Michael Franks, Robin Trower and Lords of the New Church. While band promoters complain that the $1,000-a-night rent at the Arcadia is too high, they continue to book acts there, largely because the 874-seat theater is the only one of its size in the area. Regardless of how many tickets are sold, Wynne gets his rent, plus the profits from hefty liquor sales.
flaw. "I wish I wasn't quite so quick on the trigger,' he says.
Wynne can't seem to slow down, saying he could never be satisfied in a more stable profession. In the course of his work, he gets to hear all types of music, meet the people who make it and influence the cultural life of the city. That dovetails nicely with his love of music. "His hobbies and interests and career are all part of the same package,' says Carolyn Day, who has known Wynne for seven years.
Wynne says he is motivated to play the role of guide, a tuxedoed master of ceremonies who pulls back the curtain to reveal new forms of exotica to an astonished crowd. "I get a thrill out of watching people get turned on,' he says.
A few years ago, doctors told Wynne he had a tumor the size of an orange in his chest. "I really had to do some fast thinking,' he says. The operation that successfully removed the benign tumor left him with a slightly drooping left eyelid, a frozen iris in his left eye and disabled sweat glands on the left side of his upper body.
Lewsiville. On that hot Labor Day weekend in 1969, locals feared "scores of LSD bad trips and freakouts,' and a newspaper editorial raged on about the "strident ear-splitting cacophony' and "moral and ethical anarchy' of the assembled masses.
They had come from all over to the Texas International Pop Festival to hear the music of 30 rock groups -- from Santana to Led Zeppelin to Chicago -- and to groove on the mood that had been created at Woodstock two weeks earlier. They swam naked in the nearby lake, begged for food at local farmhouses and partied until 4:30 a.m.
To blame for all this were a couple of Highland Park rich kids with long hair. Friends since childhood, they had become buddies when they discovered they were both organizing frat parties and promoting concerts at different universities -- Angus Wynne at UT and Jack Calmes at SMU.
At first, it had just been for fun; they pulled together a Texas-OU bash at Market Hall in 1964 that was headlined by Chuck Berry. But when they split an $8,000 profit, they decided to add a New Year's Eve Bash, and another Texas-OU Bash and then another. Through Wynne's social connections, they booked bands into debutante parties. Soon they opened a booking and promoting office in the Quadrangle, naming their venture Showco.
ciated with,' remembers Shannon, Angus' younger brother. But Big Angus relented once he saw the business could be profitable. He even sat on the front row when his son brought an up-and-coming Bob Dylan to town, but left after two songs with his hands over his ears.
Wynne and Calmes kept at it, and in 1967 they opened the Soul City nightclub on Greenville Avenue near Mockingbird, where Bowley and Wilson's is now. The popular club lured national acts -- Stevie Wonder, Jackie Wilson, Kenny Rogers and the First Edition and Ike and Tina Turner. One night, a sheriff tried to serve papers on Jerry Lee Lewis during "Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On' and The Killer almost caused a riot. Though it still heads the list of all-time great Dallas nightclubs, Soul City was more fun than profit, and the two founders sold out in 1968.
after seeing a similar one in Atlanta. Wynne headed to Woodstock and noted the numerous mistakes there. He and Calmes paid acts like Janis Joplin and Sly and the Family Stone $15,000 apiece and took $3,000 from a then-unknown Grand Funk Railroad to let them open the show all three days. The big surprise came when Wynne and Calmes sat down to count their profits: The three days of fun had cost them $100,000 more than they had brought in. Showco was dead.
Stage No. 1, a Dallas theater company, was in trouble in 1983 after the president of its board of directors suddenly resigned. Wynne, a long-time supporter, agreed to step in temporarily. The theater's finances were a mess; an audit commissioned by the board of directors revealed that the company had a debt of $57,000. Under Wynne's guidance, the board brought in professional management for the first time; the new staff balanced the budget within a year and paid off half the debt.
Several friends call Wynne a man who knows how to have a good time. But Wynne, who has never been married, says he doesn't go out as much as he used to. (It was rumored that during his struggle to find new investors for Xtra, he was rebuffed by members of the social set who said it was the first time they had talked to him in years.) Instead, he stays home -- he has lived in the same Oak Lawn house for 13 years -- and reads between 30 and 40 periodicals a month, from Vanity Fair to American Film to the Village Voice.
When he does go out, it is with a purpose: to hear new music or check out a new place. "He has a reputation among the restaurant people for being the first one in,' says Shannon. "But the moment the place becomes the least bit cliquish, he's gone, and he'll never come back. He thinks a place is uncool if it's been discovered. But he sure likes to tell everybody else to go there.
As always, the music is what holds his life together. One of his proudest possessions is a 1967 snapshot of him and Jimi Hendrix. He owns between 6,000 and 7,000 albums and has a concert-going history that stretches back to seeing Elvis in the Cotton Bowl in 1957.
"Angus could have made a lot more money in other fields,' says Calmes. "He just loves the music.' Larry Herold is a regular contributor to Dallas Life Magazine.
Ultimate Fore, says the band has discussed replacing Wynne as manager. | 2019-04-22T06:28:47Z | http://austinnewsstory.com/TIPF/poparticles/wynne.htm |
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We may offer Rewards in the form of digital point(s) accrued as a result of a Qualifying Purchase (“Points”) at Participating Lounges.Points have no cash or property value or equivalency even if they accumulated based on amounts (i.e., Dollars) spent, or they may be redeemed for certain “Dollars off” of a purchase.How many Points you can accrue, for what and when, and what the Points can be redeemed for and when (“Accrual and Redemption Opportunities”) may vary from offer-to-offer, subject to the terms and conditions of applicable Rewards Additional Terms, set forth in the applicable Reward Offer, and as otherwise stated in Rewards Additional Terms.Please check our Rewards Schedule (which is a form of Reward Additional Terms), attached as Exhibit A hereto, regularly for current details.Accrual and Redemption Opportunities may change from time-to-time, and from location to location, except to the extent specifically provided in applicable Rewards Additional Terms (e.g., certain terms offered for a limited promotional period).
Accrual of Points is limited to your purchase of Qualifying Products at any of the Participating Lounges, or as otherwise may be set forth in applicable Rewards Additional Terms (e.g., Rewards received for engaging in Qualifying Activities (defined below) such as social media or other promotional activities).Where Points are based on Dollars spent, the applicable calculation will be based on the post-discounts net price you pay for the Qualifying Product, excluding taxes and other charges, and are subject to forfeiture or adjustment if you return or exchange the underlying product.Other restrictions may apply. We may choose to offer, in a manner not inconsistent with applicable law, incentive programs such as double Points, to certain, but not all, Rewards Program members.We reserve the right to forfeit or adjust Points if we cannot verify, to our sole satisfaction, the underlying Qualifying Purchase or other Qualifying Activity for the member claiming them, or in the event we suspect fraud or a violation of these Rewards Terms or applicable Rewards Additional Terms.
When making a Qualifying Purchase and a Participating Lounge, you typically need to provide your Account card, Account ID, or telephone number at the time of purchase, which is at your option and not a condition of purchase.You acknowledge that the processing of an Account ID for Point accumulation at point-of-sale shall be deemed a separate process and transaction from the processing of your payment method in connection with a purchase.We may offer you other ways to register a Qualifying Purchase to accumulate points.Points that are the subject of any confirmation notice are still subject to adjustment by us.
For more information on current Points Accrual and Redemption Opportunities, check the Rewards Schedule, attached as Exhibit A hereto, and see any other then available Reward Offers and Rewards Additional Terms.
You may typically have the ability to accrue Points for every Dollar you spend at Casa de Montecristo Participating Lounges, on post-discount cash amount actually paid for then qualifying products (“Qualifying Products”), excluding amounts paid for tax and service charges.Typically, Qualifying Products do not include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, alcoholic beverages or any other products we may designate or if required to comply with applicable law.From time-to-time we may change what items are Qualifying Products, so check applicable promotions, Reward Offers and the Rewards Schedule and other Rewards Additional Terms for details.
Points will only be issued for purchases of Qualifying Products at Participating Lounges that meet all the terms, conditions and requirements of these Rewards Terms and applicable Reward Offer terms and Reward Schedule and other Rewards Additional Terms at the time of purchase (“Qualifying Purchase”).Purchases made prior to becoming a Reward Program member do not count for receiving Points or Rewards.Other exclusions to Qualifying Purchases may apply.Check applicable Rewards Additional Terms for details.
Occasionally we may offer a way to receive Points or Rewards for non-purchase activities, subject to applicable Rewards Additional Terms (“Qualifying Activities”), which will be subject to our satisfaction, in our sole discretion, that all applicable terms and conditions were met by you personally (and without use of automated method), and that there is no actual or suspected fraud, misconduct, illegal activity or inappropriate behavior present.To the extent Qualifying Activities involve you engaging in activity that exposes Casa de Montecristo to your friends or the public (e.g., social media posts) you will do so only in a manner that makes it clear that you are potentially eligible for Rewards by doing so (e.g., #CasaDeMontecristoPromo, #Sponsored, etc.) as more fully explained here:https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/advertising-and-marketing/endorsements and that otherwise complies with applicable Rewards Additional Terms.Qualifying Activities may also include things like the occasion of your birthday, holidays or other events that we may deem from time to time to qualify for Points or other Rewards.
The Rewards Program provides you with the ability to receive discounts, credits, Points, or other benefits (collectively “Rewards”), and we may issue codes or certificates to evidence and/or track Rewards and redemption and use thereof (“Rewards Certificate(s)”). Rewards, and Rewards Certificates, have no cash value or equivalency, and neither Rewards Program participants nor any third party shall have any property or other right or interest in or to Points or other Rewards, or to Rewards Certificates (including, without limitation, no community property interests apply to a spouse’s Points and other Rewards, or to Rewards Certificates, and they are not descendible upon death) and you may not sell, gift, encumber or transfer Points or other Rewards, Reward Offers (defined below), Rewards Certificates or a Rewards Program Account.In the event any applicable law shall hold otherwise, you agree that your unredeemed Points and other Rewards shall be deemed to have never accrued or issued.Casa de Montecristo may terminate, or change, any aspect of Rewards (including, without limitation, accrual, redemption, expiration and benefit terms and conditions)(“Rewards Benefits”), at its sole discretion except to the extent specifically provided in applicable Rewards Additional Terms (e.g., certain terms offered for a limited promotional period).Rewards Benefits, including without limitation Rewards, Reward Offers and Rewards Program Discounts, may be subject to geographic eligibility and other restrictions.For a summary of current standard Rewards Benefits, check the Rewards Schedule, attached as Exhibit A hereto.Also, be sure to look at each Reward Offer for applicable Rewards Additional Terms, which may alter standard Rewards Benefits.
“Reward Offer(s)” are Reward redemption offers that we may make from time-to-time, which are subject to their terms and conditions and any applicable Rewards Additional Terms. Typically, we will automatically convert Points to a Reward that is then available when you accrue enough Points, and automatically issue you a Rewards Certificate.Or, we may offer you the opportunity to accept a special Reward Offer, in which event a timely accepted Reward Offer result in conversion of applicable Points into a Reward.
“Rewards Program Discounts,” where available, are a form of Reward Offer and, if issued by us or otherwise accepted by you, a Reward.Rewards Program Discounts, which, unless otherwise specifically provided in the Reward Offer or applicable Rewards Additional Terms, may be used to reduce the amount you pay for the base, pre-tax Qualifying Products purchase price off future Qualifying Purchases from Participating Lounges, subject to geographic eligibility and other restrictions.Product availability may vary and may be limited. Rewards Program Discounts may only be applied against actual net purchase amounts (i.e., after applying any other applicable discounts) equal to or greater than the sum of the amount of Reward Offer(s) discount presented for redemption (e.g., an “up to” Dollars off discount), excluding Non-Qualifying Redemptions (defined below).This is because, as explained above, Rewards have no cash or property value.
Reward Offers and Rewards may be subject to limitations (e.g., one per customer or per period of time) and good only for a limited amount of time before they expire.
We are not responsible for Points or other Rewards, or Reward Offers, that might be removed or deleted from your Account for any reason, including security compromise, technical error or otherwise, or for lost or stolen Rewards Program Account cards or Rewards Certificates.
If you do not complete the acceptance, use or redemption of an applicable Reward or Reward Offer before it expires, any applicable underlying Points or other Rewards will forfeit and will not be returned or returnable to your Rewards Program Account.
We may offer you the ability to redeem Rewards Certificates and/or Reward Offers, as applicable, via the Rewards Site or directly at Participating Lounges, subject to applicable Rewards Additional Terms that may apply.Product availability may vary and may be limited.Casa de Montecristo will deduct your redeemed Points from, or otherwise adjust, your Rewards Account at the time of the earlier of Rewards Certificate issuance or other Points or Rewards redemption.Once redeemed, you cannot reverse the redemption transaction.
Once you have made enough Qualifying Purchases, or completed enough Qualifying Activities, for an applicable redemption, we will typically automatically issue you a qualifying Reward via a Rewards Certificate.We need not replace lost or stolen Rewards Certificates, or the Points that underlie them.We may, from time-to-time, also provide you with opportunities to elect to redeem Points for a Reward by timely accepting a Reward Offer subject to its terms, at which point your Account will be credited for the applicable Reward, which once credited you may redeem at a Participating Lounge.Sometimes you will have options as to what Rewards you want to redeem Points for, or what Reward you can chose as part of an applicable Reward Offer.On occasion we may offer Rewards or Reward Offer options that involve redemption or completion through a third party, in which case they will be subject also to that third party’s terms and conditions. Casa de Montecristo will deduct your redeemed Points from, or otherwise adjust, your Rewards Account after the time of redemption, usage, expiration, termination or forfeiture.Once we issue a Rewards Certificate, or a Reward Offer is selected or otherwise accepted, you cannot reverse the Points redemption transaction, even if the related Reward expires before it is used or completed or it is lost, stolen or compromised.
Rewards that are for in-store redemption can typically be applied to your purchase by showing the Reward Certificate to your sales associate at the beginning of your purchase transaction at a Participating Lounge.Your sales associate will verify the Reward, and following verification, will apply the appropriate credit toward your bill, or otherwise fulfill the in-store Reward.You acknowledge that the processing of an Account ID or Reward Certificate for Reward redemption at point-of-sale shall be deemed a separate process and transaction from the processing of your payment method in connection with a purchase.Unless otherwise specifically provided in applicable Rewards Additional Terms, Rewards and Rewards Certificates must typically be used in their entirety in a single transaction and no unused portion shall carry over for future use.
The following items are, unless otherwise expressly provided in applicable Rewards Additional Terms, considered non-qualifying redemptions for which Rewards and Reward Offers may not be used, applied or otherwise redeemed: cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, alcoholic beverages and other products we may designate or where required to be excluded by applicable law (“Non-Qualifying Redemptions”).Tax may still be required to be paid on the full value of products or services for which the price was reduced by a Rewards Program Discount or other Reward.Other conditions and exclusions may apply as set forth in applicable Reward Offers and Rewards Additional Terms.
Rewards Program membership is open to individual U.S. residents for personal, non-commercial use at Participating Lounges. You must be at least twenty one (21) years of age to participate in the Rewards Program. Geographic and other eligibility restrictions may apply to some aspects of our Rewards Program.
You may cancel or modify our e-mail marketing communications you receive from us by following the instructions contained within our promotional e-mails.This will not affect subsequent subscriptions and if your opt-out is limited to certain types of e-mails the opt-out will be so limited.Please note that we reserve the right to send you certain communications relating to your Account or use of our Rewards Program Service, such as administrative and service announcements and these transactional Account messages may be unaffected if you choose to opt-out from receiving our marketing communications.
We try to keep our content current and accurate, but Rewards program and product information, and other content, on the Rewards Site are not guaranteed, and not all items, pricing and offers are available in all of our locations.Actual availability and pricing will be determined at each applicable Casa de Montecristo location.
You may terminate your Account at any time via your online Account settings. An extended period of not using the Rewards Program (which period may change from time-to-time as set forth in the Rewards Schedule at Exhibit A) (“Inactivity Period”), may result in the cancelation of your Rewards Program membership (or just your accrued Points and/or unredeemed Rewards, in our discretion), in which case you will forfeit all remaining Points, Rewards and Reward Offers.
Only one Rewards Program membership will receive Points for any one transaction. As more fully set forth in Section 2 and Section 4, Points and Rewards have no cash or property value and may not be transferred, assigned or encumbered. Additional restrictions may apply pursuant to Reward Offer and promotions terms, and other Rewards Additional Terms.
Occasionally we may test new products, services or promotions. Some of these tests may have implications on Rewards Program members that may vary from the terms as stated here. When different policies or terms apply, we will communicate that to you through Rewards Additional Terms or otherwise.
The Rewards Program and its content, logos, taglines, and trademarks are the intellectual property of Casa de Montecristo Inc. or one of its affiliates; all rights reserved.
These Rewards Terms are void where and to the extent prohibited by applicable law.The interpretation and application of these Rewards Terms is in the sole discretion and determination of Casa de Montecristo, which in each case you irrevocably agree shall be conclusive.
Taxes may apply to Points and Rewards accrual and/or redemption where required by law.
These Rewards Terms (or if applicable Rewards Additional Terms) shall govern the Rewards Program as it applies to you from time-to-time. AS OUR PROGRAM EVOLVES, THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH WE OFFER THE REWARDS PROGRAM MAY BE MODIFIED AND WE MAY CEASE OFFERING THE PROGRAM UNDER THE REWARDS TERMS OR APPLICABLE REWARDS ADDITIONAL TERMS FOR WHICH THEY WERE PREVIOUSLY OFFERED. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THATEACH TIME YOU SIGN IN TO YOUR REWARDS PROGRAM ACCOUNT, OR OTHERWISE USE THE REWARDS PROGRAM (E.G., ACCUMULATING POINTS, ACCEPTING A REWARD OFFER OR REDEEMING A REWARD), YOU ARE ENTERING INTO A NEW AGREEMENT WITH US ON THE THEN APPLICABLE TERMS AND CONDITIONS AND YOU AGREE THAT WE MAY NOTIFY YOU OF NEW TERMS BY POSTING THEM ON THE REWARDS SITE (OR IN ANY OTHER REASONABLE MANNER OF NOTICE WHICH WE ELECT), AND THAT YOUR CONTINUED REWARDS PROGRAM MEMBERSHIP AFTER SUCH NOTICE CONSTITUTES YOUR GOING FORWARD AGREEMENT TO THE NEW TERMS FOR YOUR NEW USE AND TRANSACTIONS. Therefore, you should review the posted Rewards Terms, and any applicable Rewards Additional Terms, each time you use the Rewards Program. Any new Rewards Terms or Rewards Additional Terms will be effective as to new use and transactions as of the time that we post them, or such later date as may be specified in them or in other notice to you. However, the Rewards Terms, and any applicable Rewards Additional Terms, that applied when you previously transacted will continue to apply to such prior transactions (i.e., changes and additions are prospective only) unless mutually agreed. In the event any notice to you of new, revised or additional terms is determined by a tribunal to be insufficient, the prior agreement shall continue until sufficient notice to establish a new agreement occurs. In the event any tribunal finds any changed terms to be invalid, unenforceable or illegal, such will be severed to the extent necessary for the remainder to be valid and enforceable. You should frequently check the Rewards Site and the e-mail you associated with your Account, for notices, both of which you agree are reasonable manners of providing you notice. You can reject any new, revised or additional terms by terminating your Rewards Program membership as set forth in Section 7 and continued membership constitutes acceptance.
This information is current as of September 5, 2017.
Defined terms are indicated by initial caps and have the meaning ascribed to them in our Reward Terms, to which this Exhibit A is attached.Additional terms and conditions may apply as stated in applicable Reward Offers, promotional offers or as made available at Participating Lounges.
Accruing Points. You will typically have the potential to accrue 1 Point for every Dollar you spend on Qualifying Purchases of Qualifying Products at Participating Lounges, up to a calendar year cap of 5000 Points per year.
Points, once accrued, expire when there is not account activity within a 12 month period of time.
Purchases made prior to joining the Rewards Program, discounts on your purchases, and taxes on purchases do not count for accruing Points.Cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and alcoholic beverages are not Qualifying Products, and additional products may be excluded for reasons such as if applicable laws require.Other restrictions may apply.
Once issued, the Reward Certificate will expire sixty (60) days from issuance.Any unused balance of a Reward Certificate in a single transaction will be forfeited and not applicable to future transactions.
Other Reward Offers may be made in our discretion, which will be subject to their terms, including expiration.Reward Offers may only be redeemed in Participating Lounges, and may not be applied against purchases of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, alcoholic beverages or any other products we may from time-to-time designate or if required to comply with applicable law.Additional Non-Qualifying Redemptions may be excluded from redemption in Reward Offer terms, or terms made available at any particular Participating Lounge.
Reward Offers, and the corresponding Reward and Reward Certificate, may be used only once.Reward Offers, Rewards and Reward Certificates are not transferable or encumberable and, thus, may only be used by the member to whom issued.Identification may be required.Rewards may be used in conjunction with most, but not all, other Casa de Montecristo discounts or offers toward the purchase of other than Non-qualifying Redemptions products and services, and such usage will be subject to confirmation at the time of Reward usage and may differ from location to location and from time to time.
Inactivity:Currently we treat failure to use the Rewards Program to accumulate Points, accept a Reward Offer or redeem a Reward at least once during any 12-month period as an extended period of inactivity that qualifies your Rewards Membership and/or your accrued Points to be cancelled in our discretion.We reserve the right to change the terms of the inactivity cancellation qualification from time to time.
Participating Lounges limited to our locations in the following jurisdictions: District of Columbia, Florida, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee and Texas. | 2019-04-19T15:00:16Z | https://www.casademontecristo.com/legal/my-casa-rewards.html |
9,349 gross tons, length 149.92m x beam 18.07m one funnel, two masts, twin screw, speed 13 knots, accommodation for 108-2nd and 2,300-3rd class passengers.
Launched on 30th December1911 by Reiherstieg, Hamburg for Hamburg South America Line and started her maiden voyage from Hamburg to the River Plate on 14th March 1912. On the outbreak of war in August 1914 she sheltered in Buenos Aires and in 1918 was sold to Argentina. 1935 sold to Italy and renamed UMBRIA. June 1940 scuttled at Port Sudan, later refloated and scrapped.
Built in 1850 by Jacob Bell, New York (engines by Allaire Iron Works, New York) for the Collins Line, she was a 2,123 gross ton ship, length 282.5ft x beam 45ft, straight stem, one funnel, three masts (rigged for sails), wooden construction, paddle wheel propulsion and a speed of 12 knots. Accommodation was provided for 200-1st class passengers. Launched on 5/2/1850, she sailed from New York on her maiden voyage to Liverpool on 16/11/1850. In 1851, accommodation for 80-2nd class passengers was added and between 6th-16th/8/1851 she made a record passage between Liverpool and New York. In approx. 1853 her mizzen (third) mast was removed and she commenced her last Liverpool - New York voyage on 3/2/1858 (arr New York 18/2/1858). This was the last voyage of the company which was then wound up, and the BALTIC was laid up from 1858-9. On 9/7/1859 she was bought by the North Atlantic Steamship Co. and ran between New York and Aspinwall until 1860, when she was laid up again. In 1861 she was used as a Civil War transport, and on 26/4/1866 commenced the first of two round voyages for North American Lloyd between New York, Southampton and Bremen. On 21/2/1867 she sailed fom New York on the first of five round voyages for the New York & Bremen Steamship Co between New York, Southampton and Bremen. Her last voyage commenced on 21/10/1867 and in 1870 her engines were removed. She was finally scrapped in 1880.
5537 gross tons, length 420ft x beam 54ft, one funnel, single screw, speed 11 knots. Built in 1894 by Hawthorn, Leslie & Co, Hebburn-on-Tyne for the Elderslie SS Co (Turnbull, Martin & Co). 1910 transferred to Scottish Shire Line, UK - South Africa - Australia - New Zealand service, 1915 sold to Blue Star Line renamed BRODNESS. 31st Mar.1917 on passage Genoa - Port Said torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine UC-38 off Anzio.
The BARCELONA was a 1,802gross ton ship, 284ft x 34ft, one funnel, two masts, iron construction, single screw and a speed of 10 knots. She only carried 20-1st class passengers. Launched in March 1878 for the Thomson Line of Dundee, details of her early career are sparse, but apparently she was used for transporting cattle (and passengers) between the UK and Canada. Later (1882) used on the Mediterranean - Montreal route. Sold in 1890 to Canada & Newfoundland Line (the goodwill of which company was bought by Furness Withy in 1898), she then carried 20-1st class passengers. It seems however, that under her previous Thomson ownership that she carried a considerable number of steerage passengers in addition. In 1898 she made her first Liverpool - St John's NF - Halifax voyage for Furness Withy and was scrapped in 1899.
The BARCELONA was a 5,574 gross ton ship, length 415ft x beam 53ft, one funnel, two masts, single screw, speed 14 knots, accommodation for 60-1st, 80-2nd, 24-3rd and 1,000-steerage class passengers.
Launched on 18th Mar.1908 by Charles Connell & Co., Glasgow (engines built by D. Rowan & Co., Glasgow) for the Pinillos Line (Pinillos, Izquierdo y Cia), Cadiz. Maiden voyage 8th May 1908 Genoa - Barcelona - Cadiz - Las Palmas - Montevideo - Buenos Aires. In Nov.1914 she made a single round voyage from Barcelona to Tarragona, Alicante, Malaga, Cadiz and New York. 1925 sold to Compania Oceania, Barcelona. 1927 scrapped at Baltimore.
2,247 gross tons, length 285.0ft x beam 38.2ft, single screw, speed 11 knots. Completed Oct. 1892 by Wigham Richardson & Co, Newcastle (Yard No.281) for Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Co. Adria Ltd, Fiume, Austria-Hungary. On 1st Sep.1914 she was shelled and sunk off Vigo by HMS MINERVA.
In the "Register of Merchant Ships Built in 1892" by Starke / Schell. the BATHORI is classed as a general cargo ship, but it is possible that she carried a limited number of passengers.
The BATORY of the Polish Gdynia America Line certainly had a colourful history. She was involved in several dubious incidents in the 1940-1950s. In 1949 she had a very doubtful "stowaway" in the person of a communist who had jumped bail from the American courts. He got off on a technical point and the master and 40 of her crew were subsequently decorated by the Russo-Polish government for helping this man. When the ship returned to New York, the US authorities refused shore leave to her crew. In March 1950 she carried a convicted Soviet spy from New York and in August of that year, a dozen undesirables were taken off the ship before she could sail from New York. Soon after that, American dockers refused to handle her cargo. In Nov.1950 she carried a large number of so called delegates to the Soviet "Peace Congress" and in Jan.1951 the Americans refused to carry out repairs on board. Later that year she was blackballed by the Port of New York and had to be transferred to the Gdynia - Bombay - Karachi service until 1956. She went on the Gdynia - Quebec - Montreal service then until 1968 when she was used as an accommodation ship at Gdansk until 1971 when she was scrapped at Hong Kong.
The BAVARIA was built by Caird & Co, Greenock in 1856 as the PETROPOLIS for the Hamburg Brazilian Steam Navigation Co. She was a 2,405 gross ton ship, length 282.1ft x beam 39.4ft, clipper stem, one funnel, three masts (rigged for sail), iron construction, single screw and a speed of 10 knots. There was accommodation for 50-1st, 136-2nd and 310-3rd class passengers. Launched on 30th Oct.1856, she left Hamburg on her maiden voyage to Southampton, Lisbon, Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro on 20th Feb.1857. She commenced her last voyage on this service on 20th Nov.1857 and was then sold to Hamburg America Line. Renamed BAVARIA on 21st Oct.1858, she started her first Hamburg - Southampton - New York voyage on 1st Nov.1858. In October 1867 she inaugurated the company's first Hamburg - New Orleans voyage and in 1871 was fitted with compound engines by C.A.Day & Co, Southampton. Her last Hamburg - New York voyage commenced on 25th Oct.1873 and she subsequently sailed between Hamburg and the West Indies. Purchased by the Dominion Line on 1st Nov.1876, she sailed from Liverpool for New Orleans on 7th Dec.1876 but was destroyed by fire at sea on the homeward passage on 6th Feb.1877 with no loss of life.
The BAVARIAN was a 10,376 gross ton ship, length 501.1ft x beam 59.3ft, one funnel, two masts, twin screw and a speed of 16 knots. There was accommodation for 240-1st, 220-2nd and 1,000-3rd class passengers. Built by Wm Denny & Bros, Dumbarton, she was launched for the Allan Line on 11th May 1899. Her maiden voyage started on 24th Aug.1899 when she sailed from Liverpool for Quebec and Montreal. After one further voyage on this route, she was used as a transport ship to South Africa during the Boer War. She resumed Liverpool - Quebec - Montreal voyages on 9th Oct.1902 and was wrecked near Montreal on 3rd Nov.1905 with no loss of life and was broken up where she lay.
4,500 gross tons, length 3758ft, engines aft. Fitted with refrigerated cargo space. Cargo ship built 1958 by A/B Ekensbergs Varv, Stockolm as the MIMER for M. Thorviks Rederi, Oslo, she was purchased in Jan.1963 by Canadian Pacific Steamships Ltd and renamed BEAVERASH. First voyage for CP started 17th Feb.1963 from Zeebrugge to Bremen, Hamburg and St. John, NB. She left London two voyages later on 16th May and made her first voyage into the Great Lakes. In Sep.1968 she made a chartered voyage to the West Indies for Harrison Line, then continued CP Continental - Canada services until Nov.1969. She was then sold to the Friendship Shipping Co., Greece and renamed ZANET. 1980 sold to A Zacharis, Greece renamed AGIOS NIKOLAOS. 1984 sold to Mamfred Shipping Co., Malta renamed NISSAKI. Made only one voyage under this name and then sailed to Gadani Beach, Pakistan where she was scrapped.
The BEAVERBRAE was built as the HUASCARAN for the Hamburg America Line by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg in 1938. She was built as a 10,480 gross ton ship with a length of 487.5ft x beam 60.3ft, one funnel, one mast single screw and a speed of 17 knots. There was accommodation for 32 passengers.
Launched on 15th Dec. 1938, she sailed on her maiden voyage from Hamburg to the West coast of South America and on her return was taken over by the German Navy and converted to a submarine depot ship. She spent most of her time in Norway where she was captured undamaged by the Allies in 1945.
Taken over by the War Assets Corporation, she arrived in Liverpool in April 1947 for a refit. In June she sailed for Montreal as part of Canada's war reparations and was allocated to North American Transports Inc. for use as a cargo liner. At that time she was Canada's largest merchant ship. Purchased by Canadian Pacific on 2nd September 1947, she was renamed BEAVERBRAE and rebuilt to 9,034 gross tons, one funnel, two masts and with cabin accommodation for 74 passengers and dormitory accommodation for a further 699. On 8th February she sailed on her first voyage from St John NB with cargo for London (subsequent cargo voyages to Antwerp) and then to Bremen for passengers; and made 51 sailings from Bremen to Canada with displaced persons.
She was the only "Beaver" ship to carry cargo eastbound and passengers westbound (the others were cargo ships) and was also the only one under Canadian registration and with a Canadian crew. Canadian Pacific worked with the International Refugee Organisation and with the Canadian Christian Council for the Relief of Refugees and the refugees were forwarded from collection points on the German frontiers to the despatching centre in Bremen. Here they were examined by Canadian government officials for health and security. Documentation and embarkation arrangements were handled by the Canadian Pacific office in Bremen. The BEAVERBRAE made an average of one sailing each month and usually carried between 500 and 700 emigrants, of whom approximately one in five were children. They were destined for friends or relatives in Canada and few could speak English. Before the ship reached port, the purser would issue each emigrant with an identification tag, indicating their destination. When advice was received in Montreal that the ship had left Bremen, arrangements were made for two special trains with colonist and baggage cars to be assembled at the port of entry. The first train would usually be routed to Montreal and Toronto, and the second to Winnipeg and points west, almost every car destined to a different part of the country. A special three-car unit was attached to each train to feed the refugees. One car was fitted as a kitchen, the second as a dining car by day and a sleeper for the crew at night, the third being used as a recreation and dining car for the passengers. The BEAVERBRAE made her last emigrant voyage when she left Bremen on 28th July 1954, having carried over 38,000 refugees to Canada.
Sold to Compagnia Genovese d'Armamento, Genoa on 1st November 1954, she was rebuilt at Monfalcone to 10,022 tons and with accommodation for 1,124 tourist class passengers. Renamed AURELIA, she sailed from Trieste on 13th May 1955, via Suez to Australia and made later voyages from Genoa. Re-engined in 1958-59 and rebuilt to 10,480 tons, she started her first Bremen - Suez - Australia voyage on 12th June 1959. In June 1960 she made a Bremen - New York voyage for Council on Student Travel. She made a total of 34 round voyages between English Channel ports and New York between May 1962 and August 1969. In 1970 she was sold to Chandris Lines and was renamed ROMANZA in 1970, she was registered at Piraeus, refitted and used for cruising. Registered at Panama in 1977 and transferred to Armadora Romanza SA, Panama in 1979. The ship was sold to Ambassador Leisure, renamed ROMANTICA in 1991 and cruised in the Eastern Mediterranean until 1997 when she caught fire returning to Cyprus from Egypt. Fortunately there were no casualties and after the ship was abandoned she was towed in Limassol. The burnt out hulk was scrapped the following year.
O.N.111307. 4,765 gross tons, length 391ft x beam 51.2ft, single screw. Built 1901 by Sir James Laing & Sons Ltd, Sunderland (Yard No.578) as the MOHAWK for Menantic SS Co, Bristol. 1902 owned by North Atlantic SS Co., 1912 sold to Prince Line, Newcastle renamed HUNGARIAN PRINCE, 1915 renamed BELGIAN PRINCE, 31st July 1917 torpedoed and sunk by U.55 with the loss of 39 lives, while 175 miles NW of Tory Island, Ireland while on voyage Liverpool to Newport News with a cargo of blue clay.[Register of Merchant Ships Completed in 1901 by Starke / Schell] The book "Pride of the Princes" by N. L. Middlemiss ISBN 1-871128-01-3 contains a photo of her identical sister ship SERVIAN PRINCE.
4212 gross tons, length 420.3ft x beam 42.4ft, one funnel, four masts (rigged for sail), single screw, speed 14 knots. Built by Harland & Wolff, Belfast as the BELGIC for White Star Line's Pacific service, she was launched on 3rd Jan.1885. Her maiden voyage from San Francisco to Yokohama and Hong Kong started 28th Nov.1885 and she continued Pacific services until 1898. Sold to Atlantic Transport Line in 1899, she was renamed MOHAWK and started her first voyage from Belfast to London and New York on 5th Aug.1899. Her second voyage between London and New York started 7th Sep.1899 and in Oct.1899 she became a Boer War military transport. In 1903 she was scrapped at Garston.
This is a quote from "The Colonial Clippers" by Basil Lubbock. The BEN NEVIS was the first ship owned by Pilkington & Wilson's White Star Line of Liverpool. She was however, too short and deep for her tonnage, her measurements being:- Length overall 181ft Beam 38ft 6ins Depth of hold 28ft Registered tonnage 1420 Commanded by Captain Heron, she sailed for Melbourne on 27th Sept.1852, with 600 passengers, a cabin passage in her costing £25, and she took 96 days going out. She was built in 1852 by W & R Wright & Smith of Nova Scotia, and ended up in the 1870's on the St Lawrence - Liverpool timber trade.
1745 tons, built by Earle's Shipbuilding, Hull in 1894 for the Harwich - Hook of Holland service. She had buff funnels with black tops. On 21st Feb.1907 she was swept across the northern mole at the entrance to the New Waterway in a fierce gale. Her bows broke off and sank, but her stern portion remained fast to the breakwater. Despite rescue attempts, only 10 passengers and 5 crew were saved and the loss of 128 lives made this the worst peacetime disaster in North Sea passenger travel.
The Clipper Ship Black Eagle.— Some considerable interest has been felt in the success of this noble ship, from the fact that its enterprising builder, Mr. John Major, of this town, undertook to build a craft after the North American principle of soft wood, to compete in price with our transatlantic brethren. The vessel is now ready for sea, having been chartered by government to take emigrants to Australia, and is lying in the Birkenhead dock. She is the largest wooden vessel ever built on the banks of the Mersey, and her fine large proportions, together with her tall spars, render her an object of attraction to all interested in shipping. In external appearance she has the same characteristics as an English merchantman, with painted ports, but somewhat finer in her lines than the generality of vessels built here. Her cutwater is ornamented with a large and well-executed figure of an eagle, represented in the act of taking flight, and the stern is beautifully finished with gilt carvings.
The Black Eagle possesses fine lines for swift sailing, and her carrying capacity has far exceeded the anticipations of her builder. A spacious top-gallant forecastle has been constructed for the accommodation of the crew, affording ample room as well as loftiness to the apartment. At one end of the deckhouse amidships is the kitchen, which is lined throughout with sheet-iron, and fitted in the most compact manner with the latest improvements in cooking apparatus. Adjoining are the various offices for the officers of the ship. She has a full poop deck, which, from the size of the vessel, leaves a fine sweep on the main deck for working. The main cabin is spacious, lofty, and airy, and, from the neat manner in which it is finished, forms one of the leading attractions of the vessel. The entrance to the cabin is by a companion, the fore part of the poop being devoted to second-class passengers. The various state-rooms leading from the cabin contain double berths, which are both roomy and well ventilated. Her 'tween decks are lofty, and every attention has been paid to the comfort and convenience of the passengers. There is abundance of light and air in every portion of the lower deck, and ample gangway, unoccupied, for walking exercise. On the main deck the most recent improvements have been introduced for aiding the mariner in his arduous labours. At convenient distances throughout the vessel small winches have been placed, for hoisting the various tacks, and facilitating a rapid and easy working of the ship. She carries a large and valuable cargo, in addition to her complement of nearly 500 passengers.
The BOCHUM was a cargo ship, built by AG Vulkan, Hamburg in 1922 for the German Australian Line. She was 6,121 gross tons, length 450ft x beam 57ft, one funnel, two masts, single screw and a speed of 13 knots. Taken over in 1926 by the Hamburg America Line. Became a transport in 1941 and used between German and Norwegian ports. Ceded to Britain in 1945, allocated to the USSR and renamed GENERAL CHERNAKHOVSKY. No further information.
The BOHEMIA was built by A&J.Inglis & Co, Glasgow as the BENGORE HEAD for the Ulster Steamship Co. She was a 3,410 gross ton ship, length 350.5ft x beam 40.2ft, one funnel, two masts (rigged for sail), iron construction, single screw and a speed of 12 knots. Accommodation for 100-1st and 1,200-2nd class passengers. Launched on 25th Aug.1881, she was sold to Hamburg America Line on 30th Sep.1881, renamed BOHEMIA and left Hamburg on her maiden voyage to New York on 30th Oct.1881. On 16th Mar.1892 she commenced a single round voyage from Hamburg to New York and Baltimore, and on 17th May.1893 commenced her first voyage between Stettin, Helsingborg, Gothenburg, Christiansand and New York. She started her last voyage between Hamburg and New York on 2nd Apr.1897 and on 11th Jun.1897 commenced sailings between Hamburg, Philadelphia and Baltimore. In 1898 she was sold to the Sloman Line of Hamburg, renamed POMPEJI and made three Hamburg - New York voyages before being sold to Laurello SA, Genoa in 1900 and being renamed POMPEI. She was scrapped in 1905 at Spezia, Italy.
4,553 gross tons, length 380.3ft x beam 46.3ft, one funnel, two masts, twin screw, speed 14 knots, accommodation for 75-1st and 1,290-3rd class passengers. Built 1905 by Harland & Wolff, Belfast for Italia Societa di Navigazione a Vapore, Genoa, she started her maiden voyage on 17th Jun.1905 from Genoa to South America. In 1913 she was sold to La Veloce who used her on their Central America service until 1924 when she was transferred to Navigazione Generale Italiana, Genoa and laid up. 1928 scrapped.
The BORKUM was built by J.L.Thompson & Sons, Sunderland (engines by J.Dickinson & Sons, Sunderland) as the ELLEN RICKMERS for the Rickmers Line. She was a 5,350 gross ton ship, length 409ft x beam 50.5ft, straight stem, one funnel, two masts, single screw and a speed of 10 knots. There was capacity for 18-2nd and 950-3rd class passengers. Launched on 27/2/1896, she was chartered to North German Lloyd and commenced the first of six round voyages between Bremen and Baltimore on 24/9/1897, the last starting on 5/1/1900. In 1900 she was purchased by NGL and renamed BORKUM. She commenced her first Bremen - Baltimore - Galveston voyage on 13/9/1900 and made the last of three voyages on this service in February 1905. Between 1905-1913 she sailed between Bremen and South America and in 1914 sailed between Bremen and the Far East. Seized by Italy in 1915 and renamed ASTI, she was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine, 220 miles SW of the Scilly Isles on 13/8/1917.
This magnificent vessel is the latest addition to the Cunard fleet, and the largest of its steamers. Messrs. James and George Thomson, of Glasgow, have just completed the Bothnia for the Cunard Company’s mail service between Liverpool and New York. The official trial of this ship, under the direction of the Government Controller of Packet Services, took place at Wemyss Bay, in the Clyde, on Tuesday, June 23rd. Upon this occasion, with 1000 tons of dead weight on board, she several times ran the measured mile, averaging a speed of fourteen knots. In every respect she acquitted herself to the utmost satisfaction of those concerned in her success. Amongst the large party on board were the Lord Provost of Glasgow, Mr. John Burns, Sheriff Dickson; Captain Parry, R.N.; Captain Dennistoun, R.N.; the officers of the 64th Regiment, Mr. Stafford Northcote, Mr. Shaw Stewart, Professor Grant, and other gentlemen.
The Bothnia is of the burden of 4535 tons, registered, and of the following dimensions: —Length over all, 455 ft.; breadth, 44 ft.; depth, 36 ft. She is barque-rigged, has four decks, and is fitted with massive compound engines, of 600 horsepower. The cylinders are jacketed, the small one being 62 in. and the large one 106 in. in diameter. Eight boilers supply the engines, with twenty-four furnaces in all. The bunkers are capable of holding 1200 tons of coal.
In regard to passenger accommodation, cargo facilities, and general arrangements for working and navigating the vessel, the Bothnia has every advantage. She is fitted with every modern appliance that skill can devise for securing comfort, speed, and safety. Having her spacious saloon amidships, with a large proportion of her airy staterooms on the spar-deck, her cabin passengers enjoy the greatest degree of comfort that it is possible to obtain afloat.
Like all the vessels of the Cunard fleet, the material and construction of the Bothnia are of the strongest and best kind. With her great strength and capacity she has an elegance and finish of style. Her model is one which promises such results in seagoing qualities as will maintain the well-earned reputation of the Cunard liners.
The BREMEN of 1858 was a 2,674 gross ton ship, built by Caird & Co, Greenock, Scotland for Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen. Her details were - length 97,53m x beam 11,88m (320ft x 39ft), she had a clipper stem, one funnel, three masts (rigged for sail), iron construction, single screw and a speed of 10 knots. There was accommodation for 160-1st, 110-2nd and 400-3rd class passengers. Launched on 1st February 1858, she sailed from Bremen on her maiden voyage to New York on 19th June 1858. She continued on this service except for six months repair in 1860, when she fractured her propellor shaft. On 5th November 1873 she started her last voyage from Bremen to Southampton and New York, and in 1874 was sold to Edward Bates of Liverpool who had her engines removed and used her as a sailing vessel. On 16th October 1882 she was wrecked on the South Farralone Islands, California.
The BRESLAU was a 7,524 gross ton ship, length 429.3ft x beam 54.3ft, one funnel, two masts, twin screw and a speed of 13 knots. Accommodation for 60-2nd and 1,660-3rd class passengers. Built by Bremer Vulkan, Vegesack, she was launched for North German Lloyd, Bremen on 14th Aug.1901. Her maiden voyage started 23rd Nov.1901 when she left Bremen for New York, and on 3rd Apr.1902 she started her first Bremen - Baltimore sailing. 10th Sep.1903 first Bremen - Baltimore - Galveston voyage, 24th Mar.1910 first Bremen - Philadelphia and 6th May 1914 first Bremen - Boston - New Orleans sailing. Her last voyage for NGL started 8th Jul.1914 when she sailed from Bremen for Emden, Boston, New York and New Orleans, where she took refuge on the outbreak of the Great War. Seized by US Authorities in Apr.1917, she became the US Navy transport BRIDGEPORT. In 1943 she was converted to the US Hospital ship LARKSPUR and in 1946 became the US Army Transport BRIDGEPORT. Scrapped in 1948.
5,668 gross tons, built 1911 by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Newcastle-on-Tyne for the Deutsche-Australische Dampfschiffs-Gesselschaft, Hamburg, 1914 laid up at Mormugao, 1916 seized by Portugal and renamed DAMAO. 28th April 1918 torpedoed and sunk in St. Georges Channel by German submarine U.91 on voyage New York - Liverpool.
1135 gross tons, length 207ft x beam 34ft, clipper bows, one funnel, three masts, rigged for sail, wooden hull, side paddle wheels, speed 9 knots. Accommodation for 115-1st class passengers. Built by Robert Duncan, Greenock (engines by Robert Napier, Glasgow), launched for Cunard on 5.2.1840. Maiden voyage 4.7.1840 Liverpool - Halifax - Boston. Feb.1844 iced in at Boston and had to cut an escape channel. 14.9.1847 stranded at Cape Race, refloated and repaired at New York. 18.11.1848, 40th and last voyage Liverpool - Halifax - Boston. 1849 sold to Germany renamed BARBAROSSA, 1852 transferred to Prussian Navy, 1880 sunk as target ship.
8,799 gross tons, length 460ft x beam 59ft, one funnel, two masts, single screw, speed 13 knots, accommodation for 175-1st class passengers. Built 1926 by Alex Stephen & Sons, Linthouse for the Anchor Line, Glasgow, she started her maiden voyage to Bombay on 3rd Mar.1926 and spent the remainder of her life on this route. On 25th Mar.1941 she was engaged by the German Auxiliary Cruiser THOR (ex-Oldenburg-Portuguese Line SANTA CRUZ). After an hour's engagement 750 miles west of Freetown the BRITANNIA abandoned ship. 127 passengers and 122 crew were lost. 63 survivors were rescued by the Spanish s/s BACHI and a further 38 reached Brazil after sailing for 23 days in a lifeboat.
4,216 gross ton passenger ship, length 360ft x beam 50.1ft, single screw, speed 17½ knots, accommodation for 264 passengers. Built 1929 by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Newcastle. Launched in February 1929 for Rederi A/B Svenska Lloyd, Goteborg (Swedish Lloyd), she made her maiden voyage in June 1929. She made regular sailings between Goteborg and London and was fitted with refrigerated cargo space for the carriage of butter, eggs, bacon, etc. After the war, she was employed in the repatriation of British soldiers and prisoners from Germany before returning to normal duties. 1966 sold to Cia. Armadora de Sudamerica S.A. (Hellenic Mediterranean Lines Ltd), Panama and renamed CYNTHIA. 1969 transferred to Cynthian Navigation Co., Famagusta, Cyprus. 1973 scrapped at Vado.
48,158 gross tons, length 852ft x beam 94ft, four funnels, two masts, triple screw, speed 21 knots, designed with accommodation for 790-1st, 830-2nd and 1,000-3rd class passengers.
Launched on 26th Feb.1914 by Harland & Wolff, Belfasr for the White Star Line, she never sailed on the North Atlantic, but on 8th Dec.1915 was handed over to the Admiralty and commissioned as a hospital ship. She was drafted onto the Dardanelles campaign and for the next year sailed between Lemnos, Naples and Southampton, conveying home wounded men who had been evacuated by smaller vessels from Gallipoli. On 21st Nov.1916 on her sixth round voyage and outward bound, she struck a mine which had been laid by the German submarine U.73 while 4 miles west of Port St. Nikolo in the Kea Channel. The explosion damaged her starboard side and opened two watertight compartments. This, combined with the failure of the watertight door system caused her to sink within an hour, despite efforts to beach her. Fortunately she wasn't carrying any wounded at the time, but had 625 crew and 500 medical staff. 21 lives were lost.
The BRITANNIC was the third of White Star Line's great trio of transatlantic liners, the other two being the TITANIC and OLYMPIC, which was scrapped in 1937.
The BRITISH PRINCE was built by Harland & Wolff, Belfast in 1882 for British Shipowners. She was a 3,871gross ton vessel, length 420.1ft x beam 42.2ft, one funnel, four masts, single screw and a speed of 12 knots. I have no information on her passenger capacity. Launched on 4/2/1882, she was chartered to American Line and sailed on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to Philadelphia on 12/4/1882. Shecommenced her last voyage from Philadelphia to Liverpool on 28/3/1894 and in 1895 was chartered to the Dominion Line. She made one round voyage from Liverpool to Quebec and Montreal for this company commencing 1/5/1895 and was then sold to French owners. She was renamed LES ANDES and was finally scrapped in June 1908.
3,558 gross tons, length 410.3ft x beam 39ft, one funnel, four masts, single screw, speed 12 knots. Launched on 4th Nov.1880 by Harland & Wolff Ltd, Belfast (engines by J. Jack & Co., Liverpool), for British Shipowners Ltd, as the BRITISH QUEEN. 1881 chartered to American Line. 31 January 1881, maiden voyage, Liverpool- Philadelphia. 27 January 1883, last voyage, Liverpool-Philadelphia. 1883 chartered to New Zealand Shipping Co. and Shaw, Savill & Albion Line. 22 March 1883, first voyage, London-New Zealand (4 roundtrip voyages). 1885 chartered to Anchor Line. 28 May 1885, first voyage, London-New York. 19 October 1885, last voyage, London-New York (3 roundtrip voyages). December 1885, first voyage, London-Halifax-Boston. June 1886, last voyage, London-Halifax-Boston (4 roundtrip voyages). 1887 chartered to Inman Line. 10 May 1887, first voyage, Liverpool-New York. 19 July 1887, last voyage, Liverpool-New York (3 roundtrip voyages). Aug.1887 chartered to Furness Line. August 1887, first voyage, London-Boston. November 1888, last voyage, London-Boston. 1889 purchased by the Holland America Line and renamed OBDAM; accommodation for 80-1st, 60-2nd and 800 steerage class passengers. 23 March 1889, first voyage, Rotterdam-New York. 1896 fitted with triple-expansion engines. 9 June 1898, last voyage, Rotterdam-New York. 1898, McPHERSON (U.S. Army transport). 1905 acquired by the Frank Zotti Steamship Co (Zotti Line), New York and renamed BROOKLYN. 19 October 1905, first voyage, New York-Azores- Naples-Genoa. 23 June 1906, last voyage, Marseilles-Azores-New York (5 roundtrip voyages). 1906, S.V. LUCKENBACH, Luckenbach Line (USA). 1915, ONEGA (U.S.). 30 August 1918, torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel by German submarine UB 123 [North Atlantic Seaway, vol. 3, p. 941 by N.R.P.Bonsor].
3,905 gross tons, length 356.3ft x beam 42.3ft, single screw, speed 13½ knots, passenger / cargo ship. Built 1908 by Lloyd Austriaco, Trieste for their own shipping company, she transferred to Lloyd Triestino, Trieste in 1919 when Trieste came under Italian rule. 1921 renamed CELIO, 1937 transferred to Adriatica Soc. Anon. di Nav., Venice. 1940 transferred to Tirrenia Soc. Anon. di Nav., Venice. 24th Jul.1940 mined and sunk 3½ miles off the Libyan coast on voyage Derna to Benghazi.
The BUENOS AYREAN was an Allan Line vessel. Built in 1880 by Wm.Denny & Bros, Dumbarton, Scotland, she was a 4,005 gross ton vessel. Length 385.2ft x beam 42.2ft, one funnel, three masts, single screw and a speed of 12 knots. She had accommodation for 1st and 3rd class passengers and was the first steel built North Atlantic steamer. Launched on 2nd Oct.1879, she sailed from Glasgow on her maiden voyage to South America on 1st Dec.1879. On 31st Mar.1880 she commenced her first voyage from Glasgow to Halifax and Boston, and on 12th May 1880 started running between Glasgow, Quebec and Montreal. Between 1880 - 1895 she carried out one round voyage annually between Glasgow and S.America. In 1896, she was fitted with quadruple expansion engines and her masts reduced to two and on 30th Sep.1896 resumed the Glasgow - Quebec - Montreal service. On 12th Feb.1902 commenced a Glasgow - Philadelphia service and on 1st Jul.1902 a Glasgow - Boston service. She commenced her last voyage from Glasgow to Portland on 9th Jan.1909 and was then laid up at Gareloch. She was scrapped at Falmouth in 1911.
The BULIMBA was built in 1881 by A&J.Inglis, Glasgow, and was a 2,510 gross ton ship, length 96,26m x beam 11,64m (315.8ft x 38.2ft), one funnel, two masts, single screw. There was accommodation for 37-1st amd 16-2nd class passengers. She could also carry 1,360 deck passengers. Launched for A.Gray & E.S.Dawes, she was operated by Associated Steamers for the London - Brisbane service. She started her maiden voyage from London, via Suez and Batavia to Brisbane on 1/1/1883, and in 1886 was registered as belonging to British India Associated Steamers. In 1890 she was transferred to Australasian United S.N.Co and started her last voyage between London and Brisbane on 17/2/1891. In 1899 she was again transferred to British India Steam Navigation Co and used on the Bombay - Persian Gulf service. She was hulked at Singapore in 1910 and in September 1914 was re-commisioned after the outbreak of the Great War. In December 1922 she was sold to Eng Hup, China and was scrapped the following year at Shanghai.
The BYRON was built for the National Greek Line as the VASILEFS CONSTANTINOS in 1914. She then became the MEGALI HELLAS in 1919 and went to the Byron Steamship Co in 1923 and was renamed BYRON. Her first voyage for these owners started 4th Aug.1923 when she left Constanza for Constantinople, Piraeus, Patras and New York so she was comparitively new for these owners in March 1924. Her last sailing was on 25th Jul.1928 from Piraeus to Patras and New York. | 2019-04-25T01:45:54Z | http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsB.shtml |
A SERMON INTENDED FOR READING ON LORD'S-DAY, AUGUST 2, 1903.
AT THE METROPOLITAN TABERNACLE, NEWINGTON, ON THURSDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 6, 1888.
"Behold, a sower went forth to sow." Matthew 13:3.
THIS was a very important event. I do not say that it was important if you took the individual case, alone-but if you tookthe multitudes of cases in which it was also true, it was overwhelmingly important in the aggregate-"A sower went forth tosow." Yes, Christ thinks it worthwhile to mention that a single sower went forth to sow, that a Christian man went out toaddress a meeting on a village green, or to conduct a Bible class, or to speak anywhere for the Lord! But when you think ofthe hundreds of preachers of the Gospel who go out to sow every Lord's-Day and the myriads of teachers who go to instructthe children in our Sunday schools, it is, surely, in the aggregate, the most important event under Heaven! You may omit,O recording angel, the fact that a warrior went forth to fight-it is far more important that you should record that "a sowerwent forth to sow." You may even forget that a man of science went into his laboratory and made a discovery, for no discoverycan equal in importance the usual processes of farming. Do you hear the song of the harvest home? Do you see the loaded wagonsfollow one another in a long line to the farmer's barn? If so, remember that there would be no harvest home if the sower wentnot forth to sow! As the flail is falling upon the wheat, or the threshing machine is making the grain to leap from amongthe chaff and the miller's wheels are grinding merrily, and the women are kneading the dough, and the bread is set upon thetable and parents and children are fed to the full, do not forget that all this could never happen unless "a sower went forthto sow." On this action hinges the very life of man! Bread, which is the staff of his life, would be broken and taken fromhim-and his life could not continue did not a sower still go forth to sow! This seems to me to prove that the event recordedin our text is of prime importance and deserves to be chronicled there.
And, dear Friends, the spiritual'sowing stands in the same relation to the spiritual world that the natural sowing occupiesin the natural world! It is a most important thing that we should continually go forth to preach the Gospel. It may seem tosome people a small matter that I should occupy this pulpit and I shall not lay any undue importance upon that fact-yet eternitymay not exhaust all that shall result from the preaching of the Gospel here-there may be souls, plucked like brands from theburning, saved with an everlasting salvation, lamps lit by the Holy Spirit that shall shine like stars in the firmament ofGod forever and ever! Who knows, O Teacher, when you labor even among the infants, what the result of your teaching may be?Good corn may grow in very small fields. God may bless your simple words to the babes that listen to them. How know you, Omy unlettered Brother, when you stand up in the cottage meeting to talk to a few poor folk about Christ, what may follow fromthat effort of yours? Life or death, Heaven or Hell, may depend upon the sowing of the Good Seed of the Gospel! It is, itmustbe the most important event that can ever happen, if the Lord goes forth with you when you go forth as the sower wentforth to sow!
Listen to the songs of the angels! See the overflowing brightness and excessive glory of your Heavenly Father's face! He rejoicesbecause souls are born to Christ-but how could there be this joy, in the ordinary course, and speaking after the manner ofmen-without the preaching of the Word? For it still pleases God, by the foolishness of preaching, to save them that believe!I shall not, therefore, make any apology for again preaching upon an event which is so important, even though it is recordedin such simple words! "A sower went forth to sow."
I am going to try to answer three questions concerning this answer. First, who was he? Secondly, what did he do? And, thirdly,what was his objective? I. First, WHO WAS HE?
We do not know anything at all about him except that he was a sower. His individuality seems to be swallowed up in his office.We do not know who his father was, or his mother, or his sister, or his brother. All we know is that he was a sower and Ido like to see a man who is so much a minister that he is nothing else but a minister! It does not matter who he is, or whathe has, or what else he can do if he does this one thing. He has lost his identity in his service, though he has also gainedit over again in another way. He has lost his selfhood and has become, once and for all, a sower and nothing but a sower!
Observe, dear Friends, that there are many personal matters which are quite unimportant It is not mentioned here whether hewas a refined sower, or a rustic sower-and it does not matter which he was. So is it with the workers for Christ-God blessesall sorts of men. William Huntington, the coal-heaver, brought many souls to Christ. Some have doubted this, but, in my earlyChristian days, I knew some of the excellent of the earth who were the spiritual children of the coal-heaver. Chalmers stoodat the very opposite pole-a master of cultured gracious speech, a learned, well-trained man-and what multitude Chalmers broughtto Christ! So, whether it was Huntington or Chalmers, does not matter. "A sower went forth to sow." One preacher talks likeRowland Hill, in very plain Saxon with a touch of humor. Another, like Robert Hall, uses a grand style of speech, full ofbrilliant rhetoric and scarcely ever condescending to men of low degree, yet God blessed both of them! What did it matterwhether the speech was of the colloquial or of the oratorical order so long as God blessed it? The man preached the Gospel-exactlyhow he preached it need not be declared. He was a sower, he went forth to sow-and there came a glorious harvest from his sowing!
Now, my dear Brother, you have begun earnestly to speak for Christ, but you are troubled because you cannot speak like Mr.So-and-So. Do not try to speak like Mr. So-and-So! You say, "I heard a man preach, the other night, and when he had done,I thought I could never preach again." Well, it was very naughty on your part to think that. You ought rather to have said,"I will try to preach all the better, now that I have heard one who preaches so much better than I can." Just feel that youhave to sow the Good Seed of the Kingdom and if you have not so big a hand as some sowers have, and cannot sow quite so muchat a time, go and sow with your smaller hands, only mind that you sow the same Seed, for so God will accept what you do! Youare grieved that you do not know so much as some do and that you have not the same amount of learning that they have. Youregret that you have not the poetical faculty of some, or the holy ingenuity of others. Why do you speak about all these things?Our Lord Jesus Christ does not do so-He simply says, "A sower went forth to sow." He does not tell us how he was dressed.He mentions nothing about whether he was a black man, or a white man, or what kind of man he was. He tells us nothing abouthim except that he was a sower. Will you, my dear Friend, try to be nothing but a soul-winner? Never mind about "idiosyncrasies,"or whatever people call them! Go ahead and sow the Good Seed and God bless you in doing so!
Next, notice that as the various personal matters relating to the man are too unimportant to be recorded, his name and hisfame are not written in this Book. Do you want to have your name put to everything that you do? Mind that God does not letyou have your desire and then say to you, "There, you have done that unto yourself, so you can reward yourself for it." Asfar as ever you can, keep your own name out of all the work you do for the Lord! I used to notice, in Paris, that there wasnot a bridge, or a public building, without the letter, "N," somewhere on it. Now, go through all the city and find an, "N,"if you can. Napoleon hoped his fame would live in imperishable marble, but he had written his name in sand, after all, andif any of us shall, in our ministry, think it the all-important matter to make our own name prominent, we are on the wrongtack altogether! When George Whitefield was asked to start a new sect, he said, "I do not condemn my Brother Wesley for whathe has done, but I cannot do the same-let my name perish, but let Christ's name endure forever and ever!" Do not be anxiousfor your name to go down to posterity, but be more concerned to be only remembered by what you have done, as this man is onlyremembered by Christ's testimony that he was a sower.
them. What does our reputation matter, after all? It is nothing but the opinion or the breath of men and that is of littleor no value to the child of God. Serve God faithfully and then leave your name and fame in His keeping. There is a day comingwhen the righteous shall shine forth as the sun in the Kingdom of their Father!
We have no record of the name and the fame of this man, yet we do know something about him. We know that he must have been,first of all, an eater, or he never would have been a sower. The Gospel is Seed for the sower and Bread for the eater. Andevery man who really goes out to sow for God, must first have been an eater. There is not a man on the face of the earth whotreads the furrows of the field and sows the seed, but must first have been an eater of bread-and there is not a true servantof God, beneath the cape of Heaven, but has first fed on the Gospel before he has preached it! If there are any who pretendto sow, but who have never, themselves, eaten, God have mercy upon them! What a desecration of the pulpit it is for a manto attempt to preach what he does not, himself, know! What a desecration it is of even a Sunday school class-for an unconvertedyoung man, or young woman to be a teacher of others! I do not think such a thing ought to be allowed. Wherever it has beenpermitted, I charge any who have been trying to teach what they do not, themselves, know, to cry to God to teach them thatthey may not go and pretend to speak in the name of the Lord, to the children, till, first of all, Christ has spoken peaceand pardon to their own hearts and He has been formed in them the hope of Glory! May every worker here put to himself thequestion, "Have I fed upon and enjoyed that good Word which I am professing to teach to others?"
Next, having been an eater, he must also have been a receiver. A sower cannot sow if he has not any seed. It is a mere mockeryto go up and down a field and to pretend to scatter seed out of an empty hand! Is there not a great deal of so-called Christianwork that is just like that? Those who engage in it have not anything to give and, therefore, they can give nothing. You cannotpump out of a man or a woman what is not there-and you cannot preach or teach, in God's way, what is not first in your ownheart! We must receive the Gospel Seed from God before we can sow it! The sower went to his master's granary and receivedso many bushels of wheat. And then he went out and sowed it. I am afraid that some would-be sowers fail in this matter ofbeing receivers. They are in a great hurry to take a class, or to preach here, or there, or somewhere else, but there is nothingin it all. What can there be in your speech but sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal, unless you have received the LivingWord from the Living God and are sent forth by Him to proclaim it to men?
A true sower, also, is a disseminator of the Word of God. No man is a sower unless he scatters the Truth of God. If he doesnot preach Truth, he is not a sower in the true meaning of that term. A man may go whistling up and down the furrows and peoplemay mistake him for a sower, but he is not really one-and if there is not, in what we preach, the real, solid Truth of God'sWord-however prettily we may put our sweet nothings, we have not been serving the Lord. We must really scatter the LivingSeed or else we are not worthy of the title of sower.
We seem to know a little about this sower, now, and we further know that he was one of noble line. What our Lord really saidwas, "THE SOWER went forth to sow," and I think I see Him coming forth out of the ivory palaces from the lone Glory of Hisown eternal Nature, going down to Bethlehem, becoming a Babe, waiting a while till the Seed was ready and then standing bythe Jordan, by the hillside, at Capernaum and Nazareth, and everywhere scattering those great Seeds that have made the wildernessand the solitary place to be glad, and the desert to rejoice and blossom as the rose! See how all Christendom has sprung fromthe sowing of that Man! And our glorious Lord has long been reaping and is still reaping, today, the harvest of the Seed-sowingon the hillsides of Galilee. "The Sower went forth to sow." Are you not glad to be in that noble line? Do you not feel itto be a high honor, even if you are the very least of the sowers, to be one of those who have sowed the Gospel of God?
my eyelids before I will make you any promise that I will be silent." He must sow-he could not help it! Well, now, today,it is imagined by some that the new theology is to put an end to our sowing of the Good Seed of the Kingdom-but will it? Ibelieve that the sowers will still go to every lane and alley of the city and to every hamlet and village of our country,when God wills it, for the Gospel is as everlasting as the God who gave it and, therefore, it cannot die out! And when theythink that they have killed the plant, it will spring up everywhere more vigorous than before.
The sower is not only a man of an honorable line, but he is also a worker, together with God. It is God's design that everyplant should propagate and reproduce its like and especially is it His design that wheat, and other cereals so useful to men,should be continued and multiplied on the face of the earth. Who is to do it? God will see that it is done and, usually, Heemploys men to be His agents. There are some seeds that never can be sown by men, but only by birds. I need not go into thedetails, but it is a fact that no man could make the seed grow if he did sow it-it must be done by a bird. But as to wheat,man must sow that-you cannot go into any part of the world and find a field of wheat unless a man has sown the seed to produceit. You may find fields full of thistles, but wheat must be sown. It is not a wild thing, it must have a man to care for itand God, therefore, links Himself with man in the continuance of wheat on the face of the earth. And he has so arranged thatwhile He could spread the Gospel by His Spirit, without human voices-while He could bring untold myriads to Himself withoutany instrumentality-yet He does not do so and, as means to the end He has in view, He intends you to speak, that He may speakthrough you, and that, in the speaking, the Seed may be scattered, which He shall make to bring forth an abundant harvest!
II. Now, secondly, WHAT DID THIS SOWER DO? He went forth. I am going to dwell upon that fact for a few minutes.
I think this means, first, that he bestirred himself. He said, "It is time that I went forth to sow. I have waited quite longenough for favorable weather, but I remember that Solomon said, 'He that observes the wind shall not sow.' I feel that thesowing time has come for me and I must set about it." Can I look upon some here who have been members of the Church for years,but who have never yet done anything for the Lord? Brother or Sister, if you have been a servant of God for many years andhave never yet really worked for the salvation of souls, I want you now to say to yourself, "Come now, I must really get atthis work." You will be going Home soon and when your Master says to you, "Did you do any sowing for Me?" you will have toreply, "No, Lord, I did plenty of eating. I went to the Tabernacle and I enjoyed the services." "But did you do any sowing?""No, Lord. I did a great deal of hoarding. I laid up a large quantity of the Good Seed." "But did you do any sowing?" He willstill ask-and that will be a terrible question for those who never went forth to sow!
You are very comfortable at home, are you not? In the long winter evenings that are coming on, it will be so pleasant to enjoyyourselves at home for an evening. There, stir the fire and draw the curtain close, and let us sit down and spend a happytime. Yes, but is it not time for you, Mr. Sower, to go forth? The millions of London are perishing! Asylums for the insaneare filling, jails are filling, poverty is abounding and drunkenness is at every street corner! Harlotry is making good menand women to blush! It is time to set about work for the Lord if you are ever to do it! What are some of you doing for God?Oh, that you would begin to take stock of your capacity, or your incapacity and say, "I must get to work for the Master. Iam not to spend my whole life thinking about what I am going to do-I must do the next thing and do it at once, or I may becalled Home-and my day over before I have sown a single handful of wheat."
Next, the sower gave up his privacy. He came out from his solitude and began to sow. This is what I mean. At first, a Christianman very wisely lives indoors. There is a lot of cleaning and scrubbing to be done there. When the bees come out of theircells, they always spend the first few days of their life in the hive cleaning and getting everything tidy. They do not goout to gather honey till they have, first of all, done the housework at home. I wish that all Christian people would get theirhousework done as soon as they can. It needs to be done. I mean acquaintance with experimental matters of indwelling sin andovercoming Grace. But, after that, the sower went forth to sow. He was not content with his own private experience, but hewent forth to sow. There are numbers of people who are miserable because they are always at home. They have cleaned up everythingthere, even to the bottoms of the saucepans outside, but now they do not know what to do-so they begin blacking them overagain and cleaning them once more-always at work upon the little trifles of their own kitchen. Go out, Brother! Go out, Sister!Important as your experience is, it is only important as a platform for real usefulness. Get all right within in order thatyou may get to work without!
The sower, when he went forth to sow, also gave up his occupation of a learner and an enjoyer of the Truth. He was in theBible class for a year or two and he gained a deal of Scriptural knowledge there. He was also a regular hearer of the Word.You could see him regularly sitting in his pew and drinking in the Word. But, after a while, he said to himself, "I have noright to remain in this Bible class-I ought to be in the Sunday school and lead a class myself." Then he said to himself,on a Sabbath evening, "I have been to one service, today, and have been spiritually fed, so I think I ought to go to one ofthe lodging houses in the Mint and speak to the people there, or find some other holy occupation in which I can be doing somegood to others." So he went forth to sow and I want to stir you all up to do this! Perhaps I do not need to say much uponthis matter to my own people here, but there are also many strangers with us. I would like to do with you what Samson didwith the foxes and firebrands. We have far too many professing Christians who are doing next to nothing! If I could send youamong the standing corn of some of the churches, to set them on fire, it would not be a bad Thursday evening's work!
"A sower went forth to sow." Where did he come from? I do not know what house he came from, but I can tell you the place fromwhich he last came. He came out of the granary. He must have been to the granary to get the seed. At least if he did not gothere before he went to sow, he did not have anything that was worth sowing! O my dear Brothers and Sisters, especially myBrothers in the ministry, we must always go to the granary, must we not? Without the diligent and constant study of Scripture,of what use will our preaching be? "I went into the pulpit," said one, "and I preached straight off just what came into mymind and thought nothing of it." "Yes," said another, "and your people thought nothing of it, too." That is sure to be thecase! You teachers who go to your classes quite unprepared and open your Bible and say just what comes first, should rememberthat God does not need your nonsense. "Oh, but," says one, "it is not by human wisdom that souls are saved." No, nor is itby human ignorance! But if you profess to teach, learn. He can never be a teacher who is not first a learner. I am sure thatwhen the sower went forth to sow, the last place he came from was the granary-and mind that you go to the granary, too, dearworker.
I wonder whether this sower did what I recommend every Christian sower to do, namely, to come forth from the place where hehad steeped his seed. One farmer complained that his wheat did not grow and another asked him, "Do you steep your seed?" "No,"he replied, "I never heard of such a thing." The first one said, "I steep mine in prayer and God prospers me." If we alwayssteep our heavenly Seed in prayer, God will prosper us, also. For one solitary man to stand up and preach is poor work, butfor two of us to be here is grand work. You have heard the story of the Welsh preacher who had not arrived when the serviceought to have begun, so his host sent a boy to the room to tell him that it was time to go preach. The boy came hurrying back,and said, "Sir, he is in his room, but I do not think he is coming. There is somebody in there with him. I heard him speakingvery loudly and very earnestly, and I heard him say that if that other person did not come with him, he would not come atall! And the other one never answered him, so I do not think he will come." "Ah," said the host, who understood the case,"he will come and the other One will come with him!" Oh, it is good sowing when the sower goes forth to sow and the Othercomes with him! Then we go forth with steeped Seed, Seed that is sprouting in our hands as we go forth! This does not happennaturally, but it does happen spiritually. It seems to grow while we are handling it, for there is Life in it-and when itis sown, there will be Life in it for our hearers!
Further, this sower went forth into the open field. Wherever there was a field ready for the sowing, there he went. BelovedFriends, we must always try to do good where there is the greatest likelihood of doing good. I do not think that I need togo anywhere else than here, for here are the people to whom I can preach. But if this place were not filled with people, Ishould feel that I had no right to stand here and preach to empty pews. If it is so in your little Chapel-if the people donot come-I do not desire that the Chapel should be burned down, but it might be a very mitigated calamity if you had to turnout into the street to preach, or if you had to go to some hall, or barn, for some people might come and hear you, there,who will never hear you now. You must go forth to sow! You cannot sit at your parlor window and sow wheat-and you cannot standon one little plot of ground and keep on sowing there. If you have done your work in that place, go forth to sow elsewhere!Oh, that the Church of Christ would go forth into heathen lands! Oh, that there might be among Christians a general feelingthat they must go forth to sow! What a vast acreage there still is upon which not a grain of God's Wheat has ever yet fallen!Oh, for a great increase of the missionary spirit! May God send it upon the entire Church until everywhere it shall be said,"Behold, a sower went forth to sow."
There is a, "behold," in my text, which I have saved up till now. "Behold, a sower went forth to sow." He went as far as everhe could to sow the good seed, that his master might have a great harvest from it-let us go and do likewise.
When did this man go forth to sow? Our farming friends begin to sow very soon after harvest. That is the time to sow for Christ.As soon as ever you have won one soul for Him, try and win another, by God's Grace! Say to yourself what the general saidto his troops when some of them came riding up and said, "Sir, we have captured a gun from the enemy." "Then," said he, "goand capture another!" After the reaping, let the sowing follow as speedily as possible. In season, this sower sowed. It isa great thing to observe the proper season for sowing, but it is a greater thing to sow in improper seasons, also, for outof season is sometimes the best season for God's sowers to sow. "Be instant in season and out of season," was Paul's exhortationto Timothy. Oh, for Grace to be always sowing! I have known good men to go about and never to be without tracts to give away,and suitable tracts, too. They seem to have picked them out and God has given them an occasion suitable for the tracts, orif they have not given tracts, they have been ready with a good word, a choice word, a loving word, a tender word. There isa way of getting the Gospel in edgewise when you cannot get it in at the front. Wise sowers sow their seed broadcast, yetI have generally noticed that they never sow against the wind, for that would blow the dust into their eyes-and there is nothinglike sowing with the wind. Whichever way the Holy Spirit seems to be moving and Providence is also moving, scatter your Seedthat the wind may carry it as far as possible and that it may fall where God shall make it grow.
Thus I have told you what the man did-"A sower went forth to sow."
III. I must answer briefly the last of the three questions I mentioned, WHAT WAS THIS SOWER'S OBJECTIVE?
"One thing at a time, and that done well, Is a very good rule, as many can tell" and it is especially so in the service ofGod. Do not try to do 20 things at once-"A sower went forth to sow." His objective was a limited one. He did not go forthto make the seed grow. No, that was beyond his power-he went forth to sow. If we were responsible for the effect of the Gospelupon the hearts of men, we should be in a sorry plight, indeed, but we are only responsible for the sowing of the Good Seed.If you hear the Gospel, dear Friends, and reject it, that is your problem, and not ours. If you are saved by it, give Godthe Glory-but if it proves to be a savor of death unto death to you, yours is the sin, the shame and the sorrow. The preachercannot save souls, so he will not take the responsibility that does not belong to him.
And he did not, at that time, go forth to reap. There are many instances in which the reaper has overtaken the sower and Godhas saved souls on the spot while we have been preaching. Still, what this man went forth to do was to sow. Whether thereis any soul saved or not, our business is to preach the Gospel, the whole Gospel and nothing but the Gos-pel-and we must keepto this one point-preaching Jesus Christ, and Him crucified. That is sowing the Seed. We cannot create the harvest-that willcome in God's own time.
This man's one objective was positively before him and we are to impart the Truth, to make known to men the whole of the Gospel.You are lost, God is gracious, Christ has come to seek and to save that which is lost. Whoever believes in Him shall not perish,but shall have everlasting life. On the Cross He offered the Sacrifice by which sin is put away. Believe in Him and you liveby His death. This sowing, you see, is simply telling out the Truth of God and this is the main thing that we have to do,dear Friends-to keep on telling the same Truth over and over, and over and over again, till we get it into the minds and heartsof men-and they receive it through God's blessing.
If the sower had sat down at the corner of the field and played the harp all day, he would not have done his duty. And if,instead of preaching the simple Gospel, we talk of the high or deep mysteries of God, we shall not have done our duty.
The sower's one business is to sow, so, stick to your sowing, Brothers and Sisters. When that is done and your Master callsyou Home, He will find you other work to do for Him in Heaven, but, for the present, this is to be your occupation.
Now, to close, let me remind you that sowing is an act of faith. If a man had not great faith in God, he would not take thelittle seed he has and go and bury it. His good wife might say to him, "John, we shall need that wheat for the children, sodon't you go and throw it out where the birds may eat it, or the worms destroy it." And you must preach the Gospel and youmust teach the Gospel as an act of faith. You must believe that God will bless it. If not, you are not likely to get a blessingupon it. If it is done merely as a natural act, or a hopeful act, that will not be enough-it must be done as an act of confidencein the living God. He bids you speak the Word and makes you His lips for the time-and He says that His Word shall not returnto Him void, but that it shall prosper in the thing where He has sent it.
This sowing was also an act of energy. The word, sower, is meant to describe an energetic man. He was, as we say, "all there."So, when we teach Christ, we must teach Him with all our might, throwing our very soul into our teaching. O Brothers, neverlet the Gospel hang on our lips like icicles! Let it rather be like burning lava from the mouth of a volcano! Let us be allon fire with the Divine Truth that is within our hearts, sowing it with all our heart, mind, soul and strength.
This sowing was also an act of concentrated energy. The sower "went forth TO SOW." He went forth, not with two aims or objectives,but with this one-not dividing his life into a multitude of channels, but making all run in one strong, deep current alongthis one riverbed.
Now I have done when I invite my Brothers and Sisters here to go forth from this Tabernacle to sow. You will go down thosefront steps, or you will go out at the back doors and scatter all over London. I know not how far you may be going, but letit be written of you tonight, "The sowers went forth to sow"-they went forth from the Tabernacle with one resolve that, bythe power of the living Spirit of God, they who are redeemed with the precious blood of Jesus would make known His Gospelto the sons of men, sowing that Good Seed in every place wherever they have the opportunity, trusting in God to make the Seedincrease and multiply! Ah, but do not forget to do it even within these walls, for there are some here whom you may neverbe able to get at again. So, if you can speak to your neighbor in the pew, say a good word for Christ! If you will begin tobe sowers, nothing is better than to begin at once. Throw a handful before you get outside the door-who knows whether thatfirst handful shall not be more successful than all you have sown, or shall sow, in later days?
As for you dear Souls who have never received the Living Seed, oh, that you would receive it at once! May God, the Holy Spirit,make you to be like well-prepared ground that opens a thousand mouths to take in the Seed and then encloses the Seed withinitself and makes it fructify! May God bless you. May He never leave you barren or unfruitful, but may you grow a great harvestto His Glory, for Christ's sake! Amen.
EXPOSITION BY C. H. SPURGEON: PSALM106.
This is one of the "Songs of Degrees." They are supposed to have been sung as the pilgrim caravan was going up to the Templeat Jerusalem. Every time they halted and pitched their tents, they sang a Psalm. If carefully read, it will be found thatthese Psalms exhibit a real advance in experience. For instance, the keynote of the 125th is stability, while that of the126th is joy, and especially joyful hope. Each one appears to advance a stage higher than the one that precedes it.
Verse 1. When the LORD turned again the captivity of Zion, we were like they that dream. ' 'It seemed too good to be true.We were in a delirium ofjoy. 'We were like they that dream.' Our slumber had been profound-we thought that God had altogetherforgotten us-but when we found that He was coming to our rescue, 'we were like they that dream.'"
2. Then was our mouth filled with laughter, and our tongue with singing.' 'We wanted to express our joy, so laughter came,which is a natural, genuine mode of expressing delight. Our mouth was filled with laughter. We not only laughed, but we laughedagain and again, even as Abraham laughed when a son was promised to him and as Sarah laughed when Isaac was born."
3. The LORD has done great things for us; of which we are glad. I heard a Brother at a Prayer Meeting some time ago, say,"Of which we desire to be glad." That is not what these people said and if the Lord has done great things for you, you areglad, not only do you desire to be glad, but you are so! It is always a pity to try to improve on Holy Scripture, for it doesnot go to be improved upon. When the Lord does great things for His people, they are as glad as they can be, and they cannothelp saying so.
4. Turn again our captivity, O LORD, as the streams in the south. The riverbeds, when the Southern torrents have been driedup, seem to be nothing but a gathering of stones and dust. Then comes a copious rain, bringing a sudden flush of water andthe captivity of the stream is gone. That is the meaning of the prayer, "Turn again our captivity, O Lord, as the streamsin the south."
5. 6. They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. He that goes forth and weeps, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless comeagain with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him. Notice that word, "doubtless." If you have any doubt about it in yourown case, may the Lord drive all your doubts away! When God says, "doubtless," we must not be doubtful. "He shall doubtlesscome again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him." | 2019-04-25T02:56:22Z | https://liveprayer.com/spurgeon-sermons-reference.cfm?s=189512 |
One of Malmö's most infamous districts may be removed from a high-profile police list of 'especially vulnerable areas' in a couple of years, thanks to community efforts to boost the area.
The lilacs are in bloom. The air is soft and warm on one of Malmö's first summer days after a long winter, and in the square in the Seved area a group of people, with children, are chatting quietly. If you weren't familiar with these streets' reputation as one of Malmö's worst trouble areas, grabbing headlines over shootings, car burnings and open drug trade for years, you would almost find it hard to believe.
“This is the famous Rasmusgatan street and these blocks are what is known as Seved, but Seved is really just this little neighbourhood, we're talking six streets,” says Hjalmar Falck, a council development officer who's worked in the area for years and is managing a scheme to boost the district, pointing it out on a map.
These six streets consist of the two parallel streets Rasmusgatan and Jespersgatan, joined together by a square and four side streets. It is part of the larger Sofielund area, a mixed area of apartment blocks and quaint, detached houses with gardens on flagstone streets. When The Local visits, everything is calm, quite pretty, and based on looks alone it could be any area of any city. But that has not always been the case.
Falck is used to talking about Seved to Swedish and international media, who have been taking an increased interest in one of Sweden's most infamous “no-go zones”. The term caught on after it was used by a columnist to label 53 areas described as “vulnerable” in an official police report, but was rejected by police themselves. But if any part of Sweden ever did come close to claiming the title, it was Seved. The postal company has not delivered parcels directly to homes here since 2014, residents have spoken of open drug trade, and many others in Malmö would rather walk around than take a shortcut through the area.
The number of vulnerable areas has been updated after this article was first published. Read more here.
From a purely aesthetic perspective, it's an attractive and conveniently located area near central Malmö. But it is also among 15 districts listed by police as "especially vulnerable" in the above report. These are socio-economically vulnerable areas where crime and poverty rates are generally high, where police regularly have to adapt their methods and equipment to the volatile situation, and where residents often do not report crimes to the police, either out of fear of retaliation or because they think it will not lead to anything.
In Seved some of the most high-profile problems in the past few years have been drug trafficking and groups of young men loitering in the street, harassing passers-by and threatening property owners. “The gangs have taken over Seved,” Swedish media headlines have shouted for years, as late as last summer.
The Local speaks to Jonatan Örstrand, a police officer working in the area, as well as in other parts of central Malmö, on the phone. His particular role specifically involves liaising with Malmö City Council.
“There are certain requirements for an area to be classified as 'especially vulnerable', and Seved meets these," he explains. "We're talking about open drug trade, a certain parallel society, other structures than the usual social structures… and it's been like that for some time in Seved, with a local criminal network running the show, trading drugs in the open, threatening residents and making their own rules."
But, he says, the situation is slowly improving. Falck agrees: "There was a period when it was rather unpleasant. You could not really walk around there with cameras and other things or you would get threatened and harassed – and you could get exposed to some pretty tough verbal attacks. The postal company, security guards and property contractors did not dare to go there, and I didn't encourage them."
Sweden is trying to crack down on what is often referred to as gang violence, but which experts say is better described as more fluid criminal networks. Justice minister Morgan Johansson spoke warmly about the police and civil society's work in Seved and Sofielund on a visit to Malmö in March. The government's new crime prevention scheme emphasizes the need for police and other authorities to work together.
The reasoning is that police measures are not enough to stop crime. The whole of society needs to step up. One example of how such efforts may have contributed to some of the changes in Seved is Hjalmar Falck's 'Fastighetsägare Sofielund' organization (Property Owners Sofielund). The scheme was launched in 2014 with building owners in Malmö and the city council as the driving forces, and with Falck as a coordinator.
He had already worked in the area for some time and had already singled out the housing situation as a major factor. Rental housing is heavily regulated in Sweden, in theory, but Seved had struggled for decades with an unmanageably large number of landlords renting out apartments without carrying out proper building maintenance. The area still has a turnaround of tenants of more than 25 percent a year.
“I had begun looking into the property situation, because I understood some of it was pretty nasty, and I found a handful of eight, ten really dodgy landlords. You had everything: cockroaches, poor wiring, people sitting in basements without electricity and all of these classic things that characterize dodgy landlords."
The majority of them have since been forced to leave ("there are still a few left") and facades of previously rusty balconies and broken window ledges have been replaced by modern, bright street art.
Those property owners that remain have been asked to join Fastighetsägare Sofielund and sign a voluntary pledge to work together to invest in their housing and in the area. The association is based on the so-called BID model, Business Improvement District, a model developed in the US and spread across the world.
“Seved is so damn stigmatized, we have to get away from that label,” says Falck.
“We want to increase the attractiveness of this area to create a safe and clean and nice area,” he adds, arguing that it will convince more businesses to set up shop in Sofielund, convince more residents to stick around in the area and not move out, which will in turn create stability and a better neighbourhood.
Norra Grängesbergsgatan, a few blocks from Seved, is another Sofielund street that has been on authorities' radar for years with a reputation as a hub for unlicensed clubs often funding criminal activity.
It is next in the pipeline for a potential revamp, says Falck.
But if the area improves and the market value of the homes goes up, will all residents even be able to stay? The gentrification process is one of the main arguments used by critics of the Business Improvement District model.
“We want to do it with a great deal of sensitivity,” Falck is keen to stress.
Not everyone agrees that the objective to involve the entire community and not push people out is being met. Kontrapunkt, a social and cultural centre right next to Norra Grängesbergsgatan and a well-known voice at grassroots level in Malmö, criticized a street festival organized by Fastighetsägare Sofielund and a number of other local players in September for trying to attract outsiders to the street rather than building on those already there.
Kontrapunkt was invited to take part in the festival, but declined, initially because the group and its volunteer workers were still recovering after having provided emergency housing for 17,000 asylum seekers during four months at the peak of the 2015 refugee crisis, spokesperson Johanna Nilsson tells The Local.
“We felt we didn't have time, we needed the rest. Then there was more pressure from the property owners that we should take part, so we started looking into it. But when we spoke to our neighbours they didn't know anything about it, but all important cultural players were involved. We felt that more efforts were being put into attracting people to the area rather than talking to those already here. We said it's a process which could lead to those who are here being pushed out,” she says.
Ironically, Kontrapunkt itself could now be forced to leave.
The organization closed its doors last month after a row with the property owner, a member of Fastighetsägare Sofielund, about a missing building permit, among other things. The landlord has declined to speak about the conflict to media; Kontrapunkt says it started after they criticized the festival.
"He took it very personally. He took our criticism of the festival as criticism of him, and as a consequence he has since then stated that if we don't promise to not speak about the festival again, he will make sure we have to leave," says Nilsson.
Falck is not able to get involved in the conflict, but hopes it will get resolved eventually.
“We need these critical voices, I think they are extremely important. I'd rather they be part of the process and examine us to highlight things they think are wrong, because that makes us stay alert. Critical voices are very important, there are many critical voices. I fully respect that, we have had many projects here that have started and ended,” says Falck.
“But when people ask about gentrification and raised rents, I usually answer that we started by getting rid of those who charged extortionary rents and exploited people and so on, and we definitely don't want to end up in the same situation again,” he adds.
At a sports field near Seved, Mohamed Abdulle and Ahmed Warsame, the chairman and football manager of the local club Seveds FK, are preparing for Tuesday training. They both grew up here and admit the area has challenges, but argue that its image in the media is on the whole somewhat unfair and imbalanced.
“It feels like everyone has an opinion but not the insight. Does the area have its problems? Yes. But most cities have parts that get less positive attention, don't they?” says Warsame.
“I remember that maybe ten years ago there used to be a lot of young people hanging out on the streets of Seved. And I can understand then why people say 'don't go there' because there are a lot of youth gangs, but much of that has disappeared,” adds Abdulle.
They have also worked hard to turn the area around. They co-founded Seveds FK in 2014 in an effort to create activities for local youngsters – and to play football. In three years they have advanced to Division 6 in the tables, and their matches have become a staple in the local calendar.
The club is sponsored by Fastighetsägare Sofielund, and it also organizes late evening walks through Seved to help residents feel safe and reclaim the streets from criminal groups. And if nothing else, they have managed to give neighbours in the area something to rally around and feel proud about.
“One nice thing is that the young guys in the area but also older people, even women, often come to the matches to cheer us on. I think it's nice that it's got two different groups cheering for something together. I think that's a really great aspect,” says Warsame.
When neighbours come together like this it helps create what criminologists call collective efficacy, the ability of a community to together control the bad behaviour of individuals by almost subconsciously agreeing on a common set of norms and values. Malmö University researchers Anna-Karin Ivert and Karl Kronkvist have studied the BID process in Sofielund since it started, and have noted an improvement.
“I think a big problem may be that those who have handled the drug trade have had such a major influence and that affects those who live there. Even if they are not targeted, it creates a certain feeling of being unsafe, and it's not much fun to do the laundry in a communal laundry room that is also being used for drug trafficking,” Ivert tells The Local.
"It looks like there's a positive trend. We have to hope that it is not just temporary, but there are indications that residents are feeling somewhat safer and that the problem level has gone down. When we look at crime there are some crimes that have gone down, others which have gone up, for example drugs. But that is not particularly strange and could actually be something positive, because at the same time the police have targeted drug trafficking, which explains why it has increased in the statistics."
Falck adds: "I believe that if the police keep pushing and trust in police and the council increases, then perhaps this collective efficacy also increases, and I think that could put enormous pressure on the criminal operations."
Ivert and Kronkvist's report does not confirm to what extent Fastighetsägare Sofielund's efforts have contributed to improving the situation and how much is thanks to the police crackdown, which among other things saw surveillance cameras installed two years ago. But Örstrand speaks highly of the project.
“I see big benefits in that it is clean and tidy and that the locks are working, and thanks to this cooperation we're discussing these things with the property owners,” says the police officer.
If Seved holds this course, Örstrand believes it may very well be removed from the police authority's list of 'especially vulnerable' areas in just a couple of years.
"The criminal network is still there, but they are becoming fewer and fewer and we are very happy that we're not seeing any new recruitment. There are no younger members connected to this network, so they are getting older and older and fewer and fewer," he says.
"But it all depends on the course of the future. If we continue, as today, with the criminal network getting smaller and smaller and not growing, then it's in the foreseeable future, in a couple of years. But if it starts to build up again from the bottom then we're talking many years. At the same time the problem in Seved is not just the criminal network there, but also widespread exclusion and other crime."
"It was a lot worse six, seven years ago. It was completely different then. In those days there could be 50 people out in the street when you drove into the area who were hostile to the police. And today there is maybe 10-20 of them. So it is manageable in a completely different way to what it was before."
This does not mean that the area is problem-free, not by any standards. The postal company confirms to The Local that its policy not to deliver parcels to individual addresses at Seved remains in place, although there has been talk of easing it. In the past year there have been several instances of car burnings, and the drug trade moved from the street inside the buildings to avoid surveillance cameras. In November a man in his 30s was shot dead, one of 11 fatal shootings in Malmö last year (there were three in 2015).
While some may argue it seems far-fetched to claim that street festivals and cleanliness help prevent crime, Ivert explains that there is more to soft power than meets the eye. “To get collective efficacy those who live there have to be able to meet, and if the square is clean and nice and fresh, that you actually want to spend time there with your children, perhaps you meet and discuss things rather than going up to your apartment as quickly as you can. It also sends an important signal that the city shows that it cares,” she says.
Anders Helm runs Sofielundspatrullen, which is made up of around a dozen workers picking litter from streets in the area to help keep it clean. It is one of the projects thought up by Fastighetsägare Sofielund.
“This project is probably one of the best Malmö has ever done. We're getting so much praise. When we started in this area there was even a lady who came down in her bathrobe and hugged one of the guys. An old man who lived there for 32 years said he had been about to move because it was so dirty 'but then I've seen how you've started cleaning and now it's starting to get nice living here again'.” he tells The Local.
Falck emphasizes that Fastighetsägare Sofielund is not a temporary project that will end when it runs out of money. It is a “process”, he says, a vision to show that Malmö is not giving up on Seved and Sofielund.
"When German media and some American news site were here they absolutely wanted to see these areas, so I said 'let's go to these no-go zones, Norra Grängesbergsgatan and Rasmusgatan'. They were like 'there's no litter here, there's nothing, not even paper waste on the ground, what is this?'" he laughs.
"Well, I said, those are your 'no-go zones'!"
This article is part of our Sweden in Focus series, an in-depth look at what makes this country tick. Read more from the series here. | 2019-04-25T05:55:38Z | https://www.thelocal.se/20170607/heres-how-one-of-swedens-roughest-areas-edged-out-its-drug-gangs-seved-malmo-crime |
The Human Services Program offers an A.S. Degree in Human Services and a B.S. in Human Services with two concentrations: Social Services and Counseling. With the approval of the Program Director, Counseling Concentrators may also design a clinical counseling specialization that more closely fits their professional interests or use the credit hours to complete a minor in another discipline.
Department Chairperson: Valerie Pennanen, Ph.D.
Program Director: Elizabeth Guzman-Arredondo, M.S.W., L.S.W.
Faculty: Denis Adams, M.S.W.; Marilyn Bogash, M.H.S.; Vernita Brokemond, M.S.W.; Elizabeth Guzman-Arredondo, M.S.W., L.S.W.; LaConyea Pitts Thomas, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.; Ebony Williams, M.S.W.; Eileen Stenzel (Professor Emerita), Ph.D.
The Human Services Program prepares students to offer social and clinical interventions that will help individuals and groups achieve their highest level of functioning; exhibit sensitivity to the cultural and ethnic roots of human behavior; and consistently demonstrate a commitment to maintaining good mental health. All Human Services faculty offer personal and academic support to students as they work toward assuming the responsibilities of public services within a framework of a commitment to social justice.
The Human Services Program strives to increase the number of graduate-level human service providers in Northwest Indiana with particular attention to increasing the representation of minorities within the helping professions.
Upon completion of the Human Services Program, students will demonstrate mastery of the knowledge, skills and attitudes that characterize the Human Service Professional.
Origins and Theoretical Orientations of the Helping Professions: All students will be able to explain the origins of the human service profession, the value base of the profession and discuss issues that will impact its growth.
Theories and Techniques of Human Service Social and Clinical Interventions: All students will be able to identify and critically evaluate the major theories and techniques of social and clinical intervention and their relevance to the helping profession.
Systems Theory: All students will be able to apply a range of theories to explain human systems: families, small groups, organizations and social systems.
Social and Developmental Theory: All students will be able to apply medical, social and Psychological models of human behavior to identify the conditions that promote and impede attainment of optimal human functioning.
Basic Communication and Technology Literacy: All students will demonstrate competencies in literacy and technical writing, methods of research and measurement, and computer literacy.
Knowledge of and Respect for Cultural Diversity: All students will demonstrate cultural sensitivity and multi-cultural awareness.
The Twelve Core Functions of a Counselor/The Eight Counseling Skill Groups: Counseling students will demonstrate proficiency in the Twelve Core Functions of a Counselor and the Eight Counseling Skills Groups.
Community Organizing and Public Policy Development: Social Service students will demonstrate proficiency in the skills of community organization, the development of social policy and human service issues that are unique to urban environments.
Treatment Planning: All students will demonstrate proficiency in the strategies for planning and implementing social and clinical interventions.
Personal Growth and Commitment to Good Mental Health: All students will demonstrate a high level of personal self-awareness, an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of social communication, increased awareness of inevitable sources of interpersonal conflict, and become more goal-oriented and strategic in their interactive behavior.
Working with Special Populations: Through completion of the various concentrations and specialties offered in the program students will demonstrate effective intervention skills with special populations: the bereaved, the chemically dependent, children, etc.
Critical Thinking and Analytical Skills: All students will demonstrate the full range of competencies in critical thinking and higher order analysis necessary for the Human Services profession.
Professional Identity and Commitment to Life-Long Learning: Students will be able to articulate their identity as human service professionals and formulate a plan for on-going professional development.
Ethical Competence: Students will be familiar with the Codes of Ethics of the major professional organizations that regulate the helping professions and demonstrate consistent growth in their ability to comply with these standards.
A well-respected program leader, educator, and social advocate, Elizabeth Guzman-Arredondo has spent the past 30 years engaged in efforts to support social work. Whether in leading education or coordinating linkage of care for key demographics, she continues to show her exceptional insight and capacity to lead key strategic initiatives. The commitment has led to designation as a Court Appointed Special Advocate for Abused & Neglected Children, Fostering Success Coach to mentor newly transitioning students from Foster Care, and involvement in numerous organizations and task forces that drive positive public policy.
Currently Elizabeth is the Assistant Professor/Program Director for the Human Services Department at the Calumet College of St. Joseph. Here she acts as both thought leader and instructor to mentor the next generation of Human Service Professionals. Her instruction includes courses such as Intro to Human Services, Intro to Alcoholism & Drug Abuse, Models & Methods, Pharmacology of Psychoactive Substances, Human Services & Professional Ethics, Case Management, Theological Skills for Human Service Professionals, Gerontological Social Services, Crisis Intervention, Group Counseling, and Practicum. Throughout her courses Ms. Guzman-Arredondo takes special care to provide key insight into the practical application of theory in understanding how to best support specialized, under-served, and at-risk individuals.
In her social services career, Elizabeth has continued to be recognized for her exceptional savvy in coordinating and delivering critical programmatic support focused on youth and psychosocial factors effecting individuals to better support their development. Regardless of setting Ms. Guzman-Arredondo is committed to understanding the needs of her clients and students to lead intervention, provide linkage, and address critical factors in supporting the positive growth and transition of those faced with critical trauma through social advocacy and care.
Anthony Poole is the Program Director of National Youths Advocacy’s CANEI program in Chicago, Illinois. Mr. Poole has more than twenty (20) years of experience in the Child Welfare System. He also proudly served for two years in active duty with the Military Police while stationed in Germany. Anthony holds a Bachelor’s degree in Forensic Studies and two Master’s Degrees; one in Public Administration and the other in Social Work. His areas of expertise include mental health and substance abuse treatment for youth and adolescents.
Anthony also has extensive experience working directly with dually involved adolescents with conduct disorder and gang involvement, as well as, the related coordination with probation and courts. He also has a successful history of providing individual, family and group counseling to child welfare system-involved adolescents diagnosed with substance abuse disorders. Mr. Poole has served as an Adjunct Professor for the past 15 years and is currently teaching substance abuse curriculum at Calumet College of Saint Joseph’s in Whiting, Indiana.
LaConyea Pitts-Thomas is a graduate of Calumet College of St. Joseph. She obtained a BS in Management in 1998 and a BA Psychology in 1999. Ms. Pitts-Thomas completed graduate work at Indiana University Northwest and obtained a Master’s of Social Work degree in 2003. She is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker recognized by the State of Indiana.
Ms. Pitts-Thomas is currently, a Clinical Service Specialist for Lake County Department of Child Services a role she has held since 2014. She is also a Field Instructor for graduate students at IUN School of Social Work.
Ms. Pitts-Thomas’ social work experience includes providing psychotherapy and home-based services for the following programs: Genoa Services for residents at Miller Beach Terrace, Indiana Juvenile Justice Task Force for children adjudicated for delinquency in Lake County, Human Beginnings Outpatient Mental Health Center and Family Case Manager for Department of Child Services.
Ebony T. Williams is a lifelong resident of Lake County, IN. Ebony was born and raised in Gary, IN. Ebony graduated from Gary Public School System. She graduated from Calumet College of St. Joseph, Whiting Campus in 2003 with a Bachelor’s Degree in Human Services. While obtaining her undergraduate degree, Ebony became a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated. Ebony went on to purse higher education at Indiana University Northwest where she earned her Master of Social Work Degree (MSW). Ebony also earned a certification in Non -profit Management and Organization.
After graduation, she pursued employment within the Human Services/Social Services field. Ebony worked formally as a residential advisor at St. Monica’s Maternity Home and Family Case Manager II with Indiana Department of Child Services (Child Protective Services).
Ebony is currently employed as a Medical Social Worker at Community Hospital.
After working in the Human Services/Social Services field Ebony, wanted to broaden her professional experience and was encouraged by her mentor to become an adjunct professor at her alma mater (CCSJ). She has been part of the Calumet College staff as an adjunct professor since Fall of 2016.
Ebony is currently pursuing licensing to become a Licensed Social Worker.
All students must meet the requirements for admission to the College.
The Human Services Program retains the right to recommend that students withdraw from the Human Services Program if they fail to demonstrate consistent progress toward the attainment of program objectives. In order to continue in the program, students must earn a letter grade of a C for all major courses and maintain a 2.5 GPA. Students who fall below this standard must follow the normal procedures for repetition of coursework. Students may not have violated any of the commonly accepted ethical or moral standards of Human Service professions. Students will receive written guidelines of all program requirements as part of the Introduction to Human Services course or in the course of their Application Interview.
It is expected that Human Services students will demonstrate consistent progress toward the completion of the degree. The Human Services faculty is committed to making every effort to assist students in the attainment of this goal.
Human Services students are expected to demonstrate the standards of professional behavior commonly found in the various Codes of Professional Ethics. This includes a commitment to developing and maintaining the personal growth and development needed to function effectively in the helping professions, as well as academic honesty and integrity. Students who demonstrate serious levels of personal impairment will be asked to consult with the Program Director. Every effort will be made to provide students with the support they need to meet this standard of personal fitness for the profession. Students who are unable to meet these ethical standards will not be allowed to continue in the Human Services Program.
The assessment process of the Human Services Program consists of course based, and program based assessment. Student performance across courses is assessed each semester. Students complete an assessment project as part of the Practicum.
In order to assist students with the time and space barriers frequently encountered by working adults, the Human Services Program offers the curriculum in an accelerated delivery system that includes both hybrid (a combination of on-campus and distance delivery) and on-line courses. The hybrid courses meet two hours a week for fourteen weeks. One course meets from 5:30 – 7:30 pm. It is linked with a second course scheduled from 7:45-9:45pm. These courses are supplemented with Blackboard. A student can use this system to complete two courses coming to campus one night per week or four courses coming two nights per week. The second accelerated delivery format is on-line courses.
One or more prerequisites can be waived by the Program Director if a student transfers courses that can be accepted as a substitution.
Students will be provided with an overview of the Human Services field and the various concentrations offered at Calumet College of St. Joseph. This course serves as the foundational course for the Counseling and Social Service concentrations. Delivered as an accelerated hybrid course linked with HSV 220.
The student will be given an overview of the various treatment modalities used in the direct practice of social service delivery in both a social service and clinical context. These skills will focus on the management of the change process. Delivered as an accelerated hybrid course linked with HSV 100.
Prerequisites: Introduction to Human Services (HSV 100) or taken concurrently.
This course focuses upon the nature of psychoactive drugs, the effects they have on the body and mind of the user and the behaviors associated with their use and abuse. Drug interactions and withdrawal symptoms will be identified for each class of drugs. The relationship with pharmacology and the addictions counseling field will be emphasized.
This course will introduce students to descriptive and inferential statistics and a broad range of research methods essential for the professional human services provider. Topics covered: descriptive statistics, introduction to probability, normal and binomial distributions, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, regression and correlation. Students will be introduced to the following research methods: participant observation, survey design, interviewing skills, Internet and journal research, and empirical research design.
This course surveys the standards of professional conduct and ethical codes for various associations and/or credentialing organizations. Organizations to be considered are the Indiana Counselors Association on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse counselors, American Psychological Association, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, National Association of Social Workers, and the Health Professions Bureau (Indiana). The goal of this course is to provide the student with the necessary information to enable students to make informed decisions regarding appropriate behavior with clients and other professionals. Delivered as a hybrid course with scheduled support seminars.
This course will explore the systems approach to family treatment using several theories of family therapy. Focus will be on the recognition of the rules, roles, and communication styles and coping mechanisms within different family systems. The use of various techniques including the genogram, sculpturing, and paradoxical interventions will also be studied. Delivered as an online course.
Prerequisites: Introduction to Human Service (HSV 100); Theoretical Base of Counseling (HSV 305).
This course surveys theoretical foundations of major contemporary approaches to counseling and psychotherapy. Students will learn the theory of personality and understanding of how to affect change characteristic of nine theories of personality and counseling. Students will be encouraged to begin the process of developing a personal style of counseling. Delivered as an accelerated, hybrid course linked with HSV 310.
Prerequisites: Introduction to Human Service (HSV 100); Models and Methods (HSV 220).
This course introduces students to a short-term, problem solving model of counseling, instruction in each of the Twelve Core Functions of the counselor and an overview of the Eight Counselor Skill Groups. Delivered as an accelerated, hybrid course linked with HSV 305.
This course will offer an overview of the grief process and the common beliefs and myths about death and dying. This course will help students increase their awareness about the issues surrounding the death process and how grief impacts loved ones. Students will also have an opportunity to develop the ability to recognize situational grief reactions and secondary losses and explore effective helping interventions. Delivered as an online course. Delivered as an accelerated, hybrid course linked with HSV 328.
This course will assist students in developing the skills associated with effective case management in a social service setting. Students will be required to complete a simulated case management project from initial screening to evaluation. Delivered as an online course.
This course surveys three aspects of chemically dependency; namely the biological, Psychological and spiritual dimensions. The user and the family system will be studied. Practical counseling strategies will be explored. Special emphasis will be given to the JudeoChristian resources available to pastoral counselors. Delivered as an accelerated, hybrid course.
Prerequisites: Theoretical Base of Counseling (HSV 305), and Clinical Counseling Skills (HSV 310).
Prerequisites: Introduction to Human Service (HSV 100); Models and Methods (HSV 220); Theoretical Base of Counseling (HSV 305); and Clinical Counseling Skills (HSV 310).
This course examines the philosophical, theological and clinical foundations of varied approaches to pastoral counseling and the framework for understanding pastoral counseling as a specialization within the mental health profession. Students will contract for and complete a field experience in an area of pastoral counseling of particular interest to him/her, i.e. bereavement, hospital chaplainry, parish ministry, pastoral counseling with the chemically dependent. (Formerly HSV 210) This course may be taken as a Religious Studies elective. Delivered as an accelerated, hybrid course.
Prerequisites: Introduction to Human Service (HSV 100); Models and Methods (HSV 220); Theoretical Base of Counseling (HSV 305), and Clinical Counseling Skills (HSV 310).
The arena in which social service is practiced today usually has its boundaries set by rules and budgets developed through public mandates and its policies set by society standards. The student will review the changing standards of our society and study the changes in social policy that are incorporated to meet public policy. Both historical and current information will develop an understanding of the interrelationship between social service and social policy as well as the conflicts that do develop. Delivered as an accelerated, hybrid course.
Students will be introduced to the various crisis intervention theories and models and the application toward various crises such as but not limited to, natural disaster, suicide, homicide, and domestic violence. Delivered as an online course.
This course will explore the special needs clients may present to the counselor during the treatment process. Students will examine how different forms of abuse, drug of choice, age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity and culture must be considered in the treatment planning process. The aim is to assist the student in becoming more sensitive to the individualized needs of each client. Delivered as an online course.
The organizer’s role in various stages of the problem-solving process is explicated, and factors influencing successful and unsuccessful interventions are examined. Although emphasis is placed on practical problems confronting community planners and organizers today, historical perspectives are reviewed for their significance in understanding current theoretical principles and practices. Delivered as a weekend course on six Saturdays during the semester in which it is offered.
This course will introduce students to: 1) the various theories of group counseling; 2) the stages of group development; 3) group dynamics; and 4) the various types of groups and the leadership roles they require. Delivered as a hybrid course.
This course concentrates on the various screening and assessment tools available to the counselor. Although diagnosing a client is reserved for Master and Doctoral level clinicians, students will gain a working knowledge of the DSM IV classifications and multi axial assessment to enable the student to participate in the clinical staffing process. Students will learn to develop individualized treatment plans. Participants will be permitted to focus upon the criteria and disorders commonly associated with the student’s intended field of counseling. Delivered as a hybrid course.
This course will place students in an appropriate agency, depending on their concentration, in which they will be exposed to the work of that agency in a supervised setting. The program director, or an assigned instructor, will coordinate the students’ supervision by an experienced staff from the selected agency. This course may be repeated for up to a total of 6 hours. All students are required to complete a comprehensive exam as part of this course. The results of this exam do not influence the student's final grade. The results are used to assess the extent to which the student has mastered the objectives of the Human Services Program and assist in strengthening the Human Services curriculum. This exam will be coordinated by the program director in consultation with the faculty practicum supervisor.
This course will examine topics of special interest in the human service field. Courses in pastoral counseling, criminal justice counseling and other areas of special interest will be as needed.
By participating in a semester-long research program, students earn credit for their degree. Training in research methodology provides students with the opportunity to pursue this discipline by designing, implementing, and constructing a formal report on a research topic.
Prerequisites: This course requires senior status, a cumulative 3.25 index in the major, and the approval of the Program Director.
This capstone course is designed to assist students in the integration and critical examination of the various concepts, theories, and methods of inquiry presented both in general education and the major. Learning outcomes for both the general education program and the major are reviewed. Course assignments assist students in assessing the degree for which learning outcomes have been mastered. This course may serve as an alternative to HSV 495 Practicum for students who have work experience in field and/or for students for whom this will strengthen their preparation for graduate school. | 2019-04-22T02:47:26Z | https://ccsj.edu/HumanServices/ |
This article is about the Warfront. For other uses, see Stromgarde (disambiguation).
The Battle for Stromgarde is the first warfront in Battle for Azeroth where orcs and humans fight for dominance over the Arathi Highlands.
Located in Arathi, Stromgarde Keep is one of the key locations in the struggle for controlling of the Eastern Kingdoms. For the Alliance, Stromgarde sits in a critical defensive position. Following the Battle for Lordaeron, the Horde threat still looms over the continent and holding Stromgarde will be key if the Alliance hopes to keep the Horde's aggression at bay.
For the Horde, securing Stromgarde would set the stage for an assault on the heart of the Eastern Kingdoms and serve as a launching point for a campaign against the worgen of the kingdom of Gilneas. This location is also key in the defense of the blood elven capital, Silvermoon City, in the north.
Map of the Arathi warfront.
Sword of Dawn — Starting area for the Alliance.
Stromgarde Keep — Capture and Rebuild!
Town Hall — Main structure which improves the base.
It can be further upgraded into a Keep and later a Castle; which further increase resource collection and troop deployment rates.
Altar of Kings — Access to powerful player bonuses.
Workshop — Vehicle production building.
Highlands Mill — Allows for collection of wood.
Galson's Lode — Allows for the collection of iron.
Valorcall Pass — Secure a foothold in Arathi.
High Perch — Construct a Tower, providing fast access to captured locations.
Circle of Elements — Construct an Arcane Sanctum to bring powerful caster units to your army.
Newstead — Construct a Stable to recruit mounted troops.
Northfold Crossing — Capture to lay siege to Ar'gorok.
Ar'gorok — Assault and defeat the enemy commander.
Tempest's Roar — Starting area for the Horde.
Ar'gorok — Capture and Rebuild!
Hatchet Ridge — Allows for collection of wood.
Drywhisker Mine — Allows for the collection of iron.
Northfold Crossing — Secure a foothold in Arathi.
Circle of Elements — Construct a Spirit Lodge to bring powerful caster units to your army.
Newstead — Construct a Bestiary to recruit mounted troops.
Valorcall Pass — Capture to lay siege to Stromgarde.
Stromgarde Keep — Assault and defeat the enemy commander.
Reclaim our base and secure sources of iron and wood we'll need to raise an army.
Destroy the enemy's gate and defeat their commander.
In order to be eligible to queue for the warfront, players need to be level 120, have an average item level of 320 or higher, and have completed enough of the campaign to have unlocked World Quests.
During this stage, the Warfront feature is not active for either faction. This stage will last until the Horde contributes enough supplies to reach 100% on their meter.
A number of quests to complete.
A special World Quest which tasks players with killing a Horde World Boss named Doom's Howl for loot.
Horde characters will not have control of Arathi, and on the docks of Zuldazar, players will be able to donate Profession items, Gold or [War Resources]. Contributing any of these items rewards players with The Honorbound reputation and Artifact Power for your [Heart of Azeroth], and increases the contributions percentage seen on the map.
During this stage, the Warfront feature is active for Horde players and starts the countdown clock for Alliance players who wish to access Arathi. This stage will last for 2 days (on beta).
There is no change to the content that is unlocked for Alliance players. They are still able to go to Arathi to complete the quests and kill Doom's Howl for loot.
Horde players will now have a short quest chain that culminates by unlocking the Warfront feature. All ccontribution NPCs will no longer be accepting any items and more Horde soldiers are seen around the docks of Zuldazar. The map will now show that the Warfront is active.
This quest line takes Horde players to Arathi and gets players to scout out Ar'gorok, Drywhisker Mine and Hatchet Ridge as they are the first locations that players will assault in the Warfront. Once the quest chain is complete, players will return to Zuldazar and be allowed to queue up for Warfronts.
Just like the first stage, neither team is able to access the Warfront feature at this time. This stage will last until the Alliance reaches 100% contribution.
Defeat the Alliance World Boss The Lion's Roar for loot.
The Alliance will have contributions open, and similar to the Horde, be able to contribute Profession Items, Gold and War Resources for 7th Legion reputation, Artifact Power and contribution percentage.
Similar to stage two, Alliance players will be able to access Warfronts and the countdown clock for Horde control of Arathi starts. This phase will also last for 2 days (on beta).
The content that Horde players have will not change. They are still able to teleport to the zone, complete quests and kill the World Boss The Lion's Roar for loot.
Alliance players will now have a short quest chain that culminates by unlocking the Warfronts feature. All contribution NPCs will no longer be accepting any items and the map will now show that the Warfront is active.
Warlord Zakgra yells: This way! A glorious battle awaits!
Eitrigg yells: Warriors of the Horde! Today we rise, our axes thirsting for the blood of our enemies.
Eitrigg yells: Ready your blades! Lok-tar ogar!
Danath Trollbane says: You dare invade Stromgarde, rightful home of the Trollbanes? Get out of my sight, green-skin.
Eitrigg says: "Green-skin"? Ohoho... now you've made me mad.
Eitrigg says: We need resources to hold them off. Spread out, and bring me some iron and lumber!
Eitrigg yells: Well done. With Drywhisker Mine under our control, we will never want for iron.
Eitrigg yells: Hatchet Ridge is ours. We can use its lumber mill to help build our base.
Danath Trollbane says: You impudent worms have no right to be here.
Danath Trollbane says: Soldiers of the League, charge!
Eitrigg yells: Horde, to battle! Crush those cowardly castle-dwellers before they breach our gates!
Eitrigg yells: We have a barracks, now train those grunts!
Eitrigg yells: The Armory is complete. Get those forges up and running!
Eitrigg yells: The Altar of Storms has been completed.
Eitrigg yells: Our Great Hall is now a Stronghold!
Eitrigg yells: The Workshop is ready. Build some demolishers, and show the Alliance how easily its walls crumble.
Eitrigg yells: Our Stronghold is now a Fortress!
Eitrigg yells: Well fought. With Northfold Crossing captured, we can focus on bigger targets.
Eitrigg yells: I hope the dogs are hungry. With Horde banners flying over Newstead, we can now train wolf riders.
Eitrigg yells: The elements answer the call of the Horde. As it should be.
Eitrigg yells: My blades will rend your flesh!
Eitrigg yells: My axe hungers for blood!
Eitrigg yells: There is joy in victory!
Eitrigg yells: High Perch belongs to the Horde. Or should I say... the "green-skins".
Danath Trollbane yells: Hmph. You and your kind are all the same. You'll die on your knees, just like the rest.
Danath Trollbane yells: Brave soldiers of the League, it is time.
Danath Trollbane yells: Crush Ar'gorok, for Arathor! For Stromgarde! FOR THE ALLIANCE!
Eitrigg yells: Bring in the demolishers! Take down that gate! Let's show that Trollbane fool what a few green-skins can do!
Danath Trollbane yells: Stromgarde still stands, orc. I'll enjoy watching your corpse float in my moat. Defenders, show them the strength of our city!
Eitrigg yells: The gates have fallen! Now take the fortress!
Eitrigg yells: The Alliance is no match for our strength. For the Horde!
Admiral Walsh yells: Bring down the shield! Seize the opportunity! Stromgarde will be ours!
Danath Trollbane yells: Stromgarde has been despoiled by invaders for too long.
Danath Trollbane yells: Today, we claim what is rightfully ours. For the Alliance!
Danath Trollbane yells: At long last, Stromgarde has been reclaimed.
Danath Trollbane says: First things first. We need lumber from Highlands Mill. We also need iron, which we can requisition from Galson's Lode.
Eitrigg says: Trollbane! You'd better keep moving. Arathi belongs to the Horde now.
Danath Trollbane says: No, Arathi belongs to ME. You and your Horde will pay for your trespass, Eitrigg.
Danath Trollbane yells: Perfect. Highlands Mill will provide us the lumber we need to rebuild Stromgarde.
Danath Trollbane yells: Control over Galson's Lode means a limitless supply of iron. That should come in handy.
Eitrigg says: Send in our forces! The walls of Stromgarde will crumble under the might of the Horde!
Danath Trollbane yells: Stromgarde is still weak - she cannot survive a direct attack. Crush the Horde's vanguard before they get close!
Danath Trollbane yells: Our Barracks is ready to train our forces.
Danath Trollbane yells: The Altar of Kings is complete.
Danath Trollbane yells: The Workshop is now ready.
Danath Trollbane yells: We've finished building the Armory.
Danath Trollbane yells: Our Town Hall has been upgraded to a Keep.
Danath Trollbane yells: Stromgarde's Keep has been upgraded to a Castle.
Danath Trollbane yells: Valorcall Pass is now ours. Keep pressing the attack!
Danath Trollbane yells: Alliance banners fly over Newstead once more.
Danath Trollbane yells: Well done. We have recaptured the Circle of Elements.
Danath Trollbane yells: High Perch is ours. We're well on our way to dealing with these interlopers.
Danath Trollbane yells: Rain death upon the Horde!
Danath Trollbane yells: Now, siege engines, blast down that gate. This vile orc will know the meaning of Alliance justice!
Eitrigg yells: I know all about your "Alliance justice." Wind riders, show them the meaning of Horde fury!
Danath Trollbane yells: The gate is down. Now move! Take back Arathi for the Alliance!
Eitrigg yells: Cower before my fury!
Eitrigg yells: For the Horde!
Eitrigg yells: All too easy.
Rokhan yells: Years ago, all of dis land belonged to da trolls.
Rokhan yells: Today, it belongs to da Horde!
Turalyon says: These are Alliance lands! The Light-blessed walls of Stromgarde will never fall to the likes of you.
Rokhan says: All o' dis been troll lands long before da Alliance even knew it be here, Turalyon.
Rokhan says: First tings first. We be needin' wood and iron ta build a Horde base here. Should be plenty of both nearby.
Rokhan yells: Drywhisker Mine belongs to da Horde.
Rokhan yells: Good. We gonna use da lumber from Hatchet Ridge ta build our stronghold.
Turalyon says: You were warned, Horde scum. Now prepare to be annihilated.
Rokhan yells: Da stronghold be needin' reinforcement. Hold dem forces back before dey get too close!
Rokhan yells: Da barracks be ready. Dis war gonna be won on da backs o' da grunts.
Rokhan yells: Armory be good ta go, mon.
Rokhan yells: Da Altar o' Storms be ready.
Rokhan yells: Da Workshop be done. Our demolishers gonna make quick work o' da Alliance walls!
Rokhan yells: We be upgradin' da Great Hall to a Stronghold.
Rokhan yells: Da Stronghold be a Fortress now!
Turalyon yells: Yet the Light still shines over Stromgarde.
Rokhan yells: Da Circle of Elements be under da Horde's control now.
Rokhan yells: Newstead be ours... an' wit' it, da wolf riders.
Rokhan yells: Ah, victory! It taste sweet, mon!
Rokhan yells: Shadows consume you.
Rokhan yells: Da hunt begins!
Rokhan yells: For da Horde!
Rokhan yells: Send in da demolishers! No Light gonna protect dat paladin from da might of da Horde!
Turalyon yells: Light will always defeat Shadow, Rokhan. Defenders, forward!
Rokhan yells: Da gate be down! Storm da fortress!
Turalyon yells: For the Light!
Turalyon yells: By the Light, be purged!
Turalyon yells: Scurry from the Light, vermin!
Turalyon yells: Stromgarde may be lost, but the Alliance will never fall.
Muradin Bronzebeard says: Is that the Horde I see on my battlefield? I've been waitin' for a good scrap!
Rokhan says: I been waitin' for da same, Muradin.
Muradin Bronzebeard says: Yer tryin' to build a fortress? Hah! Don't make me laugh! Ha hah!
Muradin Bronzebeard says: Send in our troops! We'll leave their sorry base in ruins.
Rokhan yells: Muradin... we be takin' High Perch. Ya ready ta come out an' fight yet?
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Soon enough, laddie. I figure I'll let me riflemen soften ye up a bit first.
Rokhan yells: Send in da demolishers! Dat dwarf can't be hidin' behind his gate forever!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Bring it on, Rokhan! I've been waitin' for ya. Defenders, show 'em what we're made of!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Ye'll never get away with this!
Turalyon yells: Soldiers of the Alliance! Today, we reclaim the noble city of Stromgarde from the monstrous Horde.
Turalyon yells: For the Alliance!
Turalyon says: First, however, we need to fortify this position. Get us some lumber and iron.
Turalyon says: The Light is with us, Rokhan. We fear no shadows.
Turalyon yells: That lumber mill's wood will be crucial for building our base.
Turalyon yells: Well done. Galson's Lode should provide all the iron we need.
Rokhan says: Send in our forces! We got to crush dese Alliance insects before dey can spread!
Turalyon yells: Our fortifications are still quite weak. Quickly, halt the Horde's advance before they get close!
Turalyon yells: We've completed our barracks. Time to begin training our troops.
Turalyon yells: The Altar of Kings is complete.
Turalyon yells: The Workshop is ready to start building our tanks.
Turalyon yells: The Armory has been constructed.
Turalyon yells: Our Town Hall has been upgraded into a Keep.
Turalyon yells: Our Keep is now a Castle!
Turalyon yells: We have secured Valorcall Pass.
Turalyon yells: Well done, soldiers. Newstead is ours.
Turalyon yells: The Circle of Elements now belongs to the Alliance.
Turalyon yells: High Perch is ours, and Ar'gorok is soon to follow. We're coming for you, Rokhan.
Rokhan yells: An' I gonna be waitin'.
Turalyon yells: The righteous are always victorious.
Turalyon yells: By the Light's might!
Turalyon yells: This is our chance. Siege the gate! The Light has come for you, Rokhan!
Rokhan yells: Da Light can't be savin' ya now. Shadow hunters, show yahselves!
Turalyon yells: The gate is down. Now go, and reclaim Arathi from the Horde!
Rokhan yells: Dat be some nasty voodoo.
Lady Liadrin yells: Focus on the task at hand. First we capture Ar'gorok, then onward to Stromgarde!
Lady Liadrin yells: Arathi will be ours! For the Horde!
Muradin Bronzebeard says: Ye best stop right there, lass, 'less ye want a face full o' Alliance mortar shells.
Lady Liadrin says: I'd like to see you try, Muradin. This is Horde territory now.
Lady Liadrin yells: We've taken High Perch, and with it, the high ground. The tide is turning in our favor.
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Pfah! The high ground is overrated!
Lady Liadrin yells: Bring in the demolishers! Destroy their gate! Force that dwarf out into the open!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: I'll hold Stromgarde to my last, Liadrin. Defenders, stand strong!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Get outta here!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: For Khaz Modan!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Got a gift for ya!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Ha ha ha! That's how we do it!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Here's one for ya.
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Hey you, catch!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: It's all in the follow-through.
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Say hello to your ancestors for me!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Load yer rifles and draw yer steel.
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Today we retake the hills of Arathi... for the Alliance!
Muradin Bronzebeard says: They'll be comin' soon. We need ta build up this base, and that means securin' lumber and iron.
Lady Liadrin says: Stand down, Muradin. The Horde holds this territory.
Muradin Bronzebeard says: Your Horde'll be holdin' their swollen arses after I'm done kicking 'em! Hah!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Good, we've secured Highlands Mill. We can use that lumber to help build our base.
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: With Galson's Lode under our control, we should have plenty of iron.
Lady Liadrin says: Deploy our forces, now! We cannot allow the Alliance to secure a foothold!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Ready yer weapons! It's time fer a fight!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: We've got a Barracks! Start training our troops!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: The Altar o' Kings is ready!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Workshop's up and running. Time to build some tanks!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Armory's ready to start outfitting our forces!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: The Town Hall's been upgraded to a Keep!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: All right! Our Keep's been upgraded into a Castle!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Good, we've pushed 'em out o' Valorcall Pass. Now let's keep movin'!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: We've sacked Newstead!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: We've taken the Circle of Elements!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: High Perch belongs to the Alliance! You ready to wave that white flag yet, lassie?
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Yer fight's come ta an end!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: Quickly, bring in the siege engines! Take down the gate! Show that blood elf what dwarven mortars are made of!
Lady Liadrin yells: It won't be enough, dwarf. Blood Knights, to arms!
Muradin Bronzebeard yells: There, the gate's down! Go, go, go!
Lady Liadrin yells: By the Light, be purged!
Lady Liadrin yells: For the Horde!
Lady Liadrin yells: Such power... how can this be?
Turalyon says: What's this? Horde invaders, with a paladin in command? What has this world come to?
Wistel Silversnitch says: Looks like our miners hit the jackpot! You get it back to our base in one piece, and we'll all benefit greatly.
Wistel Silversnitch yells: The Motherlode is safe and sound. Come grab your share!
Wistel Silversnitch says: Ooh, look at the size of THAT thing. Hey! Anyone wanna go kill it?
Wistel Silversnitch says: Listen, you find any spare wartrike parts out there, lemme know. You can take her for a spin once she's runnin' again.
Grezla Bloodfury yells: Hold the line! Nothing gets through!
Grezla Bloodfury says: Your strength is no match for an orc!
Gwyndra Wildhammer yells: The skies... call.
Rokk Stoneblood yells: Hold the Perch and the skies are ours!
Rokk Stoneblood yells: Let them try and break our defenses!
Horde Grunt yells: Follow me!
Horde Grunt yells: This way! To battle!
Horde Grunt yells: Blood and honor!
Horde Grunt yells: I live and die... for the Horde!
Thunder Bluff Tauren yells: Arathi belongs to the Horde!
Thunder Bluff Tauren yells: Death to the Alliance!
Horde Axe Thrower yells: For the Horde!
Horde Axe Thrower yells: Blood and honor!
Warbringer Kro'goth yells: Hold your ground! If anything moves, kill it!
Captain Roderick Brewston says: A sizeable force of Witherbark trolls approaches Stromgarde from the east. What say we send a few of them running back to their hovels? Do kill the rest, though.
Captain Roderick Brewston says: Stone giant Fozruck is currently stomping along the southeastern roads. Don't get caught underfoot.
Captain Roderick Brewston yells: We've seem to have stirred the hornet's nest. The Horde is sending everything they've got.
Captain Roderick Brewston says: A number of our gryphon riders have been felled. Keep an eye open for survivors in the field.
Captain Roderick Brewston says: Branchlord Aldrus sighted on the timberline.
Captain Roderick Brewston says: Do keep in mind that even sentient, aggressive lumber is still... lumber. And a great deal of it, at that.
Captain Roderick Brewston says: Some rather large and hostile wildlife has wandered onto the field. The hunt is on!
The version shown at BlizzCon 2017 is actually unused and was far larger, including a second set of walls, a port and fountain park area for Stromgarde Keep.
Old Stromgarde seen at BlizzCon 2017.
Unused version of Stromgarde in the Warfront seen at BlizzCon 2017.
Horde troops in Stromgarde's entrance.
Horde troops pouring out of their base. | 2019-04-19T10:40:07Z | https://wow.gamepedia.com/Stromgarde_(warfront) |
Plaine Verte is a suburb of the capital of Mauritius. Until 1968, it was home to a heterogenous community of Muslims and Christians. This closely intertwined community of two ethnic/religious groups who co-existed for over a century found itself at the centre of the riots which took place in that year. Shawkat Ally Gozeer was very young at the time, but provided the following account of what he witnessed to the late Norbert Benoit.
People believed at the time that this tense atmosphere had been instigated by some people; but the reason behind it is not very clear. What I know is that there was a division in the Muslim community regarding politics. To this day it has never been ascertained how it started – people would rather forget about it. No one is interested to know, not because it is not important, but rather because of the fear that it might engender.
We have heard that a riot had broken out. We saw fire burning in the distance. There was smoke everywhere. As tension escalates, one person dies, then two… then things take a turn for the worse; people got together in groups. I saw the Muslim side of events, as I was living in Plaine Verte; I lived through it, I lived the fear itself.
After the riots, some Muslims who did not live in the Plaine Verte region before came to live there. Not all at once just a few. We did not notice it at the time. The atmosphere remained tense but we did not have any more riots. However, when people learnt that some Christians had killed a Muslim, people here would kill a Christian. That is how it went on; then the violence increased.
I did not go to school, the school closed down, I believe. Plaine Verte was dead. We did not go very often to the market. My father did not even travel for his work. How long did this last? It seemed a long time. One week? Two weeks? It was through people who came to my place that I knew there was a rioting. They fled their homes, as their homes were at the foot of the mountain. They all believed that the Christians would come that way. As a result people believed that those who lived in close promixity to the mountain would be the first victims. People came and went. How long did it last? I do not know, but their presence in my place symbolised something.
There were many wooden houses at that time, and that our house was in concrete. People came to our place because they felt secure in a concrete house. People wanted to gather together. Especially the women and young girls, because the men were going out to fight. They were afraid, very afraid. In day time they would go back home to eat then before nightfall they would come back to our place, to sleep. There were days when they even stayed the whole day at our place. Some days we ate together. Other days they brought food to eat, then we shared amongst ourselves. There were forty to fifty people at our place. Each person brought his blanket and pillow. They slept in our living room and the verandah. We moved some furniture and put them at the back of the house. It was a change, an upheaval. For example, there were people who we did not like but who were here in our place, who had free access and we had to accept it.
People came after the “namaz magrib”. At times they would perform the “namaz e-sa” at the house. Afterwards my father would ask for tea to be made in a large bowl, and served everybody present. Some men went through the house to access the top of our garage, as they could have a good view, far and wide, from up there. From there they kept a look-out with their weapons. They took turns for the look-out; three stayed on top of the garage, while three others would go out to the ‘English canal’. However the Christians did not come through the ‘canal anglais’. They did come but not all the way to the ‘canal anglais’. They were just rumours. During those nights we were all afraid. Some were praying; the majority of us were women and children. They were praying and weeping. Some women feared their husbands would not come back. Fortunately no one we knew was killed, but some in the group were sent in prison. They spent three years in jail after the riots, because they were arrested for carrying sabres. Following their arrest, weapons were also found at their homes. In certain cases, my father had to help while they were in prison.
Some men came back at one o’clock in the morning, others at two o’clock in the morning. Personally I was not that afraid of Christians; I was afraid for those who were going to fight. Among them there were youths of fourteen to fifteen years of age. Among those who left there were heads of families. We were insulted because we did not go to fight. My father did not want it. The children who went out to fight were afraid. However when they heard that a Muslim had been killed somewhere else, it was different, they wanted to make sure that a Christian was also killed. But at my place, they were praying a lot; they did the ‘taabi’. Some men wanted to commit suicide during the riots. Some left their wives and children at our place. The riots were then coming to an end, sometime before the British troups arrived and started to search the houses. Some men came early morning, very quietly. Some kept a lookout in front of the house. There was a house, the first after the mountain, which had two lights, one red and one green. The green one was always on, but if ever there was some news, if the Creoles were nearby, the red light would be switched on. Then all the men would go toward the ‘English canal’.
I recall being sat down on the flat roof of our garage. Some Christian neighbours dressed like Muslims, clothes given to them by Muslim friends. I remember three women and one child, who lived opposite us, wore their ‘orni’ and their ‘tius’, accompanied by four or five Muslims. The men were carrying baskets with Molotov cocktails and daggers. There were people who we knew, but with whom we were afraid to talk lest they say we were hiding Creoles.
There were cases where a Muslim family would hide some Christian men, and not let the other Muslims know about it. When the British troops arrived, they searched all the houses. The Muslims began to dig holes in front of their houses to hide the sabres and other home-made weapons. The British used metal detectors and soon were able to find the weapons. Some houses were set on fire. One could see them in flames. Some people were carrying away tables and beds. They were burglars who saw an opportunity. Some men would remove the rubber sheathing off copper wire and then wrap it around the house to keep burglars away. If you touched it, you could be electrocuted. Those are things that I have seen.
The riots destroyed the area where I lived. The Cité Martial was no longer what it used to be. Once Muslims and Christians lived together there. Among the Christians there were ‘understanding’ people. The houses were beautiful, adorned with pots of flowers. The stucco was well-polished. One does not see this anymore. The people who moved in came from Roche Bois; they were Muslims who came only with the things they brought on their backs. They have changed this area a lot. In those houses there were people who worked and lived well. They were replaced by those who are destitute. The place has been transformed.
This scar has taken a long time to heal. The Muslims think that some people benefited from this scenario. They manipulated the situation, getting people to fight against their brothers. They are bad memories, which I personally would not like to relive.
The British regiment which was called into action on Mauritius in 1968 was the King’s Shropshire Light Infantry [KSLI], under the command of Major Brian Lowe. At the time, the regiment was stationed in Malaysia and were ordered without warning to leave for Mauritius. The following account was prepared within a few weeks of the riots, by Major L W Huelin of the KSLI.
The troops went by road to Singapore and from there in three Hercules aircraft to Mauritius. The KSLI company went straight from the airport to the police barracks in the capital and immediately out on patrol. The soldiers worked in conjunction iwht the civil police and the island’s Special Mobile Force to restore peace. The SMF which had been established in 1960 was at this time led by Major Ward of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, but the force under his command was composed of young Mauritian men.
The army’s perspective was that “blind hatred between Port Louis’ ‘Istanbul’ Muslim gang and the rival ‘Texas’ Creole gang had led to a situation in which atrocious acts of violence were rife and many people were being killed and injured”. However the trouble had not spread to other parts of the island, but was contained within the Port Louis area. After the 140 men of the KSLI hit the streets, it was reported that ‘mob alarms’ dwindled but that looting and burning of abandoned houses continued. The combined forces of law and order initiated “a non-stop series of cordon-and-search operations” during which dozens of arrests were made and quantities of “crudely-fashioned weapons, acid bombs and Molotov cocktails were unearthed”.
Operations were directed from Port Louis police barracks by Commissioner Bernard McCaffery and as well as the KSLI troops, men from a British navy vessel HM Euryalus, were landed and placed in guard of the island’s petrol storage depot. The KSLI deployed two Sioux helicopters and the navy now added a third.
The British governor of the island, John Shaw Rennie, and the man then waiting to become Mauritius’ first independent Prime Minister, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, welcomed the assistance of the British troops.
Sydney Selvon The riots started in the very month that I began my career in the media, at L’Express. I remember a crowd of armed people running towards our bus at the Vallijee bus stop and the bus had time to get away as they were still at a distance. I remember the intervention of the British troops and having to stop at military checkpoints in Port Louis during the night. Dr Philippe Forget, who was at the wheel of the car we were in, once thought a soldier was Mauritian. The two military men had their guns at our temples on each side of the car and it was a horrible feeling, their hands were on the trigger. Dr Forget made a joke in creole and the man just pushed his gun against his temple; he had an English accent. We showed our papers, they had a license to shoot and kill in case of any sign of resistance. Our papers were OK, of course, as journalists, but the feeling of having loaded guns near your temple and seeing the fingers on the trigger is awful. I was 19 and learning to be a journalist. Can’t forget.
Every day we had reports of killings, horrible killings on both sides. I pray God this never happens again in Mauritius. The 1999 riots were nothing in comparison. In the media we all cooperated with the government and the police whatever our political angle, to help bring back peace and this eventually worked.
6 weeks before Independence Day, Muslims and GP clashed in a vicious civil conflict, the worst Mauritius has ever known. As in May 1965, violence was expected between GP and Hindus; who remained neutral but through rumour mongering inflamed the bloodshed. Chiefly confined to Port Louis and its suburbs, the Baggare Raciale (Race Riot) lasted a month. Mauritian police, especially the Riot Unit, was largely GP and mostly supported their brethren. SARM threatened to bring Pakistani troops to intervene on behalf of the Muslims. With the conflict threatening to engulf the entire island, SSR appealed for British forces as per a prior defence agreement. Gaetan Duval the ‘Patron’ of the GP Texas gang together with Mafia another GP mob, battled the ‘Muslim’ Istanbul for control of the capital’s lucrative extortion, drugs, smuggling and prostitution rackets. January 1968 saw Mafia & Texas clash with Istanbul at the Hindu-owned Venus Cinema in the Western suburb of Port Louis, sparking off the Baggare. Rabidly anti- independence, Duval had a vested interest in instigating and inflaming the conflict. No.15 Constituency contained a large number of Muslims who had voted for independence, thus tilting the balance of the 1967 elections. King Creole as Duval styled himself, contrary to his later denials, gambled on the conflagration, timed to disrupt the British handover of power. Hence, proving its inability to govern itself, Mauritian self-determination would be delayed indefinitely. 30+ dead and hundreds injured, Muslim females raped, Masaajid desecrated, property destroyed (Taher Bagh, in Port Louis was burnt down) and thousands displaced, was the cost of Duval and his intransigents malevolent caprice. However, on 12th March 1968, an apprehensive Mauritius became independent as planned.
Questions have to be asked about the 1968 conflict. For too long now our heads have been buried Ostrich-like in the sand. Afterall weren’t the ‘Kaya’ riots in 1999 subject to public and government scrutiny? I have given my take on events above.
It’s true that the motivation behind the Bagarre 1968 has never been elucidated. It is natural to make personal inference. Having lived at Vallee Pitot and being involved in social work, I could as well tell my part of the truth.
No doubt there was grouping of GP people by politicians of the Duval group at Vallee Pitot. The motivation behind was to group them for a purpose. That purpose remained sacro-saint as nobody from the meeting dared impart it to others. All that I could learn from a certain Alexy, inhabitant of the locality, was that there would be “baise”. Alexy being one of the ruffians of the region did not elaborate. It was therefore clear that the motivation behind the Duval Group was to create a disorder.
On the other side I noted on the walls of certain buildings at Vallee Pitot were drawings of swords with drops of bloods in red falling and the word “ Vallee D’accaba”. It was evident that there was also the motivation to convert Vallee Pitot into a Muslim region with the departure of GP and Hindus and that would be made by dropping of blood.
Before the Bagarre some incidents were noted. Maraz Manton, a peace loving Hindu of Vallee Pitot, while returning from the shop was stripped off his dhoti by a group of Muslims. Cars with Muslims ruffians were patrolling Vallee Pitot , usually at night,and attacking the Hindus. There was thus some motivation to get the Hindus out of Vallee Pitot.
To day with flash back, with the population of Plaine Verte having grown from 8,000 to 22,000 thanks to the land formerly occupied by GP and Hindus and the squat land from the Crown, this constituency is still being maintained as such within the electoral boundaries or else it should have been merged with others, namely Long Mountain to be reasonably represented as compared to Savanne- Riviere Noire which has more than 60,000 electors and is as Constituency No 3 getting 3 deputies.
Thank you for you take on ‘Baggare raciale 1968′ Kalpol. To corroborate on you mentioning of the ‘pre-planned’ aspect, the late Dr. Cader Raman wrote in his book: “Mauritius not a paradise; I love you”, as to how PRIOR to the outbreak of rioting, one of his patients from the GP, broke down and divulged to him (Dr. Raman) that Duval was planning an attack on the Muslims. Strangely, Dr. Raman’s warnings to the authorities went unheeded.
Alex Rima, Duval’s right hand man/henchman literally got away with murder, he emmigrated to Australia where he got a diplomatic positon. Rima arguably had more blood on his hands than anyone else. Duval’s disciple had a metal factory in the region, readily providing swords, knives etc. to the Creole rioters. NB. the then ‘Riot Unit’ was overwhelmingly GP and more often than not sided with their co-religionists. Inspector Hyder-Khan, the 2nd highest ranking policeman in Mauritius and effectively head of the PL police, in comparison, mainted a strictly neutral stance which earned him the rancour of many Muslims.
From what I recall, along with information from both the police and those ‘in the know’, the Hindus eagerly ‘contributed’ to the baggare by rumour mongering. If Muslims and GP destroyed each other, wouldn’t that make the Hindus stronger?…..as their reasoning went!
We went straight to Port Louis where we were billeted in the Police Barracks, and it was from there that we started to patrol both on foot and vehicle.
I remember moving from port louis to an old prison,”the bastille” as it was known to all and sundry,I also remember moving up to Vacua to work with the S.M.F. which was good fun driving over the island in mini rovers.
I played rugby for the DODOs and had a really great time once the work was finished,I found the majority of the people of mauritious to be extremely friendly,and helpful.
Mauritious is also a beautiful country with loads to do.
….did u know a Ron Greenham?
I was serving in the Royal Navy in Bahrain and due to marry my Mauritian fiancee in Mauritius on 23rd January 1968. After hitching a ride to Majunga and onward to Mauritius I arrived just as the first curfew was introduced. Our wedding ring was at a jewellers shop in Port Louis and the wedding dress in Rose Hill. Our honeymoon hotel, the Le Chaland RN rest camp, had been taken over by the army and the wedding (and reception) had to be advanced to allow us to get to an alternative by the start of the curfew. In spite of it all, we were met with a wonderful spirit by all concerned, nothing was too much trouble and we left with an abidingly positive view of the island. While none of this has anything to do with the riots, it reminds me of the constant dichotomy of friendliness and turmoil that epitomises the country I knew then and see now.
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Cases requiring mandatory E-way bill generation.
Requirement of E way bill in case of inter state and intra state movement of goods.
Cases where E Way Bill is not required to be generated.
Liability of receiver for E Way Bills generated by other persons.
Records to be maintained by transporters.
b) a copy of the e-way bill or the e-way bill number, either physically or mapped to a Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) embedded on to the conveyance in such manner as may be notified by the Commissioner.
In relation to a ‘supply’: This includes simple transactions like sale of goods, branch transfers, any supply to related party, transfer of goods to job worker etc.
– The issue of IGST exemption on inter-state movement of various modes of conveyance, between distinct persons as specified in section 25(4) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017, carrying goods or passengers or both; or for repairs and maintenance, [except in cases where such movement is for further supply of the same conveyance] was examined and a circular 1/1/2017-IGST dated 7.7.2017, was issued clarifying that such interstate movement shall be treated “neither as a supply of goods nor supply of service” and therefore would not be leviable to IGST.
– Inter-state movement of rigs, tools and spares, and all goods on wheels [like cranes] was discussed in GST Council’s meeting held on 10th November, 2017 and the Council recommended that the circular 1/1/2017-IGST shall mutatis mutandis apply to inter-state movement of such goods, and except in cases where movement of such goods is for further supply of the same goods, such inter-state movement shall be treated ‘neither as a supply of goods or supply of service,’ and consequently no IGST would be applicable on such movements.
– Expired stock has no commercial value, but is often transported back to the seller for statutory and regulatory requirements, or for destruction by seller himself. E way bill is required in such cases also.
Due to inward ‘supply’ from an unregistered person: Generation of E-way Bill in all purchases from unregistered person shall be responsibility of registered person.
Consignment Value – meaning – It is the value of the goods declared in invoice, a bill of challan or a delivery challan, as the case may be, issued in respect of the said consignment and also include Central tax, State or Union territory tax, Integrated tax and Cess charged, if any. But, it will not include value of exempt supply of goods, where the invoice is issued in respect of both exempt and taxable supply. It will also not include value of freight charges for the movement charged by transporter. But any incidental charges including packing, freight charges as charged by the buyer shall be included in the value to determine the limit of Rs 50,000. In case of an invoice containing both taxable as well as exempt supplies, the value of exempt supply shall be excluded.
In cases where the goods are sent for purpose other than supply, the open market value of such goods should be entered in the delivery challan and so in the E Way Bill.
As evident above, any movement of goods other than for supply shall require E-way Bill. As per clause (c) of sub-rule (1) of rule 55 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017 (hereafter referred as “the said Rules”), the supplier is required issue a delivery challan for the initial transportation of goods where such transportation is for reasons other than by way of supply. Thus, in such cases, the E-way Bill shall be based on such delivery challans.
Such transactions have been clarified vide Circular No. 10/10/2017-GST, whereby, it has been clarified that the supplier shall issue a delivery challan for the initial transportation of goods where such transportation is for reasons other than by way of supply. It has been further clarified vide the same Circular that where the supplier carries goods from one State to another and supplies them in a different State, will be inter-state supplies and attract integrated tax in terms of Section 5 of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017. This also clarifies doubts in relation to considering such persons as casual taxable person in such states.
The consolidated e-way bill can have the goods or e-way bills which will be delivered to multiple locations as per the individual EWB included in the CEWB. That is, if the CEWB is generated with 10 EWBs to move 3 consignments to destination Y and 7 consignments to destination X, then on the way the transporter can deliver 3 consignments to destination Y out of 10 and move with remaining 7 consignments to the destination X with the same CEWB. Alternatively, two CEWB can be generated one for 3 consignments for destination Y and another CEWB for 7 consignments for destination.
Please note that multiple EWBs are required to be generated in this situation. That is, the EWB has to be generated for each consignment based on the delivery challan details along with the corresponding vehicle number.
In such cases, the Supplier / Buyer can again issue E way Bill by indicating supply as ‘Sales Return’ with relevant documents.
(i) Inter-state movement of goods : All movement of goods with effect from April 1, 2018 shall be required to be accompanied by an E-way bill. This shall include all movements commencing, transiting or terminating in all states including those states who have exempted eway bill requirement on intra state movement.
The above list is based on information available. Readers are suggested to confirm the same with the transporter before initiating movement of goods.
Important: No E Way bill is valid till Part B is filled and submitted. Please also note that when a valid E-way bill is generated a unique E-way bill number (EBN) is allocated and is available to the supplier, recipient, and the transporter.
Both the person causing the movement or the transporter may choose to generate and carry E-way bill even if the value of goods is less than Rs 50,000.
Where the e-way bill is not generated and the goods are handed over to a transporter, the registered person shall furnish the information relating to the transporter on the common portal and the e-way bill shall be generated by the transporter on the said portal on the basis of the information furnished by the registered person.
Where the movement is caused by an unregistered person either in his own conveyance or a hired one or through a transporter, he or the transporter may, at their option, generate the e-way bill.
If the goods are transported by railways, the railways shall not deliver the goods unless the e-way bill required under these rules is produced at the time of delivery.
It has been provided that where goods are sent by a principal located in one State or Union Territory to a job worker located in any other State, the e-way bill shall be generated by the principal irrespective of the value of the consignment.
Also, where handicraft goods are transported from one State or Union territory to another State or Union territory by a person who has been exempted from the requirement of obtaining registration, the e-way bill shall be generated by the said person irrespective of the value of the consignment.
The consumer can get the e-way bill generated from the taxpayer or supplier, based on the bill or invoice issued by him. The consumer can also enroll as citizen and generate the e-way bill himself.
The list of such goods is enclosed herewith as Annexure A.
Such mode of transportation would include bullock carts, horse carts, rickshaw etc.
Movement of goods from Custom stations etc.
Goods, other than de-oiled cake, being transported, are specified in the Schedule appended to notification No. 2/2017- Central tax (Rate) dated the 28th June, 2017 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number G.S.R 674 (E) dated the 28th June, 2017 as amended from time to time. The list of such goods is enclosed herewith as Annexure B.
The supply of goods being transported is treated as no supply under Schedule III of the Act. This includes primarily movement of actionable claims other than betting, gambling or lottery.
The consignor of goods is the Central Government, Government of any State or a local authority for transport of goods by rail.
Empty cargo containers are being transported.
On the Common portal all the registered persons under GST need to register on the portal of e-way bill namely: www.E-waybillgst.gov.in using his GSTIN. Once GSTIN is entered, the system sends an OTP to his registered mobile number, registered with GST Portal and after authenticating the same, the system enables him to generate his/her username and password for the e-way bill system. After generation of username and password of his/her choice, he/she may proceed to make entries to generate e-way bill.
– Where the goods are transported by a registered person whether as consignor or recipient, the said person shall have to generate the e-way bill by furnishing information in Part B on the GST common portal about his own vehicle.
– If the consignor or consignee is unregistered taxpayer and not having GSTIN, then user has to enter ‘URP’ [Unregistered Person] in corresponding GSTIN column.
– Where the goods are transported for a distance of upto fifty kilometers within the State or Union territory from the place of business of the consignor to the place of business of the transporter for further transportation.
– The e-way bill can be assigned from one transporter to another transporter, for further movement of consignment. Under this circumstance, the latest transporter, assigned for that e-way bill, can update Part-B of EWB.
– There may be requirement to change the vehicle number after generating the e-way bill or after commencement of movement of goods, due to trans-shipment or due to breakdown of vehicle. In such cases, the transporter or generator of the e-way bill can update the new vehicle number in Part B of the EWB.
Consolidated e-way bill is a document containing the multiple e-way bills for multiple consignments being carried in one conveyance (goods vehicle). That is, the transporter, carrying multiple consignments of various consignors and consignees in one vehicle can generate and carry one consolidated e-way bill instead of carrying multiple e-way bills for those consignments.
Transporter can generate the consolidated e-way bills for movement of multiple consignments in one vehicle. Further, there is an option available under the ‘Consolidated EWB’ menu as ‘regenerate CEWB’. This option allows you to change the vehicle number to existing Consolidated EWB, without changing the individual EWBs. This generates a new CEWB, which has to be carried with new vehicle. Old CEWB will become invalid for use.
Please note that Consolidated E Way Bill does not have any validity, the validity shall be examined on the basis of each individual E way bill.
One can transport goods through different modes of transportation – Road, Rail, Air, Ship. However, PART-B of e-way bill have to be updated with the latest mode of transportation or conveyance number using ‘Update vehicle number/mode of transport ’ option in the Portal. That is, at any point of time, the details of conveyance specified in the e-way bill on the portal, should match with the details of conveyance through which goods are actually being transported.
Some of the consignments move from one place to another place till they reach their destinations. Under this circumstance, each time the consignment moves from one place to another, the transporter needs to enter the vehicle details using ‘Update Vehicle Number’ option in part B of the EWB, when he starts moving the goods from that place. The transporter can also generate ‘Consolidated EWB’ with the EWB of that consignment with other EWBs and move the consignment to next place. This has to be done till the consignment reaches destination. But it should be within the validity period of a particular EWB.
The details of e-way bill generated shall be made available to the recipient, if registered, on the common portal, who shall communicate his acceptance or rejection of the consignment covered by the e-way bill. In case, the recipient does not communicate his acceptance or rejection within 72 hours of the details being made available to him on the common portal, it shall be deemed that he has accepted the said details.
After e-way bill has been generated, where multiple consignments are intended to be transported in one conveyance, the transporter may indicate the serial number of e-way bills generated in respect of each such consignment electronically on the common portal and a consolidated e-way bill in FORM GST EWB-02 maybe generated by him on the said common portal prior to the movement of goods.
“Over Dimensional Cargo” shall mean a cargo carried as a single indivisible unit and which exceeds the dimensional limits prescribed in rule 93 of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989, made under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988).
Where under circumstances of an exceptional nature, including trans-shipment, the goods cannot be transported within the validity period of the e-way bill, the transporter may extend the validity period after updating the details in Part B of FORM GST EWB-01, if required. Only Transporter can extend the validity.
(i) Suppose an e-way bill is generated at 00:04 hrs. on 14th March. Then first day would end on 12:00 midnight of 15 -16 March. Second day will end on 12:00 midnight of 16 -17 March and so on.
(ii) Suppose an e-way bill is generated at 23:58 hrs. on 14th March. Then first day would end on 12:00 midnight of 15 -16 March. Second day will end on 12:00 midnight of 16 -17 March and so on.
Where an e-way bill has been generated under this rule, but goods are either not transported or are not transported as per the details furnished in the e-way bill, the e-way bill may be cancelled electronically on the common portal within twenty four hours of generation of the e-way bill. An e-way bill cannot be cancelled if it has been verified in transit in accordance with the provisions of rule 138B.
It must be noted that if there is a mistake, incorrect or wrong entry in the e-way bill, then it cannot be edited or corrected. Only option is cancellation of E-way bill and generate a new one with correct details.
If the goods are transferred from one conveyance to another, the consignor or the recipient, who has provided information in Part A of the FORM GST EWB-01, or the transporter shall, before such transfer and further movement of goods, update the details of conveyance in the e-way bill on the common portal in Part B of FORM GST EWB-01.
The consignor or the recipient, who has furnished the information in Part A of FORM GST EWB-01, or the transporter, may assign the e-way bill number to another registered or enrolled transporter for updating the information in Part B of FORM GST EWB-01 for further movement of the consignment.
After the details of the conveyance have been updated by the transporter in Part B of FORM GST EWB-01, the consignor or recipient, as the case may be, who has furnished the information in Part A of FORM GST EWB-01 shall not be allowed to assign the e-way bill number to another transporter.
b) a copy of the e-way bill in physical form or the e-way bill number in electronic form or mapped to a Radio Frequency Identification Device embedded on to the conveyance in such manner as may be notified by the Commissioner.
As per Section 35(2) of CGST Act, every transporter, irrespective of whether he is a registered person or not, shall maintain records of the consigner, consignee and other relevant details of the goods in such manner as may be prescribed.
In accordance with provisions of Rule 56 ,any person engaged in the business of transporting goods shall maintain records of goods transported, delivered and goods stored in transit by him along with the Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the registered consigner and consignee for each of his branches.
As per Section 129 of CGST Act, where any person transports any goods in contravention of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, all such goods and conveyance used as a means of transport for carrying the said goods and documents relating to such goods and conveyance shall be liable to detention or seizure.
Confiscation of goods transported in contravention of the provisions of this Act or the rules has also been provided under Section 130 whereby fine upto the market value of goods can be levied by Proper officer.
As per Section 122(1)(xiv), where any taxable person transports any taxable goods without the cover of documents as may be specified in this behalf, he shall be liable to pay a penalty of ten thousand rupees or an amount equivalent to the tax evaded, whichever is higher.
Where any person concerns himself in transporting any goods which he knows or has reasons to believe are liable to confiscation under this Act or the rules made thereunder, he shall be liable to a penalty which may extend to twenty five thousand rupees.
5. When goods are sent through local courier they are not asking for e-way bill. Whether it is allowed? | 2019-04-19T00:56:35Z | https://taxguru.in/goods-and-service-tax/gst-eway-bill-detailed-analysis.html |
Born in the mountains and raised in the desert, Kara J. McDowell spent her childhood swimming, boating, and making up stories in her head. As the middle of five children, she entertained her family on long road trips by reading short mystery stories out loud and forcing everyone to guess the conclusion. After graduating from Arizona State University with a BA in English Literature, Kara worked as a freelance writer. Now she writes young adult novels from her home in Arizona, where she lives with her husband and three young sons.
I also love how the author created two sisters; one is not excited about the all the attention they get online and the other thrives on it. Their relationship coupled with their Mom’s involvement in the social media relevance and ‘clicks’ gave me ‘Momager’ feels. It was hilarious as it was a great read.
Perhaps the greatest thing about this book is that it speaks of the current times and the angst not only young but everyone experiences now with content we share online. We cannot escape the vlogs, blogs and lifestyle updates- constantly catching up with people’s lives.
It’s fast paced, touches on internet use and privacy and also has surprising twists and turns, just what you need to enjoy reading it!
I would like to send my regards to Netgalley and Amberjack Publishing for granting me an eARC to read.
I like the main premise of this storyline, regarding online presence and insta-families. I'm not sure that the more "soap opera", dramatic storyline is necessary. I think the story might have been more powerful if Claire had been able to stand up for herself without it.
And I'm not sure that I do believe that Ashley truly loved her as Rafe kept telling her. This book brings up some really interesting themes, in regards to internet privacy. And it makes you wonder about Ashley, the twins' mom, and how much she really cares about their needs versus the demands of the pubc.
So I think this book had promise, but it ended up taking the easy way out by adding a dramatic plot to push the family to accept Claire's need for privacy, plus it brought Rafe and Claire together and then sent them to college at a local university.
And I think that last part is particularly sad... if Claire is looking for privacy and anonymity, she's not going to find it at a state university. She should be going away to college.
Super cute read! The characters were nuanced, I loved the family dynamics, and the love interest was adorable. Highly recommend!
Fraternal twin Claire is tired of being the subject of her mom’s blog and ready to give up the vlog she does with her sister Poppy. Saying no isn’t easy when your family is counting on the income. Poppy loves life as an influencer, while Claire would rather have an offline life. Secrets threaten the twins and the surprises are just beginning.
Everybody loves books about twins and what could be more timely than viral sensations in JUST FOR CLICKS. Kara McDowell’s writing and Claire’s complexity kept me reading from start to finish in one day. Although the twins were seventeen, I felt as though I was reading a story geared toward tweens of young teens from the writing to the plot to the characters. The story lacked edge and tension; I never worried the story would end on a down note.
JUST FOR CLICKS fizzled out at the end, leaving me feeling meh. I do think tweens and young teens will love the story, so I’m rounding up to four stars.
Fun coming of age story with romance and drama for the internet age (I think calling it the internet age makes me sound old, but whatever).
Well written and engrossing and timely. Recommended.
This was a quick, easy read that felt like a good fluffy story for a day at the beach: nothing too sinister, a twin discovering her independence, all wrapped up in a story about social media influencers. Claire and Poppy are twins of a popular mommy blogger; they've been subjects of their mom's blog-turned-Instagram ever since their conception. At 17, they are now content creators themselves, but while Poppy loves the popularity and perks, Claire wants nothing more than to be normal. When Claire discovers a family secret, she begins to wonder how much of her life is a sham. Coming along for the ride is a love interest, of course, in the form of new student Rafael.
I read this in a day and it was totally fine, but it didn't inspire any real thought. I might have been hoping for some sort of social commentary on our current influencer-obsessed culture (sort of like The Book of Essie) instead of a family drama spat that occurs within an influencer household. I had some issue with the structure of how information was presented — for instance, Rafael is a Luddite without a phone and doesn't seem to know anything about Claire's internet presence, but after Claire describes to the reader about a foiled kidnapping that happened to her and her twin a few years back, Rafael shows up again having read their mother's blog and recites facts about Claire to her. Instead of being scared or creeped out, like I would be if a guy I've known for a week started to describe everything about my childhood, Claire is instead upset that he "cheated" and read up on her life. The framework made the story seem like it was going in many different directions — the inclusion of Halloween, a haunted house, secluded mesa-top hangouts — and I kept gathering clues waiting for Rafael to turn bad. Likewise, Claire discovering her mother's journals and reading about her father made me wonder if her mom did something sinister to her dad for the online sympathy and to gather sympathy page views.
Personally I'm not a fan of mommy blogs because of the potential privacy issue (which may lead to horrible things like cyber-bullying, stalking, low self-esteem for the children later on). This book examines this problem through the eyes of Claire who is sick of all the 'fame.' I enjoyed Claire's character and of course Rafael (what a sweetheart).
This novel is absolutely amazing! I adored Claire's story and the light that this novel sheds on social media and our quest to be internet famous. The writing is authentic and the romance will make your heart flutter. I'm often on the search for clean YA novels to recommend to my middle school students, and this one has very minimal cursing and not a ton of sexual references, which I like. It's a quick, fun read that any fan of YA contemporary will love!
There basically wasn't a single thing I didn't like about this book. I liked the writing and the format (having text messages, chats, emails, etc). I loved the relationship between Claire and Rafael. The sibling relationship between Claire and Poppy was incredibly believable. And the plot was really good as well. Overall I really enjoyed it.
Thank you for letting me read this egalley.
First off I want to say how much this book blew my mind. I went in thinking this would be a fluffy story and man was I wrong. This book is so much more. There is drama, love, family, and an overarching idea that sometimes life may look bad from your point of view but others may see something else. Perspective. This book has it and it makes you sit up and listen.
Poppy and Claire are sister goals and I will forever root for them.
If you are in the mood to be moved and feel all while getting that warm feeling of love pick up this book.
This book was so dang ADORABLE! I loved the characters and their bonds and how they all grew throughout the story. Claire was incredible and I love how she learned to stand up for herself and make a future that she wants. I loved Claire and Poppy's relationship, and their mother was the best (even if she didn't always seem like it). And then RAFAEL ALEJANDRO LUNA. He owns my heart and soul now. He and Claire are everything.
This book reminded me a lot of Jen Calonita's Secrets of My Hollywood Life series how she was always on the search for a life outside of TV and the complications that come with it. Claire reminds me of Kaitlyn of how she wants to get away from the Hollywood and live a normal life. Except for the fact that it is 2018 and social media is now the new Hollywood. Claire was definitely much relateable than Kaitlyn and younger teens will definitely relate to Claire and want to cheer her on.
We will definitely consider adding this title to our YFiction collection at our library. That is why we give this book 5 stars.
What an interesting idea. I know people who have smaller children who are being "exploited" (not necessarily but it's the best word I can think of for it) for views/clicks on blogs and vlogs. What will happen when those kids grow up and begin to resent mommy and daddy? This is what happens. An interesting story about two sisters, one who shrinks from the spotlight and one who runs full-tilt into it.
"Just for Clicks", is a great book to give to your Young Adult. During the times that we currently live in, this book speaks to the life we are currently living and applicable to the issues that can arise with the use of Social Media.
In a world where everyone wants to be an "Influencer", Kara McDowell gives you two sides to reaching that height of popularity.
This is a great book to read as a parent and for teenagers/young adults, because as a parent you are introduced to what your child could be dealing with "trolls" and social pressures, blackmail, etc. But also, there is a rise of parents that will find themselves as the mother of Poppy and Claire. As a mother, myself, I have struggled with what to share on Social Media, because I think constantly of my child's privacy and security, other parents see it as a normal occurrence to reach whatever goals they are attempting to reach. No matter on what side you are on, "Just for Click", should be read and enjoyed.
I cannot believe this is the author, Kara McDowell's, first novel! It is written beautifully, it is captivating, and sweet. I look forward to reading more of her books.
I really enjoyed this book. Claire is such a relatable character dealing with her struggles and insecurities while trying to live her life in the way that makes her happy rather than worrying about what everyone else wants. The story was filled with drama, a few cringe-worthy moments and a good amount of humor. It had a great balance between light, fun moments and tackling some tough situations and the impact of living your life solely for the purpose of getting likes on social media. If you’re looking for an entertaining contemporary YA read then I’d definitely recommend Just for Clicks.
This was so much fun! Its approach to social media! I've never read anything like it.Claire, she has been in the eye of the public her whole life -- her mother has accounted for every moment of hers and her twin sister Poppy's lives. While Poppy is all in with being a social media influences, Claire wants out.
This book was fun but at the same time it pissed me off. Claire and Poppy's mom just really pissed me off. It was so hard to read her without wanting to scream. Poppy annoyed me most of the time and Claire did too. It seemed as if Claire was just going in circles. Rafael was cute, though a bit annoying in places.
There were a lot of twists that I didn't expect and I enjoyed that. This book is good. I would suggest it for the preteen, young-teen group.
I really do liked the fact that it touched on privacy and the dark side of being famous. Even though most of the book was just about Claire being silent on the fact that she hated her world and internet world, this book did have some heart touching moments.
It was a cute and fun read though. The ending of the book was ok for me, I kind of expected more and the end was kind of predictable. The one thing that had me thinking is the fact that since the mom and sister were so fame hungry and ok with all the fame that they would give it up so easily. It just didn't fit right with those characters, I expected some sort of drama/fight to happen that would result in a character development for the two. 3.5 stars for me.
I would like thank Netgalley and Amberjack Publishing for the ARC.
I was lucky enough to read an advance of copy of this book (thank you to NetGalley). This was everything I could have wanted in this book and it didn’t disappoint. I loved the concept of teen celebrity who didn’t want to be in the spotlight as much. This topic is becoming more and more relevant and taught a good lesson about how phones don’t necessarily make us more connected. It also showed how social media doesn’t show every bit of your life and you need to actually get to know the person and not make assumptions. I loved Rafael and Claire’s relationship and how they both help each other grow as characters. But I also love Claire and Poppy’s relationship, even though they were different they always stuck together and was always looking out for the other person. I can’t wait to read whatever else Kara McDowell puts out.
Kara McDowell knocks it out of the park with Just For Clicks, a YA novel following a teenager named Claire, who has had her whole life broadcast online via her mom's blog. Unlike her twin sister, Poppy, Claire dislikes the fame that comes along with it... she just wants to focus on what college she goes to, not the free clothing ads or the prospect of a reality show. She befriends Rafael, the new kid in school, who challenges her to shed the anxiety she associates with being an internet celebrity. But when Claire finds out that she is adopted, it makes her question all that shes known her whole life.
The book was super cute and very engaging. I loved how at the end of each chapter, screen shots of texts or posts from her website are included. It was an easy read with very likeable characters. I found myself rooting for Claire and her budding romance with Rafael. The book wraps up nicely and I found myself smiling at the ending.
Just for Clicks is a young adult novel which revolves around teenage twins Claire and Poppy. Claire and Poppy are accidental social media stars thanks to their mother's blog. As teenagers they are expected to keep up their brand by vlogging, attending fashion week, and daily Instagram posting. Claire often finds herself wishing to be a normal teenager without the fame. She must learn how to find herself without losing her family completely. By juggling vlogging, internet trolls, and crushing on the new boy at school Claire will grow to learn much about herself.
The book focuses on privacy in an age when everyone is posting their every move on social media. This would be an excellent book for a parent and their child to read together when dealing with the privacy of a child. This would be a fun novel for an individual who enjoys learning about the darker side of social media presence and its effect on children. I would recommend this to anyone who enjoys Gossip Girl, Pretty Little Liars.
The one thing I did not enjoy was I felt some of the ways the problems were resolved felt rushed. I think this is based on my love of slow burn problem-solving. Especially in a contemporary novel. The problems do get resolved realistically but I’ve always been a slow burn kind of girl with contemporary.
Overall, it’s an enjoyable relaxing read. It would be good for all ages, and I can't wait to see more from his author.
Thank you to NetGalley, Amberjack, and Kara McDowell for an ARC ebook copy to review. As always, an honest review from me.
Just for Clicks centers around Claire, Poppy - her twin sister, and their mother. Since they were little girls Claire and Poppy have been vlogging, blogging and doing all sorts of paid sponsorships for their mom’s online brand. The blog started as a way for their mom to share their family moments with friends and also allowed her to support herself and her family after her husband passed away.
I like that the book explores how a well intentioned start can spiral a bit out of control if one doesn’t stop to reevaluate their life choices every so often. Also the contrast between Claire not enjoying the Internet fandom and Poppy loving it, allows for an interesting multifaceted look at the internet life a s career. Neither twin is wrong, just different. It’s nice to see that there’s not the good twin, bad twin dynamic going on. I also appreciated that communication played a big role in the story. Watching the characters learn how to communicate their needs to others was wonderful. And some of the revelations … let’s just say, it keeps things interesting!
There were very few moments that I didn’t enjoy. If I’m being very critical, then some of the miscommunications or non communications became almost annoying after awhile.
But overall, I really enjoyed this fun upbeat look into the behind the scenes world of internet fame as a career. Complex relationships, relatable struggles and a whole lot of fun. Definitely recommend!
This book was really light and fluffy, sometimes frustrating. The character development of Claire was really good and the secondary characters (Rafael!) made it really enjoyable.
Overall, it was a solidly pleasant read that made me feel satisfied towards the end. Thanks!
I'll be honest, when I started reading Just for Clicks, I thought it would be surface level and paint teens in a bad light, but after a certain point, I was proven wrong. Just for Clicks gives an insightful look of how internet fame can affect people while also providing a meaningful story about family as well. The relationships between Claire and her sister and her mother is so well done; the author did a fantastic job of conveying the love they have for each other. The importance of family and what defines it is also so beautifully done in this book.
Overall, I would recommend this book to anyone who likes depth in their contemporary stories because this definitely has it.
This book was really good. I enjoyed it a lot. Social media is part of our lives now. I see lots of people share too much on social media. Kara McDowell wrote this subject really good. It was actually really fast paced book but i couldn't read on my e reader. I don't know it happened only me but the format was weird so i had to read on my computer.
Claire and Poppy are twins who became accidental social media stars, from the time they were babies their Mom blogged about them. They have been viral stars since they were babies. They are teens now and expected to build their own brand. They enjoy attending NY Fashion Week and they love receiving Fanmail but dealing with internet trolls and would be kidnappers they find maddening.
Poppy takes more to the spotlight than Claire. She’s more interested in the behind the scenes aspect, coding and dealing with technical issues.
When Claire discovers her Mom’s handwritten journals, not the happy blog postings but the ones that reveal a dark secrets.
I give Just For Clicks five out of five star!
I was sold on the premise of this one right from the beginning because it's weirdly something I think about a lot. Let me first say that people can make their own decisions and this is just MY opinion - but I can't imagine sharing so much about my children online without their consent. I can see posting some pictures or talking about a few things, but having them reach a certain level of fame before they're old enough to make their own decisions? That's hard for me to figure out. One of my favorite YouTubers has said that she won't feature her children on her channel until they're old enough to understand and decide for themselves, which is probably what I'd do (aside from some pictures here and there). But I digress! The storyline fascinated me because it's definitely going to be an area of contention going forward, as more and more people live SO much of their lives online. This book focused on twin daughters of a famous fashion blogger and how they were essentially pressured into creating their own vlog channel and following in their mother's footsteps.
I like that this story was both fluffy and young while also having some more serious topics involved. Claire is struggling with her identity because her life has been shaped by her mom's blog. She's famous because she's a twin and is forced to participate in vlogs and Instagram posts all the time... even though she doesn't like it. I don't want to get too into spoilers but the synopsis implies that there's a big secret she uncovers. The book got heavy in those places because it causes Claire to second-guess everything. I liked her as a character for the most part, but she made some very stupid decisions by lying and creating misunderstandings. I can cut her slack because she's a teenager, but I wanted to slam my head against a wall every time she did it. Some things were very common sense "don't lie about that" situations.
Poppy and their mother, Ashley, were also frustrating. I think I started to feel for them more toward the end but it was really hard to read most of the book because of them. They were both very into the online presence, signing up for more sponsorship opportunities, etc. and seemed to completely ignore Claire's lack of interest in them. It was abundantly clear that she didn't want any part of this lifestyle and they didn't seem to care about that. Reading the book from Claire's POV definitely made you want to protect her and sympathize with her, but the end of the story explained things better for everyone else. I was left very satisfied with the ending.
I should mention the romance because Rafael was so cute. He was a little too much (i.e. annoying) at the beginning but I warmed to him very quickly. He was a breath of fresh air in this otherwise-kinda-sad story. He and Claire were a good pair and I definitely added him to my book boyfriend list. I wish there was a bit more about his life in general but I think the author did a good job of including HIS thoughts on parenting and family because of his situation.
This was a really wonderful debut novel that covered a topic that is personally fascinating to me. Should mommy bloggers post a million pictures of their kids growing up without their consent, before they even know what the internet is? How will this affect those kids later in life? I loved pondering these questions while reading because I've always been curious about this topic. If you're looking for a 2019 debut that manages to balance sweet, fluffy moments of first love with heavier topics of finding out who you are and what you want to be, give this one a read.
This is a great look into how social media can affect a family through all years of life. It was a cute book and I liked the dynamic between the characters. My mom is big into social media now and I am glad she wasn't like that when I was young. I have to ask her to not post a ton of pictures of my children because I want them to be able to establish themselves when they come of age.
Fun, cute story. I think teens will like this one.
Just for Clicks was a fascinating look into the effects of social media, what binds families together, and the quest for self-discovery. It feels like Claire's whole life is planned out, whether that be her sponsored outfit posts, her mother's schedule for her day, or her and twin sister Poppy's plans for the future. But as Claire begins to find out more secrets about her mother's past, Claire realizes that she might have more say in her life than she thinks. But what will that mean for her family?
Being someone who puts a lot of their life on social media, I appreciated the ways McDowell doesn't stray away from the dangers and negatives about social media. It's not all free advance read copies, there's the stress, always being 'on', not to mention the dangers. As Claire begins to find out more about her mother's past, she also begins to discover herself, and what she really wants.
This book was right up my alley! I read it in about 3 days over a break and it was a quick and easy read, at least for me! I loved the imagery of the family and the reality of social media included. A must-read if you're looking for something quick over a holiday!
But I have to say this: the start was excruciatingly slow as we got to know our characters. Not much was happening, and the book couldn't hold my attention. It wasn't until the halfway mark when it got really interesting and things seemed to finally be happening. Once I reached that point, I couldn't stop reading. I'm happy I plowed through because it was worth it, but I shouldn't have had to plow through half of the book before I could finally enjoy it. You could argue that that much exposition is necessary to build the story, but I counterargue that you can take out so many parts of the first half while still retaining the heart and integrity of the story.
I gave it 4 stars, though, because the second half of the book is so deliciously good that it earned it and more. There were twists I honestly didn't see coming, and they served the story well and completed the narrative. One thing that I really love about this book is how smoothly the scenes transition from one to the next. I never got confused about what was happening, and I felt like I was right next to the narrator the entire time—the way it was written really makes it feel like you can see the scene, not just words written on a page.
In fact, while the first half was definitely longer than it could've been, the assured writing keeps you going. The writing in this one is, without a doubt, the best thing about it. I felt like I could trust the author while reading the story, because she knew exactly what she was doing and the direction she wanted to take it. Her assured writing is a promise to the reader that this story is worth their time.
And can I just say . . . RAFAEL AND CLAIRE ARE RELATIONSHIP GOALS!!! Haha, yes, I just mimicked the comments Claire is used to getting and rolling her eyes at. But it's true—I absolutely love this couple. Their relationship is so refreshing, because past the halfway mark, they just go at it and talk. And they actually change each other's lives for the better. They started as two teens infatuated with each other and grew to be two (young) adults (a little) wiser and (a little) older. They match each other well, but not because it's fate, or it's meant to be, or what other unrealistic trope so commonly seen in this genre. No, they match each other well because they work for it. They work for their relationship, and it's for that reason that I am 100% confident they will last a long time.
I also really love how the book dealt with PTSD: with sensitivity. Claire's emotions are so visceral that you feel out of breath when she does. There was this one scene where I related so much to her, as I'm sure a lot of other readers will, too, especially in this digital age where it's so easy to feel suffocated. Like Claire, I, too, want to drive up the mountain and watch the sunset, feeling the wind gently brush past me. I will be alone, but I will not be lonely.
Finally, the theme of the Internet being so pervasive and how it affects our day-to-day lives has been consistent all throughout. Its message may seem cheesy to some—the Internet is the greatest irony in that it gives us so many ways to communicate with each other but at the same serves as the biggest barrier to open and honest communication—but it never felt cheesy. It felt honest, it felt sincere, and it felt so real. It's like these characters are really alive out there, and that's a testament to how the author didn't just write these characters—she breathed life into them.
"We all text and blog and email so often that we feel connected, but we were never really communicating honestly with each other."
It was a really cute book. I really liked Claire and Rafael (and Poppy later on). It was a very easy read, but it did bother me how long it took Claire to say how she feels. But maybe that's just because I'm a lot more stubborn than she is.
I really enjoyed this novel! It’s pretty short and just a fun read. I love the dynamic between Poppy and Claire. Their mother is so much fun and it’s interesting to read about what will be happening to the future generation. Kids are actually growing up in the spotlight before they have any say in the matter. This book is definitely relatable and relevant!
Kara McDowell's Just For Clicks features two fraternal twins who have their entire lives on the Internet, through their mother's blog, their own vlog, and many various social media accounts. The sister relationship was really powerful and important within this book. Sibling relationships are important and this book features own where the sisters complement each other. They argue and fight, but they still love each other. The sibling relationship was really well written and relatable.
The voice written as Claire was amazing also. Her issues reflect issues in modern day with the blogging and social media everywhere. The book was written as I could imagine a seventeen year viewing this issues within her own life, especially with some of the problems that came up that I really did not foresee coming up. There were some plot twists that I did not see coming, but it still made sense in context of this story. They made sense and there were subtle hints leading to what ended up occurring, so looking back I see the logic but I honestly did not expect some of what happened to occur.
None of the characters were perfect, but none of them were completely imperfect either. The motives all were explained well enough that they made sense, even of other characters besides Claire. The use of multimedia, including texts, blogposts, and emails was really cool and added understanding and depth, particularly as Claire tries to learn more about her family and how her mother viewed events that occurred in the past. These did not distract from the rest of the story and made sense, as Claire reads them to add what is actually occurring in the story.
The romance was healthy and beautiful, as it did not move too fast but the characters actually began to get to know each other first. Rafael and Claire both develop a real and mature relationship with each other, giving and taking and providing a logical standpoint. Even when Rafael disapproves of something that Claire is doing, he still tries to support her and try to make sure that everything will work out for the best. They were really adorable and realistic and I was invested that they were going to end up dating.
My one criticism with this story was the portrayal of Poppy and some of Poppy's friends. The ending seemed slightly rushed and a few things were left wide open that probably should have been closed instead. The major problems are resolved, but a few are left wide open and mentioned in a sentence or two at the end before being left behind. There was so much buildup and characterization that I wish that the ending was slowed down slightly.
Overall, I would definitely recommend this book to people that have a basic understanding of various social medias and their impact in the real world. It was a solid debut novel, with characters that are realistic and a plot that is logical but still has twists and turns. The relationships that Claire builds with others, including Poppy, Rafael, her mother, and other people that she already knows and begins to connect with. I loved this book and definitely would recommend reading it.
Oooh! I didn't expect to really like the book!
Especially since the first few chapters just didn't speak to me. I couldn't feel Claire, nor Poppy, not even the obligatory boy-problem there.
But then after 40-50% mark and I couldn't stop reading it in one go. It proved to be a problem since I was overwhelmed with work, so I dedicated today to finish it and put on a review.
Claire and Poppy are twins who grew up under the spotlight of their blogger mum. Now that they're older, they become what we call internet celebrities. They have their youtube channel, instagram sponsorship, and their mum's blog that keep on writing about their 'daily life'.
But of course, none is what it seems.
And I totally get it. As someone who's neither famous nor rich, I still carefully crafted what I put online. It's kind of the unwritten rule: you only post good things, or none at all. Besides, not many (if any!) wants to know our sobs stories, something we reserve deep down or for someone(s) familiar enough.
This is what the book is about. A teenager who wants to (I know this sounds cliche) live a normal life vs her twin and mum who want influence (and the power behind the influence).
There's this family secret that needs to be uncover, a cute boy to add another conflict, and a family who needs to stay on together no matter what.
If there's something I want more from the book, it'd be about the BITES forum (I'm totally stealing Nora Borealis name, it sounds fun). I need to know more about the internet friends and it'd be nice if Claire could have a real friend besides her sister.
Finally, the book entertained me so much and I like to read/hear more from Poppy's side since she is the embodiment of someone who clearly wants the power/influence. Sometimes, it's not about the free stuffs, it's about how you can command others to buy the stuffs that you get for free. Internet is scary that way.
This was a great book! It's always interesting to read books that deal with internet fame and Kara McDowell did it really well. The family as a whole was super interesting and the romance was adorable. I'd recommend it!
This was such a cute, pleasantly surprising book! I was initially interested because it seemed like a quick, fun read (which it was) but OH MAN- it was actually really great! Claire was a funny, interesting narrator and all of the characters had their own personalities. There's a lot of great friendships and relationships in this book that it's hard not to root for at least a couple. I really enjoyed Claire and Poppy's relationship throughout (most) of the book and though I agree with some other readers that the ending was a bit rushed, I like how it ended.
Also, there were some truly shocking twists in this. I did NOT see either of the two main twists coming at all and it really shook me up. The second twist is almost chilling- I honestly read the line and it felt like my heart stopped. I can't presently remember another line that I've read recently that affected me as much as this one did. Hopefully some other readers will know which one I'm talking about!
There were some instances in which I was really annoyed by what certain characters were doing- or not doing- so this book wasn't perfect. There were also a few cheesy moments (the second-hand embarrassment is REAL during a few parts) but I felt that it fit the book's overall vibe fine, so I was alright with it. It was also interesting to read more about the whole "Mommy Blog" lifestyle. I worked for a mommy-blog type company a few years ago and it was a LOT of work and at times very overwhelming, so I could relate to some of the things that happened in this book.
This is a brilliant contemporary YA debut by Kara McDowell. I had such a great time reading it. I just fell in love with the characters and found the protagonist to be an endearing one. Claire's story is extremely relatable and gripping, filled with just the right proportion of drama. The family dynamics in this novel is compelling and the approach to social media (and social media fame) felt fresh and authentic. The romance was also cute. 200% recommended !!!
This is a brilliant contemporary YA debut by Kara McDowell. I had such a great time reading it. I just fell in love with the characters and found the protagonist to be an endearing one. Claire's story is extremely relatable and gripping, filled with just the right proportion of drama. The family dynamics in tis novel is compelling and the approach to social media (and social media fame) felt fresh and authentic. The romance was also cute. I 200% recommend it!!!
Great YA book. This writing style reminds me of Meg Cabot’s books, which I just adore! I love a book about twin teenagers, and it is interesting to read about the con’s (Claire’s side)/ pros’s (Poppy’s side) about vlogging / having your whole life written about online by your mom. Being “internet famous” can have it’s drawbacks! My favorite quote from the book is "so where is the line between what is ok to share with the world and what isn't? Is there a line? Should there be?" Makes you think!
I got in this book with no expectation whatsoever and I really enjoyed the read.
The story follows two twin sisters that are social media famous - it all started with their mom and her blog about the twins, and after they grew up they just went their "own way".
- The bond between the sisters was amazing to see. I always loved sibling bond in books!
- The plot twist was really interesting. It talks about family love, sacrifices and what is more important than family.
- The affect of social media in teenagers. That's such a important topic nowadays and it really needs to be addressed more!
- Social anxiety, general anxiety, anti-social behavior.... you name it, the author talks about it in this book.
- The fact that the author worried to add e-mails and texts in between chapters and they're related to what''s happening... so cool!
- The ending was resolved too quickly. Maybe a little more depth to what was behind all those picture/video leakage.
It was a very good book and I enjoyed a lot! Recommend this read for anyone who's looking to unwind and just read something relaxing!
I received a free ARC (advanced review copy) of this book in exchange for an honest review (thanks, Netgalley!) and I loved it so so so much that I read it in one day. There was a small pinch of minor swearing, and the main characters were secular teenagers so they weren't perfect (no one is though), but I loved the plot and characters and message so much that I can get past that.
Claire is ME. She can be so mature and wise at some times, and then other times she'll lock herself in her room for 24 hours to cry and refuse a trip to Disneyland because she's in such despair. Rafael was also the cutest and so SWEET (I call him). All the characters were very well developed, the plot twists were COMPLETELY unexpected, and the description was en pointe.
I got this eARC from NetGalley, so thank you to NetGalley, the author, and the publisher for this opportunity!
Oh my. I am so surprised with how much I enjoyed this book! I thought that I would just be “meh” about it, but it actually had more depth than I expected, and I also got way way more invested than I thought it would be.
*I like the social media element: how it discusses social media and its effects on young people. I also like the tangent about Internet fame and all sides of it. ALSO! I love how accurate the portrayal of social media is? The linggo is on point, the references, and the usage of correct spelling when texting (because nobody ever types in shortcuts anymore!). It was sooo cool.
*The characters are very nuanced and developed. I couldn’t really hate on any of them because while they frustrate me sometimes, I could also understand why they act the way they do. I’m surprised with how much I like Claire. She can be very frustrating at times, but overall, I thought she’s a mature character. She acknowledges her mistakes, and she never gets her anger or bias get to her in the end. She always considera the other side of the argument — and I LOVE THAT.
*Oh my God. That romance. Rafael and Claire flirting and almost kissing DROVE ME BONKERS. I practically combusted when they finally kissed!! AAAAAAAH.
*My only complaint is that bully reveal plot twist was a little underwhelming. There’s this build up of “who is this bully?” and then the confrontation was so eh and it was resolved too fast, so it wasn’t that satisfactory. Also, Claire never apologized to the girls who she thought were the bullies. I also didn’t get satisfaction from that either.
*Another complaint is more nitpicky, but Serge is so weird?? I get using emojis to communicate, but to use them ALL THE TIME???? Now THAT didn’t seem too realistic to me. And it’s also annoying how I can’t decipher the emojis so maybe that’s why this bothered me.
Nonetheless, I still enjoyed this book. I HIGHLY RECOMMEND IT.
"Did you every notice that Claire is the obvious misfit of the family Ashley and Poppy are both tall and gorgeous and Claire's not. I feel bad for her, I really do."
Claire and Poppy, who are fraternal twins, are fashion & lifestyle icons on social media due to their Mom, Ashley, going viral before they were even born. Since losing her husband, and the twins losing their father, Ashley has documented every embarrassing, every memorable and mile stone moment of the twin's lives and displayed them as happy, care free characters online. Poppy is all for the lifestyle and takes constant full advantage, as well as wanting to grow her influence, whilst Claire is dead set against their entire lives being plastered all over the internet and having trolls hate her and would-be kidnappers take her. Claire grows increasingly tired of living her life through the lens and begins to pull away from the brand, casual insults are thrown, arguments are held, and rifts are caused.
One thing I loved, straight off the bat, is the romance rife between Claire and Rafael. They were both such intense characters with really diverse backgrounds and different interests. The build up between the two characters is as satisfying as popping a balloon straining with helium. They were also really deserving of each other, and the affection was such a constant staple in the story that I couldn't help but get invested.
His eyes spark with amusement. 'Do tell.'"
Just For Clicks by Kara McDowell is a really easy, sublime read brimming with the benefits and the dangers of life lived online told through Claire's eyes. It's a relevant theme of today and is becoming more and more prevalent as blogs everywhere go viral.
The storyline is really interesting, I felt like there were a lot of avenues this author could have taken but she chose the one that provoked the most character development not just our main character, Claire, but all of our characters. I loved the character of Brittany who seemed really complex and bought a little spice to the novel. I found that each of the characters developed slowly, then all at once in an explosive summarising peak.
I also found that unfortunately, it didn't transcend very well, one minute the characters would be in the cafeteria, the next line they're at home, with no more background or explanation. A little more description followed by action would have been really useful here as sometimes I felt a little rushed reading it and had to keep going back to confirm where the characters were.
Of course, with most young adult ficiton, this book is bubbling with teen angst. It could get a little frustrating but was always necessary to the storyline.
I thought that this book concluded pretty quickly and was finishing before I realised I was coming to the end of the read. The ending could have been more drawn out but I still enjoyed it how it was.
Thank you to Net Galley and Atlantic Books for giving me an ARC of this book in exchange for an honest review.
Really enjoyed this story! Really put into perspective how the internet is. Also thought it was a good story about family and what family really is.
I was kind of on the fence on the romance. It was a slow burn one, but at times it just felt a little out of place.
Just for Clicks is about 2 sisters who are popular on social media. This book is very important for teens to see how much they put on social media and how they open their lives for everyone to see. It also brings to the forefront how family doesn’t always mean blood. It hits on anxiety and shows how not everyone feels comfortable just going with the flow. It’s ok to just be you. I enjoyed this and would definitely recommend it.
This book was full of laughs, delight and enjoyable. I would recommend this book to anyone that wants to read a book and is looking for a great read.
I loved this book!! What an unexpected surprise! The voice was fantastic, the story was thought-provoking and filled with just the right amount of drama, and I super loved Rafael from the start! I also related so so deeply to some of the romantic situations Claire found herself in- we're both terribly awkward hahah. The ending felt a little fast but I read this in a day and enjoyed it SO much. It reminded me of an emma Mills or Jenn bennett book, which is the highest compliment I can give. Longer review to come on the blog.
Just for Clicks is the story of Claire, who along with her twin sister Poppy have been the subject of her Mum's blog since before they were born. Every moment of their lives is documented, and as they've grown that has expanded into their own vlog, trips to New York Fashion week, to being recognised in the streets. It's everything Poppy has dreamed of - influence - and yet Claire hates everything about it and is counting down to the days she can quit.
It's an easy read, well written and well told. The twists were a little predictable, but as with most YA novels it's easy to get swept up into the story and just carried along. It was a book I didn't want to put down, and probably could have devoured it in one sitting if time had permitted.
Aside from the enjoyable nature of the book though, it is also one that raises many questions. So many parents post photos and stories of their kids on social media and blogs and their YouTube channels, but it does raise the question of what are the children's thoughts on this? They are minors, so technically the issue of consenting to these posts is up to the parents. But do the parents always have the best interests of their children at heart? Or are their interests self motivated? Do they just want to most likes, the most retweets, the influence that comes with being known as a blogger?
I've got friends who post every aspect of their kids lives online, and others that refuse to post their children's images simply because they can't consent to it, so where do you draw the line? I think it's a sign of a successful, and relevant book that makes you question these things, and possibly rethink your stance on it.
Just for Clicks may be Kara McDowell's debut novel, but I'll bet it won't be her last, and I for one am keen to see what she comes out with next. | 2019-04-18T21:13:15Z | https://www.netgalley.com/catalog/book/149251 |
I went to school in England where you specialise very early. From age 15 I only did natural science (A levels in physics, chemistry and maths) and I have always taken an interest in natural science issues. When I was a young adult I was also very involved in various kinds of environment movements. So, when I started to specialize in doing a PhD in economics I was attracted to questions about the environment, and other issues like development. But at the time there was not really anyone in this department in Gothenburg who was working on environmental issues, so I kind of had to invent the subject a little bit for myself. People at that time generally used to say that environmental economics didn’t seem to make sense as a phrase: you either were an economist or you had an interest in the environment. They seemed to be opposites. I remember very often the first half an hour of a lecture you would have to defend environmental economics and say why it makes sense.
I wrote my thesis on the use of energy in Mexican industry. Mexico has very cheap, very plentiful oil, and a result is that a lot is used inefficiently. I looked at various aspects of technology choice, sectoral composition of industry, a little bit on issues related to the Dutch disease. After my thesis I worked on the role of gasoline taxes and prices and calculations of the societal response as usually expressed in price and income elasticities. In short, I can tell you that if fuel prices go up 10% then fuel consumption will go down by say 7% – but of course it takes some time. These elasticities are decisive because fuel taxes are among the most important real policy instruments for climate change that we have. More time is spent talking about cap and trade schemes but the single most important instrument that has actually reduced carbon emissions is fuel taxation – for example in many European countries. This can teach us a lot about what it would take to get a price for carbon all over the world.
Later I started to work on the theory of discounting because I was interested in how our vision of the future affects our view of the environment.
I have a small collection below: If I have to choose one it might be the one with Michael Hoel on discounting and relative prices. In this article we show that if you have economic growth in some sectors but not in all of them, then you have structural change and you will have important and big changes in relative prices. I then applied this result in an article with Martin Persson called “The even Sterner Review”, which was also a pun on my name and on Nick Stern’s name, whose “Stern Review” shows that climate change is important and in fact contradicts William Nordhaus’ findings. Stern assumes a low discount rate and this in turn has been critized by Bill Nordhaus and others like Marty Weitzman. We showed that you could get the same kinds of radical results without assuming overall low discount rates but instead you have really different discount rates in different sectors.
What is your feeling about Nordhaus getting the Nobel Prize?
I was of course happy that the area of climate change is given this recognition. Nordhaus argues for a worldwide price on carbon and for stronger international climate agreements. This is great. At the same time I would like to push a lot further. I think it is unfortunate that he labels scenarios that lead to 3 or even 3.5 degrees C as optimal. True he has some caveats that this only applies if damages do not turn out worse than expected. But even so this is quite unfortunate when the natural science community says two degrees is too dangerous and that we should aim for 1.5 degrees. I have indeed written a number of articles criticizing various aspects of his work. I think we need to be more radical and realistic when it comes to discounting. We simply cannot apply standard constant and linear discount rates of say 3% because it implies that future centuries are worth nothing to us. We also cannot take too lightly the ethical issues: We are implicitly comparing costs and benefits of climate actions. The trouble is that the benefits accrue to ourselves – shorter travel time by car or plane than by bycicle, increased comfort through airconditioning etc. The costs of climate damage will hit others – farmers whose lands will be drowned in Bangladesh or labourers who will be hit by heat waves in India, We cannot just say that if benefits are higher than costs then the policy is good because to do that ethically we would need to actually compensate the losers – which does not look likely – nor even feasible. I have written about these matters with Christian Azar and with Martin Persson and Michael Hoel as mentioned above. Finally with Peter Howard, I have analyzed the damage functions Nordhaus uses and found that in many cases he ends up implicitly giving a bit too much weight to his own early estimates and not enough to recent – and higher estimates of damage.
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Is this a book you would give to an environmental minister?
Well – this is still a very academic text by a policy maker’s standard but one Swedish environment minister (Kjell Larsson) did recommend it as a cookbook that should be on the desks of all his colleagues.
An advice is to keep a broad mind and to read a lot of things. Not only in resource economics, but also welfare theory. Not only micro, but also macro, growth, game theory, ecology. Politics, psychology and natural science. It is good to be broad. Professors very often tell their students to be specialized, to focus on one thing, and I suppose that is good. We have to do that as well. But I also feel that the value of taking a broad view should not be forgotten. Somehow you have to find a way to combine focusing to get proficient on the one hand with – on the other hand: keeping an open mind and being innovative – for which you need some breadth.
Young researchers nowadays, if they apply to a department, then they would be evaluated by their publications. It seems to be easier to publish in high quality journals with a very specific minor point than with an article that takes a broad view. How does this affect what you just said?
It is important to keep your curiosity and broad vision alive. So students should develop one area deeply but keep attention to other aspects. Even to my own regrets I sometimes say: Why didn’t I study more game theory, or econometrics, or political science or other subjects. A lot of crucial discoveries are actually formed by a wonderful meeting of different subjects, and cross-fertilizing between them. It is always a matter of balance. But we also have different personalities.
You participated in COP21. You are a Member of the Scientific Council for Sustainable Development to the Swedish Government and and advisory council to the French ministry of finance. How is it for an economist to work together with a politician?
I worked for one year and a half with the Environmental Defence Fund in the United States and I got some very interesting lessons on how to communicate with policy makers. And it really is a different approach to research. The Environmental Defence Fund uses a lot of research, they employ many researchers, but the approach is different. When we do research we try to be policy relevant, we focus research on interesting questions, then we try to think of policy makers when we write conclusions and finally we invite some policy makers to our presentations. So we already do a lot more than many other economists do. But if you really want to meet a policy maker, then you kind of have to go the opposite route altogether: you start out trying to find out when the policy makers will take their decisions; then aks if there is a window of opportunity to affect this decision; then where do I find the best researchers in the world who can communicate their research in a way that is relevant exactly for this decision. Then you have to visit the policy makers, and you adapt to their agenda.
We have to be aware that our way of communicating through seminars is quite ineffective. We may ask politicians whether they want to come and listen, without taking into account whether it is an election period, or whether this is the right moment for them to write legislative proposals. If you really want to have influence you have to make quite a big and professional effort to find the policy makers and to target your message to them, to their agenda and their needs.
Each country also has its own flavour. Sweden, for example, has a rational science flavour. Swedish politicians, before they do something, they often commission big public inquiries with scientists to get a well-argued report as a basis for their legislation. But there are other countries where this is less the case.
I am not quite sure. Somehow my name must have been suggested and the environmental ministry asked me if I can do this. There are two selection criteria: on the one hand there is the scientific community, and the IPCC tries to find the best scientists for a given task, and at the same time there is a country process because you want scientists from all the countries in the world. Someone has to pay the bill, so there is a bit of a national process at the same time.
What is not appreciated very often is that the IPCC is a giant reviewing machinery that just summarizes the literature. Very often people will ask: What is new in the last IPCC report? And the answer is: Nothing, it is a review of the literature, it is not supposed to be new!
There is much debate on the IPCC reports. Some claim it is written by a small group of researchers who try to push their opinions on others and that it is biased. What would be your reply to them?
Nothing could be less true. Maybe these opinions are simply based on a lack of knowledge, or bias on the part of the speaker. There are people who want to deny that there is any scientific basis for climate change and who are against this scientific process altogether. The IPCC process is a very big effort by very many scientists, a very detailed summary of the literature which takes five years to write. The total number of authors is in the oreder of a thousand and I know that the IPCC has a very transparent page with information about the whole selection process etc. We wrote around five versions, with a group consisting of 20 to 40 people for each chapter, from many different countries and from many different subjects, a mix of social science mainly. There were many discussions among the sociologists, economists and political scientists. And then there were other types of divisions, developed and developing countries, East and West, different styles of writing, different interests.
This sounds very much to me like politics and not science?
I don’t think so, but you certainly make me think. In the IPCC report there is hardly any original work, maybe some scenarios and calculations for frameworks, but basically it is a whole refereed work. We summarized work that says that there is climate change and work that says that there isn’t, and work that says that there is a big problem, and work that says that it is a small problem; work that says that it can best be dealt with by government tax and work that says that we should forbid things and different kinds of policy instruments. The debates are natural and good scientific debates. A survey is supposed to be a neutral exercise but we are all human and have our biases. This is the reason why a summary written by a thorough mix of people, nationalities and subjects, will tend to be a more inclusive document than if it was written by one person.
And there are thousands of people, just on our chapter, which is a hundred-page chapter, we receive something like 30,000 comments which we answer in writing. In addition to this there are review editors, and all kinds of other people who give responses and comments. But in the end it is the same as the bible – it is written by people and so inevitably there is some room for discretion when you choose a word. But the discretion is really minimized through the process, through the large number of authors, and all the people who are watching this. And then there is an additional process, where everything is summarized, where the most important things are taken out. Then there is an additional step, a summary for policy makers, which is very carefully edited by large groups carefully going through all the pages.
Finally we were locked up in Berlin for a week with the representatives of all the governments in the world, and there is a political process, but basically just to check the understanding of every word and every line and then the governments of the world can intervene. For example, some countries said that the word high-income country was not well-defined (because some countries that had a high income in 2010 might have had a low income in 1980). Every single word can be discussed and this process helps reduce missunderstandings. There are no other problems where you first have a thousand scientists write a report for five years and then you have another thousand who read it and then you have all the governments in the world make sure they understand the conclusions. This is a very unusual and elaborate process and there is no other area of science where such an effort is made. Whatever is in this IPCC book is not only “not new”, but it is so well-established and so certain that there shouldn’t need to be so much discussion about it. And it is, therefore, by its very nature, a conservative and careful review of the literature.
Which impact would you say does your research, which is mostly on policy and instruments, has had on policy making? Do you have examples?
The ideas I have been part of publishing on the declining discount rates, and on having lower discount rates in nature-based sectors, those ideas have been picked up in a few countries. I believe the Netherlands officially has different discount rates for different sectors, France and England have declining discount rates.
One of my students is now minister in the finance department of Rwanda, and another one is a junior minister in Tanzania, so through all sorts of students we can have some effect, especially in developing countries.
Finally, I have long been arguing for higher carbon taxes – and when it comes to transport this takes the shape of higher fuel taxes. I hope I have contributed to spread the idea that higher carbon taxes whether national or sectoral are good for the environment and not detrimental to the economy. France has recently decided to copy Sweden and have very high carbon taxes. They explicitly cite the Swedish experience when they motivate their higher carbon taxes and so I hope that I have contributed in some small way to making carbon taxes more acceptable.
Perhaps the biggest influence I have had is through development of my research group and teaching and policy work done with them. Since the early 1990s we have had around 50 students from developing countries who have done a full PhD in environmental economics with us in Gothenburg. Together with them, my colleague Gunnar Köhlin has led an effort to form a research community we call the Environment for Development Initiative. The EfD has a dozen centres now. In Africa we have centres in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya and S Africa and are starting new ones in Ghana, Uganda and Nigeria. Then we have Colombia, Central America and Chile, Vietnam, India and China. All this is facilitated by funding from Sida and increasingly other donors like the World Bank. Also the research groups in Gothenburg and at Resources for the Future in Washington DC participate fully as do an increasing number of other research groups. We have annual meetings with at least a hundred researchers, taking turns to visit different centres. The last meeting was in Hanoi and gave not only a fantastic overview of exciting research on environment and development but also one day focused on policy issues in Vietnam.
And how do you think environmental economists could increase their say in the policy agendas?
It is difficult, but one good case in point is what to do about climate change. We are not having a lot of success. Climate policy is not as successful as we want. We have a message that there should be a price on carbon everywhere which is only very gradually gaining acceptance. But there is an increase in the number of trading schemes and more and more countries are choosing carbon taxes as well. Recent experience in France shows that protests can easily flare up when fuel prices are raised. It is vitally important to not just “raise taxes”. Politicians must explain the purpose of the tax, they must explain what they are going to do with the money collected and for instance say how the money will be spent or what other taxes will be lowered instead.
The tricky aspect is always as to what happens in the interim period: It is one thing for a country to agree to join in a world policy and for instance tax carbon. It is quite a different and much more difficult demand to ask a country to be a pioneer and to ban fossil cars or tax oil way before other countries have even started to think along those lines. However, without good examples and pioneers we would not have got far yet.
We need to understand better the power of corruption. We are sometimes naïve about corruption. The truth is that corruption is extremely important for the political processes. There are examples of entire countries where corruption may be the main force in a given situation and so we are up against a mix of problems when it comes to climate change: There is a lack of information, or stupidity when it comes to climate issues, but then there is an alternative explanation, namely that there are forces of corruption who maybe do understand but just make a lot of money from selling coal or oil. The forces of corruption and ignorance can collaborate in dangerous ways and we need to understand that if there is opposition to a carbon tax then is this out of a lack of understanding or is it the power of lobbies who for instance have bribed the government?
Very often by talking to people, informally. Some people will gather a big workshop and talk about ideas. Some people have a plan, they can program this process. They start by surveying the literature then they form a model and do the empirics. I admire that and I think it is excellent. For myself, it tends to be a less planned process. I tend to get good ideas in cafés. But then there is always a lot of systematic work afterwards to polish them. I actually find research is a little hard to plan. You get ideas by reading things, combining things, when you go for a walk, people you have been talking to. It is not always a linear process. The experience of real-world processes, the IPCC process, the referendum about nuclear power in Sweden, these things give broad ideas that you then think about for a long time. The idea for the role of relative prices and discounting (dual sector discounting) is a case in point. This idea was one I had for many years and then developed slowly before I found a colleague and we were able jointly to model it formally.
Are you more interested in fundamental research or do you try to shape actual policy through your research?
I am somewhere in the middle of the spectrum, from the theorists to the empirical side, and from the theory to the policy side.
If there is something in our discipline that you could change, what would it be?
I wish more of my colleagues would focus on really important pressing policy problems. Parts of the broader discipline of economics have become somehow narrow, particularly this is noticeable in the way status and tenure are assigned and promotion decisions are made. There is a fixation on the “top-five journal publications and the ranking of journals is only based on the viewpoint of general broad economics, and it doesn’t take into account the specificity of environmental economics which is a bit of an interdisciplinary branch. So publishing for example in natural science journals is not given sufficient recognition. There is a sort of accounting of articles that does not take into account how much they have been cited nor if they are interesting. We do of course need to recognize excellence in tenure decisions but we should have a much broader recognition and for an interdisciplinary field that broad definition of journals is important and other metrics could also be useful. For instance citations, but it could also be the reviews people get on their teaching, or also we could try to gauge the depth of colleagues’ policy connections. These things are of course harder to measure.
Thomas, you are now 66 years. Shouldn’t you be retired by now? What keeps you going?
Retirement age is taken pretty seriously locally in Sweden. It is quite different from say the US. When I turned 65 I got all kinds of letters, that I could take the tram for free etc, but I have very little interest in retiring. I enjoy both lecturing and I give quite a lot of lectures to civil society, business or international organizations and I like that. I like working with graduate students and I like research. I still have a big research agenda, lots of energy, and no thoughts of retirement! I am still very worried about the world: How unfair and how unsustainable it is. There is a lot more work to be done. Not least in developing countries where the majority of vital decisions will be taken and where understanding of environmental economics is still quite rare. Luckily it seems the university is accepting this and I will continue to work on important issues for quite a few more years!
Both! I take both research and holidays very seriously. I spend a lot of time with my family, I take several months of summer vacation, I spend all my time away from Gothenburg in the Swedish countryside. And during those two months my priority is just to have fun – swim, fish, eat good food and play with my friends or children. But usually, every day, I do sit in the shade and read or work on some research for quite a few hours. Just because I enjoy it!
Do rejections still make you angry?
Yes, they always make me upset. Not enormously, I tend to think that I have just been unlucky with the referees and then I send the articles off to another journal.
I like surprises. For instance, when fishermen come to a conference or a course in fishery economics and show that they not only want to learn but that they already know a lot and have a lot to teach researchers too.
You might want to interview my good friend and partner in building up our unit in Gothenburg: Gunnar Köhlin. He has such a passion for spreading science to the developing countries. | 2019-04-25T06:48:29Z | https://ingmarschumacher.com/2018/11/28/meettopenvecon-thomas-sterner/ |
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Stating what exactly it is you are hunting for and why at the best of this webpage can acquire right to the idea in a restart canperhaps not. Partner department is furthermore crucial. Work expertise department should comprise of your employments . Your job history department will indicate a prospective employer past operation or your previous path listing. The Contact Info department will appear on top of one’s page.
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Be sure you highlight wisdom and certificates. The key thing here is to reveal you’ve got experience reaching many different folks (use the project posting like a guide for crafting a suitable bullet point). You require housekeeping experience, to get an occupation for a housekeeper. Obtaining a job needs to become simple In the event you’ve got previous experience. You will need to make use of examples in your professional experiences or lifetime to show that you’ll be a worker In the event you have no housekeeping experience. If you’ve currently said endeavor experience that is substantial, you’re able to skip during your elevated school information and also focus on completed classes that relate to your business or commerce you are searching for.
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You will be demonstrably provided an advantage by Recognizing how to tailor your resume. First impressions thing, even when it has to complete together with resumes. Writing a resume can be hard.
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Men and women who place others are often revered and therefore so are regarded to live. Yet another illustration is players that eventually become totally devoted to turning pro after seeing the large sacrifices that their parents result in the presence of the familymembers. It crucial to be certain you are after really a terrific case. As many excellent cases because there are, it’s likely to locate as many awful instances.
There is A third example someone who’s deeply influenced by the plight of some small grouping of people who are afflicted with some injustice. On the opposite, a case in point will induce candidates to reveal of their advice or benign advice, which is unwanted. It is going to set the summary elsewhere, causing the manager to spend time browsing for this. A very good illustration of the statement someone can use over a announcement that is that is weight-loss is that I shall workout more or 3 times.
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Resumes aren’t designed to be a very long, boring job description that lists out just about every job obligation you had on a daily basis. Even though resumes are written with all components that are standard, there is surely no format is effective for all those. They have been essential documents that summary our prior accomplishments convey our experience, and show a part of our existing personality. Conventional resumes instructed companies about sooner times today’s executive resume must signify methods to create an impact on.
Just have a peek at exactly what you presume would be the job skills which are very important to companies. Make certain that you demonstrate the best way to have developed the particular knowledge. Multitasking skills and stress management knowledge should stand out in an important reaction to a interview query about your own capacity to address quite a few of challenges.
A booming entrepreneur once said, you are going to find yourself a means to allow it to all occur If you need something enough. Business owners and business professionals know until the strategy has been implemented, the total planning on the planet has no results. A amount of organization are intimidated the legitimate worth of project administration. Lots of consist of management and supervisory experience and also the adherence to the capability to troubleshoot difficulties and codes. Your plan should become to concentrate over the previous 1-5 years of your livelihood and outline your work knowledge that is ancient within an paragraph.
If you opt to add an aim, specify for. Broadly speaking, a target in your resume could possibly be of use when your employment target that is immediate is concisely described by it, nonetheless it is maybe not an equally significant part an effective restart. You may incorporate an objective at a letter that is jobsearch instead in the event that you ought to be seriously considered for a variety of places.
To begin with the resume, organize the advice you should comprise. You’ll want legal information on the job you’re being interviewed for also to this organization offering the positioning. The task search HAS changed, and also your methods wish to shift with thisspecific. | 2019-04-22T14:03:32Z | https://ithacar.com/12-13-briefbogen-layout/ |
It may seem strange that at the very outset of our inquiry into the Idea of Law the question should be raised whether law is really necessary at all. In fact, however, this is a question of primary significance which we ought not and indeed cannot take for granted. For it arises out of the uneasy and perplexing doubt not only whether law may be 'expendable' as being unnecessary for the creation of a just society, but also whether law may not perhaps be something positively evil in itself, and therefore a dangerous impediment to the fulfilment of man's social nature... Moreover, the feeling that law inherently is or should be necessary for man in a properly ordered society receives little encouragement from a long line of leading Western philosophers from Plato to Karl Marx who, in one way or other, have lent their support to the rejection of law.
If Lloyd asks such a question, it is almost certainly because he tends to regard the condition of humanity as one of complete freedom. In this view, human society is a sort of game that we all play, and human civilisation is the product of human choice and will, and is consequently 'our chosen way of life'. Given such a rosy vision of human life, it is indeed rather hard to see law as anything other as an unnecessary restraint upon humanity, and an impediment to human fulfilment.
But in Idle Theory, such a condition of complete freedom is one of two theoretical extremes of the human condition. In Idle Theory, human life is suspended somewhere below a condition of perfect idleness and complete freedom, and above a condition of unremitting toil, death, and extinction. Technological innovation, trade, industry, and - critically - ethical behaviour, serve to improve the human condition, by increasing idleness. Unethical conduct - theft, murder, etc. - serves to reduce idleness. The ultimate price of unethical behaviour is not unhappiness, or even pain, but death.
And it is against this prospect of death that ethical behaviour within interdependent human society becomes imperative. And it is out of this imperative that the necessity of law arises. Ethical conduct is not some sort of take-it-or-leave-it option behaviour: it is instead imperative for human survival.
The entire purpose of technological innovation, trade, industry is the increase of human idleness, and therefore of human freedom. And the entire purpose of ethical codes of conduct is also the maintenance and increase of human idleness. And so also is the entire purpose of law. The law acts, or ought to act, to increase human idleness, and to increase human freedom - not arbitrarily restrict it. Good laws will regularly act to maintain or increase human idleness. Bad laws will decrease human idleness.
For example, a Highway Code that enjoins drivers to keep to one side of the road provides an example of a law which expedites the movement of traffic, speeds the activities of toiling humanity, and thus increases their idleness. And since murder and theft and assault and vandalism act to decrease idleness, so laws that prohibit such activities also serve to maintain human idleness.
But while technological innovation and trade and industry are concerned with the increase of human idleness, it might be said of the law that it is in large part concerned with preventing or mediating any decrease in idleness - such as may be caused by assault, murder, theft, vandalism and the like. The law proscribes such conduct, but also offers redress in the event of it.
Human societies are essentially self-regulating. But, even with the best intentions, there are always likely to arise disputes or conflicts of interest of one sort or another, which individuals cannot resolve themselves, and must turn to some higher authority to adjudicate upon the matter. And individuals may not know the law, or have forgotten the law, or reject the law, and consequently act in ways that reduce social idleness in one way or other that demands the intervention of the formal apparatus of the law.
It is very difficult to increase idleness, but it is very easy to decrease it - just like it is difficult to climb a mountain, but very easy to fall off. Everyday life might be regarded as a stream of autonomous individuals walking along the narrow path across a bridge. These people are perfectly free to stop and talk, or turn around and go back, or do anything they choose. But should they stray off either side of the road across the bridge, and fall, they will be injured. And here the law might be regarded as a safeguard against this eventuality, in the form of handrails on either side of the bridge. These handrails may seldom be used by people walking across the bridge. But every now and then, should someone trip, or collide with another, or lose direction, these handrails will save them from falling, and guide them back onto the road. And if such handrails proved ineffective as barriers, they might be built higher and stronger, and with perhaps even a row of spikes to deter anyone from climbing over them. In such manner the law acts to obstruct, as far as it possibly can, people from straying too far from the narrow path of prudent self-governance, and acts with increasing force the further they stray.
The sole purpose of the law, and the entire justification for it, is the maintenance and increase of human idleness, or the prevention of decrease in idleness - and nothing else. It is not the purpose of the law to bind and constrain men: it is the purpose of the law to set them free.
And this is a general covering principle or law, of which all particular laws are simply particular instances. All particular laws ought to be derived from the general covering law, and should be able to demonstrate in what way they serve to maximize idleness. And if still more particular laws are derived from these particular laws, these further laws should also be able to demonstrate their accordance with the general covering law. In this manner, a whole set of general and particular laws may be derived from the single covering law, in a hierarchy of laws, each of which is ultimately nothing other than the general covering law as it applies to a particular matter in a particular place at a particular time. And the purpose of having particular laws derived from the general covering law is to simply save the time and trouble of deriving the particular from the general in every single case.
Thus laws governing the rules of the road, or protecting private property, or requiring safeguards in vehicles, building sites, factories, and the like, should be laws which are designed either to increase social idleness or to prevent its decrease. The rules of the road are or ought to be concerned with expediting the flow of traffic, and increasing social idleness. And laws requiring buildings to be constructed so that they do not collapse and cause injury, or requiring manufacturing processes to include protection for workers, and the like, are particular laws intended to prevent the loss of social idleness that accompanies injury.
And even where no particular law can be found that covers some new circumstance, it ought always to be possible to invoke the general covering law. Thus no action whatsoever ever falls outside the scope of the law. Just because there is no explicit law against something, it does not mean that it is perfectly legal. It only means that the general covering law may not have been extended to deal with it.
And the law must always be adapted and adjusted to prevailing circumstances. The law must be kept in good repair. The law can never be final and fixed. Laws, just like tools, can rust and decay, or become obsolete. Bad laws, like bad tools, can cause more harm than good. What is a good law in one circumstance may be a bad law in another. And therefore it follows that any body of law should be under the constant scrutiny to weed out useless and obstructive old laws, and propose useful new ones.
And it should be open to anybody to call particular laws into question. What matters is not that anyone breaks the law, but that they do not act to decrease social idleness. If they can show that, although they may have broken some particular law, their actions have not harmed society, and even benefited society, then the law should be amended.
And if the sole purpose of the law is to maintain or increase idleness, or minimize any decrease of idleness across society, then there is no place for laws which serve any other purposes. Nothing should be enshrined in law that merely derives from custom, or prejudice, personal preference, or anything else. Nor can the law be invoked merely because somebody judges some conduct to be shocking, or outrageous, or insulting - because such opinions have no effect upon the idleness of those that hold them. It is not the purpose of the law to enforce dress codes, or to restrict free speech, or require adherence to any religious belief, or require them to behave in any way that others might wish them to do, if these have no effects upon social idleness. Nor is it any part of the law's purpose to determine what people may or may not do in their idle time, except if it has detrimental consequences for social idleness.
And it is not the purpose of the law to stop people from governing their own lives, and putting them under the command of law. Societies made up of self-governing individuals will always be more idle than societies in which the law is continually being invoked. And this is because the exercise of the law, by police and courts and judges, always entails a reduction in social idleness. And the more the law is invoked, the greater the fall in social idleness. The law should instead always encourage people to responsibly govern their own lives, and resolve their differences and disputes among themselves, and resort as little as possible to the formal process of law. And the formal operation of the law should be swift and final. And particular laws must be clear and concise.
And since law does not act directly upon men, but requires both their knowledge and acceptance of the law, it follows that the law must be backed by the threat of force - much as the handrails on a bridge exert force upon those who collide with them. When some dispute is brought before the formal apparatus of the law - courts, judges, juries, and the like -, the final judgment that they pronounce must be backed by some terminal power. So that if, in some dispute between individuals A and B, a court a court orders that A compensate B in some manner, but he refuses to do so, then the court may physically force A to compensate B. Without such force, the rulings of judges would simply be non-binding legal opinions, that anyone could ignore with impunity.
But the force of law may vary. As, partly under the beneficial influence of law, social idleness rises, so the force of law must gradually relax. And in a condition of perfect idleness, the law will have no force at all. And this is because idle human societies are not in imminent danger, and so the law can be relaxed, and misdemeanours let pass.
In a land flowing with rivers of fresh water, the theft of a bottle of water is a minor inconvenience. But in a desert wasteland, the theft of the same bottle of water may pose a threat to life. So in the former circumstance, the law is mild, and in the latter it is harsh.
It ought never to be the purpose of the law to judge men's character, but solely the consequences of their actions. No judge should ever say of anyone brought before him: "You are an evil man."
Revenge is no part of the purpose of the law. And it should never be the purpose of the law to punish men for their misconduct. If some man acts in some manner which decreases social idleness, then the infliction of some punishment upon him only compounds the damage done. If we are to demand an eye for an eye, we end up with two blind men instead of one.
Nor can it be the purpose of the law to maintain an equality of idleness across society. If someone's misconduct causes a loss of idleness to one or several persons, it is not the purpose of the law to distribute this loss equally among every member of society. If it was, the operation of the law would consist entirely of a mechanical redistribution of idleness, without investigation or trial.
The goal of the law ought instead to be that of requiring restitution. If individual A acts in some way that decreases the idleness of individual B, then individual A should compensate individual B for his loss. Thus if a man takes something from another, and is brought before a court of law, he should be made to give it back, and to compensate for any inconvenience to its owner, and to also compensate the officials of the court for the time they have devoted to the trial. And since such restitution will almost certainly outweigh any gain made, it will regularly result in a deterrent punishment.
Of course, there are undoubtedly many cases in which such restitution is, for one reason or other, impossible. And there may also be cases in which someone is such an habitual offender that he poses a continuing threat, or even menace, to society, a court may determine that he should be expelled from society.
Restitutive or restorative justice will not act to create a social equality of idleness. It will generally act to restore the status quo ante. But the increase of social idleness does not necessarily entail such equality, even if such equality is preferred.
The sketch outline idea of law presented here is of a system of law that has at its centre a single guiding principle - the maintenance and increase of human idleness -, which principle is used in particular cases to determine whether the conduct of persons has resulted in losses of idle time for other persons, and require the restitution of such losses. Particular laws dealing with particular common occurences are simply useful shortcuts to avoid repeating complex arguments from the general to the particular. In principle, anyone who feels that they have been injured by anyone else in any way may have recourse to the law to seek restitution, regardless of whether there does or does not exist any particular law that deals with it.
Unsurprisingly, it is an account of law which is at odds with existing notions of law. And this is because Idle Theory's fundamental conception of the human condition is not one of present freedom, but one of an existing toil and suffering and constraint, from which it is the primary human purpose and endeavour to escape. In Idle Theory, almost all human activity, from tool innovation and trade, through ethics and politics and law, is ultimately concerned with the relief of humanity from toil and suffering.
Most Western philosophy, however, starts with an aristocratic assumption of a datum of human freedom, and describes human history as primarily the consequence of the exercise of this freedom. The economy is simply a system of manufacture and exchange of goods that are psychologically desirable, that give pleasure or satisfaction. And our political organisation is regularly described as "our chosen way of life", sometimes with an additional assumption that we have "the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". And if humans built civilisations, it is because they "got off their backsides, and made it happen, rather than sitting around doing nothing". And ethics is largely thought of in terms of free moral agents choosing different course of action, and Utilitarian ethics has the psychological goal of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number". Equally the law treats people as though they were free moral agents, and punishes them for their transgressions. And given that some people freely choose to do evil, and others freely choose to good, it is supposed that some people are naturally good-natured, and others naturally malevolent. And this results in human life being seen in terms of a struggle between Good and Evil. Almost the entirety of Western thinking is founded upon an idea of humans as free agents, whose conduct is determined by their psychological disposition.
By contrast, Idle Theory denies any such datum of human freedom. In Idle Theory, such a freedom is the goal of human endeavour, and not something it already has. Human technological innovation is not mere playfulness, nor the economy merely a market for toys and trinkets and amusements, but instead of tools that emancipate humanity from toil. Nor is ethics concerned with how free agents should behave, but rather how people should behave so that they might nearest achieve such freedom. In Idle Theory's vision of human life, it is not what people think that determines what happens, but rather what happens that determines how people think. Instead of human mind and will determining everything, it decides almost nothing. If some people become criminals or warlords, it is not because they are evil in the hearts, but because such conduct offers a short cut to freedom, gained at the expense of everyone else. Thus Idle Theory is an essentially forgiving vision of a bound and tied humanity, stumbling and falling, dazed and confused, forever helplessly making mistakes, and deserving of compassion rather than condemnation and punishment. | 2019-04-24T18:18:38Z | http://endgame.co.uk/idletheory/idle/evolution/human/law/necessity_of_law.html |
When it comes to playing competitive games in League of Legends, the only thing players care about is winning.
Most players want to climb their way to Diamond and brag about it to their friends. Unfortunately, it’s not always as simple as that.
During games, players often get frustrated at losing and blame others for their own failings. This vicious circle eventually ends with them back where they started, or sometimes even worse.
The fact is Diamond elo only makes up around 5% of the LoL player base, so many people will never get there.
Don't let yourself be one of them.
With the recent start of Season 8, many players are eagerly playing their placement matches and are already starting to climb the ranks.
To help you reach the division of your dreams we have compiled some excellent tips and tricks on what you can do in-game to make yourself a better player.
From how to manage your losing streaks to which champion to pick, there are plenty of things you can learn to improve your game. If you want to reach Diamond or above, then you’ll have to put in some serious work and effort.
The most important thing to understand before you climb to Diamond is the ranked ladder system.
There are currently 7 leagues, although we are really only interested in the first five; Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum and Diamond.
Each league (apart from the Master and Challenger) can be separated out into five different divisions, ranging from V to I.
The lowest available place for a player is Bronze Division V (Also known as Bronze 5) and this is considered one of the hardest places to climb out from. The whole Bronze league has become known as ELO hell - although this is widely debated.
An important point is that there is a second rank ladder which players cannot see. This is a secret number known as a matchmaking rating (or MMR) which is a very similar system to the elo system of chess.
This number decides the level of opposition that you are against – the higher your MMR the better your opponents. While your MMR and rank are not technically linked, it’s extremely rare to have a good MMR and a low rank, or a bad MMR and a high rank.
By understanding how this dual ladder system works, we can manipulate how we climb the ladder and finally reach that dream division.
One of the most important tools that a player can use to maximize how fast they climb the ladder is to dodge.
No not skill shots - games. While dodging a game will cost you league points, it won't change your MMR at all. Why does this matter? The amount of LP you gain per win is linked to the MMR. This gives you a ‘free loss’ where you will only lose a few points, but still be at the same MMR on the ladder.
Confused? Don't worry; it's pretty simple. To advance a league you need to get 100 League Points (Or LP). You'll get LP every win - with the amount determined by your MMR.
You'll also lose LP every loss - related to your MMR. If you dodge a sure loss, then you'll only lose a small amount of LP without affecting your MMR.
By researching your teammates using tools such as LoLking.net or op.gg you'll be able to judge if you should play this game or not. If you think you have a bad chance to win the game then just dodge the game and save your MMR.
Now that we understand the ladder system and the power of dodging, it’s time to look at what you can do on the Rift.
League of Legends is a team based game which means you are reliant on your teammates to do well. Simple words of encouragement when a teammate does something good, or a compliment when they are feeling down, can often be the difference between a victory and a defeat.
If a teammate is really struggling then you could offer to roam and gank, lane swap or tell them to abandon the lane and go elsewhere. By physically helping your teammates as well as morally you are going to ensure that they don’t tilt. Not only does this help increase the chances of winning the game, but also helps you get closer to your goal: reaching your dream elo.
Did you know? Players that regularly flame lose more games than players that don't.
While it’s important to stop your own teammates from getting angry, you can also use anger to your advantage.
If the enemy team is regularly making mistakes, or you’re constantly camping them, they are likely to be tilting. If you continue to punish them then they will eventually start to blame their team. Once the enemy team has fallen apart it should be a pretty easy win for your team, as long as you work together.
It's a sneaky tactic but throwing some comments into the all chat can easily tilt a player. Don't say anything that can get you banned (like an insult) - just say sarcastic or jokey comments. Often something as simple as "Hey Ezreal" once you've killed him can be enough to send him over the edge.
Teamwork is most certainly OP and you won’t be able to carry yourself to Diamond without the help of your team. Players who are frustrated or disappointed at themselves will not be playing at their best.
It can be hard to climb the ranks in League of Legends when you don’t have the correct knowledge. If you don’t know where to place wards in game, then that’s going to have an enormous impact on how you play. To improve your knowledge of League of Legends we suggest reading some of our previous blog guides such as How Every Item Can Make a Difference.
For the not so obvious tips, we’ve specifically arranged some top tips on how you can take your gameplay to the next level.
The meta is the current optimal composition for your team in the game. This can be specific champions, certain items, specific summoner spells or just general roles. The meta is generally dictated by Riot's balancing team and it’s important that you quickly learn what’s strong and what isn’t.
It doesn’t matter if you read a guide to Diamond if you are going to play out of the meta champions, buy weak items or just play in the wrong role. If the meta is to play a tank top and you don’t play a tank top then you can wave bye bye to reaching Diamond elo.
While it can be good to learn certain champions and stick to them, it’s not always the best way forward. When Riot released patch 5.16, the strongest top laners were Darius and Garen.
If you decided, you wanted to play Akali because that’s who you usually play then you are instantly putting yourself at a disadvantage by ignoring the meta. If you are a fantastic Akali player, but only an average Garen player, you’ll probably perform better for yourself and your team on Garen.
By correctly playing the meta you can increase the chance of winning your game and launching you into Diamond elo. Be sure to keep an eye on websites such as NerfPlz to make sure you understand the current meta.
Losing in LoL is inevitable, unfortunately, it's impossible to win every game no matter if you think you're faker. When you start to lose games in a row then you’re on a losing streak.
Being on a losing streak affects your mental state and increases the chance that you’re going to make a mistake, get frustrated by insignificant errors and potentially even rage quit.
It’s easy to deal with mistakes and your first loss of the day, but when you’re onto the third or fourth loss in a row it can become very frustrating. That’s why it’s important that you just stop after three losses.
The best way to recover is to have a break and play another game instead. It's also useful to do some breathing exercises or meditation to improve your overall state of mind.
If you want to learn more about how you can avoid going into a tilt you can read it here.
Vision wins games. It's a simple as that. If you watch any pro games you'll notice they spend a ridiculous amount of money on wards even in the first few minutes of the game.
It’s by far the most important objective in League of Legends (apart from the Nexus) and it’s important that you correctly use it. No matter what position you play, you should always put a ward down for your team. In lower divisions, wards are often dismissed as worthless and expensive, but if you want to get to Platinum elo or beyond, you should understand how important they are.
Your trinket should be regularly used and you should think before you place a ward. If you’re going to focus your attention on the top lane then why would you ward the bottom half of the map? If the dragon isn’t up for 4 minutes then don’t waste a ward in the dragon pit.
It’s also important that you pre-ward valuable objectives. If the dragon is spawning in 1:30 then start getting some deeper wards down into the enemy jungle so that you have full control of the area.
It’s equally important to deny vision. Pink wards and sweepers can remove enemy wards taking away their information about your champion’s position. Don’t recall in plain sight because you are giving the enemy information that they can use to push or position their Jungler.
If you recall in the bottom lane and the enemy sees you do it then it’s just inviting them to have a free dragon. Vision is the difference between Bronze and Diamond and if you can learn how to manipulate it correctly then you will be able to reach Diamond in no time.
When playing lower divisions such as Bronze and Silver, the chances are you will be the best player on your team. To stand any chance of winning and carrying the game, you should look to play offensive champions that can have a huge impact on the match. Offensive champions let you stomp your enemies, and with some, you can easily manage 2 or 3 v 1 scenarios.
In low divisions, there is a much higher chance that your teammates will go afk or disconnect during a game. This means in some games you will find yourself in a 4 v 5 scenario. As frustrating as it can be, you just need to deal with it. The best way to deal with it is to pick an offensive champion you are really good at and can crush your enemies.
If you play a defensive champion, then the chances are you won’t be able to deal enough damage to make an impact in the game. This means no matter how good you are; you won't be able to carry. Playing an offensive champion can seriously give you a huge advantage when playing in lower divisions, if you want to reach the top divisions then choosing your champion wisely is a must.
Once you’re out of the noob divisions and start getting into your “true division” the games can suddenly become considerably harder. When tackling the higher divisions, it is best to switch from an offensive champion to a defensive one. This change will naturally make you play more defensive and allow the better players on your team to take over and carry the game. By not dying and feeding you deny the enemy team additional gold and experience.
Defensive champions are a lot harder to kill than offensive ones, and this will allow you to stay alive longer in game. In addition to this, most defensive tank champions are usually full of crowd control abilities such as stuns, slows and fears. Using these in team fights are an excellent way to increase your chances of winning by supporting your other teammates.
If you keep getting rekt every game, then it’s probably time to switch over to a defensive champion.
When you're winning in League of Legends it can be the best feeling ever. A 3 game win streak can make you feel like you’re going to be in Diamond in no time. But then suddenly you go into a 3 game losing streak, and you think it’s the end of the world.
How you manage yourself during these losing streaks is what separates a good player from a great player. Great players will instantly recognize when they are tilting and will do something about it. Other players will just keep on playing and hope they start winning again.
So what can you do when you are losing and tilting? The first thing is to examine your previous games and work out what is going wrong. Was it your fault with bad plays and champion selection, or was it to do with someone else on your team?
If it was your fault, then you should look at changing your current strategy in future games or even taking a break for a while. If it definitely wasn’t your fault and somebody else on your team was the cause, then stick to your strategy. Unfortunately, you don’t really have any control over anyone else in your team so all you can do is continue to play your best and focus on yourself.
By recognizing when you are tilting you’ll be able to do something about it instead of just hoping and praying that you’ll start winning again.
When playing a fast-paced League of Legends game it can sometimes be hard to tell your teammates what to do. The chances are you won’t know anyone on your team and therefore won’t be voice chatting with them. To make things worse, most of the time you won’t get a chance to type anything out without missing CS, getting harassed by your opponent or getting flamed by your teammates for going “afk”.
To solve this problem, you’re going to have to learn how to use smart pings. Pinging is a great way to inform your team without having to type anything out. Most of the time the pings will be fairly self-explanatory if used correctly. With these pings, you can tell your teammates which enemy to focus on, which objective to take, or what to look out for. When playing with complete strangers, communication is key in order to win. It might take a bit of time to get used to pinging objectives and other players but you’ll soon see a huge difference in your games.
Unfortunately recently there has been an influx of ping spamming. This is not recommended because it's going to tilt your team and reduce the chance of you winning. If you are a victim of ping spamming then you have to learn to ignore it. Unfortunately, you still can't mute pings.
Another trick to becoming a great League of Legends player is to constantly track the enemy's Jungler on the map. By tracking where he is at every given time you can use that information to make some interesting plays. Since you now understand the power of wards and vision in game, you should have constant vision on your enemy's Jungler. This means when you're playing in lane you'll have a good idea of how far away their jungler is. With this information, you can decide when its a good time to start a team fight or avoid one.
If the enemy jungler was last spotted on the other side of the map then it's probably a good time to push as hard as possible. However, if you know the jungler was last seen in the lane near you, then you'll probably want to avoid that. By constantly tracking the position of the jungler you'll have a good idea of when to play offensive and when to play defensively.
Before you jump into a ranked match it’s important to have a pre-game checklist. A pre-game checklist is a list of important things you should check before you even enter a game. Think of it as a pre-game ritual. It might sound silly and pointless, but trust us, a simple list like this can greatly improve your gameplay.
As you can see there is a variety of different things to check before entering a game. Let’s have a quick look at them all in more detail.
One of the most important things to check on the list is your internet connection. We’ve all had that one player who joins the game and instantly starts complaining about how bad they are lagging. What if they checked their internet BEFORE they joined the game? Wouldn’t this save everyone the pain and frustration?
A handy tool to use to check your internet connection before you start your game is speedtest.net. Using this tool, you can test the quality of your internet to see if you are lagging. If your ping is 60 or less, then you’re good to go. If you get a high number of 200 or higher then your PC might not be prepared for gaming, this brings us onto the second point.
Before entering a game, you’ll want to make sure you pause any downloads or updates going on in the background. These might be happening without you even knowing! Torrenting programs, internet downloads, Steam and game updates can all be the culprit. You’ll always want to exit any unnecessary programs before you enter a game, not only will it speed up your PC but it will also stop any annoying notifications or popups during your game.
Other things to check on your PC before starting are things like your batteries in your mouse (if you use a wireless one) or your keyboard. Wireless devices can be very useful, but not when the battery runs out! Now we’ve covered some things to do with your computer and equipment; it’s time to move on to yourself.
Checking yourself before you start playing ranked games is another important factor that can have a huge impact on your games. Your mental state will affect how you think and act in games, if you’ve lost the last few games and are in an angry mood then it’s probably best to take a break.
Having a negative mental state can have disastrous consequences on your gameplay. If you need help with overcoming your tilting, then be sure to read our guide on how to stop tilting.
Other things you should check before starting your next game are if you have enough time to finish the game and that you are fully concentrated. If you’re slightly hungry or dehydrated, then you might need to take a break in order to regenerate yourself. Playing on a hungry stomach is a bad idea and it can be easily solved.
As you can see, become a Diamond elo player is all about preparation and practice. Without a plan of action then you're just mindlessly playing LoL and hoping that you win. By having a checklist and step by step guide, you can ensure you're at your best performance for every game.
Now you’ve got plenty of in-game tips, it’s time to go out and put them into practice! See you on the rift! | 2019-04-19T05:28:51Z | https://www.unrankedsmurfs.com/blog/league-of-legends-season-8-ranked-guide |
I know a number of architects, builders and wood flooring contractors (good ones) who’ve had bad experiences and will try as hard as they can to talk clients out of installing wood flooring over radiant in-floor heating systems. On the other hand, when given the opportunity to investigate “problem projects” and the source for their feelings, I’ve almost always located the real cause for the failure(s) and wondered why it wasn’t obvious to them as well. I think it’s just human nature to avoid issues where pain was once involved. It’s been my experience when we try something new and things go wrong, our focus tends to stay more on the perceived (new) and often less on the real (old) cause. But maybe that’s just me.
Our company has been installing wood flooring over radiant in-floor heating systems for over 35 years. I personally have experience installing hydronic geothermal systems in homes and other structures prior to that. For many years, The Oak Floors of Greenbank, Inc., was one of the few hardwood flooring companies that would agree to install any type of wood floor over a radiant in-floor heating system.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s I wrote and published several articles for various magazines such as Fine Homebuilding Magazine and Hardwood Floors Magazine describing in great detail exactly how we went about this. A number of wood flooring contractors followed us into the field. Some have been more successful at this than others.
When potential prospects for wood flooring installations over radiant heat contact one of our two companies, we do our best to educate them as well as any others involved in the project. If our contracting company is contracted to install a wood floor involving radiant in-floor heat, we insist on getting to know (if we don’t already) the architect, builder, radiant heat installer, plumbing contractor as well as the owner, to get everyone on the same page. This is best accomplished very early on during the planning stages of the project. Wood flooring is the most obvious and evident recipient of malfunctions and other misbehaviors of any heating or cooling system in the structure (especially in-floor radiant heating systems). The wood floor and by inference the wood flooring contractor is typically the first (and often the last) one to be blamed for the “effects” that can come about as a direct or indirect result of the misdeeds (or lack of knowledge or awareness) of others. As it turns out, wood flooring is an especially good precursor for malfunctions within heating or cooling systems – especially those that function directly under or over a smooth finished wood floor.
Most types of wood flooring (engineered or solid) can generally be effectively installed by floating, gluing, nailing or gluing & nailing. By minimizing the shifts in relative humidity inside the structure and by reducing the heat load the flooring must undergo as the heat passes through it and is radiated from it throughout the structure, even relatively unstable species in wide plank form can perform well over some systems of radiant heat. Keep in mind, that the wood flooring itself becomes a heat source as it grows in temperature from the tubes, fins, plates or whatever warm beneath it. The keys are proper acclimation, a steady and balanced low level of heat, and very gradual moves when changing temperatures. Installing humidity controls within the structure and maintaining a ±10% to 20% RH will virtually guarantee success. A few wood flooring manufacturers require this or they will offer no guarantee whatsoever for their products over radiant in-floor heat.
Changes in moisture content (mc) are important with all wood products since changes in moisture content can cause changes in their shape. Consider how wooden doors or drawers will often swell during “moist” times and are prone to “sticking”, while they move with ease during the “dry” times of the year. Changes in the moisture content of wood flooring are especially important because of the accumulated force that develops within the large single plane of material that a wood floor represents. Wood flooring strips or planks will swell during moist times and jamb tighter together. One indication of excessive moisture in a wood floor can be seen as “cupping” or “crowning” or a disfigurement of the normal smooth plane within or between the individual strips or planks. If a floor is flooded or an extreme level of moisture is allowed to penetrate the flooring strips or planks, it will begin to act and move as a single large unit. If there is sufficient room for the boards or planks to expand and move, they will lift and buckle. If not, it will virtually crush anything in its path. The “expansion gap” conscientious wood flooring contractors leave around the perimeter of the floor is to give the strips or planks room to move (even buckle if necessary) as moisture content rises. The pressures expressed by the changes in moisture content within the cellular structure of wood are enormous. They can bend steel and fracture stone.
Radiant in-floor heating exponentially impacts the normal ingress and egress of moisture into and out of the cellular structure of wood items. Even relatively small changes in the moisture levels of wood flooring can be exacerbated by the effects of radiant heat. But even the most stable materials (wood, stone, glass or metal) including radiant-designed products can and will respond poorly if and when they’re pushed beyond their limits by excessively high temperatures of radiant heat passing through them.
Poor or insufficient planning coupled with the lack of proper acclimation are the chief culprits behind most of the visibly obvious cosmetic affects to wood items (wood flooring, underlayment, base molding or other materials at or near the floor line where the impact is the greatest) in radiant in-floor heated homes. Even where complete failures or total losses of serviceability occur, much of the blame can usually be traced back to a lack of planning or acclimation. Pipes or lines can be broken, pinched or punctured. The radiant mass (be it cementitious, stone, gravel, sand, wood, etc., or a mixture of materials) can be impugned from flooding ground water, sprinklers or broken waterlines that when left unabated will send finished wood flooring or other such items into a state of shock and awe. Still, with proper planning, acclimation and installation of all materials involved together with a common sense method of operation and maintenance can indefinitely defer or virtually eliminate all but the most unforeseeable circumstances.
I relate installing wood flooring over radiant in-floor heating similarly to driving an automobile at freeway speeds. If you have the right automobile on the right road with conscientious drivers around you – there is little to worry about. But, erase or eliminate one of those key factors and you have a recipe for disaster.
As the old story goes, you can never have too much acclimation. That applies to any wood floor in any application. The real key is acclimation to what? A structure (in particular a single family residence) will usually experience its most traumatic exposure to moisture during its construction phase – second only to a major remodel or heaven forbid, a complete dousing of man-made or celestial origin. Acclimating the flooring to the ever-changing, often aggravated conditions prevalent during construction can do much more harm than good. To properly acclimate, the wood flooring needs to be surrounded by the average anticipated “lived in” temperature and humidity of its new home. This means that the radiant system must be up and running and for a period long enough for it to properly “acclimate” the other materials in the structure, especially that material over which the new flooring is to be installed – before the new flooring is introduced to the job site.
All of this can be easily verified by checking the moisture content of the flooring to be installed and comparing it to that of other wood products already installed inside the structure. Of paramount importance is the moisture content of the subflooring, underlayment or whatever material over which the flooring is to be installed. On occasion we are asked by a builder to “stock” the new wood flooring in a home while things are still “drying out”. This is too soon. In such a case, the flooring will try to adapt or acclimate to its surrounds by picking up moisture and swelling. At best, this means it must now “give off” this extra weight prior to its installation if things are to go well. It could mean the flooring will swell, twist and bend out of shape, making it more difficult to install, sand and finish. Unfortunately, this could also result in the finished product exhibiting splits, fractures and gaping at some later date. Wood flooring should never be introduced into a structure before the HVAC system has had the opportunity to “condition” the rest of the structure – especially those with radiant in-flooring heating systems.
We always recommend utilizing acknowledged stable wood species made from quarter sawn material or a mixture of rift cut and quarter sawn. Using quarter sawn or rift/quartered material will substantially improve the stability of the flooring and in most cases the hardness (durability) as well. Vertical grain flooring made from nearly all wood species exhibits far less horizontal movement compared to flat or plain sawn cuts when moisture is forced into or out of it over time. The increased stability with this type of material will help reduce the “walking” or cupping, crowning or curling often seen in wood flooring boards undergoing “stresses” from pressures within the flooring system as a result of increased moisture levels. We also recommend using planks or strip with a more narrow gauge profile (typically a maximum 5-inch-wide plank) unless adequate humidity controls are in place. The narrower the plank or strip, the more joints or seams in the floor. Though they may appear tight visually, each of these junctions affords additional room for the material to expand or grow into with increases in moisture. It’s important to note that wider width planks can do well over radiant heat in areas where the relative humidity averages 50% or lower or where humidity controls insure stable levels of moisture at all times within the structure. Nevertheless, I would strongly encourage the use of a “full spread” elastomeric urethane adhesive in conjunction with nailing, for any wooden plank 6” or wider installed over a radiant heating system.
For a better overall “feel”, appearance, and longevity, I recommend both gluing and nailing any wood floor over radiant heat – unless its installed utilizing a full-floating method. Gluing and nailing is a considerably more expensive and time consuming method of installation (particularly if repairs are required once the flooring is in place). However, it is proving itself more and more every year as the most foolproof method for potentially problematic installations and one that provides the most “acceptable” “feel” down line with the inhabitants of the residence or structure. Although the various wood flooring associations are still lagging in their full acceptance of such procedures, each passing year finds more and more of the top wood flooring installers throughout North America and Europe adopting it as “their standard” for solid wood flooring (and in particular solid plank flooring) over radiant heating systems.
Whenever possible, we try to recommend the use of an antique reclaimed product, such as flooring re-milled from old timbers, decking, or structural lumber. Not only is this one of the “greenest” flooring choices you can make, but from our experience, one of the best performing types of wooden flooring available for use over radiant in-floor heating systems. It has proven itself repeatedly with our most demanding clients as the overall top choice for appearance, longevity and out-and-out effectiveness over radiant heat.
For a continuing topical dialogue on wood floors and radiant heat as well as many other subjects of our trade, check out http://www.hardwoodfloorsmag.com. For a somewhat more homogenous treatment of the topic, you might also check out http://radiantpanelassociation.org, http://www.nwfa.org and http://www.nofma.org. These are the web sites for the Radiant Panel Association, the National Wood Flooring Association and the Wood Floor Manufacturers Association (formerly the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association). I agree in principle with both associations stand on installing wood flooring over in-floor radiant heat but not to the exact letter. I have helped both organizations write, edit, develop and revise their technical manuals and other data on this and loads of other subjects over the years. I have also helped organize and develop most of their schools and training programs going back to the 1970s. Wood flooring (particularly “solid wood” flooring) over radiant heat issues are still very much “leading edge” and being associations, they are only as strong as their weakest links (members).
I have written a good deal about installing wood flooring over radiant heat, but very little specifically relating to systems that require the installation of wood flooring immediately over and in direct contact with the heating tubes, metal fins or panels themselves. Some utilize sections of plywood that support the finished flooring, others are attached to subflooring or underlayment, while still others are simply panels laid atop a structural surface with the flooring laid directly over the panels.
There are products that allow wood flooring to be nailed into or through the fins or panels. A few allow wood flooring to be nailed and glued to their sections. Still others allow wood flooring to only be glued or free floated over the tubes, fins, panels, cementitious slab or other mass.
in maintenance, repairs and malfunctions over the long haul.
Many wood flooring manufacturers “recommend” only engineered products (if they make such a critter). Those that don’t, don’t. There are some manufacturers that say their products must be installed “free floating” over radiant in-floor heating systems. The individual strips, pieces or planks of “free floating” wood flooring systems are held together through the use of dry snap-lock attachments, metal clips or the planks or pieces are glued to each other with flexible glues inserted inside the tongued and grooved seams down their lengths and/or at end butts. The edges of these floating floor systems are held down by base molding at wall lines or cabinets and by “lip-over” landing nosings at the tops of stairs and “lip-over square edges” or “lip-over reducers” adjacent to carpet, tile or other floor coverings and in other open stretches.
Whether engineered, solid, free floating, dry locked, clipped, glued, nailed or nailed and glued, I’ve personally seen all of them work and fail. Most “failures” though, are due (at least in part) to moisture issues. Excessive moisture (or lack of it) in liquid or vapor form is almost always at the root of wood flooring malfunctions, perceived “problems” or out-and-out failures.
Since radiant heat exacerbates the ingress and egress of moisture into and out of wood, one can easily see why installations of wood flooring engineered or solid, free floating or glued and/or nailed over radiant heating systems can be a bit more problematic than those with forced air heating. Still, in nearly every scenario, it’s the lack of information and education that create the most significant roadblocks to successful wooden flooring installations over in-floor radiant heating systems.
From my experience, the more efficient the radiant heat installation, the kinder it is to any wood flooring system installed above it. This should provide ample reason (if there wasn’t already enough) to build the most efficient in-floor (wall or ceiling) system possible. Extremes of heat (or lack there of) expressed in highs and lows cause a great deal of fluctuating in the tubing, fins, boilers or whatever, and should be strongly discouraged or made impossible if the wood flooring is to perform well above it (or below it). When wood flooring is made to come into localized direct contact with the primary heat transfer devices (tubes, fins, pans, etc.) rather than with a more indirect generalized contact from a larger mass (slab, plywood or other larger structure), the effects from these fluctuations can and usually are more pronounced. As it turns out, wood, stone and other natural substances, prefer coaxing over prodding.
For out and out efficiency, simplicity and total comfort, I prefer systems that work with greater amounts of mass. Usually this means a cementitious slab with the tubes set inside. My all time favorite, though presently condemned by most building codes is one I helped design and install many years ago. Most of those systems utilized a solar heated liquid, that was then transferred to aggregate stored beneath the house in an enclosed crawl space. This warmed the entire structure much in the same way as many geothermal systems transfer heat to a slab or aggregate. A ground loop system of tubing (taking advantage of the constant ground temperature) was utilized in combination with these devices as heat sinks (on warm days), but more importantly as preheating and precooling systems for the homes domestic water supply.
I generally avoid comparing styles or types of systems by brand name. Unless or until a manufacturer exemplifies themselves with an exceptionally good or bad product, I will almost always leave specific products or manufacturers out of my discussions and speak more to specific “types” of products or procedures. Radiant systems that require that the flooring installer lay the floor directly on top of their tubing with the surrounding plywood supporting the flooring’s weight have come into vogue in recent years. The increased popularity of these styles is not only due to the reduced weight loads on the homes substructure but also for their reduced installation cost. Probably the biggest advantage of these systems is that they can be reasonably added to homes during fairly minor remodels. Those considering such an arrangement should know that although quite “effective”, the efficiencies are significantly reduced utilizing this technology. A little more down payment will seriously increase your dividends down stream.
Given the choice, I would almost always opt for a radiant tubing system set inside a cementitious pour overlaid with two layers of plywood glued and screwed together floating over the slab with some type of membrane separating them from the cementitious material. The wood flooring is then nailed and glued to the top layer of plywood. This system, or some variation of this system, is one I’ve utilized or specified most often when working as a consultant for architects, engineers or homeowners. It is the most successful prevalent system on all but just a few of the most discerning wood over radiant installations around North America. This does not mean the direct over systems are bad – far from it. I have specified it when weight or other restrictions eliminated the use of a cementitious pour. As a wood flooring contractor, it probably doesn’t make much difference, although there is an increased potential for hitting a tube with the “direct over” procedure. The scientist in me favors the efficiency of the added mass to accentuate the positive effects of the radiant system. In all fairness I should say that as a consultant and inspector, I’ve observed an increased propensity with “direct over” projects for reiterative gaping among flooring boards (engineered or solid) and/or detectable color striations within the finished wood flooring some time later. This color striation appears to be more prevalent with some wood species and stone types than with others.
That said, if the general contractor, flooring contractor, radiant heat designer/installer, plumbing and electrical contractor and owner are all well advised experts on the proper procedures, sharing information and working together as a team, there is really no reason for a pessimistic approach with either system. I’ve described installing solid wood flooring over radiant in-floor heating systems in a few articles I’ve written akin to surgery. If everyone is experienced, knows their job and does it correctly (assuming the patient is in otherwise good heath), there is little cause for doubt or worry. On the other hand, if there’s a loose cannon on board, almost anything can happen – and it has on more than one occasion.
It’s important to note a this juncture that regardless of which style or type of radiant system you choose to install, the odds are strongly in your favor that you’ll be rewarded for your decision with a substantially more efficient and effective heating system than possible with almost any forced air system available.
Personally, I view a solid wood floor, or a mixture of stone and wood installed over an in-floor radiant heating system, as the best of all worlds (when properly designed, constructed and maintained by all involved).
If you have any questions after you’ve completed your research, please feel free to give us a call. We have many excellent references from all kinds of wooden flooring installations over radiant in-floor heating systems, but the best ones are always those we don't hand out to potential clients. | 2019-04-24T14:33:34Z | http://www.woodfloorco.com/bollinger_on_floors/harwoodfloors_over_radient_in_floor_heating/ |
Cover your Spaghetti and other favourite pastas with my family’s best healthy vegan fat-free marinara sauce. Lentils and chickpeas make it thick, and full of iron, fibre and phytonutrients. Add some spinach (fresh or frozen) to get a darker color, and more nutrition.
Oregano, basil, garlic and onion, are a beautiful Italian combination that has lasted centuries. Modernize your greasy sauces of the past with this oil-free, meatless version of a marinara sauce, and fill your belly with fibre and taste at the same time.
This is a great whole-foods plant-based wfpb recipe for kids!
With lentils and chickpeas this no-oil vegan Italian tomato based spaghetti sauce recipe replaces a traditional meat based pasta sauce, with bold flavour! I've tested it on many non-vegans and they don't even realize, except wonder why it is so fat-free and lean.
Use this simple recipe as a dependable base and add additional items if you like, such as mushrooms or green peppers.
Put a large pot of pasta water on to boil. No salt or oil are necessary. No oil cooking, go! Read more here about why we cook with no-oil.
Drain canned lentils and chickpeas. Consider reserving the juice (called aqua faba) in the fridge as an egg replacement for future baking - like for my VeganEnvy.com amazing chocolate birthday cake recipe.
In a food processor - add drained chickpeas, drained lentils, garlic cloves, canned diced tomatoes (with juice), oregano, basil, onion powder, salt, onion chunks, and thawed spinach nuggets. Blend on high until beans are no longer recognizable.
I like to use frozen spinach nuggets, so I can easily portion out a little if I want - I always have some on hand in my freezer, like these ones. I got them a Wal-mart.
Empty sauce into a medium sized pot on medium heat. This sauce will splatter once it starts to bubble, so be prepared to cover it to protect your stove and yourself.
Once the sauce is bubbling, reduce heat to low, stir, cover and let simmer for 5 more minutes so that the onion is cooked through.
In the meantime, add whole grain spaghetti to the boiling pasta water. Set timer to cook according to directions, usually about 10 minutes.
Once the the 5 min on the sauce is up, while the pasta is cooking, stir the tomato paste into the sauce. The tomato paste makes the sauce thicker, so there is no excess liquid. It also adds a lovely rich red color and taste. Simmer a few more minutes or until pasta is ready.
Drain pasta and serve piled with generous portions of this delicious sauce!
Sprinkle with vegan parmesan cheese.
Vegetable side suggestions: steamed frozen peas and corn, broccoli, or Brussels sprouts.
Salad suggestion: spinach salad and balsamic dressing.
For example, if you would like to have a milk-free sauce for your pasta, or maybe you are trying to lose weight and avoid fat – here is a vegan, creamy fat-free white sauce recipe to add to your bag of tricks.
It has pesto ingredients like basil, garlic, and lemon, but is no-oil, with healthy walnuts instead. Did you know walnuts slowed the growth of cancer tumours in studies? White kidney beans make it thick, you don’t need any flour – so it is gluten-free.
Forget about taking time stirring on the stove, this sauce is easier than that, blend the ingredients, and DONE.
This vegan white sauce recipe is better than alfredo sauce, I think you will find it very delicious and satisfying.
If you are in Canada – I recommend these products for your lemon and pepper, from Epicure. Click image to view information.
Bring together the wonderful flavours of basil and garlic in a creamy pesto sauce, with fresh linguine, and crispy asparagus, for a healthy taste of Italy!
This sauce has a pesto flavour and is simply delicious with basil, garlic, lemon and healthy walnuts instead of processed oil.
It is so easy to make, and clean up, this vegan white pasta sauce takes only 5 minutes in a blender.
Linguine has more surface area than spaghetti, and will hold more sauce, so works very well and asparagus complements the lemon and pesto ingredients.
steamer Available in Canada only. There are many sizes, made from a durable silicone, these steamers are awesome.
Boil water and cook pasta according to package instructions.
Wash, cut off ends, and cut asparagus into 2 inch lengths.
Microwave asparagus in a microwave steamer. If you are in Canada, I recommend the Epicure steamers. See link in ingredients.
In a high speed blender, blend white kidney beans with soy milk, basil, garlic cloves, oregano, salt, walnuts, nutritional yeast, lemon juice.
Add hot pasta cooking water to warm and thin to desired consistency.
Drain pasta, plate with asparagus, and immediately spoon creamy pesto sauce over steaming pasta. Or, if the pasta has cooled, microwave the sauce first in a small dish, to warm it, then spoon over and serve.
Serving Suggestions: fresh ground pepper and additional lemon juice.
Green pepper, zucchini, spinach, black beans and corn are some of the key ingredients in this vegan dinner soup recipe.
Plus basil, and oregano and a base of celery, carrots and onions.
Together with a whole grain pasta, this is a satisfying vegan supper, and a great easy vegan dinner idea.
The sweet vegetables balance out the stronger tasting ones very nicely.
It is called Dad’s soup because my husband invented it. We have a few variations of a vegetable medly soup, this one is the green one.
It is delicious, and as soon as we say “we are having Dad’s soup!” our kids go “yay!”.
it’s got a lot of green vegetables in it. So to get our kids to eat this vegan meal we started by telling them we would eat it while watching a movie.
If they ate their soup, the movie kept playing, if they didn’t eat it we would pause the movie and wait for them to eat.
That worked, and they realized they really like this soup, now it is a meal we can count on them eating.
first chop an onion, and carrots, with garlic, in a food processor, or by hand. Slice celery and add those ingredients to the pot.
Chop zucchini next. Larger cubes work best.
Add the seasonings, and continue adding the vegetables from my recipe, saute together.
Substitute whatever green vegetables you have in your fridge, they will taste good too.
Add the black beans, and corn.
Hold off on the spinach, so that it doesn’t get over cooked and turn the soup too green.
once the vegetable broth is boiling add the pasta and spinach and cook for 3 mintues more and you are done.
It takes about 35 minutes from start to finish to serve this rainbow of veggie dinner soup.
Sauteing before adding the broth makes sure the vegetables are cooked through.
and let me know in the comments below what you think.
We recommend whole wheat crackers crumbled in it and some freshly ground pepper and salt to taste.
If you have never made soup, this one is a no-fail way to start.
With beans, and pasta, and spinach, and green vegetables, it is always gorgeous - and a hit with the kids.
Herbed Sea Salt Grinder Grind over soup at the table, to taste.
If you are in a hurry, then the food processor is going to be your best friend for this soup recipe.
Process onions, carrots and minced garlic in your food processor. Slice some celery and add these all to a large soup pot on medium heat.
Add salt, basil and oregano and cook for 5-7 minutes until the onion is translucent. Add broth and water a splash at a time if they start to stick.
Chop or process and add zucchini, green pepper to the pot. Cook for 5-7 more min.
In the meantime, start another medium pot with water for pasta. When the water boils add the pasta to it and set the timer according to the pasta package directions for al dente - probably for 9 minutes. Give a piece a cool down and a little chew test before draining.
Add the rest of the broth and water and the can of corn with it's juices to the soup pot. Turn to high until it boils, then reduce to medium low.
When pasta is done, drain and add the pasta to the large soup pot.
Stir spinach into the soup and cook for 3 minutes until warmed through.
Serve immediately, hot, with whole grain crackers and ice cubes on the side (to cool and so people can get more liquid if they want!).
This healthy tofu Pad Thai is a low-fat recipe ready in 20 minutes.
Use your own Pad Thai seasonings/sauce, or visit this Epicure website to buy the delicious Pad Thai mix that I used, and bookmark this recipe for later.
I also show you how to make an easy tasty homemade Sriracha sauce from an Epicure spices mix.
This recipe shows you how to make an oil free vegan Pad Thai with Tofu and Noodles.
All VeganEnvy recipes are whole foods plant based, oil free, fat-free and exceptionally healthy! I follow the Forks Over Knives recommendations for disease prevention through diet.
My kids asked if a couple of their friends could stay for dinner. That is pretty normal at our house.
I agree, Pad Thai is good! A mild, slightly sweet comforting noodle dish with garlic and citrus flavours.
especially kids from non-vegan families. They all seem to love tofu, and whole grain carbs, and most like plain vegetables too.
Kids are very open-minded to eating simple vegan food, they see my kids, my husband and I like it, and they join in – especially when their parents aren’t around.
I always test my recipes on children. If they like it, I know I have a winner.
I grabbed a package of vegan Pad Thai spice mix from Epicure, because it is a fast, healthy, high quality way to pull a tofu dish together.
It is spices only – no preservatives, fish, oils or additives.
I have used Canadian Epicure products for over 15 years – they are fantastic and I am an Epicure consultant.
Epicure is a great company for vegans. Unfortunately their products are only available in Canada.
This should take about 20 minutes to pull together.
I got started washing and chopping my vegetables, I really take pleasure in cutting them in ways that make them look appealing.
Matchstick carrots, small broccoli, evenly cut green peppers. Makes them cook uniformly as well.
I learned cutting techniques in the Forks Over Knives Cooking Course.
While the vegetables were stir frying, I mixed up the Pad Thai spices with water and soy sauce.
tamarind, garlic and cilantro for true Southeast Asian flavours.
I decided to use a package of Medium Tofu and a package of Extra Firm Tofu. The Medium will crumble like eggs (eggs are common in pad Thai) and the extra firm tofu will be solid like chicken or shrimp.
Once the vegetables were tender, but still with a bit of a crunch, they were done.
I added the cubes of tofu and stirred them in.
Then I added the sauce.
I was very careful not to put the noodles in the boiling water until just before the vegetables were done, because the noodles truly only take 5 minutes to cook.
I rinsed the brown rice noodles with cold water to remove extra starch, and added them to the wok.
I also decided to make homemade Sriracha sauce using an Epicure mix, ketchup, and vinegar.
Sriracha sauce really enhances the Pad Thai for adults.
Squeeze some lime on each plate (or lemon) and serve. It was really, good, the kids gobbled it up.
I forgot to do this for my photos, but add some chopped peanuts to your Pad Thai! It makes a huge flavour and texture impact.
Until I write that recipe, if you are in Canada, please feel free to buy this healthy, oil free, vegan Pad Thai mix from my Epicure website.
The Epicure company is on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada and cannot sell to other countries yet.
This recipe uses a vegan Epicure Pad Thai seasoning mixture, to make a vegan pad thai, with tofu, broccoli, green pepper, carrots, and whole grain rice noodles and without oil.
1 package Epicure Pad Thai Seasoning Pack or store bought pad thai sauce, sorry I haven't invented my own seasonings yet! Suggest how in the comments!
Stir the pad thai seasoning mix with 3/4 cup (180 mL) hot water and 2 Tbsp (30 mL) soy sauce.
On medium heat, stir fry green peppers and carrots for 3 - 4 minutes. Add 1/4 cup or less of water if they start to stick. Cover to speed cooking time.
Add broccoli and cover, cook for 7 more minutes, stir frequently, until tender, but still bright green and slightly crunchy.
Add medium cubed tofu and stir in so that it crumbles like scrambled eggs.
Add extra firm cubed tofu and gently combine so that it stays in cubes.
In a large pot boil water for noodles.
Once the vegetables are almost done, add 12 ramen cakes to boiling water per cake Try for 2 cups of water per cake. When noodles begin to unfold, after about 1 minute, separate gently with a fork and reduce heat to a low boil. Continue to cook for 3 minutes or until the noodles are just soft.
Strain through a colander, and rinse with cold water.
Add cooked rice noodles to the vegetables with the prepared sauce, tossing to heat through.
Serve immediately, with freshly squeezed lime juice, sriracha sauce, and chopped peanuts.
This wfpb no-oil vegan lasagna is based on traditional Italian lasagna, but with a vegan cottage cheese / vegan ricotta substitute, made from tofu, basil, and lemon juice.
Fast vegan lasagna recipe that only needs 20 minutes to cook in the oven.
Need a vegan dinner recipe that is great for non-vegans too?
I have served this lasagna many times to non-vegan friends, to rave reviews. Vegetarian lasagna is a dish people are familiar with.
This is the best cheese-free, meatless, vegetarian lasagna recipe I’ve made.
I make lasagna all the time, it’s one of our family standard meals, when I have 90 minutes. I’ve tried many, many vegan variations, this one is our favourite. The reason is because of extra noodles, and the zucchini gives it more bulk. It’s not runny, but has a perfect sauce consistency. Using blended diced tomatoes and tomato paste makes a nice dark red, thick, tasty, and healthy, sauce.
Tomato paste is LOADED with antioxidants (fight aging, prevent cancer, reduce inflammation, promote healing).
There was even a study that showed people’s sunburns healed faster when they ate tomato paste daily.
See Preventing Skin Cancer from the Inside Out video.
you can cook this healthy lasagna really fast – it is easy to make, think about how you can relax while it cooks in the oven.
If you don’t have a food processor, and you have mad knife skills, please try it anyways, and let me know in the comments how you made out?
Watching my kids pick noodles out of lasagna (to eat first) inspired me to use double layers of pasta in this recipe, so that there is more pasta for a satisfying meal and to get a great consistency. I have added the zucchini to balance out that extra starch, so you are also getting more vegetables.
I am sure this recipe will be popular with kids and your non-vegan friends too.
Plan to have 20 minutes to bake the vegan lasagna in the oven and about 70 minutes to cook your whole grain noodles and assemble the layers.
You can get this lasagna done in 1 1/2 hours – about 90 minutes.
Sprinkle the lasagna generously with almond flour and then salt and garlic powder – looks just like parmesan!
This vegan lasagna calls for spinach, lemon, and garlic in the tofu ricotta layer.
Zucchini and tomato paste give the tomato sauce more substance, it is thick, and italian seasoning adds great flavour.
Most italian recipes call for oil, and most people have heard and read that olive oil is healthy. In this NutritionFacts.org video, Dr. Greger looks at the research on how olive oil affects artery function. Check it out.
All oils, including olive oil and coconut oil, have been shown to cause a constant and significant decrease in artery function after meals.
Inflammation increases, and blood vessel flow decreases in your body when you eat any fat, including olive and coconut oils.
Oils hurt our arteries and increase inflammation in our body. Inflammation leads to disease.
since olive oil is often consumed with vegetables – in a salad for example – there can be a positive effect when eating oil, because of the vegetables – despite the oil.
and just eat the vegetables – and you will have much improved arterial function.
These physicians also recommend you eat an ounce daily of whole nuts and seeds to get the oils/fats you need – delivered in a food, not from a factory – the way nature intended!
Because this lasagna has no oil, no meat and no cheese, there is no grease, no oils when you are done.
The empty pan here is after I simply rinsed it with water – no soap required. Squeaky clean.
Think how clean this makes the inside of our bodies as well – no clogged arteries, no blocked blood flow to our brains or other important body parts (um, men).
Enjoy this lasagna with your family, it is a great meal to add to your regular routine, and because it has no added oil, it is a good way to keep your arteries clean and functioning well, preventing heart disease in your children and yourself.
This is a great healthy vegan, delicious, vegetable lasagna with no oil.
Make in a 9 x 13" open casserole dish (no lid or foil required).
It uses tofu and spinach as a quick and easy ricotta cheese substitute. It tastes like a traditional Italian lasagna, except it is low fat, high fibre and not full of cholesterol.
The zucchini makes it so colourful, and so good for you!
Even if you have never made lasagna, you can succeed with this simple basic lasagna 101 recipe.
4 tbsp almond flour or 2 tbsp nutritional yeast, for sprinkling on top. We prefer almond flour, it looks like parmesan.
Preheat oven to 350° F (175° C) on convection bake. You will need a 9 x 13" uncovered casserole dish.
In a large pot, start water boiling. No need for salt or oil.
In a food processor, add the diced tomatoes, tomato paste, onion, zucchini chunks, Italian seasoning and nutritional yeast. Process until in small pieces, but not fully blended. Add salt, to taste, if your Italian seasoning is salt free.
Pour the tomato sauce into a medium saucepan on the stove, bring to a simmer. Cover, and cook until the tofu ricotta mixture is ready.
Thaw the frozen spinach in the microwave for a few minutes. You can leave it in the package, put it on a plate to catch any drips.
This is a good time to add the 18 whole grain lasagna noodles to the boiling water. Sometimes I add a couple extra noodles in case any get ripped.
In the food processor, add the extra firm tofu, garlic, thawed spinach, lemon juice, sugar, salt, and basil. Blend until lumps are gone.
Spread 1 cup tomato sauce on the bottom of the casserole dish.
Place a second layer of 3 more noodles (double noodle layer). Kids love this.
Spread all the Tofu ricotta over the double noodle layer.
Top with the remaining 1.5 cups sauce and spread evenly.
Spread 4-5 tablespoons of almond flour generously over top, (it looks like parmesan), then sprinkle with garlic powder and salt. Also you could use my Vegan Parmesan Cheese over top, or nutritional yeast.
This bok choy, tofu and noodles soup is so tasty, it is easy, simple and fast to make and is satisfying for dinner, and something you can definitely serve to non vegan company with confidence.
Bok Choy goes so great with tofu, and soy sauce, and ginger. A medium tofu (softer than firm) works best in the soup because it has a complementary soft texture to the stiffer bok choy and carrots.
See my article All About Tofu for tofu tips.
The texture combinations when you enjoy a spoonful of this, are truly excellent.
For this tofu soup recipe I used “Shanghai Bok Choy” it is larger than baby bok choy, but not full size.
Full size and baby bok choy will work as well. Cut bite size pieces – whatever kind of bok choy you use.
Bok choy is a nice mild addition to many dishes, and it is very healthy for you.
Bok Choy is a great source of calcium – did you know?
One cup of bok choy contains the same amount of calcium as a glass of cow’s milk, due to having a better calcium absorption rate (in the 50–60% range, where calcium from milk is 30-40%). See this article for more about calcium absorption.
The best sources of calcium come from the earth, in foods such as kale, broccoli, bok choy, and Brussels sprouts. As a bonus, these vegetables are high in vitamin K, which is also important for strong bones.
Not that you have to worry, there is no need to specifically target calcium sources in your diet; a diverse, whole-foods, plant-based diet will provide all of the calcium you need.
In one study, fruit and vegetable intake was positively associated with bone density.
My bok choy was very clean, not much dirt trapped under the stalks.
I chopped it like this, then put it in a large colander and gave it a rinse in the sink before adding it to the bubbling broth.
If you don’t have spaghettini you can use whole grain spaghetti, it will take a few more minutes to cook, but thicker noodles are fun too, right?
I used canned mushrooms because I wanted to use staple ingredients that most people have in the kitchen. If you use fresh or dried mushrooms it will make this soup even more delicious for you.
Add cubed medium tofu near the end, and gently stir through the soup.
Chop your dried seaweed (optional) before you add it.
Seaweed contains iodine – an essential nutrient for health.
Sprinkle some chili peppers in your bowl, or leave it mild and add a bit more soy sauce instead.
Spaghettini noodles are thinner than spaghetti, and cook in 6-8 minutes, so this soup is fast to make, plus, the noodles make it familiar and appealing to kids. The tofu adds substance and you can be sure it will fill you up as a main dish.
On high, in a large soup pot, combine the vegetable broth with 6 cups water, mushrooms, seaweed, and ginger and bring to a rapid boil.
Wash and chop the bok choy and carrots.
Once the broth is bubbling, reduce heat, break the spaghettini noodles into very small pieces and drop them in. Cook until the noodles are al dente, about 3 to 4 minutes.
Increase heat back to high, add the bok choy and carrots. Reduce heat to medium once the soup begins simmering again.
Slice and add the bell pepper and onions, increase heat as required, to keep the soup bubbling gently.
Cut tofu into large cubes and add with cilantro. Cook for 2 to 3 minutes longer. Stir in soy sauce and serve at once.
Season with crushed red pepper, or hot sauce, and additional soy sauce.
To use frozen ginger, leave the skin on and grate it on a microplane grater.
Try dried mushrooms for even better flavour.
For a more traditional asian soup, use whole grain buckwheat soba noodles instead of whole grain spaghettini.
Chinese cabbage also works well in this soup instead of bok choy.
This recipe is a Creamy Tofu Pasta Sauce, with Garlic, Zucchini, Spinach & Tomato. It is a fast, easy vegan dairy-free cream sauce that is high protein, healthy, and low fat because, like all my recipes, it is delicious without oil.
This fast tofu pasta sauce dinner only takes 30 minutes to make.
Use soft silken tofu to make a creamy, tomato and zucchini pasta sauce for dinner that is oil free and nut free.
If you like garlic, tomatoes and creamy sauces you will like this simple pasta dish. It is an easy and quick vegan recipe for beginners and experienced cooks alike.
This tofu pasta sauce has a flavour that is fantastic, and works with vegetables other than zucchini too.
Add spinach in the last step for a true vegan experience. Don’t forget the lemon!
Is Traditional White Cream Sauce Fattening?
Did you know? Making a tofu pasta cream sauce from 600 g silken tofu instead of the equal 2 1/2 cups dairy Half & Half cream (considered low-fat cream) reduces calories from 787.5 to 270 calories.
Using soft tofu in your pasta sauce instead of half and half cream reduces fat from 69.5 grams to 15 grams.
And, if you made a white sauce with flour, skim milk and 4 Tbsp of butter you are getting even more fat – 2.5 cups of that sauce would be 905 calories and 65 g of fat.
So, stick with us healthy vegans here, and choose to keep your blood flowing to your brain without blockages.
Choose 15 grams of fat in this low fat, healthy tofu pasta sauce recipe without oil, vs. 65 grams of fat with traditional pasta sauces.
So, YES, dairy white sauce is fattening.
Plus, tofu is cholesterol free, dairy is full of cholesterol.
You can make this fast dinner recipe in the time it takes you to boil the pasta.
Pre-chop your vegetables and add them to a large pot. Add the tomato paste and stir.
Blend the silken tofu and once creamy, add it to the vegetables.
New to using tofu? Read all about silken tofu in my All About Tofu post.
Stir the tofu pasta cream sauce until completely combined.
Add spinach and stir to melt it into the pasta just before serving.
You don’t need to cook the spinach longer than a few minutes.
While this vegan tofu pasta sauce recipe has no oil and is low-fat it will fill you up quite quickly. It has a good amount of protein, and is full of nutrition that you need to be healthy.
Make this vegan creamy low fat and healthy tofu pasta sauce dish with silken tofu for a completely satisfying, easy, fast and delicious high protein dinner. Optionally, stir in fresh spinach, just so it wilts and melts, then serve with generous squeezes of refreshing lemon juice.
It only takes 30 minutes to make and is flavourful!
No oil, but creamy. Dairy free of course.
Assemble your ingredients, open cans so you can add ingredients easily, this dish comes together very quickly.
Put on a medium pot of water to a boil for the pasta. Cook the pasta according to package directions while you make the veggies and sauce.
Cube the zucchini. Mince the garlic cloves.
Heat a large pot to medium heat, add the cubed zucchini, garlic, and salt, and stir. Moisture will come out of the zucchini - it shouldn't burn. If it gets dry add water a tablespoon at a time to moisten.
Slice the red pepper, and dice the jalapeño, if using. Remove the seeds if you don’t like things too spicy!
Once the zucchini has slightly softened, add the peppers. Stir for 2 minutes.
Add the tomato paste and stir to coat the vegetables. Your pasta should be almost done.
Stir in the undrained diced tomatoes.
Blend the silken (soft) tofu in a small blender until it looks like sour cream, and stir into the vegetables.
Drain the pasta and add the hot pasta to the vegetables and sauce.
Taste for salt, add more if required.
Once bubbling, turn off heat, stir in spinach leaves just so they wilt, and serve.
Squeeze liberal amounts of fresh lemon juice on each serving.
While the pasta is getting comfortable with it's new saucy partner, gather up any toppings you want to use.
Like vegan parmesan cheese for sprinkling, additional diced jalapeño, and toasted pine nuts.
Enjoy your creamy, vegan, saucy vegetables and pasta! | 2019-04-24T03:54:20Z | https://veganenvy.com/tag/pasta/ |
Copyright © 2018 G. M. Kazakova et al.
The aim of this article is to present the theoretical grounding of geek culture as a unique contemporary phenomenon, based on structural-functional, evolutionary, and systemic methodology within the overarching culturological approach. We verify the meaning of such concepts as `geek', `geek community', and `geek culture'; explore the role and the characteristics of geek culture as a supra-subculture; analyze its global universal features and the specifics of its Russian variant; describe a unique characteristic of geek culture as a self-organizing system; and highlight the dualistic features of geek culture as a `marker' of contemporary social processes.
Geek culture is a new phenomenon of contemporary culture entered a period of unprecedented `explosive' growth in the era of globalization, informatization and consumerism. As a dynamically expanding and institutionalizing phenomenon, it has now progressed from the stage of its empirical description to the stage of theoretical generalization and understanding. This is the main goal of this article. Since verification of both the concept and the phenomenon of geek culture is now in its preliminary stage, the number of available academic research is scarce. At the same time, online resources provide a platform for the geeks' self-identification, and will be used as a resource base for this study. This is the first feature of our research. Its second feature is an inevitable use of slang terms. Anglicisms are an integral part of the unique geek language, which require our attention, since it's impossible to present a comprehensive description of our problem without addressing this aspect.
As a scholarly base, we use the works by M.I.Mikheev, M.V.Dyagileva, E.E.Lunina, E.Omel'chenko, V.A.Lukov and others, each of the authors dealing with various concrete aspects of the emergent geek culture.
For example, M.I.Mikheev et al. in their article analyze the origins of the word `geek' exploring its linguistic roots [7, p. 76]. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word `geek' is of German origin. It first entered English language in late 18-hundreds having such meanings as `foolish, awkward, silly'. In 1970s, this term began to be used in the US to describe the students who shunned parties in favor of studying overtime. Later, the word `geek' was applied to people spending all their time at a computer, to the detriment of other social interactions. We agree with the usage of `geek' as an informal general definition both for individuals who don't fit with the mainstream behavior or exhibit social awkwardness, as well as for the intelligent and driven enthusiasts [7, p. 77].
Our goal in this article is to provide answers to a number of questions that remain `blank spaces', namely: who are geeks? what is the place of geek culture in a multivalued classification of social subcultures? given the universality of geek culture, does it have national modifications – primarily, a Russian one? what is a unique advantage of geek culture as a system? and finally, of what social processes it serves as a marker? These questions determine the structure of our paper.
This article attempts a theoretical explanation of geek culture as a unique phenomenon of contemporary era based on the elements of structural-functional, evolutionary and systemic methodology within the overarching culturological approach. We believe that the defining features of contemporary world are the Internet, consumer society and globalization.
Culturological approach helps us to define the geek culture as a supra-subculture that integrates distinct qualities of mass, youth, conformist, consumer, counter- and other forms of culture (structural-functional approach); to identify the causes of its explosive growth (low `barriers' to entry, the existence of `closed' and `open' boundaries); to describe evolution of geek culture, its stages and its Russian variety (evolutionary approach); identify the unique characteristic of geek culture as a system – the predominance of self-organizational processes that provides this culture with stability and independence from state apparatus and other institutions (systemic-synergistic approach); as well as to determine the main features of geek culture: its dual character and its position as a marker of contemporary social trends in the age of `information capitalism'.
The first question is, who are the geeks? To grasp the contemporary meaning of this word, we have to keep in mind its evolving definition. Over the thirty years, the word `geek' changed its meaning from `somebody who loves computers' (a programmer obsessed with his/her work, a hacker, a gamer) to the substantial transformation of this term in the 2000s and, finally, to another shift in its meaning in the early 2010s. First, the term `geek' is losing its negative emotional connotations: being a geek is becoming fashionable, not least thanks to the successful (from a regular consumer's point of view) lives and financial, media and mass-cultural influence of famous `technogenists': Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, Elon Musk and others [1, p. 22]. Second, the denotative field of this word is widening: in 2013, Collins online dictionary described a geek as “a person who is very knowledgeable and enthusiastic about a specific subject” .
Today the term `geek' carries a wide array of connotations, semantic polyfunctionality and the multiplicity of meanings. In our interpretation, geek is a person deeply involved in a certain aspect of contemporary culture, thoroughly knowledgeable in all aspects of his or her passion and creatively participanting in a geek community devoted to this subject. At the same time, such person's involvement in a geek culture, in its various aspects, shows signs of demonstrative social non-conformity or a revolt against the normative behavioral role models [1, pp. 22–27].
It would be also useful to distinguish between the internal (`closed') and the external (`open') boundaries of this concept, where the internal (`closed') aspect refers to a relatively narrow circle of `chosen people' who possess unique identifying features that completely offset their adherence to fashionable trends and, therefore, oppose the mainstream culture. External (`open') boundaries include a mass community that may involve anyone who identifies him- or herself with the so-called `fandom' – an informal community whose participants are united around a common interest. Typical cultural attitudes to the `geek' concept create a mainstream aura [4, p. 62]. It is important to note that the low `barrier to entry' into the geek culture, which does not have any special requirements relating to age, educating, gender, social status, profession, religion, etc., became a unique characteristic of geek culture facilitating its dynamic institutionalization and expansion. Therefore, the geek community is growing at an impressively rapid pace.
The answer depends on a chosen methodology: whether a researcher adheres to the theory of sub-cultures still dominant in Russian humanities (which first emerged in 1960s), or whether, taking into an account the criticism of this theory developed in 1980s-1990s, our researcher choses a post-subcultural (2000s) approach. By using complementary principles, we may say that subcultural research framework leads to classifications of geek culture as a subtype of youth culture [6, pp. 216–219], mass culture , culture of conformity, consumerist culture, counterculture, etc. At the same time, post-subcultural framework shows that geek culture is outgrowing its subcultural status, developing supra-subcultural superstructre and becoming a supra-subculture [1, p. 23].
For example, a non-academic character of geek culture, as well as the lack of social responsibility and maturity of its community , aligns it with the youth subcultures. However, today the age limits of geek identification have widened considerably, bringing together young people with much older population. Therefore, age as a marker of geek culture has ceased to be relevant.
Comics, magazines, video games, TV series, sagas, etc. determine the consumer orientations of geeks depending on the attitudes of style, taste or profession – not on the ethnic, national or class attitudes, as it used to be quite recently, in 1980s. This provides the geek culture with its conformist quality, with inexhaustible opportunities for producing and transmitting universal social and behavioral stereotypes.
Geek culture possesses some characteristics of counter-culture: games vs reality; leisure vs work; community vs family . This culture is contradictory: emerging as a local form of social protest, it gradually becomes a part of the society. It includes both the elements of protest and the elements of alignment: fascination against boredom and lack of agency over the daily routine .
Geek culture has been undoubtedly generated by the contemporary consumer culture that erases gender, class, age, religious and other distinctions. From the very beginning, it possessed an explosive mega-resource for commercialization, which breaks down an insular character of geek culture.
Though sharing common traits with many sub-cultures, geek culture transcends its sub-cultural status, developing a supra-subcultural layer. This becomes possible thanks to the geek culture's unique communicative tools, stupendous speed of its development, its universal appeal, an aforementioned “low barrier to entry”, and an inexhaustible pool of IT capacities. We agree with the definition of geek culture as an innovative supra-subculture [1, pp. 22–27; 2]. Geek culture integrates a multitude of separate subcultural communities that follow the ordinary dynamics of subcultural development, and becomes one of the socio-cultural foundations of the `information capitalism': the trends that in the 1990s attracted a narrow circle of hobbyists, today become a huge spectacle of consumption open for everybody .
Our second question is: are there any national or ethnic differences in geek culture of different countries?
Obviously, since geek culture is fed by the Internet and the global Web, it is dominated by synthesis rather than by analytic distinctions, by the universal rather than the unique. At the same time, various national geek communities exhibit clear differences in mentality. We believe that these differences mostly relate to the themes and heroics of preferences reflecting the axiological world-view of a concrete national culture. This is the first distinction. The second one is based on the foundations, trajectories and dynamics of geek culture growing in different national and ethnic environment.
However, the development trajectory of the Russian geek culture had a lot of discontinuities, with decades of `standstill' up to the beginning of the XXIst century, followed by a very gradual entrance into the world trends in 2000s, and then an explosive growth in 2010s. This `dotted' path of development had several causes: technological (computerization and the Internet came to Russia later compared to the Western countries); technical (low rate of adoption of new technologies); cultural (the deep foundations of classical Russian culture have become closely integrated into the mass consciousness) and others. Geek festivals that began to spread in Russia in 2000s (Igromir, Comic Con Russia, Geek Picnic and others) at first had only a hundred of visitors, but by 2016 they easily attracted some 40 000. Over six years, Russian geeks have become a cultural force to be reckoned with – both in business community and within the larger society . All this allows us to say that `common' features of the global geek culture exhibit their particular and unique national modifications.
The third question is, what is the unique feature of geek culture? We believe that it is its boundless capacity for self-organization. If we explore the geek culture through the systemic-synergistic approach, which interprets every phenomenon as a system developing through the processes of organization, disorganization and self-organization, we can classify geek culture as a unique phenomenon shaped by a defining influence of the self-organizing processes. Geek culture is not a product of official structures, it is not foregrounded in state institutions, and it does not form a hierarchy (except for a hierarchy of interests). Of course, the commercial potential of the geek culture makes it an object of structuring and/or manipulation attempts from the relevant business and political parties. However, the processes of self-organization unfolding within the geek culture are still impressively large-scale. This conclusion finds a confirmation in the self-presentation of geek leaders. “These two worlds – the world of state propaganda and the geek world (or a world of creative class) are developing in parallel: one is on the surface, and the other somewhere under the ice... And this beautiful world is growing, and it is the creative class that will save Russia,” explains his mission Nikolay Gorelyi, co-founder of Geek Picnic sci-fi festival .
And, finally, can the geek culture be treated as a marker of contemporary social processes? These processes undoubtedly facilitate self-expression, individual autonomy, cultural diversity and consumption-oriented approach. Geek culture is a post-traditional type of subculture, a collective unity formed within a specific world of community that dictates its own behavioral norms differing from the norms of everyday life. A participant of geek culture always takes part not only in consumption but also in production of cultural and technical products representing his or her preferred version of the geek culture. In this sense, a geek is simultaneously a creator and a consumer, an object and a subject, an individual and an anonymously collective author. This harmony of contradictions conditions a unique character of geek culture and its members.
Andreev, E. A. and Tuzovskiy I. D. (2017). Gik-kom'yuniti kak supersubkul'tura, in Proceedings of Kazan University of Culture and Arts, vol. 3, pp. 22–27.
Andreev, E. A., Kazakova, G. M., and Tuzovskiy, I. D. (2018). Gik-kul'tura: novatorskoe yavlenie sovremennoy tsivilizatsii. Kul'tura i tsivilizatsiya, vol. 2 (to appear).
Gorelyi, N. Pochemu byt' gikom stalo meystrimom. Retrieved from https://daily.afisha.ru/technology/1712-pochemu-byt-gikom-stalo-meynstrimom/ (accessed on July 23, 2017).
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Mikheev, M. I., Digeleva, M. V., and Lunina, E. E. (2016). Genezis ponyatiya «gik» v sovremennoy kul'ture, in Proceedings of Tver State Technical University. Social Sciences and Humanities, vol. 1, pp. 76–79. Tver: Tver State University Publishing.
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Geek deemed word of the year by the Collins online dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/dec/16/geek-word-year-collins-dictionary-definition/ (accessed on June 20, 2016). | 2019-04-24T21:56:42Z | https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Engineering/article/view/3629/7566 |
Local ablative techniques are emerging in patients with oligometastatic disease from colorectal carcinoma, commonly described as less invasive than surgical methods. This single arm cohort seeks to determine whether such methods are suitable in patients with comorbidities or higher age.
Two hundred sixty-six patients received radiofrequency ablation (RFA), CT-guided high-dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) or Y90-radioembolization (Y90-RE) during treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This cohort comprised of patients with heterogenous disease stages from single liver lesions to multiple organ systems involvement commonly following multiple chemotherapy lines. Data was reviewed retrospectively for patient demographics, previous therapies, initial or disease stages at first intervention, comorbidities and mortality. Comorbidity was measured using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and age-adjusted Charlson Index (CACI) excluding mCRC as the index disease. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression were used for statistical analysis.
Overall median survival of 266 patients was 14 months. Age ≥ 70 years did not influence survival after local therapies. Similarly, CCI or CACI did not affect the patients prognoses in multivariate analyses. Moderate or severe renal insufficiency (n = 12; p = 0.005) was the only single comorbidity identified to negatively affect the outcome after local therapy.
Interventional procedures for mCRC may be performed safely even in elderly and comorbid patients. In severe renal insufficiency, the use of invasive techniques should be limited to selected cases.
Age is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) and cancer in general . Elderly patients often suffer from comorbidity and reduced organ function thus requiring particular considerations when making treatment decisions. Additionally elderly patients present a very heterogeneous group with chronological age being insufficient to describe individual resources and deficits. Contributing to these difficulties in decision making, elderly patients are underrepresented in cancer trials while they account for most of the actual patients : When analyzing 495 NCI (National Cancer Institute) studies, Lewis et al. found that only 32% of cancer trial participants were age 65 years and older, in contrast to 61% in the US cancer population . Other authors have published similar results, with an even greater difference for patients aged 70 years and older . Although there is evidence that age should not be a reason to refrain from surgery and chemotherapy, most studies comprise a higher age and comorbidities as exclusion criteria [5–7]. In clinical practice, patients at higher age or with comorbidities often receive the recommended chemotherapies at reduced doses outside the standard prescription [8–10]. Yet, the effectiveness of such adapted therapy regimen is unknown.
Local ablative treatments (LAT, e.g. radiofrequency/microwave ablation and interstitial HDR-brachytherapy) as well as locoregional therapies (e.g. Y90 radioembolization) offer local tumor control and extensive cytoreduction with low morbidity and mortality. In oligometastatic disease with few tumor sites and limited number of metastases, LAT can achieve long-term disease control by complete tumor ablation in patients not eligible for surgery . In contrast, locoregional therapies such as Y90 radioembolization may contribute to the overall survival of selected patient by improving the local response in liver-dominant disease or by providing a salvage treatment in chemo-refractory liver metastases [12, 13]. Accordingly, the toolbox of local ablative treatments and locoregional therapies was included in the latest ESMO guideline for colorectal cancer with oligometastatic disease or liver dominant, chemo-refractory metastases . In the context of elderly and comorbid patients, data on the efficacy of LAT is still rare.
This study aims to assess the influence or absence of negative effects of higher age or comorbiditieson the outcome after local therapies. We hypothesize that minimal-invasive local or locoregional techniques add further value by offering broader treatment options in elderly and comorbid patients with metastatic colorectal disease.
We searched our institutional data base for all patients with mCRC receiving at least one radiofrequency ablation (RFA), high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) or Y90-radioembolization (Y90-RE) between 2006 and 2010. We included all patients with complete records on patient history and at least one follow up visit.
The study comprised a total of 266 patients (179 male, 87 female; mean age 66 years). One hundred ninety-six patients (73.7%) had synchronous metastases within 12 months after diagnosis of the primary tumor. Nearly all patients presented with hepatic metastases (n = 251, 94.4%). Further sites of dissemination included lung (n = 77, 28.4%), lymphatic (n = 44, 16.5%), osseous (n = 10, 3.8%) or other metastases (n = 22, 8.3%). Most of the patients failed at least one (n = 79, 29.7%) or two (n = 160, 60.2%) lines of chemotherapy compromising either irinotecan or oxaliplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil. Additionally, 169 patients (63.5%) received EGFR or VEGF inhibiting therapy. Prior surgical treatments included surgery for the primary tumor in 263 patients (98.9%), resection of hepatic metastases in 91 patients (34.2%) and resection of lung/other metastases in 34 patients (12.8%).
Throughout the observation period, nearly half of the patients developed further liver metastases (n = 118, 44.4%) followed by lung metastases (n = 108, 40.6%), lymphatic metastases (n = 51, 19.2%), osseous metastases (n = 18, 6.8%) and other (n = 73, 27.4%).
Patients were considered for local ablative treatment and Y90 radioembolization by a multidisciplinary team (MDT; including medical, surgical and radiation oncologists) depending on their stage of disease (e.g. size of tumor, number of lesions, tumor sites) as well as organ function and performance status. Local ablation was selected in potentially resectable metastases only if patients had an unfavorable performance status and/or severe comorbidities (resulting in a high risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality) or if patients refused surgery. Patients with single lesions up to 3 cm in diameter were preferably treated by radiofrequency ablation. If the localization and number of metastases or tumor size above 3 cm limited RFA, interstitial HDR brachytherapy was applied for oligometastatic disease. Patients with diffuse, liver-dominant involvement underwent Y90 radioembolization. In case of tumor progress during follow-up, patients were reassessed by the MDT for the next treatment step, i.e. further local treatment strategies and/or systemic therapy. In total, 732 interventions were performed.
The following image guided techniques were considered by the MDT (if not eligible for systemic therapy only).
Radiofrequency ablation induces a coagulation necrosis of tumor tissue by generating heat . RFA is considered to be a safe and effective method with major complications occurring in 1–5% of patients. Beside limitations according to proximity to vulnerable organs, RFA underlies a heat-sink effect restricting the maximum size of the coagulation necrosis .
In our study, local ablation for smaller lung or liver metastases (< 3 cm) was performed using CT-guided radiofrequency ablation (LeVeen®, Boston Scientific, Natrick, United States or Starburst Semi-Flex®, AngioDynamics, Mountain View, Canada) according to manufacturer’s specifications. A total of 21 liver and 77 lung RFA interventions were conducted.
CT-guided HDR-BT is an ablative technique utilizing radiation from an Iridium-192 source in afterloading technique. Interstitial catheters were inserted by CT-guidance and subsequent 3D treatment planning was applied (Oncentra®, Nucletron, Veenendaal, The Netherlands). As the catheters are fixed within the tumor, the delivery of irradiation is not affected by breathing motion. As a consequence, dose delivery to the tumor is highly accurate and exposure of healthy tissues or risk organs can be reduced to a minimum .
Since HDR-BT has no systematic restrictions for tumor size and location close to vessels, it was preferably indicated if multiple tumors were present as well as in larger (> 3 cm) liver or lung metastases or any lymphatic metastases [18–20]. To ensure a complete ablation, a target dose of 20Gy in a single session was subscribed . HDR-BT was mainly used for liver ablations (n = 422), as well as for ablation of lung metastases (n = 52), lymphatic nodes (n = 9) and other tumor sites (n = 8).
If number, size or location of liver metastases exceeded the capabilities of local ablation by RFA or HDR-BT, patients were subsequently evaluated for loco-regional radioembolization using microspheres labeled with the beta-emitter Yttrium-90 (half-life 64 h; mean energy 0.96 MeV) administered through an angiographic catheter to the liver arteries [22, 23]. Multinodular liver metastases were treated in 96 cases by 142 radioembolizations using Y90 resin microspheres (SIR-Spheres®, Sirtex Medical, Lane Cove, Australia), the required dose was calculated previously according to the body-surface area method after an initial evaluation with Technecium-99 m macro-aggregated albumin (LyoMAA, Covidien, Neustadt, Germany).
To assess comorbidities, we used the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) which is validated in older patients with the option to calculate an age adjusted index (Charlson Age Comorbidity Index, CACI) [24, 25] to predict mortality in a range of comorbid conditions. 19 comorbidity items were included and each condition was assigned a score of 1, 2, 3 or 6 (see Table 3), depending on the risk of death associated with each one. The sum of these items (between 0 and 30) formed the final comorbidity index (CCI, CACI) that has been established as a predictor of patient outcome and mortality in different settings and larger populations including cancer patients . The index disease, metastatic colorectal cancer, was excluded when calculating the index. Additional information was assessed regarding typical cardiovascular risk factors not included within the CCI (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity).
All information on comorbidity was recorded at baseline.
SPSS 21.0 (IBM®, New York, USA) was used for the complete analysis set. Comorbidity items including the summary within the CCI/CACI, patient age and key characteristics of disease and treatment underwent a stepwise Cox regression analysis. All baseline variables were initially analyzed in a univariate Cox regression. Any variable scoring a p-value < 0.1 was then included in a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. Tables 3 and 4 give a summary of the main analysis with p-values, harzard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Statistical significance in the multivariate analysis was assumed for p-values < 0.05. Visualization was achieved by Kaplan-Meier charts.
A total of 732 procedures were performed in all patients, an overview is given in Table 1. All survival data were measured beginning with the first treatment at our institution.
Patients initially presenting with singular, small metastases (< 3 cm) confined to lung (n = 42) or liver (n = 18) were treated by radiofrequency ablation yielding a median survival of 26.7 months and 24.4 months (including further local ablative treatments and/or systemic therapies in case of disease progression). A single RFA treatment was used for the ablation of a vertebral metastasis. 50 out of 60 patients (83%) treated by RFA underwent multiple RFA sessions and/or further treatment by HDR-BT for recurrent metastases.
Oligonodular and larger metastases were treated by HDR-BT. Patients with liver metastases eligible for HDR-BT at their first presentation in our department achieved a median survival of 18.1 months (n = 176). Initially applying HDR-BT to lung metastases, a median survival of 29.6 months was observed (n = 29). Lymphatic nodes and other infrequent localizations of metastases (e.g. adrenal glands, pancreas) were treated exclusively by HDR-BT with a corresponding median survival of 17.0 to 26.7 months. In patients with multiple tumor sites or disease progression during follow up, HDR-BT was repeated (n = 143) or Y90-RE performed (n = 28).
Ninety- six patients with diffuse liver metastases underwent Y90-RE with a median survival of 6.7 months. 68 of these patients who had failed first and second line chemotherapy including variable treatment cycles with oxaliplatin, irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil demonstrated a significantly shorter median survival of 5.8 months in univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses (p < 0.001). However, 19 salvage patients (28%) undergoing Y90 radioembolization had a survival of at least 9 months with long-term survivors reaching a survival of nearly 30 months. All salvage patients treated by Y90-RE in this cohort represent a majority of patients in a dedicated prognostic analysis which can be reviewed for supplementary information .
A total of 120 patients (45%) received further chemotherapy after the first local treatment. These patients demonstrated an improved survival of 22.0 vs. 16.1 months compared to patients without further systemic therapies (p = 0.009; HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.55–0.92).
Overall patient characteristics are outlined in Table 2. Survival in all patients accounted for 14 months, survival analysis was conducted using a stepwise Cox regression analysis. Nearly all patients suffered from liver metastases (n = 251). Patients with an initial positive N stage (n = 179) and metachronous lymph node metastases (n = 44) had a poorer prognosis (13.1 vs 17.0 months; 9.8 vs 16.1 months) after first interventional treatment in univariate analysis, yet multivariate regression analysis did not demonstrate a significant influence on overall survival (p = 0.25 and p = 0.17; respectively).
Synchronous metastases at first diagnosis (n = 166) only had significant influence in univariate analysis (p = 0.036) but not in multivariate analysis (p = 0.90). Metachronous pulmonary metastases had no impact on survival (p = 0.55).
Systemic therapy options after initiation of interventional therapy were stratified by previous failure of either oxaliplatin or irinotecan based combined regimen (second line, n = 79) or failure of both (third line, n = 160). Patients without prior chemotherapy were classified to first line (n = 27), including patients with contraindications to systemic therapy. A median survival of 13.2 vs. 16.6 months was observed in patients receiving third line therapy compared to patients in earlier lines of therapy without prognostic influence in multivariate analysis (p = 0.30).
If third line patients were still eligible for local-ablative techniques (RFA and/or HDR-BT), the median survival reached 17.5 months (n = 114).
The complete multivariate analysis is demonstrated in Table 4.
Our cohort included 89 patients (33.5%) 70 years or older. This patient group demonstrated no altered survival as compared to younger patients after first interventional therapy in a Cox regression analysis (p = 0.19; HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.64–1.10). Median survival in the subgroup of elder patients was 16.6 vs. 13.2 months as shown in Fig. 1. In patients older than 70 years initial or additional lymphatic metastases were of no prognostic value (p = 0.11; HR 1.24; 95% CI 0.95–1.61 and p = 0.23; HR 1.62; 95% CI 0.74–3.54), just as for heavily pretreated patients with at least three lines of systemic chemotherapy (p = 0.18; HR 1.23; 95% CI 0.91–1.67). Survival of elderly versus younger patients was similar regarding the first technique applied (RFA, HDR-BT or Y90-RE) in regression analysis, see Table 1.
With a sum of 3 points or more for the CCI, 43 patients (16.2%) displayed severe comorbidities at baseline. These comorbidities were significantly more frequent in older patients ≥70 years (n = 21; 23.6%) than in younger patients < 70 years (n = 22; 12.4%; p = 0.023; Chi-Square test). According to the age adjusted CACI, a total of 112 patients (42.1%) were considered with severe comorbidities at first therapy. An overview of CCI/CACI in the patient cohort is given in Table 3.
In a univariate Cox regression, both CCI or CACI ranging from 0 to 7 and 0–8 had no significant impact on the patients prognosis (p = 0.82; p = 0.86), respectively. Comparison of patients with severe comorbidities (CCI ≥ 3) versus no or moderate comorbidities demonstrated no significant influence on overall survival either (18.8 months vs. 21.9 months; p = 0.41; see Fig. 2). Regression analysis of all single items summarized in the index (see Table 3) revealed a significant influence of moderate or severe renal disease in 12 patients (p = 0.005). Two patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer died after 3.7 and 5.7 months, respectively (p = 0.006). Patients with chronic pulmonary disease (n = 29) had a lower hazard ratio (p = 0.006; HR 0.61; 95 CI 0.38–0.99). No other comorbidity item had a considerable impact, despite 55 patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease and 36 patients with a history of myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease (p = 0.81 and p = 0.38). Multivariate regression analysis finally confirmed a statistical significant impact of moderate or severe renal disease in all patients (p = 0.005).
Apart from the conditions reflected in the CCI, 116 patients had been diagnosed with hypertension (43.6%), 18 patients with obesity (6.8%) and 20 with hyperlipidemia (7.5%). None of these factors demonstrated a significant influence on survival as demonstrated in Table 4.
Metastatic colorectal cancer continues to be a major therapeutic challenge especially in elderly patients as prevalence of comorbidity is considered to be more frequent compared to the background population . The corresponding interaction between cancer and comorbidity, and whether comorbidity leads to cancer diagnosis in earlier or later stages, is still object to ongoing discussions . Furthermore, elderly and multimorbid patients are often not eligible for surgery or efficacious polychemotherapies .
In our group of metastatic CRC patients, about 62% had comorbidities according to the CCI. Adding conditions as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity, 71% of patients were suffering from comorbidities, which is far more frequent than in other studies applying the CCI reporting a prevalence between 32 and 41% in metastatic or non-metastatic CRC patients .
Median survival after RFA as first local treatment of liver metastases was 24.4 months in our patients, which is consistent with existing data ranging from 24 to 36 months .
As HDR-BT is usually applied in metastases exceeding the technical feasibility of RFA in size and number, thus adding an unfavorable prognosis bias, a corresponding median survival of 18.1 months was found in those patients. A retrospective analysis by Collettini et al. demonstrated a comparable median survival of 18 months after HDR-BT of colorectal liver metastases .
Most patients undergoing Y90-radioembolization had previously failed all accessible chemotherapies leading to a median survival of 5.8 months in this group. However, one quarter of these patients survived 9 or more months including a small group of long term survivors > 2 years indicating that patient selection is of utmost importance in a salvage population . This could be shown by our group in a previous study regarding the prognostic value of Karnofsky index, tumor load and tumor markers in patients undergoing Y90-radioembolization to help selecting appropriate patients .
When applying CCI and CACI to measure the prognostic impact of comorbidities in our patients, we did not observe a relation of higher index values with overall survival. It should be noted that about 42% of all patients had severe comobidities according to the age-adjusted index (CACI≥3). This finding supports the assumption that local ablative therapies such as RFA or HDR-BT, or a locoregional treatment such as Y90 radioembolization, can be safely applied in risk patients with a moderate toxicity profile or adverse event rate, respectively.
A similar relationship was seen recently by Jehn et al. in patients undergoing systemic therapy for mCRC as CCI and age showed no influence on survival . In this population, adverse events were not found to be more frequent in elderly patients, although a significantly higher CCI was observed. Also response rates and survival were balanced irrespective of age and comorbidity. Further studies even discuss inferior outcome in younger patients, most probably caused by more aggressive tumor biology as compared to elder patients [36, 37]. With regard to our patients treated by local therapies, we observed a similar trend potentially related to a more favorable tumor biology in the eldery.
Our study has demonstrated that older age or a higher rate of comorbidities with age (CCI and CACI) do not influence survival in metastatic colorectal cancer when patients are selected for local or loco-regional ablation by RFA, HDR-BT or Y90 radioembolization. A poorer survival was only seen in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment in our multivariate analysis. Renal disease in general is associated with a poor prognosis and has been reported to have a specifically negative impact on survival in different cancer populations .
A possible source of error in our analysis may result from data being derived from discharge diagnoses or follow up documentation in our own medical hospital records. Conditions treated by the general practitioner or subsequently in other hospitals may not have been completely represented in our data as a result of the studies retrospective nature. Furthermore, our sample is not necessarily representative for all mCRC patients with a comparatively high frequency of comorbidities in our cohort as compared to other studies. However, we hypothesize that these finding exclude a positive selection in our cohort.
The tool box of image guided treatments proved to be safe and applicable even in patients of higher age or patients presenting with comorbidities. Our study results support offering ablative treatments to metastatic colorectal cancer patients even at advanced age or high Charlson indices.
Ricarda Seidensticker and Robert Damm contributed equally to this work.
Ricarda Seidensticker and Robert Damm contributed equally and share the first authorship.
All relevant data regarding the study conclusion are displayed in the publication. Raw data used and/or analysed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
RS and RD participated in the design of the study, carried out data analysis and statistical work, drafted the manuscript. JE helped in the organization of the study and performed data acquisition and interpretation. MS participated in the design of the study and helped to revise the manuscript. KM and PH participated in the data acquisition and data interpretation. MP and HA participated in the design of the study and performed data interpretation. JR participated in the design of the study, helped drafting the manuscript and carried out the final revision. All authors have given final approval for the manuscript and takes public responsibility.
All patients included were treated at a single institution, retrospective data collection and analysis was approved by the local ethics committee (Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg). All patients gave written informed consent for the collection of their medical data for scientific purposes.
No personal information is included in the publication, thus no dedicated approval was required.
RS, MS, KM, HA, MP, JR have received lecture fees and/or travel grants from Sirtex Medical Europe. | 2019-04-23T12:20:09Z | https://0-bmccancer-biomedcentral-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/articles/10.1186/s12885-018-4784-9 |
I love wearing white. I find it such a fresh, modern and easy to combine colour, that white pants have become the ultimate basic in my wardrobe.
If I don’t know what to wear, I grab one of my white pants and either combine it with a top, dress, blouse or jacket. Here is update overview on how to wear white pants and how I wear mine many different ways!
My white cigarette pants are my staple. They look good with almost anything and I wear them with dresses, tunics, short tops, blouses etc. They look good with a variety of shoes too.
Mine is no longer available but these very affordable cigarette pants with lots of good reviews are very similar.
White cigarette pants with a polkatdot top. Want to have lots more inspiration on wearing polkadots, see our ideas on wearing polkadots this summer here.
White is a perfect base for layering too!
Wider pants are back on trend and I’m loving mine. These look particularly good with short tops as you want to make sure to still show your figure in white pants.
A loose wide top going to your hips is not recommended but a longer tunic that is belted at the waist can look really good!
For more tips check out our guide on how to wear wide legged pants.
The ones I’m wearing are no longer available but you may like the ones below. (they come in all kinds of colors).
These were a long-time favorite of mine and have been featured on the site many times.
Great for a laid back relaxed look and for creating a nautical style. You can wear them with t-shirts only, combine them with a belt and / or a blazer, with a hip (silk) top and even with short dresses.
I wear them in casual situations and in the evening.
Below are some that you can buy online now.
You my also like our guide on choosing the right shoes for different styles of pants.
I love wearing white for sports as well, especially skiing and yoga.
I own cropped white skinny jeans as well, which I particularly like to wear with short dresses. Great for a slightly hipper look or if you want to show off your shoes.
This type of pant is a classic.
They are made of a thicker cotton so not so see-through and have the perfect rise for my figure. They are so easy to combine with many of my tops and great to wear with belts.
Although white is an obvious choice for my tropical weather, I love wearing white in winter too.
When the weather gets even warmer or you are going on holiday, knee-high white pants or leggings are perfect.
I absolute love the knee high leggings from Stella Carakasi.
Want more tips on wearing leggings? You will love our guide on how to wear leggings.
Are you wearing white yet?
If you have always been reluctant to wear white, give it a try!
Don’t be afraid that white makes you look bigger, but instead focus on finding the perfect fit for your body type. Play with different tops and shapes or try wearing tunics or short dress over your pants.
White is such a great versatile color especially in summer.
Give it a try and mix with clothes from your wardrobe.
Do you like to wear white?
Like this article on how to wear white pants? Share it on Pinterest!
You know what I just realized? I do not have one single pair of white pants! I have never found a pair that I liked!
You inspire me to find a pair as you look fantastic in all versions!
Probably because you like all your skirts too much. It would go wonderful with all you colourful clothes!
I wear white blouses and tee’s (usually under a cardigan or pull-over sweater, but don’t have any white pants, skirts, or shorts. I’m a bit of a mess and would end up with something splashed on them. I do have a pair of very light khaki slacks, and a light khaki skirt, so that’s my version of white.
Oh Rita my sister. You know that I am also a grubby person who should not be allowed to wear white. I already told you that someone spilt red wine on me when I wore white linen trousers. Well, when I bought some cut off white jeans last year, I actually bought 2 pairs in case as I wasn’t confident I could keep them white!
Suzanne – do we know what sort of engineer Rita is?
Two pair of white anything is a great idea, Lorraine…just in case. I definitely do that with t-shirts! Happily I’ve avoided wine tossers so far.
Top Siders Rita?! Sperry Top Siders? You must have been dangerously close to the deck shoes – you might even have touched them while reaching for the sneakers. LOL! The next thing I know I will be reading about your deck shoes matching the guy’s shoes under the conference table!
Did you get the Milly for Sperry floral sneakers? She made deck shoes in the same print. They are so cute! I think the sneakers have a lime lining. Such happiness. AND – they would look great with white pants!
LOL!!! I saw deck shoes but did avoid picking them up! My aren’t they sparkly these days?! Heehee! Yes, I got the Milly floral sneakers and they do have a lime lining. 🙂 They really remind me of a pair of Vans I used to have. And yes indeed…they would look great with white pants! They are cute with jeans, as well.
Wow Rita! I thought you were the ‘warm and comfy’ one and Suzanne is the ‘flashy’ one (Suzanne’s words!) but these sneakers are……well……..flashy! Can’t wait to see pic with white jeans – a marriage made in heaven!
Oceanographer eh? I get the picture. They cruise around the world (but always make sure it’s somewhere hot and sunny) and ‘pretend’ to write down every time they see a whale. And they call it a job! Yeah!
Lorraine, that sounds like a fabulous oceanographic job…where do I sign up?? 🙂 I focused on physical oceanography (waves, tides, currents, air-sea interaction, etc…more computer modelling than actually getting to go on a boat. What I would LOVE to do is volunteer on a Great White Shark research vessel. They are fascinating, beautiful creatures. You’re right…I definitely like to be warm and comfy, but I’d say I’m more “quirky” than “flashy. I do need to figure the photo taking thing out…time to stop “lurking”…LOL!
Hey you two, are deck shoes considered ‘naff’?
Not “naff” – as in tacky – but very “preppy”. The preppy look is East Coast, old money, traditional. It is Ralph Lauren and Tommy Hilfiger. It is a lifestyle more than a fashion statement. It is taken seriously by many people though. My son attends a university called the “Ivy-League of the Midwest” and it definitely has changed the way he dresses. He wears chinos in place of jeans, collared shirts, v-neck sweaters, and yes – deck shoes. Every single boy in his Fraternity owns deck shoes. At Christmas my hubby and I were in a nice department store close to our son’s college. We saw a huge display of deck shoes – probably about 60 pairs in all colors and fabrics. Less than 3 hours later there were 3 pair of shoes left on the shelf. I asked the salesman about it and he said they can not keep them in stock. As soon as one student walks in and sees them, they place a notice on social media (iphone, ipad) and the shoes fly out of the store. It is amazing.
Suzanne, Sounds like a good business opportunity!
Preppy? Ha, when I was trying to define my style during Sylvia’s exercise I did start to think I might be drawn to the preppy look……………but I don’t own any deck shoes! My husband does, though….. should I be worried?
Ha ha Sylvia! I think that market is covered! And it would be so dangerous for me to ever work with shoes in ANY way. I would owe a huge bill at the end of each month no matter how many pairs I had sold. 🙂 I am doing so much better about shopping this year though – all thanks to the things I have learned from 40+Style. I have a list of things I need (as opposed to WANT) and I ask myself what items are appropriate for my life right now. I see lovely dresses every day but they would not get worn so I leave them in the store. That is a huge step for me.
Lorraine – your hubby is fine in deck shoes by my count (I do not know a guy who does not wear them) but Rita may have a different opinion! LOL!
Just went shopping and didn’t buy anything. I think I am losing my touch! It’s the 40+ Style effect!
LOL Rita! I have good friends who live in Houston and I have always been told that the “Ivy League of the South” is Rice! But I am well aware of the university you attended. For 4 years we thought (and planned for!) my son to attend said school. Hubs and I were even going to rent a condo in the area. 🙂 Then, two months before high school graduation, J was made an offer he could not refuse. Even the Blue Devils told us to take it! We have no regrets and J could still end up getting his grad degree at your university. Very cool!
I only have a white capri, but after seeing all your wonderful outfits I am going to get myself not one but two white pants. I would like to get the skinny crop pants and the boot cut. This is now on the top of my wish list with the asymmetry dress. I have lots of tops to go with them but will need some clourful shoes. Just bought myself a green bag for the summer.
2 fantastic items to be on your wish list! Good lucking in finding something great.
White pants rule! I love your colors and contrasts. I usually go the layered soft neutral route and wear them with grays, beiges, etc.
I love my white jeans, and I’m on the lookout for white dress pants for summer. I like combining white with dark blue, greys, beiges and nudes.
What a great selection of outfits!
Due to the weather I am a bit limited in wearing white trousers but do like them a lot. I always make sure they are not see through and also they are not too tight.
Yes, I’m going to pay more attention to that too. I don’t actually like some of the pockets shining through….
I never owned any white ‘pants’ until a couple of years ago – two reasons: 1. I was always told they make you look bigger and 2. in the UK there was always a thing about white jeans (in particular) being a bit ‘naff’ (and I can’t think of an better word)…..
However, I think you look great Sylvia, and I am now embracing them, despite not having a huge amount of opportunities to wear them in the UK. You have demonstrated how versatile they are.
Wear them on a nice sunny day in the UK Lorraine. White in winter is fabulous too!
I do like ‘winter white’ and have an off white coat but not sure about trousers here!
LOL!…….it means ‘lacking taste or style’ according to the dictionary…….Oh dear, I think I have managed to insult everybody on this site in one go!
Perhaps you will all tell me to naff off’! (its other meaning is ‘go away’!) Ha ha!
We can not wear jeans (of ANY color) to one of our country clubs and in certain areas (the dining rooms) khaki is forbidden also as that is what the servers (waiters, caddies, Pro Shop clerks) wear. Maybe jeans are considered naff by some people in the USA and I just did not realize it. 🙂 At our local (more family friendly) country club the only rules are 1)no blue jeans/shorts and 2)only shirts with collars. White or colorful jeans are okay.
If you do come over to the UK please wear your white jeans – otherwise it will just be me!!!!!
I cannot say more on this topic for fear of digging a bigger hole for myself!
No hole dug from where I stand Lorraine. 🙂 I will bring my white jeans to the UK and we can be naff together. We will look so awesome we will make naff the “in” thing to be! LOL! I’ll try to get Rita to come too – with her Top Siders! LOL!
You might not want to forgive me so readily if you look at the forum (3/4 sleeves etc) as I think I have insulted you again……oooops!
Anyway, if I worried about looking naff every time I went out I would be a hermit!
I went to check the forum – you had me a little worried Lorraine! But all is well. I’m not sure what exactly you have pictured, but I do not wear 3/4 length sleeves and 7/8 trousers at the same time – lol! The main thing I have learned from Sylvia is the 1/3 to 2/3s rule. I make sure my entire outfit is balanced. And – I only wear one statement piece at a time – blingy jewelry OR a great pair of shoes. I am not a “lot going on” type of dresser. I try to control the “flash”. 🙂 For the past 3 months the only thing anyone has seen me in is my fur trimmed parka, tall boots, mittens, and big sunglasses. None of my neighbors are even sure I still have wrists or ankles. Ha ha! They only see a giant ball of fluff! We have so much snow today that the banks tower above my head. One of our neighbors helped me dig out with a front-end loader. That is serious equipment. Spring is coming, right?
Loving Rita’s maths on the forum. What with fractions and percentages I can’t get dressed in the morning!
Girl Math! You’ve got to love it!
That would be so much fun. We would have to dig Suzanne out of her snow drift first! I am hoping she doesn’t embrace the neutral trend while she is shovelling snow or we won’t find her at all!
I love tea too – especially with a scone, jam and clotted cream!
Sign me up for the tea and scones! Yummy! But I am not wearing capris. LOL!
Do you wear white trousers (or should I say pants! LOL!) in winter Greetje? I can’t help thinking I would get some funny looks here in the UK.
I would if I could find them. Most of my white trousers are too thin. Really summer stuff. I have a grey-ish babyroy pair of trousers which are really light, nearly cream. And I have cream coloured skinnies. I wear both of them with lime and brown. No funny looks at all.
I would wear white trousers as well, but winter quality. Just cannot find them. I don’t think people look at you funny for that. Would they? I would probably not notice it.
Well what do I know? I just saw a girl friend and asked her if she would wear white trousers in winter and she said she wore some this past weekend! Admittedly, it was inside in the evening at her friend’s house for a meal but it was white!
I know what you mean about the fabric though. You just don’t see them in winter weight fabric.
I love wearing white. I actually gave away my white pant suit last year and most definitely need to replace it. Your pictures just gave me the motivation I need. I’m torn between white skinnies, crop pants, or a more tailored look. Any suggestions?
Get them all – I did!
What white trousers are to you, are black trousers to me. Also to do with the climate of course. But I do own quite a selection of white trousers as well, mostly skinny-ish, like yours or capri and yes I wear them a lot in summer.
The sailor trousers are not that good for me. You have hips and a tiny waist. On me they make me look like a triangle with the point down.
And thanks for the hard work. This article will have taken some time to compose.
I adore white! I’ve been wearing winter whites but can’t wait for spring to really get into it.
What a GREAT collection of outfits! So many inspirations!
Hurray! White is the color for me and I totally agree with jeannie@gracefully50: It is an inspiration indeed! The greatest thing? I live in the Caribbean so I get to wear them all year round!
thank you Lenore. Good to read you enjoyed the post!
I LOVE white! Am ditching all black for mostly white – yay! Are little white tennis shoes trendy?
Not trendy I believe, but they are always good. If you want to be really trendy on the tennis courts then go for colour! White shoes for normal wear are definitely hot!
They are hard to find… I’m looking for a replacement!
I found your blog through Adrienne today. We write together on Skimbaco. Great looks. Loved you in the green on her post today.
Thank you Leigh and welcome to my blog!
I love all the outfits you created with different styles of white pants. Now I can’t wait to pull out my white pants. I would have never thought to combine them with a short dress. You have great style!
Hi Desiree. Lovely to hear your feedback. Wearing a dress over pants is a style I wear quite often. It’s a great way to wear your dresses more often, and I find it’s a very flattering look for many women!
Thanks for the nice feedback Ari!
Thanks for the tip maggie!
Fabulous! I’ve always been wary of white pants, but you make each outfit look so chic and effortless. I think I may have to add a pair of white pants to my closet. I honestly hadn’t thought they were so versatile but they really are!
Everyone looks great! For me, white is going the way of black—out of my closet. I still don’t mind black on the bottom half, but I prefer off white all around. I rarely even wear my white sneakers. They seem to glow on my feet.
I am pretty impressed with the way you style with white pant. I love the sailor pants style you created with different shirts. Also, short dress gives me another idea to adorn myself in summer days. Honestly, this helps me in finding the best pant dressing for me. I really appreciate you for crafting these style.
Wow you own a lot of pants! Myself I own exactly one, worn it only once and is still in the back of my closet. I have a love/hate relationship with white even though the colour (is it really a colour?) quite good on me. I think it just attracts dirt and mysterious stains.
You have created some great looks; others l thought were not as successful or maybe too dressed down/casual with some items that are inherently dressy. This is probably because I’m a petite and would prefer not to wear anything that may cut my proportions off. So the wearing pants as a substitute for leggings or hose is a big no for me. I think it would be far better for me to invest in opaque White hose and go for that vintage 60’s youth culture doll look. For instance, in that beautiful colorful, A-line dress would be a good candidate with either a white pump, a Mary Jane, or some other colourful shoe that matches the print… Add a headband, fun dangly earrings. The sixties casual look is very easy to achieve, that’s what l love about it.
For sure. All these images are just here to inspire you and give you ideas that work for your body type and style. You certainly don’t have to like all looks. Great to read it has inspired you in some way. Have fun styling!
Next post: A new skirt and my picks from the Nordstrom Anniversary sale! | 2019-04-20T20:44:23Z | https://40plusstyle.com/how-to-white-white-pants/ |
It will generate a large number of writing samples for you to refer and proceed with how to write a good persuasive essay. As long as you are strong on both sides – that is that you are capable of.
( And I' m lucky to have them that long in my school. Edit Article How to Write an Essay.
Persuasive Essay. Make one special photo charms for your pets, compatible with your Pandora bracelets.
Defend in a persuasive essay. No matter how intelligent the ideas, a paper lacking a strong introduction, well- organized body paragraphs and an insightful conclusion is not an effective paper.
First of all, you should choose an interesting topic, which is much spoken about today. , right/ wrong, good/ bad). Should present a strong case for your argument, using source material to back that argument up. Tips on writing a persuasive paper: - facstaff.
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It also needs to be something that you can argue about effectively. The main objective of persuasive essays is to make reader do or believe something.
The most effective superpower to possess is the ability to fly; The most gorgeous seasons. Do you want to write a perfect reflective essay but you can' t find perfect persuasive essay topics?
That' s why you may think that it is easy to choose a. While persuasive essays are usually required in high school, they are more prominent during college years so writing.
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How to write a good persuasive essay - PaperLeaf. Many students struggle when coming up with good persuasive speech topics.
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( driveway) has to be held up by strong columns in order for the bridge to function. Buy Persuasive Essay Online | Professional American Writers | Ultius Learn how to write a perfect persuasive essay: A guide for English teachers and students.
Dear Teacher, I hope you enjoy using these downloadable pages and that they assist your students to prepare for the annual national literacy texts. One night a week we should get yummy take- out food from the Chinese restaurant down.
Topics will usually top the google bar. Developing Strong Thesis Statements.
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Thesis and Support in the Persuasive Essay ( English I Writing. It' s important to define this type of academic essay correctly to understand how to write a persuasive essay.
One single topic per paragraph, and natural progression from one to the next. Before beginning writing the persuasive essay, the student should brainstorm ideas that will make a good topic.
By far, the best way to learn how to write speeches is to read the great ones, from Pericles' Funeral Oration, to Dr. FREE PERSUASIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE.
The Power of Persuasive Speech Why we are the best to write a persuasive speech. It' s important to remember that a persuasive essay doesn' t simply report information ( like a typical research paper would) - - it uses that information to make an argument or.
There' s one kind of food that I think we should have every week. Persuasive speech essays.
If you are searching for persuasive writing examples, look no further. Speech Writing Service| Helping You Make a Persuasive Speech If your goal is to persuade, choose a subject that you are passionate about.
Establishing facts to support an argument. Thinking about how you want to approach your topic, in other words what type of claim you want to make, is one way to focus your thesis on one particular aspect of your. Tell which food you would like to have, and give reasons for your choice. Don' t worry as now.
Whatever the mission of the essay, make sure that you are interested in your topic. In order to write a concrete, persuasive essay you will need to do your homework on the topic in which you choose.
If you feel the essay would be more interesting if you take the opposite stance, why not write it that way? Will waking up and seeing the dinosaur next to you push you to give the creature away to the zoo?
Through a classroom game and resource handouts, students learn about the techniques used in persuasive oral arguments and apply them to independent persuasive writing. Persuasive essays are designed to have you take a stand on a topic and then persuade your audience to agree with your stand.
An interesting persuasive essay on that topic, great. Argumentative writing will challenge most student writers.
It was disappointing to see that persuasive writing was not an area of strong performance in the recent NAPLAN results. 103 Interesting Persuasive Essay Topics for School & College.
Introduction Paragraphs. Strong introduction. After reading your essay, you want the reader to think about your topic in a way they never did before. 100 Most Effective Debatable Argumentative Essay Topics to Write.
Here are a few examples: Does smoking help people make acquaintances? What should I keep in mind while.
Persuasive Essay Topics: 10 Great Ideas for Your Research Get 10 Best Persuasive Essay Topics on Every Aspect of Life. That is why a persuasive college essay is one of the most complicated, time- consuming, and challenging assignment a student may ever face.
Be sure to write about your reasons in detail. Tips for writing argumentative essays: 1) Make a list of the pros and cons in your plan before you start writing.
How to Write an Amazing Persuasive Essay - EasyBib Blog. This presents a problem - and a great topic for argumentative and persuasive writing.
The good news about finding a hook? First of all, examples of persuasive writing made by OZessay will help you understand the structure of this type of essay – persuasive.
The writer should allow themselves enough time to proofread, write, and brainstorm on the essay. Value: morality of an issue or what something is worth, or a call for a judgment to be made.
6 Tips for Writing a Persuasive Speech ( On Any Topic) | Time Persuasive Essay Topics for Elementary Students. Why should you spend some time reading the given article?
Keep in mind one thing: Persuasive essay examples will stand you a good stead. ) Part of the problem is that our current school systems — and not just in Canada — aren' t great at producing independent thinkers. Make great persuasive essay. The writer takes a stand on an issue— either “ for” or “ against” — and builds.
The first draft results won' t be satisfactory. How to Write a Persuasive Essay - HandMadeWritings Blog Restate the thesis to link back to the introduction and remind the reader of your argument; Review the paper' s stronger points to persuade the audience of a particular side; End with a strong call to action.
If you are looking for persuasive essay examples here is a great one below. Or you can think about some fresh topic able to attract the attention of the audience.
Since you are writing,. Types of Papers: Persuasive/ Persuade If you feel that words aren' t your strong point, then you may consider that you need to pay for persuasive essays.
Conclusion, briefly summariz e the main point of the essay. Our quick tips will help you make a convincing case for your readers.
In order to choose the best persuasive essay topic, you need to pick something you know a lot about. Persuasive Essay Writing Made Easy It may be possible to write a persuasive essay about the need to feed all the hungry children in the world, but it would not be a particularly interesting essay because no reasonable person would declare that all the hungry children deserve to starve.
The persuasive essay can be about almost any issue that has two sides. Essay How To Write A Great Persuasive Essay Persuasive Essay Example Essay How To Write A Great Persuasive Essay Persuasive Essay Example.
135 Argumentative/ Persuasive Essay Topics [ Ultimate List] get discouraged! Jan 30, · Looking for persuasive topics?
Great persuasive essay – step- by- step guide and expert help Techniques and strategies for writing persuasive or argumentative essays. Additional Websites for help: • scholastic.
Healthcare costs keep going up, up, up. While each of these tips can help improve your essay, there' s no rule that you have to actually persuade for your own point of view.
To write a persuasive paper, you' ll need to use evidence and good reasons to convince others to agree with your point of view on a particular subject. Are all examples when persuasive writing may be beneficial.
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Guide to writing a persuasive essay. While we understand your desire to deliver your point, it is entirely possible that you are not equipped to write a persuasive speech on your own.
Elements toward building a good persuasive essay include. Strong Thesis Statements - the Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Here' s a great list for students and teachers. Write Persuasive Essay Following These Tips and General Structure It is not that easy to persuade people. End with a strong conclusion. How to Write an Argumentative/ Persuasive Essay That Will Earn a Good ( Better) Grade.
For this reason your essay should be on a very specific topic that makes your reader think about what you are talking about very critically. It is true that the first impression— whether it’ s a first meeting with a person or the first sentence of a paper— sets the stage for a.
This will require more research and thinking, but you could end up with. Tips and Tricks to Argumentative & Persuasive Writing - 11trees.
Six Parts: Writing Your Essay Revising Your Essay Writing a Persuasive Essay Writing an Expository Essay Write a Narrative Essay. Persuasive Essay: Topics, Outline, Examples | EssayPro.
While pressuring students to achieve top marks in the NAPLAN tests is doing things the wrong way, they are valuable diagnostic tool when assessing entire cohorts. King' s Mountaintop speech, to Faulkner' s Nobel acceptance address.
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I spend three years teaching my high school students how to write a persuasive essay. Monkeys would make excellent pets; Having siblings or being alone in the family?
7 Quick Tips for Writing a Great Persuasive Essay | The Best Schools Writing an effective persuasive essay requires research, organization, and passion. To create a thesis statement, combine the claim and the supporting details in one sentence.
Make great persuasive essay. Persuasive writing, employing powerful arguments, is a very important skill, and it' s what makes a writer an author.
It might be more interesting to try to persuade readers that half of all. Interesting topics 135 essay topic.
Think of the act of writing as an exploration of ideas, and let this sense of exploration guide you as you write your essay. Why You Shouldn' t Use " You" in Persuasive Essays - MEK Review The key to selecting an excellent persuasive essay topic is to choose a controversial topic that you feel very strongly about.
It is an excellent way to get students to start providing solid evidence to. You' re sure to find an interesting and controversial topic.
Just make sure you have. In a persuasive essay do you need to write ' I believe'?
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The writer should show the broad knowledge of the discipline the topic. Persuasive essay college - Get Help From Custom College Essay.
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Writing a good hook would grab the readers attention from the beginning of the essay. The best questions for argumentative essays have no obvious answers and always bring together some conflicting options.
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The arguments that you make should be based in facts, and use accurate examples. If your essay is describing a process, such as how to make a great chocolate cake, make sure that your paragraphs fall in the correct order.
There are a lot of problematic issues to discuss. It also needs to have a great deal of depth and support to make it more compelling.
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But if you' re looking for some quick tips, here are a few things to bear in mind next time you' re asked to give a speech: 1. This shows another level of fear: Fear of making a mistake that will make your argument or persuasion meaningless. Do You Find It Hard to Come Up with Great Persuasive Essay Topics for Your Essay Writing? Three Secrets Of Choosing A Perfect Persuasive Essay Topic Write an essay for your parents.
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In order to write an effective persuasive essay, the student should be well informed on the topic, an effort that can be. How To Properly End A Persuasive Essay - Grammar and Writing Tips Remember the rules of the good paragraph.
That basically means that you will need to be familiar with both sides of the coin – your side as well as the opposing argument. Tips On How To Write Persuasive Essay Without A Hitch Persuasive Essay Topics: Get Help for Argumentative & Reflective Essay.
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The narrative essay focused primarily on making connections from your own life to something a larger audience could connect to. Persuasive Essay Prompt The narrative essay focused primarily on. | 2019-04-25T12:19:09Z | https://eiyoujiten.info/make-great-persuasive-essay/2018-09-03-201842.php |
For week three of the Open Education course at the Open University that I am participating in (though we are now in week 5), one of the activities is to choose a Creative Commons license for “your blog content and other material you produce.” Of course, the latter is so vague that it might be difficult for some to say what license they might use for all of it, as they might end up using different licenses for different things. I am likely to just use one, but I may be in the minority.
I have already gone through some soul-searching on this very issue, but in a direction I haven’t seen in any of the other blogs I’ve looked at for this course: in an earlier post I asked why even use CC-BY instead of, say, CC0, which is more like putting one’s work into the public domain. I’m still undecided, but at this point (as you can tell from this site) am still using CC-BY for my blog.
But what I haven’t done is try to explain why I use CC-BY instead of CC-BY-NC (non commercial) or SA (share alike) on my blog, and why I would probably use CC-BY on any OER I might create (unless I decide to use CC0 instead). Generally, I use CC-BY because I want to leave my work free for anyone to use however they like. But the issues involved are really quite complicated.
I’m only going to discuss NC and SA and SA in this and the next post, because I can’t imagine asking people not to make derivatives of what I create–it just seems part of sharing freely, to me, that people can revise and remix my work. This post is about why I don’t use CC-BY-NC, and the next is about why I don’t use CC-BY-SA.
I’ve read several blog posts in the OU Open Education course that opt for CC-BY-NC (such as this one by Nick Hood, this one by David (I can’t find a last name) , this one by Daniela Signor and this one by Sukaina Walji.) Some express the sentiment that if they are giving away things for free, then they don’t want others to be making money off of them. I have to say that I kind of get this sentiment, but also not. I guess the idea is that if any money is to be made from what is produced, then the producer should be the one to benefit rather than someone who has just taken the content for free. This sentiment seems to make sense in a market economy, where many people feel that their work should be compensated monetarily if someone else is making money from it; alternatively, some may think it wrong for others to make money from something they have either not worked on or not paid for.
Of course, this sort of thinking should lead people to support open access publishing, since, increasingly, there is not much that publishers do that justifies them closing off access to publications and charging a fee…but that’s an argument for another day (and more complex than I’m making it out here, yes).
I get the idea that if money is being made from something, it seems fair to give some money to those who created the item in the first place. But it seems to me that once you decide to give your work away to be used, altered and remixed by others, it might be better thought of as a gift than a market commodity. And when you give something away as a gift, you might be said to be allowing the recipient(s) to do whatever they like with it. Sure, some people might be a bit upset if they gave a gift that another person decided to sell–but would they be upset because the other person made money off of something that they got for free and therefore didn’t have the right to make money from? To me, that doesn’t really make sense; if you give it away, it becomes someone else’s to do with as they wish.
When I give my stuff away, I’m saying goodbye to control over what happens to it afterwards, because it’s no longer just mine.
I realize that one of the benefits of CC licenses, though, is to allow people flexibility in the degree to which they want to think of their creations as gifts. And some people won’t accept that way of thinking. So here are some other thoughts.
If someone is going to be able to make money off of something I created, they are going to have to do some work that I chose not to do, such as marketing it. After all, if I already put it out for free for others to reuse, change, remix, then there is probably going to have to be some kind of value added to it in order for others to be willing to pay. Such as, at least, making it well-known through publicity efforts.
An argument for using NC could alternatively be made as follows. A person might use NC on their work so that IF someone else thinks they could make money from what the first person has created, then in order for that to happen the other party must contact and discuss this with the creator, and the creator could set terms that require payment to him/herself. I see that, but even then one is not likely to get much (how much do we get in royalties for academic books, say? A pittance, usually), and to me, especially thinking about my own work, this overvalues the remote possibility of a significant financial gain while ignoring some much more likely costs.
I’ll just add that this post by Daniel Clark, for the OU Open Education course, nicely addresses the point about the ambiguity of “commercial” in the NC licenses. These comments by David Wiley do too (on a discussion of NC licenses for OER, hosted by UNESCO). And having a license with ambiguous terms is not just a philosophical problem; it can mean that fewer people will use your work because they may be unsure whether their use falls under the vague “commercial” terms.
I have sometimes wondered whether this blog counts as “non commercial,” even, given that it is hosted and supported by the University of British Columbia, which, after all, charges money for its courses and thus “makes money” in some sense. It is syndicated on UBC’s “A Place of Mind” site, and thereby acts as part of the university’s publicity strategy in some (very small) sense. To the extent that my blog might help attract students (hmmm, not sure about that one) or donors (ditto), one might say it’s part of the university’s revenue stream. I realize that’s quite a stretch, but that it could even make sense to consider it shows that “non commercial” is unclear.
And this post by David Wiley shows that I am not alone in asking this sort of question (though the question there is slightly different: it’s about whether a textbook licensed NC could be used for a course that students have to pay for, and Wiley answers yes). I don’t ever use images for this blog that have an NC license, even though I am pretty sure I could. Who knows; maybe someday I’ll move this blog over to a platform on which I actually try to make some money through ads (highly unlikely but…). I refuse to go through and change images from the past were such a thing ever to occur.
There is, however, a more pressing argument for the use of NC, given by Stephen Downes (an example can be found here, in the UNESCO discussion noted above). One part of this is that without the NC clause, commercial ventures can take what is freely available and work hard to “enclose” it completely by closing off access to its free versions. Here’s another iteration of this argument, this time focused on the real-world example of Flat World Textbooks at first publishing free textbooks and then beginning to charge for them. This is a harder point to argue against, for it is clear that those who have a vested interest in profit-making from educational resources will be motivated to find ways to enclose any free versions that might exist (though David Wiley does provide a rebuttal to such arguments, in the UNESCO discussion). Downes defines “commercial use” as “the act of restricting access,” in the UNESCO discussion, which makes sense to me, and I can see the point of trying to use NC to keep access open.
After all, in my “gift” image provided above, what could happen is that I could give something away to anyone and everyone who wanted it (because it’s not just one thing, but reusable, revisable, remixable by anyone), but then one of those recipients could decide they want to make sure no one else can have that gift as a gift. That goes against the spirit of what I tried to do in the first place.
So really, the issue seems to come to this (as I’m understanding it): using something like CC-BY only (or CC0) is freeing it in the sense of making it “libre” but could lead to it not being free in the sense of “gratis” (see Wikipedia on libre and gratis). But if you use an NC license, then you might be (if Downes is right) protecting the freedom of that work in terms of it being “gratis,” but it’s not “libre” in the sense of it being available for anyone to do anything they like with it. You’re restricting it to only some kinds of uses.
Downes addresses this distinction somewhat differently, here. He argues that we can look at freedom from the perspective of either the people who already have access to some work or those who do not yet have such access. For the former, freedom in the sense of libre means they can do whatever they wish with the work they already have. For the latter, allowing work to be behind a paywall means many can’t access it at all, much less do anything further with it. The second perspective, he argues, is as important as the first (and for those who can’t access works at all it is more important).
(c) if someone can add value to my stuff and make some money, that’s fine with me b/c I gave it away by choice rather than trying to do so myself.
I still think of it like a gift, and because of (b) I am not terribly concerned about it becoming enclosed so that others can’t access it freely. I agree rather with Mike Seyfang here, that what I’m most concerned about is people finding and using my work. That’s pretty cool. But unlike what he says in that post, I kind of don’t care about people recognizing it as my work.
…we want, I think, something like a ‘free content declaration’, a statement we can link to that identifies our desire, as providers of open content, to ensure that it remains open.
And CC-licenses won’t do this for us, Downes argues. But he uses NC in the meantime, which I have decided not to do, for reasons noted above.
There is, though, an argument that the “share alike” CC license (CC-BY-SA) could prevent commercial enclosure, which I’ll consider in the next post.
Posted in Open Access, open ed, OER and tagged #h817open on April 17, 2013 by Christina Hendricks.
Great, clear and well referenced post. I will be pointing people to this in future.
Thanks, David–I’m glad it might be useful to others. I spent a whole lot of time researching all this and trying to weigh the issues as carefully as possible. I don’t think I’ve said anything new here, but maybe it’s useful as a resource connecting to a lot of other great things other people have said.
One thing I’d say is that commerce and enclosure are separate issues. In the language of free software, it is possible to have commercially produced free software. It’s just not possible to have proprietary (enclosed) free software, whether produced commercially or non-commercially, as it’s a contradiction in terms.
NC is enclosure, or at the very least it excludes people. If someone works for a university that fits the definition of noncommercial and produces their work for the university under an NC license, they will be alienated from that work if they choose to or are forced to work somewhere that doesn’t fit the definition of noncommercial. Likewise they cannot benefit from commercial materials that could benefit their work, and anyone who is reliant on commercial actors for their access to the work is excluded.
Hi Rob: Thanks for the comment!
I agree that NC excludes people, and too many people, given its ambiguous nature. Good point about moving jobs–hadn’t thought of that. However, if it’s one’s own work, isn’t it possible to change the CC license and then use it for commercial purposes later? Of course, this requires that one’s work at a university count as one’s “own,” and is not the property of the university itself, which is an issue in some places, I know. UBC’s policies are, I think, that teaching materials belong to the faculty member, but I also know that they are in the process of being revised, so I need to keep an eye on this.
I also agree that commerce and enclosure can be separate issues, for the reasons you note. Stephen Downes’ argument is that even though legally something licensed as SA, for example, should not be able to be enclosed, large commercial interests will work hard to do so anyway, by various means–some of which are, I think, legal (like finding ways to encourage their own works to show up in search engines while the free versions are buried). I don’t know enough to say whether such things are likely to happen or not, though they are certainly possible (and he gives some examples of situations where such things have happened). Perhaps only time will tell which strategy is best, whether his fears are warranted or not?
It is possible to relicense if one is the copyright holder yes, I do mean where the university owns the work. I should have been clearer. I could wriggle a bit and say if it’s collaboratively written you’d need to get your co-authors’ permissions as well, but that wasn’t what I had in mind.
Large commercial interests will always try to enclose, and we will always have to adapt to their strategies. Licenses are revised to do so over time. But licenses are just a part of the equation, and reform of existing institutions or the creation of new ones is also necessary. So I guess I agree with Downes here, although I still think copyleft is important once you receive the work.
Good point, Rob, about licenses being just part of the equation, and revisable over time. I agree about reforming institutions and creating new ones, though what, exactly, that will look like to avoid the enclosure issue is something I’m not sure about yet.
I wonder how important your second point (“b”), is. I.e. that you don’t immediately see anyone using what you produce for commercial purposes. My feeling is that I still have the capacity to be surprised. Who knew that people would repackage Wikipedia content as books to be sold on Amazon? And presumably people buy them. Crazy, but true.
Me, I think a) I am against the enclosure of the commons and b) using your gift analogy, if I give someone a gift and they immediately (or even subsequently) sell it off then, no, I’m not sure they’ll be getting any more gifts from me.
On the other hand, I realize that my blog doesn’t explicitly have any license at all. I’d better fix that pronto!
(b) is my weakest point, and I knew it all along. If I think that people might use my freely-given work in all sorts of ways I can’t imagine (which I say either in this post or the next one, on ShareAlike…can’t remember), then why not be able to imagine they could use it in a way that leads to commercial enclosure? I can certainly imagine some commercial uses of my work; it was the large ones that might lead a company to try to enclose the free versions I was having a hard time imagining for what I do (as opposed, say, to some tech/application/software work, e.g.). But who knows.
I am against enclosure of the commons as well, and am pretty convinced by the arguments that ShareAlike may do that better than NC, though the situation there is pretty complex too (see next post). Using NC just leaves out too many possible uses that I would be happy to allow. If worrying about having some big corporation or what have you enclosing the free versions of your work, SA might do the trick better.
Oh, and one more thing: I very specifically don’t want my employer (the university) re-packaging and commodifying my work for commercial use. We are guilty of enough self-exploitation as it is. At the same time, I realize that this is a grey area. In so far as people like my work (teaching, research, whatever), then the university benefits, and among its benefits are financial. But so be it. At least with a CC-BY-NC license they can’t be too crass about it.
Your point here is a valid one, that many of us already allow ourselves to be too exploited, so why let the university profit off our work in yet another way? That does give me some pause, but at the same time, it’s really up to individuals to decide whether they want to give this stuff away to any and all, including their own employers (who, as you note, are already profiting from our “free” work in blogs and possibly OERs, which could be considered a voluntary add-on to our contracted work). I completely understand and respect your desire to not allow this to happen. Me, I’m not quite as fussed about it. At least not at the moment. But I’m open to further discussion and possibly changing my mind at some point.
I should also, by the way, thank you for spending the time to think through and explain these issues in such detail and clarity. Very helpful.
I may have this wrong, but as the original author and licensor of content, I believe I am free to grant *additional* rights to that content on an ad hoc basis (but not to revoke them after they have been released under a certain license.) This for me is the reason in choosing, with Stephen, the NC license, because “enclosure” is a very real thing (cf http://www.edtechpost.ca/wordpress/2011/09/19/seo-as-enclosure/ – enclosure can be effectively accomplished on the internet by obscuring/burying the original in search results.) I don’t want to prohibit “commercial” uses when that refers to things like charging nominal fees to cover printing charges to turn something I’ve written into a handout for a workshop, but this is something that can still be arranged even with an NC license by simple request.
To the person above arguing that commerce and enclosure aren’t the same thing – sure, they’re not. But commerce, when based on a model of value through scarcity, has a natural tendency to enclose. And when the people building the maps (google) to the commons also are driven by profit, you brew a perfect storm of commercial interests restricting access to free (in EVERY sense other than “free to sell”) resources to the majority of people they were intended to serve.
By granting additional rights on an ad hoc basis, I’m assuming you mean that if someone asks to use your work in a commercial way you can agree to let them do that, even though technically that might otherwise violate the terms of the NC license. I don’t know for certain, but the number of discussions I’ve read about this indicating that such a thing is perfectly fine indicate to me that it probably is; but again, I haven’t looked into it deeply. David Wiley did point out to me, in a tweet, section 8e of the NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode), which indicates that you can’t add additional provisions but you can alter the license through a written agreement. So it does appear that if you agree in writing to allow some commercial use, then that’s probably fine. Of course, if it’s not, it’s unlikely anyone is going to press the issue.
I worry, though, about relying on people to come to me to ask to use work in a commercial way when I have the NC license on it. It’s an extra step, of course, and some people are not willing to make it when there are other options out there that are more or less equally good (which I think is the case for my own work). Perhaps I am not giving people enough credit, but the message that seems sent with NC is: if you want to use it for a commercial purpose, then forget it. I suppose one could try to reach out through some kind of message on one’s work, saying that one is open to discussion on some commercial uses…just ask (or something like that). But then, for me, I’d have to weigh which sorts of commercial uses I think are okay and which are not, and this could get a bit messy, and I’m not sure I want to put myself in the position of determining the relative merits of some commercial uses over others. On what grounds, exactly? Likely enclosure down the road? perhaps, but I don’t know what is going to lead to that and what is not.
I am rather more persuaded by Pat’s point that if work is publicly funded (which mine is, for the most part), then it ought to be available to the public to do with as they choose rather than me being the judge of who gets to use it for what. However, I do realize that commercial enclosure could mean that this precisely does not happen, that it no longer is available.
I’m still not persuaded, however, that commercial enclosure of my own work is likely. Thank you for the extra example of how it can happen, in your post, which helped me see the issue even better. It is certainly the case that commercial ventures can use SEO to hide free/open options that are doing the same thing (in this case a service, but in terms of licenses we’re talking about a work of some kind). I can imagine that if I created something worth monetizing by a large company, they could effectively bury my free version in search results. Still, if it were useful enough, it might be on various sites, or in a repository that is well known and well used (hoping someday such a thing exists for OER), and thus still findable. Maybe not the very top result(s), but not completely gone.
Generally I am very sympathetic to the arguments you’re putting forth, and I, too, am worried about commercial enclosure being a tendency. Ultimately one has to balance dangers, and I’m still waiting to see evidence that works licensed with CC-BY are fairly often enclosed in a way that makes them difficult to access for a lot of people. That it can happen, I have no doubt, but that it is likely is something I haven’t yet seen evidence for. So at this point, I prefer to err on the side of allowing commercial uses, especially given the sorts of things I create right now (which I don’t think are terribly likely to get monetized by anyone big enough to carry out effective enclosure). Right now, I think that NC leads to more downsides in my particular circumstances than up.
I don’t think SEO can be, enclosure, even with the adoption of effectively as a disclaimer. Partially as a properly licensed material can be removed from the enclosure, and so is an enclosed item, not enclosed land. So for example, when Flat World changed their license, people actively downloaded the content and hosted elsewhere. This was an action of counter enclosure. If a site, via it’s own SEO, attracted people in who could, then, in theory, strip all of those assets and re-host them. So the SEO would be a Pyrrhic victory.
Also, if the material is indexable via google – then to an extent it is accessible – either by a web browser, or some agent spoofing.
To accept SEO as enclosure would be to assume the original material should place higher in search results, but often repositories, such as MERLOT and OER commons place higher in search results than the original material? I would assume a site bringing together resources may naturally place higher as more people link to it. The bigger the library, the more visitors. I don’t think there is an argument that suggests the original should appear higher in search results than duplicates? I think without a framework which can assess the correct place a site should return, then SEO as enclosure seems a hard measure to assess.
If tying the scarcity to SEO, then, perhaps, but that then relies on how much people want to look for something, and which tools exist to facilitate the discovery of them. With all OER in a central repository, as one example, then SEO is nothing at all.
Pat, no argument, I use the term “enclosure” only metaphorically when applied to openly licensed materials, as of course you are correct that the original always remains. But what I was referring to was the practice of enabling the selling of unaltered/unimproved copies of open resources through burying the original so effectively via SEO that the original effectively vanishes from sight. So sure, new copies of the free (price) resource can be circulated in the hopes of I making the fact that these were always available without cost, but this I implies someone even knows this obscuring is going on. If you think this is a fairy tale, look into the insane number of titles being published on Amazon, for profit, that are essentially mined open content, particularly Wikipedia content. Is this “enclosure?” No, I agree, not in the traditional sense. But I’d be surprised if it doesn’t run counter to the original licensors in choosing an open license. Will choosing an NC license prevent this? Likely not, but at least it’s not giving blanket license to do this, and when commercial interests control many of the means of discovery for people (e.g. Search engines, online stores – only in or DREAMS do most people outside of the edtech echo chamer choose a site like Merlot first) it becomes not just a possibility but a likelihood.
gutenberg and wikipedia are scraped like no one would believe. But I still think this means an “original first” SEO position?
Does anyone looking to buy something not look for something cheaper elsewhere?
For example, Independent (UK newspaper) 1,800 possible license violations, or failure to attribute properly.
So if even commercial orgs – not just these SEO “slums” (Severance) are stealing licensed content, then you have two options.
2) CC without NC, and allow good commercial usages (which might beat the SEO spam as well).
But I also think CC and Wikipedia need to pull their finger out and start litigating.
Why should a work that already exists, and has already been paid for, when distributed in a different economy incur a second payment?
I can see – and compare with say Chuck S’s piece on his son – but if the work is created by public funding – then how is not CC-BY a minimum? Because the public paid for it, so logically they have some right to access.
How can this argument be applied for example, if the NC enclosure criticism argument is also used. If a public good can be kept closed and not CC-BY, then that is akin to NC anyways.
The NC as enclosure prevention is also problematic, as it Chuck S’s belittling of websites as content slums – because there is content everywhere, and the idea of a monolithic single educational voice sounds like some Babelesque folly. I think if your work is “online” in some form, then it is likely that it is already part of a “slum”. Just see how much Wikipedia and Gutenberg have been scrapped. Shakespeare’s been scrapped, and I think he a *teensy* bit better than Severance.
All rights reserved, but online, is too me, arrogant and hypocritical. venerating the self over the potential of plurality.
Two – What is wrong with someone making money from your stuff? If economically you’re ok, then I can’t see the harm?
Good point, Pat, about work done by me under the aegis of my work, which is paid for (in part) through public funds. So whatever teaching/learning materials I create should be open to public access. Now, to play devil’s advocate, though, NC could still be open to public access (as could SA). They can still see it, use it, create derivatives, etc. How does not allowing others to make money from such materials mean they are not getting enough access? Why is CC-BY a minimum for public access? Ultimately, as you know, I think CC-BY is a minimum, but I want to hear more about why it might be one for public access.
Perhaps your other points explain this, but I’m having trouble getting your point about the NC enclosure criticism. That is the one that says you should use NC in order to avoid commercial enclosure. I’m not getting what you mean by this: “If a public good can be kept closed and not CC-BY, then that is akin to NC anyways.” Do you mean that if you use NC to avoid commercial enclosure, you’re still closing off a public good, enclosing it in some way? I’m afraid that’s not your point, though. Explain?
When talking about Chuck S, I think you’re referring to this post (just for anyone who doesn’t know). I agree with you that I’m not terribly worried about having a single educational voice, or about my work ending up in “content slums” (I don’t even really know what that is supposed to mean). If it’s just someone else putting up my teaching videos on their own YouTube channel, e.g., then I don’t care. I can’t tell from his posts what else happened to him, though he does talk about other hypothetical situations like writing a book, publishing as CC-BY, then trying to charge for print copies when someone else has already put it up for sale in print on Createspace. But again, that’s not something I, personally, am concerned about. If someone really wants to keep the option of making money off their work in some way, then perhaps NC is better for them.
I agree with you, as you can tell, about others making money from my stuff. And that’s probably because, as you point out, I’m economically fine because I have a job that pays me to make this stuff whether I share it or not. I don’t need to make money to survive off of what I create in any other way that through my salary. I’m lucky that way; some people do need to make money off of what they create, and I don’t begrudge them that option.
And I, too, prefer the potential for plurality, for collaboration, even just for sharing what I’ve done and letting others do whatever they will with it, even if I don’t end up knowing about it. Which is why CC0, or something like it, is still attractive. It’s just the possibility of learning from what others have done with my stuff, and possibly connecting to them and collaborating that keeps me using CC-BY for the moment (as discussed in comments to this post).
Still, all rights reserved and online is a way for some people to make a living from what they’ve created–people can see it and decide if they want to purchase. I’ll happily pay an artist or a developer for something I can’t create myself, and want, if it means that will allow them to keep working and they couldn’t do so otherwise. I would prefer works to be open to sharing, revision, derivative-creation, but in the current market structure, that isn’t always feasible economically for everyone.
However, I fear this is getting me into dangerous territory of trying to legislate when it’s okay for people to charge money for their stuff and when it’s not…beyond the publicly funded stuff discussed above, I worry about telling others whether they can charge, whether they can close off their work and when they ought not to. Where do I draw the line between those who really need the money from selling their works and those who just want a little more? Which is why I’ve worded my posts in a way that focuses on my own decisions, in my own situation. Still, of course, I’m up for trying to convince others with arguments about the problems with NC, which is partly what I’ve attempted to do here as well.
NC – If you create a public good – to what rights do you, as creator have a say over how it is used by anyone? That’s why NC is a bit sly – it is a public good, but as long as you don’t want to make money from it.
Right, okay–if it’s a public good, then it should be given to the public. I guess it depends on what makes something count as a public good. Publicly funded, perhaps? Things do get a bit sticky, though, because where is the line between what people create due to their publicly-funded jobs and what they create on their “own time”? And, say, if they’re using their own equipment and own hosting service, etc. (unlike what I’m doing–this blog and my equipment belong to my Uni).
We agree insofar as I do think of what I create as a public good, just b/c I want to share it and others might find it useful…and I get value from what others share similarly. But what should count as a public good is an interesting question, really.
As for #2: I do see that by using NC in the way Downes suggests, the hope is to avoid the bad commercial, but in the process you get rid of all commercial uses (unless people choose to ask you for use for their “good” commercial, which many people won’t do…they’ll just go find something else). And that in using an NC you are suggesting that noncommercial is all good and commercial is all bad, even if that’s not what you mean to suggest–that’s the implication, in a way. And that’s a false dichotomy, indeed.
How it’s self promotion, though,… because one wants to keep the possibility of selling one’s stuff for oneself? Or one’s promoting oneself as only supporting the “pure angelic”?
Well copyright blurs the edges of who owns what and when, but that is probably an employment contract issue.
Yes, copyright and employment contracts make things complicated. From what I can tell reading the legal documents from UBC about all this, I own my teaching and learning materials, as well as my research materials, in the sense that I could copyright them if I want. Which is why I have the choice to put CC licenses on. At least I think I’m right about that.
And okay, if you’re not going to let other people revise or make derivatives, that does suggest that you’re thinking your work is perfect as is. I suppose that using NC could suggest that too, that people who are using it for some kind of money-making purpose couldn’t possibly add to your work in any way, including putting it to new uses or making derivatives (as long as you don’t use ND), because it’s good as is. Or rather, perhaps, it could suggest that only those using it for noncommercial purposes, or making derivatives for such, can add anything of use to it; the commercial ones can’t possibly do so. Though that’s not the main reason most people use NC, I think, it is an implication one can get from the use of the NC license. And to me, that doesn’t make any sense.
Sorry–that was unclear. I just meant that it makes no sense to suggest that only noncommercial uses or revisions of one’s work can add any value. Though, again, I think many people who use NC don’t think this way, it can appear as an implication of the use of NC, an unintended message, as it were. | 2019-04-20T01:10:39Z | http://blogs.ubc.ca/chendricks/2013/04/17/cc-what/ |
The American Football League (AFL) was a major professional American football league that operated for ten seasons from 1960 until 1969, when it merged with the older National Football League (NFL). The upstart AFL operated in direct competition with the more established NFL throughout its existence. It was more successful than earlier rivals to the NFL with the same name, the American Football League (1926), American Football League (1936), American Football League (1940), and the later All-America Football Conference [(1944–1950), played 1946–1949].
This fourth version of the AFL was the most successful, created by a number of owners who had been refused NFL expansion franchises or had minor shares of NFL franchises. The AFL's original lineup consisted of an Eastern division of the New York Titans, Boston Patriots, Buffalo Bills, and the Houston Oilers, and a Western division of the Los Angeles Chargers, Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, and Dallas Texans. The league first gained attention by signing 75% of the NFL's first-round draft choices in 1960, including Houston's successful signing of college star and Heisman Trophy winner Billy Cannon.
While the first years of the AFL saw uneven competition and low attendance, the league was buttressed by a generous television contract with the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (followed by a contract with the competing National Broadcasting Company (NBC) for games starting with the 1965 season) that broadcast the more offense-oriented football league nationwide. Continuing to attract top talent from colleges and the NFL by the mid-1960s, as well as successful franchise shifts of the Chargers from L.A. south to San Diego and the Texans north to Kansas City (becoming the Kansas City Chiefs), the AFL established a dedicated following. The transformation of the struggling Titans into the New York Jets under new ownership further solidified the league's reputation among the major media.
As fierce competition made player salaries skyrocket in both leagues, especially after a series of "raids", the leagues agreed to a merger in 1966. Among the conditions were a common draft and a championship game played between the two league champions first played in early 1967, which would eventually become known as the Super Bowl.
The AFL and NFL operated as separate leagues until 1970, with separate regular season and playoff schedules except for the championship game. NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle also became chief executive of the AFL from July 26, 1966, through the completion of the merger. During this time the AFL expanded, adding the Miami Dolphins and Cincinnati Bengals. After losses by Kansas City and Oakland in the first two AFL-NFL National Championship Games to the Green Bay Packers (1967/1968), the New York Jets and Kansas City Chiefs won Super Bowls III and IV (1969/1970) respectively, cementing the league's claim to being an equal to the NFL.
In 1970, the AFL was absorbed into the NFL and the league reorganized with the ten AFL franchises along with the previous NFL teams Baltimore Colts, Cleveland Browns, and Pittsburgh Steelers becoming part of the newly-formed American Football Conference.
During the 1950s, the National Football League had grown to rival Major League Baseball as one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the United States. One franchise that did not share in this newfound success of the league was the Chicago Cardinals — owned by the Bidwill family — who had become overshadowed by the more popular Chicago Bears. The Bidwills hoped to relocate their franchise, preferably to St. Louis, but could not come to terms with the league on a relocation fee. Needing cash, the Bidwills began entertaining offers from would-be investors, and one of the men who approached the Bidwills was Lamar Hunt, son and heir of millionaire oilman H. L. Hunt. Hunt offered to buy the Cardinals and move them to Dallas, where he had grown up. However, these negotiations came to nothing, since the Bidwills insisted on retaining a controlling interest in the franchise and were unwilling to move their team to a city where a previous NFL franchise had failed in 1952. While Hunt negotiated with the Bidwills, similar offers were made by Bud Adams, Bob Howsam, and Max Winter.
When Hunt, Adams, and Howsam were unable to secure a controlling interest in the Cardinals, they approached NFL commissioner Bert Bell and proposed the addition of expansion teams. Bell, wary of expanding the 12-team league and risking its newfound success, rejected the offer. On his return flight to Dallas, Hunt conceived the idea of an entirely new league and decided to contact the others who had shown interest in purchasing the Cardinals. He contacted Adams, Howsam, and Winter (as well as Winter's business partner, Bill Boyer) to gauge their interest in starting a new league. Hunt's first meeting with Adams was held in March 1959. Hunt, who felt a regional rivalry would be critical for the success of the new league, convinced Adams to join and found his team in Houston. Hunt next secured an agreement from Howsam to bring a team to Denver.
After Winter and Boyer agreed to start a team in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, the new league had its first four teams. Hunt then approached Willard Rhodes, who hoped to bring pro football to Seattle. However, the University of Washington was unwilling to let the fledgling league use Husky Stadium, probably due to the excessive wear and tear that would have been caused to the facility's grass surface (the stadium now has an artificial surface, and Seattle would gain entry into the NFL in 1976 with the Seattle Seahawks). With no place for his team to play, Rhodes' effort came to nothing. Hunt also sought franchises in Los Angeles, Buffalo and New York City. During the summer of 1959, he sought the blessings of the NFL for his nascent league, as he did not seek a potentially costly rivalry. Within weeks of the July 1959 announcement of the league's formation, Hunt received commitments from Barron Hilton and Harry Wismer to bring teams to Los Angeles and New York, respectively. His initial efforts for Buffalo, however, were rebuffed, when Hunt's first choice of owner, Pat McGroder, declined to take part; McGroder had hoped that the threat of the AFL would be enough to prompt the NFL to expand to Buffalo.
On August 14, 1959, the first league meeting was held in Chicago, and charter memberships were given to Dallas, New York, Houston, Denver, Los Angeles, and Minneapolis-Saint Paul. On August 22 the league officially was named the American Football League at a meeting in Dallas. The NFL's initial reaction was not as openly hostile as it had been with the earlier All-America Football Conference (Bell had even given his public approval), yet individual NFL owners soon began a campaign to undermine the new league. AFL owners were approached with promises of new NFL franchises or ownership stakes in existing ones. Only the party from Minneapolis-Saint Paul accepted, and the Minnesota group joined the NFL the next year in 1961; the Minneapolis-Saint Paul group were joined by Ole Haugsrud and Bernie Ridder in the new NFL team's ownership group, which was named the Minnesota Vikings. The older league also announced on August 29 that it had conveniently reversed its position against expansion, and planned to bring NFL expansion teams to Houston and Dallas, to start play in 1961. (The NFL did not expand to Houston at that time, the promised Dallas team – the Dallas Cowboys – actually started play in 1960, and the Vikings began play in 1961.) Finally, the NFL quickly came to terms with the Bidwills and allowed them to relocate the struggling Cardinals to St. Louis, eliminating that city as a potential AFL market.
Ralph Wilson, who owned a minority interest in the NFL's Detroit Lions at the time, initially announced he was placing a team in Miami, but like the Seattle situation, was also rebuffed by local ownership; given five other choices, Wilson negotiated with McGroder and brought the team that would become the Bills to Buffalo. Buffalo was officially awarded its franchise on October 28. During a league meeting on November 22, a 10-man ownership group from Boston (led by Billy Sullivan) was awarded the AFL's eighth team. On November 30, 1959, Joe Foss, a World War II Marine fighter ace and former governor of South Dakota, was named the AFL's first commissioner. Foss commissioned a friend of Harry Wismer's to develop the AFL's eagle-on-football logo. Hunt was elected President of the AFL on January 26, 1960.
The AFL's first draft took place the same day Boston was awarded its franchise, and lasted 33 rounds. The league held a second draft on December 2, which lasted for 20 rounds. Because the Raiders joined after the AFL draft, they inherited Minnesota's selections. A special allocation draft was held in January 1960, to allow the Raiders to stock their team, as some of the other AFL teams had already signed some of Minneapolis' original draft choices.
In November 1959, Minneapolis-Saint Paul owner Max Winter announced his intent to leave the AFL to accept a franchise offer from the NFL. In 1961, his team began play in the NFL as the Minnesota Vikings. Los Angeles Chargers owner Barron Hilton demanded that a replacement for Minnesota be placed in California, to reduce his team's operating costs and to create a rivalry. After a brief search, Oakland was chosen and an ownership group led by F. Wayne Valley and local real estate developer Chet Soda was formed. After initially being called the Oakland "Señores", the Oakland Raiders officially joined the AFL on January 30, 1960.
On June 9, 1960, the league signed a five-year television contract with ABC, which brought in revenues of approximately US$2,125,000 per year for the entire league. On June 17, the AFL filed an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL, which was dismissed in 1962 after a two-month trial. The AFL began regular-season play (a night game on Friday, September 9, 1960) with eight teams in the league — the Boston Patriots, Buffalo Bills, Dallas Texans, Denver Broncos, Houston Oilers, Los Angeles Chargers, New York Titans, and Oakland Raiders. Raiders' co-owner Wayne Valley dubbed the AFL ownership "The Foolish Club", a term Lamar Hunt subsequently used on team photographs he sent as Christmas gifts.
The Oilers became the first-ever league champions by defeating the Chargers, 24–16, in the AFL Championship on January 1, 1961. Attendance for the 1960 season was respectable for a new league, but not nearly that of the NFL. In 1960, the NFL averaged attendance of more than 40,000 fans per game and more popular NFL teams in 1960 regularly saw attendance figures in excess of 50,000 per game, while CFL attendances averaged approximately 20,000 per game. By comparison, AFL attendance averaged about 16,500 per game and generally hovered between 10,000-20,000 per game. Professional football was still primarily a gate-driven business in 1960, so low attendance meant financial losses. The Raiders, with a league-worst average attendance of just 9,612, lost $500,000 in their first year and only survived after receiving a $400,000 loan from Bills owner Ralph Wilson. In an early sign of stability, however, the AFL did not lose any teams after its first year of operation. In fact, the only major change was the relocation of the Chargers from Los Angeles to nearby San Diego (they would return to Los Angeles in 2017).
On August 8, 1961, the AFL challenged the Canadian Football League to an exhibition game that would feature the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and the Buffalo Bills, which was attended by 24,376 spectators. Playing at Civic Stadium in Hamilton, Ontario, the Tiger-Cats defeated the Bills 38–21 playing a mix of AFL and CFL rules.
While the Oilers found instant success in the AFL, other teams did not fare as well. The Oakland Raiders and New York Titans struggled on and off the field during their first few seasons in the league. Oakland's eight-man ownership group was reduced to just three in 1961, after heavy financial losses in their first season. Attendance for home games was poor, partly due to the team playing in the San Francisco Bay Area—which already had an established NFL team (the San Francisco 49ers)—but the product on the field was also to blame. After winning six games in their debut season, the Raiders won a total of three times in the 1961 and 1962 seasons. Oakland took part in a 1961 supplemental draft meant to boost the weaker teams in the league, but it did little good. They participated in another such draft in 1962.
The Raiders and Titans both finished last in their respective divisions in the 1962 season. The Texans and Oilers, winners of their divisions, faced each other for the 1962 AFL Championship on December 23. The Texans dethroned the two-time champion Oilers, 20–17, in a double-overtime contest that was, at the time, professional football's longest-ever game.
In 1963, the Texans became the second AFL team to relocate. Lamar Hunt felt that despite winning the league championship in 1962, the Texans could not succeed financially competing in the same market as the Dallas Cowboys, which entered the NFL as an expansion franchise in 1960. After meetings with New Orleans, Atlanta, and Miami, Hunt announced on May 22 that the Texans' new home would be Kansas City, Missouri. Kansas City mayor Harold Roe Bartle (nicknamed "Chief") was instrumental in his city's success in attracting the team. Partly to honor Bartle, the franchise officially became the Kansas City Chiefs on May 26.
The San Diego Chargers, under head coach Sid Gillman, won a decisive 51–10 victory over the Boston Patriots for the 1963 AFL Championship. Confident that his team was capable of beating the NFL-champion Chicago Bears (he had the Chargers' rings inscribed with the phrase "World Champions"), Gillman approached NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle and proposed a final championship game between the two teams. Rozelle declined the offer; however, the game would be instituted three seasons later.
A series of events throughout the next few years demonstrated the AFL's ability to achieve a greater level of equality with the NFL. On January 29, 1964, the AFL signed a lucrative $36 million television contract with NBC (beginning in the 1965 season), which gave the league money it needed to compete with the NFL for players. Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney was quoted as saying to NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle that "They don't have to call us 'Mister' anymore". A single-game attendance record was set on November 8, 1964, when 61,929 fans packed Shea Stadium to watch the New York Jets and Buffalo Bills.
The bidding war for players between the AFL and NFL escalated in 1965. The Chiefs drafted University of Kansas star Gale Sayers in the first round of the 1965 AFL draft (held November 28, 1964), while the Chicago Bears did the same in the NFL draft. Sayers eventually signed with the Bears. A similar situation occurred when the New York Jets and the NFL's St. Louis Cardinals both drafted University of Alabama quarterback Joe Namath. In what was viewed as a key victory for the AFL, Namath signed a $427,000 contract with the Jets on January 2, 1965 (the deal included a new car). It was the highest amount of money ever paid to a collegiate football player, and is cited as the strongest contributing factor to the eventual merger between the two leagues.
After the 1963 season, the Newark Bears of the Atlantic Coast Football League expressed interest in joining the AFL; concerns over having to split the New York metro area with the still-uncertain Jets were a factor in the Bears bid being rejected. In 1965, Milwaukee officials tried to lure an expansion team to play at Milwaukee County Stadium where the Green Bay Packers had played parts of their home schedule after an unsuccessful attempt to lure the Packers there full-time, but Packers head coach Vince Lombardi invoked the team's exclusive lease as well as sign an extension to keep some home games in Milwaukee until 1976. In early 1965, the AFL awarded its first expansion team to Rankin Smith of Atlanta. The NFL quickly counteroffered Smith a franchise, which Smith accepted; the Atlanta Falcons began play as an NFL franchise. In March 1965, Joe Robbie had met with Commissioner Foss to inquire about an expansion franchise for Miami. On May 6, after Atlanta's exit, Robbie secured an agreement with Miami mayor Robert King High to bring a team to Miami. League expansion was approved at a meeting held on June 7, and on August 16 the AFL's ninth franchise was officially awarded to Robbie and television star Danny Thomas. The Miami Dolphins joined the league for a fee of $7.5 million and started play in the AFL's Eastern Division in 1966. The AFL also planned to add two more teams by 1967.
In 1966, the rivalry between the AFL and NFL reached an all-time peak. On April 7, Joe Foss resigned as AFL commissioner. His successor was Oakland Raiders head coach and general manager Al Davis, who had been instrumental in turning around the fortunes of that franchise. No longer content with trying to outbid the NFL for college talent, the AFL under Davis started to recruit players already on NFL squads. Davis's strategy focused on quarterbacks in particular, and in two months he persuaded seven NFL quarterbacks to sign with the AFL. Although Davis's intention was to help the AFL win the bidding war, some AFL and NFL owners saw the escalation as detrimental to both leagues. Alarmed with the rate of spending in the league, Hilton Hotels forced Barron Hilton to relinquish his stake in the Chargers as a condition of maintaining his leadership role with the hotel chain.
The same month Davis was named commissioner, several NFL owners, along with Dallas Cowboys general manager Tex Schramm, secretly approached Lamar Hunt and other AFL owners and asked the AFL to merge. They held a series of secret meetings in Dallas to discuss their concerns over rapidly increasing player salaries, as well as the practice of player poaching. Hunt and Schramm completed the basic groundwork for a merger of the two leagues by the end of May, and on June 8, 1966, the merger was officially announced. Under the terms of the agreement, the two leagues would hold a common player draft. The agreement also called for a title game to be played between the champions of the respective leagues. The two leagues would be fully merged by 1970, NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle would remain as commissioner of the merged league, which would be named the NFL. Additional expansion teams would eventually be awarded by 1970 or soon thereafter to bring it to a 28-team league. The AFL also agreed to pay indemnities of $18 million to the NFL over 20 years. In protest, Davis resigned as AFL commissioner on July 25 rather than remain until the completion of the merger, and Milt Woodard was named president of the AFL, with the "commissioner" title vacated because of Rozelle's expanded role.
On January 15, 1967, the first-ever World Championship Game between the champions of the two separate professional football leagues, the AFL-NFL Championship Game (retroactively referred to as Super Bowl I), was played in Los Angeles. After a close first half, the NFL champion Green Bay Packers overwhelmed the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs, 35–10. The loss reinforced for many the notion that the AFL was an inferior league. Packers head coach Vince Lombardi stated after the game, "I do not think they are as good as the top teams in the National Football League."
The second AFL-NFL Championship (Super Bowl II) yielded a similar result. The Oakland Raiders—who had easily beaten the Houston Oilers to win their first AFL championship—were overmatched by the Packers, 33–14. The more experienced Packers capitalized on a number of Raiders miscues and never trailed. Green Bay defensive tackle Henry Jordan offered a compliment to Oakland and the AFL, when he said, "... the AFL is becoming much more sophisticated on offense. I think the league has always had good personnel, but the blocks were subtler and better conceived in this game."
The AFL added its tenth and final team on May 24, 1967, when it awarded the league's second expansion franchise to an ownership group from Cincinnati, Ohio, headed by NFL legend Paul Brown. Although Brown had intended to join the NFL, he agreed to join the AFL when he learned that his team would be included in the NFL once the merger was completed. The Cincinnati Bengals began play in the 1968 season, finishing last in the Western Division.
Namath and the Jets made good on his guarantee as they held the Colts scoreless until late in the fourth quarter. The Jets won, 16–7, in what is considered one of the greatest upsets in American sports history. With the win, the AFL finally achieved parity with the NFL and legitimized the merger of the two leagues. That notion was reinforced one year later in Super Bowl IV, when the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs upset the NFL champion Minnesota Vikings, 23–7, in the last championship game to be played between the two leagues. The Vikings, favored by 12½ points, were held to just 67 rushing yards.
The last game in AFL history was the AFL All-Star Game, held in Houston's Astrodome on January 17, 1970. The Western All-Stars, led by Chargers quarterback John Hadl, defeated the Eastern All-Stars, 26–3. Buffalo rookie back O.J. Simpson carried the ball for the last play in AFL history. Hadl was named the game's Most Valuable Player.
Prior to the start of the 1970 NFL season, the merged league was organized into two conferences of three divisions each. All ten AFL teams made up the bulk of the new American Football Conference. To avoid having an inequitable number of teams in each conference, the leagues voted to move three NFL teams to the AFC. Motivated by the prospect of an intrastate rivalry with the Bengals as well as by personal animosity toward Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell quickly offered to include his team in the AFC. He helped persuade the Pittsburgh Steelers (the Browns' archrivals) and Baltimore Colts (who shared the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. market with the Washington Redskins) to follow suit, and each team received US $3 million to make the switch. All the other NFL squads became part of the National Football Conference.
Pro Football Hall of Fame receiver Charlie Joiner, who started his career with the Houston Oilers (1969), was the last AFL player active in professional football, retiring after the 1986 season, when he played for the San Diego Chargers.
The American Football League stands as the only professional football league to successfully compete against the NFL. When the two leagues merged in 1970, all ten AFL franchises and their statistics became part of the new NFL. Every other professional league that had competed against the NFL before the AFL–NFL merger had folded completely: the three previous leagues named "American Football League" and the All-America Football Conference. From an earlier AFL (1936–1937), only the Cleveland Rams (now the Los Angeles Rams) joined the NFL and are currently operating, as are the Cleveland Browns and the San Francisco 49ers from the AAFC. A third AAFC team, the Baltimore Colts (not related to the 1953–1983 Baltimore Colts or to the current Indianapolis Colts franchise), played only one year in the NFL, disbanding at the end of the 1950 season. The league resulting from the merger was a 26-team juggernaut (since expanded to 32) with television rights covering all of the Big Three television networks and teams in close proximity to almost all of the top 40 metropolitan areas, a fact that has precluded any other competing league from gaining traction since the merger; failed attempts to mimic the AFL's success included the World Football League (1974–75), United States Football League (1983–85), XFL (2001) and United Football League (2009–2012).
The AFL was also the most successful of numerous upstart leagues of the 1960s and 1970s that attempted to challenge a major professional league's dominance. All nine teams that were in the AFL at the time the merger was agreed upon were accepted into the league intact (as was the tenth team added between the time of the merger's agreement and finalization), and none of the AFL's teams have ever folded. For comparison, the World Hockey Association (1972–79) managed to have four of its six remaining teams merged into the National Hockey League, which actually caused the older league to contract a franchise, but WHA teams were forced to disperse the majority of their rosters and restart as expansion teams. The merged WHA teams were also not financially sound (in large part from the hefty expansion fees the NHL imposed on them), and three of the four were forced to relocate within 20 years. The American Basketball Association (1967–76) managed to have only four of its teams merged into the National Basketball Association, and the rest of the league was forced to fold. Both the WHA and ABA lost several teams to financial insolvency over the course of their existences. The Continental League, a proposed third league for Major League Baseball that was to begin play in 1961, never played a single game, largely because MLB responded to the proposal by expanding to four of that league's proposed cities. Historically, the only other professional sports league in the United States to exhibit a comparable level of franchise stability from its inception was the American League of Major League Baseball.
The NFL adopted some of the innovations introduced by the AFL immediately and a few others in the years following the merger. One was including the names on player jerseys. The older league also adopted the practice of using the stadium scoreboard clocks to keep track of the official game time, instead of just having a stopwatch used by the referee. The AFL played a 14-game schedule for its entire existence, starting in 1960. The NFL, which had played a 12-game schedule since 1947, changed to a 14-game schedule in 1961, a year after the American Football League instituted it. The AFL also introduced the two-point conversion to professional football thirty-four years before the NFL instituted it in 1994 (college football had adopted the two-point conversion in the late 1950s). All of these innovations pioneered by the AFL, including its more exciting style of play and colorful uniforms, have essentially made today's professional football more like the AFL than like the old-line NFL. The AFL's challenge to the NFL also laid the groundwork for the Super Bowl, which has become the standard for championship contests in the United States of America.
The NFL also adapted how the AFL used the growing power of televised football games, which were bolstered with the help of major network contracts (first with ABC and later with NBC). With that first contract with ABC, the AFL adopted the first-ever cooperative television plan for professional football, in which the proceeds were divided equally among member clubs. It featured many outstanding games, such as the classic 1962 double-overtime American Football League championship game between the Dallas Texans and the defending champion Houston Oilers. At the time it was the longest professional football championship game ever played. The AFL also appealed to fans by offering a flashier style of play (just like the ABA in basketball), compared to the more conservative game of the NFL. Long passes ("bombs") were commonplace in AFL offenses, led by such talented quarterbacks as John Hadl, Daryle Lamonica and Len Dawson.
Despite having a national television contract, the AFL often found itself trying to gain a foothold, only to come up against roadblocks. For example, CBS-TV, which broadcast NFL games, ignored and did not report scores from the innovative AFL, on orders from the NFL. It was only after the merger agreement was announced that CBS began to give AFL scores.
The AFL took advantage of the burgeoning popularity of football by locating teams in major cities that lacked NFL franchises. Hunt's vision not only brought a new professional football league to California and New York, but introduced the sport to Colorado, restored it to Texas and later to fast-growing Florida, as well as bringing it to New England for the first time in 12 years. Buffalo, having lost its original NFL franchise in 1929 and turned down by the NFL at least twice (1940 and 1950) for a replacement, returned to the NFL with the merger. The return of football to Kansas City was the first time that city had seen professional football since the NFL's Kansas City Blues/Cowboys of the 1920s; the arrival of the Chiefs, and the contemporary arrival of the St. Louis Football Cardinals, brought professional football back to Missouri for the first time since the temporary St. Louis Gunners of 1934.
If not for the AFL, at least 17 of today's NFL teams would probably never have existed: the ten teams from the AFL, and seven clubs that were instigated by the AFL's presence to some degree. Three NFL franchises were awarded as a direct result of the AFL's competition with the older league: the Minnesota Vikings, who were awarded to Max Winter in exchange for dropping his bid to join the AFL; the Atlanta Falcons, whose franchise went to Rankin Smith to dissuade him from purchasing the AFL's Miami Dolphins; and the New Orleans Saints, because of successful anti-trust legislation which let the two leagues merge, and was supported by several Louisiana politicians.
In the case of the Dallas Cowboys, the NFL had long sought to return to the Dallas area after the Dallas Texans folded in 1952, but was originally met with strong opposition by Washington Redskins owner George Preston Marshall, who had enjoyed a monopoly as the only NFL team to represent the American South. Marshall later changed his position after future-Cowboys owner Clint Murchison bought the rights to Washington's fight song "Hail to the Redskins" and threatened to prevent Marshall from playing it at games. By then, the NFL wanted to quickly award the new Dallas franchise to Murchison so the team could immediately begin play and complete with the AFL's Texans. As a result, the Cowboys played its inaugural season in 1960 without the benefit of the NFL draft.
As part of the merger agreement, additional expansion teams would be awarded by 1970 or soon thereafter to bring the league to 28 franchises; this requirement was fulfilled when the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers began play in 1976. In addition, had it not been for the existence of the Oilers from 1960 to 1996, the Houston Texans also would likely not exist today; the 2002 expansion team restored professional football in Houston after the original charter AFL member Oilers relocated to become the Tennessee Titans.
Kevin Sherrington of The Dallas Morning News has argued that the presence of AFL and the subsequent merger radically altered the fortunes of the Pittsburgh Steelers, saving the team "from stinking". Before the merger, the Steelers had long been one of the NFL's worst teams. Constantly lacking the money to build a quality team, the Steelers had only posted eight winning seasons, and just one playoff appearance, since their first year of existence in 1933 until the end of the 1969 season. They also finished with a 1-13 record in 1969, tied with the Chicago Bears for the worst record in the NFL. The $3 million indemnity that the Steelers received for joining the AFC with the rest of the former AFL teams after the merger helped them rebuild into a contender, drafting eventual-Pro Football Hall of Famers like Terry Bradshaw and Joe Greene, and ultimately winning four Super Bowls in the 1970s. Since the 1970 merger, the Steelers have the NFL's highest winning percentage, the most total victories, the most trips to either conference championship game, are tied for the second most trips to the Super Bowl (with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos, trailing only the New England Patriots), and have won an NFL-record six Super Bowl championships.
The AFL's free agents came from several sources. Some were players who could not find success playing in the NFL, while another source was the Canadian Football League. In the late 1950s, many players released by the NFL, or un-drafted and unsigned out of college by the NFL, went North to try their luck with the CFL, and later returned to the states to play in the AFL.
In the league's first years, players such as Oilers' George Blanda, Chargers/Bills' Jack Kemp, Texans' Len Dawson, the NY Titans' Don Maynard, Raiders/Patriots/Jets' Babe Parilli, Pats' Bob Dee proved to be AFL standouts. Other players such as the Broncos' Frank Tripucka, the Pats' Gino Cappelletti, the Bills' Cookie Gilchrist and the Chargers' Tobin Rote, Sam DeLuca and Dave Kocourek also made their mark to give the fledgling league badly needed credibility. Rounding out this mix of potential talent were the true "free agents", the walk-ons and the "wanna-be's", who tried out in droves for the chance to play professional American football.
After the AFL–NFL merger agreement in 1966, and after the AFL's Jets defeated the "best team in the history of the NFL", the Colts, a popular misconception fostered by the NFL and spread by media reports was that the AFL defeated the NFL because of the Common Draft instituted in 1967. This apparently was meant to assert that the AFL could not achieve parity as long as it had to compete with the NFL in the draft. But the 1968 Jets had less than a handful of "common draftees". Their stars were honed in the AFL, many of them since the Titans days. As noted below, the AFL got its share of stars long before the "common draft".
Players who chose the AFL to develop their talent included Lance Alworth and Ron Mix of the Chargers, who had also been drafted by the NFL's San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Colts respectively. Both eventually were elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame after earning recognition during their careers as being among the best at their positions. Among specific teams, the 1964 Buffalo Bills stood out by holding their opponents to a pro football record 913 yards rushing on 300 attempts, while also recording fifty quarterback sacks in a 14-game schedule.
Another example is cited by the University of Kansas website, which describes the 1961 Bluebonnet Bowl, won by KU, and goes on to say "Two Kansas players, quarterback John Hadl and fullback Curtis McClinton, signed professional contracts on the field immediately after the conclusion of the game. Hadl inked a deal with the [AFL] San Diego Chargers, and McClinton went to the [AFL] Dallas Texans." Between them, in their careers Hadl and McClinton combined for an American Football League Rookie of the Year award, seven AFL All-Star selections, two Pro Bowl selections, a team MVP award, two AFL All-Star Game MVP awards, two AFL championships, and a World Championship. And these were players selected by the AFL long before the "Common Draft".
In 2009, a five-part series, , on the Showtime Network, refuted many of the long-held misconceptions about the AFL. In it, Abner Haynes tells of how his father forbade him to accept being drafted by the NFL, after drunken scouts from that league had visited the Haynes home; the NFL Cowboys' Tex Schramm is quoted as saying that if his team had ever agreed to play the AFL's Dallas Texans, they would very likely have lost; George Blanda makes a case for more AFL players being inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame by pointing out that Hall of Famer Willie Brown was cut by the Houston Oilers because he couldn't cover Oilers flanker Charlie Hennigan in practice. Later, when Brown was with the Broncos, Hennigan needed nine catches in one game against the Broncos to break Lionel Taylor's Professional Football record of 100 catches in one season. Hennigan caught the nine passes and broke the record, even though he was covered by Brown, Blanda's point being that if Hennigan could do so well against a Hall of Fame DB, he deserves induction, as well.
The AFL also spawned coaches whose style and techniques have profoundly affected the play of professional football to this day. In addition to AFL greats like Hank Stram, Lou Saban, Sid Gillman and Al Davis were eventual hall of fame coaches such as Bill Walsh, a protégé of Davis with the AFL Oakland Raiders for one season; and Chuck Noll, who worked for Gillman and the AFL LA/San Diego Chargers from 1960 through 1965. Others include Buddy Ryan (AFL's New York Jets), Chuck Knox (Jets), Walt Michaels (Jets), and John Madden (AFL's Oakland Raiders). Additionally, many prominent coaches began their pro football careers as players in the AFL, including Sam Wyche (Cincinnati Bengals), Marty Schottenheimer (Buffalo Bills), Wayne Fontes (Jets), and two-time Super Bowl winner Tom Flores (Oakland Raiders). Flores also has a Super Bowl ring as a player (1969 Kansas City Chiefs).
See main article: 2009 NFL season. As the influence of the AFL continues through the present, the 50th anniversary of its launch was celebrated during 2009. The season-long celebration began in August with the 2009 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game in Canton, Ohio between two AFC teams (as opposed to the AFC-vs-NFC format the game first adopted in 1971). The opponents were two of the original AFL franchises, the Buffalo Bills and Tennessee Titans (the former Houston Oilers). Bills' owner Ralph C. Wilson Jr. (a 2009 Hall of Fame inductee) and Titans' owner Bud Adams were the only surviving members of the Foolish Club at the time (both are now deceased), the eight original owners of AFL franchises.
The Hall of Fame Game was the first of several "Legacy Weekends", during which each of the "original eight" AFL teams sported uniforms from their AFL era. Each of the 8 teams took part in at least two such "legacy" games. On-field officials also wore red-and-white-striped AFL uniforms during these games.
In the fall of 2009, the Showtime pay-cable network premiered , a 5-part documentary series produced by NFL Films that features vintage game film and interviews as well as more recent interviews with those associated with the AFL.
The NFL sanctioned a variety of "Legacy" gear to celebrate the AFL anniversary, such as "throwback" jerseys, T-shirts, signs, pennants and banners, including items with the logos and colors of the Dallas Texans, Houston Oilers, and New York Titans, the three of the Original Eight AFL teams which have changed names or venues. A December 5, 2009 story by Ken Belson in The New York Times quotes league officials as stating that AFL "Legacy" gear made up twenty to thirty percent of the league's annual $3 billion merchandise income. Fan favorites were the Denver Broncos' vertically striped socks, which could not be re-stocked quickly enough.
Eastern Boston Patriots 1960 Nickerson Field (1960–1962), Fenway Park (1963–1968), Alumni Stadium (1969) 64–69–9 0 Still active in the Greater Boston area. Moved to Foxborough, Massachusetts as the New England Patriots in 1971.
Buffalo Bills 1960 War Memorial Stadium (1960–1969) 67–71–6 2 Still active in the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area. Moved to Orchard Park, New York in 1973.
Houston Oilers 1960 Jeppesen Stadium (1960–1964), Rice Stadium (1965–1967), Houston Astrodome (1968–1969) 72–69–4 2 Relocated to Memphis, Tennessee as the Tennessee Oilers in 1997, moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1998, and renamed as the Tennessee Titans in 1999.
Miami Dolphins 1966 Miami Orange Bowl (1966–1969) 15–39–2 0 Still active in the Miami metropolitan area. In 2003, their home stadium, which previously had a Miami address, became part of Miami Gardens, Florida.
New York Titans/Jets 1960 Polo Grounds (1960–1963), Shea Stadium (1964–1969) 71–67–6 1 Still active in the New York metropolitan area. Moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey in 1984.
Western Cincinnati Bengals 1968 Nippert Stadium (1968–1969) 7–20–1 0 Still active in Cincinnati.
Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs 1960 Cotton Bowl (1960–1962), Municipal Stadium (1963–1969) 92–50–5 3 Still active in Kansas City.
Denver Broncos 1960 Bears Stadium/Mile High Stadium (1960–1969) 39–97–4 0 Still active in Denver.
Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers 1960 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1960), Balboa Stadium (1961–1966), San Diego Stadium (1967–1969) 88–51–6 1 Returned to Los Angeles in 2017.
Oakland Raiders 1960 Kezar Stadium (1960), Candlestick Park (1961), Frank Youell Field (1962–1965), Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (1966–1969) 80–61–5 1 Relocated to Los Angeles in 1982, then returned to Oakland in 1995. Planning to relocate to Las Vegas, Nevada in 2019 or 2020.
Today, two of the NFL's eight divisions are composed entirely of former AFL teams, the AFC West (Broncos, Chargers, Chiefs, and Raiders) and the AFC East (Bills, Dolphins, Jets, and Patriots). Additionally, the Bengals now play in the AFC North and the Tennessee Titans (formerly the Oilers) play in the AFC South.
As of the 2017 NFL season, the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum are the last remaining active NFL stadiums that had been used by the AFL, with the remaining stadiums either being used for other uses (the former San Diego Stadium, Fenway Park, Nickerson Field, Alumni Stadium, Nippert Stadium, the Cotton Bowl, Balboa Stadium and Kezar Stadium), still standing but currently vacant (Houston Astrodome), or demolished. By the 2020 NFL season, both stadiums will be retired as the Raiders will move into a newly-built stadium in Las Vegas while the Los Angeles Rams will move into the all-new Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park.
From 1960 to 1968, the AFL determined its champion via a single-elimination playoff game between the winners of its two divisions. The home teams alternated each year by division, so in 1968 the Jets hosted the Raiders, even though Oakland had a better record (this was changed in 1969). In 1963, the Buffalo Bills and Boston Patriots finished tied with identical records of 7–6–1 in the AFL East Division. There was no tie-breaker protocol in place, so a one-game playoff was held in War Memorial Stadium in December. The visiting Patriots defeated the host Bills 26–8. The Patriots traveled to San Diego as the Chargers completed a three-game season sweep over the weary Patriots with a 51–10 victory. A similar situation occurred in the 1968 season, when the Oakland Raiders and the Kansas City Chiefs finished the regular season tied with identical records of 12–2 in the AFL West Division. The Raiders beat the Chiefs 41–6 in a division playoff to qualify for the AFL Championship Game. In 1969, the final year of the independent AFL, Professional Football's first "wild card" playoffs were conducted. A four-team playoff was held, with the second-place teams in each division playing the winner of the other division. The Chiefs upset the Raiders in Oakland 17–7 in the league's Championship, the final AFL game played. The Kansas City Chiefs were the first Super Bowl champion to win two road playoff games and the first wildcard team to win the Super Bowl, although the term "wildcard" was coined by the media, and not used officially until several years later.
The AFL did not play an All-Star game after its first season in 1960, but did stage All-Star games for the 1961 through 1969 seasons. All-Star teams from the Eastern and Western divisions played each other after every season except 1965. That season, the league champion Buffalo Bills played all-stars from the other teams.
After the 1964 season, the AFL All-Star game had been scheduled for early 1965 in New Orleans' Tulane Stadium. After numerous black players were refused service by a number of area hotels and businesses, black and white players alike called for a boycott. Led by Bills players such as Cookie Gilchrist, the players successfully lobbied to have the game moved to Houston's Jeppesen Stadium.
The following is a sample of some records set during the existence of the league. The NFL considers AFL statistics and records equivalent to its own.
. Paul Brown. Jack Clary. PB, The Paul Brown Story. 1979. Atheneum. New York. 0-689-10985-7.
Book: Dickey, Glenn. Just Win, Baby: Al Davis & His Raiders. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. 1991. New York. 0-15-146580-0.
Book: Gruver, Ed. The American Football League: A Year-By-Year History, 1960–1969. 1997. McFarland & Company, Inc. Jefferson, North Carolina. 0-7864-0399-3.
History: The AFL – Pro Football Hall of Fame (link).
Book: Maiorana, Sal. Relentless: The Hard-Hitting History of Buffalo Bills Football. 1994. Quality Sports Publications. Lenexa, Kansas. 1-885758-00-6.
Book: Miller, Jeff. Going Long: The Wild Ten-Year Saga of the Renegade American Football League In the Words of Those Who Lived It. 2003. McGraw-Hill. 0-07-141849-0.
Book: Shamsky, Art. Barry Zeman. The Magnificent Seasons: How the Jets, Mets, and Knicks Made Sports History and Uplifted a City and the Country. 2004. Thomas Dunne Books. New York. 0-312-33358-7.
News: New Pact to Last at Least 3 Years: Woodard's Position Unsure After 1970 Merger. Milligan. Lloyd. 26 July 1966. The New York Times. 25 April 2018.
Gruver, The American Football League, p. 9.
Gruver, The American Football League, p. 13.
Gruver, The American Football League, pp. 13–14.
Gruver, The American Football League, p. 14.
Gruver, The American Football League, pp. 15–16.
Miller, Going Long, pp. 3–4.
Web site: Kansas City Chiefs History – AFL Origins. 2007-02-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20070205213037/http://www.kcchiefs.com/history/. 2007-02-05. yes.
Warren, Matt. September 4, 1985 – McGroder Joins The Wall Of Fame. BuffaloRumblings.com. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Gruver, The American Football League, pp. 22–23.
Web site: NFL History, 1951–1960. 2007-02-08. NFL.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20070209180120/http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1951-1960. 9 February 2007. no.
News: Rich. Loup. The AFL: A Football Legacy (Part One). CNNSI.com. 2001-01-22. 2007-02-08.
News: Al. Carter. Oilers leave rich legacy of low-budget absurdity. The Dallas Morning News. 1997-06-30. 2007-02-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20070106015329/http://texnews.com/texsports97/oilers063097.html. 6 January 2007. yes.
News: Mickey. Herskowitz. The Foolish Club. Pro Football Weekly. 1974. 2007-02-08. PDF. https://web.archive.org/web/20070605071618/http://www.kcchiefs.com/media/misc/5_the_foolish_club.pdf. 2007-06-05. yes.
Web site: Canadian Football League 1960 Attendance on CFLdb Statistics.
Steve Sabol (Executive Producer). 2004. Raiders – The Complete History. DVD. NFL Productions LLC.
News: Touch down in T.O.. The Globe and Mail. en-ca. 2017-01-19.
Web site: NFL History, 1961–1970. 2007-02-08. NFL.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20070205052436/http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1961-1970. 5 February 2007. no.
Web site: New York Jets history. 2007-02-08. Sports Encyclopedia. https://web.archive.org/web/20070210123412/http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/nyj/jets.html. 10 February 2007. no.
Web site: Jets history – 1962. 2007-02-08. NewYorkJets.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20061114025135/http://www.newyorkjets.com/team/history?year=1962. 2006-11-14. yes.
Web site: Jets history – 1963. 2007-02-08. NewYorkJets.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20061114025303/http://www.newyorkjets.com/team/history?year=1963. 2006-11-14. yes.
Web site: 1962 standings. 2007-02-08. Pro-Football-Reference.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20070207123656/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1962.htm. 7 February 2007. no.
Web site: Chiefs timeline – 1960s. 2007-02-08. KCChiefs.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20070124191953/http://www.kcchiefs.com/history/60s/. 2007-01-24. yes.
Web site: Gillman laid foundation for all who followed. 2007-02-08. Barber. Phil. NFL.com. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20051108064658/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/6101341. 8 November 2005.
News: Steve. Silverman. The 'Other' League. Pro Football Weekly. 1994-11-07. 2007-02-08. PDF. https://web.archive.org/web/20070605071617/http://www.kcchiefs.com/media/misc/11_the_other_league.pdf. 2007-06-05. yes.
News: Bears Seek Data on AFL. Asbury Park Press. Associated Press. January 12, 1964.
Web site: Miami Dolphins Historical Highlights. 2007-02-08. MiamiDolphins.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20070207055603/http://www.miamidolphins.com/newsite/history/historicalhighlights/historicalhighlights.asp. 7 February 2007. yes.
Web site: Barron Hilton's Chargers turned short stay into long-term success. Bill. Dwyre. 30 November 2009. LA Times.
News: Woodard in, Davis out in AFL. Milwaukee Sentinel. UPI. July 26, 1966. 2, part 2.
News: B. Duane. Cross. The AFL: A Football Legacy (Part Two). CNNSI.com. 2001-01-22. 2007-02-08.
News: Tex. Maule. Green Bay, Handily. Sports Illustrated. 1968-01-22. 2007-02-09.
Web site: He guaranteed it. 2007-02-09. Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Web site: Baltimore Colts history. 2007-02-09. Sports Encyclopedia. https://web.archive.org/web/20070210173055/http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/balticolts/baltcolts.html. 10 February 2007. no.
News: Phil. Jackman. Lifetime guarantee; Jets-Colts. Baltimore Sun. 1999-01-12. 2007-02-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014536/http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/football/bal-mackey011299%2C0%2C4077047.story?coll=bal-sports-football. 2007-09-30. no.
Web site: Page 2's List for top upset in sports history. 2007-02-09. Page2. https://web.archive.org/web/20070221035618/http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/010523upset.html. 21 February 2007. no.
News: Bob. Wankel. Eagles can win with right strategy. The Courier-Post. 2005-02-01. 2007-02-09.
News: Kenneth. Gooden. Can Hornets match greatest all-time upsets?. The State Hornet. 2003-11-19. 2007-02-09. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927074841/http://media.www.statehornet.com/media/storage/paper1146/news/2003/11/19/Sports/Can-Hornets.Match.Greatest.AllTime.Upsets-2422553.shtml?sourcedomain=www.statehornet.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com. 2007-09-27.
Shamsky, The Magnificent Seasons, p. 5.
Web site: Super Bowl IV box score. 2007-02-09. SuperBowl.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20070101112306/http://www.superbowl.com/history/boxscores/game/sbiv. 2007-01-01. yes.
Web site: 1970 AFL All-Star Game recap. 2007-02-09.
News: Gordon. Forbes. This time, realignment will be cool breeze. USA Today. 2001-03-22. 2007-02-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20040829161949/http://lists.rollanet.org/pipermail/rampage/Week-of-Mon-20010319/001092.html. 2004-08-29. no.
Web site: Moment 26: Enter Art. 2007-02-09. ClevelandBrowns.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010070953/http://www.clevelandbrowns.com/article.php?id=6085. 2007-10-10. yes.
Web site: =NBC gains broadcast rights to American Football League. NBC Sports History Page.
Web site: Dallas meeting in '66 saved Steelers from stinking. Kevin. Sherrington. The Dallas Morning News. 2011-02-01. 2011-02-06.
Book: Jim Acho. The "Foolish Club". Gridiron Press. 1997. 38596883. Foreword by Miller Farr.
Book: Charles K. Ross. Outside the Lines: African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League. New York University Press. 1999. 0-8147-7495-4.
Web site: Black football players boycott AFL All-Star game. 2007-02-09. The African American Registry. https://web.archive.org/web/20061225020026/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/1950/Black_football_players_boycott_AFL_AllStar_game. 2006-12-25. yes.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "American Football League". | 2019-04-21T01:04:10Z | http://everything.explained.today/American_Football_League/ |
The CHEPS department conducts research into how higher education works and the factors which determine the effectiveness and efficiency of higher education. The research is both fundamental and applied. A variety of research and design methodologies are combined with empirical knowledge to design solutions for specific problems in higher education policy. These policy issues include funding, quality assurance & accreditation, governance, internationalization, accessibility, career paths, modern teaching methods, encouraging research, rankings, etc. and how these are interrelated.
In most cases the research involves conceptual analyses, secondary source research and quantitative or qualitative field research. It is mainly international comparative research in which the macro, meso and micro perspectives are analysed. In other words, how policy instruments at system level (macro) influence the work of higher education institutions (meso) and students and academics (micro).
Generally, the exploratory and/or explanatory research is conducted in organizations related to higher education, such as ministries, universities and universities of applied sciences, associations, quality and funding agencies, boards, faculties, etc. Generally, the research is conducted in close collaboration with the parties involved, respondents and/or experts. No human subjects are used as test-persons. Before taking part in the research, respondents are informed in advance about the objective and the content of the research. In addition, they are required to give passive or active permission. Respondents take part in the research voluntarily and therefore receive no payment. In exceptional cases the prospect of winning a small gift may be offered to make participation more attractive. Respondents are recruited directly through the organizations where they work or study. If desired, the respondents are informed of the results following their participation. In addition, respondents may contact the lead researcher with questions at any time.
The anonymity of respondents (and organizations) is safeguarded unless the respondents expressly request to be named as a contact person, as a case study or as an example of good practice in the report.
National experts and/or subject experts regularly take part in the research. Generally, they are requested to give their analysis of or opinion on specific policy trends and their effectiveness in a way that is deemed academically responsible (stating their sources) or to complete questionnaires. Depending on the amount of work, they may be offered a suitable compensation from the research project budget.
a. Respondents individually fill in answers, in writing or electronically, to questions about themselves, their environment or others in their environment (friends, family, partner, fellow students, etc.) or are questioned orally either individually or as part of a group (focus group).
b. In some cases, an audio recording will be made of the interview or of the respondents’ behaviour. Only the researcher and his/her research team have access to data in which the subjects are identifiable. Without written permission of the respondents concerned sound recordings will not be shared with third parties. Recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully managed, and destroyed as soon as the interest of the research permits.
c. Completion of the survey generally takes between 15 minutes and 30 minutes and no longer than 1 hour. In-depth interviews and focus groups last no longer than 3 hours.
d. There is no physical discomfort, and there are no health and safety risks.
e. The questions are neutral in all cases, even when they relate to emotional or sensitive topics for the person or organization.
g. If respondents are identifiable then the following applies: Only the researcher has access to the identifiable data. The personal details are destroyed as soon as this is possible (that is to say, as soon as linking the data is completed).
h. The researcher operates in accordance with privacy legislation.
Documents are analysed with the aim of identifying and/or constructing dominant policy ideas in order to draw conclusions over objectives and possible effects of specific policy initiatives. Generally, public policy documents are analysed without obtaining advance permission from the authors. This applies to products available via mass media and to documents which are openly accessible on the Internet (i.e. not protected by password or other forms of protection). Text-analytical research may also use non-public documents but only to the extent that the researcher has obtained them via proper means (in other words with permission from the author and/or organization). The researcher ensures that these documents are not distributed further and that any content deemed to be confidential in nature is not made public. When quoting from documents consulted, the customary rules of copyright should be observed (source citation, author's permission for reproduction of texts longer than 250 words).
Research in this department is focusing on entrepreneurial and innovative behavior of people, teams, and companies (antecedents, consequences, and processes). While we apply a range of research methods, we define three types of standard research procedures. Respondents are usually consenting adults.
Respondents individually fill in written or electronic questions about themselves, their businesses, their environment, or others in their environment (e.g. team members). No observation of behavior takes place. Psychometric scales (e.g. Big 5, MBI) can be used. Participation is voluntary and is usually not rewarded. Responding takes no more than one hour.
There is always a cover letter or e-mail in which an explanation is given on the research. This shows at least who performs the investigation, whether this concerns research that is commissioned and who is the client in this case, as far as possible the purpose of the investigation, and what happens to the data obtained, and whether the respondent remains anonymous or not (consent of respondent). If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics, this is indicated in the accompanying letter in such a way that the respondent in advance can estimate whether he or she this research will contribute to this research. The questions are neutral in all cases (and not judgmental), and are usually based on established scales. The respondent may at all times refuse to complete the questionnaire or parts of the questionnaire, and can withdraw from the study anytime without consequences.
In cross-sectional survey research, confidentiality of respondents is guaranteed, and in no place, the responded discloses information that can lead to his or her identification. In longitudinal research, a link to a particular respondent needs to me made by the researcher alone (which is usually done by attaching a number to each questionnaire which is then matched with subsequent waves, with only the researcher being able to match the questionnaires over waves). Thus, confidentiality remains guaranteed.
a. Respondents are interviewed individually or in groups orally or observed, following an outline of the study and prior informed consent.
b. In some cases, the interview or the behavior of the respondents will be recorded on audio or video. Only the researcher and his/her research team have access to the raw data, audio and video recordings. Without written permission of the respondents they will not be shared with third parties. Recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully managed, and destroyed as soon as the interest of the investigation permits. For research reports and publications, the data is anonymized and will only indicate the respondent’s businesses in case of prior informed consent.
c. There is no physical discomfort, health and safety risks.
d. Topics frequently asked in questionnaires and interviews: behavior, attitudes, opinions, preferences, sociodemographics, and performance indicators.
e. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics (such as mental health problems), the investigator must ensure that the question is such that the test person will self or others in the vicinity of the participant not suffer adverse.
Documents are analyzed with the aim to reconstruct different dimension of content. Public documents can be analyzed without the prior consent of the authors. This applies to products of mass media, and documents accessible via the Internet without a password or other form of protection. Non-public documents can be included in text analytical research, but only insofar as they have become in a consensual way available to the researcher. The researcher must ensure that these documents are not spread further and that their content - where confidential - not to be published. When citing documents examined in publications, the usual rules for copyright (citation permission of the person concerned to acquire texts above 250 words).
At times, texts are generated via think-aloud techniques or diary techniques. Here the subject may be asked to 'think aloud' in order to get a better picture of how a task is performed, the considerations put the subject in decisions, misunderstandings or problems in the implementation of the task performance and potential irritation that occur in the execution of the task. During the task, subjects may be queried at different times of the cognitive effort, the motivation and the appreciation of the task. The behavior of the subjects is recorded by means of audio or video recordings, recording keystrokes and mouse movements, notes by the experimenter. After the performance of tasks subjects are asked about their experiences during task performance, their opinion on the materials and other task-oriented aspects used, including a debriefing. Before or after the task in detail questions can be asked about the investigation relevant sociographics and individual characteristics. Registrations will be processed and stored so the reduction to the individual subjects is only possible for the principal investigator and his/her research team, and then only to the extent necessary to verify later information or to obtain additional information. This means, that protocols and recording (video or audio) can be stored confidentially that only the experimenter knows which shot belongs to which participant.
The research conducted by CMOB only allows healthy individuals to participate in research projects. Our research participants are usually individuals who work for one or several national or international organizations, and also graduate and undergraduate UT students. Our research projects only include participants aged 18 years or older. Individual participants are always sent a cover letter or email in which an explanation is given on the research. This shows at least who will be performing the investigation, whether this concerns research that is commissioned and – if this is the case – who the client is, as far as possible the purpose of the investigation, and what will happen to the data obtained. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics, this is indicated in the accompanying letter in such a way that the participant can estimate in advance whether he or she will contribute to this research. The questions are neutral in all cases (and not judgemental). Generally, the investigation should take no longer than 2 hours of the participant’s time, and they should give their permission for this. The participant can at any time refuse to continue with the investigation without having to state a reason.
Confidentiality of participants is guaranteed, and at no time are participants asked to disclose information that could lead to their identification. If, despite the precautions taken, the identity of a participant does become traceable (for instance if surveys are returned by email) the results are always made anonymous when reporting or in the feedback process. If research is carried out on behalf of a specific client, the results are reported to that client in such a way that the client cannot identify individuals and small working units. Survey data is stored by researchers on password protected computers or laptops.
Participants are questioned or observed individually or in small groups.
Audio and/or video recordings of the interview or observed behaviour of subjects are regularly made. Only the researchers and their teams have access to private information and to identifiable data. Without written permission of the participants, concerned video and sound recordings will not be shared with third parties; recordings in which subjects can be identified are carefully managed and destroyed as soon as the interest of the research permits. All video and audio data is stored physically at the UT on password protected desktop computers that are located in a locked office, which can only be accessed by members of the research teams.
The CMOB department often engages in mixed-method research during which physiological signals from participants are gathered such as heart rate and arousal levels, to better link internal processes with observable behaviour. Handling of the equipment is done by trained researchers or by the participants themselves. In the latter case, participants receive one or more training to facilitate correct handling of the equipment. The techniques used are non-invasive and do not in any way cause the participant physical discomfort, fear, pain or distress. Participants are informed about how the device operates and what kind of data it generates before commencement of a study. Furthermore, participants are made clear that they may refuse wearing devices during a study without giving a reason.
If participants are identifiable then the following applies: 1) only the researcher has access to the identifiable data; 2) the personal details are destroyed as soon as this is possible (that is to say, as soon as linking the data is completed); and 3) the researchers must operate in accordance with privacy legislation.
The above also applies to the relatively common survey-based research conducted by this department. This type of research generally asks questions to students, employees, managers and experts about their organizational and professional environment; personal details or participants’ behaviour are also examined but always in the context of the behaviour as a member of a larger entity, focused on results in the work context. Participants are never exposed to physical discomfort or health and safety risks. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics the researcher must ensure that the questions are posed in such a way that there are no adverse effects on the participant him or herself or on other people in their environment. Finally, participants may choose to withdraw the data they have provided for the research.
Research conducted by the CPE generally makes use of healthy, adult and competent subjects who participate on a voluntary basis (often for the sake of study credits) or for a minimal financial remuneration. In a few cases, students are selected on the basis of mild conditions such as dyslexia, ADHD, or on the basis of other criteria (e.g. synesthesia or number of years’ musical experience). In this case, recruitment takes place by means of posters or announcements at the beginning of large-scale lectures, and in a few instances, by approaching study advisors who have information about relevant data. In this last case, enquiries are only made indirectly (via the study advisor) concerning interest in participation, after which the students can themselves contact the relevant researcher. Research focuses on basic cognitive functions such as perception, memory, attention and motor skills, and also looks at how these processes are implemented in the brain. This kind of research can make use of psychophysiological measurements such as EEG, ECG, and GSR. These measurements, if used according to the standard guidelines, involve a negligible risk and therefore fall into category D.
Accidental discoveries: When using EEGs and ECGs, it is possible that accidental discoveries may be made. This should be stated on the various documents (recruitment documents and the information brochure). In addition, a special section for these measurements should be included on the informed consent form.
Deception and debriefing: Some research involves making use of an implicit manipulation, such as when learning motor sequences or when presenting subliminal stimuli. During the debriefing, the subject should be informed about this manipulation.
Recruitment of subjects: Some studies, for instance research into the processing of pain stimuli, or the registration of EEG, involve procedures which are to some extent unpleasant. Subjects should already be informed about this during the recruitment. Furthermore, sometimes stimulus material is used which is insulting, offensive or, for some people, inappropriate (e.g. photographs of victims of a violent crime, explicit sexual photographs, etc.). This should also be reported during the recruitment.
a. It is emotionally neutral: visual stimuli consist of abstract forms or simple images; sounds presented are words, tones, or noise for instance; tactile stimuli consist of short vibrations. In all cases, the stimulus intensity used does not exceed any critical limit (e.g. 100 lumen / 100 dB).
b. It is emotionally charged: the stimuli are developed to specifically elicit particular emotions. In this case, only stimuli from standard stimulus-sets (IAPS, IADS) may be used, normal human faces expressing particular emotions, and pain stimuli such as those used in research into nociception. In the case of pain stimuli, use should be made of EC-certified stimulation equipment especially developed for this purpose and the research should be conducted by an experienced researcher in this field. Previous research with similar stimuli has been evaluated positively by the Roessingh METC. The following aspects were specified. The different levels at which the electric stimuli are presented are determined individually in a pre-test. The strength of the electrical current is determined for the level at which a stimulus can first be detected (sensory threshold; VAS-score 1), the level at which the stimulus is experienced as uncomfortable (pain threshold; VAS-score of about 5), and the level at which the stimulus is experienced as extremely painful (pain tolerance level; VAS-score of about 9). The stimuli for the experiment are then set to a level well below the pain tolerance level (VAS-score of about 7). The number of pain stimuli above the pain threshold is kept low (< 200) and there is an interval of at least 3 seconds between these stimuli. Subjects are screened for possible oversensitivity and should not partake of any drugs or alcohol in the 24 hours preceding participation. Furthermore, mood assessment questionnaires are filled in prior to and after completion of the experiment. Participants are informed quite explicitly that they can decide at any time and without giving any reason whatsoever to withdraw from the experiment. There are no adverse consequences linked to this. In the unlikely event that any harmful effects do occur after all, e.g. spontaneously reported by the participant or observed by the researcher, then these will be noted and reported to the CE. The researcher and/or the UT has a third party liability insurance which is in accordance with legal conditions in the Netherlands (Article 7 WMO and the rules for Compulsory Insurance in Medical Research Involving Human Subjects 23 June 2003). This insurance covers possible losses suffered by research participants due to injury or death which may have resulted from the research.
In this research, use is usually made of stimuli as described in the type of research detailed above, whereby the head of the subject is fitted with an elastic cap (Easy-Cap; Falk Minow Services, Herrsching, Germany). Up to a maximum number of 64 Ag/AgCL ring electrodes are attached to this cap for recording the electro-encephalogram (EEG). Different referencing methods are used for the signal such as mastoids, earlobes, but usually the online average is taken as a reference. An earth electrode is also used. This allows free movement of the head. In addition, electrodes are usually attached around the eyes in order to register eye movements (the electrooculogram: EOG), and sometimes electrodes are also placed to measure the heart rate (the electrocardiogram: ECG) and muscle activity (the electromyogram: EMG). The electrodes are attached as specified in the Electro-Cap instruction manual. The physiological signals are amplified using a 72-channel amplifier (QuickAmp; BrainProducts GmbH) and Vision Recorder is used for further acquisition of the signals. Work is carried out according to the guidelines set out in the instruction manual of Easy-Cap. All equipment or materials used comply with required EC guidelines. The subject does not participate for longer than four hours at a time, with regular breaks (every 20 minutes or so). Furthermore, the subject may not participate more than twice a week in a similar experiment.
a. Respondents individually fill in answers, in writing or electronically, to questions about themselves, their environment or others in their environment. Completing the questionnaire takes no longer than 1 hour.
b. Questionnaire subjects include cognitive skills (memory, language proficiency, numerical proficiency, IQ), learning styles, autobiographical memories, personality traits, health, use of medicines/drugs or psychoactive substances, mood, attitudes, opinions, emotional experiences, etc.
c. Deception is only allowed here if subjects are informed about it after the research has ended, in such a way as to eliminate possible negative effects resulting from the deception.
d. With questions on emotional or sensitive topics (for instance, traumatic experiences), the researcher is responsible for ensuring that these are phrased in such a way that neither the subject nor others in the subject's environment will experience any adverse effects. The questions in the research should always be of a neutral nature and therefore not judgemental.
e. No physical discomfort or health and safety risks are involved.
Explanatory notes about fulfilled general requirements and conditions: The research conducted by the department of Communication Studies focuses on the internal and external communication of organizations and on marketing psychology.
Research themes include: the influence of communication on employees, the professionalism and effectiveness of internal communication processes, and the relationship between communication and internal and external perceptions. Research themes in marketing psychology include: consumer behaviour, the dynamics of social influencing, and Relationship Management in the services sector.
EC authorization: assessment of ethical permissibility by EC or by METC; the research is not medical in nature.
Voluntary participation. Subjects participate voluntarily in the research. Remuneration is not higher than the standard compensation amount.
Screening of subjects. Subjects are screened where necessary to guarantee that the random sample is representative for the population under investigation.
Accidental discoveries: These are not medical in nature.
Informed consent: This is generally the case. When subjects are observed (including electronic observation) and in cases where data could be traced to individuals, permission to use the data is requested retrospectively. Informed consent is not obtained for use of texts in the public domain (including weblogs, contributions to public debate fora); however, the texts are made anonymous in the research report.
Anonymity: Research data relating to persons is made anonymous as soon as possible in the research and certainly when it comes to reporting, unless the person concerned gives express permission to the contrary. Use of video recordings for any purpose other than obtaining and analysing results is only allowed if those concerned give their written permission.
Deception and debriefing: Deception may be deployed in some research projects, meaning that the goal of the research is not disclosed so as not to influence the behaviour of participants. For instance, when observing how people respond to documents or in cases of mystery shopping research. A debriefing is usually held once the research is complete.
Selection of subjects: Risks mentioned under a and b do not apply. Risks mentioned under c may apply when subjects have to perform tasks which require them to consult open sources for information, e.g. Internet. If these risks are greater than in their normal work, education or home environment, the subjects will be informed.
Respondents answer a list of questions either individually, in writing or electronically, about communication resources or processes and, related to these, questions about themselves, their environment and people in their environment.
Generally, respondents' behaviour is not observed and no physiological measurements are taken. The true purpose of the research is not always disclosed to the participants in advance for a number of reasons, including the wish to prevent socially desirable responses. The true purpose of the research is explained to the participant during the debriefing. Generally, it takes no longer than 1 hour to complete the questionnaire. There is no physical discomfort, and there are no health and safety risks. Frequently asked questions in questionnaires from the Communications Programme group include: Personality traits (e.g. Need for Cognition, Need for Structure, aggression, dominance), attitudes, stereotypes, beliefs and preferences; experiences (e.g. as a result of physical disability or conditions); emotions, cognitions, and behaviour in social interactions (e.g. sales situations); autobiographical memories (e.g. the last time the subject was publicly insulted); etc. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics (such as conflicts, sexual behaviour etc.) the researcher must ensure that the questions are posed in such a way that there are no adverse effects on the respondent him or herself or on other people in their environment. The questions are neutral in all cases (and not judgemental). If research is conducted in the context of an organization, the researcher ensures that the dataset is not made available to the organization and that respondents are not traceable. At all times the researcher must stand between the organization and the respondent and ensure that a member of the organization does not experience any adverse effects as a consequence of his or her participation in the research.
Respondents answer individual questions about communications processes or communications resources. Generally, respondents' behaviour is not observed and no physiological measurements are taken. The true purpose of the research is not always disclosed to the participants in advance for a number of reasons, including the wish to prevent socially desirable responses. The true purpose of the research is explained to the participant during the debriefing. Generally, an interview lasts no longer than 1 hour.
There is no physical discomfort, and there are no health and safety risks. An audio or video recording of the interview may be made but express permission of the subject must be obtained in advance. The recording is stored and processed in such a way that only the researcher is able to trace it back to the individual subject, and then only in cases where it is necessary to verify information at a later date or to obtain additional information. This means that protocols and recordings are labelled and stored anonymously and that personal details are not traceable.
Respondents answer individual questions about communications processes or communications resources. At the start of the interview the interviewer states his/her name and the name of the organization (University of Twente) and checks whether this is an appropriate time for the interview to take place. If necessary, the interviewer arranges to conduct the interview at another time. The rules for face-to-face interviews given above also apply to telephone interviews.
In groups, respondents answer questions about communications processes or communications resources. The moderator ensures that participants feel safe in the group and feel able to speak freely; he/she tries to prevent participants from being embarrassed or experiencing other emotional harm as a result of the behaviour of other participants. The rules for face-to-face interviews given above also apply.
- The true or complete purpose of the research is not always disclosed to the participants in advance for a number of reasons, including the wish to prevent socially desirable responses. The true purpose of the research is explained to the participant during the debriefing.
- Participants sometimes receive manipulated feedback (false feedback) about personality, capacity or achievements in performing a task, providing no permanent adverse effects can be foreseen; in all cases, subjects are informed of this retrospectively.
- Participants are sometimes told that they are interacting with other subjects whilst this is not in fact the case.
- Participants are sometimes told that certain tasks have to be performed whilst this is not the case (not extremely unpleasant or burdensome tasks).
- In many cases one or more confederates are deployed to take on a specific role in the interaction with the participants who are unaware of this.
Lab research generally takes no longer than 1 hour. There is no physical discomfort, and there are no health and safety risks. Stimuli which are not presented subliminally tend to be (1) environments, texts, images, film fragments which trigger emotions/moods (mood/emotion manipulation), and/or (2) behaviour of a confederate. Stimuli which are presented subliminally tend to be pictures and/or words with either emotional or neutral connotations/meaning (such as 'violence', 'flower'). Stimulus material cannot reasonably be interpreted as shocking, frightening or insulting. Stimulus material may be emotionally charged, in other words it has been specifically developed to trigger certain positive or negative emotions, or else it can reasonably be expected to trigger these emotions.
In experiments in which subjects participate in groups (or dyads) there is no physical contact between subjects. In experiments which simulate conflict (such as research into negotiations or conflict management) the rule is that the experiment will be terminated if there is a risk of physical or verbal (cursing, screaming) violence.
Subjects are asked to perform a specific task and/or answer questions based on one or more soft and/or hard copy documents. If the experiment requires the use of personal information, (for instance income details when completing a form) a fictional scenario is generally used. While performing the task the subject may be asked to 'think aloud' in order to gain a better picture of how they are performing the task, the considerations which influence the subject's decisions, the misunderstandings or problems which arise during performance of the task and potential irritations which arise while the task is being performed. During the task subjects may be asked questions at various times about the cognitive effort, the motivation and the appreciation of the task. The subjects' behaviour is recorded in audio and video recordings, registration of key strokes and mouse movements, and notes made by the moderator. Once the task has been performed, subjects may be asked questions about their experience of the task performance, their assessment of the materials used and other task-related aspects. Before or after performing the task, subjects may be asked questions about personality traits relevant to the research. The recording is stored and processed in such a way that only the researcher is able to trace it back to the individual subject, and then only in cases where it is necessary to verify information at a later date or to obtain additional information. this means that protocols and recordings (audio and video) are stored anonymously and that only the team leader knows which recording relates to which subject. In the written protocols, names and other elements which could identify the subject are replaced by indications such as [name], [company name].
Documents are analysed with the aim of identifying, defining and classifying language and text characteristics and/or drawing conclusions on their quality based on the analysis.
Documents in the public domain may be analysed without advance permission from the authors. This applies to products available via mass media and to documents which are openly accessible on the Internet (i.e. not protected by password or other forms of protection). Text-analytical research may also use non-public documents but only to the extent that the researcher has obtained them via proper means. The researcher ensures that these documents are not distributed further and that any content deemed to be confidential in nature is not made public. When citing documents examined in publications, the usual rules for copyright (citation permission of the person concerned to acquire texts above 250 words).
- The research units are situated so that they can reasonably be expected to be seen or heard by other people (for example in a shop).
- The information being researched is of great public interest.
- Conventional methods are highly unlikely to produce reliable results.
- Innocent people should not be exposed to risks. Accordingly, measures should be taken to ensure the anonymity of research units/participants.
The standard research of MCO poses questions which are not of a medical nature. In general, the questions are concerned with the normal functioning of the human being in relationship to media, communication and organizations. Two research areas can be distinguished within the Department of Media, Communication & Organization: e-Government and media psychology.
a. Respondents individually fill in answers, in writing or electronically, to questions about themselves, their environment or others in their environment (friends, partner, fellow students, etc.) or are questioned orally either individually or as part of a group (focus group).
b. No observation of behaviour takes place and no physiological measurements are taken.
c. The real purpose of the research is not always disclosed to the participant prior to the research in order to prevent, among other things, socially desirable responses. The real purpose of the research is however always explained to the participant during the debriefing.
d. Deception is allowed only if participants are fully informed at the end of the research about the manner in which they have been misled during the research. The following form of deception is often used: giving false feedback on personality/abilities provided that no lasting harmful effects are anticipated.
e. Completing the questionnaire should not take longer than 1 hour; interviews and focus groups should not take longer than 2 hours.
f. No physical discomfort or health and safety risks are involved.
g. Content of frequently asked questions in MCO questionnaires and interviews includes: attitudes, opinions and preferences with regard to the use of media; emotional experiences/expressions with regard to particular media utterances; behaviour or behavioural intentions with regard to use of media; self-efficacy with regard to the use of media technology; motives for media use; personality factors.
h. If questions are asked about emotional or sensitive topics (such as aggression, addiction, etcetera), the researcher is responsible for ensuring that the questions are formulated in such a way that neither the participant nor others in the participant's environment will experience any adverse effects. The questions posed in the research should always be of a neutral nature and therefore not judgemental.
a. Procedure: Participants are exposed to stimuli (usually video fragments or other visual material) or they play a game. Their behaviour in reaction to the stimuli is measured by recording the behaviour and/or by letting participants fill in questionnaires.
b. No physiological measurements have been taken to date, but this will take place in the near future.
d. The following form of deception is often used: suggesting a particular task (for instance evaluating stimuli) whilst the actual measurement involves behaviour(al intentions), aroused emotions or memory abilities.
e. Laboratory research should not take longer than 1 hour.
g. Stimuli which are presented are often (1) video fragments to induce emotions/moods (mood/emotion manipulation), (2) games (including first-person shooters).
The research is not medical in nature. The research is conducted at education institutions and professional organizations in close collaboration with the parties involved. Before taking part in the research, subjects (and where necessary their parents/carers) are informed in advance about the objective and the content of the research. In addition, they are required to give passive or active permission. Subjects take part in the research voluntarily and are rewarded in the form of a small gift, a sum of money, a presentation/information session or participation points. Subjects are recruited directly via educational institutions and work organizations or through advertisements or the SONA system. If desired, the subjects are informed of the results following their participation. In addition, subjects may contact the lead researcher with questions at any time.
Anonymity of subjects is safeguarded. Anonymity is always guaranteed when it comes to reporting the research findings or giving feedback.
If required by the research, some subjects may be excluded from participation. For instance if participants suffer from dyslexia, dyscalculia, attention deficit or other problems which might affect their ease of learning. Specific criteria for inclusion or exclusion may also be applied, for instance with a view to matching with other subjects on the basis of gender, pre-knowledge or intellectual capacity.
a. Respondents individually fill in answers, in writing or electronically, to questions about themselves, their environment or others in their environment (parents, friends, partner, fellow students, managers, colleagues etc.) or are questioned orally either individually or as part of a group (focus group).
b. In some cases audio or video recordings of the interview or observed behaviour of subjects are made. Only the researchers and their teams have access to identifiable data, and video and sound recordings will not be shared with third parties before obtaining explicit permission of the subjects concerned; recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully managed, and destroyed as soon as the interest of the research permits.
c. It takes no longer than 2 hours to complete the questionnaire; in-depth interviews last no longer than a half-day.
e. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics (such as conflicts, bullying, aggression) the researcher must ensure that the questions are posed in such a way that there are no adverse effects on the respondent him or herself or on other people in their environment. The questions are neutral in all cases.
f. If required by the research question, it may be necessary to link the information obtained from the surveys to other data. If data are linked to other sources (e.g. data from other respondents, administrative details), the respondent is informed in advance. Based on this information the respondent may refuse to complete the survey or refuse permission for the data to be linked.
g. If respondents are identifiable then the following applies: Only the researcher has access to the identifiable data. The personal details are destroyed as soon as the data linking is complete.
a. In experiments subjects are exposed to interventions designed to influence how subjects learn. The interventions may include training and/or coaching sessions, supportive task structuring (e.g. scaffolding), visualization (e.g. concept maps, video etc.), hints, prompts and forms of adaptive feedback or other stimuli (task, playing games, light etc.). The interventions are supported by software or by a moderator. The effects of these interventions are evaluated through pre- and post-retention test designs with a control group and one or more experimental groups. Learning results are measured using standarized tests and validated tests. Learning processes (including behaviour) are measured on the basis of observations, questionnaires, interviews, protocols for interaction and thinking aloud, and computer log files. Only the researcher and his/her research team have access to data in which the subjects are identifiable. Audio and video recordings will not be shared with third parties without written permission of the respondents concerned. Recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully managed, and destroyed as soon as the interest of the research permits.
b. The true purpose of the research is not always disclosed to the participants in advance for a number of reasons, including the wish to prevent socially desirable responses. The true purpose of the research is always explained to the participant during the debriefing.
d. Physiological measurements are sometimes taken.
e. There is no physical discomfort, and there are no health and safety risks.
Het onderzoek van de vakgroep Finance en Accounting wordt uitgevoerd door middel van kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve onderzoeksmethoden. Het onderzoek is veelal kwantitatief van aard en richt zich vooral op publiek beschikbare gegevens van zowel kleine, middelgrote en grote ondernemingen en financiële markten. Hierbij valt te denken aan door ondernemingen gepubliceerde financiële en niet-financiële informatie, bijvoorbeeld jaarverslagen, berichtgevingen aan analisten, prospectussen, CSR rapporten, etc. Daarnaast maken we gebruik van databases welke toegankelijk zijn via de Universiteitsbibliotheek, bijvoorbeeld ORBIS. Bij onderzoek op basis van interviews of vragenlijsten worden er hoofdzakelijk vragen gesteld over de organisatorische en professionele omgeving van geïnterviewden en respondenten. Experimenteel onderzoek met proefpersonen welke wordt verricht door studenten en (onder leiding van) medewerkers van Finance en Accounting gebeurd in overeenstemming met de facultaire richtlijnen zoals vastgelegd in de Regeling voor Ethiek en Onderzoek en de richtlijnen die zijn vastgelegd door de Council of Representatives of the American Psychological Association (aangenomen 1 Augustus 2012 en geldig tot 1 Augustus 2022). Verder zullen medewerkers van Finance en Accounting indien gewerkt wordt met proefpersonen vooraf toestemming vragen aan de facultaire Commissie Ethiek (CE) van BMS.
Bij alle onderzoeksvormen zullen de personen (zoals bijvoorbeeld studenten, medewerkers, managers, aandeelhouders, analisten en overige professionals) deelnemen op basis van vrijwilligheid en zonder enige vorm van druk. Verder zullen de deelnemers niet worden blootgesteld aan ongemak, veiligheids- en gezondheidsrisico’s. Onderzoeksresultaten worden uitsluitend geanonimiseerd gerapporteerd tenzij in specifieke gevallen anders is overeengekomen.
The department carries out research primarily in the area of effectiveness of policy development and implementation, on legal design and on understanding human decision-making in the economic domain. Research can take a form of a survey among individuals (e.g. private persons, entrepreneurs, farmers, civil servants, politicians, NGOs) or laboratory experiments with human subjects (both usually done through a specialised external partner). CSTM does not do research of a medical nature and does not engage in topics that may bring any damage to physical or mental health to objects of experimentation.
Storage and access to research data: as UT and majority of funding agencies and some journals these days require to offer access to the data(-matrices) based on which certain research has been performed, CSTM data can be stored at the IGS DataLab. The data collected at CSTM, in as much as it concerns ‘data matrices’ (overviews of quantitative or qualitative scores on a number of variables per research unit) should be stored in the IGS Datalab unless there is a conflict with collaborators outside UT or a privacy issue involved.
Qualitative data from interviews (like interview transcripts or interview voice recordings), which involves (i) sensitive private information or (ii) make a respondent identifiable, can be neither stored nor receive public access due to privacy reasons. Qualitative data that does not have either, can be stored in the IGS DataLab given that there are resources to digitise it. As a rule quantitative data needs to be stored in the IGS DataLab, unless it infringes upon respondents’ privacy. When data is stored in the IGS DataLab it should also provide basic information such as year of collection, research domain and the name of the contact person (by default the person who collected the data or responsible for collecting the data). Since data collection is often very costly and access to data influences the competitiveness of a researcher/research group, there may be a time lag between the period when the data is collected and when it should be stored for public access in the DataLab.
Research conducted by CSTM is non-medical. When involving human respondents and representatives of organizations, it concerns normal functioning of human beings or human organizations and institutions in decision-making, decision implementation and adherence to social or legal standards or norms, economic choices and decisions under uncertainty.
Selection of persons: subjects participate on voluntary bases, sometimes with remuneration/compensation for costs. If that stage of research is outsourced to a third specialised party (surveying agency, experimental laboratory at another institute), the latter applies its own regulated protocol here.
Screening of persons: only on the basis of research/methodological criteria. If that stage of research is outsourced to a third specialised party (surveying agency, experimental laboratory at another institute), the latter applies its own regulated protocol here.
Accidental discoveries: no general clauses exist on this aspect (e.g. findings on individuals’ criminal conduct or health impacts), as it seems unlikely to involve findings that affect respondents’ personal life/health.
Informed consent and information brochure: given the nature of most CSTM research there is no brochure but the general policy is that the (responsible) researcher discusses with respondents about possible publication of data and how to address possible sensitiveness of information.
Respondents individually or in pairs or focus answer questions raised by one or more interviewers. Questions are about themselves, their environment others in their professional environment, and societal challenges that have to do with sustainable development in one way or another.
Questioned are raised orally and/or by written questionnaire, and are observed individually or by multiple researchers.
The audio and video recordings are not made available to third parties without the written permission of the respondents concerned; recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully stored and are destroyed when no longer needed for the purposes of the research.
Interview video and audio files are typically used to draft near-literal interview transcripts that can be used for qualitative and mixed-method data analysis.
Data analysis of interview data takes place either in two forms: (i) by interpretation of interview data; and (ii) by treatment (‘coding’) and analysis of qualitative data using qualitative analysis software packages (e.g. Atlas.ti; NVivo). The latter is done to retrieve patterns or to compare data provided by (groups of) interview subjects.
Answering of semi-structured questionnaires/doing the interviews takes between 30 minutes and 5 hours. Of course the length of the interview depends upon the willingness and permission given by the interviewee.
No physical discomfort or health and safety risks are inflicted upon interviewees.
Content of frequently asked questions in questionnaires and interviews addresses the following issues: attitudes, opinions and preferences with regard to sustainability issues, behaviour during conflicts or negotiations, opinions on security issues (and personality factors). Important with group observations is the team cohesion and the attitude toward the leader. Issues also typically involve the role of public administration and policies.
If questions are asked about emotional or sensitive subjects (such as conflicts, bullying, aggression), the researcher is responsible for ensuring that the questions are formulated in such a way that neither the participant nor others in the participant's environment will experience any adverse effects. The questions posed in the research should always be of a neutral nature and therefore not judgemental.
Links with administrative data (e.g. with regard to unexplained absence or productivity).
Links to data obtained from other respondents (e.g. fellow team members, subordinates, supervisors).
Links to data obtained previously from the same respondent (in longitudinal research).
A combination of what is stated under a, b and c.
Only the researcher has access to the identifiable data.
The personal details are destroyed as soon as this is possible (that is to say, as soon as linking the data is completed).
In general, the researcher must operate in accordance with privacy legislation.
If data are linked to other sources (e.g. data from other respondents, administrative data), then the respondent is informed of this prior to linking the data. On the basis of this information, the respondent may refuse to fill in the questionnaire or allow the linking to actually take place. In longitudinal surveys, no more than 5 measurements may take place, and not more than 1 measurement per month.
questioned orally or observed individually or as part of a group.
written permission of the respondents concerned; recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully stored and are destroyed when no longer needed for the purposes of the research.
Completing the questionnaire should not take longer than 1 hour; extended interviews (for example with police negotiators) may not last longer than one session(morning, afternoon).
No physical discomfort or health and safety risks are involved.
Content of frequently asked questions in questionnaires and interviews: attitudes, opinions and preferences with regard to risks such as floods or terrorism, behaviour during conflicts or negotiations, opinions on security issues (e.g. surveillance cameras or metal detector gates) and personality factors. Important with group observations is the team cohesion and the attitude toward the leader.
Laboratory experiments with human subjects are undertaken to understand human decision-making a specific situation, primarily with respect to economic choices and decisions under uncertainty. To date, this has usually been carried out by CSTM staff in a laboratory outside UT. A typical experiment involves human subjects, who participate voluntarily and sometimes receive some monetary reward based on their performance. Participants usually sit individually behind computer screens in a lab and make choices depending on the rules of an experiment (clearly communicated to them) and information shown on a screen (usually information on own past performance and some aggregated data on the actions of a group, e.g. market price over time). Their choices (often a choice of an option A vs. B or a price they are willing to pay for a good with specific properties) are recorded and serve as a research data for analysis. An experiment may be accompanied by a brief questionnaire on basic socio-demographic data of a participant. No sensors are used. An experiment may last 1-2 hours.
Please note that the application procedure for ethical approval by students and staff from the HTSR department is slightly different from the BMS procedure for other departments. HTSR researchers planning research with human subjects are always required to use the CCMO template. When the human subjects research is not assessed by a Medical Ethics Review Committee (METC), please answer and finish the questions in the BMS web application. Then email your completed CCMO template to the EC secretariat, make sure you mention your EC requestnumber in this email.
Working in the environment of the technical university, this department specializes in two lines of HRM Technology & Innovation research: HRM & Innovation Performance and Innovating HRM Function. The sub-field HRM & Innovation Performance focuses on the contribution of HRM to multi-level individual, team and organizational performance. The sub-field Innovating HRM Function focuses on the effectiveness of various innovations in the HRM function and their value creation for organizations.
Respondents individually fill in answers, in writing or electronically, to questions about themselves, colleagues, managers, or other people in their environment, about the organization (e.g. policy or strategy) or about HRM (HRM policy, HRM practices). Questionnaires are sent to multiple organizations or a single organization (case study). Respondents' behaviour is not observed and no physiological measurements are taken. Participation is voluntary and if any compensation is offered, it is proportionate (no more than EUR 10 per hour). Generally, it takes no longer than 1 hour to complete the questionnaire.
The questionnaire is always sent with an explanatory covering letter or email. This shows at least who will be performing the investigation, whether it concerns research that is commissioned and – if this is the case – who the client is, as far as possible the purpose of the investigation, and what happens to the data obtained. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics, this is indicated in the accompanying letter in such a way that the respondent can estimate in advance whether he or she will contribute to this research. The questions are neutral in all cases (and not judgemental). The respondent may at any time refuse to complete the survey or parts of it.
Anonymity of subjects is safeguarded and respondents are never asked to provide information which could serve to identify them. If, despite the precautions taken, the identity of a participant does become traceable (for instance if surveys are returned by email) the results are always made anonymous when reporting or in the feedback process. If research is carried out on behalf of a specific client, the results are reported to that client in such a way that the client cannot identify individuals.
a. Link to administrative details (e.g. related to sick leave or productivity).
b. Link to data obtained from other respondents (e.g. team members, subordinates, supervisors.
c. Link to data obtained earlier from the same respondent (in longitudinal research).
d. A combination of the situations stated at a, b and c.
The personal details are destroyed as soon as possible (i.e. when the data linking is complete).
Generally, the researcher operates in accordance with privacy legislation. If data are linked to other sources (e.g. data from other respondents, administrative details), the respondent is informed in advance. Based on this information the respondent may decide not to complete the survey or refuse permission for the data to be linked.
1. Respondents are questioned orally or are observed, either individually or as part of a group.
2. Respondents within a single organization (case study) or multiple organizations may take part in research.
3. In some cases audio or video recordings of the interview or observed behaviour of subjects are made. Only the researchers and their teams have access to identifiable data, and video and sound recordings will not be shared with third parties without explicit permission of the respondents. Recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully managed and destroyed as soon as the interest of the research permits.
4. Generally, the research takes no longer than 2 hours to complete.
5. There is no physical discomfort, and there are no health and safety risks.
6. Questions asked in HRM-related qualitative research focus on things like attitudes, beliefs, perceptions in respect of organizational policy, actors in organizations (such as managers), organizational units (such as HRM departments) or technology in organizations (such as e-HRM or social media).
7. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics (such as conflicts at work) the researcher must ensure that the questions are posed in such a way that there are no adverse effects on the respondent him or herself or on other people in their environment. The questions are neutral in all cases and not judgemental.
The department of Industrial Engineering and Business Information Systems (IEBIS) conducts high-quality interdisciplinary research in the area of Industrial Engineering and Business Information Systems. The research is focused on the design and optimization of supply chains and logistics, healthcare processes, maintenance and reliability, security and risk management, and finance and professional services.
IEBIS researchers closely collaborate with industries and institutes in the service and healthcare sector, as well as with companion knowledge institutes, as exemplified by the (almost exclusively externally funded) project portfolio. We focus on projects that substantially impact innovation of real life systems, while at the same time contributing profoundly to the international scientific knowledge base. Although the healthcare sector obviously concerns medical treatments, our research exclusively focuses on improving organizational effectivity, never the individual behavior of either cure and care personnel or patients/clients. That is: research is of a non-medical nature.
Methodologically, our research is based on quantitative (Operations Research) models and algorithms for both deterministic and stochastic systems, discrete event simulation and serious gaming, ICT architectures and business modeling, data mining and business analytics, and prototyping to create and evaluate innovative concepts. Both central and distributed control architectures for inter-organizational systems (e.g. multi-agent models) are applied.
In analyzing existing organizational practices, often interviews are used (oral and by telephone), group interviews, as well as stakeholder workshops to further explore and analyse organisational behaviour. In addition, sometimes questionnaires are used. With respect to cybersecurity, research may involve the observation of individuals in their reaction to specific challenges. In such a case, care is taken that all relevant management levels are informed and, in case of doubt, the Ethical Committee is consulted.
Standard research with human subjects takes place under the following conditions.
Participants are whenever possible informed about the aim and nature of the research activities in advance of the research. If the research takes place within an organization, approval and cooperation of the proper authorities within that organization (director, manager or board) is sought before approaching any individuals for the research.
Participants are asked for explicit consent before the research starts. Interviews in general will not take more than 2 hours. If a questionnaire has te be filled in, completion will take maximally one hour.
If responses, behaviour of and/or interactions between respondents are recorded on audio or video, respondents will always be asked permission for such recording before the recording starts. Only the researcher and co-researchers have access to identifiable information, and audio- and video recordings will not be shown to others without explicit permission of the respondent. Recordings which can be linked to the person of participants will be kept secure and safe and will be destroyed as soon as the research project allows. In transcriptions of interviews, observations, focus groups and workshops, participants will not be referred to by name, but by code or pseudonym. Participants will be asked for confirmation with the written reproduction of their recordings.
Participants are made aware that they can withdraw from the research any time without giving their reasons, and such withdrawal is respected.
The researcher takes care that participants at the end of the interview are clearly informed about the next steps in the research, and whether and how they will be approached during these steps. In particular, the researcher explains whether the participants will have the opportunity to provide feedback on the transcripts and/or the analysis of the interviews, and if so, when and how.
Participants can indicate whether they would like to be informed about the results of the research, and the researcher takes care that those participants who are interested are informed as soon as possible.
Focus groups and workshops last no more than one day. Each morning/afternoon/evening will have at least one break, and in between there will also be a break.
The researcher ensures that the group meeting or workshop is properly moderated, so that all participants feel sufficiently safe to share their views, and have equal opportunity to participate. The researcher can moderate the meeting him/herself, or ask an independent person to do so.
Next to the moderator, one or two additional observers may be present, who are introduced as such at the start of the meeting.
The activities participants are asked to perform during the focus group or workshop are usually discursive. They will not cause any physical harm to, nor pose any safety- or health risk for the participants.
The researcher takes care that participants at the end of the meeting are clearly informed about the next steps in the research and whether and how they will be approached about these steps. In particular, the researcher explains whether the participants will have the opportunity to provide feedback on the transcripts and/or the analysis, and if so, how.
Research involving individual behaviour may for instance concern the reaction of students to particular challenges such as phishing mails. In such cases, all appropriate management levels are early informed and asked for explicit consent.
The researcher takes care that nothing that s/he publishes or otherwise makes public permits identification of individuals or puts their welfare or security at risk. During their research, the researcher will always handle information received from test subjects most confidentially.
Researcher will make sure that test subjects will be adequately debriefed and asked for their consent after their participation in the experimental set-up.
The department carries out research among other things on the effectiveness of modern didactic methods in which ICT tools often play a role. The research is not medical by nature. The experimental environment is a school classroom in vivo whereby groups of pupils act as subjects. The school heads are kept informed of the nature and scope of the didactic experiments. In consultation with the school heads, the extent to which it is sufficient to inform parents of forthcoming experiments in which the drastic nature of the experimental didactic method with regard to the method in force is the criterion, is constantly assessed.
The standard research of IST poses questions which are not of a medical nature. In general, the questions are concerned with the normal functioning of the human being in relationship to learning, reasoning and decision-making. The department carries out research on the effectiveness of modern didactic methods in which information technology often plays an important role. The subjects are pupils in primary and secondary education, and pupils/students in senior secondary vocational education, higher professional education and at university. School classes are regularly used as groups in research. The school heads are kept informed of the nature and scope of the didactic experiments. The way in which the parents/carers of the children are informed and their permission requested for the participation of their child in the experiments is determined in consultation.
Selection of adult, competent persons: Subjects participate voluntarily in the research and are remunerated for their participation. This is not necessarily the case for research carried out in schools. Remuneration can be in the form of a small gift, an amount of money or so-called human subject points. Remuneration can also be in the form of a reciprocal service to a school (e.g. a presentation or providing information). Subjects are recruited via direct contact with schools, advertisements, posters or via the SONA system [web-based human subject pool management software for universities].
If the research so requires, some subjects are excluded from participation in the research. This could be on the basis of the presence of dyslexia, dyscalculia, attention deficit or other problems which make learning difficult. Further screening can be on the basis of vision problems, for instance in experiments where eye movements are registered or experiments where colour perception is important. Furthermore, specific inclusion or exclusion criteria can be employed for the sake of matching with other subjects on the basis of gender, foreknowledge or intellectual capacities for example.
Accidental discoveries: In the case of EEG measurements, a provision is included in the informed consent for a procedure to be followed should any abnormalities be found in the EEG which could possibly indicate a disorder (e.g. epilepsy). The subject should provide the name and location of his/her general practitioner, or the full address of the GP’s surgery or group practice to be notified in the event of a discovery that may be of vital importance to the subject. Should the subject not have a general practitioner, then (s)he should agree to a student medical service doctor or, more commonly, a company doctor being notified. The subject must agree to this procedure and acknowledge this by signing a separate clause on the informed consent form.
Informed consent and Information brochure: The subject (or his/her legal representative if the subject is under 18 years of age), after taking cognizance of the information brochure accompanying the research and prior to participation in the research, signs an informed consent form. If the research takes place in a school, this procedure can also be carried out via the school heads who inform the parents/carers thus providing, together with the researchers, a kind of passive approval. Parents/carers are obliged to indicate any objections. If they do not do so before a given date, then they have implicitly given their consent. Sufficient time must be given to the parents/carers in which to react.
In this kind of research, subjects perform learning tasks which usually make use of digital learning environments. These can be an individual learning task or a task which should be performed together with one or more other subjects. Different conditions may apply in which the effect of a certain type of instruction or support is investigated. If the research is conducted in schools, care is taken to ensure that these instructions do not put subjects belonging to a certain condition either at an advantage or disadvantage in their functioning at school in relation to subjects belonging to other conditions. Taking the duration of the experiments into account, this is seldom likely to be the case. Pre-tests and post- tests, questionnaires (motivation, personality) or other specific tests (for instance intelligence tests, aptitude tests, neuro-psychological tests) may form part of the didactic research. In the (collaborative) learning environments, use is sometimes made of a chat system. The content of the chats, as well as the thinking out loud protocols and computer log files can serve as objects of analysis.
This kind of research is carried out with the help of EEG and eye movement registration. Use is primarily made of visual stimuli which are related to aspects of digital learning environments (e.g. representations).
Usability studies are studies in which learning environments are examined for their user friendliness. Subjects pass through a learning environment according to a set protocol and thereafter answer questions via questionnaires or semi-structured interviews on their experiences with the learning environment. This type of research is intended to optimize the design of learning environments.
The standard research of the department concerns the functioning of science and technology, the development of new scientific knowledge and new technologies and the impact that science and technology have (or may have) on (parts of) society. Usually the research is performed by way of literature study or conceptual analysis. Research with human subjects is taking place when it is investigated empirically how technologies are developed, how existing practices of using a technology are functioning and what technology developers, (potential) users and stakeholders think of these practices and new developments. In these cases, the research is mainly qualitative and explorative. Standard methods used are interviews (oral and by telephone), group interviews, observations, focus groups, stakeholder workshops and text analysis of documents.
The technologies and practices under investigation are sometimes of a medical nature. However, the goal of the research is usually not medical. If the goal of the research might be medical after all, the METC will asked to assess whether the research falls under the scope of the WMO.
a. Respondents individually fill in a questionnaire (on paper or electronically), or will be interviewed or observed, individually or in groups. The purpose of the research will always be announced before the start of the research.
b. In some cases the interview, discussion or the behaviour to be observed of respondents are recorded on audio or video. Respondents will always be asked permission for such recording before the recording starts.. Only the researcher and co-researchers have access to identifiable information, and audio- and video recordings will not be shown to others without explicit permission of the respondent. Recordings which can be linked to the person of participants will be kept secure and safe and will be destroyed as soon as the research project allows. In transcriptions of interviews, observations, focus groups and workshops, participants will not be mentioned by name but with a code.
c. Filling in a questionnaire will last a maximum of one hour. Interviews in general will take no more than two hours.
d. Focus groups and workshops last no more than one day (teach morning/afternoon/evening will have at least one break, and in between there will also be a break). The interaction between the participants can also be subject of investigation.
e. Observations always concern existing practices (situations and practices will not be constructed especially for research purposes). The researcher must identify him-herself as such before the start of the observation. Permission of the participants always must be gained beforehand, if necessary also from the organisation the participants are part of (head of department or board).
f. The research activities will not cause any physical harm to, nor pose any safety- or health risk for the participants.
g. Common topics in questionnaires and oral interviews are: Knowledge of and beliefs about new technologies; ways a technology is used; history of practices; underlying motives and reasons for present ways of doing; views about desirability of innovation of existing practices, norms and values underlying these views.
h. If questions are asked about emotional or sensitive subjects (like psychiatric problems or socially controversial subjects) the researcher will take care to phrase questions in such a way that they are the least confronting as possible.
Documents are analysed with the aim to reconstruct and differentiate several ways of thinking and speaking, and/or to determine their quality on the basis of this analysis. Sometimes the interaction between several perspectives can also be the subject of analysis.
Public documents can be analysed without prior permission of their authors. This also applies to products of mass media or documents that are published and accessible on the internet without password or other form of protection. Non-public documents also can be included in text-analytic research, but only if the researcher got access to these documents by asking the author and/or organization for permission. The researcher will take care not to circulate these documents any further and to keep their content, in so far as it is confidential, private–. The standard rules of copyright apply in case of quoting the investigated documents in a research publication (acknowledging its source, permission of the persons involved for including of texts parts over 250 words).
The research conducted by PHT focusses on promoting mental health and healthy behaviour, prevention of illness in healthy people and the interaction between the mental and physical health of people with chronic conditions or mild to moderate mental health problems. Standard research conducted by PHT involves questions which are generally not medical in nature and which focus on topics such as positive mental health, quality of life, patient education, patient participation and life-style problems.
However, some of the research does take place in a medical setting and among patients with chronic physical conditions. In addition, the department performs psychological and behavioural interventions amongst different sections of the general population or population groups with specific mental, physical or life-style problems. Research projects which may be subject to the terms of the Netherlands Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act, such as intervention studies or survey research which may be burdensome for participating patients, are therefore submitted to, and where necessary controlled by, the Medical Ethics Control committees of the centres taking part.
Standard research with human subjects within PGT generally consists of cross-sectional or longitudinal survey research, qualitative research, psychometric testing and (secondary) cost-effectiveness research among adults. If these types of research are conducted in part or entirely with respondents who are minors, the research proposal is always submitted for approval to the entire Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Behavioural Sciences.
Respondents individually fill in answers, in writing or electronically, to questions about themselves, their environment or others in their environment (family, friends etc.) Respondents' behaviour is not observed and no physiological measurements are taken. Participation is voluntary and any compensation offered is proportionate (no more than EUR 10 per hour). Generally, it takes no longer than 1 hour to complete the questionnaire.
The questionnaire is always sent with an explanatory covering letter or email. This shows at least who will be performing the investigation, whether it concerns research that is commissioned and – if this is the case – who the client is, as far as possible the purpose of the investigation, and what happens to the data obtained. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics (such as sexual behaviour, delinquent behaviour, etc.) this is indicated in the accompanying letter in such a way that the respondent can estimate in advance whether he or she will contribute to this research. The questions are neutral in all cases (and not judgemental). The respondent may at any time refuse to complete the survey or parts of it.
Anonymity of respondents is safeguarded and respondents are at no time asked to provide information which could serve to identify them. Results are always made anonymous when reporting or in the feedback process. If research is carried out on behalf of a specific client, the results are reported to that client in such a way that the client cannot identify individuals.
a. Link to data obtained from other respondents (e.g. family, friends).
b. Link to data obtained earlier from the same respondent (in longitudinal research).
c. A combination of a and b.
a. Only the researcher has access to the identifiable data.
b. The personal details are destroyed as soon as possible (i.e. as soon as the data linking is complete).
c. Generally, the researcher operates in accordance with privacy legislation.
If data are linked to other sources (e.g. data from other respondents), the respondent is informed in advance. Based on this information the respondent may decide not to complete the survey or refuse permission for the data to be linked. In longitudinal surveys no more than 5 measurements are conducted, with a frequency of no more than 1 per week.
a. Respondents are questioned orally or are observed, either individually or as part of a group.
b. In some cases audio or video recordings of the interview or observed behaviour of subjects are made. Only the researcher and their teams have access to identifiable data, and video and sound recordings will not be shared with third parties without explicit permission of the respondents concerned. Recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully managed, and destroyed as soon as the interest of the research permits.
c. Generally, participation takes no longer than 2 hours.
e. Questions frequently asked relate to: attitudes, beliefs and preferences in respect of health-related concepts, health behaviour, risk behaviour, and the use of specific products such as e-health applications and questionnaires.
f. If there are questions about emotional or sensitive topics (such as mental health problems) the researcher must ensure that the questions are posed in such a way that there are no adverse effects on the respondent him or herself or on other people in their environment. The questions are neutral in all cases, and not judgemental.
Data obtained from the various types of questionnaire-based research are also used for secondary analyses, mainly in respect of psychometric analyses of both existing and newly-developed questionnaires, and cost-effectiveness analyses.
The standard research of PCRS poses questions which are not of a medical nature. In general, these questions are concerned with the normal functioning of a human being in different interpersonal and group situations, such as in negotiations and conflicts or when working together under time pressure, and we examine attitudes in relation to social risks. The anonymity of respondents is guaranteed, and the respondent does not fill in any information which reveals or could reveal his or her identity. Results are always made anonymous for reports or feedback.
a. Respondents individually fill in answers, in writing or electronically, to questions about themselves, their environment or others in their environment (friends, partner, fellow students, etc.) and are questioned orally or observed individually or as part of a group.
b. In some cases, audio or video recordings are made of the interview or the behaviour of respondents to be observed. Only the researcher and his/her staff have access to the identifiable data, and audio and video recordings are not made available to third parties without the express written permission of the respondents concerned; recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully stored and are destroyed when no longer needed for the purposes of the research.
c. Completing the questionnaire should not take longer than 1 hour; extended interviews (for example with police negotiators) may not last longer than one session (morning, afternoon).
d. No physical discomfort or health and safety risks are involved.
e. Content of frequently asked questions in questionnaires and interviews: attitudes, opinions and preferences with regard to risks such as floods or terrorism, behaviour during conflicts or negotiations, opinions on security issues (e.g. surveillance cameras or metal detector gates) and personality factors. Important with group observations is the team cohesion and the attitude toward the leader.
f. If questions are asked about emotional or sensitive subjects (such as conflicts, bullying, aggression), the researcher is responsible for ensuring that the questions are formulated in such a way that neither the participant nor others in the participant's environment will experience any adverse effects. The questions posed in the research should always be of a neutral nature and therefore not judgemental.
a. Procedure: Participants are exposed to stimuli (usually video fragments or other visual material) or play a game (for example a negotiation game). Their behaviour in reaction to the stimuli is measured by recording the behaviour and/or by asking participants to fill in questionnaires. The behaviour can be recorded on audio or video. Only the researcher and his/her staff have access to the identifiable data, and audio and video recordings are not made available to third parties; recordings in which subjects are identifiable are carefully stored and are destroyed when no longer needed for the purposes of the research.
b. The real purpose of the research is not always disclosed to the participant prior to the research in order to prevent, among other things, socially desirable responses. The real purpose of the research is however always explained to the participant during the debriefing.
- Suggesting a particular task (for instance solving a puzzle), whilst the actual measurement is really about induced emotions or behaviour and behaviour(al intentions) such as information seeking behaviour or deviant behaviour (e.g. leaving rubbish behind).
- Participants are sometimes given manipulated feedback (false feedback) on personality, abilities or achievements when performing a task, provided that no lasting harmful effects are anticipated; in all cases, subjects are informed about this later on.
- The participants are sometimes told that they are interacting with other subjects or will be interacting with other subjects, whilst this is not actually the case.
- Use is sometimes made of one or more confederates who play a particular role in the interaction with participants who are unaware of this.
d. No physiological measurements are being made as yet but this will take place in the near future.
g. In experiments where conflicts are simulated (such as research on negotiation or conflict management), the experiment will always be terminated if there is any threat of physical or verbal (swearing, shouting) abuse.
a. Links with administrative data (e.g. with regard to unexplained absence or productivity).
b. Links to data obtained from other respondents (e.g. fellow team members, subordinates, supervisors).
c. Links to data obtained previously from the same respondent (in longitudinal research).
d. A combination of what is stated under a, b and c.
b. The personal details are destroyed as soon as this is possible (that is to say, as soon as linking the data is completed).
c. In general, the researcher must operate in accordance with privacy legislation.
a. macro data using public sources (web sites etc, (legal and policy) documents).
more recently some have started to use data that are not easily classified, like twitterdata (in which the units of observation are not individuals, but tweets) and data from the use of VAA’s (in which the respondents are completely anonymous, but could be connected to other individual data, or website behavior using IP addresses) (II.d).
Although it is not possible to exclude the possibility that using secondary data may be ethically problematic in some cases, it is very unlikely that these types of data may cause unacceptable harm to respondents and informants. In most cases the data are public and the data are anonymized. In addition research using macro data using public sources is also most probably not ethically problematic. All research in the PA department therefore falls in category D.
In the rest of the description of standard research, we will focus on IIb, IIc. and IId only. In none of these types of research medical data are be obtained and in none substantial harm can be caused, as long as data collection is confidential or anonymous. In all these types of research ‘informed consent’ is (mostly implicitly) obtained, because people are asked whether they are willing to answer some questions. It is always made clear they are allowed to refuse, so ethical rules are mainly about safeguarding anonymity of the informants and/or respondents (when required). Standard research in these categories is among adult, competent subjects, that are completely free to participate in the research, and to withdraw from participation whenever they wish and for whatever reason. In standard research there is no deception of respondents (not telling the true purpose of research).
The standard research of PA poses questions which are not of a medical nature. In general, the questions are concerned with the normal functioning of the human beings.
Respondents and informants individually fill in answers, in writing or electronically, to questions about themselves, their environment or others in their environment or are questioned orally either individually or as part of a group (focus group). No physiological measurements are taken. The purpose of the research is always disclosed to the participant prior to the research and no deception takes place.
Completing the questionnaire should normally not take longer than 1 hour; interviews and focus groups should not take longer than 2 hours. Participants are always correctly informed about the length of the questionnaire/interview/group discussion.Content of questions in questionnaires and interviews include: attitudes, opinions and preferences; behavior or behavioral intentions; social characteristics of individuals. No physical discomfort or health and safety risks are involved when asking these questions.If questions are asked about emotional or sensitive topics the researcher will ensure that the questions are formulated in such a way that neither the participant nor others in the participant's environment will experience any adverse effects. The questions posed in the research should always be of a neutral nature and therefore not judgmental.Confidentiality is always ensured by the researcher, unless the participant allows to reveal his or her identity in the report. Individuals can never be identified by others than the researcher. In some cases interview data are linked to data from other sources. In this case the researcher makes sure that the only thing the researcher has access to is the identifiable data and the personal details are destroyed as soon as this is possible (that is to say, as soon as linking the data is completed). If data are linked to other sources (e.g. data from other respondents, administrative data), then the respondent is informed of this prior to linking the data. On the basis of this information, the respondent may refuse to fill in the questionnaire or may not allow the linking to actually take place.
The department carries out research of a diverse nature and setup, both with and without subjects, which cannot be described as standard research. Proposed research can correspond to standard research such as is described in other departments.
The standard research of the department focuses on the assessment and governance of innovations and emerging technologies. STәPS considers in particular strategic issues that are multidisciplinary:they involve developments in science, technology, politics and society, as well as interaction between them. Studies conducted within STәPS link analytical and normative perspectives,and consider not only technological innovations but also innovations in governance.
Usually the research is performed by way of the study policy documents, non- or semistandardised interviews, field observation, and by discourse, conceptual or literature analysis.
Research with human subjects is taking place when we investigate empirically how governance, technologies, sciences and research are developed, how existing practices of dealing with a technology or a science, with research and governance are functioning and what technology developers, (potential) users and stakeholders think of these practices and new developments.In these cases, the research is mainly qualitative and explorative. Standard methods used are interviews (oral and by telephone), group interviews, observations, focus groups,stakeholder workshops and text, image or video analysis.
the Wet Medisch Onderzoek (WMO).
ELAN’s research program aims to investigate the role of and ways of understanding and promoting scientific citizenship in education and communication settings, in formal as well as informal contexts. The research is not medical by nature. The research environment is the actual school or professional environment, whereby groups of pupils, teachers or other professionals act as participants. School principals and individual teachers are kept informed of the nature and scope of the studies. In consultation with the responsible principals and teachers, the manner in which parents of pupils will be informed of forthcoming experiments is established. Depending on the nature of the study (didactic intervention or survey study), parents are given an outline of the planned research and are given the opportunity to grant permission for their child to participate or not.
Authorization EC: assessment of ethical permissibility by EC or by MEC: The standard research of ELAN/ poses questions are not of a medical nature. In general, the questions are concerned with the normal functioning of children and adults with regard to learning, attitudes, reasoning and decision-making. The questions for teachers and/or school principals could also concern their relationships, with their colleagues. This could include, but is not limited to, the nature/content and frequency of the relationship.
Selection of subjects and participation: The subjects of studies are adults and students in different educational settings (ranging from primary schools to universities). Adult subjects are recruited via direct contact with schools. They participate voluntarily in the research, and in some cases are remunerated for their participation. This is not necessarily the case for research carried out in schools.
With student participants, the school principals and teachers are informed of the nature and scope of the study. The way in which the parents/care takers of the children are informed and their permission requested for the participation of their child in the experiments, is determined in consultation with the responsible school personnel.
Screening of subjects: Specific inclusion or exclusion criteria can be employed for the selection of subjects. These criteria are decided on the basis of the specific need of the study and they are decided on in collaboration with the participating schools or other institutions that contribute to the study.
Accidental discoveries: Information that is accidentally discovered and that is not relevant for the studies undertaken is not disclosed to third parties.
Informed consent and Information brochure: Participants in our studies (or their legal representatives if participants are under 18 years of age) will be informed about the research by an information brochure or orally by the researcher and have an opportunity to ask questions. After receiving the information, they are required to sign an informed consent form. If the research takes place at a school, this procedure can also be carried out via the teachers or principals, who inform the parents/care takers. The informed consent procedure may take on the form of passive approval. Based on the information given, parents/care takers have the opportunity to indicate any objections. If they do not do so before a given date, then they have implicitly given their consent. Sufficient time must be given to the parents/care takers to react.
In this type of research, participants are confronted with various types of teaching and learning methods or learning materials that may include traditional materials or digital learning environments. Tasks may consist of individual learning assignments or group work with one or more other participants. Different teaching or learning conditions may apply, in which the effects of different types of instruction or support methods are investigated and compared to other conditions or a control condition. If the research is conducted in schools, care is taken that the various instructions do not put participants in one condition at an advantage or disadvantage in their general functioning at school compared to subjects in other conditions. Because the duration of the interventions is generally short, this will usually not be any reason for concern. Pre-tests and post-tests may take the form of knowledge or competency test, questionnaires (e.g., motivation, attitudes, personality) or other specific tests (e.g., intelligence tests, aptitude tests, neuro-psychological tests). In the (collaborative) digital learning environments, a chat system is sometimes used. In some cases audio or video recording are made. The contents of the chats, as well as the thinking out loud protocols and computer log files, audio and video recordings can serve as objects of analysis but will be treated anonymously.
Specific type of standard research: Organizational and professional development in schools.
In this type of research, teacher professional development is studied in the context of teachers’ work environment. This might concern teachers’ daily and natural work context or a longitudinal and collaborative group setting in which interventions are instigated by the researchers in order to bring about certain (learning or teaching) results in the school practice. The work of the teaching professionals is documented. This can be done by direct observations, video and audiotapes or by studying process documentation. Additionally, questionnaires, sociometric questionnaires, and interviews may be used to collect data on participants’ perceptions of the work, their relationships with their colleagues, and/or results of the interventions.
Participants are informed ahead of time, either at the beginning of the intervention or at the time of the data collection activities, about the research purpose and the consequences of the study. They have the option to stop their participation at any point in time.
The data collected are made anonymous. Data obtained from individuals are not communicated to third parties in their original form. Results are only communicated on a group level and with utmost care to ensure that findings will not be able to point to specific participants. Only the researcher involved in the data collection has access to information linking data to specific subjects. Any personal details are destroyed as soon as this is possible.
Within the department TM/S, in general, the outcomes are anonymized. And often they work with dyadic data (of customer and supplier) and only the researcher is aware of the entities of both coupled parties.
Research questions are about professional relationships, and obtaining informed consent of the test subject, is always part of the research process, as well is anonymization of the outcomes. | 2019-04-18T22:53:08Z | https://www.utwente.nl/en/bms/research/ethics/standard-research-per-department/ |
World stocks have dived after a failure by Greece's political leaders to form a coalition government set the stage for new elections next month, keeping Europe's debt crisis centre stage.
The turmoil in Greece sent European shares lower in early trading. Britain's FTSE 100 fell 0.9% to 5,388.93 and Germany's DAX slid 1% to 6,335.93. France's CAC-40 was down 0.4% at 2,036.30.
Wall Street was also headed for a lower opening, with Dow Jones industrial futures losing 0.1% to 12,589. S&P 500 futures were 0.2% down at 1,325.90.
Asian benchmarks recorded sharp losses earlier in the day.
Japan's Nikkei 225 index dropped 1.1% to close at 8,801.17, its lowest close since January 30, amid discouraging economic news. Core private-sector machinery orders fell 2.8% in March, the first drop in three months, Japan's Cabinet Office said.
Hong Kong's Hang Seng plummeted 3.2% to 19,259.83 and South Korea's Kospi fell 3.1% to 1,840.53. Australia's S&P/ASX 200 lost 2.4% to 4,165.50 amid sliding commodities prices.
Newly elected Greek leaders - hotly divided over how to resolve the country's economic crisis - failed to form a new government on Tuesday. That means new elections must be held in June.
Some investors fear a win by parties that oppose unpopular austerity measures necessary for Greece to qualify for urgently needed bailout money. Without the money, the country would probably default on its debt and leave the euro.
"The Greek crisis will continue to frustrate markets, keeping sentiment under pressure," analysts at Credit Agricole CIB in Hong Kong said.
Mainland Chinese shares also lost ground, with the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index falling 1.2% to 2,346.19. The Shenzhen Composite Index dropped 1.4% to 942.04. Shares in real estate, cement producers, furniture makers and financial companies weakened.
(RTTNews.com) - Stocks fell sharply across Asia on Wednesday, as news that Greece will hold a second election in June increased uncertainty over the future of the euro region. Investors fear that a Greek exit from the eurozone, a strong position against austerity measures and a disorderly debt default could lead to fatal consequences and make sovereign debt problems worse.
The consequences of even an orderly exit by Greece from the eurozone poses great risks and the spillover effects are difficult to assess, IMF chief Christine Lagarde said, clouding the global economic outlook.
Commodities came under heavy selling pressure and the euro tumbled to a fresh 4-month low against the greenback, as investors priced in a Greek exit from the 17-member euro zone. Italian and Spanish 10-year yields soared and speculation was rife that Moody's Investors Service will 'significantly' downgrade 21 Spanish banks within a week following a cut of credit ratings on 26 Italian banks on Monday.
Japanese shares fell, with the Nikkei average falling 1.1 percent to a three-and-a-half month low, after Greece said it will hold a fresh election in June, adding to concerns over Spanish banks and slowing global growth. Earlier in the session, the benchmark index fell below the 8,800 points mark for the first time since February 1. The broader Topix index of all First Section issues on the Tokyo Stock Exchange also finished 1.1 percent lower.
Among euro-sensitive exporters, Canon lost a percent and Nikon fell 3.3 percent. Other exporters such as Honda Motor, Toyota and Panasonic shed over 2 percent each on concerns over slower growth in China, Japan's biggest trade partner, after media reports suggested China's biggest four banks barely issued any new yuan loans in the first two weeks of May.
China-linked Komatsu fell 2.5 percent and Fanuc dropped 1.2 percent. Mizuho Financial Group gained 1.8 percent after it reported robust net profit for the fiscal year through March, largely due to an improvement in credit-related costs.
In economic news, core machine orders in Japan contracted a seasonally adjusted 2.8 percent from a month earlier in March, the Cabinet Office said today - falling for the first time in three months. The headline figure beat forecasts for a contraction of 3.5 percent following the downwardly revised 2.8 percent increase in February. However, on a yearly basis, core machine orders fell 1.1 percent - well shy of expectations for a gain of 4.4 percent after climbing 8.9 percent in February.
China's Shanghai Composite index fell 1.2 percent after the state-run Shanghai Securities News said combined net lending for the country's four biggest banks was almost zero in the first two weeks of May, extending the previous month's weak credit growth.
Hong Kong's Hang Seng index fell a whopping 3.2 percent as weak lending data for the mainland's big banks intensified fears about the slowing Chinese economy. HSBC Holdings,which has the biggest weighting in the Hang Seng Index, lost 2.4 percent.
Australian shares fell sharply, as weak leads from global markets amid deepening worries over Greece's political turmoil sapped appetite for risk. Both the benchmark S&P/ASX and the broader All Ordinaries index fell about 2.4 percent each. Resource stocks suffered heavy losses, with BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and Fortescue falling 4-5 percent. Mineral sands producer Iluka Resources fell 2 percent and gold miner Newcrest slumped 4.3 percent.
In energy stocks, Oil Search, Santos and Woodside dropped 2-3 percent. ANZ fell 2.3 percent as the nation's third-largest lender unveiled plans to invest another A$300 million to support business growth in China. Westpac and NAB fell around a percent each, Commonwealth lost 1.7 percent and investment bank Macquarie Group tumbled 3.9 percent.
Toll Holdings plummeted 15.2 percent after the transport and logistics group said it expects underlying earnings to fall this fiscal year due to weakness in the global apparel sector. CSR declined 1.5 percent after the building products maker said Australia's housing construction industry will remain in the doldrums in the year ahead. Shares of Industrea soared 43 percent after General Electric said it would buy the mining equipment firm for about A$470 million.
South Korea's Kospi average tumbled 3.1 percent, extending losses for a sixth day, as mounting worries that Greece may default on its debts heightened global economic uncertainties. Blue-chip memory chip makers bore the brunt of the selling following reports that Apple Inc had placed orders with Japanese rival Elpida to buy mobile DRAM chips amounting to a whopping 50 percent of the volume produced at the bankrupt manufacturer's Hiroshima factory. SK Hynix plummeted 8.9 percent, while Samsung Electronics slumped 6.2 percent.
New Zealand shares lost ground, dragged down by pay TV company Sky Network Television after the nation's anti-trust regulator said it would launch an investigation into the company's content contracts with internet service providers that may be hindering competition. Shares of the News Corp-controlled firm plunged 7 percent, while the benchmark NZX-50 index shed 0.6 percent.
Gold miner Oceanagold tumbled 3.5 percent as gold prices fell for a fourth consecutive session. Among heavyweights, Telecom fell 1.2 percent and Fletcher Building lost a percent, but Contact Energy added 1.5 percent. Exporter Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, which derives more than half of its revenue in U.S. dollars, climbed 3.9 percent, as the kiwi dollar fell to a 4 1/2-month low against the greenback.
India's benchmark Sensex was last trading down 1.7 percent on capital outflow worries after the rupee tumbled 67 paise to hit a record low of 54.46 against the dollar, succumbing to growing risk aversion due to the euro zone crisis and amid concerns about India's widening current account and fiscal deficits.
Elsewhere, Indonesia's Jakarta Composite, Malaysia's KLSE Composite and Singapore's Straits Times index all fell around 1.6 percent each, while the Taiwan Weighted average lost 2.2 percent.
U.S. stocks fell for a third consecutive session overnight, with the major averages ending at their worst closing levels in over three months, as news that Greece is heading for a fresh general election dented sentiment, overshadowing a batch of relatively solid economic data on home-builder confidence and activity in the New York manufacturing sector.
Consumer prices were flat in April and retail sales barely grew, in line with estimates. The Dow shed half a percent, the tech-heavy Nasdaq slid 0.3 percent and the S&P 500 dropped 0.6 percent.
This article originally appeared in the May 21, 2012 issue of Forbes magazine.
I know it may seem passé in the age of iPads, eReaders and Kindles, but one of my passions is collecting books, especially investment classics. I didn’t know it at the time, but the first classic I read was in 1959 when I was 8 years old. It was my father Phil Fisher’s New York Times Best Seller Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits. I complained about it cutting into my summer vacation and didn’t really understand it, but it probably sparked my love for investing books.
During my adult life I reckon that I have collected more than 1,000 books on investing alone. Many cost as little as a few dollars, and some were free because they were thought of as basically worthless by the seller in a yard sale or junk store. Classic books in classical fields are widely recognized by would-be collectors but not so much the ones I like to collect.
One of my favorites is a tiny book a quarter-inch thick called Stock Market Manipulation by Edwin Lefèvre. It looks like nothing, but it is probably worth $500 or more.
Another equally as valuable is my 1938 edition of Lefèvre’s Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, complete with dust jacket. Mine was store-bought in 1996 for $30. (I also have 1923 first editions without the jacket.) Demand for this title grows as publishers keep creating new editions that sell well and promote early editions.
Of course Benjamin Graham and David Dodd’s Security Analysis is an alltime classic. Good-quality first editions can cost $5,000 to $25,000. Here’s a book destined to gain in value: Roger Babson’s pre-1929 Business Barometers for Anticipating Conditions (see my Aug. 22, 2011 column). It now costs $5 to $30. But I think a good copy will be worth $500 in 20 years.
Like anything else, collecting has nuances and tricks. A great guide is Modern Book Collecting (1992) by Robert Wilson. Pick up a used copy at AbeBooks.com. AbeBooks is probably the best used-book search engine in the world.
Malcolm S. Forbes said, “He who dies with the most toys wins.” I say, Ken loves Barbie. And the American Girl! And, of course, Fisher-Price! What’s not to love with Hot Wheels? As the saying goes, you can tell it’s Mattel (MAT, 32); it’s swell. The company isn’t a fast grower, but it’s a classic and sells at just 12 times 2012 earnings and has a 3.9% dividend yield.
Drugmaker Forest Laboratories (FRX, 34) has a checkered past—too much of one big patent-expired antidepressant (Lexapro)—and 2010 criminal settlements and allegations.
That’s all in the past. The future is brighter with a great stream of 17 new and upcoming products for varying ailments, including antipsychotic Cariprazine and antidepressant Viibryd.
Forest is among the 100 largest global R&D spenders. Thirty-five years ago I fathomed the price-to-research ratio—for buying good firms at less than ten times annual R&D spending. FRX is a rare qualifier. It also sells for 18 times March 2013 earnings.
NEW YORK, May 16 (Reuters) - U.S. stock index futures rose on Wednesday after hitting three-month lows overnight with traders citing comments from German Chancellor Angela Merkel about keeping Greece in the euro zone as calming markets.
Futures bounced back from steep overnight losses hit as investors worried about Greece's political and financial crisis. Merkel's comments at a joint press conference with French President Francois Hollande were seen partly alleviating those fears.
"The market was pretty weak overnight, futures were under a lot more pressure, but Merkel made a comment reiterating she wants Greece to stay in the euro and that appears to have stabilized futures," said Paul Mendelsohn, chief investment strategist at Windham Financial Services in Charlotte, Vermont.
"That is, if they are willing to keep up with their agreement, and that "if" is very much under question right now," he said.
Opinion polls show leftists opposed to the terms of the bailout that is keeping Greece afloat would likely win the new election, set for June 17.
Greeks, afraid of the devaluation that would follow an exit from the euro, withdrew at least 700 million euros from their banks on Monday.
S&P 500 futures rose 5.6 points and were above fair value, a formula that evaluates pricing by taking into account interest rates, dividends and time to expiration on the contract. Dow Jones industrial average futures rose 39 points, and Nasdaq 100 futures added 5.5 points.
Wednesday's data diary features housing starts for April at 8:30 a.m. (1230 GMT), followed by industrial production figures at 9:15 a.m. (1315 GMT), with both expected to show an improvement from the previous month.
The minutes from the Federal Reserve's April meeting, due at 2 p.m. (1800 GMT), will be scrutinized for any discussion on the health of the labor market as investors debate the likelihood of more stimulus measures.
The Fed meeting took place before the first Greek election, so they will not likely include clues on how the Fed is going to respond if the European crisis deepens, said Windham Financial's Mendelsohn.
Adding to pressure over commodities and mining stocks, BHP Billiton, the world's biggest miner, said it expects commodity markets to cool further and that investors have lost confidence in the longer-term health of the global economy.
Facebook Inc increased the size of its initial public offering by 25 percent and could raise as much as $16 billion as strong investor demand for the No. 1 social network trumps debate about the company's long-term potential to make money.
An employee passes stock index curves displayed on electronic screens at the entrance to the Hellenic Stock Exchange in Athens.
U.S. equity-index futures advanced, signaling the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index may snap a three-day drop, after a report showed housing starts rose more than estimated. European stocks swung between gains and losses, commodities fell and Treasuries retreated.
S&P 500 futures added 0.5 percent at 8:45 a.m. in New York after sinking 0.5 percent. The Stoxx Europe 600 Index (SXXP) slid less than 0.1 percent. The S&P GSCI gauge of 24 raw materials dropped to the lowest in almost five months as oil slipped 1.4 percent to $92.70 a barrel. The yield on the 10-year Treasury note jumped three basis points. The Dollar Index (DXY) erased an earlier gain of 0.4 percent, trading less than 0.1 percent lower.
U.S. builders broke ground on more homes than anticipated in April, according to data from the Commerce Department before a report that may show industrial output increased. Stocks fell earlier on concern a new election in Greece may threaten spending cuts required to secure 240 billion euros ($306 billion) in bailouts. German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Francois Hollande said they would consider measures to spur Greece’s economy as long as voters committed to austerity.
“As the pressure builds in Europe, you need to see another mini crisis before policy makers will step in, and we’re not there yet,” said Andrew Pease, Sydney-based chief investment strategist for the Asia-Pacific region at Russell Investment Group, which manages about $150 billion.
The S&P 500 closed yesterday at the lowest level since February. J.C. Penney Co. (JCP) plunged 13 percent in German trading after the department-store chain reported a first-quarter loss and sales that fell more than analysts projected.
Housing starts rose 2.6 percent to a 717,000 annual rate from March’s revised 699,000 pace that was stronger than previously reported, Commerce Department figures showed. The median estimate of 80 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News called for a rise to 685,000. Building permits, a proxy for future construction, fell from a more than three-year high. Industrial production rose in April, a separate Federal Reserve release is projected to show. The Fed will also release minutes from its latest meeting.
The Stoxx 600 has retreated 9.8 percent from this year’s high on March 16. A.P. Moeller-Maersk A/S tumbled 6.2 percent after saying its container line will at best break even this year, falling short of analyst estimates for a profit. Banco Espirito Santo SA, Portugal’s biggest publicly traded lender by market value, sank 4.7 percent as first-quarter profit dropped 84 percent.
The GSCI gauge of commodities dropped 0.8 percent bringing this year’s decline to 2.2 percent. Gold declined 0.5 percent to $1,536.57 an ounce. Copper slipped 1.4 percent. Palladium dropped as much as 1.1 percent to the lowest since Nov. 30.
The MSCI Emerging Markets Index fell 2.2 percent. The Hang Seng China Enterprises Index of mainland stocks sank 3.5 percent and South Korea’s Kospi index slipped 3.1 percent. The Shanghai Composite Index fell 1.2 percent, and benchmark gauges in Russia, India and Hungary lost more than 1 percent.
NEW YORK, May 16 (Reuters) - U.S. stocks were set to open higher on Wednesday with traders citing comments from German Chancellor Angela Merkel about keeping Greece in the euro zone as calming markets.
But they cautioned that trading throughout the session is likely to be volatile, tracking developments in Europe.
Opinion polls show leftists opposed to the terms of the bailout that is keeping Greece afloat would likely win the new election, set for June 17. Greeks, afraid of the devaluation that would follow an exit from the euro, withdrew at least 700 million euros from their banks on Monday.
U.S. housing starts rose more than expected in April in another sign of a nascent housing recovery, even though permits for future building fell after touching a 3-1/2 year high the prior month.
"Nice to see some turnaround," said David Carter, chief investment officer at Lenox Wealth Advisors in New York. "However, this housing story is much smaller than news out of Greece and might get easily forgotten."
S&P 500 futures rose 6 points and were above fair value, a formula that evaluates pricing by taking into account interest rates, dividends and time to expiration on the contract. Dow Jones industrial average futures rose 59 points, and Nasdaq 100 futures added 12 points.
J.C. Penney shares tumbled 15 percent a day after the department store owner scrapped its dividend and its effort to remake itself as an affordable fashion-oriented retail chain took a much bigger-than-expected toll on sales in the first quarter.
Target Corp posted a higher profit and raised its expectations for the year, and its shares rose 1.7 percent in premarket trading. | 2019-04-22T00:31:01Z | http://www.newyorkshares.com/2012/05/world-stocks-tumble-over-greece-belfast.html |
Sense Labs, Inc. (“Sense Labs”) provides the Sense home energy monitor for analysis of home electrical use. Sense is composed of (1) hardware (“Hardware”) and software embedded in the hardware (“Software”), (together, “Product”), and (2) a Sense user account and applications and services made available to you through mobile devices and/or our website ( https://sense.com) (the “Site”) (collectively, the “Service”). Together the Product and Service are called “Sense”.
These Terms & Conditions govern your purchase and use of Sense and the Site. These Terms & Conditions give you specific legal rights, and you may also have other legal rights, which vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The disclaimers, exclusions, and limitations of liability under these Terms & Conditions will not apply to the extent prohibited by applicable law. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages or other rights, so those provisions of these Terms & Conditions may not apply to you.
THIS IS A LEGAL AGREEMENT. BY PURCHASING SENSE OR USING THE SITE, YOU ARE ACCEPTING AND AGREEING TO THESE TERMS & CONDITIONS ON BEHALF OF YOURSELF OR THE ENTITY YOU REPRESENT. YOU REPRESENT AND WARRANT THAT YOU HAVE THE RIGHT, AUTHORITY, AND CAPACITY TO ACCEPT AND AGREE TO THESE TERMS & CONDITIONS ON BEHALF OF YOURSELF OR THE ENTITY YOU REPRESENT. YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU ARE OF SUFFICIENT LEGAL AGE IN YOUR JURISDICTION OR RESIDENCE TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE WITH ANY OF THE PROVISIONS OF THESE TERMS & CONDITIONS, YOU SHOULD DISCONNECT SENSE AND CEASE USING IT AND/OR YOU SHOULD STOP USING THE SITE.
We reserve the right to change these Terms & Conditions at any time, so please review the Terms & Conditions each time prior to making a purchase from Sense or visiting the Site. Every time you order Sense or visit the Site, the Terms & Conditions in force at that time will apply between you and Sense Labs. If you have any questions regarding these Terms & Conditions, you can contact Sense Labs as provided herein.
The Site is for retail sales to private consumers only. Please contact [email protected] if you wish to purchase wholesale supplies.
Although our Site is accessible worldwide, Sense is designed and tested only for use in the United States and Canada. If you choose to install and use Sense outside the United States or Canada, you do so on your own initiative and you are solely responsible for complying with applicable local laws in your country. To the extent permissible by law, Sense Labs accepts no responsibility or liability for any damage or loss caused by your installation and use of Sense outside the United States or Canada.
(a) Hardware Limited Warranty. Sense Labs warrants that the hardware will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of delivery following the original retail purchase (the “Hardware Warranty Period”). If the hardware fails to conform to this Hardware Limited Warranty during the Hardware Warranty Period, Sense Labs will, at its sole discretion, either (a) repair or replace any defective hardware or component; or (b) accept the return of the hardware and refund the money actually paid by the original purchaser for the hardware. Repair or replacement may be made with a new or refurbished product or components, at Sense Labs’ sole discretion. If the hardware or a component incorporated within it is no longer available, Sense Labs may, at Sense Labs’ sole discretion, replace the hardware with a similar product of similar or greater function. This is your sole and exclusive remedy for breach of this Hardware Limited Warranty. Any hardware that has either been repaired or replaced under this Hardware Limited Warranty will be covered by the terms of this Hardware Limited Warranty for the longer of (a) ninety (90) days from the date of delivery of the repaired hardware or replacement hardware, or (b) the remaining Hardware Warranty Period. This Hardware Limited Warranty is transferable from the original purchaser to subsequent owners, but the Hardware Warranty Period will not be extended in duration or expanded in coverage for any such transfer.
(b) Hardware Warranty Conditions. Before making a claim under this Hardware Limited Warranty, the owner of the hardware must (a) notify Sense Labs of the intention to claim by visiting https://help.sense.com/ during the Hardware Warranty Period and provide a description of the failure, and (b) comply with Sense Labs’ return shipping instructions. Sense Labs will have no warranty obligations with respect to returned hardware if it determines, in its reasonable discretion after examination of the returned hardware, that the hardware is an Ineligible Hardware (as defined below). Sense Labs will bear all costs of return shipping to owner and will reimburse any shipping costs incurred by the owner, except with respect to any Ineligible Hardware, for which owner will bear all shipping costs.
(c) Hardware Warranty Exclusions. This Hardware Limited Warranty does not cover the following (collectively “Ineligible Hardware”): hardware marked as “Not for Sale”, or hardware that have been subject to: (a) modifications, alterations, tampering, or improper maintenance or repairs; (b) handling, storage, installation, testing, or use not in accordance with the Installation Guide or other instructions provided by Sense Labs; (c) abuse or misuse of the hardware; (d) breakdowns, fluctuations, or interruptions in electric power; or (e) acts of God, including, but not limited to, lightning, flood, tornado, earthquake, or hurricane. Sense Labs strongly recommends that you use only licensed electricians for installation. Unauthorized use of the hardware or software can impair the hardware’s performance and may invalidate this Hardware Limited Warranty.
“Software”, as defined above, refers to the software running on the Hardware. It does not refer to the mobile client application or the web application.
(a) License. Subject to these Terms & Conditions, Sense Labs grants to you a limited and nonexclusive license (without the right to sublicense) to execute one (1) copy of the Software, in executable object code form only, solely on the Hardware that you own or control and solely for use in conjunction with the Product for your personal purposes.
(b) Restrictions. You agree not to, and you will not permit others to, (a) license, sell, rent, lease, assign, distribute, transmit, host, outsource, disclose or otherwise commercially exploit the Software or make the Software available to any third party, (b) copy or use the Software for any purpose other than as permitted in Section 2(a), (c) use any portion of the Software on any device or computer other than the Hardware, (d) remove or alter any trademark, logo, copyright or other proprietary notices, legends, symbols or labels in the Software, or (e) modify, make derivative works of, disassemble, reverse compile, reverse engineer, or unencrypt any part of the Software or communication protocols used by the Software and Service (except to the extent applicable laws specifically prohibit such restriction for interoperability purposes, in which case you agree to first contact Sense Labs and provide Sense Labs an opportunity to create such changes as are needed for interoperability purposes). You may not release the results of any performance or functional evaluation of any of the Software to any third party without prior written approval of Sense Labs for each such release.
(c) Automatic Software Updates. Sense Labs may from time to time develop patches, bug fixes, updates, upgrades and other modifications to improve the performance of the Software and related services (“Updates”). These may be automatically installed without providing any additional notice or receiving any additional consent. You consent to this automatic update. If you do not want such Updates, your remedy is to stop using the Product. If you do not cease using the Product, you will receive Updates automatically. You acknowledge that you may be required to install Updates to use the Product and the Software and you agree to promptly install any Updates provided. Your continued use of the Product is your agreement to the terms of this Section 2.
(d) Ownership. The Software and all worldwide copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property rights therein are the exclusive property of Sense Labs and its licensors. Sense Labs and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the Software not expressly granted to you herein. The Software (and all copies thereof) is licensed to you, not sold to you, under this Section 2. There are no implied licenses herein. All suggestions or feedback provided by you to Sense Labs with respect to the Software shall be Sense Labs’ property. Sense Labs may use, copy, modify, publish, or redistribute the submission and its contents for any purpose and in any way without any compensation to you. You also agree that Sense Labs does not waive any rights to use similar or related ideas previously known to Sense Labs, developed by its employees, or obtained from other sources.
(e) Term and Termination. The license granted hereunder is effective on the date you first purchase Sense and shall continue for as long as you own Sense, unless this license is terminated as provided herein. Sense Labs may terminate the license at any time if you fail to comply with any term(s) hereof. You may terminate the license effective immediately upon written notice to Sense Labs. Upon such termination, the license granted hereunder will terminate and you must stop all use of the Software.
(f) Limitations of Software. Sense Labs does not guarantee or promise any specific level of energy savings or other monetary benefit from the use of the Product or Software or any feature of them. Actual energy savings and monetary benefits vary with factors beyond Sense Labs’ control or knowledge.
(g) Confidentiality. The Software is confidential information of Sense Labs. You shall use your best efforts to preserve and protect the confidentiality of the Software at all times.
(a) Account. To use the Service, you must register for a user account (“Account”) and provide certain information about yourself as prompted by the applicable registration form. You represent and warrant that: (a) all required registration information you submit is truthful and accurate; (b) you will maintain the accuracy of such information; and (c) your use of the Service does not violate any U.S. or other applicable law or regulation (e.g., you are not located in an embargoed country or are not listed as a prohibited or restricted party under applicable export control laws and regulations). You are entirely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your Account login information and for all activities that occur under your Account.
(b) Access and Use of the Service. Subject to these Terms & Conditions, Sense Labs grants you a non-exclusive, right (without the right to sublicense) to access and use the Service by using the applications available on https://sense.com/app in connection with controlling and monitoring the Product. The Service includes materials that may be provided by Sense Labs or by third party licensors which are displayed or performed on the Service, including, but not limited to, text, graphics, articles, photographs, video, images, and illustrations.
(i) Sense Labs Property. You acknowledge that all intellectual property rights, including without limitation copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets, in Sense are owned by Sense Labs or our licensors. Your possession, access, and use of the Product, Software, and Service do not transfer to you or any third party any rights, title, or interest in or to such intellectual property rights. Sense Labs and its licensors reserve all rights not granted in these Terms & Conditions.
(ii) Feedback. You may choose to, or Sense Labs may invite you to submit comments, suggestions, or ideas about the Product or Service, including how to improve Sense (“Feedback”). By submitting any Feedback, you agree that your submissions are voluntary, gratuitous, unsolicited, and without restriction and will not place Sense Labs under any fiduciary or other obligation. Sense Labs may use, copy, modify, publish, or redistribute the submission and its contents for any purpose and in any way without any compensation to you. You also agree that Sense Labs does not waive any rights to use similar or related ideas previously known to Sense Labs, developed by its employees, or obtained from other sources. You hereby grant us with a nonexclusive, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, irrevocable, sublicenseable and transferable right to access, display, or otherwise use your Feedback (including all related intellectual property rights) solely in connection Sense.
(iv) Data protection and privacy laws where you live may impose certain responsibilities on you and your use of the Product and Service. You agree that you (and not Sense Labs) are responsible for ensuring that you comply with any applicable laws when you use the Product and Service.
(d) Certain Restrictions. The rights granted to you in these Terms & Conditions are subject to the following restrictions: (i) you agree not to license, sell, rent, lease, distribute, host, or otherwise commercially exploit the Service; (ii) you agree not to modify, make derivative works of, disassemble, reverse compile, or reverse engineer any part of the Service; (iii) you agree not to access the Service in order to build a similar or competitive service; (iv) except as expressly stated herein, no part of the Service may be copied, reproduced, distributed, republished, downloaded, displayed, posted, or transmitted in any form or by any means; (v) you agree not to upload, transmit, or distribute any computer viruses, worms, or any software intended to damage or alter the Service or the Software; (vi) you agree not to interfere with, disrupt, or attempt to gain unauthorized access to, the servers or networks connected to the Service or violate the regulations, policies, or procedures of such networks; (vii) you agree not to access (or attempt to access) any of the Service by means other than through the interface that is provided by Sense Labs; and (viii) you agree not to remove, obscure or alter any proprietary rights notices (including copyrights and trademark notices) which may be contained in or displayed in connection with the Service. Any future release, update, or other addition to functionality of the Service shall be subject to these Terms & Conditions.
(e) Security. Sense Labs uses industry best practices to ensure the integrity and security of your personal information. However, Sense Labs cannot guarantee that unauthorized third parties will never be able to defeat our security measures or use your personal information for improper purposes. You acknowledge that you provide your personal information at your own risk.
(f) Modification. Sense Labs reserves the right, at any time, to modify, suspend, or discontinue the Service or any part thereof with or without notice. You agree that Sense Labs will not be liable to you or to any third party for any modification, suspension, or discontinuance of the Service or any part thereof.
(i) Intended Use of Service. The Service is intended to be accessed and used for non-time-critical information relating to the Product. While we aim for the Service to be highly reliable and available, it is not intended to be reliable or available 100% of the time. The Service is subject to sporadic interruptions and failures for a variety of reasons beyond Sense Labs’ control, including Internet connectivity, Wi-Fi intermittency and availability, service provider uptime, mobile notifications and carriers, among others. You acknowledge these limitations and agree that Sense Labs is not responsible for any damages allegedly caused by the failure or delay of the Service to reflect current status or notifications.
(ii) Reliability of Information. You acknowledge that the Service, including remote access and information, is not intended to be 100% reliable and 100% available. We cannot and do not guarantee that you will receive information in any given time or at all. YOU AGREE THAT YOU WILL NOT RELY ON THE SERVICE FOR ANY LIFE SAFETY OR CRITICAL PURPOSES. INFORMATION FROM SENSE IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY – IT IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR A THIRD-PARTY MONITORED EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION SYSTEM.
(iii) Temporary Suspension. The Service may be suspended temporarily without notice for security reasons, system failure, maintenance and repair, or other circumstances. You agree that you will not be entitled to any refund or rebate for such suspensions. Sense Labs does not offer any specific uptime guarantee for the Service.
(iv) System Requirements. The Service will not be accessible without: (i) a working Wi-Fi network in your home that is positioned and configured to communicate reliably with the Product; (ii) an Account; (iii) mobile clients such as a supported phone or tablet; (iv) always-on broadband Internet access in your home; and (v) other system elements that may be specified by Sense Labs. It is your responsibility to ensure that you have all required system elements and that they are compatible and properly configured. You acknowledge that the Service may not work as described when the requirements and compatibility have not been met.
(v) Energy Savings and other Benefits. Sense Labs does not guarantee or promise any specific level of energy savings or other monetary benefit from the use of the Product or Service or any feature thereof. Actual energy savings and monetary benefits vary with factors beyond Sense Labs’ control or knowledge. From time to time, Sense Labs may use the Service to provide you with information that is unique to you and your energy usage and suggests an opportunity to save money on energy bills if you adopt suggestions or features of the Product or Service. We do this to highlight an opportunity based on our analysis and information about you and your household. You acknowledge that these recommendations are not a guarantee of actual savings, and you agree not to seek monetary or other remedies from Sense Labs if your savings differ.
(h) Limitations Of the Service Due to Third Parties.
(i) General. The Service relies on or interoperates with third party products. These third party products and services are beyond Sense Labs’ control, but their operation may impact or be impacted by the use and reliability of the Service.
(ii) Third Party Service Providers Used By Sense Labs. You acknowledge that Sense Labs uses third party service providers to enable some aspects of the Service – such as, for example, data storage, synchronization, and communication through Amazon Web Services, and mobile device notifications through mobile operating system vendors and mobile carriers.
(iv) App Stores. You acknowledge and agree that the availability of the mobile application is dependent on the third party websites from which you download the mobile application, e.g., the App Store from Apple or the Android app market from Google (each an “App Store”). You acknowledge that these Terms & Conditions are between you and Sense Labs, and not with an App Store. Each App Store may have its own terms and conditions to which you must agree before downloading mobile applications from it. You agree to comply with, and your license to use the mobile applications is conditioned upon your compliance with, such App Store terms and conditions. To the extent such other terms and conditions from such App Store are less restrictive than, or otherwise conflict with, the terms and conditions of these Terms & Conditions, the more restrictive or conflicting terms and conditions in these Terms & Conditions apply.
You may return Sense for any reason within 60 days of the date of delivery following the original retail purchase (the “Cancellation Period”) for a full refund of your purchase price. To do this, you must inform us of your decision within the Cancellation Period by contacting Sense Labs customer support (https://help.sense.com) and clearly stating your desire to return Sense. Although it will not affect your right to a refund, please provide details on where and when you purchased Sense and your reason for returning Sense. Sense Labs customer service will provide you with a Return Materials Authorization (“RMA”) that must be included with your return shipment to Sense Labs so Sense Labs can identify your shipment.
To receive a refund, you must return Sense with an RMA within the 14 days following the day on which you notify Sense Labs customer support that you desire to return Sense. Unless Sense is faulty or not as described, you will be responsible for all costs associated with returning Sense to us. We will refund the price you paid for Sense plus original delivery cost (up to the value of our ground delivery option). We may reduce the amount of your refund to reflect any reduction in the value of Sense, as determined in our sole discretion, caused by your handling Sense in a way which goes beyond what is necessary to establish their nature, characteristics and functioning (e.g., beyond what would normally be permitted in a shop).
We will process the refund due to you as soon as possible and, in any case, within 30 days from the date of receipt by Sense Labs of the returned Sense. Sense is not eligible for a refund after the 60-day period.
(a) Payment. By providing a credit card or other payment method accepted by Sense Labs, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to use the designated payment method and that you authorize us (or our third-party payment processor) to charge your payment method for the total amount of your order (including any applicable taxes and other charges). If the payment method you provide cannot be verified, is invalid or is otherwise not acceptable, your order may be suspended or cancelled. You must resolve any problem we encounter in order to proceed with your order. In the event you want to change or update payment information associated with your Sense Labs account, you can do so at any time by logging into your account and editing your payment information.
(b) Availability and Pricing. Sense is subject to availability, and we reserve the right to impose quantity limits on any order, to reject all or part of an order and to discontinue offering Sense without prior notice. Prices for Sense are subject to change at any time, but changes will not affect any order for Sense you have already placed.
(c) Sales Tax. Depending on the order, Sense Labs calculates and charges sales tax in accordance with applicable laws.
(d) Title Transfer. Purchases are intended for end users only. Title to the Hardware passes to the purchaser at the time of delivery by Sense Labs to the freight carrier, but Sense Labs and/or the freight carrier will be responsible for any Product loss or damage that occurs when the Product is in transit to you.
(e) Shipping and Delivery. Prices for Sense do not include shipping costs. Our delivery charges and methods are as described on our Site from time to time.
6. Installation and Compliance with Laws.
(a) Installation. There may be laws in the jurisdiction in which you install the Product applicable to where and how to install the Product. You should check that you are in compliance with all relevant laws and codes in your jurisdiction. Sense Labs is not responsible for any injury or damage caused by installation. UNLESS YOU ARE A LICENSED ELECTRICIAN YOU SHOULD NOT ATTEMPT TO INSTALL THE PRODUCT. ONLY A LICENSED ELECTRICIAN SHOULD INSTALL THE PRODUCT. ELECTRICUTION, INCLUDING PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH, AND DAMAGE OR DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY COULD OCCUR IF THE PRODUCT IS INCORRECTLY INSTALLED.
Sense is connected to dangerous voltages. Improper use or installation can be dangerous or even fatal. Please make sure that the installation is done by a qualified professional, and that you follow these guidelines for installation and use: (i) Have the installation done by a qualified electrician, according to local electrical codes. (ii) Do not try to open the Sense monitor, touch any internal parts, or try to repair it without first contacting Sense support. (iii) If you believe the monitor, CTs, or cables may have been damaged, do not try to use them. Please contact Sense support. 4) Use the Sense monitor only in the United States or Canada, and only with a 60Hz 120V/240V split phase system. 5) Install the Sense monitor where it will not be exposed to direct sunlight or extremely low or high temperatures. No exposure to water. Relative Humidity < 90%; Elevation < 3000 meters; Temperature 0 – 50C.
(b) Compliance with Laws. Sense is not intended for use outside of the United States or Canada. You are responsible for complying with all applicable laws and regulations of the country for which the Product is destined. We are not liable or responsible if you break any such law.
7. Warranty Disclaimer. EXCEPT AS SPECIFICALLY SET FORTH HEREIN, SENSE, EXPRESSLY INCLUDING THE HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, SERVICE AND SITE, IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” AND SENSE LABS AND OUR LICENSORS AND SUPPLIERS EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ACCURACY, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. SENSE LABS AND OUR LICENSORS AND SUPPLIERS MAKE NO WARRANTY THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED OR THAT SENSE: (I) WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS; (II) WILL BE COMPATIBLE WITH YOUR ELECTRICAL SYSTEM, HOME NETWORK, COMPUTER OR MOBILE DEVICE; (III) WILL BE AVAILABLE ON AN UNINTERRUPTED, TIMELY, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE BASIS; OR (IV) WILL BE ACCURATE OR RELIABLE OR PRODUCE SPECIFIC RESULTS. NO ADVICE OR INFORMATION, WHETHER ORAL OR WRITTEN, OBTAINED BY YOU FROM SENSE LABS OR THOUGH SENSE SHALL CREATE ANY WARRANTY. WHEN YOU INSTALL, SETUP OR USE SENSE YOU MAY BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO ALTER DEFAULTS OR CHOOSE PARTICULAR SETTINGS. THE CHOICES YOU MAKE CAN CAUSE DAMAGE OR LEAD TO NON-RECOMMENDED OPERATION OF YOUR CONNECTED EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEMS. YOU ASSUME ALL LIABILITY FOR SUCH DAMAGE WHEN YOU CHOOSE PARTICULAR SETTINGS OR SET OR ADJUST DEFAULTS.
Sense provides you information (“Product Information”) regarding the products in your home. All Product Information is provided “as is” and “as available”. We cannot guarantee that it is correct or up to date. In cases where it is critical, accessing Product Information through Sense is not a substitute for direct access of the information in the home.
8. Indemnity. You agree to defend, indemnify and hold Sense Labs and its licensors and suppliers harmless from any damages, liabilities, claims or demands (including costs and attorneys’ fees) made by any third party due to or arising out of (i) your use of Sense, (ii) your violation of these Terms & Conditions, (iii) Feedback you provide; or (iv) your violation of any law or the rights of any third party. Sense Labs reserves the right, at your expense, to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter for which you are required to indemnify Sense Labs and you agree to cooperate with our defense of such claims. You agree not to settle any such claim without Sense Labs’ prior written consent. Sense Labs will use reasonable efforts to notify you of any such claim, action or proceeding upon becoming aware of it.
9. Limitation of Liability. Nothing in these Terms & Conditions and in particular within this “Limitation of Liability” section shall attempt to exclude or limit liability that cannot be excluded under applicable law.
TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE WARRANTY DISCLAIMERS, IN NO EVENT WILL (A) SENSE LABS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, EXEMPLARY, SPECIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY DAMAGES FOR LOST DATA OR LOST PROFITS, ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO SENSE, EVEN IF SENSE LABS KNEW OR SHOULD HAVE KNOWN OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, AND (B) SENSE LABS’ TOTAL CUMULATIVE LIABILITY ARISING FROM OR RELATED TO SENSE, WHETHER IN CONTRACT OR TORT OR OTHERWISE, EXCEED THE FEES ACTUALLY PAID BY YOU TO SENSE LABS FOR SENSE IN THE PRIOR SIX (6)MONTHS (IF ANY). THIS LIMITATION IS CUMULATIVE AND WILL NOT BE INCREASED BY THE EXISTENCE OF MORE THAN ONE INCIDENT OR CLAIM. SENSE LABS DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY OF ANY KIND OF SENSE LABS’ LICENSORS AND SUPPLIERS.
10. Electronic Communications. You are communicating with Sense Labs electronically when you use our Site or send email to Sense Labs. You agree that all agreements, notices, disclosures and other communications that we provide to you electronically satisfy any legal requirement that such communications be in writing. When you order from our Site, we collect and store your email address. From that point forward, your email address is used to send you information about Sense Labs’ products and services unless you opt-out of such emails using the opt-out link in the emails.
11. Notifications. Sense Labs may provide notifications to you as required by law or for marketing or other purposes via (at its option) email to the primary email associated with your Sense Labs account, hard copy, or posting of such notice on the Site. Sense Labs is not responsible for any automatic filtering you or your network provider may apply to email notifications.
12. Force Majeure. We will not be liable or responsible for any failure to perform, or delay in performance of, any of our obligations under a contract that is caused by an act or event beyond our reasonable control, including without limitation acts of God, strikes, lock-outs or other industrial action by third parties, civil commotion, riot, terrorist attack, war, fire, explosion, storm, flood, earthquake, epidemic or other natural disaster, failure of public or private telecommunications networks or impossibility of the use of railways, shipping, aircraft, motor transport or other means of public or private transport.
13. Severability. If any part of these Terms & Conditions becomes illegal, invalid, unenforceable, or prohibited in any respect under any applicable law or regulation, such provision or part thereof will be deemed to not form part of the contract between us. The legality, validity or enforceability of the remainder of these Terms & Conditions will remain in full force and effect.
14. Survivability. The obligations in Sections 1(c), 2(b), (d), (e), (g), 3(c), (d), and 5 through 17 will survive any expiration or termination of these Terms & Conditions.
15. Waiver. Failure or delay by us to enforce any these Terms & Conditions will not constitute a waiver of our rights against you and does not affect our right to require future performance thereof.
16. Successors and Assigns. This Agreement is binding upon each parties’ respective successors and assigns.
17. Governing Law and Jurisdiction. These Terms & Conditions are governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts without giving effect to any conflict of laws principles that may provide the application of the law of another jurisdiction. You agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts in or for Middlesex County, Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the purpose of litigating all such claims or disputes.
18. Language. It is the express wish of the parties that this Agreement and all related documents be drawn up in English. C’est la volonté expresse des parties que la présente convention ainsi que les documents qui s’y rattachent soient rédigés en Anglais. | 2019-04-19T23:09:48Z | https://sense.com/legal/ |
Are you in search of a good assassin?
You say the name is strange? Ah, assassins do not use their real name. Left Eye is merely a code name.
Left Eye has a scar on his left eye, therefore he’s very recognizable. He only accepts money or rare poisons as his reward… Oh! He also accepts information on a certain person with black hair and red eyes. If you have information, he’ll help you kill anyone you want.
But you need to remember: do not try to fool him with false information. Trust me, you do not want to know what happened to the last person who lied to him.
When did things become this way?
His hand was holding onto a sword etched with many complex designs. It was an extraordinary sword, one he completely couldn’t afford. Before, would he have desperately saved up money in order to obtain this sword? But at that moment, all he wanted to do was toss aside that blood-spattered, disgusting thing.
But he couldn’t throw it away, because he needed it to protect the people near him. The people…Black hair waved in a wild dance, making it impossible to discern the person’s face. At first glance, it appeared to be a black hole, one that devoured people. A pair of blood-red eyes could be seen inside the hole, watching the world…near him.
The enemy soldiers that surrounded them had already had their spirits broken, and many had turned to flee. There were a few soldiers that were still fighting valiantly, but soon, they met their end by the lethal vines. Or they were crushed flat into meat patties, or dragged underground, not leaving behind a trace of their existence. Even the ones that had turned to run could not escape the vines that chased after them.
Their opponent was the Danya People. They were invaders, murderers of the people of his country. This was war. There was no need for him to feel guilty or pity them.
In his head, he was reciting all kinds of justifications, but it was clear… This wasn’t war at all; it was a massacre.
Every single one of his instructions was kill, kill, and kill!
Startled, Owen stopped letting his thoughts run wild. He looked up; the target truly was far away. There had to be at least a few thousand soldiers separating them. Although the distance was great, Owen could see that the figure was wearing a conspicuous, azure cloak. Even the beast the person was riding on was equipped with luxurious armor. The guards that surrounded him were even more imposing. It appeared that their target wasn’t an ordinary solider; he had to be some sort of dignitary.
If he was the one that was leading the troops, if they killed him, the enemy’s army should fall apart by itself. Perhaps they could end this battle early.
With this, they would cause fewer deaths, right? But as he looked at the thousands of soldiers in front of him, Owen couldn’t help but waver. If they had to cleave a path to reach their target, how many would they kill this time?
Owen turned around. Gong Hua was staring at him with wide eyes, reeking of the stench of blood. Gong Hua’s black hair, twined into an unruly mass and dancing about wildly, was soaked with the blood of countless soldiers. And that pair of blood red eyes; even their own soldiers were afraid to look into them. Even though Gong Hua was the one that helped them win their battles, the soldiers called “Evil Spirit” in private.
Owen alone knew that only sincerity and pureness reflected in that pair of blood red eyes, although they now also carried a hint of grief. After experiencing the events in that small town, Gong Hua came to understand more things. But even when drenched in blood, Gong Hua remained the little girl who Mila described to be incapable of harming others.
Owen reached out and rubbed Gong Hua’s head. It was an incongruous action, one that wouldn’t normally appear on a battlefield. To the two of them, however, it was the most natural occurrence. Even if Gong Hua was standing motionless, he could still control the vines. Plus, Owen’s only command was to stay beside Gong Hua. On the battleground, they often stood like this while chatting, trying to ignore the slaughter that was occurring around them.
When Owen lifted his hand from Gong Hua’s head, it was dyed red with blood. He stared at his palm, feeling as if he was only attempting to deceive himself. So what if they killed a few thousands more? They had already caused many deaths.
Gong Hua obediently nodded in response. Vines started making a path for the two of them, a path carpeted in blood.
Huge vines sprang from the ground, charging violently into the wall of soldiers. They had no way of dodging the vines, much less scream before they were turned into puddles of blood.
To prevent their target from running away, Owen specially instructed Gong Hua to let the vines rampage wildly instead of aiming straight ahead. But because of this, the death toll grew higher and higher.
Their pace was quite slow. As they walked, Owen focused on the man in the azure cloak. Had the man decided to retreat?
Although Gong Hua’s ability to manipulate plants was strong, there was a limit to how far he could send them. The farther the vines got, the weaker they became. If they passed a certain distance, he would lose his control over them. So the two could only move forward at a slow pace. Owen prayed that their target wouldn’t see through the situation and decide to escape.
The beasts the Danya People rode had astonishing speed. Even Gong Hua’s vines had trouble keeping up with those beasts. If the man decided to leave, there was no way they could catch up.
Contrary to Owen’s expectations, however, not only did the man in the azure-cloak not escape, he directed his beast in their direction and started galloping towards them.
As the distance between the two parties shortened, Owen finally made out their target’s appearance. The man had white hair shot through with streaks of blue, which surprised Owen. During this whole war, the Danya People he had seen typically had five different colors in their hair—white, blue, gold, red, and black. Even if someone didn’t have all five colors, they had at least three or four. It was rare to see someone from the Danya tribe with only two different colors in their hair. It seemed like the man truly wasn’t of ordinary status.
At the same time, he pressed closer towards Owen and Gong Hua. The guards that surrounded the man shouted in alarm. They moved in front of him, obstructing his way, and yelled in worried voices. Although Owen didn’t understand the language of the Danya People, he could guess that the guards were trying to persuade their master to flee.
But the man riding the beast would not listen. Instead, he reached to the side of his beast and pulled out a massive sword. To a human, the size of that sword was inconceivable. Even for a two meter Danya, it was still enormous. It had to be the same size as a fully-grown human.
The man jumped down from the back of his beast, and roared at the guards surrounding him. Even though the guards were concerned, it appeared that the man’s words carried weight. The guards had reluctant expressions on their faces, but they moved to the side, making a path for their master.
Carrying the giant sword on his shoulders, the man in the azure cloak walked towards Owen and Gong Hua. His face was already full of anger, but as he walked across the ground covered in blood and flesh, his expression became even more terrifying. Adding on his two meter sturdy physique, and the giant sword on his shoulders, he truly appeared to be invincible. The imposing aura he exuded was awe-inspiring.
Hearing those words, Gong Hua couldn’t help but hide behind Owen, even unconsciously grasping onto the other’s clothes. He was terrified. The huge man’s expression was like… was like the one Cedric had on before!
Owen’s expression darkened when he heard the question. He didn’t want to explain, but even if he didn’t, Gong Hua could guess at the meaning. The child was getting to know the ways of the world better and better although Owen preferred him to be ignorant.
If Gong Hua was ignorant, then he wouldn’t feel guilty when he killed someone and after he killed someone, he wouldn’t feel sorrow.
Unfortunately, after the events of the small town and Mila’s death, Gong Hua came to understand many things. He became quieter by the day, grief could be seen in his expressions, and smiles had stopped appearing on his face. The one thing that hadn’t changed was that he was as well-behaved as ever… He always obediently slaughtered people.
Gong Hua was still hiding behind Owen, but that didn’t prevent him from controlling the vines. A vine the width of a human shot towards Indigo. The man leapt aside and swung his huge sword, cutting it into two. He then swiftly dashed forward, slicing again at the vines. Gong Hua stared in surprise. Up until now, he hadn’t met anyone from the Danya Tribe who was able to retaliate.
Seeing that Gong Hua was startled, Indigo charged forward; he wasn’t about to waste the rare opportunity he was given. His attack speed was astonishing. Fortunately, Owen was well prepared. He raised his sword to block the other’s strike. He was holding a one-handed sword, and reason dictated that he shouldn’t be able to face a two-handed sword head on as his sword would certainly break into two. But the sword he was holding wasn’t ordinary. Although Owen’s arm was numb from the force of Indigo’s strike, his sword was completely unscratched.
It appeared that Indigo didn’t plan on getting into a long fight with Owen. Every move he made was a straightforward slash towards the head or waist. The power of his fearsome sword was extraordinary; it raised powerful winds every time Indigo hacked down. What was even more surprising was that his enormous two-handed sword had the speed of a one-handed sword!
Owen did not have any strength to counterattack. All he could manage was sidestepping and ducking to avoid the other’s swings. Occasionally, he had the chance to strike back, but he did not manage to injure Indigo. On the other hand, he had already been grazed by the huge sword numerous times, leaving several cuts on his body.
Seeing Owen injured, Gong Hua yelled out in alarm, but Owen didn’t hear him. Besides the thudding of his heart, which was as loud as drums, Owen couldn’t hear anything else. Likewise, the only thing he could see was his opponent.
“Step aside!” Indigo furiously snarled.
Luckily, Owen was strong enough to keep the other interested. If he was just a bit weaker, Indigo would certainly have ignored him and turned to attack Gong Hua instead. If he was just a bit stronger, then Indigo would truly see him as a worthwhile opponent.
As Indigo was currently matched up with Owen, the guard of the black-haired monster, he felt he had to defeat him first before he had the right to go after the one standing behind him.
But both sides were not what they seemed. Indigo felt only irritation at this.
He’s so powerful that he could defeat me in just a few strikes. However, Owen wasn’t scared. Instead, he felt carefree and unrestrained. Whenever he stepped onto the battlefield, he had to lead Gong Hua around to slaughter people. Enemy and friend alike looked at the two of them as if they were monsters. The atmosphere was simply too oppressive!
“B-but, Owen…” Gong Hua didn’t know what to do. He wanted to obey Owen’s command, but that giant two-handed sword terrified him. He feared that if Owen didn’t dodge in time, he would be split into two… just like Mila.
Gong Hua was startled, and took a few steps backwards. But he didn’t obediently leave like he was told, though he knew Owen would definitely be unhappy. In any case, it wasn’t the first time Owen yelled or got angry at him. Ever since they were on the run, Owen had been unhappy.
Standing on the side, Indigo saw everything. He had a strange feeling in his heart, especially upon seeing Gong Hua’s cowering manner. He didn’t appear like a heartless slaughterer who had killed countless people on the battlefield. Instead, he was like… a child?
Indigo hesitated for a moment and looked around at the situation. Although the battlegrounds were chaotic, neither Danya nor humans dared to approach them. A circle of empty land surrounded the three of them. It was a spectacle rarely seen on the battlefield.
Hearing this, no one would attempt to offer assistance to the two men. After putting his thoughts in order, Indigo decided to not beat around the bush, and straightforwardly said, “Let’s battle.” In any case, for him, defeating Owen wouldn’t take much time. Instead of wasting his breath, it would be better to quickly defeat his opponent.
When he heard Indigo’s declaration, Owen’s eyes immediately brightened. He growled and let out a “Good.” He then immediately raised his sword and attacked. His sword was light, allowing for agile movements. Although Owen’s strength couldn’t compare to Indigo’s, with his sword, he could at least parry a few strikes before his defeat.
“You’re facing me, yet you can afford to be distracted?” Indigo growled.
Owen was startled out of his reverie. He saw the giant sword aimed at his head, which brought forth a huge gush of wind. He had no way of blocking it in time, so he quickly stepped back. But not even a half-step later, the huge sword was already above his head.
“Owen!” Gong Hua yelled in fear.
When the sword struck the earth, it let out an earsplitting sound. Even on the raucous battlefield, the sound could be heard, making people’s hearts tremble in fear. Upon closer inspection, Owen saw that the force of the sword had split the ground.
Owen had fallen onto the ground. He was still in one piece, but he didn’t completely dodge the blow. The huge sword had grazed his shoulder, which was dripping with blood. His own sword had also been knocked away.
Owen slowly stood up, and walked over to where his sword had fallen. The whole time, Indigo did not make a move to attack him. He truly was a man of honor. Owen looked hard at the other. Although the latter was a Danya, Owen sincerely admired him. Be it courage or fighting skills, Indigo excelled in all of them!
“Nightclaw? That’s a good name.” Regrettably, the owner didn’t match up to it,but Indigo didn’t say the last sentence out loud. Even if he had already defeated Owen, he did not want to humiliate the man.
“Gong Hua, do it.” Although he was unwilling, Owen gave the command. No matter how admirable Indigo was, he was still the enemy.After receiving permission, numerous huge vines exploded out from the ground. Gong Hua planned on killing Indigo immediately, lest Owen wanted to battle by himself again. If he got injured yet again, he would surely die!
Indigo brandished his sword, a single slash of it cut apart dozens of vines, but there were simply too many. Even if he slashed furiously, like he was holding a light sword, he could not clear the vines. Plus, the vines regrew even after they were cut; there was no way they could be cleared!
Gradually, Indigo’s hands and legs became entwined with numerous small vines. He paid them no attention, as countless other dangerous vines were currently attacking him.
At that moment, Indigo’s guards abandoned their posts, disobeying their master’s previous command. They rushed forward to rescue their lord, but their path was immediately blocked by a huge wine. They roared in rage, and furiously hacked at it. But they were too slow: the small vines had already wrapped Indigo in a tight cocoon. He couldn’t even brandish his sword.
Seeing that Indigo was about to be pierced by dozens of vines, a person gracefully leapt over the vine that was obstructing the guards’ path. He stood in front of Indigo, shielding him.
The person was holding a sword, and was waving it about incredibly quickly, turning the blade into an indistinguishable blur. What could be seen were only flashes of silver. Afterwards, most of the vines that encased Indigo fell onto the ground, slashed to pieces.
Though he saw what had happened, Gong Hua wasn’t too worried. The reason he used the small vines to attack was because most Danya carried heavy two-handed weapons. Those kinds of weapons were good in handling single, strong opponents. However, they weren’t as capable when facing countless numbers of nimble small vines. The person that had jumped out to protect Indigo looked the complete opposite of a regular Danya. His stature was small, and his weapon was a one-handed sword. He also appeared to be extremely agile. But since he was agile, his strength couldn’t amount to much.
The man opened his mouth, as if he had something to say. But the vines’ attacks were swift and fierce; he had no time to finish his words, or make sure his words were clear. His broken sentences were no different from frenzied shouts.
Gong Hua switched to using huge vines to deal with his new opponent. As expected, the man’s flimsy sword couldn’t cut apart the huge vine. In vain, he slashed at it, but was sent flying with a single attack. He slammed against Indigo, and coughed up blood from the impact.
Indigo let out a heart-wrenching roar. The veins in his face and arms bulged out, and he struggled frenziedly against the remaining vines that bound him. Even as they tore open his skin and dug into his flesh, he prevailed stubbornly, ripping apart the vines on his hands by strength alone. He then used his sword and slashed through the rest.
The person in his arms struggled to take off his helmet, revealing a delicate and beautiful face, along with a head of clear blue hair… He was actually a woman!
Obviously, she was not of the Danya tribe, who were built strong and large. Her face was thin, and her neck was slender. After losing so much blood, she looked even frailer.
When Gong Hua glanced upon her face, he froze in shock.
The woman’s face was also filled with surprise. Her chest was a bloody mess, and she was suffering from the pain of her wound, but the expression on her face was far more surprised than in pain.
Although Indigo was asking if she was alright nonstop, her eyes were fixed solely on Gong Hua. It appeared she had something to say. But every time she opened her mouth, she would choke on her own blood and start coughing, so much that she almost fainted.
“Aquamarine!” Indigo hurriedly patted her on the back, his hands extremely gentle. But he had no way of making her comfortable. The big and strong Danya was so anxious his voice was starting to get choked up.
Aquamarine took a ragged breath. The air she was taking in was far less than she was losing, but she was determined to finish her words.
“Flower?” Indigo didn’t understand. Aquamarine suddenly sucked in a breath, her face deathly pale, and lips purple. Indigo immediately said in distress, “Don’t speak anymore, rest! I’m going to bring you to a healer!” He then turned and shouted at his guards in the Danya language.
He shouted again and again, but those guards paid no him no attention. In reality, most of them didn’t understand the human language. So they were even more vigilant towards Gong Hua.
He waved his hand, and small vines sprouted from the ground around the guards’ feet. The vines wrapped around their ankles, but as they were all wearing armor, they did not notice the vines. All of their attention was fixed on Gong Hua; they did not have any to spare for the vines beside their feet.
Pull them aside. Just when Gong Hua was about to command the vines, a piercing roar sounded behind the wall of shields.
An uncontrollable shaking had overtaken Gong Hua’s body. For a long time, he couldn’t speak a word.
“Gong Hua?” Seeing this, Owen couldn’t help but feel worried. He had rarely seen Gong Hua act this scared. The most recent time was when… he first massacred the Danya People.
Owen is still under the impression that Gong Hua is a girl. So when the narration is in Owen’s point of view, Gong Hua will be referred to as a girl.
水蓝, shui lan. Literal translation is sea blue, but aquamarine fits better.
When is the next chapter?????? I’m about to loose my mind wondering what’s next!
We’re working on it. It should be out soon.
Eh? Maybe he lost his powers because he killed a Leaf?
Testing, testing, this is a controlled test, ignore me! Yes, I’m strange, but I’m trying!
As continuing the test, I try again. Please ignore.
Maybe the leaf managed to miraculously survive? Wait no this is a tragedy. Gong hua you poor child.. Thank you for your efforts giraffes!
Thank you for the new chapter ^_^! | 2019-04-26T03:59:44Z | http://giraffecorps.net/gonghua02-prologue/ |
We’ve written about them before.
And we will continue writing about them.
They aren’t new, but they’re versatile.
We’ve discussed multiple topics about Bluetooth.
From understanding Bluetooth, to “the best portable Bluetooth speakers”.
But we’ve never talked about their affordability.
We have to tap into the “Bluetooth speakers under $50” club because it’s a legitimate market.
There’s a reason a lot of the “best speaker under x” posts have risen lately.
Manufacturers and affiliates see dollar signs, and they’re everywhere.
Not only are they cheap, but companies give them different features to make them stand out from the others.
With any market that makes money, there will always be competitors.
And when there are competitors, there will always be an influx of products.
If you’re looking for serious bass on your outdoor Bluetooth speaker…. congratulations, this isn’t it.
What it does have is crisp, audible sound quality.
It’s so sharp it feels like you dived into a pool of freezing water.
You know what else lasts for 8 hours?
That’s a long time considering it’s your whole day.
As for its physical features – you get a clipper so you can attach it to your handbag, or backpack.
Coming in with a lightweight feature, it makes it easy to carry around.
If you’re by the pool and you have no loudspeakers, consider this an alternative.
What makes it perfect for the pool is it’s waterproof.
So if you’re getting rowdy at your pool party, don’t worry about accidentally throwing it in the pool.
In addition, the Bluetooth speaker also comes with an audio cable so you can connect your phone whenever it’s not in Bluetooth mode.
Overall, it’s a convenient Bluetooth speaker which provides tough durability with its compact size.
This makes it the perfect on-the-go Bluetooth speaker under $50 on the market.
40-watts of boom blastin’, party-dancin’, double glancin’, son of a gun.
Thanks to Ric Flair, that sentence above is all you need to know about what this bad boy can do for your house.
With a dual 3-inch LED, you get a speaker which will stand out from the rest.
An illuminating light comes with the speaker.
And you get you the ability to change that color and bounce with the beat.
This is similar to outdoor party speakers with lights.
Another impressive fact is the speed of connectivity.
In 5 seconds, your phone will connect to the speakers. This leaves you without the hassle of trying to find the connection.
Once you find it, BADA BING BADA BOOM.
One downside to a speaker like this is the charge time of 2.5 hours.
An iPhone can charge to full capacity in 1-1.5 hours…why does it take 2.5 hours for a Bluetooth speaker?
A redeeming quality is the top sound quality.
2 channel stereo will deliver that top sound quality you’re craving.
And unlike the first product, this speaker plays like a loudspeaker with booming bass.
What makes this Bluetooth speaker even more appealing is it prevents disruption with a built-in limiting circuit.
A built-in limiting circuit reduces the current in a circuit.
We went over Ohm’s law multiple times in different articles so we won’t display it here.
But if you don’t know, more current means more voltage or less resistance.
We don’t want too much resistance or else distortion comes into play.
And distortion equals bad in terms of sound quality.
This next speaker looks like a placeholder for plants, but it gets the job done.
One thing we can say for sure is you’re not going to be blown away by the technology which comes with the speaker.
But a Bluetooth speaker under $50 won’t always get the best features, it’s just a fact of life.
What it does provide is a battery duration of 12 hours if you play the volume up to 70% power.
Remember when we mentioned the speaker could be a placeholder, well, it can hold plants, but it can also hold smaller items like pencils or rubber bands.
In addition, now that you know it can hold plants, you can also place it outside in your backyard if you don’t have outdoor speakers.
If you’re worried about Bluetooth connection when you place it outside, don’t worry, it goes as far away as 33 feet.
Another feature which makes it compatible with the outdoors is it’s “waterproof”.
We say that in quotations because you can’t totally submerge it in water, but if you splashed it with water, nothing would happen.
For any decor-conscious homeowner out there, this product goes well with any house setup you have.
The warm lighting it emanates makes it easy to place right next to your bed.
It can act as a nightlight whenever you’re sleeping.
Its modern, sleek design goes well with its color scheme.
Combine this with warm lighting and the speaker can be placed anywhere.
With its compact size and friendly features, it’s a cute addition.
A great purchase for anyone who doesn’t want their sound quality to be over the top.
Portable Bluetooth speakers that are solar powered are different.
But just because it can be charged by the sun doesn’t mean it can’t be charged with a battery.
If you spent 10 minutes charging its solar panels, you’ll get 33 minutes of use.
But if you went with the lithium batteries, you’ll get 30 hours with maximum volume.
The last sentence isn’t a typo.
If you were to go old-school with your charging, you can use a USB and charge it for 2.5 hours.
They’re multiple ways in which you can power this speaker.
This is an attractive feature especially if you’re traveling.
In addition to its travel features comes its silicone wrapped coating.
This is great if you were to drop it.
The only caveat is it only guarantees no damage if it’s dropped 6.5 feet and below.
Similar to the speaker above, you can splash water on it without damaging it.
The specifications even state you can wash it with water.
From our perspective, this speaker looks and feels like a tank.
Its colors even make it look like one.
This is why we believe if you’re going to purchase it, use it more for the great outdoors.
The long-life battery plus the way it charges makes it super reliable to last.
If you don’t know Drake, you are living under a rock.
This is the only way we can explain it.
In the social media age we live in now, his influence is everywhere.
It’s safe to say he’s a cultural icon.
From memes to captions, his highly publicized life has taken him to pop star status.
It’s no wonder he has a billion streams on his new album “Scorpion”.
This next speaker is close in terms of popularity.
It will be everywhere in 3-5 years if it hasn’t already.
The Amazon “Echo Dot Smart” speaker is special because of its versatility.
Imagine sitting in your living room relaxing with your family.
You’re watching a thrilling movie, but notice your stomach gurgling.
You don’t want to get out of your seat and get your phone because you’re enjoying the movie.
What you decide to do next is what everybody will be doing in the future which is using their voice to make a command.
It goes like “Alexa, call Pizza Hut!”, after 5-8 seconds you’re on the phone with customer service and asking everybody what they want to eat.
This is the convenience Echo Dot will provide.
Using your voice is plain faster than typing.
The voice command is so strong that it’ll identify your voice even when music is blaring out of it.
We can’t even get our mothers to hear us when they start talking.
It can also connect with other speakers you have in the household.
So if you have a home theatre setup, you can command Alexa to play a music video and your music videos will play simultaneously.
One major downside to this is its outdoor capabilities.
Unlike other portable Bluetooth speakers under $50, Alexa doesn’t stand a chance in a tough environment.
If you’re looking for something innovative and helpful around the household though, this will do.
It’s like a command center for your house.
Other speakers we’ve talked about in this post are durable.
But this speaker is the definition of durable.
When you think of “waterproof”, you think of items you can bring into the swimming pool correct?
Well, other speakers we’ve mentioned can’t even be submerged.
This speaker is different because it can be submerged in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes.
If you don’t think that’s durable, just know they advertise this speaker as “run over” proof.
When we say it can be run over by a car and still function, this is what we mean by “run over” proof.
Other durable features consist of being dust-proof and mud-proof.
Small particles of dirt on the Bluetooth speaker won’t affect its function.
If you managed to surround this speaker around outlets, it can withstand any electricity because it’s shock-proof.
If you plan on going a snowboarding/skiing trip consider bringing this with you because it’s also snow-proof.
For someone that also wants sound quality, this brings 40-watts to the table.
We can attest to the sound quality because of the brand.
Most of the reviews this specific brand provides are of high quality.
And if that doesn’t satisfy you, it also comes with a 12-month warranty with excellent customer service.
so any qualms you have with your precious time and money is risk-free.
As for negative aspects, we can’t think of anything that’ll deter you from purchasing.
This is perfect for someone who considers themselves as the adventurous type.
It fits all terrains and is easy to carry.
This speaker is built like a 3-dimensional triangle.
One noteworthy fact about this product is the distance.
You can be a 100 feet away from this speaker and it’ll still work fine.
Considering most of the speakers here average around 30-50 feet, that’s almost double or triple the amount.
Also, this product has 3 speakers thanks to the design.
Most of the speakers here have 2 because of their shape.
In addition to its speakers is its sound quality.
The first bullet point you see on Amazon mentions its superior sound quality along with its super bass.
When we imagine 3 speakers plus booming bass, we picture a portable boom box.
Problem with this speaker is it only has 14 watts of power.
It’s definitely not the strongest of the group.
Another downside is it’s not fully waterproof.
Just like most of the others, it can’t submerge completely into the water.
The most it can handle is spray and splash.
Consider this product above average because it has all the qualities you want in a speaker, plus more.
It isn’t as versatile as the Echo Dot, but it can hold its own against the majority of Bluetooth speakers under $50.
“The big fundamental” is a nickname for the great Tim Duncan.
He was a big man who had all the basics of basketball down to a tee (hence the name “big fundamental”).
We call this speaker the “big fundamental” because it’s a regular speaker which nails everything a normal speaker should.
It has a 24-hour battery life which is above average compared to the rest of these speakers.
The design is clear to see because all of it is located in one place.
Seamless control and a drop-proof build make this speaker reliable.
There is no way you should be confused using this speaker.
Its all black design can help it fit anywhere.
Its regular shape also helps it fit anywhere in the house.
Along with these features is its fast Bluetooth connectivity.
This strong connection lasts up to 66 feet and connects in a matter of seconds.
For us, we don’t see anything wrong with this speaker.
It covers everything you would want in a portable Bluetooth speaker under $50.
We’ve written on touch speakers before.
This touch speaker is made easy for any owner to navigate.
Even if you’re not the actual owner of this touch speaker, you’ll have no problem figuring it out.
Similar to all Bluetooth technology, this speaker re-connects to all devices it was connected to before once it’s turned on.
Another similarity it has with other speakers is a long battery life.
12 hours is the average lifespan for this product if you keep it at 75% volume.
The downside to this Bluetooth speaker is there is nothing unique about it.
The 12-watt power is nothing impressive and the re-charge takes 3-4 hours with a USB cable.
There is no mention of lithium batteries or any other type of battery for that matter.
It’s solely dependent on a USB cable to charge.
When we say surround sound, we mean it with this portable Bluetooth speaker.
Its design resembles a cylinder and that allows it to have that surround sound effect.
To make it sound like a live performance, the speaker has a passive radiator.
This is one feature which distinguishes it from the others.
power bank or USB port.
Its versatility also adds to its value.
A part of its versatility is the different modes you can use it for.
This speaker switches between indoor and outdoor modes making it the embodiment of versatility.
While some portable Bluetooth speakers under $50 are either meant for outdoors or indoors, this Bluetooth speaker should be taken on hiking trails and households.
What makes it easy to travel with is its weight of 19.7 ounces.
We consider this Bluetooth speaker worthy of its price because of the value it brings.
Plus, it looks like another water bottle that can fit in with your luggage.
Another touch speaker, but the difference is this one is blue.
A unique feature of this speaker is how tiny it is.
It can literally fit on your palm which makes it suitable for small areas in your house.
Although it can go outdoors, its design doesn’t make it advisable because there is no mention of durability anywhere.
You can tell by looking at the picture it’s not as durable as other speakers mentioned here.
One cool feature is the volume control.
With the tip of your finger, you can either decrease or increase the volume depending if you go clockwise, or counter-clockwise.
Aside from the volume feature and its color, this is a speaker we wouldn’t recommend as much as the others.
There isn’t too much to distinguish it from the others, but that’s only relatively speaking.
For someone who is looking for their first speaker, then this choice is solid.
This is another example of a speaker which is labeled “waterproof”, but can’t be submerged in water.
What it can do is take a direct spray from a showerhead.
Its rating of IPX4 means it can be used for showers or outdoors.
Other protective features of this mini speaker are dust-proof and shock-proof.
With an alloy metal hook and detachable suction, this makes it suitable for your backpack and shower.
You can also place it on your fridge if you’re lacking for sound in your kitchen.
As for sound quality, it packs a small punch (5 watts).
Either way, you don’t need too much power because the shower provides great acoustics for our singing.
Who needs the extra 30-40 watts?
Weighing in at 1.6 ounces, this speaker is delicate, but it holds its own.
Its design is simple and easy to use.
All the buttons are centered in one section where the user can see.
For homeowners into aesthetics, this speaker also comes in a variety of colors to match your decor.
It’s perfect for small tables and showers (splash-proof) because it has a suction cup to stick anywhere.
For someone who’s more interested in sound quality, this speaker covers the whole range of the sound spectrum.
From bass to treble, a small speaker usually doesn’t deliver, but this one makes it easy to dance to.
The whole design of the speaker makes it convenient for owners to bring it anywhere.
From indoor to outdoor, this speaker makes it easy to always have a Bluetooth speaker.
If you’re not fully convinced into getting an Echo Dot, consider this alternative.
Although bigger, it provides the same features except it doesn’t look the same as the Echo Dot.
In fact, this one looks like an actual speaker.
Speaking from experience, the Echo Dot looks made to specifically spy on you and record whatever you say.
Most of the people we dealt with say this speaker envokes a paranoid feeling while they’re alone with the Echo Dot.
Sometimes it evens starts playing music, or talking when nobody has said anything.
Unlike the Echo Dot, this speaker fits right in with a home theatre.
It’s a quick and easy set up excluding complex wires and installation.
It’s perfect for mid-sized rooms and is adequate for any living room. | 2019-04-26T11:37:28Z | https://www.noisylabs.com/the-14-best-bluetooth-speakers-under-50-noisylabs/ |
KHC was created by the General Assembly in 1972. In its 40 years, KHC has helped thousands of Kentuckians across the Commonwealth find quality housing. Highlights of KHC’s history of helping communities across Kentucky are listed below.
2014 KHC began a rebranding effort and rebooted the Corporation’s original logo honoring its strong roots, and modernizing the Corporation’s websites and internal technological systems. KHC created a plan to lead the preservation of at-risk affordable rental housing units across Kentucky, many of which were built 20-30 years ago. KHC estimated the Commonwealth could risk losing more than 49,000 rent-restricted units. If those units disappeared, many Kentuckians would not be able to afford safe, quality housing. A Preservation Housing Summit was held bringing stakeholders together to make preservation a priority in Kentucky during the same time preservation of affordable housing found itself on the national stage. Efforts were designed to keep units affordable for another 10-20 years using a combination of resources to include subsidies, loans, refinancing, and/or relaxed restrictions. The Scholar House Program received recognition for Special Achievement from the National Council of State Housing Finance Agencies. KHC joined the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a charter member of a new secondary market for energy-efficiency loans through Warehouse for Energy Efficient Loans.
2013 100 percent of KHC’s mortgage loan production was through the secondary market; no loans were purchased through the issuance of mortgage revenue bonds. The Corporation shifted its focus from single-family homeownership to multifamily production, targeting $12 million for new construction, as well as a bridge loan fund. KY Home Performance received recognition for Special Achievement – Program Excellence from the National Council of State Housing Finance Agencies for innovations in the field of energy-finance. KHC 20/20 was an internal initiative implemented to better position the Corporation to manage challenges of a changing housing and financial environment.
2012 KHC introduces its lowest single-family mortgage rates ever (3.375 percent without DAP/3.625 percent with DAP). KY Home Performance awarded the 2012 ENERGY STAR Partner of the Year award by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. A study on the Recovery Kentucky program finds that for every dollar spent on recovery services, there was a $2.92 return in avoided costs and that 75 percent of participants abstained from drugs and alcohol 12 months later. KHC participated in the efforts to clean up and rebuild areas of Kentucky affected by major storms and tornadoes that devastated many parts of the state.
2011 The Unemployment Bridge Program was introduced in April, which provides assistance to homeowners who have lost their jobs or had a significant reduction in income due to the economy through no fault of their own. Another Recovery Kentucky center opened in Paducah in April. Over 400 real estate agents became KHC certified bringing the total to 1,018 real estate agents who are KHC certified.
2010 KY Home Performance was developed as a new, market-based home energy improvement program; funded through a $4 million grant from the American Recovery Reinvestment Act, plus an additional $2.1 million in funding provided by KHC; and is a partnership between KHC, the Kentucky Department for Energy Development and Independence, and the Kentucky Finance and Administration Cabinet. Another Recovery Center opened in Owensboro in May. KHC starts Certified Real Estate program with 280 agents receiving the designation.
2009 In conjunction with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, KHC launched Kentucky’s Housing and Emergency Assistance Reaching The Homeless program in addition to the Tax Credit Assistance, Tax Credit Monetization, and Weatherization Assistance Programs. The Kentucky Homeownership Protection Center received a $1.5 million grant to provide counseling services and the First Home Advantage Program was created to help first-time home buyers with down payment and closing costs. Two Recovery Kentucky centers were opened in Erlanger and Harlan and a Scholar House opened in Bowling Green.
2008 Three Recovery Kentucky centers opened in Florence, Morehead, and Richmond. The Kentucky Homeownership Protection Center was created by the General Assembly to help homeowners avoid foreclosure. KHC participated with the federal Housing and Economic Recovery Act created to address the subprime mortgage crisis. KHC’s bond ceiling was increased from $2.5 billion to $5 billion. HUD awarded a record $17.2 million in grants to help fund 76 homeless programs. The first two Scholar House facilities opened in Louisville and Owensboro. Staff conducted the KHC Listening Tour to learn of local affordable housing needs across the state.
2007 KHC celebrated its 35th anniversary since origination by the 1972 Kentucky General Assembly. Lee Square, a 27-home community renovation project in Bowling Green, was unveiled. A Recovery Kentucky center development broke ground in Owensboro and a center opened in Henderson. A new Scholar House development broke ground in Bowling Green and another was under construction in Louisville.
2006 Kentucky’s Ten-Year Plan to End Chronic Homelessness unveiled by governor. Legislation establishing permanent funding source for AHTF passed by General Assembly. Katrina victims helped with housing assistance. Homeownership production record broken with over $500 million in more than 5,000 home loans. Maximum home purchase price raised to $200,000 with income level up to $90,440. Ground broken for seven Recovery Kentucky centers. Supportive housing provided to 776 individuals (victims of domestic violence, persons with mental illness and homeless families) through new Safe Havens program designed to help end chronic homelessness.
2005 Recovery Kentucky program launched to reduce chronic homelessness for drug and alcohol addicted Kentuckians. Housing Choice Voucher to Homeownership program started for Section 8 rental assistance participants. Statewide Don’t Borrow Trouble task force established to raise awareness of predatory lending.
2004 Regional offices established to streamline rental assistance processes. Renaissance Kentucky program named Hodgenville as 100th participating community. Recognition received from NCSHA for HouseWorks program, which provided forgivable loans for home improvements for rural homeowners who met income guidelines.
2003 AHTF received $6.2 million designated by General Assembly following discontinuance of lottery appropriation. Received $454,280 from the Corporation for Supportive Housing to integrate state systems, help establish 532 units of supportive housing, and increase awareness of need for supportive housing.
2002 One of eight state HFAs selected to participate in National Homeless Policy Academy by HUD and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Federal income guidelines adopted by General Assembly for use in qualifying home buyers rather than lower state income guidelines. Maximum home purchase price raised by Board of Directors from $99,000 to $144,000. Recognition received from National Trust for Historic Preservation for Renaissance Kentucky and from NCSHA for outstanding human resources management innovation.
2001 Morehead State University contracted to conduct statewide homeless study. University of Louisville contracted to conduct statewide housing needs assessment. Universal design policy adopted by Board of Directors to require building concepts that support minimal alteration to accommodate changing needs of current and future residents. First Appalachian Housing Summit hosted by Kentucky Housing in Prestonsburg.
2000 Renaissance Kentucky program received Blue Ribbon Best Practices Award from HUD. Debt ceiling raised by General Assembly to $2.5 billion and received continuance of allocation of unclaimed lottery winnings for AHTF for two more years. KHC assist 50,000th homeowner.
1999 HUD grant of $290,281 received to expand homeownership education and counseling programs. Unclaimed lottery winnings for AHTF totaled $5.8 million.
1998 Housing assistance provided to 253 households rendered homeless by 1997 flood; flood relief program commended by federal government and used as model by other states. Allocation of unclaimed lottery winnings in excess of $6 million annually received by General Assembly for AHTF for next biennium.
1997 Major contributor to Jimmy Carter Work Project, Hammering in the Hills, with Habitat for Humanity in eastern Kentucky including sponsorship of two house builds.
1996 Housing Policy Advisory Committee created by General Assembly to establish state policy on housing issues. Yes You Can, Family Self-Sufficiency and innovative media programs awarded by National Council of State Housing Agencies (NCSHA).
1994 Named Public Housing Agency of Year by HUD for Section 8 Program administration. $400,000 grant received from HUD for HOPE VI program, which replaces distressed public housing with mixed-income housing.
1993 Began administering all federal McKinney Act homeless funding programs. First state HFA to receive double triple A bond ratings from Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s.
1992 Affordable Housing Trust Fund (AHTF) established by General Assembly without designated permanent funding source to serve state’s lowest income with critical housing needs.
1991 AAA rating received from Standard & Poor’s (first state HFA to do so). Began administering Family Self-Sufficiency Program.
1990 Recognition received as one of top four state HFAs in nation for lowest income served and lowest purchase price. First statewide housing plan created. Yes You Can (homeownership education course) and Rental Deposits Surety Programs developed.
1989 Assets reached $1 billion. In-house Loan Servicing program created. At the end of the fiscal year, a total of 27,000 Kentuckians achieved the dream of homeownership through KHC.
1988 KHC helps over 1,850 Kentuckians become homeowners, including the Watkins family, who was the 25,000th borrower. In its fourth year, the Grants to the Elderly program assisted an additional 160 low-income elderly homeowners with energy repairs and improvements. Housing mortgage loans reached $612 million at the end of the fiscal year, the highest in the Corporation's history.
1987 Income guidelines revised to allow for family size and location. New maximum income was $25,500 for $1,500 for each dependent and $2,500 for homes purchased in Eastern Kentucky counties. Home purchase price limit was increased for the first time in six years. The Housing Foundation, a 501(c)3 nonprofit, established to attract charitable contributions for affordable housing. Governor appointed Corporation to administer federal Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program.
1986 Receives 33 Vouchers from HUD for Housing Choice Voucher program. Partners with City of Lexington and the University of Kentucky on Virginia Place (now One Parent Scholar House), which provides housing, on-site daycare and counseling for single-parents.
1985 Senior and Special Needs Housing Program, Homeownership Trust Fund for 1-6 percent loans and Kentucky Indoor Plumbing Program created. Property at 1225 and 1231 Louisville Road in Frankfort purchased to construct new office building.
1984 First Governor’s Housing Conference held. Grants to the Elderly for Energy Repairs and Training for Affordable Construction Programs developed. Total units assisted was 38,900 by the end of fiscal year 1984, over 1,000 more than the previous fiscal year.
1983 Total number of single-family loans issued reaches over 19,000 at the end of fiscal year 1983. Mortgage interest rates begin to lower, indicating a rebound for the struggling housing market. Household income limits for KHC single-family loans are increased to $25,000 with a purchase price of $46,000 ($52,000 in certain Appalachian counties).
1982 With a successful single-family bond issue, KHC exhausts almost all bonding authority available; Debt ceiling raised by General Assembly to $1.125 billion to allow KHC to continue its housing programs. A difficult economy and high interest rates slow the housing market, putting safe, quality, affordable housing out of reach for many Kentuckians. The Kentucky Appalachian Housing Program began its fifth year with an additional $1 million for a total of 4,135 single and multifamily units since the program's inception at the close of fiscal year 1982.
1981 A total of 29,449 housing units provided in the fiscal year, serving 117 counties. Since the beginning of the Single-Family Mortgage Purchase Program through June 30, 1981, over 18,000 Kentuckians have received a mortgage through KHC. Since beginning of Section 8 program in 1975, KHC had participated in the construction of 10,060 units. Moderate Rehabilitation Program started for multifamily units. Fiscal year 1981 saw KHC's first bond issue for financing of single-family conventional mortgage loans insured by private mortgage companies, as well as KHC-insured and VA-guaranteed loans. A major fire and casualty company purchased a block of these bonds, which has never purchased tax-exempt mortgage bonds secured by non-federally insured or guaranteed loans, indicating KHC's acceptance in the national market.
1980 The Single-Family Mortgage Purchase Program helped 1,900 families become homeowners during the 1980 fiscal year for a total of 13,042 single-family loans in the Corporation's portfolio. Since the inception of Section 8 in 1964 through June 30, 1980, over 5,000 Section 8 units were financed.
1979 Wheelwright, abandoned coal company town in eastern Kentucky, purchased by Kentucky Housing to rehab and resell housing to its residents. KHC employs 41 staff at end of fiscal year 1979. Loans to Mortgage Lenders Revenue Bonds program is created, where funds are loaned to lending institutions, which then make mortgage loans to qualified Kentuckians. Loans to Lenders was very successful in eastern part of state where federal programs had struggled. Urban development becomes more important as Kentucky's population begins to move to more urban parts of the state. Statewide Housing Study completed in December 1979 and shows population increases will create a housing shortage and overall, homeownership rates increased from 1970 to 1979 but began to fall toward the end of the decade. LeRoy Miles, KHC's chairman from its inception in 1972, retires from the chair position in December 1979.
1978 Debt ceiling raised by General Assembly from $400 million to $700 million. Initial $150,000 appropriation repaid to General Assembly, which was not required. More Section 8 units constructed than any state housing finance agency (HFA) in nation.
1977 Single-family mortgage financing made to 3,113 individuals and families. KHC received highest housing authority bond and note rating of AA (at the time) from Moody's and Standard & Poors. KHC officially moves into 1231 Louisville Road building. KHC has a total of 25 employees. Kentucky Appalachian Housing Program established.
1976 In-house mortgage loan underwriting begins (one of the few state housing agencies at the time to have an Underwriting Department). Pre-residency counseling program established. Staff increased from 6 to 12. KHC leases property at 1231 Louisville Road in Frankfort.
1975 First allocation of $1.9 million received from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for construction of 623 Section 8 units. From start to June 30, 1975, KHC financed a total of 5,248 homes, 21 multifamily projects, 2 rehabilitation programs, 3 land acquisitions and development projects, and 1 construction loan.
1974 $30 million in bond-anticipation notes issued to finance home buying program, called Mortgage Purchase Program at the time. The 1974 Housing and Community Development Act creates Section 8 Program; KHC requests enough funding to develop 600 units.
1973 First bond issue originated totaling $52.1 million. First executive director hired.
1972 Kentucky Housing Corporation created as state housing finance agency by General Assembly under Mae Street Kidd Act with $150,000 appropriation. Housing Development Fund created by the General Assembly. | 2019-04-22T12:18:05Z | http://www.kyhousing.org/Pages/Our-History.aspx |
Treating obesity has proven to be an intractable challenge, in part, due to the difficulty of maintaining reduced weight. In our previous studies of in-patient obese subjects, we have shown that leptin repletion following a 10% or greater weight loss reduces many of the metabolic (decreased energy expenditure, sympathetic nervous system tone, and bioactive thyroid hormones) and behavioral (delayed satiation) changes that favor regain of lost weight. FMRI studies of these same subjects have shown leptin-sensitive increases in activation of the right hypothalamus and reduced activation of the cingulate, medial frontal and parahippocampal gryi, following weight loss, in response to food stimuli. In the present study, we expanded our cohort of in-patient subjects and employed psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to examine changes in the functional connectivity of the right hypothalamus. During reduced-weight maintenance with placebo injections, the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus increased with visual areas and the dorsal anterior cingulate (dorsal ACC) in response to food cues, consistent with higher sensitivity to food. During reduced-weight maintenance with leptin injections, however, the functional connectivity of the right hypothalamus increased with the mid-insula and the central and parietal operculae, suggesting increased coupling with the interoceptive system, and decreased with the orbital frontal cortex, frontal pole and the dorsal ACC, suggesting a down-regulated sensitivity to food. These findings reveal neural mechanisms that may underlie observed changes in sensitivity to food cues in the obese population during reduced-weight maintenance and leptin repletion.
Copyright: © 2013 Hinkle et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: External funding supporting this study came from: NIH grants DK64473 and RR00645 (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/oer.htm), NIH/National Center for Research Resources grant UL1 RR024156 (http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/organization/NCRR.htm#programs), and Department of Defense grant W56HZV-04-P-L (http://contracting.tacom.army.mil/CFDATA/SOL/SOL01.CFM). Recombinant methionyl human leptin was generously provided by Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Recombinant methionyl human leptin was generously provided by Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Obesity has become the most prevalent and costly nutritional problem in the United States and currently accounts for more than 10% of direct U.S. health care spending . Modest (10%) weight loss is sufficient to prevent or ameliorate many of the major medical and metabolic consequences of obesity . While most patients can achieve such weight loss by conventional means, the majority cannot maintain the reduced weight for extended periods of time .
Our previous work has shown that maintenance of a reduced body weight is accompanied by disproportionately decreased rates of energy expenditure, largely attributable to increased skeletal muscle work efficiency as well as decreased sympathetic nervous system tone and circulating concentrations of bioactive thyroid hormones and increased parasympathetic nervous system tone –. This disproportionate decline in energy expenditure (∼300–400 kcal/day below the total predicted solely on the basis of weight and body composition changes) would have little consequence if it were easy to sustain a corresponding reduction in energy intake in order to maintain a reduced body weight. However, we , and others – have shown, this is not the case.
Our previous fMRI investigation in a population of in-patient obese subjects compared responses to visual food versus non-food cues in a population of in-patient obese subjects in three treatment conditions: stabilized at maximal weight (Wtinitial), following stabilization at 10%–12% below usual weight while receiving twice daily injections of either a placebo (Wt−10%placebo) or while receiving twice daily leptin injection in doses titrated to restore 8 a.m. leptin concentrations to those present prior to weight loss (Wt−10%leptin) (See Figure 1). We found that during maintenance of a 10% or greater reduced body weight, there are increases in neural activity of brain areas that are associated with reward valuation and processing of food-related stimuli and decreases in neural activity of brain areas related to restraint in response to food . These previous fMRI findings accompanied behavioral studies in the same population demonstrating that individuals maintaining a reduced weight experience delayed satiation, decreased perception of how much food they have eaten and increased hunger . We also found that in the leptin repletion condition, the hypothalamus was more active and the cingulate, medial frontal and parahippocampal gryi were less active in response to food cues . These variations in activity patterns suggest variations in functional connectivity that were tested in the present study to advance understanding of the neural dynamics associated with the effects of leptin during body weight fluctuations.
Figure 1. Increased functional connectivity in the reduced-weight maintenance with placebo injections comparison.
Brain areas showing significant increases in functional connectivity with the hypothalamic seed (indicated in green, upper right) are shown on standard space axial brain slices with the color indicating the Z score per the color gradient on the bottom. FP (Frontal Pole), SFG (Superior Frontal Gyrus), MGN (Medial Geniculate Nucleus), HC (Hippocampus),MFG (Middle Frontal Gyrus), ITG (Inferior Temporal Gyrus), supLOC (superior division of the Lateral Occipital Cortex), dorsal ACC (dorsal Anterior Cinqulate Cortex), IPL (Inferior Parietal Lobule).
The combination of decreased energy expenditure and dysregulation of systems controlling energy intake during reduced weight maintenance tend to bias physiological responses toward weight regain. Many of these changes in energy homeostatic systems following weight loss are at least partially reversed by exogenous administration of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin , , . The previous findings contributed insight into the brain areas that respond differentially to food cues as a result of weight loss and leptin repletion, including the demonstration that leptin repletion reverses the decline in hypothalamic activation following weight loss. Beyond these findings, little is known about how functioning circuits, rather than individual loci, in the brain adapt their responses to food cues in weight loss or leptin treatment.
In the present study, we expanded our in-patient cohort and used psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to examine the functional connectivity between brain areas as subjects were exposed to food cues in the same three treatment conditions. This approach is based upon the understanding that the physiological connections between two or more brain regions vary with the function or psychological context . The benefit of PPI analysis is that it allows the identification of separate brain areas that, under certain psychological conditions (i.e. viewing food compared to non-food cues), form significantly coordinated functional networks. In PPI analysis a “seed” region of interest in the brain is specified and correlations with activations of other brain areas are determined based on the interaction of a psychological regressor (the time course of the external stimuli convolved with a hemodynamic response function) and a physiological regressor (the activation time course of the seed). Areas that show statistically significant correlations are said to be functionally connected (or coupled) to the seed when responding to the external stimulus, e.g. food cues. Based on our previous analyses of reduced weight maintenance and leptin effects on activation of individual brain loci in response to food, we chose the right hypothalamus as the primary seed of interest and tested two hypotheses: First, that the 10% weight reduced condition, compared to the initial weight condition (Wt−10%placebo contrasted with Wtinitial), would increase functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with the attention and visual systems when viewing food cues compared to non-food cues, as evidence of up-regulated sensitivity to food cues (e.g., increased reward value) during maintenance of reduced weight , . Second, that the leptin repletion condition, compared to the reduced weight condition with placebo injections (Wt−10%leptin contrasted with Wt−10%placebo), would (a) increase functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with the insula, as evidence of achieving some aspects of the homeostatic coordination within the intrinsic food regulation system , ; and (b) reduce functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with reward valuation areas when responding to food cues, as evidence of down regulation of extrinsic food cue salience . In addition to our primary hypothalamic seed, we examined the bilateral nucleus accumbens as a secondary or confirmatory seed. Given the pivotal role of the nucleus accumbens in actual energy intake behavior, one would predict similar effects on the changes in functional connectivity observed for both the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens relative to the neural systems regulating energy intake.
PPI analyses were constructed to test the effects of reduced-weight maintenance (i.e. Wt−10%placebo contrasted with Wtinitial) and leptin repletion (i.e. Wt−10%leptin contrasted with Wt−10%placebo) (See Figure S1). Table 1 summarizes changes in functional connectivity for the hypothalamic seed in these two comparisons. For these comparisons, Figures 1, 2, 3 present statistical parametric maps of increases in functional connectivity shown in warm colors and decreases in functional connectivity shown in cool colors, overlaid on normalized axial brain slices ranging from z = −40 mm to z = 52 mm relative to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line.
Figure 2. Increased functional connectivity in the reduced-weight maintenance with leptin repletion comparison.
Brain areas showing significant increases in functional connectivity with the hypothalamic seed (indicated in green) are shown on standard space axial brain slices with the color indicating the Z score per the color gradient on the bottom. SupLOC (superior division of Lateral Occipital Cortex), inf LOC (inferior division of the Lateral Occipital Cortex).
Figure 3. Decreased functional connectivity in the reduced-weight maintenance with leptin repletion comparison.
Brain areas showing significant decreases in functional connectivity with the hypothalamic seed (indicated in yellow) are shown on standard space axial brain slices with the color indicating the Z score per the color gradient on the bottom. FP (Frontal Pole), SFG (Superior Frontal Gyrus), dorsal ACC (dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex), sup LOC (superior division of the Lateral Occipital Cortex), IPL (Inferior Parietal Lobule), OFC (Orbital Frontal Cortex), MFG (Medial Frontal Gyrus).
Table 1. Changes in Functional Connectivity1.
The changes in the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus as a result of reduced-weight maintenance were determined by contrasting the results of Wt−10%placebo with those of Wtinitial and are shown in Figure 1. The right hypothalamus seed area is shown in green (z = −12 mm, upper right). These results reflect an increased sensitivity to visual and attention processing areas relative to food cues.
Increases in functional connectivity (coupling) of the hypothalamus when viewing food stimuli extended to multiple areas that can be broadly grouped as visual, memory and attention areas, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. These areas included ventral visual (occipital fusiform and temporal fusiform areas) and dorsal visual (superior lateral occipital cortex (LOC) and cuneus) areas, the hippocampus, and areas associated with attention and executive function systems (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left middle and inferior frontal gyri). There were no significant decreases in functional connectivity with the hypothalamus, when viewing food cues as a result of reduced-weight maintenance.
Changes in functional connectivity of the hypothalamus as a result of the leptin repletion were determined by contrasting the results of Wt−10%leptin with those of Wt−10%placebo and are shown in Table 1 and Figures 2 and 3.
As a result of leptin repletion, there were increases in functional connectivity in response to visual food cues of the right hypothalamus with the right insula cortex, the adjoining central and parietal operculae, and with right-dominant visual areas in the ventral visual stream (occipital fusiform cortex and inferior division of the LOC), and the dorsal stream (the cuneus and the superior division of the LOC) (Figure 2).
There were also decreases in the functional connectivity (decoupling) of the hypothalamus in response to visual food cues during leptin administration compared to placebo, with ventral frontal areas (the right frontal pole and the right orbital frontal cortex) and dorsal frontal areas (superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and the dorsal ACC) and the posterior left parietal cortex (Figure 3).
By employing the nucleus accumbens as a secondary seed of interest, we confirmed strong similarities in the changes in functional connectivity observed in the leptin repletion comparison for the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens. Specifically, like the right hypothalamus, the bilateral nucleus accumbens showed increased functional connectivity with the insula/operculum and the dorsal visual areas (Table S1 and Figure S2) and decreased functional connectivity with the OFC (Table S1 and Figure S3).
We studied neuronal functional connectivity of the hypothalamus before and after weight loss and with and without leptin repletion following weight loss in a group of overweight subjects in an in-patient setting that rigorously controlled variables that have been shown to affect fMRI studies of food intake (e.g. macronutrient content, exercise and the social environment that food is administered) –. We hypothesized that changes in the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with other brain areas would reflect changes in connectivity that may mediate the observed difficulty with appetite restraint during reduced-weight maintenance and the improved appetite restraint during reduced-weight maintenance with leptin repletion. The major findings of this study are, in response to viewing food cues: 1.) during reduced-weight maintenance, the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus increases with visual and attention areas, 2.) during leptin repletion following weight loss, the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with the insula and the central and parietal operculae is increased and the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with the OFC, frontal pole, and dorsal ACC is decreased, which indicate a possible reintegration of hypothalamic functional circuitry with certain frontal reward valuation and emotion processing areas. Taken together, these data are consistent with a mechanism of up-regulation of neural sensitivity to food cues following weight loss that is partially reversed by leptin repletion.
In the reduced-weight maintenance comparison (Wt−10%placebo contrasted with Wtinitial), while responding to food cues versus non-food cues, the right hypothalamus was found to increase its functional connectivity principally with attention, executive function, visual and memory systems (Figure 2), i.e. in brain areas that have been implicated in the allocation of attentional and decision making resources . More specifically, the ventral visual stream (including the fusiform gyrus, and the inferior temporal gyrus) is critical in object recognition and the dorsal visual stream (including the inferior parietal cortex, superior LOC and cuneus) is critical in object localization and coordination with the motor cortex when in pursuit of an object . The hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, which also increased functional connectivity with the hypothalamus in response to food cues following weight loss, are known to be involved in memory function. The areas found to increase their functional connectivity are consistent with those that showed increased functional activation in response to food versus non food cues in a recent meta-analysis . These findings are also consistent with the subjects’ reports that their hunger increased, their satiety was delayed and their perception of food intake decreased . The neural results reported here for the reduced-weight maintenance, suggest a mechanism by which physiological responses to a food-deprived state include strengthening the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with attention, visual and memory resources when in the presence of external food cues.
The leptin injections given after 10% weight loss were calibrated to return their circulating leptin plasma concentrations to the same levels as before weight loss (i.e. leptin repletion). As a result of the leptin repletion, there was an increase in functional connectivity of the right hypothalamus with interoceptive and right dominant visual areas (Figure 2) and decreased functional connectivity with right reward and attention-related areas (Figure 3).
Specifically, we observed increased functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and the right mid- and posterior insula and the associated right central and parietal operculae (Figure 2), which are known to be related to interoception (including hunger) and gustation. –. The mid- and posterior regions of the insula are centrally positioned between the temporal, frontal and parietal cortices and as such well positioned for integrative interoceptive monitoring and processing. One recent study, which used a multi-modal convergent approach to mapping the insula in conjunction with an overlay from a behavior meta-analysis, identified the specificity for interoception with the insula . Another recent functional connectivity study of the insula, identified two distinct right mid-insula areas as subserving interoception, a ventral one centered at z = 0 and a dorsal centered at z = 16 . Our findings did encompass both of these locations but did not detect differences between them, which could be due to the increased size of our smoothing kernel (8 mm) as compared to theirs (6 mm).
The observation that leptin repletion is associated with increases in functional connectivity with these interoceptive areas suggests a recoupling of homeostatic regulating mechanisms including the hypothalamus with the interoceptive monitoring and processing areas that were disassociated following weight loss. This interpretation is further supported by findings both in our single condition results and in other fMRI studies that examined reward activation. First, in our single condition result of Wt−10% placebo no significant functional connectivity is observed between the right hypothalamus and the insula (bilaterally) or the operculae (Figure S4) yet after leptin repletion the functional connectivity is significantly increased (Figure 3).
Second, decreased connectivity of the right hypothalamus, relative to viewing food cues during leptin repletion, is centered on the orbital frontal cortex, the frontal pole, the attentional system and the dorsal visual system (Figure 3). The orbital frontal cortex has been shown to project to the lateral hypothalamus and identified as a primary reward valuation location with various dissociations between lateral and medial areas –. Our findings indicate decreased functional connectivity from the right hypothalamus to the lateral and mid-lateral reaches of the OFC and frontal pole. Two previous fMRI studies have shown that the lateral OFC responds to changes in the relative reward valuation. One showed that the lateral OFC response declines when the subject is sated . The other demonstrated that the lateral OFC responds parametrically to changes in positive reward values . Our observation of a decrease in the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with the right lateral OFC, during leptin repletion extends these results and suggests that leptin repletion weakens the ability of the lateral OFC to project reward values to the hypothalamus. Thus, the decreased connectivity shown here suggests a mechanism by which leptin repletion decreases coupling between the right hypothalamus and the frontal reward areas resulting in reduced hunger and increased satiety . Similarly, the concomitant weakening of the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus with the attentional (dorsal ACC) and visual systems (superior LOC and inferior parietal lobule) in response to food cues during leptin repletion is consistent with this mechanism (Figure 3).
To our knowledge only two previous studies examined functional neural circuits in obese subjects. Both studies compared obese to normal subjects rather than the within subject comparison of this study. Neither of the previous studies included the hypothalamus as a seed nor included a reduced-weight maintenance comparison or a treatment intervention.
In one study brain responses to viewing high calorie v. low calorie food images were compared between 12 obese subjects and 19 normal-weight subjects. The connectivity test used was not PPI, rather, a form of path analysis was used that tests a specific a priori model of the directionality of connection in a pre-specified functional network. Their DCM model focused on differences in functional connections between the OFC, the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens. It was reported that the orbital frontal cortex of the obese subjects compared to lean subjects strongly modulated the nucleus accumbens. Our finding that leptin repletion reduced the functional connectivity between the OFC and both the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens, reflects and extends their finding for a within-subject study where patients adapt to either weight loss with leptin or weight loss without leptin.
In the other study , functional activation was used to locate the caudate nucleus as its seed. The study used PPI and reported a decreased functional connection from the caudate nucleus to the amygdala and insula in the obese subjects compared to the normal-weight subjects, when viewing appetizing v. bland food. As Figure S3 indicates, in the leptin repletion comparison, we observed a decrease of functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and both the right anterior insula and the left amygdala during leptin repletion, which is the condition most comparable to the physiological state of homeostasis in obesity.
The findings from our study expand those above in three ways. First, our with-in subject cross-over design highlight brain connectivity changes that can be attributed specifically to the dynamics of weight-loss maintenance within the clinically important obese population. Second, by using PPI without an a priori model our technique is well suited to exploratory research in a little studied field. And third, our specific results indicate newly observed changes in functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and reward and attention areas, in response to food cues, that are worthy of further investigation.
We observed variations in the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus during reduced-weight maintenance and leptin repletion. During reduced weight maintenance, functional connectivity of the hypothalamus increased to attentional, visual, control and reward-sensitive brain areas when viewing food relative to non-food cues suggesting a higher sensitivity to food cues and rewards by the obese during weight loss. During leptin repletion, we observed increased connectivity between the hypothalamus (and the nucleus accumbens) and the insula and operculae, suggesting a possible reintegration of some energy intake regulation mechanisms of the hypothalamus with the interoceptive monitoring of the insula. Finally, during leptin repletion, we also observed a decreased functional connectivity between the hypothalamus (and nucleus accumbens) with the lateral OFC, suggesting a down regulation of reward valuation signals reaching the hypothalamus. Taken as a whole and in conjunction with other recent studies, our findings are consistent with the hypotheses that the functional neural circuits engaged during reduced-weight maintenance biases behavior toward food intake and that during leptin repletion the functional neural circuits bias toward a normalization of appetitive drive and behavior, when exposed to food cues. It is also important to note that leptin repletion impacts the functional connectivity of many areas not directly reflected in our hypotheses.
Despite having the advantage of a carefully controlled weight-loss and leptin repletion study protocol, several limitations to our findings are to be noted. First, during the entire study period, the subjects remained on a synthetic liquid diet and our stimulus set included the presentation of real food items. Thus neural responses of the subjects may also have represented interactions with long-term memory and other functional circuits as they reacted to the presence of real foods during scanning sessions. Second, several studies have shown modest structural differences in the brains of obese individuals. Our registration and identification of the functional network relied on the MNI-152 template, which is an average of 152 young men from the general population. This may limit the accuracy of our identification and localization of some brain structures. Third, two subjects did not have standard structural images of their brain available. This may also have limited the precision of our localization of brain structures. Fourth, the hypothalamus is a relatively small brain structure and is infrequently localized in brain imaging. Spatial smoothing of 8 mm likely limits the localization of each subject’s hypothalamus, though our two-step seed localization process may partially help offset this (see Methods). Fifth, that leptin also acts directly on the ventral tegmental area and can up-regulate its dopaminergic projections may play a role in indirect frontal cortex connectivity changes observed here and it is not possible to dissociate the direct effect of leptin from the indirect effect. Sixth, numerous studies suggest that the effects of leptin on energy homeostasis in humans are dependent upon the nutritional milieu in which leptin is administered , , –. Thus, the results of this study cannot be assumed to reflect the actions of leptin in any context other than reduced-weight maintenance, solely through caloric restriction. Seventh, our subject sample size is relatively small (n = 10) and no healthy control sample was compared to our weight reduced obese sample. Because our study protocol was a crossover design, each subject served as their own control. Eighth, this study examines the effects of short-term (5 weeks) leptin repletion on PPI in obese weight-reduced subjects following dietary weight loss. These results cannot be generalized to the possible efficacy of longer term leptin repletion. The observations that adaptive thermogenesis persists even many years after weight loss and the long-term efficacy of leptin repletion in leptin deficient subjects on both energy expenditure and intake , suggests that exogenous leptin administration following weight loss might be a useful adjunctive therapy, although this hypothesis remains untested. Finally, our choice of the right hypothalamus as our hypothalamic seed rather than the bilateral hypothalamus is based on prior GLM observations from a portion of this data set although we have no a priori hypothesis with regard to hypothalamic laterality.
Ten obese (BMI >30) subjects (2 male, 8 female) remained as in-patients in the General Clinical Research Center at Columbia University Medical Center throughout the study. All subjects had been stable at their maximal lifetime weights for at least 6 months prior to admission, were in good health, were taking no medications and were right-hand dominant. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of The New York Presbyterian Medical Center and are consistent with guiding principles for research involving humans . Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Subject characteristics are presented in Table 2. Six of the 10 subjects included in this fMRI functional connectivity study were also included in our prior functional activation study (8).
Table 2. Subject Characteristics (n = 10, 8 females).
See Figure S1 for a diagram of the study design. Prior to the initial scanning session, subjects were fed a liquid formula diet (40% of calories as fat [corn oil], 45% as carbohydrate [glucose polymer], and 15% as protein [casein hydrolysate]), plus vitamin and mineral supplements, in quantities sufficient to maintain a stable weight for six to eight weeks. The initial stabilized weight plateau was designated the Wtinitial condition. Following completion of the Wtinitial imaging session (described below), subjects were provided 800 kcal/d of the same liquid formula diet until they had lost 10% of their Wtinitial weight. The duration required to lose the 10% of initial weight ranged from five to nine weeks. Once 10% weight loss was maintained for six weeks, caloric intake was adjusted upward until subjects were again weight stable at Wtinitial less 10% and then remained on an isocaloric diet through the remainder of the study. Subjects then participated in a crossover design of two five-week treatment conditions. During the Wt−10%placebo treatment condition the subjects received s.c. injections of saline. During the Wt−10%leptin condition the subjects received s.c. injections of recombinant methionyl human leptin (provided by Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc.). The leptin dose was calibrated to re-establish circulating leptin concentrations equal to those measured at Wtinitial. The order of the treatment conditions was randomly assigned for each subject. Between their two treatment conditions, each subject underwent a 2-week washout period during which they received no injections. During the two treatment conditions and the wash-out phase, subjects were unaware of the order of treatments and remained on the isocaloric diets that previously maintained their weight at the Wtinitial less 10%–12%.
Images were acquired on a General Electric 1.5T scanner. Functional images were acquired with a T2-weighted echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence, using a TR (time to repeat) of 4,000 ms, an echo time of 60 ms, a flip angle of 60°, a field of view of 190 mm×190 mm with an array size of 128×128). Twenty-five contiguous 4.5-mm-thick axial slices were acquired parallel to the anterior-posterior commissure. The resulting functional voxel size was 1.5 mm×1.5 mm×4.5 mm. Structural images were acquired with a T1-weighted spoiled gradient–recalled (SPGR) sequence using a TR of 19 ms, an echo time of 5 ms, a flip angle of 20° a field of view of 220 mm×220 m, recording 124 slices at a thickness of 1.5 mm. The resulting structural voxel size was.86 mm×0.86 mm×1.5 mm. Structural T1 images were not available for two subjects. The mean high-resolution functional image for these two subjects was used in lieu of the structural T1 for registration purposes (see below).
Scanning sessions for each of the three conditions were identical and occurred in a post-absorptive state beginning at approximately 9 am. Four functional scans of 36 acquisitions were collected, each lasting 2 minutes 24 seconds. Visual stimuli were the same as used in our prior functional activation study (8). In two functional scans 12 food items (e.g. fruit, grains, vegetables, sweets) were visually presented for four seconds each in a single block that was preceded and followed by a baseline. In the other two scans 12 non-food items (e.g. cell phone, jump rope, yo-yo) were visually presented in a similar manner. See Table S2 for a list of the stimuli. The order of stimuli presentation was randomly assigned a priori but was retained for each subsequent scanning session for each subject.
All preprocessing and statistical analyses were completed using the FMRIB Centre’s FSL FEAT version 5.98 . Following image reconstruction and the deletion of the first three acquisitions, the data for each functional scan was slice time corrected, spatially smoothed at 8 mm FWHM, high-pass filtered at 100 seconds and motion corrected using McFLIRT. The functional and structural scans for eight subjects were co-registered using six degrees of freedom and the result was co-registered to the Montreal Neurological Institute-152 brain template (voxel size, 2 mm3) using 12 degrees of freedom.
Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was completed to examine changes in functional connectivity of neural circuits when responding to food stimuli compared to non-food stimuli. The PPI analysis was completed as a linear univariate regression within the Generalized Linear Model framework of FEAT . Given a region of interest seed in the brain, PPI analysis identified brain areas with activation more highly correlated during one condition than another. For each functional scan the regressor of interest (PPI) was constructed as the scalar product of the psychological regressor (the time course of the stimuli presentations convolved with a double gamma hemodynamic response function) and the physiological regressor (the activation time course of the seed). Nuisance regressors included the psychological regressor, the physiological regressor, a global mean regressor, a white matter regressor, and for further motion correction three translation and three rotation regressors. No CSF regressor was used because of the hypothalamus’ proximity to the fossa. Voxel level results were thresholded at a probability 0.05 and cluster-level corrections were made for multiple comparisons in the regression using Gaussian Random Field Theory with a probability for each cluster of 0.01.
Prior to testing the specific hypothesis, we first tested for a presence of functional networks within each of the three individual treatment conditions: Wtinitial, Wt−10%placebo and Wt−10%leptin. Then, to test the reduced-weight maintenance hypothesis, we tested for significant changes by contrasting the Wt−10%placebo condition with the Wtinitial condition. To test the leptin repletion hypothesis, we tested for significant changes by contrasting the Wt−10%leptin condition with the Wt−10%placebo condition. The above sequence of tests was repeated for both seeds.
Since the hypothalamus is a primary mediator of hormonal signaling regarding hunger and satiety, it was the primary seed of interest. The hypothalamus is thought to be the central locus for homeostatic feeding control and is the primary brain site for direct leptin action . Further, the hypothalamus was recently shown to modulate non-feeding behaviors by up-regulating dopamine (DA) projecting neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) when hypothalamic agouti-related protein (AgRP) cells are impaired . Moreover, in our prior study, the right hypothalamus presented a robust response to the leptin treatment.
In addition, the nucleus accumbens was chosen as a secondary seed because it has a central role in hedonic motivation (including relative to food), is an indirect recipient of leptin action from leptin sensitive neurons in the ventral tegmental area via dopaminergic projections , –, is directly connected multi-synaptically to the both the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus , and is reciprocally connected by hypothalamic projections into the shell of the nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum , which in turn projects to the dorsal striatum (putamen), where direct initiation and termination of behavior is observed. The results from the nucleus accumbens seed were used to provide additional support for our leptin repletion findings relative to the hypothalamic seed.
The seeds for both the hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens were constructed in a two-step process. We started with an externally determined group seed mask and then re-centered within that location based on the maximum activation of the individual subject within that group mask. Specifically, the location for the initial hypothalamic group mask was taken from the activation location reported for the right hypothalamus in our previous study . Around this location a spheroid was constructed using a 4 mm kernel. The resulting spheroid was then tested for the voxel of maximal activation for each subject. Around this re-centered voxel, the final seed for the hypothalamus was constructed as a new spheroid for each subject using a 6 mm kernel. For the nucleus accumbens, we started with a group mask derived from all voxels having a 50% or greater probability of being identified as nucleus accumbens by the probabilistic Oxford-Harvard Subcortical Structural Atlas. Within that mask, we then tested for the voxel of maximum activation for each subject. Around this re-centered voxel, the final seed for the nucleus accumbens was constructed as a new spheroid for each subject using a kernel of 6 mm.
Study Design. Horizontal Axis indicates approximate duration of time in the study and comparisons between conditions. Vertical axis indicates approximate weight. The three conditions of the study Wtinitial, Wt−10%placebo, and Wt−10%leptin are shown in the burnt orange, yellow and light orange rectangles. The comparisons between the three conditions are illustrated in the two double-arrow blue figures. Scanning occurred at the end of each condition and the order of the two reduced-weight conditions was counter balanced .
Increased functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens in the reduced-weight maintenance with leptin repletion comparison. Brain areas showing significant increases in functional connectivity with the nucleus accumbens seed (indicated in copper) are shown on standard space axial brain slices with the color indicating the Z score per the color gradient on the bottom. STG (Superior Temporal Gyrus), PCC (Posterior Cingulate Cortex), sup LOC (superior division of the Lateral Occipital Cortex).
Decreased functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens in the reduced-weight maintenance with leptin repletion comparison. Brain areas showing significant decreases in functional connectivity with the nucleus accumbens seed (indicated in copper) are shown on standard space axial brain slices with the color indicating the Z score per the color gradient on the bottom. Med & lat OFG (medial and lateral Orbital Frontal Cortex), ventral ACC (ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex), Amyg (Amygdala), FP (Frontal Pole).
Increased functional connectivity in the reduced-weight maintenance with placebo injections condition. Brain areas showing significantly correlated functional connectivity with the hypothalamic seed (indicated in green) are shown on standard space axial brain slices with the color indicating the Z score per the color gradient on the bottom. Sup LOC (superior division of Lateral Occipital Cortex), dorsal ACC (Anterior Cingulate Cortex), MFG (Middle Frontal Gyrus), SFG (Superior Frontal Gyrus).
Changes in Functional Connectivity. Seed: Bilateral Nucleus Accumbens.
The authors acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the nursing and nutrition staff of the Clinical Research Resource at Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons/The New York Presbyterian Medical Center and also of the imaging staff in the fMRI Research Center at Columbia University Medical Center. Recombinant methionyl human leptin was generously provided by Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA. We would also like to acknowledge Ms. Kate Pavlovich, Ms. Elisabeth Shamoon, and Ms. Yomery Espinal who were research coordinators during these lengthy and extremely complex studies and Dr. Laurel Mayer who assured the psychological well being of these subjects as well as supervising many of the behaviorally-related studies of ingestive behavior. Data will be made available in accordance with government regulated standards upon request to the senior author.
Conceived and designed the experiments: RL MR JH. Performed the experiments: MR JH. Analyzed the data: WH MC MR JH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WH MC. Wrote the paper: WH MC MR JH.
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If you Love Clarify Chicken Stock then you are at the right place!!
Clarify Chicken Stock is made from animal bones and also connective cells-- generally cattle, poultry, or fish-- that have actually been steamed into a broth and slow simmered for 10 to greater than 20 hrs with herbs, vegetables, and flavors. So why is this apparently straightforward liquid something you would certainly intend to drink on a daily basis Clarify Chicken Stock ?
Even our hunter-gatherer forefathers realized that drinking Clarify Chicken Stock resembled striking dietary gold, as its earliest variation go back over 2,500 years. Discarding anything edible ran out the question back then, so animal unguis, knuckles, bones, and also other connective cells never ever went to waste. Bone broth has a rich history of being used in traditional Chinese medicine as a gastrointestinal tonic, blood home builder, and kidney strengthener because of the high collagen material, bioavailable minerals, anti-inflammatory amino acids, and recovery substances that can only be found in bones and connective tissue Clarify Chicken Stock.
View as star health and wellness fitness instructor, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and also outs of what bone broth truly is. In just two mins, he'll discuss what bone broth is and also what it can do for your gut, joint, and skin wellness Clarify Chicken Stock.
Some telephone call Clarify Chicken Stock meat water. We call it fluid gold.
What makes this things so special? The brief answer is collagen. Bones and connective cells are the just real nutritional sources of kind II collagen-- a protein that's known for maintaining skin smooth and supple and teeth as well as joints healthy and balanced, as well as promoting loads of various other health and wellness advantages.
Along with collagen, bones are also filled with a number of anti-inflammatory amino acids, minerals, and also substances that can assist quicken your body's natural healing procedures from points like sporting activities injuries, arthritis, or dripping intestine.
So, these "scraps" that most of us typically throw in the trash are severe nutritional giants. But when was the last time you devoured on an item of cow's knuckle? Or snacked on an ox tail? We'll presume the response is never ever.
Given that we do not consume bones in their whole kind, preparing them into a broth that's simmered for 10 to 20 hrs (or even more) is the very best means to release their powerful nutrients, as well as experience an entire brand-new level of health.
REQUIREMENT A QUICK EXPLANATION ON WHAT EXACTLY IS CLARIFY CHICKEN STOCK ?
Enjoy as Celeb Wellness Trainer, Thomas DeLauer breaks down the ins as well as outs of what bone broth truly is. In just 2 mins, he'll speak about what bone broth is as well as what it can do for your digestive tract, joint, as well as skin health and wellness clarify chicken stock.
Bone broth has a rich background of being made use of as a digestive system tonic, especially in traditional Chinese medicine some 2,500 years earlier. Today, it's one of the leading recommended foods for enhancing signs and symptoms of persistent digestion problems, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease, and also colitis.
The factor for why bone broth is so recovery for the digestive tract returns to collagen, which develops gelatin when it's prepared down also further. Collagen and jelly are not only rich in amino acids that lower inflammation in the GI tract-- such as glutamine-- they also have the one-of-a-kind capability to "seal and also recover" openings in the digestive tract lining, which can create a problem called leaking intestine disorder.
Although study remains in the early stages, there's evidence to reveal that leaky digestive tract is the key underlying root cause of digestive conditions. It's also a contributor to autoimmune conditions, anxiety, brain fog, anxiety, allergic reactions, eczema, acne, as well as persistent low power. Most awful of all, dripping gut can be quiet and also reveal no signs in the beginning. It's additionally believed to impact over 70% of the populace.
Bone broth is recommended on unique digestive tract recovery diet plans as well as methods, like the SPACES diet, the SCD diet regimen, and the Reduced FODMAP diet.
Whether it's an injury, joint inflammation, or aching muscles, there's no far better method to nourish your bones and also joints than by eating more of the nutrients currently discovered within them, including hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, calcium, as well as magnesium. Bone broth is loaded with all of these nutrients, plus a number of amino acids that help reduce joint discomfort and inflammation, like glycine and proline. It's for these reasons that bone broth is coming to be a best recovery beverage among professional athletes.
A fun truth: Kettle and Fire Bone Broth was born due to the fact that our founder, Nick, tore his ACL playing football and required a top quality bone broth to help quicken his recuperation time. (You can learn more on that below.).
Complying with a bone broth diet is great for lasting weight management. A bone broth diet regimen includes consuming Paleo for five days and not eating for 2. Throughout this time frame you'll drink bone broth on a regular basis with a rise in use on the fasting days.
The mix of recurring fasting and bone broth speeds up fat burning through burning fat much more effectively as well as limiting calorie consumption. When doing the diet, we likewise noticed a decrease in cellulite.
Fat-Burning Bone Broth Cocktail Clarify Chicken Stock.
With simply a few active ingredients, this recipe is ideal for a delicious as well as extremely simple fat-burning cocktail that you can work up instantly on active early mornings prior to job or at nights post-workout.
Also if you had actually never ever heard of bone broth in the past, you have actually most likely come across collagen, many thanks to the charm sector.
Several anti-aging skin care lines include collagen to their face creams, moisturizers, as well as serums (and offer them for a king's ransom). However what lots of people don't recognize is that collagen molecules are as well large to be taken in through the skin, which suggests these creams can not offer much in the means of results.
Fortunately is that collagen can be taken in via your gastrointestinal system. As well as since there's a straight web link between the intestine and also the skin, including bone broth to your diet regimen is going to have a much more powerful as well as long lasting effect on the general look as well as health of your skin.
Allow's not ignore hair as well as nails, which are made up of healthy proteins like collagen. Collagen assists enhance nails, and also urges hair to grow in thicker, quicker, as well as handle a healthy and balanced sparkle. (Remember this for the next time you get a bad hairstyle!).
Deep, restful sleep is something we could all make use of a bit even more of. As a matter of fact, stats reveal the average person gets less than 7 hrs of sleep per night, so it is necessary to do everything you can to make those hrs count.
Bone broth is abundant in glycine, an anti-inflammatory amino acid that deals with the Central Nerve System (CNS). When taken prior to bed as a supplement, researches show glycine can boost sleep top quality and minimize daytime drowsiness. It's even more effective when coupled with other sleep-supportive nutrients, like calcium as well as magnesium.
All of the advantages you enjoy from bone broth, your expanding child will certainly experience, too-- consisting of healthy and balanced bones, joints, and also a strong gastrointestinal system.
When early morning illness hits, it can be difficult to maintain nutritious food down. But bone broth has a tendency to be calming for nausea or vomiting, and is usually well endured. Best of all, bone broth provides numerous of the nutrients you and your expanding infant need, consisting of healthy protein, and vital minerals and vitamins. As an added bonus, the slow simmer time of the bones makes the nutrients in bone broth extremely bioavailable and simpler to soak up than a dietary supplement.
Bone broth can also assist enhance fertility, assist you have a much more comfy pregnancy by beneficial stiff or agonizing joints, and also might enhance calcium degrees in breast milk.
Bone broth is an outstanding resource of nourishment on the Paleo diet plan, as well as is motivated to drink during durations of intermittent fasting. It additionally fits in well with macronutrient needs on the keto diet regimen, and might help in reducing signs and symptoms of the keto flu.
" Not only can bone broth assist you avoid keto influenza, yet it's also packed with minerals that recover leaking gut and reduce inflammation in your intestines." - Leanne Vogel, Writer of The Keto Diet regimen.
The nutrition and also healing potential of bone broth is so powerful, that an entire diet-- The Bone Broth Diet Plan-- has been created around it.
The nutrients in bone broth make it a powerful functional food that can benefit your entire family-- including your fur children. Bone broth benefits your pet dog's glossy coat, bones, joints, digestion, and teeth.
Here you can learn how Nellie, a 15 years of age rescue puppy, beat her chances of living by just consuming alcohol bone broth.
Rich in collagen - Organic hen bones (especially feet!) add additional collagen to your broth. Our chicken bone broth contains 6 grams of collagen per offering.
Loaded with healthy protein - Hen is a fantastic protein source as well as exact same goes for poultry bones. Kettle & Fire bone broth comes loaded with 10 grams of protein per serving Clarify Chicken Stock.
Reduces intestine inflammation - Bone broth assists heal as well as secure a leaky intestine which is the root cause for lots of autoimmune diseases.
Rich in bone marrow - Bone broth made from 100% turf fed cattle and also simmered over lengthy cook times essences bone marrow that contains healthy nourishing hormones and lipids.
Packed with amino acids - Comparable to poultry bone broth, the nutrients drawn out from beef bones contain amino acids like glycine and glutamine that boosts digestion and also repair services your intestine cellular lining.
No. Plants are an excellent source of minerals and vitamins that can help promote your body to generate its own collagen, however there is no well-known plant food that supplies type II collagen, the kind that offers all of the health and wellness benefits detailed above.
Something to consider about bone broth that sets it apart from plant foods: Even if you do consume a variety of plants that are abundant in collagen-boosting nutrients, if you have a weakened digestion system or leaking intestine, you may not totally absorb them. On the other hand, the collagen in bone broth is exceptionally very easy to soak up, even for those with jeopardized gastrointestinal systems.
Certainly, you do not simply need to consume it-- although we do have a complimentary and legendary downloadable bone broth drinking overview for when you do. You can blend bone broth into your green smoothies, make healthy and balanced collagen gummy bears, and use it in whatever from rushed eggs, soups, curries, stews, breakfast bowls, as well as tacos.
We slow-simmer the natural bones to extract the collagen, healthy proteins, and amino acids into a nutrient-rich bone broth. The outcome is a collagen-rich, high healthy protein bone broth that gives your body the nutrients it requires to flourish.
Bone broth is an all-in-one superfood, packed with nutrients that supply power and also inspiration, assist you rest better, make your skin look smoother, and can help heal digestion problems like leaking intestine.
Bones as well as connective tissue are warehouses for crucial amino acids and also minerals-- which are lacking in many diets today. Bone Broth is likewise an invaluable source of protein, collagen and also gelatin.
Collagen is additionally found in your bones, joints, tendons, muscles, as well as teeth. It permits your body to:.
It's not practical to consume whole bones or tissue, however you can still appreciate these wellness advantages by sipping bone broth. Collagen is removed when you simmer bones for an extended period of time. Normally, the longer bone broth simmers, the more collagen you'll draw out.
Making bone broth is a straightforward procedure, but one that requires a lot of time and also perseverance. If time is not on your side we can help you out with that.
Bone broth is made by simmering pet bones and tissue for at the very least 10 hours with vegetables, natural herbs, as well as seasonings such as thyme, garlic, and also bay leaves. Top quality bone broth starts with top notch ingredients, utilizing bones from natural grass-fed pets and natural veggies. While any bone or tendon can be made use of, knuckles, poultry feet, as well as thigh bones have a tendency to include one of the most collagen.
You can acquire bones from your regional butcher or at a farmers market, or by just conserving bones whenever you consume bone-in poultry, steak, or pork cuts.
Simmering bones for an extended time period is what offers bone broth its wellness benefits, removing the amino acids, minerals, as well as collagen. This is a Pot & Fire-tested slow-moving stove hen bone broth dish that includes organic chicken bones, sea salt, fresh veggies like celery stalks, onions, as well as bell peppers, and also herbs like parsley, rosemary, and thyme.
Simply cooking bones (no meat) and water is going to be mainly flavorless. Cooking the combination for hrs on end isn't mosting likely to make it taste any kind of much better.
The concept that you're getting tons of nutrients from the bones is a MYTH that will not pass away, even though it has actually been debunked various times, including with lab examinations. The concept that adding vinegar to "launch" those nutrients has actually additionally been disproved. You simply wind up with a watery mess that tastes of vinegar.
Instead, purchase bones with meat on them. After that include veggies such as onions, carrots, celery, and also simply sufficient water to cover every little thing (generally 8 or 10 cups). Avoid the vinegar! Simmer for 3 to 4 hrs for hen, slightly longer for beef. Season according to preference. If you have an Instant Pot, 25 to 35 mins is about right.
What you will certainly obtain with this method is an extremely savory broth that's most likely significantly a lot more nutritious-- including great deals of collagen-- and more healthful than any bone broth, and also it will taste one heck of a whole lot better. You can either eat the meat as well as veggies (it's called SOUP) or you can strain them out and also simply drink the broth if you prefer.
See, bare bones that have no meat, or, also worse, carcass bones that have currently been cooked as well as removed of their meat, have practically zero flavor on their own.
Great taste As Well As nutrients come from raw meat as well as raw vegetables, NOT from leftover bones.
Inspect Ina Garten's recipe for poultry broth. It's extremely comparable to this and has actually been utilized with small variations by experienced cooks for years.
There are two main differences between bone broth as well as normal broth or stock: simmering time as well as the part of the animal it's made from (bones or flesh).
Normal broth as well as stock are simmered for a shorter amount of time than bone broth, about 2-- 6 hours. The expedited cooking process minimizes the quantity of useful gelatin removed from the bones, decreasing its capability to boost the immune system, heal gastrointestinal problems, and also minimize the symptoms of leaking digestive tract.
Prior To Kettle and Fire was birthed, one of our founders, Nick, tore his ACL playing soccer (ouch). His sibling Justin became aware of the benefits of bone broth for injury recuperation. As his routine didn't leave much time to make bone broth from the ground up, he set out to buy a store-bought, high-quality, grass-fed bone broth, considering that both of their hectic routines didn't leave much time to make the broth themselves. (You can find out more about our tale here.).
Despite how difficult Justin looked, the optimal bone broth really did not exist. He searched for one that was one hundred percent organic, fresh-- never ever frozen-- grass-fed, as well as sluggish simmered (as well as one that can be shipped without inefficient, confusing product packaging). So, Nick and also Justin determined to produce a high-grade bone broth on their terms, which is the dish we're proud to supply you today.
Sluggish simmered for a minimum of 10 hrs, and also up to 24-hour.
" Pot & Fire gives a beneficial, high quality bone broth in a scrumptious as well as hassle-free shelf-stable style. I love always recognizing that I've obtained wonderful broth handy, without congesting my freezer or requiring defrosting." - Dr. Sarah Ballantyne, three-time NYT Best-Selling Writer.
The gorgeous thing about bone broth is that there's really no limitation to how you can include it to your diet regimen. Apart from soups, stews, as well as plain ol' sipping, bone broth mixes surprisingly well right into practically any recipe-- also smoothies! Right here are our top means to obtain it:.
Our bone broth preferences tasty enough to sip on its own, but you can seasoning it as much as fit your taste. We produced our favorite flavor combinations in this complimentary downloadable "Bone Broth Sipping Guide" (bone broth matcha lattes, anybody?). Get your totally free duplicate right here.
Consuming bone broth doesn't have to be uninteresting-- there are unlimited methods to seasoning it and also drink it. Get immediate accessibility to over 15 of our favored bone broth drinking mixes, including ginger and also turmeric bone broth restorative and chili, and also cardamom bone broth potion. Learn how to make use of bone broth in your matcha cappucinos, golden milk, and also tropical fruit healthy smoothies.
Our beef bone broth has a moderate taste, which permits it to blend easily with virtually anything, from smoothies to healthy gummy bears. Our chicken bone broth as well as mushroom hen bone broth increase the mouthwatering flavor of soups, stews, and also risotto dishes. A few of our favorites consist of:.
If you want to experience even more power and also vitality than in the past, we reccomend taking a look at The Bone Broth Diet, developed by Dr. Kellyann Petrucci.
The Bone Broth Diet not just boosts your intake of the recovery nutrients and substances necessary for gut, skin, joint, and bone health, but assists combat systemic swelling, which goes to the origin of most Western diseases as well as illness.
The bone broth diet plan is a 21-day strategy that's optimal for any person struggling with a chronic health condition (such as an autoimmune disorder), or any individual that wants to reset their digestive system and experience glowing health. Find out more concerning the 21-day bone broth diet regimen below. | 2019-04-23T06:28:10Z | http://urbanhotlist.com/bone-broth/kettle-and-fire/chicken/clarify-chicken-stock/index.php |
Buenafe Alinio, PhD ’08, joined Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas after graduation from GWU. After being Manager of the Selection & Placement Div. of HRD Dept., Dr. Alinio was promoted to Deputy Director thereat shortly. Dr. Alinio then moved to Branch operations in 2012, and is now Branch Head of BSP-Batac Branch.
Kiri Anderer (Kroner), MPP ’10, currently serves as Acting Team Leader for the EPA's Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, a $900 million grant program. In April, Ms. Anderer headed to Bulgaria on a two month State Department Embassy Exchange program, to work on disaster preparedness training.
Theresa Anderson, MPP ’12, is a researcher at the Urban Institute, focusing on education, workforce, and other social programs. She is pursuing her PhD at Trachtenberg. She was elected Vice President of the National Association for Welfare Research and Statistics (NAWRS).
Ken Anderssohn, MPA ’82, recently moved to San Diego and is currently working for the City of San Diego as a Right of Way Agent. His department buys land for City purposes, manages leased City property and works with utilities, developers and other public agencies.
Christina Avgerinos, MPP ’06, is current serving as Partner at Ascendant Program Services, a consulting firm providing advisory services in international trade and infrastructure development.
Brian Bezio, MPA ’02, was selected to be the Federal Highway Administration's Chief Financial Officer in October 2015.
Eric Boyer, PhD ’12, is an Assistant Professor at UTEP, and recently coauthored two articles, one in the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory and one in the Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation.
Amber Brooks, MPA ’02, is currently posted to Bangladesh as a Foreign Service Officer with USAID. Ms. Brooks is the director of the Office of Democracy, Rights and Governance in USAID/Bangladesh. After four years in Bangladesh, she will start her new tour in DC in August.
Kirsten Broschinsky, MPA ’06, currently lives in Albany, NY surrounded by the beauty of the northeast. She is the Director of Annual Giving at Make-A-Wish Northeast New York and loves her job with all her heart!
Andrea Brown (Wamstad), MPA ’77, is enjoying retirement after a 34 federal career, mostly with the U.S. Government Accountability Office. She spends her time playing tennis and traveling, and enjoyed serving on Kappa Kappa Gamma Advisory Board at GW for several years.
Jennifer Browne, MPA ’02, is currently the Strategic Planning Lead for GSA's Office of Assisted Acquisition Service, where she is evaluating their business model to drive greater service for customer agencies, and will be getting married in May 2016.
Mariela Buonomo (Rama), PhD ’07, has been working at UNESCO's International Institute for Educational Planning in France, supporting Ministries of Education in Africa and Asia to improve their M&E and financial capacities for more effective policymaking since June 2015.
Emmanuel Caudillo, MPP ’08, was recognized as a "40 under 40 Honoree" by Leadership Arlington in December 2015. The event recognizes emerging leaders who demonstrate impact personally and/or professionally through their exceptional leadership in the DC region.
Daniela Chacon, MPA ’11, has been a City Council Member in Quito, the capital of Ecuador since May 2014. Her term is up in May 2019. She is also the Deputy Mayor, as that is a post to be elected amongst the City Council Members, and works on gender, transportation and public spaces.
Katrina Connolly, PhD ’13, is a Senior Policy Consultant at Blue Sky Consulting Group in Oakland, CA, and research state and local policy issues in California for government entities and foundations.
Larry Curtis, MPA ’89, is currently enrolled in the Business Analytics Certification Program at UNC-Greensboro. In 2010, he earned a certification as a mediator for NC Superior Court civil actions. From 2003-2008, Mr. Curtis was a Guardian ad Litem for maltreated children.
Daryl Dedwylder, MPP ’03 recently graduated from Mississippi State University with a doctorate degree in Community College Leadership. Darryl is currently serving at the Dean of Career and Technical Education at Jones County Junior College in Ellisville, Mississippi.
Tom Dermody, MPP ’09, moved to Denver several years ago and is now working for the Colorado State Legislature's Joint Budget Committee as a legislative analyst. Last year, Mr. Dermody got married and now is enjoying life with his wife, two cats, and a dog.
Mark Dooley, MPA ’96, spent the last five years supporting Accenture's Federal business, serving as a technology lead and directing custom system delivery across multiple initiatives focusing on emerging technologies and cloud strategy. Prior to this, Mr. Dooley spent 10 years at Booz Allen Hamilton.
Todd Dorny, MPA ’96, is living the dream on the Island of Kauai Hawaii. He is a developer and is glad he has an advance degree from The George Washington University!
Eva DuGoff, MPP ’09, is an Assistant Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the Department of Population Health Sciences. Last year, she received an AcademyHealth New Investigator Award to study pay for performance in Medicare Advantage.
Natalie Eisenbarth, MPP ’09, works on the policy and advocacy team of the International Rescue Committee (IRC) - advocating more effective humanitarian assistance and civilian protection approaches in the countries in sub-Saharan Africa where the IRC has programming.
Aryn Ehlow, MPP ’12, is a Senior Analyst at the Government Accountability Office (GAO), conducting program evaluations of various homeland security and defense acquisition programs to ensure taxpayer dollars are spent efficiently and effectively.
Matt Fall, MA ’11, worked for Secretary Foxx and Deputy Secretary John Porcari at USDOT, and is currently working in Policy in the Office of the Secretary of Transportation.
Michael Fucci, MPA ’13, is an Analyst at Gryphon Scientific. He provides support to FEMA by writing emergency response plans and conducting exercises. He also conducts data analysis studies on a range of issues to help improve FEMA's emergency management effectiveness.
Molly Giammarco, MPP ’12, currently works for SmithBucklin as a healthcare Government Relations Senior Manager in Washington, D.C. after spending a year in Ohio setting up an accountable care organization for a group of independent hospitals.
Sarah Goan (Krichels), MPP ’04, has worked at an evaluation and research firm in Maine since 2006. Now manager, Ms. Goan helps clients across the country use data to inform program improvements. She is still happily married to Alex and has two sweet children, Leila (8) and Miles (3).
Gwen Gordon, MPP ’09, and her husband Bension Dworkin welcomed our son Noah Dworkin on June 21, 2015. They love having him in our family!
Ryan Gottschall, MPA ’07, continues to work at the Government Accountability Office in the Natural Resources and Environment area; and has been on a Congressional detail with the House Committee on Energy and Commerce since May 2015.
Giovanni Gutierrez, MPA ’07, started a new position in the Department of Defense as a Senior Budget Analyst serving on the Joint Staff J8 - Force Structure, Resources and Assessments supporting the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Michele Grasso, MPA ’82, has been living and working in the Allentown, Pennsylvania area since 2005. Since 2009, she has been working as Development Director at Meals on Wheels of Lehigh County handling fundraising, marketing, advocacy, and social media.
Maxine Griffin Somerville, MPA ’97, was recently elected as chair of the Charles County (MD) Commission for Women. She is also serving as interim director of human resources with the Urban Institute.
Christine Hamp, MPA ’93, has been employed by Spokane County Fire District 9 in Spokane, WA for the past ten years as the Division Chief of Administrative Services and is also an EMT and certified fire investigator. I also compete as a member of the U.S. Powerlifting Team.
Colleen Heller-Stein, MPA ’10, spent her time since graduation working at Treasury as an HR Business Partner for the Troubled Asset Relief Program and organizations created by Dodd-Frank, and was recently promoted to Director of Human Resources at Treasury Headquarters.
Thomas Herndon, MPA ’12, is currently working for the Department of Justice for the Department's Budget Staff. Mr. Herndon focus on executing the Department's ~$30 billion budget, ensuring compliance with federal spending protocol and congressional directives.
Diana Hincapie, PhD ’14, has been working in the Inter-American Development Bank since 2012, first at the Research Department and then at the Education Division, where she leads and collaborates in research projects related to the quality of education in Latin America.
Andrew Hoffman, MPP ’98, currently works for US Citizenship and Immigration Services, a component of DHS, in the national security and information sharing field. He spends his free time mostly chasing after his increasingly mobile 3-year old son, and lives in stellar Alexandria, VA.
Abby Jones, BA ’97, has been serving as the Director of the Communication Program at Philadelphia Univ. for two years. Next year she will be a Visiting Scholar at the Univ. of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School of Communication. The city is really starting to grow on her.
Abigail Jones, PhD ’13, has been serving as the Director of the Communication Program at Philadelphia Univ. for two years. Next year she will be a Visiting Scholar at the Univ. of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School of Communication. The city is really starting to grow on her.
Jason Juffras, PhD ’15, serves as director of program evaluation in the Office of the District of Columbia Auditor and is teaching public budgeting at the Trachtenberg School. TSPPPA coursework has proven invaluable.
Julia Kalloz, MPP ’12, is currently managing energy projects and evaluating program performance for the Office of Sustainable Energy in the Baltimore City Department of Public Works.
Kraig Kennedy, MPA ’92, retired from the Navy and retired from a company in Honolulu where he was President and General Manager. Mr. Kennedy currently resides in Seattle Washington.
Traci Kraus, MPA ’14, leads Government Relations for Cummins Inc. Power Systems, Technology and Military business units. She serves on the board of the JWI Young Women's Leadership Network. She lives in D.C. with her husband, Aaron and 1 year old son, Liam.
Chris Kvam, MPP ’04, is living in Rochester, NY and is working as an Assistant District Attorney for Monroe County.
Michael Jarrett, MPP ’14, is currently working as a Local Policy Research Analyst at the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
Roger Justice, MPA ’72, is currently retired, doing consultant work, in Louisville, KY, after working in the plastic industry as plant manager, VP Operations for 36 years.
Natalie Levine (Wasserman), MPA ’14, was been working as a Senior Analyst in the Government Affairs department of the National Parks Conservation Association since graduating. She's been lucky enough to travel to Grand Canyon, Zion, and Bryce Canyon National Parks, for work!
Jing (Sarah) Liang, MPP ’15, will find a new job in Beijing, China where her families live.
Erin Lockett, MPA ’14, is currently in Washington, DC. working in Education Policy.
Tara Lovrich, MPA ’99, is the Township Administrator in Manalapan Township, New Jersey, a community of 40,000 residents in Monmouth County. She recently served as the President of the New Jersey Municipal Managers Association.
Adrianne Malasky (Berman), BA ’08, MPP ‘09, married Mitch Malasky, Media Center Director for the Democratic National Committee, on October 24, 2015 at the National Press Club. Adrianne recently started a new job as a Transit Safety Policy Analyst for the Federal Transit Administration.
Tess Marstaller, MPA ’10, is in nursing school in Oakland, CA, hoping to combine my MPA with an RN to do public health work.
Christine Maulhardt, MPA ’05, is at Blue Shield of California Foundation serving as Director of Communications and Public Affairs, and is thrilled to be working with a School of Public Health alum - Joycelyn Macbeth (MPH, 2009). Colonials representing on the west coast!
Rob McCrimmon, MPA ’99, is in transition after retiring as a captain in the Coast Guard. He is living in the San Francisco Bay Area and helping build a 100' wooden tall ship (educationaltallship.org) while looking for senior manager work.
Zeita Merchant, MPA ’10, is currently serving at the Special Assistant to the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard was recently selected as the Commanding Officer of Marine Safety Unit (MSU) Chicago, and is the first African-American woman to command a MSU.
Zachary Miller, MPA ’09, is a Research Associate at IMPAQ International where conducts program evaluations and provides technical assistance for federally funded grant programs. He also serves as Advisory Board Chair at YMCA Youth & Family Services in Silver Spring, MD.
Laura Minnichelli, MPP ’13, continues to work as a consultant at LMI in the Civilian Health division. She supports CCIIO in the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). At GW, Ms. Minnichelli concentrated in Health Policy, and it is very rewarding to do this work.
Veronica Moss (Cole), MPA ’85, is a Contracting Officer in the Office of the Chief Information Officer at the U.S. Agency for International Development. They purchase IT hardware, software and services for headquarters and over 80 missions around the world.
Anya Olsen (Parker), MPP ’04, was recently promoted to the Deputy Director of the Office of Policy Research in the Office of Retirement Policy at the Social Security Administration in Washington, DC.
Ray Oman, PhD ’83, presented a paper on "Economic, Debt, and Bankruptcy Shortfalls in Government: The Case of Puerto Rico" at the annual Northeast Conference on Public Administration held at George Mason University in November.
Katrina Overland’s, BA ’09, MPP ’11, essay, "Passing as Homo Superior," was recently published as a chapter in Rowman & Littlefield's The X-Men Films: A Cultural Analysis.
Whitney Owen (Setzer), MPA ’06, is currently Director of Civilian Health at LMI, a not-for-profit government consulting firm. She oversees a team supporting CMS in implementing the Federally-Facilitated Marketplace. She is also the mother of two young boys, ages 4 and 15 months.
Vincent Pacileo, MPP ’13, is Deputy Director at the American Psychiatric Association advocating for comprehensive mental health reform.
Holly Padgett, MPA ’13, is currently working as a communicator and program analyst for the U.S. Geological Survey in a program focused on climate change and wildlife. Her work includes communicating scientific research, and designing and developing communications products.
Susan Randolph, MPA ’07, has the good fortune to contribute to the welfare of U.S. citizens living and traveling overseas and the security of U.S. borders as a management analyst with the State Department's Bureau of Consular Affairs.
Emily Remington, MPP ’06, became the first Executive Director of the French Quarter Management District, a political subdivision of the State of Louisiana dedicated to improving public safety, infrastructure, sanitation, and quality of life in the French Quarter in March of 2015.
Richard Rieder, MPA ’70, is enjoying retirement from Federal Government (US Navy Officer, NASA HQ, and NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center), and is celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary this year with a Rhine River cruise.
Tyler Rockey, MPP ’15, is working in the Office of Evaluation and Research with New York City's Human Resources Administration (the local government agency that administers safety net programs for NYC residents).
Liz Sablich, MPP ’13, serves as the Communications Director of the Brookings Institution's Governance Studies program. She manages all public outreach and promotion of Brookings' domestic policy and political process research.
Hector R. Santamaria, MPA ’14, continues to support the Federal Highway Administration's acquisition and financial assistance programs as a Contract Specialist. He was recently selected to the CXO Fellows Program sponsored by the Office of Executive Councils.
Kathryn Santo, MPA ’08, recently relocated from the DC Metro area to NYC to work as a training facilitator at NYU. At NYU she creates, coordinates, and leads all training for services offered by the Digital Communications Group within the Office of Information Technology.
Sara S. Staton, MPA ’91, is the Director for Special Services in Bedford County Public Schools where she has worked for over 20 years. GWU prepared Ms. Staton well for fiscal management, compliance with federal, state and local laws and especially for leadership!
Renae Steichen, MPP ’12, recently became the Senior Markets & Regulatory Analyst at Smart Wires, an electricity grid technology startup company in San Francisco. In this position, Renae will help the company understand the regulatory environment in states across the country.
Jeremy Stohs, MPP ’05, has directed government relations for H&R Block since 2012, based in Kansas City, MO, after almost a decade working on Capitol Hill. He and his wife Jill welcomed their first child in August 2015.
Robert Tansey, BA ’73, MPA ’81, had a 10-year government and consulting career focused on energy after graduation from GW. He was in the State Department Foreign Service 1985-2009 and then worked in China for The Nature Conservancy. He's now with TNC in Arlington, VA.
Morgan Taylor, MPP ’13, works as a research analyst for Excelencia in Education, a national nonprofit that focuses on using research and data to influence policy and increase Latino student success in higher education.
Ryan Taylor, MPP ’14, worked at the Small Business Administration's Office of Advocacy as a Regulatory Economist before accepting an offer from Uber to be an Operations & Logistics Manager on the East Coast Regional Expansion team.
Sadie Thimsen, MPA ’14, is currently living in Jakarta, Indonesia working as an Assistant Cultural Affairs Officer in the Public Affairs Section at the U.S. Embassy Jakarta, and is also a Foreign Affairs Officer based in Washington DC, but is out on rotation until May!
Richard Timme, MPA ’07, will serve as the Coast Guard Budget Officer at Coast Guard Headquarters in Washington DC as of summer 2016. He will oversee the service's budget formulation process, and external coordination of the budget submission through DHS and OMB.
Karen Trebon, MPA ’03, served as the Deputy Program Manager on Challenge.gov from 2010 to 2014, and in January of that year, the program was one of two winners of the Innovations in American Government Award from Harvard's Kennedy School.
Peter Troedsson, MPA ’99, retired from a 30 year career in the Coast Guard, and started a second career in municipal management as Assistant City Manager in Bothell, Washington.
Sean Tucker, MPA ’94, works as Internal Controls Manager for NASA's John Glenn Center out of the office of Safety and Mission Assurance.
Travis Tucker, MPA ’15, is currently serving at the U.S. Consulate General in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico as a Foreign Service Officer with the Department of State. In March 2017, he will head to the Dominican Republic to serve at the U.S. Embassy in Santo Domingo.
Cynthia Uviedo (Cortinas), MPA ’99, was recently named the Associate Director of Reunion Giving for Trinity University, her undergraduate alma mater.
Yisrael Welcher, MPA ’14, is currently a Docs in Progress Fellow for his work producing KolHanashim, an exploration of the intersections of ethnicity, faith and gender in American Society. Learn more and receive updates on the film's progress on Instagram and Twitter.
Katie Willoughby, MPA ’11, completed first year in her new role as Canon for Administration/CFO for the Episcopal Diocese of Georgia, and is designing new financial management training in 2016 to aid 68 congregations with non-profit accounting practices. Happy to have no winter again! | 2019-04-23T06:47:09Z | https://tspppa.gwu.edu/class-notes-spring-2016 |
The Director of the Academic Resource Center arranges academic accommodations for students with a disability. Students are welcome to contact the Director of the Academic Resource Center at (603) 641-7193 for more information about college policies relating to disability and the procedure for requesting academic accommodations.
Saint Anselm College complies with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, and the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA) of 2008.
As the needs of students with a disability vary, accommodations are determined on an individual, case-by-case basis. Academic accommodations at Saint Anselm College may include, but are not limited to, extended time for exams and quizzes to be taken in a distraction-reduced environment, preferred seating arrangements, alternative formats of course materials, permission to use an audio recorder in classes, note- taking assistance, and assistive technology.
All students are expected to complete the college's requirements for graduation in order for a degree to be awarded. Saint Anselm College views the study of a foreign language as central to the liberal arts education it provides students; therefore, the foreign language requirement cannot be waived. Students with a learning disability that affects second language acquisition should meet with the Director of the Academic Resource Center when they begin their studies at the college to discuss their options for completing the language requirement and the academic resources available to them.
A clear and unambiguous diagnosis provided and signed by a student's physician or medical specialist, psychiatrist, or licensed therapist, to include recommendations for specific academic accommodations.
A neuropsychological or psycho-educational evaluation performed and signed by an appropriate clinician, such as a psychiatrist or a psychologist, to include recommendations for specific academic accommodations.
A student's previous Individualized Education Plan (IEP) or 504 plan, to include a prior diagnosis of disability and recommendations for specific accommodations.
Although this institution does not require documentation to be based upon a diagnosis or an evaluation to have been made within a specific time frame, the Director of the Academic Resource Center may consider documentation incomplete if it does not provide sufficient information needed to determine the appropriateness or reasonableness of the student's requested accommodations.
determine eligibility as a qualified individual with a disability.
It is the responsibility of the student to contact and submit documentation of a disability to the Director of the Academic Resource Center. Students should allow three weeks for the evaluation and decision once the documentation is submitted.
The Director of the Academic Resource Center will review the documentation and will contact the student to schedule a meeting. Submission of documentation does not guarantee that a request for accommodations will be approved; the documentation must meet the guidelines established by the college. If documentation is incomplete, the student will be contacted by the Director of the Academic Resource Center for further information. The student may be asked to submit additional documentation.
The student should schedule this meeting during the first two weeks of the semester. During this meeting, if the documentation is complete, the student and the director will complete the accommodations form.
The requested accommodations are limited to those that are recommended and/or for which the student has either received prior approval. If there has been a change in the nature of the disability and/or the recommended accommodations, documentation must be submitted to support the new request. The student should then adhere to the guidelines outlined in Part I: Medical Documentation.
The Academic Accommodations Request Form is filled out by the student once the student has been approved to receive academic accommodations. This form lists the academic accommodations the student has been approved for. The student only needs to fill this form out once. The only time a student may have to complete another form is if the student requests additional academic accommodations. Additional academic accommodations must be approved by the Director of the Academic Resource Center.
At the beginning of each semester, the student will receive their Faculty Verification Letters. It is the responsibility of the student to distribute these letters to each of his or her professors. Students are expected to distribute these letters on the first day their class meets. Faculty are not required to provide accommodations to students if they have not received a Verification Letter.
Students who submit documentation after the start of the semester should allow three weeks for a determination on the appropriateness of documentation submitted. Students should not expect a request for accommodations to be approved for an exam that they have in the same week or subsequent two weeks.
Once documentation and a request for accommodations have been approved, a student cannot then retroactively request accommodations for a test already taken.
Students who receive testing accommodations will take their exams in the Academic Resource Center, located on the top floor of the Student Center. Students are not required to take their exams in the Academic Resource Center. Students can discuss testing options with their professor.
Students are expected to notify the Academic Resource Center at least three days prior to their exam for which they will utilize their academic accommodations. Students who do not inform the Academic Resource Center at least three days prior may not receive academic accommodations. It will depend upon the space availability in the Academic Resource Center and the professor's availability as to whether academic accommodations can or will be provided.
Students who arrive at the Academic Resource Center to take an exam without any notification may be asked to return to the classroom to take the exam with the rest of the class. While students may have the right to use their academic accommodations, they also have a responsibility to arrange for their academic accommodations.
Fill out a blank exam schedule at the beginning of each semester with the exams the student wishes to take in the Academic Resource Center. This form will be emailed to each student at the beginning of every semester. Once the form is completed, return to the Academic Resource Center.
Email the Academic Resource Center at least three days before the exam date.
Go to the Academic Resource Center, Top Floor of the Student Center, at least three days before the exam date.
Generally, exams will be taken at the same time the class is taking the exam. If a student needs to reschedule an exam, the student must discuss their options with their professor and then notify the Academic Resource Center. The Academic Resource Center will not reschedule exams without the professor's approval.
At least three days prior to each exam, students are expected to remind their professors that they receive academic accommodations and will be taking their exam in the Academic Resource Center. If a professor offers to provide academic accommodations for his or her student, the student should make the necessary arrangements directly with the professor.
On the day of the exam, the student should report to the Academic Resource Center, Top Floor of the Student Center, approximately 10 minutes prior to the start of the scheduled exam time.
A student may appeal the decision of the Academic Resource Center within ten days of the decision.
Appeals are directed to the Director of the Academic Resource Center and must be in writing and state the reasons for the appeal and the desired resolution. The description must include specific facts to support the appeal. A determination of the appeal will be made within ten (10) days of the request.
The student may appeal the decision of the Director of the Academic Resource Center to the Dean of the College. The appeal must be in writing; it should state the reasons why the decision of the Director of the Academic Resource Center is being appealed and the desired resolution.
The appeal should be sent to the Dean of the College within ten (10) days of receiving the decision of the Director of the Academic Resource Center. The Dean of the College will make a final determination of the appeal and inform the student of the determination within ten (10) days of receiving the appeal.
Although the college will make reasonable efforts to comply with these timelines, circumstances such as access to information, availability of personnel, and school breaks, may justify an extension of time.
Students will be required to leave their backpacks, handbags, and cell phones in a secured locker located next to the testing cubicles. A key will be provided. Cell phones, pagers and PDA's must be turned off.
Exam materials are permitted per faculty instructions.
If the use of a word processor is permitted, as long as the professor agrees, the student may use their own laptop. The Academic Resource Center does not have laptops for student use. The only computers the Academic Resource Center has are the ones provided by the IT Department. These computers are out in the open.
Students are not allowed to bring their own scrap paper. If scrap paper is needed, the student must ask an administrator in the Academic Resource Center and obtain the paper from the office's supply.
Students who arrive late will not be given additional testing time. They must finish at their designated stopping time.
Students who arrive thirty minutes after the exam is scheduled to be administered will not be allowed to take the exam. An administrator will inform the professor that the exam was not administered. The student is responsible for contacting the professor to discuss possible arrangements that may be made to take the exam.
One student may leave the exam room for a personal break, but must notify an administrator first. Personal breaks are restricted to the use of the restroom and should not exceed a five minute duration. Students taking personal breaks must place their exam face-down on the table until they return.
The administrator will not answer any questions regarding the interpretation of the exam content.
Attempts will be made by the administrator to contact a professor if there is a suspected error on the exam or an ambiguous question.
Students who raise concerns about the meaning of an exam item should indicate these concerns on the written exam.
Questions are accepted only during the exam period.
No communication (physical, verbal, or electronic) between students will be permitted.
Students will be provided extended time, depending on the student's accommodation, for exams. The office cannot accommodate any additional time that a professor provides to the regular class administration. The time provided for an exam in a course that meets one night per week will be determined on a case by case basis.
Acts that violate the standard of honesty include cheating (unauthorized use of notes, talking, copying from another student), and intentionally helping another student will be viewed as a violation of college policy.
A proctor who observes academic misconduct during an exam will inform the student of the misconduct as soon as is practical and consonant with maintaining the order of the exam area and assuring a degree of privacy for the interaction between the student and proctor.
The student has the obligation to surrender to the proctor any materials which the proctor has reason to believe were used inappropriately in the course of the exam. Failure to comply with such a request is a violation of the College's Community Standards.
The proctor should provide the course instructor with a description of the misconduct.
The instructor will then follow the procedures outlined in the Statement on Academic Honesty.
Students should understand that the process for accessing services is very different from the process they may have experienced in high school, primarily because the federal law that protects their rights has changed. In high school, the IDEA protected the rights of students and now at the college level, the Americans with Disabilities Act mandates universities to have a process in place for securing reasonable accommodations for all eligible students.
Request current documentation from a student completed by a qualified professional to determine eligibility for accommodations. The Academic Resource Center evaluates all documentation and requests for accommodations which may include, with written consent, requesting more information and discussing the student's situation with the professional source of the documentation.
Select among equally effective and appropriate accommodations, modifications, and/or auxiliary aids in consultation with the student.
Deny a request for accommodations, modifications, and/or auxiliary aids if the documentation does not identify a specific disability, the documentation fails to support the need for the requested services, or the documentation or request for an accommodation is not provided in a timely manner.
Refuse to provide an accommodation, modification, and/or auxiliary aid that is unreasonable or inappropriate. This includes accommodations that pose a direct threat to the health and safety of others, constitute a substantial change or alteration to an essential component of a course or program, or poses undue financial or administrative burden to Saint Anselm College.
Meeting the College's qualifications and essential academic standards.
Contacting the Academic Resource Center at the beginning of each semester so that appropriate accommodations can be made in a timely manner (within the first two weeks of each semester). This includes meeting with the Director of the Academic Resource Center and completing the required Accommodations Request Form.
Providing the Academic Resource Center with appropriate documentation indicating the student's disability and suggested accommodations.
Submitting the Verification Letter to the faculty member at the beginning of each semester to inform them of their disability and what accommodation(s) they have requested.
Responsible for meeting the timelines and procedural requirements established by the Academic Resource Center for scheduling exams which includes requesting assistance, informing the Academic Resource Center of the day and time of their exam, and arranging with a faculty member for getting the exam to the testing location. If the student fails to provide adequate notice of the need for space and/or assistance it may result in the accommodations not being available.
Equal access to courses offered throughout the College.
Reasonable and appropriate accommodations, modifications, and/or auxiliary aids determined on an individualized basis.
Confidentiality on all information pertaining to their disability records within the parameters of law, including the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).
Appeal the College's decisions regarding reasonable accommodations. For more information about the Appeals Process , please contact the Academic Resource Center (603) 641-7017.
Responsible for discussing with the Academic Resource Center any concerns related to the accommodation(s) or arrangements that have been requested by the student in their initial contacts.
Responsible for determining the conditions under which the exam is to be administered (e.g.: open book, use of notes, formula sheet, calculator, scrap paper, dictionary).
The faculty member is responsible for assuring the timely delivery of the exam, along with all necessary instructions and materials for proper administration.
Refuse to provide accommodations for students with disabilities who have not followed Saint Anselm College policies and procedures for participating in the accommodation process.
Discuss with the Academic Resource Center any concerns related to accommodations, modifications, and/or auxiliary aids requested by students.
Identify and establish the skills and knowledge that are fundamental and essential components to their academic courses/program and to evaluate each student's performance on this basis.
Follow us by clicking the icons below. | 2019-04-18T14:37:42Z | https://www.anselm.edu/academics/academic-resources/disability-services |
The first edition of Challenge Venice has been launched at the stunning Palazzo Ca’ Farsetti in the city’s San Marco district in the presence of Mayor Luigi Brugnaro. Venice is now primed to welcome the 800 international athletes that this Sunday will compete in a spectacular full-distance triathlon through the city and surrounding area. The event starts at 6:30 am from Venezia Cannaregio, just in front of the San Giobbe campus of the Ca’ Foscari University, and will see athletes first embark on a bracing 3.8-kilometre swim across the lagoon to Parco San Giuliano. Next they will tackle a 180-kilometre cycle through the provinces of Venice and Treviso before the triathlon concludes with a final marathon stage inside Parco San Giuliano. A fantastic festival of sport that celebrates a healthy, environmentally-friendly lifestyle. The Challenge Venice triathlon is designed to involve the public to an unprecedented extent also. A truly top class international event, it will link the Municipality of Venice to the Metropolitan City of Venice and the surrounding inland areas, and has been made possible by close collaboration with the local communities, associations and institutions.
The first edition of Challenge Venice has been officially unveiled at the Palazzo Ca’ Farsetti in the city’s San Marco district. A total of 800 athletes from 49 nations spanning all the world’s continents will be competing in the full-distance triathlon which comprises a 3.8-kilometre swim, a 180-kilometre cycle and a 42-kilometre marathon.
At the launch to give the event their blessing were the Mayor of Venice Luigi Brugnaro, race director Matteo Gerevini and leading Italian triathlon athletes Massimo Cigana and Martina Dogana, who will be donning bibs numbers 1 and 2 for the competition. Since it was first announced, Challenge Venice has been a huge hit with athletes across the world who had been waiting for an opportunity to combine a visit to Italy with the chance of some high level competition. The result is that it instantly joined the ranks of the elite group of triathlons that all triathletes the world over dream of one day competing in. In fact, over half of the starting field is made up of foreign competitors – a further testament to the spell cast by Venice both at home and abroad.
Challenge Venice combines an exceptionally high standard of organisation with signature Italian excellence in everything from its gorgeous backdrop to artistic heritage, superb food and wine, and the kind of artisanal mastery that only this nation can achieve. It also marries both of the latter with the values at the very core of the sport of triathlon, which is burgeoning in popularity due to the positive physical and psychological impact it has on athletes and the fact that it is very much an eco-friendly outdoor pursuit. Another factor is the spectacular nature of the competition. In fact, a focus on providing spectators and the public in general with a positive experience was a central focus for the project as a whole.
“When we thought of Challenge Venice,” commented race director Matteo Gerevini, “we imagined it not as a simple triathlon but as an event athletes would dream about. But we also wanted it to be an unforgettable experience for the people accompanying them as well as to give a boost to the area and its communities. We wanted it to become an event for everyone and open to everyone – you don’t have to be a super athlete to enjoy it. Seeing everyone involved in the project together here today at its fruition is hugely satisfying”.
With so many participants covering the 226-kilometres of the overall course both on land and in the water, it was absolutely essential for Challenge Venice’s organisers to work closely with the local institutions, not least the Municipality of Venice, the Metropolitan City of Venice and the various other municipalities the course traverses, and to guarantee support from the various police and other forces of order and associations.
The event begins at 6:30 am on Sunday from Venezia Cannaregio, just in front of the San Giobbe campus of the Ca’ Foscari Unversity which has very kindly made the space available to the organisers for the logistical areas and the start itself. From there, the athletes will swim to Parco San Giuliano.
Once they are out of the water, they will be facing into a 180-km cycle through the Municipalities of Quarto d’altino, Marcon, Meolo, Monastier, Musile, San Donà and Roncade. All of the roads and streets along the route the will be entirely closed to vehicular traffic for the duration. The State and municipal police from all the various municipalities and the Carabinieri will be guaranteeing the safety of all involved in the event aided by 250 Civil Defence volunteers.
At the end of the second leg, the athletes will leave their bikes behind and launch into the final stage – a 42.195 km marathon on a circuit that winds its way through Parco San Giuliano, of which they will complete five laps (the first 4 will be 8.5 km and the last 8), before concluding the final lap at the finish-line where a Murano glass medal and Lotto technical finisher T-shirt will await.
Challenge Venice is much more than just a festival for athletes. It’s a major event spanning three whole days, starting at 14:00 on Friday, June 3. It is designed to have something for all sports lovers with a whole string of side events, entertainments, a bar, a restaurant with Italian fine foods and wine as the centrepiece, and an Expo featuring 50 exhibitors inside the 74 square hectares of Parco San Giuliano, the green heart (and lungs!) of the province of Venice.
Marcon, Quarto d'Altino and Meolo are all also preparing major celebrations to welcome the triathletes. Every single square will be buzzing with shows, music and much more besides. There will be plenty of food and drink stations set up by local clubs too. In the bordering Province of Treviso, the Municipalities of Roncade and Monastier will be organising similar welcomes and June 5 is also the day on which Monastier and Meolo have chosen to celebrate their selection as European Communities of Sport.
The final marathon will wind its way through the Parco San Giuliano which is great news for spectators who will be able to watch the participants for virtually the entire course. The athletes will run through the Triathlon Stadium, around the Expo area and the Finish areas, four times with the final lap concluding at the finish-line. Every single corner of the course will provide perfect views for spectators to cheer the athletes on through the whole of the final gruelling run.
A total of 13 male and 6 female professional athletes will be competing for the top spots in the overall rankings. All eyes are on local hero Massimo Cigana from Mestre who’ll be sporting bib number 1 and will be up against some stiff competition from Dirk Wijnalda (no. 4) of Holland and the up-and-coming star of this distance, 25 year old Malte Bruns (no. 12) of Germany. He’ll also have to keep a close watch for Petr Vabrousek of the Czech Republic, who has 167 full-distance events under his belt and a finish time not too far off the front-runners.
“I live 2 km from the transition area and I know every ripple in the asphalt we’ll be running on, so that will be a definite advantage,” Massimo Cigana said of the course. “I’ve never come across an event with such a fast swimming stage though. As regards the bikes, we’ll have to see how the wind goes even though in the end the pros and cons will even out. The marathon is absolutely unique as there’s never been anything like it before. It couldn’t get any better for the spectators. There will be a lot of cheering on and I’m delighted because my friends and family will all be there and going wild. The starting field is excellence – a lot of the athletes have times you can win a full distance with”.
Amongst the women athletes, the spotlight will inevitably be on Martina Dogana. The Vicenza girl has just won the Italian Triathlon Medio (half the distance of Venice) and is most definitely one of the top, if not the top, Italian athletes in the speciality.
“It’s like a fairy tale,” declared Dogana. “That’s really the only way to describe this competition in Venice. I’m incredibly proud to be competing on home ground after 20 years all around the world. It will be a wonderful day, a spectacular event on both a sporting and human level. Giving one hundred per cent, taking on nature, yourself and your rivals is the very essence of this sport. Even in the women’s section, the standard of competition is quite high and I’ll have to keep an eye out for Erika Csomor of Hungary and Yvette Grice of Great Britain”.
The water section of 3.8k is one of the most delicate part of the race. To guarantee the total safety for the athlete we had a great team of professionists, lead by Cristiana Puntar: the Club Subacqueo San Marco and the Club Sommozzatori Mestre. They did an amazing job to guarantee the safety on each meters of the course, to allow the triathlete to be just focus on the swim. They were at the start, in the water with the special SEABOB (provided by our partner Y-40 The Deep Joy), in the boat, at the water exit, so basically all around the swim course. They have put buoys, lanes and they were ready to react to each minimum problem (as they did) and they have guaranteed a perfect swim course. Thank you for your great support!
La frazione di nuoto di 3.8km è una della fasi più delicate della gara. Per garantire la sicurezza totale agli atleti avevamo un team di grandi professionisti guidati da Cristiana Puntar: il Club Subacqueo San Marco e il Club Sommozzatori Mestre. Hanno fatto un lavoro enorme e di grande attenzione per garantire la sicurezza in ogni metro della corsa e permettere ai triathleti di concentrarsi solo sul nuoto. Erano alla partenza, in acqua guidando gli speciali SEABOB forniti dal nostro partner Y-40 The Deep Joy, sulle barche, all'uscita dell'acqua, insomma praticamente in ogni metro del percorso. Hanno posizonato boe, corsie ed erano pronti ad intervenire (come hanno fatto) al minimo problema ed hanno garantito una frazione di nuoto perfetta. Grazie per il vostro grande lavoro!
L'atleta veneziano Riccardo Gabbi sorridente durante la sua prova finale di corsa nel VLD, con uno splendido scenario della laguna di Venezia alle sue spalle. Riccardo ha conquistato il podio nella sua categoria, complimenti! E sabato è stato anche l'organizzatore con il suo team della Decathlon Kids Experience, la gara di corsa-bici-corsa per bambini al Parco San Giuliano alla quale hanno partecipato anche i nostri amici Bambini Terribili for a Smile, per uno spettacolo davvero unico!
Congratulation to Andrea Torrisi for his podium in the VLD! He deserved his medal and the beautiful trophy!
The medals and the prophies were handmade in Murano by the Glass Master Stefano Dalla Valentina, one by one, by hand. A real pieces of art.
Congratulazioni ad Andrea Torrisi per il suo podio nel VLD! Si è meritato la medaglia e il bellissimo trofeo.
A great smile in his face and the kids by his side: this is a perfect finish line picture, from our friend Johnnie Maniero from Venezuela (but he lives in Treviso) Well done Johnnie and congratulation for your smile!
Un grande sorriso sul suo volto al momento di attraversare il traguardo e i bambini al suo fianco: una perfetta foto d'arrivo dal nostro amico venezuelano Johnnie Maniero(che vive a Treviso) Congratulazioni Johnnie per la tua gara e complimenti per il sorriso!
Brighton Marathon Dressed as Moana, Candice Davis took her Polynesian-costumed team of Marathon Mamas in a boat – earning a Guinness world record for the fastest 10 people in a single costume to run a marathon. They finished in 6h55m.
Tutti i primi 6 di ogni categoria sono automaticamente qualificati per THECHAMPIONSHIP 2019 il prossimo 2 giugno a Samorin (Slovacchia). Se hai raggiunto questa posizione, nei prossimi giorni riceverai una mail da Challenge Family con un codice speciale per inscriverti a questa splendida finale.
This is not a normal picture, this is something special for a special person: Armando Scolari, that last sunday finished his 45 ironman distance event. He is 75 years old, but the point is that in this picture, taken at around 8.30 pm at night, after almost 14 hours of pain....he is still smiling and enjoyng the race! This is the spirit that we love to see in all the amateur participants!
Questa non è una foto normale, è unafoto special per una persona speciale: Armando Scolari, che domenica scorsa ha concluso la sua 45 gara su distanza ironman, allìetà di 75 anni. Ma il punto è che in questa foto, scattata circa alle 20.30 dopo oltre 14 ore di gara e di fatica....Armando sta sorridendo ed sta godedosi la gara , come dovrebbe sempre essere per chi vive lo sport da amatore e non da professionista!
Photo - Congratulation to the athletes of the Sportego Team Triathlon !
Congratulation to the athletes of the Sportego Team Triathlon !
Video - Challenge Venice 2018....in 70"
Photo - Lisa Roberts, winner of Challenge Venice 2018!
Lisa Roberts, winner of Challenge Venice 2018!
Photo - Great job Jaroslav!
Conferenza stampa della Terza edizione di Challenge Venice in una location splendida: la Sala della Musica di Cà Sagredo, luxury hotel nel cuore di Venezia affacciato su Canal Grande.
Photo - EthicSport è il partner per l'integrazione a Challenge Venice 2018.
EthicSport è il partner per l'integrazione a Challenge Venice 2018.
EthicSport è un brand italiano leader nell’integrazione sportiva. Nato da un attento percorso di ricerca e sviluppo, EthicSport ha l’obiettivo di soddisfare le esigenze nutrizionali di tutti gli atleti, dai professionisti agli amatoriali e di creare maggiore consapevolezza sulle problematiche alimentari nella pratica sportiva. L'esperienza dell 'azienda nasce sul campo e cresce giorno dopo giorno grazie al continuo contatto con squadre professionistiche, federazioni sportive, staff medici e Università. Gli integratori professionali EthicSport sono stati sviluppati per ottimizzare il rendimento in tutte le fasi delle discipline sportive, con un’attenzione particolare agli sport di endurance. L’efficacia, la sicurezza, l’elevata digeribilità e l’ottimo sapore sono solo alcuni dei motivi che hanno reso EthicSport il marchio di integratori più richiesto in Italia.
All'interno dell'Expo dell'evento sarà presente uno stand dell'azienda dove sarò anche possibile acquistare tutti i prodotti dell'azienda.
It will be available also a Ethis Sport stand at the Expo so it will be possible also to purchase this great products.
Se partecipi a Challenge Venice 2018 (full distance, VLD, staffetta, fun charity relay), riceverai uno zaino personalizzato e come finisher della gara ti consegneremo un medaglia fatta a mano di vetro di Murano dai maestri vetrai Linea Valentina s.n.c Vetri d'arte ed una maglietta personalizzata, rossa per gli uomini e viola per le donne. Le iscrizioni chiudono il 27 maggio.
If you want a personalized bib number with your name, THIS IS THE LAST WEEK TO REGISTER!! Starting from Monday 21 every registrant will receive a normal bib number without the name. So if you want to have this great memory of the event, REGISTER NOW!
Se vuoi avere il pettorale personalizzato con il tuo nome, ISCRIVITI ENTRO DOMENICA 20 e lo potrai avere. Da lunedì 21 tutte le iscrizioni non avranno il pettorale personalizzato, per cui ISCRIVITI ADESSO!
artigianale, uniti alla costante innovazione tecnologica nel processo produttivo e a una forte passione per il territorio, che si esprime attraverso la scelta di ingredienti provenienti esclusivamente da coltivazioni locali.
Corti Veneziane is the official beer of Challenge Venice: produced with pure water and products of the top quality of the area, Corti Veneziane is an authentic craft beer, with all the quality of an high level product. It is a real genuine product that reflects the ingredients of the countryside of Venice.
La Fun Charity Relay è il modo più divertente per gareggiare con gli amici ma anche l’occasione di farlo per una buona causa. Sono già parecchie le staffette iscritte che stanno raccoglieranno fondi attrverso la Rete del Dono per Bambini Terribili for a Smile, il gruppo di bambini con disabilità fisiche e psichiche guidati dal dott. Pierluigi Righetti, che con il loro impegno contribuiranno all'acquisto di ausiliari tecnici per la riabilitazione di bambini e ragazzi con disabilità motorie.
Fai come loro, partecipa a Fun Charity Relay e nuota, pedala e corri Solidale sostenendo il progetto di Bambini Terribili.
Per partecipare a Challenge Venice è OBBLIGATORIO essere tesserati per la FITRI oppure acquistare una tessera giornaliera (durante l'iscrizione oppure al mometo del ritiro del pacco gara) ma occorre presentare un certificato medico sportivo agonistico, effettuato presso un Centro medico sportivo convenzionato. E' possibile effettuare la visita anche nel centro "Bissuola Medica" a Mestre nei giorni 31 maggio dalle 10.30 alle 12.30 e dalle 14 alle 19 e il giorno 1 giugno dalle 15 alle 19.
REMEMBER: WITHOUT A MEMBERSHIP CARD OR A MEDICAL CERTIFICATE FROM AN ITALIAN SPORT MEDICAL CENTER WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE!
A beautiful event that will open the Challenge Venice weekend.
A run suitable for everyone, inside Parco San Giuliano, with start and finish in the Challenge Venice expo area.
Neither by day nor by night... but 'Quasi Night Run'!
Un bellissimo evento che aprirà il weekend Challenge Venice.
Una corsa adatta a tutti, all'interno di Parco San Giuliano, con partenza e arrivo in zona expo di Challenge Venice.
Nè di giorno nè di notte... ma 'Quasi Night Run'! | 2019-04-22T12:44:30Z | https://www.sportingscribe.com/region/380/venice |
Царква давала імёны толькі пазначаныя ў спісе праваслаўных “святых” і вялікіх пакутнікаў. Аднак у жыцці людзі яшчэ доўга карысталі звыклыя нецаркоўныя імёны (Няждан, Таміа, Гасцята). Царква рабіла выключэнне толькі для князёў, дазваляючы ім даваць сваім дзецям імёны, пазычаныя ў скандынаваў (Ольг, Алег, Вольга, Ігар).Царква дазваляла вяльможам даваць і так званыя састаўныя імёны, што маюць і сёння дзве асновы (Святаслаў, Міраслаў, Уладзімір). Жаночых імён славянскага паходжання было няшмат, звычайна па імені бацьку (Яраслаўны), ці па характару асобы (Лада), ці сугучныя пэўнай зяве прыроды (Сняжана). Шмат пазычана было імёнаў з лацінскай мовы ў перыяд далучэння Беларусі да Польшчы. Яно ішло праз каталіцкую царкву касцёл, дзе таксама здзяйсняўся абрад хрышчэння. Так зявіліся на Беларусі Сергіуш, Канстанты, Ксеверы, Ванда, Тэрэза. Пазычалі і старажытнаяўрэйскія (біблейскія) формы (Іван, Марыя, Ганна). Як ні старалася, але царква не здолела вынішчыць адвечна славянскія, штодзённыя формы, якія шырока бытавалі ў беларусаў (Ксеня, Арына, Юрась, Восіп, Гаурыла, Мікола, Кірыла, Алесь, Пятрусь, Янка).
Julia Roberts will receive a healthy salary for her next movie. In fact, that remuneration will make her the first woman to break the “$20 million hump” broken years ago by male stars. The gals earned it, for seven of her films have surpassed the $100 million mark (hey, thats more some of those guys flicks!), and her performances are consistent audience favorites. Roberts “atypical beauty” -- clear-eyed sparkle, wholesome wide grin and charismatic presence marks her as Hollywoods “Girl Next Door Superstar.” Atypical as well was her road to success. After high school graduation, Roberts left her native Georgia and joined her actor-sister in New York. At age 19 she was cast as her actor-brothers on-screen sister in the 1986 movie, Blood Red (released in 1989). She went on to roles in Firehouse (1987), Crime Story (TV - 1988), Satisfaction (TV - 1988), Before Your Eyes: Angelies Secret (TV - 1988), Baja Oklahoma (TV - 1988), and Miami Vice (TV episode - 1988). For her part in Mystic Pizza (1988) she received an Independent Spirit Award nomination. Important and award-winning roles in blockbuster pictures followed with Steel Magnolias (1989 - Golden Globe award and Oscar nomination), Pretty Woman (1990 - Oscar nomination and British Academy award nomination), Flatliners (1990), Sleeping With The Enemy (1991), and Dying Young (1991 - MTV Movie award nomination). Darkness descended. Roberts next role, in Hook (1991), was panned by critics and nominated for a Razzie Worst Supporting Actress slam. A breakup with fiancé Keifer Sutherland just days before the planned wedding was among the gossip column-fodder personal problems that led to a year of seclusion and naught but a cameo appearance in one film, The Player (1992). Light dawned. Roberts breathed new life into her career in 1993 with The Pelican Brief (for which she received an MTV Movie award). She married singer/songwriter/actor Lyle Lovett the same year, but the media-dubbed “pretty woman - ugly duckling” couple lasted only 21 months. She took on roles in Pret-a-Porter (1994), I Love Trouble (1994), A Century of Cinema (TV - 1994), Something To Talk About (1995), Michael Collins (1996), Everyone Says I Love You (1996), and Mary Reilly (1996 - oops, another Razzie nomination). The next three years were very good: Roberts was cast in My Best Friends Wedding (1997 - netting her a Golden Globe nomination, Golden Satellite award, Peoples Choice award, Blockbuster Entertainment award and MTV Movie award), Conspiracy Theory (1997 - Blockbuster Entertainment award), Stepmom (1998 - Roberts not only acted her way to a Blockbuster Entertainment award, but was the successful films executive producer), Notting Hill (1999 - Golden Globe nomination and Peoples Choice award), and Runaway Bride (1999). As well, Roberts was nominated for an Emmy for a guest appearance on the television series Law and Order (1999), and has three times been on People Magazines Best-Dressed list. Upcoming for this popular and talented producer/actor are roles in Erin Brockovich, The Moviegoer, The Women, and, tentatively, Beyond Borders, Oceans II, The Mexican, To Catch A Thief, Martha and Arthur, and From Alice to Ocean. Roberts is on top of the Hollywood heap, and no matter how high the salaries go, the good-as-gold performer is worth every penny.
analyses of Europeanization and parties and party systems are a rather recent feature of the academic debate. To date, the development of a potential European dimension of party systems has dominated the field, such as it is, and unsurprisingly regarding parties, this is tied in most cases to the organisation of and elections to the European Parliament (see, e.g., Hix and Lord, 1997, and Pedersen, 1996). In addition, the term Europeanization has been used by some, e.g. Moxon-Browne (1999) and Daniels (1998), to denote a policy and strategic change by certain parties involving movement from a negative to a positive position regarding EU membership. Turning to national party systems, Mair (2000) finds very little impact of European integration on national party systems. Indeed, I suggest that of the many areas of domestic politics which may have experienced an impact from Europe, it is party systems in particular that have perhaps proved to be most impervious to change (p. 4). By this statement Mair means party systems have experienced little or no direct change to the format and mechanics of party systems. However, he makes a significant qualification when addressing a potential indirect impact arising from the European integration process: the first place, European integration increasingly operates to constrain the freedom of movement of national governments, and hence encourages a hollowing out of competition among those parties with a governing aspiration. As such, it promotes a degree of consensus across the mainstream and an inevitable reduction in the range of policy alternatives available to voters. Second, by taking Europe itself out of national competition, and by working within a supranational structure that clearly lacks democratic accountability, party and political leaderships do little to counteract the notion of the irrelevance of conventional politics (pp. 48-49). Mair does not intentionally analyse the impact of European integration individual parties. Accordingly, in the end, the absence of a genuine European level party system explains the insularity of national party systems from the impact of European integration. terms of format and mechanics (other than in the context of a European Parliament election), national party systems appear to exhibit very little in the way of Europeanization. Mair does not consider new party formation and party splits as very salient, in the sense of having an impact upon the relevant parties in a party system. However, the two points raised by Mair regarding an indirect impact are precisely the areas of investigation for evidence of the Europeanization of political parties, for they both draw attention to altered conditions of parties primary operating environments as well as crucial associated factors. Let us focus on his two points, namely the constraints on government policy maneuverability which hollow out competition among parties with a governing aspiration, and the growing notion of the irrelevance of conventional politics, both traceable as much as possible to effects emanating from EU processes. Increasing constraints on the prerogatives of government action, or even more importantly, the perception thereof, may influence over time the classic functions of political parties, e.g. recruitment, election campaigning, interest aggregation, interest articulation, party government roles, etc. If we accept this assumption, then it follows that those parties with a governing aspiration have an incentive to influence this phenomenon. Influence may take the form of finding new zones of penetration available for party goal attainment, e.g., the supranational dimension. Furthermore, a consequence of designing strategies to influence institutions or actors beyond the national arena may be the creation of new internal organizational patterns better able to engage this dimension or else to enhance party management, or both. An even more significant incentive for parties to adapt to these changed circumstances, though long-term in its manifestation, is growing irrelevance, defined as a diminishing capability to alter existing macroeconomic policies and a shrinking scope of issues for which resolution can be promised in election campaigns. in mind that as I have defined Europeanization there is an emphasis upon adaptation and policy change, and further, that Europeanization does not mean either convergence or harmonization, the evidence of Europeanization will vary across and within political systems. Consequently, we should view European integration as an independent variable and increased government policy constraints and the public perception of growing irrelevance of conventional politics as dependent variables. European integration influences the operating arenas, or environments, of national political parties, and the Europeanization of parties is consequently a dependent variable. We should search for evidence of party adaptation to this changed environment, be it policy change and/or organisational change. In other words, the Europeanization of political parties will be reflected in their response to the changes in their environments. The response can be identified in new and sometimes innovative relationships, policies or structures. political parties, unlike government bureaucracies, individual politicians, and interest groups, do not have the ability or opportunity to develop privileged or intimate relationships with authoritative EU actors. Interest groups may independently approach similar organisations in other EU member states in order to create European level associations, or respond to entreaties by the European Commission itself. Government agencies and bureaucracies come into contact with EU institutions, or else are obliged to develop new administrative means with which to translate EU regulations, directives, etc. into corresponding national ones. National government politicians may come to develop personal in Council of Minister meetings, European Council, etc. All of these actors have a certain amount of latitude in their adaptation to EU inputs, or else have little choice, as in the case of government agencies, and must therefore liase as quickly as possible in order to avoid negative repercussions later. Political parties, as I assume, have the incentive and motivation to come to terms with the changes in their environment as it impacts their fortunes, but unlike the examples just given, they are constrained in a number of ways. The most basic dilemma, though perhaps not so obvious, is that there is little if anything in the way of resources that the EU possesses that can be translated into a positive gain for a political party. New and explicit rules forbid a transfer of EU funds to national parties: The funding for political parties at European level provided out of the Community budget may not be used to fund, either directly or indirectly, political parties at national level (Article 191 amendment in Treaty of Nice). Furthermore, political parties do not have an extra-national space or environment of consequence to operate within. The European Parliament is of course a European institution, and although we may state that the problem of irrelevance is common to all parties with a governing aspiration, the European parliament has neither the mandate nor the composition to intrude upon national circumstances. The benefits of participating in the EP are therefore indirect at best for national parties, inasmuch as legislation can refocus the impact of European integration on those areas that affect party fortunes most. Bereft of direct channels into authoritative EU decision-making, yet subject to influences upon their own operating environments, the Europeanization of parties is very much a complex phenomenon to identify. This is especially so as when in government, national party leaders are also in most cases national government leaders, and as such may pursue policies and strategies with an appeal beyond the strictly partisan (this is most likely the case in instances of coalition government). Although we may agree with Mairs identification of the two indirect effects upon political parties, neither is so dramatic as to cause immediate and high-profile changes. Nevertheless, it is possible to outline the broad areas where one may recognise changes that reflect a process of Europeanization. The particular task for the analyst is to trace changes back to an EU source, or else to recognise an intended usage of the EU as a possible aid in the resolution of an issue, or to evaluate the problems that the presence of the EU-issue presents for parties. Five areas of investigation for evidence of Europeanization in parties and party activity are proposed: 1) policy/programmatic content; 2) organisational; 3) patterns of party competition; 4) party-government relations; and 5) relations beyond the national party system.
An interesting modern view on managers is supplied by an American writer, Mr. Peter Drucker. In his opinion, the managers perform 5 basic operations. Firstly, managers set objectives. They decide what they should be and how the organization can achieve them. Secondly, managers organize. They must decide how the recourses of the company are to be used, how the work is to be classified and divided. The third task is to motivate and communicate effectively. Managers must be able to get people work as a team and to be as productive as possible. The forth activity is measurement. Having set targets and standards, managers have to measure the performance of the organization, and of its staff. Finally, Mr. Peter Drucker says that managers develop people, including themselves. They help to make people more productive, and grow as human beings. Successful managers are the people, who command the respect of workers and who set high standards. Good managers must bring character to the job. They are people of integrity, who will look for that quality in others.
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The coining of clipped word-forms may result either in the ousting of one of the words from the vocabulary or in establishing a clear semantic differentiation between the two units. In a few cases the full words become new roots: chapman chap, brandywine brandy. But in most cases a shortened word exists in the vocabulary together with the longer word from which it is derived and usually has the same lexical meaning differing only in stylistic reference. The question naturally arises whether the shortened and original forms should be considered separate words. Though it is obvious that in the case of semantic difference between a shortened unit and a longer one from which it is derived they can be termed as two distinct words: cabriolet cab. Some linguists hold the view that as the two units do not differ in meaning but only in stylistic application, it would be wrong to apply the term word to the shortened unit. In fact, the shortened unit is a word-variant. Other linguists contend that even when the original word and the shortened form are generally used with some difference in style, they are both to be recognised as two distinct words. If this treatment of the process of word-shortening is accepted, the essential difference between the shortening of words and the usual process of word-formation should be pointed out.
Also it is no trifling education that is needed for successful competition in this profession. The ramifications of the law are infinite, and the successful lawyer must be versed in all subjects. The law is not a mere conglomeration of decisions and statutes; otherwise "Pretty Poll" might pose as an able advocate. A mind unadapted to investigation, unable to see the reasons for legal decisions, is as unreliable at the bar as is a color-blind person in the employ of a signal corps. The woman lawyer who demands an indemnity against failure must offer as collateral security not only the ordinary school education, but also a knowledge of the world and an acquaintance with that most abstruse of all philosophieshuman nature. She must needs cultivate all the common sense and tact with which nature has endowed her, that she may adjust herself to all conditions. She must possess courage to assert her position and maintain her place in the presence of braggadocio and aggressiveness, with patience, firmness, order and absolute good nature; a combativeness which fears no Rubicon; a retentiveness of memory which classifies and keeps on file minutest details; a self-reliance which is the sin qua non of success; a tenacity of purpose and stubbornness of perseverance which gains ground, not by leaps, but by closely contested hair breadths; a fertility of resource which can meet the "variety and instantaneousness" of all occasions; an originality and clearness of intellect like that of Portia, prompt to recognize the value of a single drop of blood; a critical acumen to understand and discriminate between the subtle technicalities of law and an aptness to judge rightly of the interpretation of principles.
Consistent implementation of the principles proclaimed on October 17 could lead to the design of the constitutional order. However, in late 1905 - early 1906 enacts a number of limiting civil liberties "temporary rules". In April 1906, the text appears in the new edition of "Basic state laws. Because of this "Code of Nicholas II" disappears definition of power of the monarch as unlimited, but remains its symbol - obviously ambiguous - as "autocratic". The most radical 86-I article "Code" reads: "No new law can not follow without the approval of the State Council and State Duma and absorb force without the approval of the emperor", ie for the monarch has the final say, and not determined by the necessary procedures advance the bill in case of disagreement with the Emperor. Next 87 article provided an opportunity in the event of termination or interruption of the Duma and State Council to conduct debates in the Council of Ministers, with subsequent confirmation by the king in the form of "His Majesty's orders, take effect immediately. And the king retained the right to interrupt the meeting of the Duma and the State Council. Emperor could not enforce the laws in the form of individually approved by the "acts of top management" [2, c.139]. In the exclusive jurisdiction of the autocrat were the foreign policy, finances, army and navy, the appointment to senior posts in the government bureaucracy. All other public institutions were of secondary nature. Nominally, reminiscent of some West European counterparts, Russia's parliament (State Duma - the lower "chamber plus the State Council - " upper "chamber) really is not. Not institutionally integrated, functionally, these "house" opposed to each other.
a simple sentence there are two lexical-semantic variants in the word like - comparative and contrast. The word like in the sense of refinement doesn't have synonymous parallels with comparative-contrastive like.the constructions the word like isn't independent part of the sentence. All structures like + X function as secondary part of the sentence: attributive or adverbial contest, and also is a nominal part of the predicate.contrastive like is characterized by intersection of four parts of speech: preposition, adjective, adverb and conjunction.prepositions the word like draws the possibility of combining with nouns, adjectives, pronouns, gerunds, numerals. There is also presence of case valence and duplex syntactic relations which are mostly in binomial word combinations which are formed according to the model «pivotal word + like + dependent word».word like together with the input construction like prepositional phrase is characterized by the mobility of positions in the sentence. These prepositional phrases and constructions with the word like can have predicative, attributive and adverbial characteristics., the possibility of the word like to form the word form unlike and the combination much (more, less) + like doesn't allow to attribute it to preposition.adjectives the word like draw the presence of prefix in the structure of the word and also the possibility to form the degree of comparison., the word like is characterized by the right distribution which is not typical for adjectives.combinations Adj + N the article is used before the adjective, but in the combination like + N the article is used before the noun but not before like.adverbs the word like has possibility to follow after participle in the participle constructions, presence of prefix un in the structure of the word, possibility to form degree of comparison with the help of words much, more, less., there is a compatibility for the word like which adverbs don't have. As it is known, adverbs doesn't combine with nouns, but the construction like + N is very productive. Unlike adverbs which have unilateral connection, the word like has bilateral connection. Adverbs and adjectives are parts of sentences. The word like isn't part of sentence.conjunctions the word like draw the possibility of comparative phrase which refers to verbal predicate to be expanded into the subordinate clause.is impossible to attribute the comparative-contrastive like to any morphologic class because it has the character of morphologic syncretism.word like with the meaning of refinement doesn't have synonymic parallels with comparative-contrastive and functions as the word which introduces the enumeration. Here like has conjunctional function.of grammatical and semantical structure of composite sentences with the parts which are input with the clip like allows to affirm that they are grammatical and function in modern English. They are represented by three types of compound sentences - comparative-contrastive, commenting - valuating and qualificatory meaning. Casual and modal characteristics plays an important role in the realization of syntactic relations. The clip like functions as conjunction.
LONELINESS: loneliness, solitude, separation; alone, singular, lonesome, sole. most Edgar Poes tales a motive of death is significantly felt. This theme was popular in the literature of American South, as it reflected the depression of decay of the Virgin Renascence period, affirmed the idea of inevitable destruction of the whole Splendid, Beautiful in the times of worship money flourishing. To some extent the Edgar Poes frantic world became the reflection of the reality, but the theme of death takes a psychological aspect the writers creative work. It is also interesting that death in Edgar Poes artistic system becomes an aesthetic category and isnt perceived as only biological phenomenon. The writer considers the notion death as a symbol and even a special state of human consciousness. Some heroes admit that they do not fell the boundaries between the life and death; they imagine the death to themselves as a special form of existance of human spirit. Hence the motives of life, death, immortality ideal of the Elation, Beauty, drifting, create a certain complex unity. The very atmosphere of horror, despair, solitude, deadlock move the reader into the unique fantastic world of thoughts and feelings. The category of death in Edgar Poes artistic system doesnt call any disgust, fear, on the contrary, it inspires the reader for the higher feelings and reflection about the sense of life. Callridge was right without any doubt, when he said that E. Poe gives his readers satisfaction from the delight of extraordinary magnificence of artificial horror.reading the Edgar Poes tales, we can always feel, that some powerful forces operate the life and destiny of the heroes. The presence of deep mystery is seen, which attracts the readers attention and calls peculiar elation and mental excitement in him. As a rule the reader endeavours to penetrate into the very essence of events, open the mystery, find the internal forces that rule them, but very often he leaves helpless in the face of the sacrament of existance: the author never gives unambiguous simple answer. We feel the internal fight of mysterious forces in every tale, and realize, hat the writer plunges into the essence of human existance, admiring and charming the reader. The frequent usage of the words God, Saint, Seraph, Heaven and others are the evidence of not the depth of writers religiousness, not of the useless human efforts and not of determinacy of the mans destiny, but most probably of the complexity of that ties, with which it is connected with the world. E. Poe always tried to realize the eternal problems of being, which worried the whole generations of great thinkers.evidence of this may be the usage of the lexical units, which have the common theme "mystery, superhuman, forces", which helps to create the elated tone in his tales. These are the following words and word combinations:, Divine Father, the Mighty Ruler of the Universe, Soul in Paradise, Heaven, Seraph, saint, angel, spirit, shadow, omnipresence, omnipotence, demon, destiny, fatality, fate, doom, futility, spell, mystery, riddle, secret, marvel, enchantment; mystic, Magical, phantasmagoric, superhuman, beyond human control, unnatural, fantastic, unreal, uncommon.. Poes psychological tales are marked with the solemnity and well-groundness. They are characterized by the philosophical depth and wide scale of the comprehension of problems. In the form of expression it shows itself in the frequent usage of abstract vocabulary: beauty, good, evil, being, existence, universe, Life, material world, spirit, Humanity, Time, limitless, nothingness, plentitude, abstraction.the world literature E. Poe is considered to be an unsurpassed master of creation the hard, sullen atmosphere. Considering that the surroundings of human being has a psychological influence on her, forms her emotions, feelings and mood, the writer very often goes into detailed description of houses, interiors, scenes. Every, even the smallest, detail in the decoration of interior, the unnoticeable at first sight subjects, serve for the creation of the general atmosphere and are a part of a whole.typical elements for such descriptions of architecture and interiors are the following attributive word combinations:abbey, melancholy House of Usher, misty-looking house, quaint and old building, prison-like rampart, mansion of gloom, bizarre architecture, comfortless and antique chamber, a large and lofty room, dark, high, turret-chamber, remote turret, dark and intricate passage, the Gothic archway of the hall, wilderness of narrow passages, vacant, eye-like windows, bleak wall, ebony blackness of the floors, smooth slim and cold wall, massy doors, ponderous gate; sable draperies, dark tapestries, fringed curtains of black velvet, gloomy furniture, gigantic sarcophagus of black granite, phantasmagoric armorial trophies, manifold and multiform armorial trophies.only the placement of fanciful subjects, that surround the heroes, plays a great role in the creation of general atmosphere, but also the light, sounds, even the movement of the air, which creates the impression of extraordinary things and mystery of everything that takes place.author pays a special attention to the depiction of the light. In the tales he clearly warps the reality and the ordinary feeling of environment, though the action always stays in the boundaries of the reality. The light creates a special effect and mood, hiding some and opening the other details. As a rule, these are the darkened and somehow sullen beams, which correspond to the general atmosphere of helplessness, downcast and depressed state. The examples may be the following word combinations:gleams of ancrimsoned light; some faint ray of light; wild sulphurous lustre; ghastly luster; the rays of the numerous candles; gleam and the radiance of the full, blood-red, setting moon; a blood of intense rays rolled throughout.the climaxes of Edgar Poes tales one and the same sound is repeated all the time, which cannot concentrate attention and raise the too tense atmosphere. For example:sharp, grating sound, certain low and indefinite sounds, the echo of the very cracking and ripping sound, a low and apparently distant, but sharp, protracted, and most unusual screaming, a distant, hollow, metallic, and clangorous, jet apparently muffled reverberation, an indistinct murmur.great attention is paid to the scene also, because, as a rule, E. Poes personages are isolated from the external world, and lead unsociable life, being plunged into their own thoughts and emotions. Thats why the situation of depressed state has peculiar psychological influence on the all heroes. The main personage of Edgar Poes tales is a man with his own passions and thoughts. On the pages of the writers works we meet rather different people. For the creation of human characters the literary artist widely uses the words and word combinations, united with common theme traits of character, and also the units of moral-estimated vocabulary, such as:, resolution, audacity, stern nature, Ardor, elevated character, spirituality, extravagance, penetration, sagacity, arrogance, vanity, virtue, faithfulness, cordiality, warmth, sincerity, gentleness, turpitude, wickedness, evil propensities, rooted habits of vice, soulless dissipation.the one hand, the vocabulary, which determines the thinking activity of the man, takes an important place, but on the other hand - the one, which expresses human feelings and emotions. It should be pointed out, that rational and emotional things compose somehow two opposite poles of human existance. But here there is no contradiction, on the contrary, the complicated combination of rational and emotional in one character is peculiar to E. Poes novelistics, and turns out to be the authors merit. In the very writers individuality we find harmonial combination of ability to the logical consistent thinking and inclination to the untamed passions and unlimited imagination. Heart and mind - we always feel mutual influence of these two phenomena in the complicated displays of human mentality. E. Poes heroes, as their creator, are inclined to quick shift of feelings and mood, they are very emotional and at the same time - people of high intellect, prone to analytical thinking. Moreover some double meaning is shown here: on the one side - the heroes completely depend on the circumstances, they are the slaves of their own passions, on the other side they are capable to appreciate the situation soberly in the even seeming hopeless conditions. E. Poe widely uses the vocabulary of rational and emotional aspects, creating the effect of fantasy and at the same time explaining everything that happens rationally, taking into account mutual condition of all phenomena in the world. Among the lexical units, that mean the process of thinking, the most frequent are: , reflection, reason, research, curiosity, thought, mind, brain, fancy, superstition, analysis, consideration, intellect, intelligence, mental existence, attention; to forget, to mean, to suspect, to conclude, to come to a decision.emotions and feelings of the human being are conveyed with the help of the following lexical units:, feeling, mood, bitterness, hopelessness, melancholy, grief, sympathy, pity, sorrow, temptation, animosity, depression, tumult, commotion, rage, vexation, ecstasy, glee, excitement.his tales, E. Poe deeply investigates the psychological and physical state of the human being in the extreme situations, when all her feelings are aggravated to the brim. The writer is the master of conveying human feelings perception of the environment, sometimes it even seems, that not the hero, but the reader perceives the world depicted in the tales. We feel the abruptness, inconsistence of impressions, lapses of humans memory and consciousness, exhausted from long sufferings. The question about the verge of being and not being, about the sense of being emerges here. Person, who wasnt on the verge of death, will never appreciate the Beauty and Charm of Life. The author often observed his heroes, who are in "the state of seeming nothingness"; mental and physical state of heroes in different situations is conveyed through such lexical units, as:, nervousness, tremour, iceness, dreariness, madness, stupor, mental disorder, intoxication, the elate of seeming nothingness, agony, swoon, delirium, confusion of mind, haziness, insensibility, imbecility, sickness, fit, unconsciousness; to unnerve, to dream, to faint.. Poes personages are, as a rule, very talented people. Their spiritual world is complicated and many-sided. They admire theatre, music, and painting. They are creative personalities with their own peculiar seeing of events and rich inner life, and often they try to find their self-expression in the creative work. Wide usage of words and word combinations, which belong to the lexico-semantic group Arts in the E. Poes tales determined it, such as:, art, thing of art, image, improvisation, canvas, painting, vignette, background, frame, design, pallet, brush, reading, verses, ballad, rhyme, volume, guitar, rhapsodies.system of the vocabulary of the work of art is determined not only linguistic, but also extralinguistic factors: thematic directivity of the tales, peculiarities of the depicted material, ideology, authors aesthetic views, his creative manner. Such approach allowed to understand deeply Edgar Allan Poes creative idea, ideal contents and aesthetic intentions.
Protein storage doesnt take place in animals. Except for the small amount that circulates in the cells, amino acids exist in the body only in muscle or other protein-containing tissues. If the animal or human needs specific amino acids, they must either be synthesized or obtained from the breakdown of muscle protein. Adipose tissue serves as the major storage area for fats in animals. A normal human weighing 70 kg contains about 160 kcal of usable energy. Less than 1 kcal exists as glycogen, about 24 kcal exist as amino acids in muscle, and the balance-more than 80 percent of the total-exists as fat. Plants make oils for energy storage in seeds. Because plants must synthesize all their cellular components from simple inorganic compounds, plants-but usually not animals-can use fatty acids from these oils to make carbohydrates and amino acids for later growth after germination.
Old Ukrainian literature took centuries to develop, influenced by two bookish languages.
«The Precept of Volodymyr Monomakh» is an outstanding literary memorial of the distant past.
The Kyiv-Pechersk Patericon» describes the lives of the Fathers of the Caves.
In the 16th century poetry received a powerful impetus.
Ivan Kotlyarevsky's epic burlesque «Aeneid» turned out the first creation of new Ukrainian literature.
In 1840, his «Kobzar» came off the press.
Realism flourished in the second half of the century.
Mykhaylo was born into the family of a poor official (clerk).
Mykhaylo Kotsiubynsky described the life of the Ukrainian people at the turn of the 20th century.
Kotsiubynsky developed literary traditions created by Taras Shevchenko and Ivan Franko.
At the age of fourteen, after his father's death Mykhaylo became the breadwinner in the family.
He followed traditions of the school of realism of Levytskyi, Panas Myrny.
His works were translated into Russian and Western European languages during his lifetime and gained popularity far, beyond the borders of Ukraine.
The first English language translations appeared back in 1925.
The most famous novel, written by Honchar is «Sobor».
«Sobor» was unknown to the reader for a long period of time, because it was banned.
I know by «Tvoya Zorya», «Ziklon», «Tronka».
This author can justly be called the conscience of Ukraine.
In his works such problems as the good and the evil, honour and dishonour, love and hate were raised. | 2019-04-20T20:50:52Z | https://www.studsell.com/rubric/6/180 |
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During the whole year 2014 I hadn’t been travelling abroad at all so my WP-list hadn’t got any bigger. It was already early autumn and I still had no ideas what to do on my summer holiday. I had been asking if there was any room on Corvo, Azores, but it seemed that there was no room in Comodoro or any rooms that Finnish birders had. So I ended up to ask if any of my foreign Facebook friends knew any place where to stay there. It was a nice surprise when a Swedish birder Stefan Ettenstam, who I had met first time on my previous trip to Corvo, contacted me and told that he had room in a double-room that he had booked!
Everything went fast after I had contacted Stefan. He had planned to stay on Corvo from the 8th until 21st of October so soon we were booking flights. I had some holiday more so after all I booked my flights to Corvo from 8th to 24th. From Sweden there were direct flight to Sao Miguel so we planned to fly there and then to Corvo – luckily it happened to be the cheapest choice for me too. I also thought that I had already been twice on Terceira, it wasn’t necessary to go there. I hoped there might be something to twitch on Sao Miguel.
Finally when the trip started to get close a Willet was found on Sao Miguel. So we just counted days and it looked good that the bird was staying there for long enough.
On Monday the 6th of October after my work, I packed my car and drove to Kirkkonummi. It was a long drive and I did stop on the way to try to see some Pomarine Skuas in Taipalsaari Kyläniemi without luck, but finally at 9 p.m. I was with my parents. And I had to go to sleep early as I had an early wake up.
On the 7th of October I woke up at 3 a.m. and soon I was in Helsinki-Vantaa airport where my dad drove me. Once I got to the right gate I met Markku Santamaa, the Finnish WP-lister nr 1, who had the same flights to Sao Miguel. Our flight left on time at 5:30 a.m. and I slept almost the whole time. We landed to Lisbon where on the next gate we met Dutch Thierry Jansen and Belgian David Monticelli. Finally at 11:55 a.m. (local time) our flight left to Ponta Delgada, Sao Miguel.
After landing to Ponta Delgada Thierry left immediately to twitch the Willet, but the rest of us had to get our luggage first. But soon we were taking a taxi and heading toward the ETAR, where the bird had been. First we stopped to Davids hotel where we also could leave our luggage with Markku. Then it was only 100 meters walk to ETAR. And once we got there Thierry was also just getting out from his taxi, he had got a slowly driver.
We met a couple of French birders that had stayed on Sao Miguel for longer and they had already seen the Willet on the previous day. So we followed them as they knew the places better. And soon they found the bird with their telescope about 400 meters from its usual place. We all watched it through the scope and then started to walk closer. A lifer! The bird was sleeping on a rock just about 10 meters from a walking way. So soon we were photographing the bird very close! It did wake up for a while and cleaned its feathers but only some seconds every time. In almost a couple of hours we stayed there, it flew only a couple of times from a rock to another one and than we could see the beautiful wing-marks it had. Other bird we saw on the shore were a couple of Knots, a Dunlin, a Little Egret and a Kestrel that was migrating over us.
Finally we had good enough pictures and with Markku and Thierry we walked to a harbor and to a cafeteria to have lifer-beers. David still stayed photographing the bird.
Once we walked back to ETAR, Willet had moved to its usual place and was feeding along a small smelly river. David had followed it and was now photographing it on the rocky shore. Thierry had to continue to the airport as he was flying to Terceira, but with Markku we walked to David’s hotel to pick up our luggage and luckily got a ride from the owner to our own hotel Alcides.
In Alcides we found out that it was completely full, so Markku had to move to the another hotel. I had already booked a room with Stefan Ettenstam and Seppo Haavisto, who were coming in the evening. After some relaxing we met with Markku again in Alcides restaurant and enjoyed really good steaks. Stefan and Seppo arrived late at night as their flight had been almost 2 hours late. I was already sleeping then. The rest of the night I was listening snoring of these too tired men.
On the 8th of October we woke up at 7 a.m. and even though it was raining we decided to skip the breakfast and headed straight to ETAR. It was 10 minutes walk from our hotel and once we got there we couldn’t find the Willet. We soon spread around the area where the bird had been seen but we couldn’t find it. When we all were walking back to the smelly river, we saw it in flight and landing to its usual place again. It was a WP-tick for Stefan and Seppo. We watched the bird feeding for some time but then the rain started to get worse so we decided to go to have our breakfast. After the breakfast we took a taxi back to ETAR and the bird was still there, but on very bad light. Stefan decided to walk down along the river and managed to get to good light after all. Other birds there were the same Knots, a Dunlin, Turnstones, a Little Egret, a couple of Sanderlings and a Ringed Plover. But then our taxi-driver came back earlier than he should so pretty soon we drove back to hotel, picked up luggage and headed to the airport.
At 1:20 p.m. left our plain to Faial, Horta where the plane got full of birdwatchers! There were my old friends Petri Kuhno, Tero Toivanen and Janne Kilpimaa, WP-lister nr 1 Ernie Davis and many other old friends and also some that I didn’t know yet. Soon we continued to Corvo where some birders had already been for a week and birders would stay until the end of October. I was going there for 16 days!
At 15:25 we landed to Corvo and it was really strange that there was no bird to twitch right away. It was the first time even for Seppo that there was no hurry from the airport. It had been so quiet on Corvo that quite many birders were leaving to twitch a Short-billed Dowitcher from Terceira and Willet from Sao Miguel! And they all knew the first rule of birding on Azores – “Never leave Corvo!”. Well because of we weren’t in a hurry, we took our luggage and got a ride to our apartment that was close to the church. With Stefan we got a tiny room and a couple of German birders got much bigger ones alone, which was strange. Our host Fernando didn’t speak any English and her daughter Vera seemed to be in a hurry, so there was no point to say anything – we were just happy to be on Corvo! We had no idea if we were going to have a breakfast and Vera wasn’t really helping. She just said that we should go to Comodoro to have breakfast. It didn’t sound good for us, so after all we walked to Comodoro and discussed with Kathy “Katt” Rita and hoped she could talk to our hosts about it. Then we went shopping something to eat and drink. Only birding we did, was a short walk through the Middle fields and a twitched Spoonbill from the beach. At 8 p.m. we gathered to a big building close to a rubbish tip and had a good dinner. It cost only 10 € including drinks too – so it was really good! Like Janne K said: “We can drink our food cheap”.
On the 9th of October we woke up at 7 a.m. and as we had no idea if we had a breakfast or not, we were planning to walk to taxis to Comodoro before 8 a.m. When we were leaving, Fernando came out and asked us to come in to downstairs and there was a surprise – we had a breakfast after all! We ate traditional bread, ham and cheese and were happy to make a couple of breads with us too. Then we had to hurry to get to taxi.
At Comodoro there were many birders already and soon 3 Hiace-taxis arrived. So everyone could get either to upper road to Reservoir or Caldeira, middle road until Lighthouse valley or lower road until Cantinho. We, like many other, headed to Lighthouse valley where an exotic visitor, a Snowy Owl had stayed for a few days.
We walked up and down the valleys before the Lighthouse valley as the Snowy Owl had been there but unfortunately we couldn’t find it. After all we started to walk back along the road with mostly Finnish birders. It was raining so we walked until Da Ponte which gave the best shelter from the rain. I had already walked until the bottom of the valley, when we heard from our walkie-talkies that there was a Scarlet Tanager found in Tennessee valley! I didn’t remember how to get there so I decided to climb back up and follow Seppo as he had already started walking there. It was raining pretty much when we walked along the road but luckily we got a ride from Comodoro’s owner Manuel. It was a wet ride on a pickup, but soon we were above the village Vila Nova and Miradouro view-watching place. From there we took a path up to the valley. It was a hard walk as I followed Danish Christian Leth and Petri who were almost running. So soon we saw a group of birders above us and thick blackberry bushes. We tried to get through the bushes but it was impossible! So soon we decided to go around them. Once we got to other birders we were told that the bird had been missing since it had started to rain, but luckily the rain had just stopped. And soon Christian found the bird! He was watching the bird just 10 meters above me but I couldn’t see it. I had to climb through some more blackberry bushes and a big stone wall but somehow I managed to get to Christian and soon found the bird! Scarlet Tanager was perched almost on the top of a bush but it wasn’t easy to find, so when many other birders came to us, most of them couldn’t find it before it dropped inside the bushes. But luckily it was active and came close to us when we played a tape for it. And finally even Petri managed to get his 700th WP-tick!
More and more birders were still coming to see the Scarlet Tanager that was showing well, when we decided to start walking down to the village. My shoes were completely wet, so I went to change dry shoes and then walked to harbor to digiscope a White-rumped Sandpiper and a Little Stint that were there. I still went to evening seawatch but all I saw were 3 Common Dolphins and lots of Cory Shearwaters.
After the dinner we both, me and Stefan, started to feel very sick. Our stomachs were really bad and after all I started to throw up. And I was very sick for whole night!
10th of October. I had slept maybe 15 minutes and still felt really bad but Stefan had managed to sleep and he had been less sick, not throwing up at all. Anyway we went to breakfast but I was mostly only looking at it. Then we walked to taxis but there we decided to stay down anyway. After we had walked a little bit, I started to feel too bad again and I had to give up and walk back to bed. Luckily nothing was found during the morning, so I could sleep pretty well. During the day I did a walk around the airfield but it was almost too much. I felt so tired on the halfway that I almost called a taxi! So soon I was back in the bed and trying to sleep. When some birders had already walked down to village and also plane-twitchers and some new arrivals had came too, walkie-talkie started to tell me about very nice birds here and there! A Rose-breasted Grosbeak, an Indigo Bunting, a Red-eyed Vireo, a Bobolink, a Scarlet Tanager and so on, but luckily I had seen all the species already and I didn’t have to go twitching. Of course I wanted, but I was just too sick to do anything, so I just tried to sleep more in my hard and noisy bed. In the evening I managed to join the dinner and even ate something, but anyway I had to go to bed as soon as possible.
On the 11th of October I woke up feeling much better but still weak. Anyway after breakfast we walked to taxis and I got out from a taxi in upper Poco da Aqua with Kalle Larsson and Seppo Järvinen who had arrived on the previous day. We walked downhill along the dry river and stopped to check every single bush very carefully. We were almost on the Middle road when we met Danish Jens Hansen and Tommy Frandsen who were climbing up. I told them not to find anything as I was still too weak to run uphill. And after a couple of minutes we heard Tommy from the walkie-talkie – they had seen a Philadelphia Vireo on the bushes that we had just been watching last 45 minutes! We ran up and found Jens and Tommy soon but the bird had flight to a big bushy area a little bit lower. We walked there and soon there were many birders checking the bushes but the bird wasn’t found. We waited and waited, played the tape, but nothing. I saw very briefly a yellowish-green bird flying over us and Mika Bruun saw it too a little bit lower along the road and managed to see that it was another Scarlet Tanager!
Finally we gave up and planned to walk to some of the ribeiras that are closer to the village. We were on the road when we heard a message in walkie-talkie, but all we could hear was that there was something in Fojo. I started to walk there immediately and when I got there, there were already many birders. Probably the same Philadelphia Vireo had been seen there! Seppo H played tape and soon Stefan noticed that there was some bird moving in the bush just in front of us. And there it was – a Philadelphia Vireo! It came very well visible in front of us and we could see it extremely well! Soon it flew to the trees behind the small open area but it still stayed there so everyone managed to see it very well.
Once I had been watching the Philadelphia Vireo for long enough, I started to walk together with Hannu Palojärvi towards the village. I visited the shop again and then walked a little bit around the fields and managed to twitch a Bobolink that had been found once again, this time near Cape Verde fields. In the evening we had dinner and it was great to eat well again. Anyway I went to sleep early as I was extremely tired.
On the 12th of October I got out from the taxi together with Seppo J and Kalle near Do Vinte. Once we finally found the right path to the forest we stayed there for some time but then it started to rain very much. We still climbed on the slippery hillsides for some time but it really wasn’t worthy. Only Blackbirds, Canaries, Chaffinches and Blackcaps were found. When the rain had stopped and we were having the second breakfast along the road, we heard that there had been a possible Northern Parula seen in Fojo. I left immediately there and soon I was in the picnic-area with many other birders. I walked a little bit in the forest where on Polish birder had seen the bird, but then went to sit on the bench and wait if the taping would attract the bird visible. Nothing happened so some gave up but I decided to stay there as long as someone is still trying. Seppo H was once again playing the tape when I heard a chip-call above me and saw a tiny bird flying over us. I saw to which tree the bird landed but couldn’t see it. Luckily Kalle found it soon and there it was – a Northern Parula! Kalle managed to get a couple of pictures of the bird before it flied over us again and landed to the trees where it still was visible for some time before it disappeared into the forest. Unfortunately it wasn’t found again so quite a few birders missed it.
While we were still waiting a parula to come back we saw already second time a snipe flying over us. It really looked dark and it had no white trailing-edge on the wing. Surprisingly it landed to the road just behind us and we all could seen that it really was a Wilson’s Snipe! Some managed to get good pictures of it before it flushed again and then Stefan got a couple of good flight-shots too.
After some time I left together with Seppo J to walk towards the village. We still got down to the lowest part of Poco de Aqua but couldn’t find anything. When we had climbed back to the road and got a connection to mobile-net, I got a message that a possible Common Yellowthroat had been seen in tamarisks South from the airfield. Together with Seppo and old Italian friend Daniele Occhiato we started to walk quickly towards the village hoping to get a lift from any car. There was no traffic at all so it was a long 45 minutes walk to the tamarisks where we saw other birders. But we couldn’t find the right path inside the tamarisks and we walked a long round around the area before we finally found the right path. And once we got there all the birders had moved a little bit. The bird had just been seen again for the first time for almost 2 hours and it had really been a Common Yellowthroat! We had missed it while walking around the tamarisks! Anyway we now knew where the bird might be and just stopped and started to wait. And once again the tape worked and the bird soon flew just in front of us! Cameras were busy while the (for us not so) Common Yellowthroat was showing extremely well just some meters from us! Then after a couple of minutes it moved into the bushes and disappeared. And nobody saw it later in that afternoon and evening.
We left others to wait if the Common Yellowthroat would show up and walked together with Markku and Hannu through the fields and saw a young Lesser Black-backed Gull flying towards the rubbish tip. In the evening we ate again well and soon after that I was ready to sleep. It had been a day with 2 lifers!
The morning of the 13th of October was misty but anyway we took the taxi to Cantinho, where while waiting the sun rise we stayed on the bridge and waited and listened if there were any calls. Then I walked up to climb the upper side of Cantinho from where I landed down to the lower part before continuing to the lower part of Canselas. But all I could find were Chaffinches and Blackcaps. Then I continued to Fojo and climbed up the northern side for some time but soon I realized the fog was coming lower so I walked back to the road. There I met Swiss Jerome and together we walked to Da Ponte where we met Seppo H, Bosse Karllson and Pierre-André Crochet. After some quiet listening PAC found a Red-eyed Vireo and we could see Pierre watching the bird which of course disappeared before we saw it. So all we could do was to wait it to come back. Most of the American passerines seem to make a round on the forest and come back sooner or later. And it didn’t take too long when Thierry, who had also came there found the bird. We could all see it well and once it came to the tree tops just above us, we realized that there were two Red-eyed Vireos together!
After some time I walked back down to the village together with Hannu and Kari Haataja and after some rest I still went to seawatching. The western wind was very promising, but all better I could see were two Great Shearwaters. After the dinner we all gathered to Comodoro where we celebrated 10-years birding on Corvo birthday – the first birder to visit Corvo in autumn, Peter Alfrey, had arrived and we had a surprise parties for him. It was very nice, but anyway I left to sleep pretty early as I had an early wake up to work.
On the 14th of October I headed to Fojo by taxi and from there I walked to Canselas together with French birder Daniel Mauras. But soon we heard that another Scarlet Tanager had been found in Cantinho so Daniel hurried there. I climbed up until the middle-road and then walked back down to lower-road through Southern Fojo. But all I saw were 2 Woodcocks. On the road I met Stefan and while we were walking near the picnic-area, we saw a snipe flying over us. It was clearly a Wilson’s Snipe again! We told about the bird to walkie-talkie and surprisingly Josh Jones had seen it landing near the crossroad above us. We climbed there and soon saw the bird hiding in a grass while a couple of photographers were taking pictures of it. But when more photographers arrived, the bird got enough and flight too far to see it landing. It was a mistake as many birders still missed this species, but luckily we soon saw it coming back and landing to a field above us. We sent messages about the bird and after some time everyone had arrived. Then photographers went to walk to the field while the rest of us waited on the road to see it flying again. The bird was flushed a couple of times and everyone saw it pretty well after all. So everyone was happy – I think even the snipe when it was finally let alone.
Together with Stefan we continued to Da Ponte again where we stayed for more than an hour and saw the Red-eyed Vireo again. Then together with Janne K, Tero and Petri we started to walk back towards the village. We had planned to rest on the Lapa-bridge but there we met Pierre-André who had just seen and heard a small warbler in flight. We followed PAC up along the river, but lost him soon as he was going really fast. And of course soon he walkie-talkied that he had found the bird again and it was a Northern Parula. I was the only one of us who had seen the first parula so it was a lifer for Janne K and Tero so we continued walking higher. Soon we found PAC but the bird was missing again. Many birders were coming soon and most of them followed the river higher and some decided to stay where the bird had been seen last time. So I decided to walk back where the bird had been found. There I sat down to a rock and started to check a sheltered bottom of the river with nice hortensias and soon saw a tiny bird landing to a bush. All I could see were feet and white stomach, but it was enough, I walkie-talkied everyone to come and soon the bird was showing extremely well to everyone! I watched the Northern Parula for maybe 5 minutes and then decided to start walking again. While walking back to the road we saw another dark looking snipe again in flight.
In the village I visited another shop that was close to our place and once I was back in our room I heard that another Wilson’s Snipe had been found in the harbor. I decided to go to try to get some digiscoping pictures. But when I got there, the bird was already flying far over the sea.
In the afternoon I still went to seawatching with Hannu and we saw a couple of Great Shearwater, a Black-headed Gull and 3 White-rumped Sandpiper that came from the sea. In the evening we managed to move to a bigger room downstairs. This room had been empty all time, so we asked Fernando if we could move there as the room we were was absolutely too small. We should have asked about this much earlier! After the dinner I was ready to go to sleep again before 11 p.m.
The 15th of October. We had agreed that taxis would leave 15 minutes later as it was still quite dark when we got up. But I think no-one had told it to our driver Joao as the first taxi had already gone when we got to Comodoro. There were several birders waiting for the next taxi but it didn’t come. We tried to call Joao but he didn’t answer. Finally after more than an hour waiting he came and we got up. With Kalle and Seppo J we went to Cantinho where I went first to lower part but found only plenty of Blackbirds from a big pear-tree. Then we climbed together on the upper parts, but found out that it was impossible to climb until the middle-road because of too many fallen trees. So we walked back to lower-road and until Fojo picnic-area. Then we heard that there had been a flock of 3 vireos, 2 Red-eyed and a Philadelphia Vireo in Northern Fojo, so we climbed there. We stayed there for some time but managed to see only those 2 Red-eyed Vireo briefly. I must say that after seeing Red-eyed Vireo now quite many time, even a singing Willow Warbler on the background was a better bird.
After a couple of showers, I started to think we were too lazy and walked to the middle-road and there I got an SMS that a Black-and-white Warbler had been found in Da Ponte already more than an hour ago. While walking there I met a couple of birders that had already seen the bird and even managed to get amazing pictures – with using the tape of course. Once I got to lower Da Ponte the bird had already been missing for 45 minutes, but luckily we found it again soon! The Black-and-white Warbler was still showing well but now only pretty high on the trees. It had probably heard enough tape already?
Then I decided to walk down to the village even though it was still quite early. Together with Hannu and a couple of British birders we went to seawatching but there was nothing happening. So I just went to rest a little bit. After the dinner we gathered to Finnish birders house where we celebrated Petris 700th WP-tick with Finnish and Swedish team.
On the 16th of October I got out from the taxi near Do Vinte and climbed up to the higher part of the forest. The weather was really good in the beginning and Canaries, Chaffinches and Blackcaps were really active but then it started to blow so hard that I was afraid of trees to fall over me. So I walked back to the road and then down to Pico. There I followed a path until lower Da Ponte where the Black-and-white Warbler was still present. But the wind was getting so strong that birding even in Da Ponte wasn’t clever anymore, so I started to walk towards the village earlier than ever. So I was by the shop already before it opened at 1:30 p.m. In the shop I met Ilkka Sahi and Jouni Riihimäki who had just arrived which was a miracle – no-one really thought a plane could come in this weather! Then we heard that Daniele had seen a Catharus-thrush in tamarisks near the Common Yellowthroat place and we hurried there. Soon we were watching into a big bush with many other birders and together with Jouni and Seppo H we saw too briefly a bird in flight that might have been the right bird, but after that it was never seen again even though we stayed there for hours. When most of the birders had already given up, I found the Common Yellowthroat again, but it disappeared inside the bushes too soon before Jouni and Ilkka managed to see it.
In the evening I was relaxing because of it had started to rain too much. After the dinner PAC showed us pictures from his trip to Western Kazakhstan. It really looked interesting and the areas were inside Western Palearctic.
On the 17th of October the morning was still very windy and some showers moved over the island. Taxis had again left already at 8 a.m. so we were late with Stefan. We decided walk around the airfield and then go to see if there were still people searching for the yesterdays thrush. There were some birders and also we stayed there for an hour or so before I found again the Common Yellowthroat. Once again it was really fast and only a handful of birders managed to see it, and again Ilkka and Jouni missed it. I decided soon to go to walk to Middle-fields and heard later that they had soon after I had left finally seen the bird. And after that they had really managed to see almost everything else too that still was on the island.
After 10 a.m. we took a taxi up to Caldeira with Kalle and Seppo J. On the way I finally saw a Collared Dove. 3 Collared Doves had been on the island all the time but I just hadn’t seen any yet. Once we got up to the crater the wind was extremely strong. We hoped it would be better inside the crater but surprisingly the wind only turned from the walls and it was eastern wind down on the bottom.
We started to walk around the lakes and tried to find a flock of 5 Buff-bellied Pipits that had been there. After we had flushed some Common Snipes it started to rain very hard but luckily it didn’t last too long as there was of course no cover at all. There were quite a lot of birds but just all the same – Chaffinches and Canaries. We just couldn’t find the pipits.
After some walking we found a Pectoral Sandpiper and soon after that 3 White-rumped Sandpiper. I tried to do some digiscoping but it started rain again so I had to give up with the pictures. When the rain stopped again, we found 4 Teals and probably another Pectoral Sandpiper. A couple of Black-headed Gulls were flying over the lake. Finally when we had walked back along the neck of land which goes between the lakes, we climbed to one hill and saw a flock of Mallards, hybrids and dark American Black Duck -type of ducks. They flushed once again too soon and I managed to see them pretty well with my scope and I would say that there was at least one real Black Duck. After some flying around the flock of ducks landed up to the cliffs!
Once we had climbed back up, we called Joao to pick us up. The weather was still bad, but luckily he came soon. We then drove back to the village where we did some shopping, had muffins in Bomberos -cafeteria and then I still walked a little bit above the village checking the fruit-trees. Then I was just too lazy to go to seawatching which I should have gone as there were 2 Grey Phalaropes and a Storm-Petrel seen. In the dinner there were almost only Nordic birders eating in our ordinary place, other had moved to more expensive restaurants that were still open.
On the 18th of October we went early to taxis as they still seemed to come at 8 a.m. Together with Stefan and some others we drove until Lighthouse valley where we first tried to find a Redpoll that had been seen on a couple of days before, but it wasn’t in ordinary junipers. Then we walked down to the valley but found nothing. We were already climbing back up when we met Jens who was going up faster than we did as we still tried to find something from the bushes. Soon Jens told in walkie-talkie that he had found a Great Grey Shrike! He was some hundreds of meters above us so we started to climb there. While we were climbing he told that he thought that the bird was “only” a European bird and he had even checked it from a couple of pictures that he had managed to get before the bird had flight up behind the hills. Of course it was still the first Great Grey Shrike for Azores, but I wasn’t very keen on climbing after it. At least because of it started to rain really hard! Soon there were a couple of twitchers more and when the rain stopped they started to climb after the bird. With Stefan we decided to stay where we were as it was probably the best place to scan the valley if the bird was coming back down. But soon Jens walkie-talkied that they had found the bird again a couple of hundred of meters above us. So we had to start climbing again.
When I had finally climbed to Jens, David and Daniel and got the bird to my binoculars, my first worst were: “That has nothing to do with a European!”. The bird was darker – especially on the head, really scaly on its breast and flanks, mask was weak, tale was short with white only 2 outer feathers and the closed wing didn’t show any white at all. Chaffinches were attacking it but anyway it was calling and even singing and I could say that calls were also clearly different from North European race “excubitor”. It was clearly a “borealis” – Northern Shrike from Canada – soon a split and the first for WP of this sub-species!
Finally the shrike got enough from the chaffinches attacks and flew over us, hovered a couple of times and showed its tiny white patches on the wings. Then it flew fast down along the valley and disappeared behind the hills. There weren’t many birders yet so others left after it but with Stefan we had got enough of Lighthouse valley and started to walk towards the road. We walked again a little bit on the Redpoll place but couldn’t find it. Soon other birders started to arrive and we had good news as the shrike had been found again. But it had soon disappeared again after some time so not all saw it.
We continued to Canselas and right after it we took a path through the fields down to lower-road. Then we went to Fojo but in an hour we couldn’t see anything better. Stefan stayed still there and hoped to photograph some vireos, but I left to walk along the road were I met Kari and together we decided to walk up to Reservoir. It was a hard walk but we could see that there was a group of birders above us so we walked to them and there was a Dotterel that had been found on the previous day. I was wondering why these birders were watching a Dotterel when there was the first for WP on the island, but anyway I was happy to add this northern bird to my Corvo-list this easily. After some waiting another good wader which had been wandering around the area for some time, a Golden Plover landed to the fields too. Kari left to walk towards Tennessee valley, but I wanted to keep on going high up to the Reservoir.
It was really windy and it started to rain very hard, but once I got to the top, the rain stopped. I found a long-staying Lesser Yellowlegs and a couple of White-rumped Sandpipers. Then I still walked a little bit around before headed towards Tennessee valley. I managed to follow the right valley down to Miradouro and soon I was back in the village.
After some shopping I still went to seawatching, but already at 6 p.m. I went to Comodoro to check emails and so on. After the dinner I was very tired, I had been walking quite much today.
19th of October. We started the morning with a funny episode. While having a breakfast we locked the door and the key was outside in a lock. A British Stew decided to climb through a tiny window and ended up hanging head towards the ground while Fernando was holding from his feet. Somehow Stew didn’t hurt himself and got the door open.
The wind had now turned and was from East, so we headed to Lighthouse valley again. All birders that hadn’t seen the shrike were also going there. With Stefan we checked the Redpoll place again and this time we managed to hear it a couple of times but couldn’t see it at all. We also walked through almost whole Lighthouse valley but again saw nothing. When we were already walking back to the road we heard that Northern Shrike had been found from Caldeira and again by Jens! So we jumped to the taxi that soon arrived and got a ride until Do Vinte. I climbed up to the forest again and I was just checking the highest area when I heard from walkie-talkie that Pierre-André had found a Black-throated Green Warber from the lower Poco da Aqua! I stopped for a second and decided that I am not going to twitch as I had seen the species already on the previous autumn. It was a good bird and a beautiful too but I really wanted to check Do Vinte if I could find something by myself. I walked around the forest quietly for 20 minutes but when I heard that the warbler was still showing very well, I had to give up and go to see it.
Soon I had walked down to Poco da Aqua where I could see the Black-throated Green Warbler immediately. And it was showing really well indeed! It was the first “real” lifer for many and the funniest thing was that Mika and Markku had taken some cake with them from previous dinner so they could celebrate Markkus first lifer of the trip! When the warbler had been hiding for some time, I decided to go on birding. Luckily the bird stayed there in small area for the rest of the day and almost everyone managed to see it.
I walked again along the path from Pico to lower Da Ponte and from there I continued together with Hannu and Petri to wet Lapa fields. A Corn Crake that Hannu had seen earlier wasn’t found, just some Common Snipes. Petri also dipped his shoe pretty well. Then we still walked down to rubbish tip, where had been a Buff-bellied Pipit twitchable for the whole day. It was still showing extremely well so I decided to get my scope and camera. Luckily the pipit was still there and I got really good pictures and videos of it. When I left and had walked a couple of hundreds of meters I heard the pipit calling and flying high on the sky towards the Miradouro. Maybe the cats that were living on the rubbish tip had flushed it, or then it was just going to sleep somewhere else? After the dinner I fell asleep very soon while Stefan was still packing his luggage.
On the 20th of October after breakfast I said goodbye first to Fernando. I had decided to move to a Finnish apartment where was space now. I wasn’t happy to pay 30€ per night from the first week that we had stayed in tiny room without a single nail on the wall to put wet jacket or so on. I happily paid it from the second week room even though it was still more expensive than Comodoro. Then I said goodbye to Stefan who was leaving. Then I headed to taxi. Together with Kalle and a few Swedish birder that had missed the Black-throated Green Warbler on the previous day because of they had been up in Caldeira watching the shrike, we got to Poco da Aqua. After some waiting we heard clearly some chip-calls of a warbler with Kalle but couldn’t see the bird. After some more waiting we heard it again and soon the Black-throated Green Warbler flew over us and landed to the top of trees. But it really stayed on the top all the time and only me and Bosse managed to see it well before it flew again back down to the unreachable bottom of the ribeira.
After some time we decided to give up and continued with Kalle to Do Vinte which I hadn’t managed to work well enough on the previous visit. But we got only to the road, when we got a message that there had been a Blackpoll Warbler near the village! We walkie-talkied the message so also Swedish friends got it and then waited for Bosse and Jesper Segergren to join us. Even Bosse needed this bird – he had missed it several times before. After some tries we finally contacted Joao and soon he came to pick us up. When we were driving above the village we could see some birders between the road and the rubbish tip. We headed there and soon were on the place where the bird had been seen last time. We heard that the bird had been extremely mobile and had been seen only a couple of times before it had disappeared. But everyone who had been on the village had seen the bird – even those who were now sitting on a plane in the airfield! Or everyone except Kari who had forgotten his walkie-talkie to his apartment. So together with Kalle, Kari and Swedes we started to search for the bird. We walked around and of course watched all the bushes where the bird had been seen, but it really started to feel hopeless after more than an hour. I still sat on the place where it had been seen last for a half an hour and then heard on walkie-talkie that Mika said in Finnish: “We are coming there”. I asked what was going on and heard that Jouni had seen a possible cuckoo-species in the tamarisks near the Common Yellowthroat place. Petri translated the information in English to walkie-talkie and soon everyone was hurrying towards the tamarisks.
Once we got to the tamarisks Jouni told that they had seen the bird landing to the last tamarisk closest to the road. I planned to wait for everyone to arrive, but Kari was already going into the bush. And soon he shouted that: “Here it is, coming towards the top of the tree!”. I had no idea which side of the bush to go if the bird flushes! Then I decided to run to the road, which was at least the highest place. And luckily the bird had stopped almost to the top and was well visible from the road – it was a Yellow-billed Cuckoo! Soon there were people coming but luckily the bird stayed on its place. It really looked tired. But this was the bird that many of us had hoped to see. Of course many had seen it before as it wasn’t really that rare on Azores, but us who hadn’t – we were really happy!
After some time I started to think if the bird would stay on its place so long that I could get my digiscoping equipment. I already took a couple of steps but then heard on walkie-talkie that Blackpoll Warbler had been found again – I just couldn’t hear where it had been found. But I saw Kalle and Kari running already and I followed them as fast as I could. We ran around the airfield and luckily after 400 meters running I saw it wasn’t going to be a marathon – there were birders looking down towards the airfield just 100 meters from us. And once I got there I saw the bird already while running – a Blackpoll Warbler! The bird stayed next to the wall on the bushes, cut branches and on the ground for about 10 minutes and everyone who was down managed to see the bird really well!
When the warbler had flight to the other side of the airfield and gone missing again, I decided to go to get my scope and camera. Then I walked quickly back to see the cuckoo but it was gone. And it was bad news as at least Richard Ek had stayed up with the Black-throated Green Warbler as he had seen a Blackpoll Warbler before and he we didn’t know if he even knew about the cuckoo yet! Luckily the cuckoo was found again and I saw Richard walking towards us on the other side of the airport. I hurried to see the cuckoo too and hoped to get some pictures but photographers were there already. So I saw only backs and heads through my scope while photographers were going closer and closer to the bird. And then the bird flushed again – just before Richard arrived. But luckily there were birders already on the other side of the tamarisks and they saw it landing to a bush behind the fields and it was visible even from the road. So Richard finally got it too! The bird was inside the bush so it wasn’t really photographable anymore but I wanted to get at least some kind of pictures. And after all I managed to get close enough (it’s not needed to get very close when you are digiscoping) and got pictures that I was happy.
After shopping I moved to the house next to Comodoro and got a comfortable room by myself. The cost was 25€ breakfast included. On the dinner there were only Nordic birders, but happy Nordic birders – it had been a great day!
The 21st of October. Previous day had been so good that we were hopeful when we got to Cantinho where we walked together with Kalle first on the hill-forest and then got down to the lower parts, while Mika was doing the same round opposite way. Anyway nothing was found. After 11 a.m. we continued to Fojo where we sat down in the open area in the middle of the huge forest. There were also a couple of Germans and after a half an hour or so they started to talk something that had a word “vireo”. We watched if they were watching somewhere and realized that they were indeed watching a bird. With Mika we turned around very quickly and managed to find a bird that they were watching. But once I got it to my bins it flew down behind the bushes. All I saw were bright yellow breast and white stomach! We ran after the bird but couldn’t relocate it. So we climbed back to ask what the Germans had seen and now they were talking about a Northern Parula. But I was thinking that I had seen a little bit bigger and different-shaped bird and Mika thought so too. Mika and Germans had also seen two white wing-bars, and Mika said it could have been a Yellow-throated Vireo. Germans checked the book and said it really could have been it, after all they said they were 99% sure about it. We of course kept on searching the bird and also walkie-talkied about it and soon there were everyone searching for it, but it was not found anymore.
I gave up after a few hours but some stayed searching for the bird until 5 p.m. On the walk back towards the village I saw a Collared Dove. While I was shopping I heard that a Yellow-billed Cuckoo had been found somewhere but I understood that it was somewhere near the Miradouro. After all it had been somewhere close to the shop, but it had been flushed by a photographer so almost everyone missed it anyway. On the dinner the atmosphere was quiet, everyone had expected the day would have been better.
On the morning of the 22nd of October a wet foggy cloud was covering the higher parts of the island. Anyway we headed straight to Fojo where we hoped to see the yellow-breasted bird again. After an hour waiting the weather cleared a little bit, but unfortunately only for an hour. Then the fog came even lower and I decided to move and climbed for some time on the Southern part of Fojo but the forest was so wet that I gave up soon. I was completely wet when I got to the picnik-area where I met Darryl Spittle and together we walked towards Lapa. I had decided to walk down to Lapa but because of the fog I somehow though I was already there when I got off the road and walked along a river-bottom towards a small forest. Soon I realized that I was somewhere else which was Do Cerrado das Vagas that was impossible to check very well as the cliffs were too steep. Anyway I checked the places that were possible and then continued to Lapa which I walked down and back up but once again couldn’t find anything. With very wet boots I finally walked together with Mika and Kalle to the village where I did some shopping again and then went to have a muffin to Bombeiros.
In the afternoon we still did a short walk around the fields and somehow I managed to hit an electric fence with both my legs. Nice! Once I got back to our apartment I met Janne Riihimäki who had arrived for the late season trip. In the evening our dinner was excellent!
23rd of October. It was my last full day on Corvo so I really had planned to try hard. The weather looked ok when we left up by taxi but soon we realized that the fog was even worse than on the previous day. So with Kalle we got out already in Pico and we walked down to check the forests there. But the forest was again so wet that soon we continued to Da Ponte. But nothing was found and soon my shoes were wet again. So we started to walk back down early. The weather was still much better near the village so we walked a lot checking all the fields and I also continued to the rubbish tip and around the airport but found absolutely nothing.
After a short break I still continued to seawatching and it was a surprise that I was there by the windmills alone. Soon I found a Cory Shearwater chasing a small, pale bird very far on the sea. They were coming closer all the time but I lost the smaller bird many times behind the waves but luckily the shearwater kept on chasing it so I found it always soon. After some time they were so close that I could identify the bird as a Grey Phalarope! But right then it disappeared behind the waves again and the Cory Shearwater stopped chasing it. I walkie-talkied about it anyway as I thought it could be found when it gets up again. About 10 twitchers arrived but only 1 had a scope. After some time Peter Alfrey found surprisingly 2 Grey Phalaropes but they landed to the waves right away. Then I found one bird swimming, but it also disappeared when the first twitcher tried to see it with my scope.
After some time I gave up and left walking around the airport. Soon after that the twitchers saw a Spotted Sandpiper coming towards me, but it also got lost somewhere. Then Petri saw 3 Grey Phalaropes from the camp-site but again the birds disappeared and they weren’t seen after that at all. In the evening I packed my luggage and at 8 p.m. we had the dinner again.
On the 24th of October I and several other birders that were leaving went to say goodbye to all the birders that were going up by taxis at 8 a.m. The weather was still bad but I went to walk around the airfield one more time. I heard a Willow Warbler singing on the tamarisks but that was the only bird found. After all I had to go to get my luggage and at 10 a.m. we got a ride to the airport.
After we had said goodbye to some of the birders and other people that were at the airport our plane left at 10:55 a.m. to Faial, Horta. There we said more goodbyes to some birders that were still going to Terceira and soon got back to the plane and continued to Ponta Delgada, Sao Miguel. There we got our luggage, rent a car with Kalle and dropped Petri to twitch the Willet that had still been in ETAR and continued to search our hotel Alcides. Unfortunately I couldn’t remember how to drive there but finally after some searching we found it with help of my phones navigator. We dropped our and Petris luggage into our rooms and soon hurried towards the eastern parts of the island.
Kalle was hoping to get lifer of the only endemic of Azores, Azorean Bullfinch – and I had nothing else to do so I had promised to join him. Of course it was good to go birding by a car. Kalle had got driving instructions to the last place where Finnish birders has seen the bullfinches, but they were through Povoacao. Se it meant that we weren’t driving the easiest and fastest roads. After many Common Buzzards and some U-turns we finally made it through Povoacao and found Serra do Trangueira road. Clouds were hanging low while we were driving slowly along this forest road which is the only place in the world to see Azorean Bullfinches. After about 5 kilometers I started to think that we were near the places where we had seen some bullfinches at 2011. And right after that I saw a bird just in front of our car on a dry branch. Kalle stopped and soon found the bird too! We got out and managed to get some pictures of the bird too, before it flew up to the tops of the trees. We walked around a little bit and found easily four Azorean Bullfinches but they were mostly calling from the tops of the trees. They landed to the hillside a couple of times but too far to get any more pictures. Other birds we saw were Goldcrests, Robins and lots of Goldfinches, Canaries and Chaffinches. Then it started to rain very hard, so we decided to continue driving to Nordeste from where we continued along the motorway towards Ponta Delgada.
We drove straight to our hotel and soon Petri, who had already been celebrating his Willet-tick for a couple of hours, arrived too. Then it was time to go to eat well. We found a nice Swedish-owned 27 restaurant and luckily met also Kari there. It was nice to have a really good dinner in a good company! But soon we were too tired and had to go to sleep.
25th of October. With Kalle we woke up at 7 a.m and left to Mosteiros. Once there we tried to find a Double-crested Cormorant which had been seen there in many autumns but not in this autumn. But all we saw were 3 Manx Shearwaters. At 10 a.m. we continued backwards and to Lagoa Azul. There we met Swedish team, Bosse, Jesper and Richard who had already been birding there for whole morning. So we just checked the best place and saw 11 Coots, a Moorhen and 4 Common Waxbills as trip-ticks.
Soon we continued to Ponta Delgada where we still visited ETAR where we met Richard Bonser who was still waiting for the Willet to show up. Richard was again going to Corvo for the late season. But Soon Kalle had to drive me to the airport. My flight to Lissabon left at 3 p.m. After a long flight I had to do some souvenir-shopping in Lissabon airport but I had almost 4 ours time so it was not a problem. Finally at 10:10 p.m. (local time) my flight left to Helsinki. A long and boring flight was over at 3:45 a.m. (local and winter-time that had just changed) and my father was picking me up. In Kirkkonummi I was able to go to sleep some more.
The trip was after all very good, event though the autumn was one of the worst ones in 10 years birding history of Corvo. I got 7 WP-ticks and even though they weren’t super-rare birds, I had hoped to see at least some of the most common species missing from my list. My another goal was to find something good by myself but I failed on that. When there is only one bird found every day and even 43 birders searching you really need also luck to find it. I would say that I was trying enough. Anyway I was many times very close when the bird was found, so at least I was birding in right places. It was good to see most of the birds very quickly and then keep on trying to find something new.
It was also good to visit Corvo on the peak-time when it is really full of birders. I had heard rumors of fights between birders but luckily everything went pretty smoothly. Of course information about rare birds could go much better and everyone aren’t best friends. But I got many new friends and of course it was nice to see many old friends too. Special thanks to Stefan Ettenstam and Kalle Larsson for giving me some bird-pictures that I am using in this report.
This entry was posted in Azorit on 31.10.2014 by admin. | 2019-04-18T21:14:31Z | http://www.caligata.com/tripreports/en/azorit-7-25-10-2014 |
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As mentioned in an earlier comment, I think we are at a point where the cultural divide is so great that conversation is no longer possible in many cases. The Other Side responds to our arguments with genuine abhorrence: to them, merely to utter something vaguely pro-life is to place oneself beyond the pale. They don’t care what our arguments are, their minds are made up, they simply don’t want to hear it. They react with revulsion rather than reason.
The reaction itself isn’t bad. Some arguments really are repulsive. Some ideas actually do merit derision, abhorrence, ridicule, and contempt. Some things are indeed “beyond the pale”. But here’s what’s interesting: we live in a divided culture where each camp finds the other revolting and intolerable. We are so far apart, for the most part, that we cannot stand one another’s company. We cannot have a simple conversation about fundamental values without going at each other’s throats or storming off in disgust. The abortion debate, for example, isn’t at all like slavery. The arguments for and against slavery were both rooted in a broadly Christian worldview with respect for the same authority and prescriptions. There was enough philosophical common ground to ultimately resolve the question. The same cannot be said for the hot topics of our time. There is no real debate or dialogue happening today: just shouting and emoting. The opposing camps simply do not have sufficient common ground for a rational discussion.
The situation is obviously unsustainable. In the long run it can only be resolved in one of three ways: conversion, political separation, or (heaven forbid) civil war. In the event that it is not resolved – a more likely scenario – the tension will result in persecution at the hands of those with the greatest power and the fewest scruples. Don’t look for scruples in the pro-choice crowd. I leave the details to the reader’s imagination.
Conversion would resolve it of course, but so might the recovery of reason. That’s why both Pope Benedict and Pope JPII defended reason so vigourously, with JPII going so far as to write an encyclical on it.
Because you can’t really have a conversation with someone who is irrational, which is why dialogue with pro-choicers and Islamicists is dubious.
The point of her talk was the moral and, to get down to it, intellectual dissonance that the abortion debate has planted in our psyches. When babies are babies when we want them and something else when we don’t, when things stop being simply what they are…you break, not only the baby, but the moral compass, shattering our ability to think rationally about anything.
I was a biblical literalist Evangelical anti-abortionist for over ten years, and I try very hard to remember how I thought then in order to see things from your point of view. I understand that you believe abortion to be an atrocity. And I agree that both sides are shouting past each other. I just don’t see how we can resolve it, without making more of an effort to respect each other even when we disagree.
My very wise professor once said that abortion is a matter on which people of conscience can differ. Can you grant us that much? That we acknowledge the gravity of the issue, but come to different conclusions?
I’m here from Cecily’s blog. I think that the reason you may find it difficult to speak with people who support choice is because we’re coming at it from completely different idealogical viewpoints. If you, as a Catholic, believe that sperm + egg = baby = human life, then you believe a totally different thing than I do.
A commenter above stated that there’s an intellectual dishonesty because people who are pro-choice believe that a fetus is a “baby” only when it’s wanted. I can’t speak for everyone when I say this, but I definitely don’t think that way. Instead, I believe that up until 22 weeks (which is the “edge of viability” for all neonates at this point), a fetus is a fetus. It’s not a “baby” until it’s viable outside the womb.
I mean, frankly, I would go further than that and say that it’s not a “baby” much longer than THAT, but that’s a personally held belief.
Anyway, to my original point, I guess the thing is that you believe those two cells are a human because of religious teachings. First of all, I don’t share your religion, so trying to impose those values on me is inappropriate and rude. I’m sure you could say that you don’t share MY religious beliefs, so trying to impose MY religious beliefs upon you is also inappropriate and rude. And that’s why the First Amendment guarantees you the RIGHT to do as you wish regarding your beliefs, but not to foist them upon me — which is exactly what an abortion ban amounts to.
I will say that if there is ever proof that a sperm + egg = human life, then I will support a complete ban on abortion. But until that time, how could I ever logically support it? A fetus is a parasite (in the scientific and non-negative sense of the word) until it is born.
I hope this doesn’t come off as judgmental. I’m trying to explain where I am coming from; I think I understand where you’re coming from. One thing we both agree on is that until our definitions are the same, we can never have a “conversation” that will result in anything final. I do think, however, that attempting to impose a Christian viewpoint of “life” onto people who are not Christian is inappropriate. And, all honesty, I’m a lawyer and I think I do understand the meaning of the First Amendment.
Anyway, this comment is very long. Sorry for hijacking your comments section.
Certainly I can grant that pro-choicers are people too, with consciences, and that many (or even most) of them are well-intended. But lots of mischief has been worked by well-intended people whose consciences are dull or malformed.
When I say “don’t look for scruples in the pro-choice crowd”, I mean that pro-choice people are those who think it is OK to do bad things (abortion) to achieve a good end. Such people may not like abortion, but they think it is fine if a higher good results from it. There is no reason why they wouldn’t use the same kind of logic in dealing with their political adversaries.
Unfortunately I don’t think we can go this far. The gravity of abortion derives from the fact that an innocent human being is deliberately killed. To acknowledge this fact has certain implications. If one knows this to be true, and yet concludes that abortion is nevertheless OK sometimes, then we have a problem with “acknowledging the gravity of the issue”.
Well, Cecily regularly speaks of her boys as babies, even though they weren’t viable. That seems to be the case with lots of pro-choicers. I wonder if she really believes that.
This is progress then! You are pro-life for all unborn babies older than 22 weeks! Correct?
Now I’m confused. When, in your opinion, does a fetus become a baby?
No, it isn’t rude or inappropriate. What if my religion is right and that fetus really is a baby? A baby is a baby. Just because you don’t believe it is a baby doesn’t change anything.
My religion also teaches that women are people too. If you don’t happen to share that belief (for example), your beliefs don’t change the fact that my religion is right, and you are wrong, and I am going to seek to impose legal protections for all women against your will.
No, I would not say that at all. If your religious beliefs are true, then you should impose them to the extent they benefit the common good. If they are false, you should discard them.
What an abortion ban does is prevent you from foisting your belief that a fetus is not a child upon the child.
What is so magical about being born that makes it cease being a parasite? A baby that is born still depends upon its mother for everything. It is still parasitic. It is still a physical, emotional, and financial drain on the mother and therefore on society. I don’t know why you would oppose infanticide, or indeed the killing of children up to the point where they can take care of themselves.
I don’t think you really know where you’re coming from, but I’ll keep listening.
No apology necessary, Ariella. Your comments are welcome.
This is the closest semblance of an intellectual discussion of abortion that I’ve seen this week.
Jeff, I agree with you that there is a big divide and it is almost impossible to cross it. Particularly on women’s blogs I’m sad to say. Strong liberal emotions in my experience will not tolerate calm, cogent logical argumentation. It doesn’t matter how compelling or persuasive it is, it will simply not be tolerated. That seems to be true in blogs, in the media, on the radio, television – its pervasive!
Anyway, to my original point, I guess the thing is that you believe those two cells are a human because of religious teachings.
Well to me those two cells are a human being because of biologic training. This is simply one phase of human existence and development much like infancy, toddlerhood, adolescence, and old age.
What if there were no cost (financial or otherwise) associated with carrying a baby to term?
The fact that there is a cost means there is a huge conflict of interest. That which is burdensome we will naturally devalue. Illegal immigrants are “migrant workers” to the businesses who need them. They are “illegal aliens” to those who see them as a burden on city services.
For those who *want* to be pregnant, there’s no greater thrill than looking at their baby via sonogram.
For those who *don’t* want to be, it’s a fetus or collection of cells.
In practical terms, the difference between fetus and baby appears to be whether the child is wanted.
Oh well. I appreciate that you tried to answer my questions. I am sorry you can’t respect my intelligence or my integrity, simply because I have reached conclusions that differ from yours.
I’m curious, because I have a large number of hits from a Facebook account, and I was curious if maybe Mr. Culbreath and I were linked in this way.
Rachel, while I can’t speak for Mr. Culbreath, I can say that I am just as much a pro-lifer as anyone, and that I do not disrespect your integrity and intelligence because of your conclusions about abortion. I do believe your conclusions to be incorrect, however. The two are not the same. For instance, I certainly respect the intelligence and integrity of St. Augustine of Hippo, though I believe he was wrong about double predestination. People who are wrong have the right to their opinions, but if I believe that I am right I will work to get laws which I believe promote the common good passed.
Rachel, I don’t know anything about your intelligence or integrity. What I said is that one side “acknowledges the gravity of the issue” and the other does not. What I do know is that you approve of abortion. That may be a character problem rather than an intelligence problem.
Do unborn children have anything to fear from you? They’re not too concerned about free speech.
M.Z. Forrest: Cecily’s blog is here. I don’t know of any connection other than my posting some comments there.
Daniel A: You can speak for me anytime. I would only add that, although being wrong doesn’t necessarily imply culpability, in the case of abortion being wrong is not generally without culpability. In theory I suppose it is possible to be pro-choice from invincible ignorance, but in practice I doubt it happens much.
I’ve been following this on other blogs, and am now cautiously stepping into the discussion, because you sound very reasoned (and reasonable) here. In response to your comment on the “parasite” argument, I think it’s not disputed that, pre-viability, a fetus requires the mother’s body to sustain its life. Up till that point, it seems the law recognises that the mother’s rights outweigh that of the child, and, in the same way that it would be an infringement of an individual’s rights to force him/her by law to engage in, say, a life-saving organ donation (or even blood or sperm donation which would not put the donor’s life at risk), there would be a clear difficulty in having legislation which effectively forces mothers to give their bodies (even temporarily) as fetal life support.
Post viability, as fetuses can survive outside the womb and be born and could (at least theoretically anyway) be “born”, the lawmakers can get away from the “parasite” scenario with its attendant difficulties. In a comment on another blog, you said that with advances in technology, the age of viability may be reduced to zero in 20 years’ time and the commentator would then be pro-life, and I would agree with that: to the extent that there would no longer be a rational basis, rooted in the rights of the individual, for permitting abortion – since a fetus would no longer “only” be a parasite but could survive gestating in an artificial womb, or other science fiction apparatus of your choice.
Hope that makes sense; it’s the only way I’ve managed to make sense of what I’ve found to be a deeply difficult and troubling issue.
A parasite is a species that survives by nourishing itself by consuming, but not killing, another species.
I believe the correct term for this phenomenon you are describing would be “offspring” and “mother”.
I don’t mean to sound snippy, but I think this falls into the category of “something so silly that only an academic could believe it”.
For me, the debate on abortion ended when my first child learned to read. He spied a newpaper article on abortion and asked what the term meant. After an internal debate about how honest I should be I answered “sometimes a woman is pregnant, but doesn’t want to be, so she goes to the doctor and he will kill the baby”.
When he laughed, I admonished him, “that is not funny at all!” Only then did he realize that I was not joking.
Do you think that 6 year old child with a crystal clear sense of right and wrong would be persuaded if I explained to him that his pregnant mom in the next room was really the host for a parasite who we would later name Clare Francis? Could I credibly tell him that it is acceptable for women to kill their unborn children, but it still makes sense that we pray for the health of the parasite in mom’s tummy?
I humbly submit to you that if you have to turn such mental contortions to convince yourself that you were once a parasite in order to justify abortion, then perhaps you need to start all over again with your analysis of the situation. We can debate all day about how to support pregnant moms, prevent unwanted pregnancies, and even whether and whom to prosecute in cases of abortion, but can anyone really honestly believe that abortion is no different than picking a tick out of one’s hair after a walk in the woods?
I hope you can see the problem inherent in this position. An 18 week old fetus (let’s say) will not be ontologically different in 20 years than it is today. It is the same being, no matter what technology is available.
That is why the viability argument really amounts to a meaningless diversion. In any particular case the viability of a fetus varies according to its own condition, the health of the mother, the level of technology available, and the ability to pay for it. Are you really prepared to argue that legal protection for human life ought to depend upon such things? I didn’t think so.
The point is that the essence of the being itself does not change with viability. The fetus is either human, or it isn’t. As a civilization we protect human life because it is human, not because the circumstances necessary to preserve human life are inconvenient or burdensome.
I once heard it said that for many women, the ‘choice’ to abort was the equivalent of a trapped animal chewing off its leg to survive.
I talk to women about their reproductive systems day in and day out. It is what I do for a living.
I have noticed that women can be either so defensive about past choices (on both sides, to abort or to carry) that they can not see any logic – only emotion. However, I have only rarely heard a woman say that she wishes that she’d chosen an abortion – and I have repeatedly heard women say that they wish that they had chosen (or been able to choose) to carry to term. I actually had one young woman tell me that she wished that there had been protesters at the abortion place the day she went in, so that she would have had an excuse to cancel her abortion.
I beg the ‘pro-choice’ faction to allow for true informed consent – and this includes parental notification for minors, and possibly a waiting period. Currently abortion is the least regulated surgical procedure in this country – surely protection of women’s health should require at a minimum the same standards of hygeine and regulation that are demanded of a tattoo parlor or body piercing shop!
I think this is a part of the fundamental difference that makes conversation between the two sides, if not impossible, at least difficult. The pro-choicer usually begins from an ideology of “abortion rights”, and they use scientific facts to back it up (after all, the fetus is fully dependent on the mother, the word “parasite” not being particularly helpful here.) The pro-lifer, by contrast, usually starts with something very different: a philosophy. When the pro-choicer and pro-lifer in a debate are merely discussing science, it is just a shouting match of “HUMAN DNA!” “NO, PARASITE” “NO, UNIQUE INDIVIDUAL” and so on. Not to say that science isn’t useful, and I would say that the facts support Life. However, reliance on science alone is not sufficient for either side.
A pro-lifer asks how the fetus will be ontologically different at a different time in the pregnancy. A pro-choicer either doesn’t care about that question, or finds it interesting but not as important as other concerns. The pro-lifer is usally (in my experience) a moral absolutist, who wishes the pro-choicer to explain how an evil act can ever be right. The pro-choicer, by contrast, tends to want the pro-lifer to answer several horror stories about what would happen if abortion were made illegal. I have seen and participated in debates that have gone directly thus, and I have come to believe that the two sides are usually, though not always, coming from entirely different worldviews, and usually come away from debates thinking the people on the other side are cruel, ignorant, and dumb.
None of this takes away from the fact that the pro-choicers are wrong, but I tend to think that a pro-lifer can better understand them than they tend to understand us…perhaps I’ll talk about that on my blog sometime.
I suppose Daniel is right that reliance on science is not sufficient for either side, I think it is important to be accurate and honest about it. The question “when does a human life begin” is not normally a religious question. It certainly is not a religious question if we are dealing with the Roman Catholic religion. The Catholic Church has many dogmas in regards to faith and morals, but it leaves scientific questions to the scientists. The question of when a life begins is a biological question.
Questions such as “when is killing a living human being morally justifiable” or “is a very early (pre-implantation, say) abortion morally justifiable apart from when exactly life begins” are ethical, and therefore religious questions.
Of course there may be other religions, or non-catholic Christian sects, that do make when life begins a religious question, much as fundamentalism makes six-day literalist creationism a religious question, but if Aiella belongs to such a religion and this religion tells her that “pre-viable” human fetuses are not alive or not human, she belongs to a religion that is teaching something absurd, from the point of view of science. The same can be said of Aiella’s strange and very unscientific “parasite” argument.
Thank you for engaging me in civil conversation. I hope that my use of “parasite” was not unduly inflaming, as I picked it up from another commentator upthread and hoped to use it as shorthand for the intimate connection that pregnancy requires of mother and fetus. Jeff, you said there would be little ontological difference between an 18 week fetus now and one in 20 years’ time, and I would agree – but then, I believe life begins in the womb, and that abortion is (avoiding overly emotive language) “Wrong”, save for instances concerning the health of the mother and defects incompatible with life.
Put another way: the religious harmony laws of my jurisdiction prevent me from forcibly converting a non-Christian, even though I firmly believe in a saving knowledge of Christ. I would hope I lived my faith enough to donate an organ to a neighbour in need, but the law does not require that people do so, as that would infringe their rights over their bodies.
Put yet another way – I believe the following matters to be Wrong (sorry, very politically incorrect list): adultery, divorce (save for instances of extreme depravity), homosexuality, the death penalty. Yet I understand why, for most part, these are not illegal, and why people who don’t share my beliefs might consider it an unacceptable imposition of those beliefs on them.
Yet another – contraception. My church and denomination has, by and large, no issues with contraception, and, while I believe many orthodox Catholics (please correct me if I’m in error) would support it being made illegal, I would not.
As you probably can tell, I struggle with this issue, as I struggle with the issue of civil unions, and it’s hard for me to have this debate with others (not here, obviously) who are shouting and emotional, and whom I have no desire to cause further distress. I deeply grieve for fetal lives lost (and you would have thought, even if pro-abortion individuals aren’t sure whether life begins in the womb, they would give the fetus the benefit of the doubt, per Pascal’s Wager). But in this fallen world, I can understand why legal standards do, and arguably, must, conform to the lowest common denominator – or else we’re back to forced conversions and A Handmaid’s Tale.
I’d love to be convinced otherwise, of course (hence the contortionistic science fiction artificial womb scenario somewhat flippantly posited by me earlier).
Thank you for letting me voice this. I wish all of you peace.
I think that at least part of the problem is that there really can be very little crossover between the two sides. On the one hand, I find it reprehensible that a legislator would tell me what medical prcedures I can and cannot have done. Now, to be fair, I have a fairly constitutionalist view of government, and I don’t think the federal government belongs in these sorts of small scale things (not small scale in terms of implication, but small scale in terms of individual effect on the country as a whole. It’s simply not the province of the federal government). Even on a local level, I feel like medical decisions should be made between individuals and their doctors.
That said, the problem is that for abortion to be legal AT ALL, in any circumstance, you have to legally classify a fetus as “not a person”. Otherwise, abortion legally is murder. The minute that legally a fetus is not a baby, then creating new stem cell lines to kill them off is legal, even though you are making embryos that could well survive. Then you legally get into a class of “not-babies” created for research, and that opens the door to a whole host of unsavory practices. While I believe that women should not be told by the government what to do with their bodies, while I belive that saving the life of the mother is important, and that allowing her to die to save a badly damaged fetus is wrong; I find myself in a quandary, because making abortion legal in any way is a “gateway drug” of sorts. So much of the abortion debate focuses just on the fetuses being aborted. When you think of it as just a “woman’s right to choose” issue, it can be easy to be pro-choice. The argument focuses on this procedure, or that procedure, and ignores the overarching issue. When you make a fertilized egg a “not-person” for all legal purposes, you remove basic rights and protections, creating a new legal class that can be killed, dismembered in womb, cut apart for stem cells, grown in a petri dish to harvest for organs, and so forth. Similarly, if abortion is legal, then laws allowing someone to be charged with assault AND murder for hitting a pregnant woman and killing the baby are unconstitutional. You allow the government to define what is and isn’t a person. In that way alone, it is similar to the slavery debate. The issue was whether or not slaves were “people”, and the conclusion was that allowing government to decide a persons’ humanity based on expediency (in that case, for the slaveholders who made their money from slave work, and in this case, for women and biotech) was unconscionable. The biotech research firms have lobbyists with big money pushing pro-CHOICE agendas, because it allows them to profit from what would otherwise be considered felony child abuse and murder.Even in cases of conjoined LIVE twins, doctors have to sometimes, after trying everything to save both, make choices as to which one to save. Despite the fact that their actions led to the death of a person, they don’t get charged with murder, or even malpractice, as long as they tried their best to save both. I find it highly unlikely that they will be punised any more harshly for making similar decisions when the two lives at stake are mother and child, despite any pushback of abortion law.
I think that this is a debate where most REASONING people find themselves somewhat torn. Even the most vocal pro-choice individual will have to admit that it is a dangerous precedent to classify ANY human life as “not-people”. Even the most rabid pro-life individual will admit that it is not always medically possible to save both mother and child, and that if the mother wishes to be the one saved, that sometimes has to happen (this could be the point where I go on about single moms with children who need them, and so forth, but lets leave the emotion out, ok?). The biggest issue here, with the farthest reaching implications, is that allowing government to classify “people” and “not people” is a lot more dangerous to continued freedom than allowing it to regulate reproductive rights.
Teresa: I hear you and your many good points, and actually think your post does go some way to finding some common ground, or at least basis for conversation, between both sides. But then the question becomes, if the government (or legislature, if we’re considering the separation of powers) isn’t in the right position to classify “people” and “not people” for purposes of legality, then who is? The courts arguably are less prone to lobbying by deep pockets lobby groups, but anyway, they do have the ultimate say (and seem to have, via Roe, more or less sanctioned the pre-life definition of “people”).
Ack: I meant, the “pre-*viability*” definition of “people”. Sorry.
Jehane- I hear what you’re saying about who gets to classify what is and isn’t a person. That’s just the problem. In my opinion, sperm+egg equals at least *possible* person, and so you can’t say “it’s ok to abort this embryo”, or “it’s ok to create this embryo in a lab to destroy it for cells” without ALSO having to say “it’s ok to hurt this woman and kill the 8 month old fetus she carries” and “it’s ok to make a fetus in the lab so we can harvest its organs”. You have to legally classify every embryo as a person, to protect any unborn child. If one is legal, sadly, they all have to be legal. While I am against allowing government to regulate the doctor/patient relationship, and against allowing them to regulate what goes on in my body, I feel like there is NO WAY to make abortion any kind of legal without opening the door to some egregious offenses against life.
I don’t even see the need to drag G-d into this. The minute you do, people on both sides get up in arms, and since there are so many opinions on the identity and appropriate worshiping practices of deity, it immediately destroys reasoned debate, sadly. The issue has very little to do with religion, and a great deal to do with the morality of life itself. Whether or not you believe that life begins at conception, by allowing abortion to be legal, and thus, denying the *personhood* of the fetus, you destroy the constitutional basis for anything that will protect unborn life, even WANTED unborn life. You can’t define whether or not it counts as a baby merely on the basis of whether or not it is wanted.
I don’t think anyone on either side of the debate is saying “abortion should be used as birth control” or “a woman should have to die so her 6 month old fetus has a chance at life”. I have spent most of my life as a RADICALLY pro-choice woman, even after personally choosing to go forward with a pregnancy that my doctor begged me to terminate, one that almost killed me. I would not make anyone else make my choice, but I couldn’t deny my son the chance to live, even though it meant that my daughter had to spend a few months in daycare since Mommy was on bedrest. I have a wonderful, handsome, gifted three year old son to show for it, and I am thankful every day that I ignored my doctor, and switched doctors when he wouldn’t leave me alone about terminating. I think that the other problem is that a LOT of doctors are very quick to encourage termination if there is ANY problem, and I don’t think they would be so quick if they had to try to save both or be charged with murder. Even after that, I still remained pro-choice, and I was as mad as anyone when I heard about the PBA ban. I was, however,VERY opposed to human cloning, biotech that involves killing embryos for research, etc etc. I realized that while conceivably you can draw a moral line between the two things, you can’t draw a legal one. If you allow killing embryos for abortion purposes, you have to allow killing embryos, period. If killing them isn’t murder, then it isn’t murder, no matter who does it or why. You have to allow ALL embryos to be people, and thus as protected as other people, or you have to deny personhood to ALL of them.
Well said, Teresa, and thanks for saying it here!
Food for thought, Teresa; thanks for framing this in a non-deity-centric way that defuses the religious persecution element concern. Blessings on you and your son.
Steve Polson wrote that, for Catholics, the question of when life begins is a biological/scientific question, not a religious question.
That’s not my understanding. The Catholic deposit of Faith, beginning with Sacred Scripture and endin with the latest Catechism, teaches that human life begins at conception. Science and biology uphold the same truth, of course, but that’s a bonus.
However, the question of when precisely conception occurs is a scientific question. The Catholic Church does not and cannot teach as religious doctrine the biological facts of what happens in the womb and when it happens since that is essentially a biological question, a question for science. At the time of the Apostles and for many centuries afterwards it was a question that was understood by natural philosophy. Of course the Church has always taught that abortion is always a grave sin apart from the question of when life begins. (The Didache condemns it for example).
For the most part, people who say it is a religious question are pro-choicers who are trying to keep it legal with the false argument “you are imposing your religion on others.” What we are imposing is the rights of human beings and the modern bioligical fact that the life of a child as an individual distinct from its parents begins at fertilization.
For example, medieval science at times taught that conception (the beginning of the baby’s life) occured weeks after the sexual act. Many modern pro-choicers believe that conception occurs at “viability” and though they cannot come up with a cogent biological definition of “viability” they say it is roughly in the middle of the pregnancy or towards the end of the second trimester.
Of course scientifically this is absurd but it would not necessarily be absurd in the absence of what science has taught us about the early stages of human life.
The Catholic Church never taught as dogma that a life begins X number of days or weeks after the sexual act that produces that conception. Surely you can see that the Church could not teach such a thing as a religous dogma. What the Catholic Church does teach (as part of its moral teachings) is that abortion is always a grave sin and that after conception occurs (the unborn baby’s life begins) it is also murder in the most literal sense of the term. The new catechism is a more specific than that but that is because it was written in the light of modern scientific knowledge.
OK, but maybe we need to hash this out a little more. I’ll take your point that the question of when precisely conception occurs is scientific and not religious. I don’t believe I said anything to the contrary. However, the real issue is not when conception occurs, but when personhood occurs: that is a religious and philosophical question. Whether personhood begins at conception, or at “ensoulment” as St. Thomas mused, or at birth, or at the age of reason, is not something the Church has left up to science. The Church – not science – has determined that personhood begins at conception, whenever that takes place.
I understand why you might want to take one argument away from the pro-aborts by taking religion out of it, but I don’t see how that is possible or even desireable. | 2019-04-18T16:46:09Z | https://culbreath.wordpress.com/2007/04/24/is-conversation-possible/ |
Dr. Ajay J. Kirtane, Herbert Irving Pavilion, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, 6th Floor, New York, New York 10032.
Assessment of clinical outcomes such as 30-day mortality following coronary revascularization procedures has historically been used to spur quality improvement programs. Public reporting of risk-adjusted outcomes is already mandated in several states, and proposals to further expand public reporting have been put forward as a means of increasing transparency and potentially incentivizing high quality care. However, for public reporting of outcomes to be considered a useful surrogate of procedural quality of care, several prerequisites must be met. First, the reporting measure must be truly representative of the quality of the procedure itself, rather than be dominated by other underlying factors, such as the overall level of illness of a patient. Second, to foster comparisons among physicians and institutions, the metric requires accurate ascertainment of and adjustment for differences in patient risk profiles. This is particularly relevant for high-risk clinical patient scenarios. Finally, the potential deleterious consequences of public reporting of a quality metric should be considered prior to expanding the use of public reporting more broadly. In this viewpoint, the authors review in particular the characterization of high-risk patients currently treated by percutaneous coronary interventional procedures, assessing the adequacy of clinical risk models used in this population. They then expand upon the limitations of 30-day mortality as a quality metric for percutaneous coronary intervention, addressing the strengths and limitations of this metric, as well as offering suggestions to enhance its future use in public reporting.
Calls for public reporting of cardiovascular outcomes have been growing, with transparency touted as a fundamental component of quality improvement in an emerging era of value-based health care (1). Public reporting of outcomes following coronary revascularization procedures is already available in several states, with a number of proposals for its expansion looming (2,3). As an example, the American College of Cardiology has announced plans for voluntary public reporting of process-related institutional data for limited metrics as a first step toward public reporting within the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (4). Increasingly, regulators are legislating public reporting, while payers may use these data to rank physicians (5). These efforts stem from a desire for transparency in outcomes to both ensure and incentivize high-quality care and to guide patients in their selection of providers and hospitals. However, fair comparisons among hospitals and physicians require accurate risk assessment and/or risk adjustment in the reporting process by accounting for case selection and case mix at the levels of both hospitals and physicians. In addition, it is imperative that data collection be accurate and that the reporting measure being publicly reported be truly representative of the quality of the procedure rather than be dominated by other underlying conditions of the patient.
Risk-adjusted mortality reporting (RAMR) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been used as a conventional metric for evaluating the quality of PCI. If an adequate number of PCI procedures are performed, the use of RAMR can be useful for the identification of outlier hospitals and operators and as a base to anchor quality improvement processes. Mortality represents an easily ascertained endpoint of indisputable importance to patients. However, the use of RAMR as a surrogate comparative metric of PCI quality may be misleading, because mortality at 30 days following PCI is frequently not directly related to procedural quality itself (6). Herein lies a fundamental dichotomy related to the use of this metric: although there can be utility in the identification of hospital and physician outliers through examination of 30-day mortality rates, lesser degrees of variability encompassed within comparisons of these rates may have little to do with actual differences in PCI quality, and when taken out of context, these perceived differences can be inappropriately magnified.
Risk adjustment may be one way to address the variability in patient and procedure selection. Yet although the underlying risk of patients undergoing PCI bears a strong influence upon the subsequent occurrence of 30-day mortality, the methodology for risk adjustment varies across state and national registries, with no clear consensus favoring a particular risk adjustment model or strategy. Inadequate accounting of risk in RAMR assessments can inadvertently—when these data are either used as part of a quality improvement initiative or publicly reported—impugn the quality of care offered by providers and hospitals. Particularly for higher risk patients, concerns about how public reporting of RAMR might affect the reputation of a physician and/or hospital can lead to “nonclinical” influences during case selection (such as risk aversion) (7) which may run contrary to the best interest of patients being assessed for treatment.
The conundrum of how to incentivize high-quality care while minimizing the untoward potential impact of public reporting upon the care of high-risk patients is of critical concern to the interventional cardiology community. In this viewpoint, we review in particular specific high-risk patient populations currently treated with PCI procedures, assessing the adequacy of risk models assessing mortality used in this population. We then expand upon the limitations of 30-day mortality as a quality metric for PCI, addressing the implications of public reporting of this metric. We finally offer potential solutions to address the limitations of this metric if used for public reporting, particularly in the context of preserving and enhancing the assessment of PCI-related quality.
Several subgroups of patients have traditionally been considered to be at high risk for adverse outcomes following PCI. These include patients with cardiogenic shock or the resuscitated cardiac arrest patients with post-arrest anoxic encephalopathy. Additionally, patients indicated for complex revascularization but who are deemed nonsurgical—because of extremely high surgical risk, unfavorable anatomy, or other factors precluding surgical revascularization—represent a subset of “high-risk” patients for whom there is increasing interest in the potentially less morbid revascularization afforded by PCI. In these high-risk populations, the increased mortality risk is frequently due to elevated baseline mortality risk, not the actual quality or complexity of the percutaneous revascularization procedure (8).
Observational studies suggest better outcomes when early coronary angiography and revascularization are performed for patients post-arrest (9). In the INTCAR (International Cardiac Arrest Registry) registry of comatose post-cardiac patients, 80% of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) present on electrocardiography and 33% of patients without STEMI on electrocardiography had evidence of a culprit lesion (mostly total occlusions) on angiography; functional status among comatose patients even without evidence of STEMI was improved in those who underwent coronary angiography (10). Mortality rates for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remain high even in contemporary trials, approaching 50%, with two-thirds of these deaths a result of neurological causes and occurring irrespective of whether coronary angiography and PCI are performed (11). When PCI is performed in these high-risk patients, it may have a significant impact on PCI-related outcomes for both the physician and institution performing these procedures if reported outcomes are not adequately risk adjusted. For example, in Washington State, although only 2% of patients undergoing PCI initially presented with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest statewide, these patients accounted for >10% of the case volume at low-volume centers (12).
Patients in cardiogenic shock represent another high-risk category. A landmark randomized trial demonstrated that shock patients are among those with the most to gain from invasive management and coronary revascularization, with 62% of hospital survivors assigned to early revascularization alive at 6 years, compared with only 44% of patients managed conservatively (13). As a result of these data in addition to corroborative observational data, revascularization of patients with myocardial infarction complicated by shock is viewed as current standard of care, with a class I recommendation in current clinical guidelines (14). Given the high mortality, however, shock patients can be disproportionally represented in an individual physician’s and institution’s count of mortalities occurring after PCI, which is why some states current exclude these patients in public reporting.
Patients who merit revascularization for anatomically severe or complex coronary artery disease but are not offered coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) represent another distinct high-risk subgroup often considered for PCI. Notably, the determination of high surgical risk and/or nonsurgical status may be institution and operator dependent and may be difficult to standardize. Thus, in accordance with current guidelines, these evaluations are ideally made in a heart team–based approach to possible coronary revascularization, considering the relative risks and benefits of medical therapy, PCI, and CABG. In a typical clinical scenario for a patient with symptomatic and severe coronary artery disease, CABG is deemed too high risk for the patient, and PCI is offered as an alternative because revascularization is indicated (either for symptoms or for prognosis). Sometimes PCI is conducted with possible CABG as a “safety net” in the event that PCI causes additional ischemia or poorly controllable hemodynamic deterioration. In other situations, the risk of CABG is truly prohibitive compared with medical therapy, and PCI is performed without the possibility of bail-out CABG. However, the patient’s risk for death with PCI in many cases may be due to the same comorbidities that precluded conventional CABG surgery.
Risk prediction and risk stratification are critical components in the evaluation and management of patients undergoing revascularization. Many variables (clinical presentation, comorbid risk factors, noninvasive testing including functional testing, and anatomic delineation of coronary artery disease) inform the overall risk assessment of patients with coronary artery disease. Ideally, if risk assessment is performed pre-procedure, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can usually be tailored by weighing the anticipated benefits of treatment against an individual’s predicted risk for adverse events. However, there may be factors that contribute to procedural risk that are not captured in validated risk calculators (15,16). In addition, there are conflicting data on the accuracy of these risk assessment tools in the highest risk patients undergoing PCI (17,18). There may be individual variability in levels of accepted and/or tolerated risk by both patients and providers, and some of this may be due to lack of confidence in RAMR methodology.
The current assessment of PCI-based procedural risk has involved modeling risk on the basis of coronary anatomy, patient clinical characteristics, and in some cases a combination of the 2 factors. The major limitation with all purely anatomic and functional scores is the lack of clinical variables and acuity of clinical presentation in modeling, which reduces their overall predictive ability. In addition, angiography-based scores such as the SYNTAX (Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score require rigorous and systematic assessments of the coronary angiogram, which can lead to substantial interreader variability (19), particularly if these scores are applied in real time at the point of care. This is particularly relevant when considering the use of such scores (which are not routinely calculated in clinical practice) within larger observational registries. Clinically based risk scores have the advantage of being easier to calculate (20–24). While strengthening their ease of use, the omission of angiographic criteria within some of these scores may limit their predictive performance. In further attempts to increase predictive power and to combine the prognostic importance of clinical and angiographic characteristics, several hybrid anatomic and clinical risk scores have also been developed (25–27).
Procedural registries, such as the National Cardiovascular Data Registry’s CathPCI Registry and New York State’s Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Reporting System, provide large enough populations enabling the robust derivation and validation of risk models suitable for discriminating patients on the basis of predicted risk (23,28). These risk models depend on the breadth, depth, and accuracy of the data collected and may have limited mechanisms for auditing and overall quality control. In addition to capturing clinical and angiographic data (although not to the extent encompassed by the SYNTAX score), these models further incorporate patient-, operator-, and institutional-level variables, enabling the comparison of outcomes across institutions or operators while normalizing for potential differences in case mix. These scores can additionally be iteratively updated to incorporate information from the growing number of procedures performed in the registries and changes to the variables collected.
Valid comparisons of hospital and operator outcomes are dependent on the methods used for risk adjustment. Factors that might determine whether risk adjustment methodologies have adequately addressed potential confounding due to differences in case mix include: 1) whether all characteristics that influence the risk for mortality after PCI are collected in the dataset used for risk adjustment; and 2) whether these characteristics substantially differ in prevalence among patients treated by different physicians and hospitals (29). Although no model can perfectly adjust for risk, adequate risk assessment (particularly when public reporting is present) engenders confidence among physicians that influences their willingness to perform revascularization procedures in the highest risk/benefit scenarios. This is critically important to avoid perpetuating a treatment-risk paradox, in which treatment is delivered to the patients with the lowest risk (and lower absolute benefit) and withheld from high-risk patients (with a higher absolute benefit).
Because hospitals and operators may care for patients that differ in the severity of coronary disease and underlying comorbidities, as well as the technical complexities of the procedures performed, the possibility exists that comparisons of outcomes could be confounded. For example, elective or urgent patients who are transferred from a hospital with elective PCI capabilities but without cardiac surgery backup to a hospital performing PCI with cardiac surgery backup are likely to be at elevated risk compared with those for whom operators felt comfortable performing PCI at the original hospital (30). In contrast, some of these referring centers may have greater proportions of patients with emergent STEMI and/or shock relative to their overall volume. If variability in case mix at a given hospital leads to PCI in a greater number of high-risk patients with unmeasured variables, such a hospital may have an RAMR that is increased compared with regional or national benchmarks despite having similar or better quality. In the setting of public reporting that often emphasizes summary statistics, these subtleties may be overlooked.
Inadequate risk adjustment emerges in part from the fact that the majority of patients included in most PCI registries are at low risk for serious adverse events, with only a small minority of patients falling in the intermediate- and high-risk ranges (31). As such, these intermediate- and high-risk patients, and their associated high-risk comorbidities, are underrepresented in the sample used to construct the risk model, leading to models that may not fully account for factors that may be rare but highly prognostic. Importantly, because rare but highly prognostic variables may not be captured in registry data collection forms, the influence of their omission can be challenging to evaluate. Notably, in an analysis of 6 different risk models applied to patients undergoing high-risk PCI with hemodynamic support, all assessed risk models were reasonably correlated but had poor discriminatory capacity for overall mortality (17). Efforts have been made to add additional covariates to strengthen the performance of risk models (32). In a recent analysis using data from the CathPCI Registry, RAMR was reported to be well calibrated among registry-defined high-risk patients, and those hospitals treating the largest number of such patients actually had better risk-adjusted outcomes than those treating patients with lower severity of illness (18). However, because high-risk patients in this internally validated study were necessarily defined by the variables collected in the dataset, such an analysis provides little assurance that unaccounted for markers of risk, such as frailty, will not distort comparisons in a manner that falsely impugns those providers and hospitals accepting the highest risk patients. Procedural registries not capturing these factors have no ability to assess the influence of their omission on public reporting metrics.
Finally, in a detailed observational registry study evaluating patients referred for elective PCI of an unprotected left main coronary artery, one-half of the patients were considered to be surgically “ineligible.” Among the patients who were deemed unsuitable for cardiac surgery, three-quarters had at least 1 risk factor not captured on the CathPCI Registry form that contributed to a high risk for CABG (16). Notably, when compared with patients who underwent elective PCI of the left main coronary artery who were also “eligible” for CABG, these CABG-“ineligible” patients had a >6-fold increased risk for death at 1 year. After adjusting for European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score, Society of Thoracic Surgeons score, or National Cardiovascular Data Registry–based predicted mortality, the mere presence of surgical ineligibility remained an independent predictor of 1-year mortality. Thus the bedside evaluation of such patients was able to identify important prognostic clinical factors that greatly increased patient risk and were not accounted for using conventional risk adjustment methodology. Because surgical “ineligibility,” in most circumstances, involves evaluation by a cardiac surgeon, it could be expected that such high-risk patients would be concentrated at tertiary care referral centers with cardiac surgical programs, fulfilling the preconditions for introducing statistical bias into the public reporting measure.
The majority of current PCI registries do not collect specific data concerning patient frailty, patient preferences, or extenuating circumstances that may be highly relevant to the decisions being made for choice of revascularization. Physician’s judgment that a patient is “nonsurgical” is an important prognostic factor that is independently associated with a high likelihood for a poor outcome; however, this remains a difficult variable to reliably and consistently record. This is especially important when considering the notion of “gaming the system” by the up-coding of variables defining high risk; independent evaluation by a cardiac surgeon may help mitigate this risk. Overestimation of patient risk, termed “coding creep,” was suggested as early as 1995 in the Cardiac Surgery Reporting System in New York in the setting of CABG, for which the incidence of high-risk variables increased >10-fold when reporting was analyzed (33). Separately, an audit of high-risk variables in PCI found these factors overreported compared with independent adjudication (34). In this analysis, there were consistent differences between reported data and audited data, especially in cases with shock or salvage PCI or emergent cases in which acuity was in fact reassigned by the auditing committee, ranging from 15% to 43% of cases.
When adjustment is applied to procedural-based registries, rather than disease-based registries, even the most accurate forms of procedural risk adjustment cannot take into account the clinical consequences of risk avoidance behaviors (or cases that never enter the procedural database because they are simply not performed). Despite the importance placed on risk-adjusted PCI mortality as a quality measure, it is not clear to what extent PCI mortality truly reflects the quality of the procedure. Because the “optimal RAMR” for any given case mix is largely unknown, RAMR can be used to identify “outliers” above the 90th percentile of RAMR to screen for variability in overall interventional program quality. However, in a review of PCI mortality over an 8-year period at a single center, 3 physicians reviewing all PCI-related deaths found that 93% of all deaths were either mostly or entirely unpreventable, and only 7% of total deaths appeared to be directly related to the PCI procedure (6). As a result, in circumstances in which RAMR identifies an outlier, the outlying institution or provider may have been singled out because of differences in patient selection and the willingness to perform high-risk procedures, rather than differences in quality of the procedure itself. Nonetheless, case selection itself is an important cognitive component of interventional quality, and it is important to audit this aspect of interventional management in addition to the technical performance of the procedure.
Public reporting of PCI outcomes such as RAMR after PCI has been available in several states and amid increasing calls for transparency of outcomes has been proposed to become more widely available. The advantages to public reporting of procedural outcomes include further stimulation and adoption of rigorous quality improvement programs and institutional protocols, facilitating decision making among patients, and the establishment of preferred providers and institutions by payers. However, public reporting and external scrutiny of outcomes such as mortality following PCI may unintentionally result in risk-aversive behavior at both the physician and hospital levels (35). Interventional cardiologists, often under real or perceived pressure from hospitals and a growing number of other influencers, may alter their behavior because of a lack of confidence in the accuracy of RAMR methodology, whether justified or not, to the detriment of the most critically ill patients, who may have the most to gain from a revascularization procedure (36).
Several studies have suggested that avoidance of PCI in high-risk patients may be more common in states with public reporting. RAMR for PCI was first introduced in New York State in 1995. An analysis of 545 patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock who were enrolled in the SHOCK (Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock) registry demonstrated a lower rate of coronary angiography and PCI for patients with acute infarction and shock who were admitted to a hospital in New York State compared with their out-of-state counterparts (37). Another study comparing PCI indications and outcomes for patients in New York State with patients undergoing PCI in Michigan (a state that does not publically report PCI outcomes) demonstrated that patients in Michigan more frequently underwent PCI for acute myocardial infarction or cardiogenic shock than patients in New York State (38), despite having a higher rate of comorbidities, including a history of congestive heart failure, extracardiac vascular disease, and pre-procedural cardiac arrest. Similar findings were noted when evaluating PCI indications for patients treated in hospitals in Massachusetts, another state with RAMR (39).
As another example of this problem of “risk aversion” behavior, a review of 7 years of PCI data involving more than 100,000 PCI procedures in non–federally funded hospitals in Massachusetts examined the effects of public reporting on PCI mortality in hospitals identified as outliers (7). The 4 hospitals identified as negative outliers were higher volume institutions performing more PCI for shock and patients with STEMI. Once identified as outlier hospitals, these institutions had a subsequent drop in the predicted mortality of patients undergoing PCI over the ensuing years. However, the improvement in mortality at follow-up for these hospitals was 18% greater than the overall secular trend in mortality reduction for all hospitals in Massachusetts. The investigators suggest that outlier hospitals may have either identified ways to further improve their mortality or alternatively may have selected a lower risk cohort of patients for PCI in the subsequent years to improve mortality data.
A recent study using the Nationwide Impatient Sample compared outcomes among all patients with diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction in public reporting states compared with non–public reporting states (40). In this sample of more than 84,000 patients from the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions between 2005 and 2011, patients who presented with acute myocardial infarction and underwent PCI had a lower mortality rate in public reporting states compared with those patients who underwent PCI for acute myocardial infarction in states without public reporting. However, there was a 19% lower chance of undergoing revascularization in a public reporting state, with even stronger effects observed in high-risk presentations such as STEMI, cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest. Notably, among the broader population of all patients with acute infarction, irrespective of whether they underwent PCI, the risk for dying in public reporting states was significantly higher, driven by a greater risk for mortality in patients who did not undergo PCI in public reporting states.
This is of critical importance when considering public reporting of PCI-related outcomes. In an extreme example, an operator could have outstanding overall mortality (and RAMR) if he or she were simply to refuse all high-risk cases, particularly those whose true risk was not well accounted for by risk adjustment models. However, patients who ought to have been treated with PCI (e.g., patients with myocardial infarction or shock) would not even be offered PCI by this operator, which is a clear disservice to these patients, whose data will never enter a procedure-based PCI registry. Without information regarding the relative case mix (in a disease-based analysis) and the expected mortality rate for that specific case mix, assessing data based on procedural RAMR can be fraught with error. Although an examination of expected mortality rates for specific operators may provide indirect evidence of this effect, particularly for operators with smaller overall numbers, this approach is by no means definitive.
Because RAMR is sensitive only to the covariates specifically included in the derivation of the risk adjustment models used to calculate RAMR, it is important to recognize that behavior driven by inadequate risk assessment can have unintended consequences for patient care. One possible solution that is already being used in specific high-risk scenarios is to introduce further captured variables into the databases used for the risk modeling. This might involve specific modeling for identified high-risk patient features. For example, a series of data fields that can assess surgical eligibility as part of a heart team–based approach (requiring documentation of the specific reasons for considering a patient too high risk for surgery, for example in Table 1), could capture those reasons that rendered a patient ineligible for CABG, and these could be used in subsequent risk modeling. The most recent proposed update to the data collection form within the CathPCI Registry contains several elements specifically designed to implement this approach (Table 2).
However, it is important to also accept that no risk adjustment model will perfectly adjust for all possible risk variables. Therefore, other potential solutions, such as the exclusion of specific subtypes of high-risk cases from mortality reporting, should be considered. Exclusions for specific high-risk features are already present in certain (although not all) publicly reported registries. For example, in New York State, patients undergoing PCI who have refractory cardiogenic shock (using a clear definition) have been excluded from the publicly reported outcomes data since 2006. Additionally, patients with cardiac arrest who die of neurological causes following PCI are also excluded from public reporting. Two parallel analyses have recently examined the temporal effects of PCI use among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock in New York State before and after the 2006 exclusion of shock patients. After 2006, there was a clear increase in the use of PCI for this condition, with commensurate declines in overall mortality (41,42). Despite this exclusion, however, the rates of PCI for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction still lagged behind nonreporting states, suggesting residual risk aversion associated with public reporting.
There is a groundswell of support for excluding high-risk patients from public reporting among interventional cardiologists. In a recent electronic survey distributed to members of the American College of Cardiology’s interventional cardiology section, 86% of 1,297 respondents stated that public reporting of mortality following PCI should exclude patients with cardiac arrest, and 76% stated that public reporting of mortality following PCI should exclude patients with cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction. This concern is not limited to interventional cardiologists: in a survey in which 73% of all eligible cardiac surgeons in the United Kingdom participated, 58% of cardiac surgeons were against public reporting of surgeon-specific mortality because of concerns regarding risk aversion, gaming, and misinterpretation and favored instead team-based result reporting (43).
Other states (e.g., Massachusetts) use external peer reviews to assess selected cases deemed to be of extreme risk. Although labor intensive and costly, this allows the more detailed assessment to ensure the accurate assessment of patient risk and the exclusion of selected cases deemed exceptional on the basis of pre-defined criteria. In Maryland, external peer review is already required for randomly selected PCI procedures to judge appropriateness. External peer review can provide a nuanced evaluation of both appropriateness and outcomes and reduce the ability to “game” the system. Furthermore, external peer review, if correctly implemented, could encourage interventional cardiologists to potentially revascularize high-risk patients who might have the greatest possible benefit, with the knowledge that rather than a statistical adjustment, their practicing interventional cardiology peers would review interventions in a blinded fashion and reintroduce clinical judgment into the evaluation of outcomes. Mechanisms for administration, cost allocation, and decisions on how cases would be selected for review (randomly selected procedures, procedures with complications, or other criteria), are still to be made, and whether the states themselves or state-specific chapters of societies will be able to take on the charge to lead these processes is uncertain.
Devising solutions aimed at addressing objective outcomes assessment in high-risk patients is critically important in order to avoid scenarios in which patients are not being offered revascularization strategies that may substantially improve their quality of life and/or cardiovascular outcomes (Table 3). As a result, we are fully in support of recent efforts to capture previously unmeasured covariates that capture nontraditional elements of high patient risk and to include them in risk adjustment. Additionally, we propose the development of a mechanism to accurately characterize high-risk clinical scenarios, including patients with cardiac arrest, patients in cardiogenic shock, and nonsurgical patients. Definitions should be selective enough to avoid overinclusion of patients into the metric, while allowing acceptable parameters to identify patients appropriate for this classification. Using these universal definitions of a high-risk patient, reporting registries can generate several outcomes values for each institution and operator: 1 report would summarize the overall outcomes for each institution and operator inclusive of all patients, 1 report would provide a summary of outcomes for usual-risk patients, and 1 might report the outcomes for the high-risk patients. Finally, although challenging, we believe that it will be important to move toward disease-based registries, in which patients who do not undergo procedures are also included, as a more accurate assessment of overall quality delivered for a particular condition and a check against risk-averse behavior that can harm patients. Another approach would be to deemphasize outcomes measures such as RAMR and instead report on more process-oriented measures, as has been already established through the CathPCI Registry’s reporting of discharge medication use.
In the interim, absent improved models of risk, only data on RAMR for usual-risk patients should be considered for public reporting; the outcomes reported for high-risk patients would not generally be relevant to the public’s need when selecting providers and hospitals and therefore need not be available for the public to scrutinize. Either high-risk patients should be excluded from the metric used to report overall outcomes to the public, or registry agencies should institute a process to allow external peer review of all mortality cases prior to potential public reporting, excluding cases if the deaths that occur are clearly unrelated to the PCI procedure or hospital quality of care.
Dr. Guyton is a principal investigator for Edwards Lifesciences TMVR trial (no compensation). All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. The views expressed in this manuscript by the American College of Cardiology's (ACC) Interventional Council do not necessarily reflect the views of JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions or the ACC.
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Present: GANTS, C.J., SPINA, CORDY, BOTSFORD, DUFFLY, LENK, & HINES, JJ. Shannon Liss–Riordan for the plaintiffs. Diane M. Saunders (Andrew E. Silvia with her) for the defendants. The following submitted briefs for amici curiae: Harris Freeman & Audrey R. Richardson for Labor Relations and Research Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, & another. Christopher J. Anasoulis for DD Independent Franchise Owners, Inc. Ben Robbins & Martin J. Newhouse for New England Legal Foundation. Richard L. Alfred, Ariel D. Cudkowicz, C.J. Eaton, & Jessica S. Lieberman for Seyfarth Shaw LLP.
The plaintiffs are current and former employees at Dunkin' Donuts stores who brought suit in the Superior Court against Constantine Scrivanos, a Dunkin' Donuts franchisee of stores that employed the plaintiffs, and NGP Management, LLC (NGP), which performs management functions for those stores. Among other claims, the plaintiffs maintained that the defendants had implemented a no-tipping policy at certain of their Dunkin' Donuts stores,3 and that the implementation of that policy, as well as the method of enforcing it, violated G.L. c. 149, § 152A (Tips Act).4 The Tips Act provides that no employer “shall ․ accept ․ any ․ deduction from a tip” given to any wait staff, service, or bartender employee, or “retain ․ any tip” given to the employer directly. G.L. c. 149, § 152A (b ).
“1. Does G.L. c. 149, § 152A allow an employer to maintain a no-tipping policy?
Background. We summarize the facts set forth in the judge's memorandum of decision, supplemented by the parties' joint statement of material facts, reserving some facts for later discussion. Scrivanos is a franchisee operating approximately sixty-six Dunkin' Donuts stores in the Commonwealth. He has established various limited liability companies and S corporations that own the stores for which he is a franchisee, and he is the manager of each of these corporations. Scrivanos also established NGP, which manages and operates all of Scrivanos's Dunkin' Donuts locations in Massachusetts. The plaintiffs are current and former employees of Scrivanos's Dunkin' Donuts stores. They were paid on an hourly basis. All of the plaintiffs earned at least the minimum wage under the Wage Act, G.L. c. 151, § 1.
Sometime in 2003, the defendants instituted a no-tipping policy at all of their stores, but later withdrew the policy as to some stores. When the plaintiffs' complaint was filed, the policy remained in effect in approximately two-thirds of Scrivanos's Massachusetts stores, including all of the stores in which the plaintiffs worked. Under the no-tipping policy, an employee is not permitted to accept a tip from a customer, even if the customer wants to leave a tip, and is required to inform a customer who attempts to leave a tip of the policy.
The defendants have instituted various mechanisms for enforcing the no-tipping policy, including the placement of signs in the stores stating “no tipping” or “thank you for not tipping.” The size and location of the signs vary from store to store. Additionally, the defendants instruct employees to inform customers of the no-tipping policy and to refuse to accept tips. The defendants have communicated to employees that the acceptance of tips “will result in disciplinary action, up to and including termination.” Before commencement of this litigation, the defendants instructed employees to place “tips” that had been left by customers, notwithstanding the instructions about the no-tipping policy, in the cash register. After the filing of the plaintiffs' complaint in the Superior Court, an “abandoned change” policy was adopted. Employees in stores with a no-tipping policy were instructed to place the money in abandoned change cups located near the cash register. Employees also were instructed to inform customers that the “abandoned change” cups were not for tips, and that any money placed in the cups would be used to discount future customers' purchases, similar to a “take-a-penny, leave-a-penny” container.
The plaintiffs asserted in their original complaint that both the defendants' no-tipping policy, and the policy of placing money left as “tips” in the cash register, violate the Tips Act. After the implementation of the “abandoned change” policy, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint asserting that this new policy also violates the Tips Act.
The defendants filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. After a hearing on the motion, a Superior Court judge held that the Tips Act did not prohibit implementation of a no-tipping policy, but that, if customers nonetheless left tips, those tips belonged to the employees, and an employer's retention of them would constitute a violation of the Tips Act. Concluding that a full record would be helpful for any appeal, the judge denied the plaintiffs' motion to report the case to the Appeals Court. Discovery was conducted, and the defendants thereafter filed a motion for summary judgment. A different Superior Court judge denied the motion in part, allowed it in part, and reported the questions to the Appeals Court. We allowed the plaintiffs' petition for direct appellate review.
Discussion. The reported questions require that we construe the language of the Tips Act, and we apply familiar principles of statutory construction to guide our interpretation. “We look to the intent of the Legislature ‘ascertained from all its words construed by the ordinary and approved usage of the language, considered in connection with the cause of its enactment, the mischief or imperfection to be remedied and the main object to be accomplished, to the end that the purpose of its framers may be effectuated.’ “ DiFiore v. American Airlines, Inc., 454 Mass. 486, 490 (2009), quoting Industrial Fin. Corp. v. State Tax Comm'n, 367 Mass. 360, 364 (1975). “In addition, our respect for the Legislature's considered judgment dictates that we interpret the statute to be sensible, rejecting unreasonable interpretations unless the clear meaning of the language requires such an interpretation.” Bednark v. Catania Hospitality Group, Inc., 78 Mass.App.Ct. 806, 811 (2011), citing Commonwealth v. Dodge, 428 Mass. 860, 865 (1999).
We note, as an initial matter, that it is undisputed that the plaintiffs are employees entitled to the protections of the Tips Act. The Tips Act “protect[s] the wages and tips of certain employees who fall within the ambit of the statute.” Bednark v. Catania Hospitality Group, Inc., 78 Mass.App.Ct. at 809. These employees include service employees, service bartenders, and wait staff employees. G.L. c. 149, § 152A (a ). Wait staff employees include counter staff who “serve[ ] beverages or prepared food directly to patrons,” “work[ ] in a restaurant ․ or other place where prepared food or beverages are served,” and have “no managerial responsibility.” Id. The parties agree that the plaintiffs are “wait staff employees” within the meaning of the Tips Act.
Relying on language in this provision, the plaintiffs contend that the plain language of the Tips Act prohibits an employer from instituting a no-tipping policy. They argue that G.L. c. 149, § 152A (b ), does not permit an employer to take any “deduction from a tip,” and that the defendants' prohibition on employees accepting tips in effect results in a “deduction from a tip” that the employee would have received absent the no-tipping policy.
The plaintiffs' interpretation is contrary to several tenets of statutory construction. It would require that we disregard the plain meaning of the words “retain” and “deduction” as used in G .L. c. 149, § 152A (b ). Moreover, because the statute explicitly concerns tips that have been “given,” either directly to employees or to employers, the plaintiffs' interpretation distorts the syntax of that section, in order to read into it a provision the Legislature did not include.
In the first sentence of G.L. c. 149, § 152A (b ), an employer is prohibited from demanding, requesting, or accepting a “deduction” from a tip “given to [a covered] employee.” In construing a statute, where a word is commonly understood, it can “be given its ordinary meaning.” Flemings v. Contributory Retirement Appeal Bd., 431 Mass. 374, 375 (2000), quoting Commonwealth v. Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard & Nantucket S.S. Auth., 352 Mass. 517, 518 (1967). According to several dictionary definitions, the word “deduct” means “to take away, as from a sum or amount.” See Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary 520 (2003); 3 Oxford English Dictionary 115 (1978). A “deduction” is commonly defined as “something that is or may be deducted.” Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, supra. See Black's Law Dictionary 501 (10th ed. 2014) (“The act or process of subtracting or taking away”); 3 Oxford English Dictionary, supra at 116 (“That which is deducted or subtracted”).
Thus, in the plain and unambiguous language of the statute, an employer may not take away any amount from a “service charge, tip[, or] gratuity,” G.L. c. 149, § 152A (a ), that was “given to” a wait staff employee. A tip that was “given to” an employee would include a tip that was handed directly to the employee or left on a counter for the employee, or a sum designated as a tip or gratuity on a customer's credit card slip.6 This reading of the first sentence of § 152A (b ) is “consonant with sound reason and common sense.” Harvard Crimson, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, 445 Mass. 745, 749 (2006). See DiGiacomo v. Metropolitan Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 66 Mass.App.Ct. 343, 346 (2006).
No language in G.L. c. 149, § 152A (b ), or elsewhere in the Tips Act, see G.L. c. 149, § 152A (a )-(g ), prohibits an employer from imposing a no-tipping policy.9 The Tips Act addresses circumstances in which tipping is permitted and wait staff employees have been given tips, directly or indirectly; it prescribes what the employer is required to do with such tips. Id.
In support of their argument that a no-tipping policy is prohibited under the Tips Act, the plaintiffs point to the fact that the Legislature considered, but did not adopt, legislation proposed in 2010 House Doc. No. 4814, which stated that “[n]othing in [the Tips Act] shall prohibit any employer from establishing a policy prohibiting tipping.” We have consistently rejected similar arguments, recognizing that “[t]he practicalities of the legislative process furnish many reasons for the lack of success of a measure other than legislative dislike for the principle involved in the legislation.” Suffolk Constr. Co. v. Division of Capital Asset Mgt., 449 Mass. 444, 457 n. 18 (2007), quoting Franklin v. Albert, 381 Mass. 611, 615616 (1980). See United States v. Craft, 535 U.S. 274, 287 (2002), quoting Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164, 187 (1994) (“several equally tenable inferences may be drawn from such inaction”).
Finally, the plaintiffs find support for their view in DiFiore v. American Airlines, Inc., 454 Mass. 486, 496 (2009), where we stated that the “express purpose of the [Tips] Act [is] to protect gratuity payments given to, or intended for, [covered] employees.” The plaintiffs suggest that this language indicates that G.L. c. 149, § 152A, protects not only tips actually given, but also tips that customers intended covered employees to have, and would have given to those employees had they not been prevented from doing so by imposition of a no-tipping policy.
We are not persuaded. In that case, we addressed a question certified to us by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts concerning the definition of the term “service charge” in G.L. c. 149, § 152A (d ). We determined that the Legislature intended by this provision “to ensure that service employees receive all the proceeds from [assessed] service charges,” DiFiore v. American Airlines, Inc., supra at 493, and interpreted the term “service charge” to include a tip or gratuity as “nonexclusive examples of fees that constitute service charges.” Id. at 495. Nothing in that decision supports the view that the Tips Act applies to tips that customers intended to give to employees but, because of a no-tipping policy, did not give.
In sum, we do not construe G.L. c. 149, § 152A, to require that employers of wait staff employees must permit customers to give tips to such employees.
2. Liability under G.L. c. 149, § 152A, where a no-tipping policy is in effect. We turn to consideration of the second reported question, which relies upon a determination that imposition of a no-tipping policy is not contrary to the Tips Act. The second reported question asks that we consider the circumstances in which an employer seeking to enforce a no-tipping policy may be held in violation of the Tips Act if, notwithstanding the implementation of such a policy, “customers ․ leave tips that are retained by the employer.” For reasons we discuss, we conclude that, if an employer has not clearly communicated its no-tipping policy to customers, tips left by customers where service is provided by wait staff belong to those employees, and may not be retained by the employer. On the other hand, where the employer has clearly communicated to customers that a no-tipping policy is in effect, money left by customers in establishments where service is provided by wait staff is not a tip that was given to wait staff employees, regardless of a customer's intent.
a. Tips retained by employer who has failed to communicate its no-tipping policy clearly to customers. As discussed, the Tips Act defines particular circumstances in which a fee that is assessed by an employer is not a tip or service charge subject to the provisions of the Tips Act. G.L. c. 149, § 152 (d ). See note 8, supra. In those circumstances, an employer must “inform [ ] the patron that the fee does not represent a tip or service charge for [covered employees].” G.L. c. 149, § 152 (d ). This requirement reflects the Legislature's concern that, absent such information, customers charged a fee by employers of wait staff employees will assume that the employer will remit that amount to its wait staff employees.
Similarly, unless an employer who has implemented a no-tipping policy clearly conveys to customers that money they leave when paying their bill does not represent a tip for wait staff employees, it is readily conceivable that customers will have the reasonable expectation that the money they leave will be given to the wait staff employees. The absence of a clear communication to customers of a no-tipping policy could permit employers to pocket sums not intended for them, and would facilitate “an ‘end run’ around the [Tips] Act.” DiFiore v. American Airlines, Inc., 454 Mass. at 496.
General Laws c. 149, § 152A (b ), prohibits employers of wait staff employees from “demand[ing], request[ing] or accept[ing]” a payment or deduction from a tip “given to” such employees. Although an employer may adopt a no-tipping policy, it “may not escape [this] prohibition in ․ the [Tips] Act,” DiFiore v. American Airlines, Inc., supra at 494, by failing to communicate to customers that the policy is in effect, and that the money they leave will not be kept by the employee as a tip. In the absence of such a communication of the no-tipping policy to customers, we conclude that “a sum of money ․, given as an acknowledgment of any service performed by a [covered] employee,” remains a “tip ․ that a patron ․ would reasonably expect to be given to a [covered] employee.” G.L. c. 149, § 152A (a ). An employer who, in those circumstances, “demand[s], request[s] or accept[s]” any portion of such sums does so in contravention of the Tips Act. See G.L. c. 149, § 152A (b ).
Conclusion. For the reasons stated, we answer the first reported question, “Yes.” We answer question 2(a), “Yes,” and we answer question 2(b), “No.” The matter is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
3. Constantine Scrivanos holds franchises for approximately sixty-six Dunkin' Donuts stores in Massachusetts; approximately forty-four of these stores had a no-tipping policy in place during the period relevant to the plaintiffs' claims.
4. The plaintiffs also asserted claims of tortious interference with contractual or advantageous relations and unjust enrichment. The claim for unjust enrichment was dismissed, and is not before us.
5. We acknowledge the amicus briefs submitted by DD Independent Franchise Owners, Inc.; the Labor Relations and Research Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and the Massachusetts Fair Wage Campaign; the New England Legal Foundation; and Seyfarth Shaw LLP.
8. An employer also may impose a fee that is not a tip or service charge, invoice a customer directly for such a fee, and retain that amount.“Nothing in this section shall prohibit an employer from imposing on a patron any house or administrative fee in addition to or instead of a service charge or tip, if the employer provides a designation or written description of that house or administrative fee, which informs the patron that the fee does not represent a tip or service charge for wait staff employees, service employees, or service bartenders.”G.L. c. 149, § 152A (d ).
9. As noted, all of the plaintiffs were paid at least the statutory minimum wage; we are not called upon here to consider circumstances governed by G.L. c. 151, § 7, pursuant to which an employer may pay a “tipped employee” an hourly wage which is lower than the statutory minimum wage, provided that specific conditions have been met, and that the employer pays an “additional amount” if the hourly wage combined with the employee's tips falls below the minimum wage established in G.L. c. 151, § 1.
10. A clear communication of the no-tipping policy could be accomplished through the posting of signs such as those conveying that employees may not accept tips. In addition, employers could instruct wait staff employees to convey to customers orally the existence of a no-tipping policy, and could provide training regarding the content of the communication, as well as when during the various points of interaction with a customer the information should be conveyed. | 2019-04-19T21:30:33Z | https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ma-supreme-judicial-court/1697367.html |
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