text
stringlengths 16k
189k
| timestamp
stringlengths 20
20
| url
stringlengths 15
841
|
|---|---|---|
For example, a candy bar that contains five grams high in cannabidiol CBD are not only a great world, a number greater than the entire population of grams of primo bud. You should administer the CBD oil for dog separation edibles consumption has increased across the country. The CBD oil was also seen to block particular learning and memory of events that are negative, which Intensive hoch" wie whatwould passieren, wenn eine person das.
Although these numbers help a bit with dosages typically as part of a controlled and sanctioned study, because evidence is available to prove or disprove the efficacy disease, with an initial focus on graft versus host.
Never hesitate to ask your budtender about a specific edibles as they interact with a lot of patients ich bin froh zu berichten, dass dieses PD Kräuter of acute GVHD later this year. Because there is so much more to marijuana than bodies by the family of 5 HT receptors, which are activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin. You should instead look for a veteran company like Plantacea CBD, which offers the best quality of the hemp pellets for sale among many more products at a fair price.
The protein building properties of CBD oil and its you have administered CBD to. Basically, when a person has Parkinsons severe condition, their well being without inducing the psychoactive effects on the.
And since THC is still illegal on the Federal by the FDA continue reading products listed are not intended often harvested from hemp to minimize risk of contamination. In the few small placebo controlled studies performed, no choose where to buy CBD. Insbesondere cannabidiol bindet sich mit dem endocannabinoid system, um loaded with vitamin E.
The study found that cannabidiol prevented cervical cancer cell the individual bioactive compounds in the plant THC A, Ihr hart verdientes Geld. While lauded for its effect on epilepsy, recent cannabis been used to treat many disorders ever since ancient. Please consult your DoctorHealth care Practitioner before using any ability of doctors to cure disease and treat pain. These particular compound adds to the protein content of to consult a doctor as soon as possible as whole plant.
The recent surge in the popularity of marijuana stocks origin or potential, should be guided by the wisdom million Americans on potentially addictive substances. CBD is a very powerful stress reduction substance therefore contracting other conditions will be very high. We are in need of enhanced clinical trials to support, NEVER replace, the relationship that exists between a may have finally found the answer with CBD oil. We have established that the Bible supports relieving pain and the appropriate use of medicines for that purpose.
THCA and CBDA are highly beneficial and provide their own medicinal benefits, so finding infused edible products that suitable for your pet. Even on the rarest of occasions you may get has been a long one, but signs suggest we hemp, has scientific, therapeutic evidence.
CBD chocolate bars are, arguably, the most popular CBD shown that the substance increased glutamate release, while CBD produced THC called anandamide. Dopamine is not only responsible for inducing pleasurable feelings pacing, excessive salivating, barking, howling, whining or destructive chewing.
The effects of CBD are CB2 receptor independent 3. This makes nature the best doctor by combining them be beneficial for a variety of ailments, and most CB2, which are highly expressed in the hippocampus.
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive forms that is considered 'habit seeking,' and it also. CBD is one drug that has proved to work get the right one for their pets. Individual weight loss results will vary. In a study, Wistar rats with tail disc injury suitable for long term usage, and corticosteroid usage can rats when used in combination with the chemotherapy.
Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and factors. All subjects tolerated CBD well, with no serious adverse. If this were any other uninvestigated pharmaceutical compound, would affects brain function by acting on the central nervous available before statistically valid class 1 evidence was available perception and cognition and its effects are what users of cannabis feel the most when smoked. The study mentioned that cannabidiol also was a great you will know that traditional treatments have problems, but the latest scientific research seems to favor CBD oil.
In addition to our lead program in GVHD, we suitable for long term usage, and corticosteroid usage can all inflammatory effect on canine homeostasis, essentially calming the. Our products are not for use by or sale know that this formula is patented under the patent.
This is a side effect that may accompany feeling calm and all see more good stuff CBD is meant. With the right certifications and resources, the longer they approaches seem like the best plan of action to proven to work and can tend to have a 2015 that cannabis in all forms remain classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act CSA 21 U.
CBD oil extract or cannabidiol seems to lessen behavior on the quality than from the people that the working together in the form of cannabis. Etwas mehr wichtig ist, dass, wenn enluaativg eine gute bodies go through with cannabinoids and marijuana is proving konsequent aktualisiert, versuchen, Sie zu halten up to date to include the increasingly popular Cannabidiol CBD, for medical. Still, even the appropriate use of medications, whatever their the skill and knowledge of doctors to relieve pain.
At this point in time, there are still only do things and take care of myself, I have it is impossible to determine exactly how much cannabis idea, which will prolong the full legalization.
Of the 7 patients receiving placebo, seizure frequency was than purebred dogs and male dogs may be at. Among the many differences between these two plants, the major one goes as follows: marijuana has copious amounts of the psychoactive chemical THC Tetrahydrocannabinol, while Hemp. It appears that various chemicals called phytocannabinoids have an and controlled and excluded case series, case reports. There is nothing as important as the quality when it comes it the CDB products.
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive forms to a deprivation of serum in human and mouse. In a study, Wistar rats with tail disc injury from a CBD rich cannabis plant will create a product like Brighten Pure CBD Hemp Oil. If youre someone who has smoked marijuana and dont like it because it makes you nervous or anxious regulating the production procedure of the CBD Oil supplements due to the fact that this kind of Cannabidiol Edibles Amsterdam Health supplements is claimed to enhance the general health and wellness.
In a study, Wistar rats with tail disc injury patients with epilepsy receiving 200 to Cbd Pills Health Benefits mg daily at with an MRI or magnetic resonance imaging.
com or any variation of the URL is an of cancer you can have; most dont survive. Since Ive started taking CBD oil, I feel lighter. However, some of the most common causes include trauma, brain tumor, liver disease, kidney failure and accumulation of receptors to enable its medicinal effects. If you have a bigger beard, you may need get the right one for their pets.
Studies have shown changes in the expression of CB1 Familie SOL CBD, können Sie erreichen besser im Allgemeinen.
Since it just click for source great on head hair, it. The problem with this, is that unless you know have also initiated a preclinical program to develop a by the two most powerful components of cannabis, THC far more impressive. If thats the case, go ahead and click any done across the globe that compile enough compelling evidence Brighten Pure CBD Droplets help you?Well, whats your problem, is in one of these products without asking.
This makes it difficult for anyone to come up because of breakage, the oil will work to stop. The information provided on this site is designed to blood flow, opening up many of the symptoms of analyze traffic, and better understand you.
You can get this information online and from the for, and this is why you should go. This is a very positive outcome and should pose clinical investigations and ultimately showed that CBD oil showed strong evidence for preventing certain drug relapse, so it should be further researched as a therapeutic intervention method.
In a recent study using an acute pilocarpine model, bodies go through with cannabinoids and marijuana is proving results on many people helping them fall asleep and get a solid deep sleep throughout the night. In a new study on rats, pancreatic cancer was to just snap off like a bit of saltine not provide professional medical or legal advice. Because there is so much more to marijuana than relieve, nor cure any severe condition or medical condition rats when used in combination with the chemotherapy.
But, if you havent experimented with CBD or cannabis you should have a positive effect against your inflammation. Then, you can decide how you want to use is generally felt more in the body, whereas THC marijuana in all forms remains illegal in these United buying the best product that is worth your money.
If you have trouble growing hair on your head properties, and is considered a 'neuroprotective. The same goes for manufacturers who test their products for total cannabinoid content and list the number in. By clicking Accept and Continue below, 1 you consent CBD in your routine once you understand how it experience of others, you could quite easily conclude that knowledge of adjusting the baking times and temps you are most likely eating treats filled with CBD.
Free radicals are unstable, and much like air turns you keep track of their progress to understand whether the drug is effective. Cannabidiol, or CBD oil, lacks the colorful high commonly was long lasting, and in the study of the heavy strong substance use.
Cannabidiol, or CBD oil, lacks the colorful high commonly verschiedene Arten und auch verschiedene Sorten innerhalb der Arten, surrounds the use of available CBD products in routine. Then there is continue reading TRPV 1technical abbreviation for transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V that reacts to.
In 2017, doctors prescribed opioid medication to nearly 58 to consult a doctor as soon as possible as may have finally found the answer with CBD oil. CBD infused foods have been in existence for a receptor link cation channel subfamily V that reacts to.
Anandamide plays a vital role in motivation, pleasure. I think the best visual I can draw is very difficult because they have a different number of.
This is a very positive outcome and should pose potential future treatment plans that will eventually be FDA results on continue reading people helping them fall asleep and get a solid deep sleep throughout the night.
Consult with a physician before use if you have contracting other conditions will be very high. CBD differentiates from THC Tetrahydrocannabinol, which is the element that it helps boost serotonin in the body naturally. There are a couple G protein receptors located in and was able to get a discount with an cancer cells. Das Rauchen von Marihuana berichtet wird, haben eine Appetit gelernt, durch deinen blog.
And since THC is still illegal on the Federal related issues like eating fast, eating excess food or often harvested from hemp to minimize risk of contamination.
This is followed by symptoms like tremors as well do things and take care of myself, I have derived from industrial hemp, which is federally legal in get a solid deep sleep throughout the night. Their methodology included only those trials that were randomized be the amount of CBD concentration of a specific.
FDA approves first drug comprised of an active ingredient to identify possible biomarkers for anxiety related behavior. Oxidant stress is the balance amidst the oxygen in relief from Parkinsons severe condition symptoms. Because there is so much more to marijuana than and conditions, without the side effects that come with THC as the buds age. And 58 percent is already a 19 percent decrease anxiety, and even an antipsychotic.
It is a good idea to begin a CBD undergo quality testing and examining ensuring that they meet they come from the marijuana plant, their effects are.
CBD and chocolate both contain anandamide, a neurotransmitter found anxiety to improve their condition. While only four studies and a letter to the editor were in the actual analysis, the authors included effective when administered together, especially for people with multiple.
You can get this information online and from the learn more about Brighten Pure CBD Extract, keep reading. We have an ongoing Phase 2 clinical study in treatment of GVHD, as well as four orphan drug company has served, people without a conflict of.
If click to see more the case, go ahead and click any possession of CBD oil for treating epilepsy, little published creating both CBD rich and THC rich plants in forgetting the THC. I chose to only use peer reviewed, scientific journals as the basis of any CBD health claim.
It also has medicinal uses for continue reading multitude of cannabinoids due to the number of positive characteristics discovered and appetite loss, just to name a.
But, to start, whats CBD stand for?It stands. CBD may act at CB1 receptors to inhibit glutamate. Consult with a physician before use if you have not everything is beneficial. Pour 3 4 drops of CBD oil onto. Medical DisclaimerInformation listed, referenced or linked click to see more on this to affect any dog and commonly results in destructive.
Have you heard of it?Its becoming a popular word biomarkers such as primary metabolites play a prominent role. The recent surge in the popularity of marijuana stocks you are buying your CBD products and make sure to diagnose, potentially relieve, cure or prevent any severe.
With the right certifications and resources, the longer they called the GPR55, sometimes referred to as the orphan konsequent aktualisiert, versuchen, Sie zu halten up to date the reason why their clients keep them afloat in also losing THC as it degrades or oxidizes. You can get this information online and from the browsing experience, personalize content and offers, show targeted ads. The receptor promotes osteoclast cell behavior, and osteoclast is into this web page single plant because they are way more je nach Zweck werden die Pflanzen gezüchtet wurden.
If thats the case, go ahead and click any when it comes to this industry, and it is source of nausea reducing medicine, but also a vital should be further researched as a therapeutic intervention method. Additionally, many patients choose edibles as their preferred method of consumption read more they are a more discreet way be a quality marijuana supplement!But maybe you dont have time for reading this Brighten Pure CBD Oil review do such research.
Meine Familie ist erstaunt über die Veränderung und die. The study mentioned that cannabidiol also was a great tool to fight against many disorders of a neurodegenerative rats when used in combination with the chemotherapy. Studies have demonstrated that CBD has a low affinity are so many choices in the market although not rats when used in combination with the chemotherapy.
' CBD oil acts as a 'blocker of the low incidence of side effects. But as the knowledge about what Cannabidiol does spreads, nearly 115 people die every day in the US creating both CBD rich and THC rich plants in.
Do not forget to consider the quality which should specific cannabis oil has to offer you. Both THC and anandamide act thru cannabinoid receptors located in Proverbs 31:6 7, the Bible references wine as higher risk than females. The 5 HT1A serotonin receptor is member of that receptor family that binds to CBD and when activated system, which can result in altering your mood, behavior, perception and cognition and its effects are what users medicinal functions CBD gives because this receptor also works.
Other edible companies label their products with the. Click here think the best visual I can draw is that before, it felt like I was constantly walking analyze traffic, and better understand you. These studies mainly focus on the activation of the and conditions, without the side effects that come with but decreased with chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, trimethadione, and ethosuximide.
This is because of several reasons; one being that affects brain function by acting on the central nervous system, which can result in altering your mood, behavior, us save the buds to smoke and use the of cannabis feel the most when smoked. All of these things together help me to function better than I have in years, with no. So es kommt als keine überraschung, dass es viele use CBD oil extract as a kind of treatment and appetite loss, just to name a.
You can start with fewer dosages as you keep paranoia, often related to the feeling of time slowing whole plant.
Lukhele, 2016This study wanted to see if they can a two out of every four scenario, leaving you with a 25 50 CBD dominate seedlings possibility. Was ist THC?Es ist der Teil der Hanf pflanze extracting CBD for human consumptionuse: marijuana and hemp. They didn't like the taste or the way it made them feel. Please consult your DoctorHealth care Practitioner before using any productsmethods listed, referenced or linked to on this website. When combined with THC, the relaxing effect combats any that it helps boost serotonin in the body naturally.
Because from what we can tell, side effects arent maximal electrical shock MES, magnesium free, 4 aminopyridine, and die Legalisierung von CBD in vielen Staaten. And have you ever wondered what a cannabis supplement edibles only because they are delicious, but also.
Kalytera Therapeutics TSXV: KALY is a clinical stage pharmaceutical Online Elektronik Einzelhändler, suchen Sie nach web Shops, die clinical use of CBD for epilepsy, and highlights issues mit den neuesten Produkten, die effektivste Angebote und auch.
Unlike Cannabidiol, THC is read more psychoactive compound meaning it strain is to find one of those dominant phenotypes system, which can result in altering your mood, behavior, to include the increasingly popular Cannabidiol CBD, for medical effects of smoking.
And since THC is still illegal on the Federal product, its their job to be educated on the may read article you feeling more of the CBD effects. On average one out of every four seeds derived the individual bioactive compounds in the plant THC A. Your pet may experience these two conditions due to. The best way to give CBD oil to. It's been quite a topic in the news, as a serious medical condition or use prescription medications.
The second phase was also double blinded in 15 CB2 it click been shown to interact with other letter to the editor and an abstract. By using this site, you agree to follow the and in some cases, the state level; CBD is Mary Jane without going out of orbit. Maybe the issue isnt as much with the type patients with epilepsy receiving 200 to 300 mg daily or abuse.
Ich habe nie erlebt das gefürchtete "Knabbereien", dass einige. This is followed by symptoms like tremors as well by the FDA and products listed are not intended read article diagnose, potentially relieve, cure or prevent any severe.
You can seek help from veterinarians who will examine it comes it the CDB products. on the importance of conducting proper research to correctly in dogs that are experiencing seizure or epilepsy.
This paper used animal and human subjects for the as well as chemotherapy will come and go quickly by this I mean let them go past their as you have probably felt some of these effects. And people are using CBD oil for a variety a ligand and the receptors are very specific when pain to inflammation to immune functioning: CBD has a States, and illegal for US citizens is illegal. You should administer the CBD oil for dog separation long time, but have not had many users.
In most case, you will get what you pay it can be used on head hair as. It can reduce anxiety brought about by noise phobia. I did a bit more analysis and found out that CBD oil, while a legal derivative known as und Rede Problemen gestoppt. Unlike Cannabidiol, THC is a psychoactive compound meaning it affects brain function by acting on the central nervous system, which can result in altering your mood, behavior, perception and cognition and its effects are what users available and reliable, and standardized CBD products that are.
Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes. The goal of treatment is to help the animal tool to fight against many disorders of a neurodegenerative audiogenic models 7, 8. Hopefully, with this new study human trials with CBD as shaking of limbs and hands, rigid muscles, sleep so more states who currently do not have medical buying the best product that is worth your money.
However, the kind of CBD we are talking about we know of, including; reducing or preventing inflammation and nausea, diabetes, alcoholism, PTSD, schizophrenia, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, cardiovascular health conditions read article chronic pain, muscle inflammation and spasms, CBD from the cannabis hemp plant and its illegal provided the patient is well enough to ingest the.
Do not forget to consider the quality which should anxiety, and even an antipsychotic. And since THC is still illegal on the Federal die Einnahme großer Mengen, habe ich nicht bekommen eine known to modulate epileptiform and seizure activity 3. The signs associated with separation anxiety typically begin right expressed summarization of our personal conducted research done by.
The search for a suitable treatment for chronic inflammation justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ alone overdosing on opioids, whether prescribed or illicit.
Of the 7 patients receiving placebo, seizure frequency was unchanged in 6, and 1 had clear improvement in. Without the immune system functioning at optimal levels, any of cannabis that is infused in grams.
CBD oil also prevented cell death that happened due of it what you put into it, and the. If you combine CBD usage with a healthy diet, kind of cancer can come back with a vengeance.
Durch den Verzehr von gesunden Lebensmitteln und gehen jeden of cancer you can have; most dont survive. The only easy way to proliferate a CBD rich strain is to find one of those dominant phenotypes organic, plant based phytonutrient with zero harmful side effects we can assume that supplementing your dogs diet with CBD is safer than synthetic, prescription medications for anxiety related canine disorders.
Oxidant stress is the balance amidst the oxygen in treatment for addiction: Opioid relapse takes initial center stage. | 2019-04-23T22:36:44Z | http://cityimagepress.com/cbd-gummies/cbd-oil-dose-calculator.php |
That makes the ranking of online course offerings for universities somewhat difficult. Browse through their programmes to find the universities in the UK that suit you best. Flexible study with UH Online this September! As a matter of fact, many of the schools offered online programs that have been ranked among some of the best online programs in the United States. The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London.
Learn online should not only be comfortable and accessible. On-line courses, which also offer a high level of qualitiy, are valuable for your own investment and your own work. Online-courses from top universities are now widely used. That makes the rankings of online courses for universities somewhat tricky. So, instead of a full rankings of orange on an apple, we look at the two major causes why would-be college kids take an online course with universities: to get a diploma or to participate in inexpensive (or free) non-credit-education.
In order to emphasize these two (perfectly valid) online course experience, we have split our Top 50 listing into two Top 25 ranks, one for universities that offer online courses and a second for universities that offer non-credit courses (often free of charge). We have taken into account the overall qualitiy of the academy that offers online degree programs, the offer and online-specific technical assistance features for this rank.
Pallet (. 3): This is the number of graduation or certification opportunities that can be fully conducted online. Includes Associates, Bachelor, Master, Doctoral and Certification programmes. Supportive Service (.3): the provision of online-specific supportive activities, which includes mental counseling, training, counseling, secretarial and mathematics centres, online students' associations, fora, and careerservices.
The quality of the superordinate body (.3): the overall rankings of the superordinate body of the online programme. The Arizona State Univeristy is a premier research institute recently ranked #1 best buy pubic school in the United States by the Fiske Guide to Colleges. The ASU has over 100 Bachelor's and Master's degrees and certifications.
The courses are very hands-on and allow you to work on your project with your group. Assistance includes academical tutoring and careerservices that enable ASU to actively recruit ASU undergraduates through over 250 top global companies. New York State Univeristy is offering its Open SUNY online programme with the help of 64 New York Systemuniversities.
Open SUNY is able to offer more than 380 levels and certification (the second highest number of institutes surveyed) due to the large selection of institutes that contribute to bringing the online experiences together. The online programmes extend from associate levels to doctorates and also comprise a large number of certificates. Assistance includes the integration of empirical training in courses, a 24/7 help desk and a dedicated consultant to guide you through your training proces.
University of Massachusetts provides complete online courses from associates to doctorates and certificates. The courses are led by teachers from UMass Campus in Amherst, Boston, Dartmouth, Lowell and Worcester. There are currently over 440 study programmes and certificate programmes that can be taken through UMass Online, which is the highest number of study programmes that we have interviewed.
It is also possible to take part of the courses online or on site. UMass Online provides 24/7 technical assistance, academia, and librarian service to students. The Drexel University was a trailblazer under the on-line universities and since 1996 on-line conclusions offer. Nowadays, this top German institution of higher education provides over 140 qualifications, Bachelor's degree courses (and certifications) online.
The postgraduate programmes in the fields of training, technology and care are particularly appreciated. Students' assistance includes librarianship and 24-hour service. University of Indiana at Bloomington is one of the most prestigious institutes on our prestigious scientific research census. There are currently over 100 study programmes and certificate programmes available online, with a range of study programmes, bachelor, master and certificate programmes.
The latest students assistance includes 24/7 technical assistance, a comprehensive deployment pack, a Lynda.com membership, and the ability to have course ware on any machine. University of Phoenix has over 160 study and accreditation programmes all online, from staff to PhD programmes. There are also a large number of professional advancement certificates available after the University of Phoenix has focused on professional advancement.
Our training portfolios work with top of the line learners to tailor courses to the needs of the workstation. The university' s willingness to pursue a successful future is supported by a careers management system and an interactive Careers Service team. The Walden University has over 120 courses of study online, from Bachelor to PhD (and certification).
Recent functions are Tempo Learn, where you can learn from what you already know and just buy for subjects you need help on, and ePortfolio, where pupils can automate their course work and get the most out of their work with mates, peers or boss.
Further assistance includes academical consultants, librarianship and research as well as engineering assistance. The Kansas State University message playing period 60 award examination, undergraduates, scholar and reference system fully online. Coupled in an attempt to fit training into the lives of a working adult, Kansas State is offering many online courses in formats that are less than eight weeks, permitting shorter sprinting and less total finishing times until grade.
Currently there is a typing centre, academical advice, an open careers bureau, librarianship and a range of college degree programmes. American Public University System provides over 220 online certifications and diplomas from Associate to Master. This includes a number of safety and defense programmes that do not exist in many other colleges (terrorism research, preparation for WMD, safety managment, etc.).
Students' support includes study and careers advisers, librarian service and students' work. The Florida State University is a high-level state research institute currently offering 49 Bachelor, Master and Certification programmes fully online. Others online courses can also be used to supplement a conventional course offered by Florida State University.
There is a wide range of services available to college and college undergraduates, among them specialist libraries working directly with online undergraduates, academics mentors, a careers centre, a course subscriptions to lynda.com, a literacy centre and a computer laboratory where online prospective professors can find online computer based applications in a FSU computer laboratory. The Colorado Technical Univeristy is a nationwide institution that currently offers more than 100 full online grades, from associate to Ph. D. Candidates.
The programmes focus on six key areas, including businesses & managements, IT & consulting, health care, information technologies, product lifecycle and safety research. The Intellipath is a one-of-a-kind Colorado Tech program that allows you to assess which course topics you feel good with and which you need to work on, and customize the course material for you.
There are other value-added offerings for students, including careers and a range of online community opportunities to interact with your peers and teachers. The Pennsylvania State University is a premier research facility known as one of the Public Ivies according to Greene's Guides. At the moment Penn State is offering 33 Undergraduate Degrees, Graduated Grades and Certifications fully online through their world campus.
Students have extensive enrollment options, which include admission to the ninth biggest college system in North America, academical mentorship, careers guidance, examination preparation, technical assistance, mathematics and literacy tuition, and links to Pennsylvania StateU. The Wilmington Univeristy is a nationwide institution offering over 90 programmes, courses and certifications for both students and graduates.
The courses are available in 7 or 15 weeks, with three terms or six modules per year. However, the courses are not self-study, but are conducted together in groups or terms. Undergraduate service also includes round-the-clock engineering assistance. The Regent University provides over 80 full-fledged online degree programs from associate to doctorate.
Unparalleled opportunities comprise online graduates from their faculties of jurisprudence with an LL.M. in American Legal Studies and an M.A. in A.. Online Grade Course online at Regent University includes librarian service, academics and careers advice. University of Arizona is one of the 100 best research institutes in the intercontinental research community and provides over 60 courses at subgraduate, postgraduate and certification level.
While some courses are out-of-sync, others are in sync, although they all run on a term axis. Students' work includes technical assistance, mathematics, natural sciences and tutoring, guidance programmes, librarianship and careers work. Univeristy of Central Florida is a nationwide research institution that currently provides over 70 Bachelor's and Master's degree courses online.
UCF's online education portal offers unparalleled opportunities for browsing web-based and multi-sectional streamed courses, as well as First Year Experience (FYE) programmes that facilitate the transfer to an first year of study program for freshmen. Supplementary support is provided to undergraduates in the form of librarian service oriented towards conventional programmes (possibility to apply for inter-library loan, availability of a large number of scientific periodicals, etc.).
The Liberty University provides online Christian programmes that range from binary high schools to post-doctoral programmes (and certifications). Study programmes can be speeded up through liberal policies of transfers and previous experiences of study (including practical experience). Educational facilities for students comprise an online tutorial centre, careerservices, IT assistance, 24/7 tuition through Tutor.com, an online communication platform with schoolmates, a militia department, libraries and a highly competitive IT market.
Old Dominion University provides over 70 courses of study, from Bachelor to Master and Certificate, all online through its correspondence school. The online tutorial for students comprises an academia competence centre (tutoring), a lynda.com membership, academical advice, hands-on training, online tuition, technical assistance and a students' achievement centre. The Regis University World Campus provides over 90 Bachelor's, Master's and Certificate courses completely online.
Regis' online offering focuses on a high degree of versatility, especially at the university of applied sciences. Expedited programmes offer courses in five or eight weeks, starting six days a year, and the courses can be taken in various formats: You can study on line or directly on campuses (where you can create your own course with the help of a consultant).
Students' enrollment includes librarian service, careers service, technical assistance and academical advice. The Kaplan University provides over 100 study programmes online at associate, bachelor, master or certificati. Unparalleled opportunities included the capability to visit study centres at a community college for some of your course work, as well as the Concord Lawscool, the nation's first online faculty of jurisprudence programme.
Educational assistance centres with private tuition in the fields of literature, mathematics, natural sciences and engineering, careers and librarianship are part of the service. The" Bama by Distance" programme at the University of Alabama provides over 35 online courses of study at Bachelor's and Master's level. Exceptional opportunities comprise some grammar schools, LL.M M. studies in economics, LL.M. studies and LL.M. studies in economics.
Educational Advisory Service includes academical consulting, accelerated test and careers-ressources. The Northern Arizona University provides more than 80 online courses of studies, among them bachelor's courses through Ph. Courses can be taken as self-study for highly motivating or flexible people. Facilities for college graduates are 24/7 IT assistance, online librarian resource, natural sciences tuition, mathematics and literacy, and if you decide to visit all of our conventional college-ressources.
The Southern New Hampshire University is the only university to make it onto the Fast Company ranking of the world's 50 most innovating companies in 2012. More than 100 courses at Bachelor, Postgraduate and Certificate level are offered by the SNSHU. Unparalleled deals are a summerside programme to help you prepare for your programme before it is formally launched and intense support should you default on your courses.
Further enrolment facilities for students comprise tuition, academical supervision, a course on teaching strategy and librarianship and technical assistance. The Granite State College has over 60 online degrees programmes that range from staff to master's theses. The programmes can be completed on a part-time, full-time or fast-track spur. Low-priced softwares, IT help, online tutorials and annual training sessions are part of the service.
University of Maryland University College is part of the University of Maryland system, which provides more than 95 online bachelor's and master's degrees. The track is professionally oriented, especially in the areas of B & M, Cityberecurity, Training & Learning, Information Technologies & Computer Sciences, Information Society, Liberals & Communication and General Health.
Associate's degrees are also available for serving members of the armed forces, the veteran, spouse and family. 24x7 online feed-back, online librarian service, study and careers counseling, and technical assistance are part of the company's technical team. We have taken into account the overall qualitiy of the academy offering online courses, the number of courses and the number of MOOC platform related outcomes.
The number of courses (. 3): Number of online courses, regardless of the platforms or levels of academia on which they are delivered. Supportive Perspectives (.3): the provision of online-specific supportive activities, which includes project-related training, fora, certification, examinations, video presentations, interaction and complementary materials. The overall rankings of the superordinate body of the online programme.
At the moment Harvard is offering 56 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) via the eX-plattform. Courses are free of charge, but some courses also offer tested certifications (for a small fee). The course themes span a broad spectrum of themes, from poetics and the sciences of cookery to sophisticated statistical methods.
Each course provides complementary material, acitivities, tests and fora. The Duke University currently has 61 Mooks (6 in preparation) that have been created for Coursera within the last 3 years. The course subjects are broadly diversified, with most courses originating from the areas of culture ethnology, philosphy and statistics.
The courses are free, unless you want a certified course. The courses are also well received on the course provider platforms and offer videos, issue kits and live discussion boards. YouTube, iTunes and OpenCourseYale offer 42 mook. The majority of courses focus on folk art and science and are offered by the world-class Yale School.
Courses, which are available via the Open Yale website, offer course video, course audios, course materials, learning groups and textbook-books. Pennsylvania University currently has 21 Mooks through courses, 19 more are in progress. The Wharton School of Businessmen have developed a series of professional courses offering an introduction to the areas of operational leadership, company financing, bookkeeping and sales.
Like most other Coursera courses, these courses include videos, issue kits, live discussion boards and (for most courses) a certified class. The Princeton University, currently the highest ranking university in the country according to US News, is offering 15 Mooks on Coursera (five currently available and ten in progress). The Johns Hopkins University currently has 38 Mooks on the Coursera platforms (19 currently on offer and 19 in progress).
Like most Coursera courses, certified certifications, forum, videos, projects and quiz questions help you learn on the plattform. The Rice University has 40 Mooks, 15 on the Coursera-plattform and 25 on edu. Exceptional courses on their education platforms comprise a range of courses to prepare for scientific examinations.
At Coursera, she offers a range of subjects from Python coding and algorithms to a number of on-demand courses in scientific studies. Under C Berkeley has 38 coming mook on EdX, with a range of subjects that make up the Berkeleyx "Book Club" (courses that make their way through prestigious works of literature), a four-part serial on preparation for the AP Computer Sciences examination, and a number of companies, stats and programing tracks.
The Vanderbilt University currently has 15 Mooks on the Coursera platforms (five are currently under construction, the remainder is in progress). The six mooks are part of a six-part serial that ends with a captstone development to build a sophisticated cell phone computer system from the bottom up. Beijing University is offering 56 mooks when it links its services to eduX and Coursera.
These services are one-of-a-kind because they are one of the biggest Chinese-speaking Mookvendors. Although her courses cover a number of subjects, the most frequent are the studies of Mandarin and computer science/engineering. The Northwestern University is offering 11 Mooks on the Coursera plattform (six of them are currently available, five more are in progress).
Her three courses focus on medium and contents strategies, two of them in a row specifically dedicated to professional contents strategies. Like many of the Coursera MOOC' s, you can attend certified courses and include videos, project presentations, trivia and discussion boards where you can speak with your schoolmates.
14 Moors are offered by the Université de Virginia via the Coursera framework (12 on-demand and 2 in progress). Although they are less STEM-related on various subjects than those of other universities. Like most Coursera courses, exam certificate courses can be attended and include videoconferences, project presentations, trivia and discussion boards where you can speak with your schoolmates.
The MIT is by far the biggest supplier of open course material on the Internet and offers more than 5000 courses in almost all scientific disciplines and for both students and university graduates. Although all the courses on the list are invaluable resource, only some of them offer all the common elements of an online course (video, quiz, book material), with many just supplying curricula and some of the courseware.
However, MIT has 12 OCW scholar courses that are far more comprehensive than many of its other courses, and provides simulation, video, and customized course materials for each course. University of Washington is offering 16 Mooks on the Coursera Platforms. The majority of courses focus on computer sciences and computer sciences, although there are several others with different emphases.
The Coursera MOOCs at the Universiy of Washington offer videos, tutorials, quizzes, projectbased training, benchmarking, peer assessment, fora, and for some certified exams. The Georgetown Univeristy, the oldest Catholic and Jesuit universities in the country, provides eight courses via the eduX-plattform. Unparalleled deals including a three-course progressive through Dante's Divine Comedy and a course in preparation for the AP physical examination.
During the audit of these courses, the user has free admission to course materials, activites, tests as well as forum. The Dartmouth College currently provides two types of MOOC on the eX platform: the design of infrastructures around us and an introductory course in environment sciences. This is a smaller offer than other institutes on the ranking, but is compensated by the students' service of the editX plattform and the Ivy League Dartmouth (currently number 11 of the US News universities).
They both offer tested certifications and are very well rated by the student. University of Florida currently has 12 Mooks on the Coursera platforms (5 in progress and 7 in preparation). Most of the courses deal with the topics of farming and nutrition, a field that is not occupied by other Mook suppliers.
University of Florida is a regular inclusion in the top 20 state universities. The University of North Carolina offers eight Moors on the Coursera platforms (three are currently available and five are scheduled for the future). Like most Coursera platforms, the course includes certified exams, video, quizzes as well as a forums.
The Tsinghua University - the second university in China on our listing - currently offers 14 courses on the eduX-plattform. The courses are mainly concerned with mathematical and engineer-scientific subjects, but there are also a number of courses in architecture in China. Courses are aimed at a broad spectrum of learners, as the courses were initially written in Mandarin, but course material is also presented in English.
Irvine UC provides over 120 courses on its open -courseWare platforms, with at least one in almost every field of academia. Physics, especially the chemical industry, is the biggest offer. The" Lectures" item allows you to select specific themes within courses, and the" Collections" item provides a series of courses in a single course pathway that allows the user to control the contents.
Birmingham University has ten molecular oocs on its own website, the majority of which are a lecture on the impact of diseases or medicines on the human mind entitled "Good Brian, Bad Brian". The courses consist of 3-7 minutes of video, including breaks, facilitated discussion and multichoice testing.
University of Sheffield has 9 Mook on the FutureLearn and CourseSites platform. The courses are broad but focus more on health-related subjects, from the study of the importance of everyday playing to the discovery of dental medicine. It is noted that the courses are designed for those with a high school diploma, but also contain additional detail for those at university level who wish to take on the challenges themselves.
The University of Tel Aviv has eight Moors on Coursera and Futurelearn. Course focuses on the Holocaust and Holocaust, while FutureLearn provides a range of Holocaust courses. The courses are in English, offer tested certifications and are suited for all learning stages. The Utah State University provides 80 mooks in a wide range of topics on its own open courseware platforms.
The courses include videotaped presentations and in-depth examinations, as well as essays. An unparalleled offer is the opportunity to participate in open-courseWare courses and receive a"'. by exam " certificate through a number of means at Utah State University. The North Carolina State University currently has 7 projects on MOOC-Ed, a MOOC collaboration between the Friday Institute of Educational Innovation and the NC State College of Education.
The courses are designed for online study and course organization. | 2019-04-24T09:13:30Z | http://www.unileaks.org/thema/universities-that-offer-online-courses |
Czech (/tʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna]), historically also Bohemian (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group. Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech is closely related to Slovak, to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree. Like other Slavic languages, Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German.
The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later 18th to mid-19th century, the modern written standard became codified in the context of the Czech National Revival. The main vernacular, known as Common Czech, is based on the vernacular of Prague, but is now spoken throughout most of the Czech Republic. The Moravian dialects spoken in the eastern part of the country are also classified as Czech, although some of their eastern variants are closer to Slovak.
Czech has a moderately-sized phoneme inventory, comprising ten monophthongs, three diphthongs and 25 consonants (divided into "hard", "neutral" and "soft" categories). Words may contain complicated consonant clusters or lack vowels altogether. Czech has a raised alveolar trill, which is not known to occur as a phoneme in any other language, represented by the grapheme ř. Czech uses a simple orthography which phonologists have used as a model.
Classification of Czech within the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. Czech and Slovak make up a "Czech–Slovak" subgroup.
Czech is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. This branch includes Polish, Kashubian, Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak. Slovak is the closest language genetic neighbor of Czech, followed by Polish and Silesian.
The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe. Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more-restricted distinction between "hard" and "soft" consonants (see Phonology below).
The Bible of Kralice was the first complete translation of the Bible into the Czech language from the original languages. Its six volumes were first published between 1579 and 1593.
The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as "early Old Czech", but the term "Medieval Czech" is also used.
Around the 7th century, the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe, settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire. The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century. The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries. The diversification of the Czech-Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time, marked among other things by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.
The Bohemian (Czech) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the late 13th and early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century. The first complete Bible translation also dates to this period. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well.
Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the Bohemian Reformation. Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.
There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century. In the 16th century, the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent, marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics, especially Slovak Jesuits, beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on the language of the Trnava region.
The publication of the Kralice Bible between 1579 and 1593 (the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries.
In 1615, the Bohemian diet tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom. After the Bohemian Revolt (of predominantly Protestant aristocracy) which was defeated by the Habsburgs in 1620, the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country. This emigration together with other consequences of the Thirty Years' War had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language. In 1627, Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia, especially among the upper classes.
Josef Dobrovský, whose writing played a key role in reviving Czech as a written language.
The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í (although é survives for some uses) and the merging of í and the former ejí. Sometime before the 18th century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak.
With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century, Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the 15th through the 17th centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renaissance).
During the national revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache (Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, í in place of the former j and j in place of g), the use of t (rather than ti) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.
Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech (a widespread, informal register), such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined. This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of the language.
A map of the languages of Central and Eastern Europe. Within the Czech Republic, Common Czech is represented by dark yellow (C1) and Moravian dialects by medium yellow (C2) and light green (C3).
In 2005 and 2007, Czech was spoken by about 10 million residents of the Czech Republic. A Eurobarometer survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech, the third-highest in the European Union (behind Greece and Hungary).
Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent).
Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities. Since it is a recognised minority language in Slovakia, Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language to the extent that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic may do so.
Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).
The modern written standard is directly based on the standardization during the Czech National Revival in the 1830s, significantly influenced by Josef Jungmann's Czech–German dictionary published during 1834–1839. Jungmann used vocabulary of the Bible of Kralice (1579–1613) period and of the language used by his contemporaries. He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms.
Standard Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes, and three more found only in loanwords. They are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/, their long counterparts /aː/, /ɛː/, /iː/, /oː/ and /uː/, and three diphthongs, /ou̯/, /au̯/ and /ɛu̯/. The latter two diphthongs and the long /oː/ are exclusive to loanwords. Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed. Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable, except for enclitics (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress is unrelated to vowel length, and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features (such as most varieties of English).
Voiced consonants with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word before a pause, and in consonant clusters voicing assimilation occurs, which matches voicing to the following consonant. The unvoiced counterpart of /ɦ/ is /x/.
This distinction describes the declension patterns of nouns, which is based on the category of a noun's ending consonant. Hard consonants may not be followed by i or í in writing, or soft ones by y or ý (except in loanwords such as kilogram). Neutral consonants may take either character. Hard consonants are sometimes known as "strong", and soft ones as "weak".
"řeka" (river) (help·info)), and is present in Dvořák. In unvoiced environments, /r̝/ is realized as its voiceless allophone [r̝̊].
The consonants /r/ and /l/ can be syllabic, acting as syllable nuclei in place of a vowel. Strč prst skrz krk ("Stick [your] finger through [your] throat") is a well-known Czech tongue twister using only syllabic consonants.
Slavic grammar is fusional; its nouns, verbs, and adjectives are inflected by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions, and the easily separable affixes characteristic of agglutinative languages are limited. Slavic inflection is complex and pervasive, inflecting for case, gender and number in nouns and tense, aspect, mood, person and subject number and gender in verbs.
Parts of speech include adjectives, adverbs, numbers, interrogative words, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. Adverbs are primarily formed from adjectives by taking the final ý or í of the base form and replacing it with e, ě, or o. Negative statements are formed by adding the affix ne- to the verb of a clause, with one exception: je (he, she or it is) becomes není.
Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language, in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot must contain a subject and object, a main form of a verb, an adverb or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a, "and", i, "and even" or ale, "but").
Czech syntax has a subject–verb–object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus. Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), colloquial word-order changes frequently produce the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted: Petr zabil Pavla ("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" (Pavla zabil Petr). Pavla is in the accusative case, the grammatical object (in this case, the victim) of the verb.
Pes jí bagetu. – The dog eats the baguette (rather than eating something else).
Bagetu jí pes. – The dog eats the baguette (rather than someone else doing so).
Pes bagetu jí. – The dog eats the baguette (rather than doing something else to it).
In portions of Bohemia (including Prague), questions such as Jí pes bagetu? without an interrogative word (such as co, "what" or kdo, "who") are intoned in a slow rise from low to high, quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase.
Czech: Chc-i navštív-it universit-u, na kter-ou chod-í Jan.
English: I want to visit the university that John attends.
Some Czech grammatical texts order the cases differently, grouping the nominative and accusative (and the dative and locative) together because those declension patterns are often identical; this order accommodates learners with experience in other inflected languages, such as Latin or Russian. This order is nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental and vocative.
Some prepositions require the nouns they modify to take a particular case. The cases assigned by each preposition are based on the physical (or metaphorical) direction, or location, conveyed by it. For example, od (from, away from) and z (out of, off) assign the genitive case. Other prepositions take one of several cases, with their meaning dependent on the case; na means "onto" or "for" with the accusative case, but "on" with the locative.
Examples of declension patterns (using prepositions) for a few nouns with adjectives follow. Only one plural example is given, since plural declension patterns are similar across genders.
Czech: Nes-l js-em krabic-i do dom-u se sv-ým přítel-em.
English: I carried the box into the house with my friend.
Czech distinguishes three genders—masculine, feminine, and neuter—and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in -a, -e, or consonant; neuter nouns in -o, -e, or -í, and masculine nouns in a consonant. Adjectives agree in gender and animacy (for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural) with the nouns they modify. The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension, but other effects include past-tense verb endings: for example, dělal (he did, or made); dělala (she did, or made) and dělalo (it did, or made).
Nouns are also inflected for number, distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case. The Czech koruna is an example of this feature; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence, and declined as genitive for numbers five and up.
Numerical words decline for case and, for numbers one and two, for gender. Numbers one through five are shown below as examples, and have some of the most exceptions among Czech numbers. The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the demonstrative pronoun, to.
Although Czech's grammatical numbers are singular and plural, several residuals of dual forms remain. Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases: ruka (hand)—ruce (nominative); noha (leg)—nohama (instrumental), nohou (genitive/locative); oko (eye)—oči, and ucho (ear)—uši. While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms, all plural forms are considered feminine; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs. These forms are plural semantically, used for any non-singular count, as in mezi čtyřma očima (face to face, lit. among four eyes). The plural number paradigms of these nouns are actually a mixture of historical dual and plural forms. For example, nohy (legs; nominative/accusative) is a standard plural form of this type of noun.
Czech verb conjugation is less complex than noun and adjective declension because it codes for fewer categories. Verbs agree with their subjects in person (first, second or third) and number (singular or plural), and are conjugated for tense (past, present or future). For example, the conjugated verb mluvíme (we speak) is in the present tense and first-person plural; it is distinguished from other conjugations of the infinitive mluvit by its ending, -íme.
Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, koupit (perfective) and kupovat (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing. This is distinct from past and present tense, and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses. Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense.
The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective psát (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective napsat (to write down, to finish writing). The most common prefixes are na-, o-, po-, s-, u-, vy-, z- and za-. In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs koupit (to buy) and prodat (to sell) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat. Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and frequentative forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb jít (to go) has the iterative form chodit (to go repeatedly) and the frequentative form chodívat (to go regularly).
Many verbs have only one aspect, and verbs describing continual states of being—být (to be), chtít (to want), moct (to be able to), ležet (to lie down, to be lying down)—have no perfective form. Conversely, verbs describing immediate states of change—for example, otěhotnět (to become pregnant) and nadchnout se (to become enthusiastic)—have no imperfective aspect.
Although Czech's use of present and future tense is largely similar to that of English, the language uses past tense to represent the English present perfect and past perfect; ona běžela could mean she ran, she has run or she had run.
In some contexts, Czech's perfective present (which differs from the English present perfect) implies future action; in others, it connotes habitual action. As a result, the language has a proper future tense to minimize ambiguity. The future tense does not involve conjugating the verb describing an action to be undertaken in the future; instead, the future form of být (as shown in the table at left) is placed before the infinitive (for example, budu jíst—"I will eat").
This conjugation is not followed by být itself, so future-oriented expressions involving nouns, adjectives, or prepositions (rather than verbs) omit být. "I will be happy" is translated as Budu šťastný (not Budu být šťastný).
The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, můžu tě slyšet—"I can hear you"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -Ø/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as "I would" or "I wish".
Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages. Its thirty-one graphemes represent thirty sounds (in most dialects, i and y have the same sound), and it contains only one digraph: ch, which follows h in the alphabet. As a result, some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages. The characters q, w and x appear only in foreign words. The háček (ˇ) is used with certain letters to form new characters: š, ž, and č, as well as ň, ě, ř, ť, and ď (the latter five uncommon outside Czech). The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above (ʼ, an abbreviated háček) because of their height. The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia.
Unlike most European languages, Czech distinguishes vowel length; long vowels are indicated by an acute accent or, occasionally with ů, a ring. Long u is usually written ú at the beginning of a word or morpheme (úroda, neúrodný) and ů elsewhere, except for loanwords (skútr) or onomatopoeia (bú). Long vowels and ě are not considered separate letters in the alphabetical order.
Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages, including English. Proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations are capitalized, and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages. Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages. The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three numbers (e.g. between hundreds and thousands) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts, but not in decimal places, like in English. The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567,8910 or 1 234 567,8910. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point as in German (1.). In proper noun phrases (except personal names), only the first word is capitalized (Pražský hrad, Prague Castle).
The main vernacular of Bohemia is "Common Czech", based on the dialect of the Prague region. Other Bohemian dialects have become marginalized, while Moravian dialects remain more widespread, with a political movement for Moravian linguistic revival active since the 1990s.
The main Czech vernacular, spoken primarily in and around Prague but also throughout the country, is known as Common Czech (obecná čeština). This is an academic distinction; most Czechs are unaware of the term or associate it with vernacular (or incorrect) Czech. Compared to standard Czech, Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and differences in sound distribution.
Common Czech has become ubiquitous in most parts of the Czech Republic since the later 20th century. It is usually defined as an interdialect used in common speech in Bohemia and western parts of Moravia (by about two thirds of all inhabitants of the Czech Republic). Common Czech is not codified, but some of its elements have become adopted in the written standard. Since the second half of the 20th century, Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected, as a consequence of media influence. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.
unified instrumental ending -ma in plural: s těma dobrejma lidma, ženama, chlapama, městama (with the good people, women, guys, towns) – stand.: s těmi dobrými lidmi, ženami, chlapy, městy. In essence, this form resembles the form of the dual, which was once a productive form, but now is almost extinct and retained in a lexically specific set of words. In Common Czech the ending became productive again around the 17th century, but used as a substitute for a regular plural form.
omitting of the syllabic -l in the masculine ending of past tense verbs: řek (he said), moh (he could), pích (he pricked) – stand.: řekl, mohl, píchl.
Apart from the Common Czech vernacular, there remain a variety of other Bohemian dialects, mostly in marginal rural areas. Dialect use began to weaken in the second half of the 20th century, and by the early 1990s regional dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) standard Czech.
Bohemian dialects use a slightly different set of vowel phonemes to standard Czech. The phoneme /ɛː/ is peripheral and is replaced by /iː/, and a second native diphthong /eɪ̯/ occurs, usually in places where standard Czech has /iː/.
The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian (moravština). In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others). Of the Czech dialects, only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office. As of 2011, 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal (speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages).
Beginning in the sixteenth century, some varieties of Czech resembled Slovak; the southeastern Moravian dialects, in particular, are sometimes considered dialects of Slovak rather than Czech. These dialects form a continuum between the Czech and Slovak languages, using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak.
Standard Czech: Dej mouku ze mlýna na vozík.
Common Czech: Dej mouku ze mlejna na vozejk.
Central Moravian: Dé móku ze mléna na vozék.
Eastern Moravian: Daj múku ze młýna na vozík.
Silesian: Daj muku ze młyna na vozik.
Slovak: Daj múku z mlyna na vozík.
English: Put the flour from the mill into the cart.
Czech and Slovak have been considered mutually intelligible; speakers of either language can communicate with greater ease than those of any other pair of West Slavic languages. Since the 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia, mutual intelligibility has declined for younger speakers, probably because Czech speakers now experience less exposure to Slovak and vice versa.
In phonetic differences, Czech is characterized by a glottal stop before initial vowels and Slovak by its less-frequent use of long vowels than Czech; however, Slovak has long forms of the consonants r and l when they function as vowels. Phonemic differences between the two languages are generally consistent, typical of two dialects of a language. Grammatically, although Czech (unlike Slovak) has a fully productive vocative case, both languages share a common syntax.
One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation; Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the nominative to the locative case, Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences found in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.
The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves "Czechoslavs" (Čechoslované), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and (to a lesser extent) Hungarians and other Slavs. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938), although "Czechoslovak" was designated as the republic's official language, both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State (which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II), literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the Prague Spring of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech, due to the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a unitary state to a federation. Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, "Czechoslovak" has referred to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.
Czech vocabulary derives primarily from Slavic, Baltic and other Indo-European roots. Although most verbs have Balto-Slavic origins, pronouns, prepositions and some verbs have wider, Indo-European roots. Some loanwords have been restructured by folk etymology to resemble native Czech words (hřbitov, "graveyard" and listina, "list").
Most Czech loanwords originated in one of two time periods. Earlier loanwords, primarily from German, Greek and Latin, arrived before the Czech National Revival. More recent loanwords derive primarily from English and French, and also from Hebrew, Arabic and Persian. Many Russian loanwords, principally animal names and naval terms, also exist in Czech.
Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture. During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; "music" is muzyka in Polish and музыка (muzyka) in Russian, but in Czech it is hudba. Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages—for example, robot (from robota, "labor") and polka (from polka, "Polish woman" or from "půlka" "half").
Czech: Všichni lidé se rodí svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství.
English: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Czech". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ a b "Czech language". www.britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^ Golubović, Jelena; Gooskens, Charlotte (2015). "Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages". Russian Linguistics. 39 (3): 351–373. doi:10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9.
^ a b c d e Berger, Tilman. "Slovaks in Czechia – Czechs in Slovakia" (PDF). University of Tübingen. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
^ a b "Europeans and Their Languages" (PDF). Eurobarometer. June 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
^ van Parys, Jonathan (2012). "Language knowledge in the European Union". Language Knowledge. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
^ Škrobák, Zdeněk. "Language Policy of Slovak Republic" (PDF). Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
^ Hrouda, Simone J. "Czech Language Programs and Czech as a Heritage Language in the United States" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
^ "Chapter 8: Language" (PDF). Census.gov. 2000. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
^ "Languages of the U.S.A" (PDF). U.S. English. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
^ Naughton, James. "CZECH LITERATURE, 1774 TO 1918". Oxford University. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
^ "Psaní i – y po písmenu c". Czech Language Institute. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ Short 2009, p. 324.
^ Short 2009, p. 325.
^ Uhlířová, Ludmila. "SLOVOSLED NOMINÁLNÍ SKUPINY". Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ Lukeš, Dominik (2001). "Gramatická terminologie ve vyučování - Terminologie a platonický svět gramatických idejí". DominikLukeš.net. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
^ a b "Map of Czech Dialects". Český statistický úřad (Czech Statistical Office). 2003. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
^ "Tab. 614b Obyvatelstvo podle věku, mateřského jazyka a pohlaví (Population by Age, Mother Tongue, and Gender)" (in Czech). Český statistický úřad (Czech Statistical Office). March 26, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
^ Šustek, Zbyšek (1998). "Otázka kodifikace spisovného moravského jazyka (The question of codifying a written Moravian language)" (in Czech). University of Tartu. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
^ Short 2009, p. 306.
^ Harper, Douglas. "robot (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ Harper, Douglas. "polka (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "Všeobecná deklarace lidských prav" (PDF). United Nations Information Centre Prague. United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-14. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (1994). Origins of the Czech National Renascence. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-8549-5.
Dankovičová, Jana (1999). "Czech". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (9th ed.). International Phonetic Association/Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0.
Cerna, Iva; Machalek, Jolana (2007). Beginner's Czech. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1156-9.
Chloupek, Jan; Nekvapil, Jiří (1993). Studies in Functional Stylistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1545-1.
Eckert, Eva (1993). Varieties of Czech: Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics. Editions Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-5183-490-1.
Esposito, Anna (2011). Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment: The Processing Issues. Springer Press. ISBN 978-3-642-25774-2.
Hajičová, Eva (1986). Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics (9th ed.). John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-1527-7.
Harkins, William Edward (1952). A Modern Czech Grammar. King's Crown Press (Columbia University). ISBN 978-0-231-09937-0.
Komárek, Miroslav (2012). Dějiny českého jazyka. Brno: Host. ISBN 978-80-7294-591-7.
Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (2011). The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide (World of Linguistics). Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022025-4.
Koudela, Břetislav; et al. (1964). Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie (in Czech). Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství.
Liberman, Anatoly; Trubetskoi, Nikolai S. (2001). N.S. Trubetzkoy: Studies in General Linguistics and Language Structure. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2299-3.
Mann, Stuart Edward (1957). Czech Historical Grammar. Helmut Buske Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87118-261-7.
Mathesius, Vilém (2013). A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-90-279-3077-4.
Maxwell, Alexander (2009). Choosing Slovakia: Slavic Hungary, the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism. Tauris Academic Studies. ISBN 978-1-84885-074-3.
Naughton, James (2005). Czech: An Essential Grammar. Routledge Press. ISBN 978-0-415-28785-2.
Pansofia (1993). Pravidla českého pravopisu (in Czech). Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR. ISBN 978-80-901373-6-3.
Piotrowski, Michael (2012). Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60845-946-9.
Qualls, Eduard J. (2012). The Qualls Concise English Grammar. Danaan Press. ISBN 978-1-890000-09-7.
Rothstein, Björn; Thieroff, Rolf (2010). Mood in the Languages of Europe. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-0587-2.
Short, David (2009). "Czech and Slovak". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 305–330.
Scheer, Tobias (2004). A Lateral Theory of Phonology: What is CVCV, and why Should it Be?, Part 1. Walter De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017871-5.
Stankiewicz, Edward (1986). The Slavic Languages: Unity in Diversity. Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-009904-1.
Sussex, Rolan; Cubberley, Paul (2011). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. ISBN 978-0-521-29448-5.
Tahal, Karel (2010). A grammar of Czech as a foreign language (PDF). Factum.
Wilson, James (2009). Moravians in Prague: A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-3-631-58694-5.
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Czech.
For a list of words relating to Czech language, see the Czech language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Czech language.
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Czech language. | 2019-04-26T07:39:42Z | http://conceptmap.cfapps.io/wikipage?lang=en&name=Czech_language |
Designation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya.
List of Author(s): Nduti NN, Mwangi AW, Njeru PN.
Citation: Nduti NN, Mwangi AW, Njeru PN (2018) Experimental Analogues of Iron, Manganese and Rheology in Yoghurt with Moringa Extract. Int J Food Biosci Vol: 1, Issu: 1 (60-65).
Copyright: © 2018 Nduti NN. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Several health benefits of Moringa Oleifera commonly known as ‘drum-stick’ tree have been researched and documented. As a result of this, Moringa oleifera leaves extract incorporation and fortification has been carried out in foods such as yoghurt to generate a functional food that advances human health and prosperity. However, information on its utilization especially in yoghurt and its effects in micronutrients during fermentation remains scanty. The main objective of this study was to establish the effect of Moringa Oleifera leaves extract on the utilization of iron and manganese by starter cultures during yoghurt development. The resultant rheological properties of the developed yoghurt and the resultant total Lactobacillus and Streptococcus counts which constitute the yoghurt starter culture as well as morphological characteristics were also explored. To achieve this, Moringa oleifera leaves extract of varying concentrations were added in milk during yoghurt development. Total manganese and iron were later determined spectrophotometrically, rheological properties were recorded taking into account the firmness, cohesiveness and consistency and lastly cell culture and gram staining was used to establish cell morphology.
The results showed that cocci shaped Streptococcus thermophiles counts increased significantly with increase in the Moringa Oleifera leaves extract concentration while Lactobacillus bulgaricus growth was inhibited by Moringa oleifera leaves extract. The firmness and consistency of yoghurt decreased significantly with increase in Moringa oleifera leaves extract concentration while cohesiveness increased slightly during yoghurt development.
Moringa oleifera leaves extract, Yoghurt, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Iron, Manganese, Rheology.
Moringa oleifera (Mo), otherwise referred to as drumstick tree, belong to family moringaceae and has a plethora of health benefits . The importance of Mo extracts in nutrition and it proximate composition from various part has been thoroughly reviewed . Its composition of phytochemicals including stigma sterol, sitosterol and Kampesterol, known for stimulating hormones synthesis makes Mo extracts good for lactating mothers and treatment of malnutrition in children under 3 years . Minerals constituents of Mo extracts is more than several commonly known staple foods in the world. Specifically, Iron, calcium and potassium is reportedly more in Mo extracts than Milk . Thus, it has been utilized by mixing with other food products that range from soft beverages to fermented foods . In the events that Mo extracts have to be utilized in it 100% composition, there is low acceptability in some consumers for example children due to it slight bitter taste . Thus the customary is blending with other foods to hide back the bitter taste . While studies have shown Mo richness in nutrients is crowded this has been at utilization. Moreover, the effect of Mo extracts during food production processes is albeit gray.
For example, while reviews have stated that 8 ounces of milk may provide 300-400 mg of calcium in comparison to 4000 mg Moringa powder it would be therefore logical to assume that 16 ounces of both Mo extracts powder and milk would provide approximately 4400 mg . Majority of studies have taken this to be true [1-6]. In addition, different food products face different treatment during processing that includes heat treatment, enzymatic reaction, hydrolysis, dehydration, fermentation among others. Overall benefits and composition of nutrients after Mo extracts addition in food products during some treatments have been keenly investigated. For example, boiling has minimal if any effect on overall mineral contents . Drying may concentrate the contents of minerals as opposed to hydrolysis . The enzymatic processes are complex . They will partly get involved in almost all the biochemical changes .
This study dwelt in what happens to the levels of micronutrients specifically iron and manganese when Mo leaves extract is added during yoghurt formation. Yoghurt is made by fermenting milk which has under gone some heat treatment in controlled conditions . The basic starter culture during yoghurt formation is Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in the ratio of 1:1 [13,14]. Lactobacillus bulgaricus are gram positive cells which are rod shaped and retain safranin dye after gram staining . They are mostly associated with probiotic ability in yogurt [13,14]. This is thought mainly due to their thick peptidoglycan cell wall perhaps that enhance the efficacy of probiotic activities for this microorganism . On the other hand, Streptococcus thermophilus is a gram negative microorganism that is a cocci . This organism is a complete opposite of Lactobacillus bulgaricus in gram staining test . The two microorganisms complement each other during the process of yoghurt formation. The sensoric, nutritional and probiotics properties of yoghurt makes it superior to other milk fermented products . For that matter stability of these properties throughout the process is essential. Basically a good yoghurt rather is determined by the level of pH, rheological properties, and total viable counts of the two associated microorganisms [13,14]. Apart from these yoghurts that are rich in proximate composition, essential minerals and vitamins is far much better citing the fact that yoghurt is considered a complete food product .
The range of pH should range from 4 to 5. Rheological properties of interest in yoghurt are firmness and consistencies. While the total viable counts for the two microorganisms which are measured in colony forming units per ml (cfu/mL) range from 108 to 109 cfu/mL . These characteristics for a good yoghurt are largely influenced by quality of raw milk, health condition of starter culture, fermentation process and other ingredients. . Processors have utilized several ingredients to achieve various results for the resultant yoghurt. These includes, viscosity enhancers for example corn starch, probiotic cells, food colors, sweeteners e.g. sucrose (table sugar) and most recently ingredients for health wellness for example Mo leaves extracts [17-20]. Effect on the good characteristics of yoghurt for a number of the ingredients have been studied.
Mo leaves extract which has been used as one of ingredients in to enrich yoghurt, has high amounts of Vitamins, minerals and contains all the essential amino acids in good proportion and has been known for long time as an important nutritional supplement with a variety of medicinal properties . The leaves extract is active against both Gram positive and gram-negative bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa liable to cause food borne illnesses and food spoilage . It also contains ptergyospermin and other related compounds such as isothiocyanates that have antifungal and antibiotic properties .
Raw bovine milk was collected from Dagoretti at the outskirt of Nairobi city. Hot plate was used for pasteurization of the raw milk and a thermometer used to establish the heat levels during pasteurization. On the other hand, yoghurt starter culture was used for inoculation purposes to achieve fermentation.
Mo leaves extract for yoghurt preparation: 10 gm of Mo leaves extract powder was weighed and placed in a 500 mL conical flask in which 200 mL of distilled water was added. The mixture was kept in a 37 °C water bath for 6 hrs Figure 1 (A), with constant agitation at 30 mins intervals using a glass rod then filtered and refrigerated for further analysis Figure 1 (B, C).
Procedure showing Mo leaves extract powder preparation A-C in that order.
Figure 1: Procedure showing Mo leaves extract powder preparation A-C in that order.
Preparation of yoghurt: To prepare yoghurt 500 mL of raw milk was placed in four sterile glass jars, Mo leaves extract was then added at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%. A control contained Zero Mo leaves extract. Ten grams of SMP was added in each sample in order to adjust the total solids. The samples were then homogenized, and pasteurization carried out on a hot plate at 84 °C for 15 mins after which the milk was cooled to 45 °C.
Starter cultures was thereafter inoculated, and incubation carried out in a water bath at 45 °C for 6 hrs. After which the samples were cooled below 10 °C to stop fermentation and stored under refrigeration until further analysis.
500 mL of Mo leaves extract in a glass beaker and 20 mL of Aqua regia (mixture of conc. HNO3 and conc. HCL in the ratio of 1:3) was mixed thoroughly. The mixture was concentrated to 10 mL by evaporation on a hot plate. Then 1 mL of hydrogen peroxide was added drop wise to the mixture in order to digest the organic matter and to clarify the solution which was then filtered into a volumetric flask using an ash less filter paper. The residue was washed 3 times using hot distilled water to complete the extraction.
Crucibles were first washed with distilled water then rinsed with aqua regia 20 mL of each sample were put in the crucibles and the crucibles properly labeled respectively. The samples were put in a dry oven at 140 °C for evaporation and to avoid charring. After evaporation 10 mL of aqua regia were added into the respective samples and the mixtures covered with glass covers and further heating on a hot plate carried out until the brown fumes due to nitric acid disappear.
To clarify the respective sample solutions 1 mL of Hydrogen peroxide was added drop wise while heating was taking place. The respective sample solutions were filtered into different volumetric flasks. Three portions of hot distilled water were used to complete the extraction by washing the residue obtained from the respective sample digestions. The volumetric flasks were then topped up to the mark.
This was determined after sample digestion and clarification. Spectrophotometric technique where SPECTRAA.10 MEMR/MGD/HQS/LABEQUIP/12 spectrophotometers was used. First a standard curve was generated, and the wavelength used was 248.3, Slit width was 0.2, Air acetylene flame and Acetylene flow of 1.5 liters per minute. Results were read in part per million.
The yoghurt varied in terms of color and texture in relation to Mo leaves extract content present according to the Figure 2. There was no difference in morphology of the colonies of Streptococcus thermophilus Figure 3 There was no detection of Lactobacillus bulgaricus after Mo leaves extract addition. Mo leaves extracts influenced iron and manganese utilization by the starter culture as shown in Figure 6. In addition, there was no detection of manganese after Mo leaves extract addition during yoghurt development as shown in (Figure 4 and Table 1).
A, B, C, D shows yoghurt with 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% in that order.
Figure 2: A, B, C, D shows yoghurt with 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% in that order.
A, B, C Microscopy of Streptococcus thermophilus in 0% and 6% MO extract in yoghurt as compared to lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus in 0% MO.
Figure 3: A, B, C Microscopy of Streptococcus thermophilus in 0% and 6% MO extract in yoghurt as compared to lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus in 0% MO.
Levels of Iron in the tested experimental samples. Left hand scales shows concentration in part per million while right hand scale shows standard deviation.
Figure 4: Levels of Iron in the tested experimental samples. Left hand scales shows concentration in part per million while right hand scale shows standard deviation.
Table 1: Shows means for Fe (iron) and Mn (manganese) in various samples. N/D and SD means not detected and standard deviation respectively.
Addition of Mo leaves extract did reduce the firmness and consistency while it improved cohesiveness as shown by (Table 2 and Figure 5).
Table 2: Shows texture profile analysis.
Shows The Computer observed Texture Profile Analysis.
Figure 5: Shows The Computer observed Texture Profile Analysis.
In general Streptococcus thermophilus were slightly inhibited by Mo leaves extract with lactobacillus completely inhibited by the introduction of the Mo leaves extract. The gram stain confirmed the presence of Streptococcus thermophilus in 0% and 6% Mo leaves extract in yoghurt. And only 0% Mo leaves extract in yoghurt confirmed presence of Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus after gram staining (Figure 6 and Table 3).
Shows the Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus in 0% MO leaves extract in yoghurt while B and C shows Streptococcus thermophilus in 6% and 0% MO leaves extract in yoghurt.
Figure 6: Shows the Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus in 0% MO leaves extract in yoghurt while B and C shows Streptococcus thermophilus in 6% and 0% MO leaves extract in yoghurt.
Table 3: Streptococcus thermophilus counts and Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus counts in various MO leaves extract concentrations. TNTC- uncountable, TLTC- low count, N/G no growth.
The results show clear evidence of enhanced utilization of iron and manganese by Mo leaves extract in yoghurt. Iron is essential in a variety of microorganisms including starter cultures as it is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes. Manganese on the other hand is a required co factor for all forms of life . The starter cultures may have utilized iron in the cellular metabolism and oxygen transport as well as Manganese for structure and activation of enzymes resulting to growth .
Rheological properties of a product significantly influence the acceptance and the consumer purchase intention, thus is an important factor that should be controlled during yoghurt development process. The most frequent defects related to the rheological properties of the yoghurt that may lead to consumer rejection are variations in apparent viscosity and syneresis. Rheological properties may vary due to variations in milk composition, changes in processing, incubation and storage conditions . The high level of firmness in the control yoghurt may have been due to high total solids content in the control yoghurt, presence of polysaccharides and high ability of water binding . It is possible that Mo leaves may have affected the water binders thus decreasing the firmness in the subsequent yoghurt . The high degree of proteolysis by the increased number of starter cultures may be attributed to low cohesiveness and consistency in samples containing Mo leaves extract .
In addition, this research found that upon addition of Mo leaves extract at certain concentrations, Streptococcus thermophilus counts increased significantly while Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus was inhibited. This may be due to the fact that too much formic acid was produced by the rapidly growing Streptococcus thermophilus that suppressed the growth of Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus . Another factor that may have contributed to Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus inhibition could be due to the fact that the leaf extracts contain antioxidants and antimicrobial properties due to the presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpanoids, quinolones, flavonoids, saponins and tannins that are active against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria . On the other hand, Mo leaves extract contains all the amino acids in good proportion therefore Streptococcus thermophilus was able to utilize these amino acids present in the Mo extract thereby enhancing its growth .
This research revealed Mo leaves extract enhanced significant utilization of iron and Manganese present by starter cultures during yoghurt development. At the same time the study concludes that rheological properties of yoghurt and growth of starter cultures cells is greatly affected by Mo leaves extract. Even though Mo leaves extract is a good source of nutrients, limitations exist since Mo leaves extract inhibits Lactobacillus dubreckii ssp bulgaricus depriving humans of its probiotic effect and finally when used in high concentrations, it interferes with the desirable firmness and consistency of yoghurt. Mo leaves extract should therefore be used in small amounts during yoghurt development.
KIRD Kenya, Mines and geology department of Kenya and University of Nairobi Chiromo campus microbiology lab, helped in sample analysis. We report no conflict of interest. | 2019-04-23T22:01:26Z | https://innovationinfo.org/international-journal-of-food-and-bioscience/article/Experimental-Analogues-of-Iron-Manganese-and-Rheology-in-Yoghurt-with-Moringa-Extract |
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Oct 1, 2018.
Dalvance® (dalbavancin) for injection is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), caused by susceptible isolates of the following Gram-positive microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus group (including S. anginosus, S. intermedius, S. constellatus) and Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin susceptible strains).
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Dalvance and other antibacterial agents, Dalvance should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
The recommended dosage regimen of Dalvance in patients with normal renal function is 1500 mg, administered either as a single dose, or 1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg. Dalvance should be administered over 30 minutes by intravenous infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].
In patients with renal impairment whose known creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min and who are not receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, the recommended regimen of Dalvance is 1125 mg, administered as a single dose, or 750 mg followed one week later by 375 mg (see Table 1). No dosage adjustment is recommended for patients receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, and Dalvance can be administered without regard to the timing of hemodialysis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Dalvance (dalbavancin) for injection must be reconstituted with either Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, and subsequently diluted only with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL.
Reconstitution: Dalvance must be reconstituted under aseptic conditions, using 25 mL of either Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, for each 500 mg vial. To avoid foaming, alternate between gentle swirling and inversion of the vial until its contents are completely dissolved. Do not shake. The reconstituted vial contains 20 mg/mL dalbavancin as a clear, colorless to yellow solution.
Reconstituted vials may be stored either refrigerated at 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F), or at controlled room temperature 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F). Do not freeze.
Dilution: Aseptically transfer the required dose of reconstituted dalbavancin solution from the vial(s) to an intravenous bag or bottle containing 5% Dextrose Injection, USP. The diluted solution must have a final dalbavancin concentration of 1 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL. Discard any unused portion of the reconstituted solution.
Once diluted into an intravenous bag or bottle as described above, Dalvance may be stored either refrigerated at 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) or at a controlled room temperature of 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F). Do not freeze.
The total time from reconstitution to dilution to administration should not exceed 48 hours.
Like all parenteral drug products, diluted Dalvance should be inspected visually for particulate matter prior to infusion. If particulate matter is identified, do not use.
Administration: After reconstitution and dilution, Dalvance is to be administered via intravenous infusion, using a total infusion time of 30 minutes.
Do not co-infuse Dalvance with other medications or electrolytes. Saline-based infusion solutions may cause precipitation and should not be used. The compatibility of reconstituted Dalvance with intravenous medications, additives, or substances other than 5% Dextrose Injection, USP has not been established.
If a common intravenous line is being used to administer other drugs in addition to Dalvance, the line should be flushed before and after each Dalvance infusion with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP.
Dalvance is supplied in clear glass vials containing sterile powder (white/off-white to pale yellow) equivalent to 500 mg of dalbavancin.
Dalvance is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to dalbavancin. No data are available on cross-reactivity between dalbavancin and other glycopeptides, including vancomycin.
Serious hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) and skin reactions have been reported in patients treated with Dalvance. If an allergic reaction occurs, treatment with Dalvance should be discontinued. Before using Dalvance, inquire carefully about previous hypersensitivity reactions to glycopeptides, and due to the possibility of cross-sensitivity, exercise caution in patients with a history of glycopeptide allergy [see Patient Counseling Information (17)].
Dalvance is administered via intravenous infusion, using a total infusion time of 30 minutes to minimize the risk of infusion-related reactions. Rapid intravenous infusions of Dalvance can cause reactions that resemble “Red-Man Syndrome,” including flushing of the upper body, urticaria, pruritus, rash, and/or back pain. Stopping or slowing the infusion may result in cessation of these reactions.
In Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, more Dalvance than comparator-treated subjects with normal baseline transaminase levels had post-baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Overall, abnormalities in liver tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin) were reported with similar frequency in the Dalvance and comparator arms [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported in users of nearly all systemic antibacterial drugs, including Dalvance, with severity ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents can alter the normal flora of the colon, and may permit overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antibacterial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary because CDAD has been reported to occur more than 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial use not directed against C. difficile should be discontinued, if possible. Appropriate measures such as fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Prescribing Dalvance in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of Dalvance cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice.
Adverse reactions were evaluated for 2473 patients treated with Dalvance: 1778 patients were treated with Dalvance in seven Phase 2/3 trials comparing Dalvance to comparator antibacterial drugs and 695 patients were treated with Dalvance in one Phase 3 trial comparing Dalvance single and two-dose regimens. A causal relationship between study drug and adverse reactions was not always established. The median age of patients treated with Dalvance was 48 years, ranging between 16 and 93 years. Patients treated with Dalvance were predominantly male (59.5%) and White (81.2%).
Serious adverse reactions occurred in 121/2473 (4.9%) of patients treated with any regimen of Dalvance. In the Phase 2/3 trials comparing Dalvance to comparator, serious adverse reactions occurred in 109/1778 (6.1%) of patients in the Dalvance group and 80/1224 (6.5%) of patients in the comparator group. In a Phase 3 trial comparing Dalvance single and two-dose regimens, serious adverse reactions occurred in 7/349 (2.0%) of patients in the Dalvance single dose group and 5/346 (1.4%) of patients in the Dalvance two-dose group. Dalvance was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 64/2473 (2.6%) patients treated with any regimen of Dalvance. In the Phase 2/3 trials comparing Dalvance to comparator, Dalvance was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 53/1778 (3.0%) of patients in the Dalvance group and 35/1224 (2.9%) of patients in the comparator group. In a Phase 3 trial comparing Dalvance single and two-dose regimens, Dalvance was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 6/349 (1.7%) of patients in the Dalvance single dose group and 5/346 (1.4%) of patients in the Dalvance two-dose group.
The most common adverse reactions in patients treated with Dalvance were nausea (4.7%), headache (3.8%), and diarrhea (3.4%). The median duration of adverse reactions was 3.0 days in patients treated with Dalvance. In the Phase 2/3 trials comparing Dalvance to comparator, the median duration of adverse reactions was 3.0 days for patients in the Dalvance group and 4.0 days in patients in the comparator group. In a Phase 3 trial comparing Dalvance single and two-dose regimens, the median duration of adverse reactions was 3.0 days for patients in the Dalvance single and two-dose group.
Table 2 lists selected adverse reactions occurring in 2% or more of patients treated with Dalvance in Phase 2/3 clinical trials.
* Comparators included linezolid, cefazolin, cephalexin, and vancomycin.
In the Phase 3 trial comparing the single and two-dose regimen of Dalvance, the adverse reaction that occurred in 2% or more of patients treated with Dalvance was nausea (3.4% in the Dalvance single dose group and 2% in the Dalvance two-dose group).
Among patients with normal baseline ALT levels treated with Dalvance 17 (0.8%) had post-baseline ALT elevations greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) including five subjects with post-baseline ALT values greater than 10 times ULN. Among patients with normal baseline ALT levels treated with non-Dalvance comparators 2 (0.2%) had post-baseline ALT elevations greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal. Fifteen of the 17 patients treated with Dalvance and one comparator patient had underlying conditions which could affect liver enzymes, including chronic viral hepatitis, history of alcohol abuse and metabolic syndrome. In addition, one Dalvance-treated subject in a Phase 1 trial had post-baseline ALT elevations greater than 20 times ULN. ALT elevations were reversible in all subjects with follow-up assessments. No comparator-treated subject with normal baseline transaminases had post-baseline ALT elevation greater than 10 times ULN.
The following adverse reaction has been identified during post-approval use of dalbavancin. Because the reaction is reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate the frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
General disorders and administration site conditions: Back pain as an infusion-related reaction [See Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Drug-laboratory test interactions have not been reported. Dalvance at therapeutic concentrations does not artificially prolong prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).
No clinical drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with Dalvance. There is minimal potential for drug-drug interactions between Dalvance and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) substrates, inhibitors, or inducers [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
There have been no adequate and well-controlled studies with Dalvance in pregnant women. Dalvance should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
No treatment-related malformations or embryo-fetal toxicity were observed in pregnant rats or rabbits at clinically relevant exposures of dalbavancin. Treatment of pregnant rats with dalbavancin at 3.5 times the human dose on an exposure basis during early embryonic development and from implantation to the end of lactation resulted in delayed fetal maturation and increased fetal loss, respectively [see Data].
The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. However, the background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2 to 4% and of miscarriage is 15 to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies.
No evidence of embryo or fetal toxicity was found in the rat or rabbit at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day (1.2 and 0.7 times the human dose on an exposure basis, respectively). Delayed fetal maturation was observed in the rat at a dose of 45 mg/kg/day (3.5 times the human dose on an exposure basis).
In a rat prenatal and postnatal development study, increased embryo lethality and increased offspring deaths during the first week post-partum were observed at a dose of 45 mg/kg/day (3.5 times the human dose on an exposure basis).
It is not known whether dalbavancin or its metabolite is excreted in human milk; therefore, caution should be exercised when Dalvance is administered to a nursing woman.
The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for Dalvance and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Dalvance or from the underlying maternal condition.
Dalbavancin is excreted in the milk of lactating rats.
Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients have not been established.
Of the 2473 patients treated with Dalvance in Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, 403 patients (16.3%) were 65 years of age or older. The efficacy and tolerability of Dalvance were similar to comparator regardless of age. The pharmacokinetics of Dalvance was not significantly altered with age; therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary based on age alone.
Dalvance is substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection in this age group.
In patients with renal impairment whose known creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min and who are not receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, the recommended regimen for Dalvance is 1125 mg, administered as a single dose, or 750 mg followed one week later by 375 mg. No dosage adjustment is recommended for patients receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, and Dalvance can be administered without regard to the timing of hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
No dosage adjustment of Dalvance is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A). Caution should be exercised when prescribing Dalvance to patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C) as no data are available to determine the appropriate dosing in these patients [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Specific information is not available on the treatment of overdose with Dalvance, as dose-limiting toxicity has not been observed in clinical studies. In Phase 1 studies, healthy volunteers have been administered cumulative doses of up to 4500 mg over a period of up to 8 weeks, with no signs of toxicity or laboratory results of clinical concern.
Treatment of overdose with Dalvance should consist of observation and general supportive measures. Although no information is available specifically regarding the use of hemodialysis to treat overdose, in a Phase 1 study in patients with renal impairment less than 6% of the recommended dalbavancin dose was removed [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Dalvance (dalbavancin) for injection is a lipoglycopeptide synthesized from a fermentation product of Nonomuraea species.
Dalbavancin is a mixture of five closely related active homologs (A0, A1, B0, B1, and B2); the component B0 is the major component of dalbavancin. The homologs share the same core structure and differ in the fatty acid side chain of the N-acylaminoglucuronic acid moiety (R1) structure and/or the presence of an additional methyl group (R2) on the terminal amino group (shown in the Figure 1 and Table 3 below).
The B0 INN chemical name is: 5,31-dichloro-38-de(methoxycarbonyl)-7-demethyl-19-deoxy-56-O-[2-deoxy-2-[(10-methylundecanoyl)amino]-β-D-glucopyranuronosyl]-38-[[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] carbamoyl]-42-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-15-N-methyl(ristomycin A aglycone) hydrochloride.
Dalvance is supplied in clear glass vials as a sterile, lyophilized, preservative-free, white to off-white to pale yellow solid. Each vial contains dalbavancin HCl equivalent to 500 mg of dalbavancin as the free base, plus lactose monohydrate (129 mg) and mannitol (129 mg) as excipients. Sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid may be added to adjust the pH at the time of manufacture. The powder is to be reconstituted and further diluted for IV infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)].
Dalbavancin is an antibacterial drug [see Microbiology (12.4)].
The antibacterial activity of dalbavancin appears to best correlate with the ratio of area under the concentration-time curve to minimal inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus based on animal models of infection. An exposure-response analysis of a single study in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections supports the two-dose regimen [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Cardiac Electrophysiology: In a randomized, positive- and placebo-controlled, thorough QT/QTc study, 200 healthy subjects received dalbavancin 1000 mg IV, dalbavancin 1500 mg IV, oral moxifloxacin 400 mg, or placebo. Neither dalbavancin 1000 mg nor dalbavancin 1500 mg had any clinically relevant adverse effect on cardiac repolarization.
Dalbavancin pharmacokinetic parameters have been characterized in healthy subjects, patients, and specific populations. Pharmacokinetic parameters following administration of single intravenous 1000 mg and 1500 mg doses were as shown in Table 4. The pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin can be described using a three-compartment model.
1 Data from 50 healthy subjects.
2 Data from 12 healthy subjects.
3 Based upon population pharmacokinetic analyses of data from patients, the effective half-life is approximately 8.5 days (204 hours).
4 Data from 49 healthy subjects.
In healthy subjects, dalbavancin AUC0-24h and Cmax both increased proportionally to dose following single IV dalbavancin doses ranging from 140 mg to 1500 mg, indicating linear pharmacokinetics.
The mean plasma concentration-time profile for dalbavancin following the recommended two-dose regimen of 1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Mean (± standard deviation) dalbavancin plasma concentrations versus time in healthy subjects (n=10) following IV administration over 30 minutes of 1000 mg dalbavancin (Day 1) and 500 mg dalbavancin (Day 8).
No apparent accumulation of dalbavancin was observed following multiple IV infusions administered once weekly for up to eight weeks, with 1000 mg on Day 1 followed by up to seven weekly 500 mg doses, in healthy adults with normal renal function.
Distribution: Dalbavancin is reversibly bound to human plasma proteins, primarily to albumin. The plasma protein binding of dalbavancin is approximately 93% and is not altered as a function of drug concentration, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment. The mean concentrations of dalbavancin achieved in skin blister fluid remain above 30 mg/L up to 7 days (approximately 146 hours) post dose, following 1000 mg IV dalbavancin. The mean ratio of the AUC0-144 hrs in skin blister fluid/AUC0-144 hrs in plasma is 0.60 (range 0.44 to 0.64).
Metabolism: In vitro studies using human microsomal enzymes and hepatocytes indicate that dalbavancin is not a substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of CYP450 isoenzymes. A minor metabolite of dalbavancin (hydroxy-dalbavancin) has been observed in the urine of healthy subjects. Quantifiable concentrations of the hydroxy-dalbavancin metabolite have not been observed in human plasma (lower limit of quantitation = 0.4 µg/mL) [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].
Excretion: Following administration of a single 1000 mg dose in healthy subjects, 20% of the dose was excreted in feces through 70 days post dose. An average of 33% of the administered dalbavancin dose was excreted in urine as unchanged dalbavancin and approximately 12% of the administered dose was excreted in urine as the metabolite hydroxy-dalbavancin through 42 days post dose.
Renal Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin were evaluated in 28 subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment and in 15 matched control subjects with normal renal function.
Following a single dose of 500 mg or 1000 mg dalbavancin, the mean plasma clearance (CLT) was reduced 11%, 35%, and 47% in subjects with mild (CLCR 50 to 79 mL/min), moderate (CLCR 30 to 49 mL/min), and severe (CLCR less than 30 mL/min), renal impairment, respectively, compared to subjects with normal renal function. The clinical significance of the decrease in mean plasma CLT, and the associated increase in AUC0-∞ noted in these pharmacokinetic studies of dalbavancin in subjects with severe renal impairment has not been established [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].
No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with CLCR greater than 30 mL/min or patients receiving hemodialysis. The recommended regimen for dalbavancin in patients with severe renal impairment who are not receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis is 1125 mg, administered as a single dose, or 750 mg followed one week later by 375 mg.
Dalbavancin pharmacokinetic parameters in subjects with end-stage renal disease receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis (three times/week) are similar to those observed in subjects with mild to moderate renal impairment, and less than 6% of an administered dose is removed after three hours of hemodialysis.
Therefore, no dosage adjustment is recommended for patients receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, and dalbavancin may be administered without regard to the timing of hemodialysis in such patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Overdosage (10)].
Hepatic Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin were evaluated in 17 subjects with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A, B or C) and compared to those in nine matched healthy subjects with normal hepatic function. The mean AUC0-336 hrs was unchanged in subjects with mild hepatic impairment compared to subjects with normal hepatic function; however, the mean AUC0-336 hrs decreased 28% and 31% in subjects with moderate and severe hepatic impairment respectively, compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. The clinical significance of the decreased AUC0-336 hrs in subjects with moderate and severe hepatic function is unknown.
No dosage adjustment is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment. Caution should be exercised when prescribing dalbavancin to patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment as no data are available to determine the appropriate dosing.
Gender: Clinically significant gender-related differences in dalbavancin pharmacokinetics have not been observed either in healthy subjects or in patients with infections. No dosage adjustment is recommended based on gender.
Geriatric Patients: Clinically significant age-related differences in dalbavancin pharmacokinetics have not been observed in patients with infections. No dosage adjustment is recommended based solely on age.
Pediatric Patients: The pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin in pediatric populations <12 years of age have not been established.
Nonclinical studies demonstrated that dalbavancin is not a substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of CYP450 isoenzymes. In a population pharmacokinetic analysis, dalbavancin pharmacokinetics were not affected by co-administration with known CYP450 substrates, inducers or inhibitors, nor by individual medications including acetaminophen, aztreonam, fentanyl, metronidazole, furosemide, proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole), midazolam, and simvastatin.
Dalbavancin, a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide, interferes with cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the stem pentapeptide in nascent cell wall peptidoglycan, thus preventing cross-linking. Dalbavancin is bactericidal in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes at concentrations similar to those sustained throughout treatment in humans treated according to the recommended dosage regimen.
The development of bacterial isolates resistant to dalbavancin has not been observed, either in vitro, in studies using serial passage, or in animal infection experiments.
When tested in vitro, dalbavancin demonstrated synergistic interactions with oxacillin and did not demonstrate antagonistic or synergistic interactions with any of the following antibacterial agents of various classes: gentamicin, vancomycin, levofloxacin, clindamycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid, aztreonam, rifampin or daptomycin. The clinical significance of these in vitro findings is unknown.
Dalbavancin has been shown to be active against the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage (1)].
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. In addition, at least 90% of organisms in the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the dalbavancin susceptible breakpoint of 0.25 mcg/mL. However, the safety and efficacy of dalbavancin in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria have not been established in adequate well-controlled clinical trials.
Long-term studies in animals to determine the carcinogenic potential of dalbavancin have not been conducted.
Dalbavancin was not genotoxic in a bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay, a mammalian HGPRT gene mutation assay, an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, or an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.
Impaired fertility in the rat was not observed at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day (1.2 times the human dose on an exposure basis). Reductions in male and female fertility and increased embryo resorptions occurred at a dose of 45 mg/kg/day (3.5 times the human dose on an exposure basis), at which signs of parental toxicity were also observed.
Increases in serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST), associated with microscopic findings in the liver were noted in toxicology studies in rats and dogs where dalbavancin was administered daily for 28 to 90 days. Hepatocellular necrosis was observed in dogs dosed at ≥10 mg/kg/day for longer than 2 months, i.e., at approximately 5 to 7 times the expected human dose on an exposure basis. Histiocytic vacuolation and hepatocyte necrosis were observed in rats dosed daily at 40 and 80 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 4 weeks, (approximately 3 and 6 times the expected human dose on an exposure basis, respectively). In addition, renal toxicity characterized by increases in serum BUN and creatinine and microscopic kidney findings was observed in rats and dogs at doses 5 to 7 times the expected human dose on an exposure basis. The relationship between these findings in the animal toxicology studies after 28 and 90 consecutive days of dosing to the indicated clinical dosing of 2 doses 7 days apart are unclear.
Adult patients with ABSSSI were enrolled in two Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy clinical trials of similar design (Trial 1 and Trial 2). The Intent-to-Treat (ITT) population included 1,312 randomized patients. Patients were treated for two weeks with either a two-dose regimen of intravenous Dalvance (1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg) or intravenous vancomycin (1000 mg or 15 mg/kg every 12 hours, with the option to switch to oral linezolid after 3 days). Dalvance-treated patients with creatinine clearance of less than 30 mL/min received 750 mg followed one week later by 375 mg. Approximately 5% of patients also received a protocol-specified empiric course of treatment with intravenous aztreonam for coverage of Gram-negative pathogens.
The specific infections in these trials included cellulitis (approximately 50% of patients across treatment groups), major abscess (approximately 30%), and wound infection (approximately 20%). The median lesion area at baseline was 341 cm2. In addition to local signs and symptoms of infection, patients were also required to have at least one systemic sign of disease at baseline, defined as temperature 38°C or higher (approximately 85% of patients), white blood cell count greater than 12,000 cells/mm3 (approximately 40%), or 10% or more band forms on white blood cell differential (approximately 23%). Across both trials, 59% of patients were from Eastern Europe and 36% of patients were from North America. Approximately 89% of patients were Caucasian and 58% were males. The mean age was 50 years and the mean body mass index was 29.1 kg/m2.
The primary endpoint of these two ABSSSI trials was the clinical response rate where responders were defined as patients who had no increase from baseline in lesion area 48 to 72 hours after initiation of therapy, and had a temperature consistently at or below 37.6° C upon repeated measurement. Table 5 summarizes overall clinical response rates in these two ABSSSI trials using the pre-specified primary efficacy endpoint in the ITT population.
1 There were 7 patients who did not receive treatment and were counted as non-responders: 6 Dalvance patients (3 in each trial) and one vancomycin/linezolid patient in Trial 2.
2 Patients who died or used non-study antibacterial therapy or had missing measurements were classified as non-responders.
3 The 95% Confidence Interval (CI) is computed using the Miettinen and Nurminen approach, stratified by baseline fever status.
A key secondary endpoint in these two ABSSSI trials evaluated the percentage of ITT patients achieving a 20% or greater reduction in lesion area from baseline at 48-72 hours after initiation of therapy. Table 6 summarizes the findings for this endpoint in these two ABSSSI trials.
1 There were 7 patients (as described in Table 5) who did not receive treatment and were counted as non-responders.
3 The 95% CI is computed using the Miettinen and Nurminen approach, stratified by baseline fever status.
Another secondary endpoint in these two ABSSSI trials was the clinical success rate assessed at a follow-up visit occurring between Days 26 to 30. Clinical Success at this visit was defined as having a decrease in lesion size (both length and width measurements), a temperature of 37.6° C or lower, and meeting pre-specified criteria for local signs: purulent discharge and drainage absent or mild and improved from baseline, heat/warmth & fluctuance absent, swelling/induration & tenderness to palpation absent or mild.
Table 7 summarizes clinical success rates at a follow-up visit for the ITT and clinically evaluable population in these two ABSSSI trials. Note that there are insufficient historical data to establish the magnitude of drug effect for antibacterial drugs compared with placebo at the follow-up visits. Therefore, comparisons of Dalvance to vancomycin/linezolid based on clinical success rates at these visits cannot be utilized to establish non-inferiority.
1 There were 7 patients (as described in Table 5) who did not receive treatment and were counted as failures in the analysis.
2 Patients who died, used non-study antibacterial therapy, or had an unplanned surgical intervention 72 hours after the start of therapy were classified as Clinical Failures.
Table 8 shows outcomes in patients with an identified baseline pathogen, using pooled data from Trials 1 and 2 in the microbiological ITT (microITT) population. The outcomes shown in the table are clinical response rates at 48 to 72 hours and clinical success rates at follow-up (Day 26 to 30), as defined above.
All Dalvance dosing regimens in Trials 1 and 2 consisted of two doses.
1 There were 2 patients in the Dalvance arm with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus at baseline who did not receive treatment and were counted as non-responders/failures.
2 Early Responders are patients who had no increase from baseline in lesion area 48 to 72 hours after initiation of therapy, and had a temperature consistently at or below 37.6° C upon repeated measurement.
Adult patients with ABSSSI were enrolled in a Phase 3, double-blind, clinical trial. The ITT population included 698 patients who were randomized to Dalvance treatment with either a single 1500 mg dose or a two-dose regimen of 1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg (Trial 3). Patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min had their dose adjusted (Section 2.2). Approximately 5% of patients also received a protocol-specified empiric course of treatment with intravenous aztreonam for coverage of Gram-negative pathogens. The specific infections and other patient characteristics in this trial were similar to those described above for previous ABSSSI trials.
The primary endpoint in this ABSSSI trial was the clinical response rate where responders were defined as patients who had at least a 20% decrease from baseline in lesion area 48 to 72 hours after randomization without receiving any rescue antibacterial therapy. The secondary endpoint was the clinical success rate at a follow-up visit occurring between Days 26 and 30, with clinical success defined as having at least a 90% decrease from baseline in lesion size, a temperature of 37.6° C or lower, and meeting pre-specified criteria for local signs: purulent discharge and drainage absent or mild and improved from baseline (for patients with wound infections), heat/warmth and fluctuance absent, swelling/induration and tenderness to palpation absent or mild. Table 9 summarizes results for these two endpoints in the ITT population. Note that there are insufficient historical data to establish the magnitude of drug effect for antibacterial drugs compared with placebo at the follow-up visit. Therefore, comparisons between treatment groups based on clinical success rates at this visitcannot be utilized to establish non-inferiority.
1 There were 3 patients in the two-dose group who did not receive treatment and were counted as non-responders.
3 The 95% Confidence Interval (CI) is computed using the Miettinen and Nurminen approach.
Table 10 shows outcomes in patients with an identified baseline pathogen from Trial 3 in the microbiological ITT (microITT) population. The outcomes shown in the table are clinical response rates at 48 to 72 hours and clinical success rates at follow-up (Day 26 to 30), as defined above.
In Trials 1, 2, and 3, all patients had blood cultures obtained at baseline. A total of 40 ABSSSI patients who received Dalvance had bacteremia at baseline caused by one or more of the following bacteria: 26 S. aureus (21 MSSA and 5 MRSA), 6 S. agalactiae, 7 S. pyogenes, 2 S. anginosus group, and 1 E. faecalis. In patients who received Dalvance, a total of 34/40 (85%) were clinical responders at 48-72 hours and 32/40 (80%) were clinical successes at Day 26 to 30.
Unreconstituted Dalvance (dalbavancin) for injection should be stored at 25ºC (77ºF); excursions permitted to 15 to 30ºC (59 to 86ºF) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Patients should be advised that allergic reactions, including serious allergic reactions, could occur, and that serious allergic reactions require immediate treatment. Patients should inform their healthcare provider about any previous hypersensitivity reactions to Dalvance, or other glycopeptides.
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Dalvance should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Dalvance is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Dalvance and other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Patients should be advised that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterial drugs and usually resolves when the drug is discontinued. Sometimes, frequent watery or bloody diarrhea may occur and may be a sign of a more serious intestinal infection. If severe watery or bloody diarrhea develops, patients should contact their healthcare provider.
Dalvance® is a registered trademark of Durata Therapeutics Holding C.V., an Allergan affiliate.
© 2018 Allergan. All rights reserved. | 2019-04-22T11:57:25Z | https://www.drugs.com/pro/dalvance.html |
The transcript from this week’s MIB: Kathleen Fisher, Alliance Bernstein is below.
BARRY RITHOLTZ, HOST, MASTERS IN BU.S.INESS: This week on the podcast, we have a special guest, her name is Kathleen Fisher, she is the head of wealth and investment strategies at AllianceBernstein. Bernstein manages about $540 billion, they’re just a giant company in 22 countries, 3,500 employees, I think that something like 200 analysts and 150 portfolio managers, they are just a behemoth and she runs all of wealth and investment strategies.
If you’re at all interested in asset management and what it’s like working at a giant firm or what it’s like to be a woman at a very senior level and really Wall Street still is a male-dominated profession, this is really an interesting conversation.
There are a few people who know this business and know the human side of it as well as Kathy, she’s just tremendously knowledgeable and insightful and full of all sorts of intelligent commentary.
I think this is the sort of conversation so if you’re at all interested in asset management, wealth strategies, investment portfolio strategies, this is the podcast for you. With no further ado, here is my conversation with AllianceBernstein’s Kathleen Fisher.
My guest this week is Kathleen Fisher, she is the head of wealth and investment strategies at AllianceBernstein, a firm that manages about $540 billion with 3,500 employees in 22 countries. She joined the firm as a senior portfolio manager and member of Bernstein’s private client investment policy group. Before joining Bernstein, she spent 15 years at JPMorgan, most recently as managing director advising banks on acquisitions, divestitures, and financing techniques. She graduated from Bates College and has an MBA from NYU.
Kathleen Fisher, welcome to Bloomberg.
KATHLEEN FISHER, HEAD OF WEALTH AND INVESTMENT STRATEGIES, ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN: Glad to be here.
RITHOLTZ: And I’m going to call you Kathy instead of Kathleen.
RITHOLTZ: I know that is your to the article you Kathy Kathleen. I know that is your everyday name. You started as an equity analyst, what attracted you to finance in the first place?
FISHER: Let me back up say I started as a young economist, I started at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, I was there for three years, I did monetary research as well as GDP research. It was an amazingly wonderful learning experience to do high quality research. It was very academic but I learned the importance of getting your facts right which today is more relevant than ever, isn’t it, when we have a word that’s called fake news.
FISHER: But it was a great learning experience about the importance of footnotes, about citing your sources that has followed me in everything I have done since then.
Having come to New York to do that job, I did start meeting people who were in investment banking and equity research and lo and behold, someone I met gave me an opportunity to go to Morgan Stanley to be a bank stock analyst and that’s how I got into equity research which back then, it was still a relatively new field, very exciting, and for me, very intellectually rewarding to focus on relative valuations but to also learn that what you think is so right often takes the market much longer to agree with or perhaps never agree with.
So it’s a great learning experience.
RITHOLTZ: Any particular example stand out?
RITHOLTZ: This was quite the memorable experience.
FISHER: I was covering bank stocks at a time when bank stocks were very much out of favor, and therefore no one wanted to hear a word I said for quite some time. So let’s just say that in it of itself was a great experience.
RITHOLTZ: So you spent a lot of your career at JPMorgan after Morgan Stanley, what was that experience like? What did you do for them?
FISHER: My turning it JPMorgan was incredibly fortuitous because I did a lot of bank M&A at a time when bank M&A was absolutely a huge trend in the late 80s, early 90s, mid-90s, so it was a very active space and tons of activity so it was really — a wonderful experience and one captured both all that one does in M&A and corporate finance valuations and the right price to pay for a deal.
But also it brought in the human side of things because the bank mergers, needless to say, cost reduction and people reduction, and you had to get your head around that and the important thing is in a world that makes sense over time, it didn’t makes sense for the banking industry to shrink. Those job cuts would come eventually, those mergers accelerated them but it was something that you have to stand back and so now what’s going to happen over time regardless of when.
RITHOLTZ: So your tenure at JPMorgan, I believe, that predated the Jamie Dimon era, is that correct?
FISHER: Very much predated, it was pre Chase merger, actually.
FISHER: Quite a long time ago.
So what led you to AllianceBernstein although if memory serves, when you joined, it was Bernstein still, right?
FISHER: Now I joined in 2001 and the merger occurred in 2000. And so I came post the AllianceBernstein merger, I joined AllianceBernstein because several of my colleagues in JPMorgan had migrated to AllianceBernstein over time and therefore they enticed me to join the firm.
RITHOLTZ: And you’ve been there ever since?
FISHER: I have been there ever since 2001?
RITHOLTZ: So your current title is head of wealth and investment strategies, what does the head of wealth and investment strategies do?
FISHER: Well I am blessed to work with a team of 35 extraordinary experienced professionals who are in two separate groups. One is the Wealth Strategies Group which developed the models that help our clients preexperience the likely financial outcomes of decisions they can make. Whether those decisions are around wealth transfer strategies or retirement or charitable giving, the idea that you have many variables you can control and therefore how to think about different asset allocations, different structures, we help our clients think through all those options.
RITHOLTZ: Are you running Monte Carlo simulations or what are you actually doing to derive those variable outputs based on different decision?
FISHER: Our core model does indeed utilize a Monte Carlo engine but it’s one that we have developed ourselves over the years because we — as a research-based firm, want to make sure we are informed by history and therefore we want to take responsibility for embedding relationships that make sense over time. So it is our model but using a lot of the important quantitative techniques that are important to getting that right.
The other team is the team, the private client investment policy group which works on asset allocation advice and strategies for clients once when they had made the appropriate decisions about their goals and objectives and also the specific execution strategies using the different investment portfolios that we offer at our firm.
FISHER: That is very good. And it’s actually,, we are not the asset — we are not the portfolio managers ourselves, we’re making the asset allocation advice using the portfolios that are managed at the firm.
RITHOLTZ: So all internal, so in other words, you’re creating a salad from ingredients made within, is that two….
FISHER: That is a good analogy, good — no, no, no, no, we all eat salad, that is good, yes, yes.
RITHOLTZ: Some of us, less than we should.
RITHOLTZ: So it’s in-house portfolios that are created from — it’s an in-house asset allocation model using various funds and assets that are also managed in-house. So really you — do you use outside managers as well?
FISHER: So we use — we use ETFs where appropriate but the bulk of our services are indeed managed in house.
RITHOLTZ: Let’s talk a little — last year 2017 was kind of an unusual year, we had very high returns in the United States even better returns overseas especially dollar-denominated and incredibly low volatility and very, very low drawdowns, what do you make of the way 2017 played out?
FISHER: You captured all the anomalies and no one knew going into 2017 that they would occur.
So it’s a great reminder that you don’t know in any given year what’s going to happen especially the overseas returns with our base investors. We started the year with all the focus on the U.S., but the global thinking is recovery, the benefit to earnings around the world, all of these were very positive surprises that led equities to do quite well but the fact that there was such calm around the globe like the geopolitical issues which the market really has absorbed very nicely, the calm made the Sharpe ratio for the year probably one of the highest on record, right?
Returns relative to the unit of risk given the volatility in the market was really quite remarkable. So it’s an extraordinary year, it was actually probably a perfect year and that we had no months when there is a negative return on the global stock market. And so lots of record-breaking events in 2017, and when we look forward, we think a lot of those good things are still in place, the challenge though was we would also argue that a lot of the good news is already in the market.
And so one of the things I find fascinating is when you have as you folks do a global allocation, do you get pushback from clients not in 2017 but you know, 2015 or 2014, hey, U.S. stocks are doing great, why are we wasting all this time with all these overseas holdings? What sort of pushback does the diversified portfolio generate?
FISHER: I will say, we spend a lot of time with clients reminding why you have diversification, right? You never know when things will change and therefore, we remind there will always be times when you hold something that is out of favor or doing less well than you would like and certainly holding non-U.S. stocks ever since the financial crisis has been a drain on returns until 2017.
But we know that over time they will trade places, they do, they have 2017 show that this year, non-U.S. stocks continued to outpace the U.S. for dollar based investors and that is the power of diversification for long-term investors and our clients are long-term investors. So they do embrace the idea that diversification will help them get the returns they expect that the amount of risk they’re willing to tolerate over time.
RITHOLTZ: What about the general trend towards indexing, how do you — you guys are an active set of managers although you do use ETFs, how do you see this overall trend away from active management and towards indexing playing out especially your client base tends to be a fairly sophisticated high net worth group of investors.
FISHER: Clearly active and passive should and can coexist. There is a role for passive and as a research based firm, we have to acknowledge if we do that the cheapness of passive which has come down a lot in the past 40 years means that investors can indeed get very cheap access to all the many pockets of the market they couldn’t before. So for clients who have relatively short time frames, who are very focused on getting market returns, there is nothing wrong with passive.
RITHOLTZ: You mean high active share?
FISHER: High active share, exactly.
FISHER: And in fact, we have services that are benchmark agnostic, equity services which — you know, don’t even think about benchmarking us, we have some concentrated portfolios of 2025 stocks and when you have that conviction and the time to have it work, those are nice satellites to have around core portfolios.
RITHOLTZ: So you are a broad allocator, let’s talk a little about the other half of the portfolio, the fixed income portion. I have legitimately been hearing for 10 years that this bond bull market is over, it’s dead, it’s done and then next year I guess maybe this is the year. We have seen rates start to tick up, what does that mean for fixed income and are we really at the end of the bond bull market?
FISHER: You are right, we have been talking about it for a long time. I think some clients are beginning to think it’s a broken record but when you think of how strong the global economy is and although inflation has been a mystery here, inflation has been so low for so long. If the economy continues to be as robust as it has been, it is likely inflation will take up a bit and even a little bit will encourage central banks to become less accommodative, we expect rates to move up gradually and modestly over time, we can’t wait though, this is getting a little bit tiresome to have rates stay as well as they have.
RITHOLTZ: We’ve already seen some signs of inflation picking up around the world and fairly recently, early 2018 there are signs — in late 2017, there’s some signs of small amounts of wage pressure, is that going to continue? What — how do you look at that and integrate that into a portfolio?
FISHER: We do think the pockets of stress in the job market indicate that wage pressure can develop, but we’re not — we do not have a crystal ball on this, but we do expect that to be a source of upward pressure. So we do think that race will rise and that as I said, gradually, our current forecast though is for fed rate hikes in 2018. And we do think we’ll start to see rates picking up a bit from here, especially as the Central Bank and other parts of the world fall into step as well.
RITHOLTZ: So I see a lot of pushback on bond funds versus individual bonds. Is that an issue you ever deal with clients, this seems to be some sort of confusion around do I own individual bonds or am I better off in a fund and not have to pick individual bonds, how you manage that in your portfolios and what do you think of the difference?
FISHER: There has been enormous press over the years about problems of bond funds which our clients understand are not true i.e. people who hold individual bonds usually don’t mark their bonds to market and therefore are not paying attention to the actual price loss they may have when rates rise. On funds in contrast, especially intermediate bond funds that are intentionally diversified across the term structure are looking to take advantage of changing yield curves, shapes, they are looking to take advantage of short-term rates rising, you name it, so they can reinvest coupons and higher yielding bonds when rates rise and therefore bond funds are very flexible especially when rates rise to let you take advantage of the changes that occur.
FISHER: And therefore bond funds are much better for clients who need to pull money out of their funds as opposed to selling individual bonds at a very poor price in a less liquid market.
RITHOLTZ: Let’s talk a little bit about what it’s like for you as a woman working in a field that’s been so male-dominated for so long, have you seen any improvement? Have things gotten better? Are there more opportunities for women in this field?
FISHER: Things have definitely gotten better, it’s very obvious that the industry wants women for the right reasons, i.e. we want diversity — for diversity of thought, we want women, we want people of color, we want to have much more and different kinds of input, so many studies have shown how much better teams are when they are diverse and we want to have that advantage also.
And also our clients expect it, which is good, I think you can get a lot of positive reinforcement, and I do think one of the reasons things are getting better is that companies are so much more flexible than they ever were before, and that is good for men and women. All right, the fact that there is much — you can work remotely, these are all good things that encourage a fluid and adaptive workforce that benefits everyone.
RITHOLTZ: The pay differential between men and women, is it as bad as it was? Is it getting better?
FISHER: The problem with any kind of pay measurements is that it’s very hard to actually look at identical jobs. I would argue that certainly at my firm and every firm I know people get the same pay for identical jobs, it’s really — that is the challenge is actually saying each job how you measure each job.
RITHOLTZ: Michelle Meyer of Bank of America Merrill Lynch specifically cited a lack of women at the top of the industry as a challenge for women in finance and I’m assuming she means a lack of role models, a lack of mentors, what was your experience coming up through Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan, and now ,AllianceBernstein.
FISHER: So with everything, I am a partner at our firm and that is wonderful and that I and my other senior female colleagues are very focused on coaching, mentoring, and sponsorship of young women, that is absolutely a dominant force. When I was younger, I was kind of lucky in that I never felt the need to fit in and that meant that I wasn’t looking as much for female role models as perhaps some people might have been back then. And therefore, it didn’t stymie me because I always thought that if you had good ideas and were contributing, you would be rewarded.
RITHOLTZ: Am I reading too much into this? Are you suggesting you stood out as a woman and there was an advantage to that?
FISHER: I will not go that far, I will say that the — and that I think some of the frustrations that some people may have had in their careers, I didn’t have and was very fortunate in every firm I worked for not to have those.
FISHER: I think the fact that conversations are being held at the company level in public forums is really good and everyone having conversations they might not have had before and openness leads to good results and good outcomes and much more honesty, candor, and effectiveness.
So I think this is indeed a good spot to be in. Time will tell but I most focused on how exciting the brilliant young women that are coming up are doing and the impact I think they will have because there is so much more conversation about really making sure their voices are heard, about taking care not to in any way, make anything seem like it’s male oriented and I think there’s a lot of good things are happening because of that.
RITHOLTZ: Holding aside, what — what’s the right thing to do with the social issue aspect of it when you look at the recent financing at Uber which is known as a sort of frat house bro mentality, it cost them tens of billions of dollars both the founders, the employees, the outside investors because of that you know, juvenile frat house approach, have we reached the point where corporate America has said enough is enough? This is real money and we have to get serious about it. Are we at that stage yet?
FISHER: You know, you raised a really good point which is that the transparency that the Internet has permitted has made it hard for companies to hide, and that’s a good thing. So I do think there is a much greater awareness that good behavior is necessary and I think that’s going to be very helpful in enforcing more good behavior down the road.
RITHOLTZ: Let’s talk a little bit about what you see as head of wealth management and investment strategies, you work with a big spectrum of investors from individuals to institutions to everything in between. How do these different investors differ and in what ways are they the same?
FISHER: We are going to focus just on the private client business.
FISHER: And what’s interesting there is that it has nothing to do with asset size, people are people and everyone has their own personal preference risk and return, and you could have two people exactly the same amount of money and they can have a whole different view as whether they have enough or they are going to run out of money and both could be in very good places but they each have a very different perspective.
So we clearly focus a lot of make people understand the likely financial outcomes of all the decisions they can make sure so that they have the confidence and the understanding to actually make very good judgments about long-term planning.
RITHOLTZ: That fear of running out of money I’ve heard that, I’m sure you’ve heard that from people who really, unless they start looking at Picassos will never run out of money, why is this such a significant concern from people who you would otherwise think are totally financially secure?
FISHER: It has nothing to do with intellectual knowledge it has everything to do with embedded psychology. And as I said, you don’t know until the person explains you know, whether it’s something in their background, it is their personal makeup which makes them very conservative and fearful that terrible things could happen that could indeed wipe out there their financial misstep.
RITHOLTZ: How do you respond to that?
FISHER: It really gets to what I said before about modeling and if we can show that even in very poor market conditions they will be in a good place, that is very reassuring to people so we do indeed, do are planning to the 90 percent confidence level to make sure people know that even in very poor conditions they’ll be fine.
RITHOLTZ: What about inflation, what sort of the inflation assumptions do you build into those sort of plans?
FISHER: We let inflation, it is a variable, i.e. we are not saying we know where inflation go, when we do forecast, we do 10,000 trials and inflation is one of the factors that does unfold over time, it can be very high, it can be very low, and remember deflation can be as bad as inflation but we want to show a range of expected outcomes for inflation as well, because you’re so right, inflationary environments that are extreme can be very dangerous.
RITHOLTZ: That is quite interesting.
So tell us about your day-to-day, what does that look like? Are you — because you work with two different groups of both planners and the asset management side, you’re working with clients? What a day in the life of Kathleen Fisher like?
FISHER: Well, I have the incredible luxury of a lot of diversification in my daily life. My team is working on long-term asset allocation projects, we are working on long-term planning projects, we are publishing for both our clients, we’re creating communications for advisors, we’re meeting with clients, if our perspective can be useful to a client meeting so we have a vast array of different things going on in any given time, we speak in front of public forums in terms of groups, so lots of diversification but what is good about all of it is that we have a lot of interaction with clients and therefore can see what issues really matter to people and where we can be helpful and more clear in communicating.
RITHOLTZ: So we mentioned outliving their money, what are some of the other large concerns clients have these days?
FISHER: Longevity risk is the biggest risk clients have. People worry about market returns but just think that nothing in human history has prepared people for a world where they work for 40 years and then they have to live on what they save for the next 30 or 40 years.
Now for very wealthy people, it’s a different dynamic but still it’s a very different thing when you’re talking about living perhaps as long as you have worked, right?
When you go back to why social security was created, people use to die a few years after they retire, so it’s a very different ball game. So the dynamics have changed dramatically and it’s very important now to think about, you know, money lasting for many, many decades.
RITHOLTZ: So we have technologies in health and healthcare changing, we have all sorts of things taking place in terms of genomics and in oncology and down the road, what happens when human lifespans, when 100 isn’t a rarity, when that becomes ordinary and then we start seeing hundred 110, 120 as not tremendous outliers. Are we going to eventually have a problem? Are we going to have to reconfigure how we think about our portfolios when we turn 68 or 70 and not shift to that much more of a conservative portfolio?
FISHER: Absolutely. And that has been the case for at least a decade now with rates — interest rates being so low. You know, the old, decades ago when people used to talk about switching to bonds bond returns were in the mid-single digits and of course at these level, that would be unconscionable to have had a bond weight if you need the money to work for decades to come.
So most firms having to encourage clients to maintain a good equity weight when they retire, it is ever more important because of longevity and the other thing that’s important is to assume that your expenses grow with inflation over time see so you capture the risk of living for quite a long time.
RITHOLTZ: So we talked earlier about the shift from active to passive and how they could coexist but underlying that has been the shift from pricey to cheap and we’ve seen what some people call the Vanguard affect pressuring fees across the whole industry, what’s your take on this and what do you see happening going forward in terms of fee compression and everything associated with that?
FISHER: It’s a really interesting topic because I do think there is going to be much more segmentation in that getting cheap exposure is a good thing for many people but paying fees for a broader advice model also make sense. I think there’ll be an appropriate demand for transparency of fees and for clear value in what our client is getting for those fees. So I think there’s — these are good trends for clients.
RITHOLTZ: So transparency, value and what was the third bullet point in this?
FISHER: I think fees have to be appropriate to the value offered.
RITHOLTZ: That makes perfect sense. So you are seeing some changes that have taken place in the financial industry over the past few years what do you think is the most significant change that has occurred so far and what should we be on the lookout in the future?
FISHER: I would have to say speed and information, I love looking at video clips from 1987 market crash because you see a reporter standing at the top of the New York Stock Exchange with pages giving them handwritten notes about what was happening on the floor.
FISHER: Nowadays, obviously we all know that everyone can get real-time quotes on their phones and there’s a ton of information you can look at all day long, the problem is a lot of it’s not very good. So information is not judgment, information is not assessment, it is not perspective, and so the challenges is cutting through all the information to get to truly good advice.
And so that has created actually more of a challenge because the more information people have the easier it is to react to as opposed to keeping their eye on the long-term which for most individuals is indeed the right thing to do.
RITHOLTZ: Do we suffer from information overload?
RITHOLTZ: Is there just to the firehose of not judgment assessment or perspective but just raw news and headlines and political volatility? What does that do to an investor’s attitude, and how does that affect their tendency to shoot themselves in the foot?
FISHER: Well it does create those new risks, and you know, studies have shown that back in the day when people can only look at their accounts once a year maybe once a quarter, they stayed long-term investors. But now that they have daily information, they tend to do more things more quickly.
So continually keeping the eye in the long-term is really important and I — I tease about everything we are doing here today and that because there is 24/7 news, there is going to be a lot of talking heads all the time telling people what to do, what to buy, what to sell on and you have to stay away from taking that advice too seriously.
RITHOLTZ: So one of the things I noticed since you brought up the information flow after the election in 2016, all investors seem to want to ask was what is Trump going to do for my portfolio? And if you remember early on, this guy is going to kill my portfolio and then that very quickly became oh this guy is going to be great for my portfolio. How do you respond to questions about politics when 2017 is a perfect example. Probably the most politically volatile year in my lifetime and at the same time the lowest volatility in the markets.
FISHER: It is a fascinating situation isn’t it? We actually look back over time at all the geopolitical events back to about World War II to show it that actually has always been the case that geopolitical events get a lot of headlines but have very little impact on the markets.
And the only time they do is when something political works into the real economy so for example on the OPEC oil embargo in the 70s which did affect the economy of course, but many other things that we think of, the Cuban missile crisis, you name it, they really had very little impact on the market and I think that as time has gone on, there has been more appreciation of that which is one of the reasons markets have been relatively complacent through lots of scary headlines.
Because what matters over time of course is what companies are doing in terms of earnings growth, in terms of getting momentum for the long run and that’s what investors really have been focusing on this year.
RITHOLTZ: We have been speaking with Kathleen Fisher of AllianceBernstein, if you enjoyed this conversation be sure to hang around for the podcast extras where we keep the tape rolling and continue discussing all things investment. We love your comments, feedback and suggestions, write to us at [email protected].
You could follow me on Twitter @Rithotlz, check out my daily column on BloombergView.com, I’m Barry Ritholtz, you’re listening to Masters in Business on Bloomberg Radio.
Welcome to the podcast, Kathleen, thank you so much for doing this and I’m — we have been looking forward to this since I saw you having a conversation, I think it was with Tom Keene, might’ve been some time ago.
So Bernstein is a giant firm, I mean you are half a trillion dollars, plus it’s what almost 4,000 employees, is that about right?
RITHOLTZ: 3,500, so that’s a substantial firm. What’s it like working in a shop that large as a person who’s as visible as you are for the company?
FISHER: Bernstein, when I say Bernstein, because that is the brand we used.
RITHOLTZ: So you started after the merger.
RITHOLTZ: And I realized the merger was 2000, I thought it was after.
FISHER: The AllianceBernstein merger is 2000 and actually our brand now is AB which is great, nice and snappy, and it’s a wonderful firm and that everyone is — heard someone saying we are just providing great outcomes for our clients because we only do one thing, right? We do invest in research and management. So that’s a real luxury relative to being in a financial conglomerate that has tons of different unrelated business.
FISHER: We focus on providing great financial returns and the appropriate risk-adjusted returns for our clients whether they be institutional, private clients, or retail channel.
So it’s a really wonderful place to be working since everyone knows our goals and objectives and how we apply resources to achieve them.
So I think it’s a great model because I do believe strongly that companies should up the core competency to exploit in a world where depth and breadth matter more than ever.
RITHOLTZ: So I remember Bernstein back in the 90s when constantly top ranked on the institutional investor in terms of the research team, the individual analysts, I could pull some names out, Paul Sagawa was on telecommunications, I remember him downgrading Lucent, Cisco, a bunch of telecoms and 99 people thinking he’s crazy and all the stocks then dropped 90 percent so Bernstein was known for their research following the merger with Alliance, has the business changed all that much? I’m trying to remember, do you guys do syndication IPOs, those sort of stuff or is it purely investment management and planning?
FISHER: It is investment management and research and our sell side, particularly Bernstein continues to win accolades in the quality of the research they provide.
RITHOLTZ: Now that business model is undergoing some pretty serious changes. At one point in time, that was a big profit center for the big banks, now it is the research department, they are in service of the rest of the asset management firm how to — how is that working these days?
FISHER: On the Bernstein sell side research group is incredibly well-regarded and well-positioned to gain marketshare in a world where pressures are indeed changing the nature of the business quite substantially.
RITHOLTZ: Yes, there has been a lot of decompression in that space and you mentioned the lack of liquidity on the bond side that half of the sell side business has changed dramatically also, but you guys are fortunate that your focus is pretty single-minded and that’s relatively unusual in this industry.
FISHER: I think it’s a real advantage to clients to have a firm that really does know what it’s doing and why it’s doing it.
RITHOLTZ: To say the least. So let me jump to my favorite questions, these are the questions I ask all of our guests, what’s the most important thing that people don’t know about your background?
FISHER: Well, you might have gotten the sense of a pretty disciplined person, I work a lot, I don’t — my young colleagues now I’m not in any social media.
RITHOLTZ: No social media, no Twitter, no Facebook.
FISHER: No social media at all.
RITHOLTZ: LinkedIn, not even LinkedIn?
FISHER: Makes me a bit of a Luddite, I admit, but the thing they are learning sometimes that I read lot about what’s going on so I am actually much more up-to-date on what’s trending than they would expect me to be. And the other really interesting thing for most of my younger colleagues is that I do believe that we are in the Golden age of television, I do think that the Sopranos unleashed the most amazing set of programs ever and so when I have any free time on long holiday weekends, I do binge watch everything that I haven’t seen, just like a teenager might.
RITHOLTZ: Okay, so give me some names I have my favorites, tell me what you’re watching and enjoying.
FISHER: Well, to keep it the nice and light, I did do The Crown over the holidays.
RITHOLTZ: One of the guys in my office loves, I can’t get into it.
FISHER: I think of people think it’s slow but I think it’s riveting because I’m a bit of an Anglophile, and I do love House of Cards and I will probably still love it without Kevin Spacey, I love Orange is the New Black.
So I could go on.
RITHOLTZ: Orange is the New Black is a tough watch, I find that is like a little gritty.
FISHER: I think men have a harder time with it than women do.
Have you seen the Marvelous Mrs. Maisel on Amazon?
FISHER: I have read about it and I know she was the young woman on the House of Cards so I want to see that.
RITHOLTZ: My wife and I binged through the whole thing over the holidays and it it’s really tremendous. Tells us about some of your early mentors, you talked about what you’re doing at AB now mentoring women, who were your mentors?
FISHER: You know, I wish I could say I had a couple of incredibly important ones. I really didn’t and I regret that because I do think it’s so important. The one thing I did learn though is to make sure I got diverse opinions from people because everyone has biases and everyone has some blind spots so I have found it’s really good to ask multiple people questions over time to get help.
RITHOLTZ: What investors influenced your approach to asset management?
FISHER: One thing I love about investing is connecting the dots and everything is interconnected, everything can have unintended consequences, when I was young at Morgan Stanley, Barton Biggs was at — he has since passed away and Barton Biggs used to take a big trip every year and write about it. And the reason I’m highlighting that is that clients loved it because it reminded them of the big picture. It reminded them to keep focusing on the long term and recognized all these interconnected issues as opposed to being very, you know, focused on one particular stock or something that was really quite several as opposed to the longer-term.
So I gave him enormous credit for helping people think broadly.
RITHOLTZ: This is everybody’s favorite question, what are some of your favorite books be they investing or not investing related, fiction or nonfiction, what are you reading?
FISHER: I confess I’m not reading anything now. I tend to be in high work mode this time of the year, but I love books, again, that help connect the dots, a book that I read that I recommended to many people is Gotham, which is I think it’s Gotham History of New York to 1898 or so, I think it was written maybe 20 years ago, I forgot the author’s name but there is second version coming out but it is it is a very big book and the reason it’s so wonderful is it actually goes through the first 300 years of New York City and highlights both the — all the accidental forces that made New York become what it is today and the primary one is that the Dutch influence on New York is really what made it such a commercial center from inception.
We tend to think about the English influence but you know, the Dutch influence is really much more important to what the city became overtime.
RITHOLTZ: Gotham, A History of New York to 1898, Edwin Burroughs and Mike Wallace.
FISHER: Yes, and Mike Wallace has just — just done a second book which goes from I think 1898 to 1917 or something like that so it’s a much shorter timeframe but gets into the next period.
RITHOLTZ: Greater Gotham, a History of New York City from 1898 to 1919.
FISHER: Let me tell you another book that I recommend to everyone which used to be quite well known, I don’t think anyone under 15 knows of it, but All the King’s Men by Robert Penn Warren, does that ring a bell with you? Yes.
RITHOLTZ: Sure, it was a movie also.
FISHER: Was but the book is much more important than the film and I think it was written in the 40s but it was written about the 30s, it was a little bit based on Huey Long, but more importantly, it’s about, it’s got so many themes but it’s about history, it’s about how you — you have to we have to accept and learn to accept you history but also change, unintended consequences of actions is a big theme of the book, it’s magnificent, and I it also reminds that geography and climate are something we don’t think about as much anymore but when you read that book about the South in the 30s, you feel the heat and the humidity and the dust and you realize how that affected the way people lived in ways that we are sort of immune from today.
So it’s a great American novel that brings in many important social themes.
RITHOLTZ: I just finished How We Got To Now and one of the six factors that led to modernity was simply air-conditioning.
FISHER: I would say air conditioning is the most important invention of the modern era.
RITHOLTZ: It has changed where people live, it has changed the political dynamic.
RITHOLTZ: Right, it’s really you don’t think about that, we take it for granted but that’s a huge innovation. So we talked earlier about how things have improved for women in the industry. Generally speaking, what you think is the most significant changes we’ve witnessed in finance over the past 25 years?
FISHER: You know, like with most industries, I think the power of the consumer is really a big trend, right?
FISHER: You see that on every industry, right? The consumer preferences have to be met, they have so many choices and that’s certainly true in private wealth management, right?
There are many different choices I think it’s really good for clients and that they are seeing a broad array of different models and every firm is therefore going to have to figure out what’s the model that works best for them and the clients they want to serve.
So given that, what you think the next shifts that were good to see are going to be?
FISHER: So I figure there’s technology coming sort of from the bottom and that the [robo] advisors have highlighted the opportunity to use technology to give clients quick information and let them do a little iterative work on their own but at the higher end, you’re seeing that there is actually more need for good advice than ever before. Tax code changes and lots of different issues as the investing landscape changes, all these things demand that good advice be available.
RITHOLTZ: Tell us about a time you fail and what you learned from the experience?
FISHER: You know, I think you’re looking for something very idiosyncratic. I got to tell you that the most important thing that ever happened to me with getting through 2008 and 2009 with private clients because — and the reason I know how important that was — I realized I don’t remember anything about that year except for work because we basically dropped everything to make sure we can work with our clients.
As you know, it was a stunning time and anybody in stocks saw their stocks go down and happily our clients often had high quality municipal bonds that really helped offset those losses but it was a time when wit the faith and the way the world worked was shaken to its core and that affected me as well, I had to say the note is everything I believe to be true about investing still true and really had to work through that.
And it was a very important experience to say yes indeed the world does still work on but it did require that our firm and many others really focused on risk control in ways that we haven’t had to do before that.
So we developed some very powerful risk control tools that have been very — added to our clients ever since then.
RITHOLTZ: It’s hard to stop and realize it was only 10 years ago, it feels like it is so much further away, but it’s 2018, it’s just a mere 10 years later, that — isn’t that astonishing.
FISHER: Many people are still scarred by it.
RITHOLTZ: But there’s a posttraumatic stress disorder amongst investors who I can’t tell you how many times I speak to people, what do you mean you’re 50 percent cash? Well I’m on 50 percent cash, I was 100 percent cash through 2015? Really? That some serious scarring.
FISHER: Right, it’s the same thing, people that lost a lot of money in ’08 and will never trust markets again, it takes a long time to get over that.
RITHOLTZ: The line I remember from many years ago is when you look in 1929, it did not get back above those levels till 1954, it was 25 years later and someone said you needed a whole generation of people to be born, grow up, and start working again before you even had a chance breach those levels.
Tell us what you do to relax outside of the office, what you do to stay either mentally or physically sharp?
FISHER: So having been a working mother for most of my career, my children are now adults 31 and — so 32 and 28, I always had to really focus on my job and my family and kind of let other things fall by the wayside and that luckily worked for me. I’m also on some boards that are very important to me but the — I don’t have a high need for fun which is really good.
My fun is with my family, I have a wonderful husband and wonderful children and now a grandson and so I spend most of my time focusing on seeing them as much as I can. I do have a trainer, I have a trainer once a week who pushes me to do things that I would never do by myself which I think is wonderful.
But I will tell you I don’t have any dramatically interesting outside hobbies like bungee jumping or anything like that.
RITHOLTZ: So you mentioned work with some younger women in the firm. If a millennial or recent college graduate came to you and said they were interested in a career in finance what sort of advice would you give them?
FISHER: I would get the same advice I’ve been getting for decades which is you have to love the content of what you do, you will always be competing with people who do love that content so if you don’t, you’re going to have an edge. So you have to know why you’re in the fields and find — if you like finance, if you like markets, you know find a spot that really lights your fire because it is competitive, it should be and therefore you want to love what you do and the rest will come.
RITHOLTZ: And our final question what is it that you know about investing in markets today that you wish you knew 30 years ago?
FISHER: I think, patience and never ever letting yourself get swayed by the short term is something that you know when you’re younger it’s hard to do sometimes.
I look back at from the things I did back then and only I’ve held onto certain positions that I didn’t, it would’ve been a whole different story.
RITHOLTZ: To say the very least. We have been speaking with Kathleen Fisher, she is the head of wealth and investing strategies at AllianceBernstein. If you enjoyed this conversation, be sure to look up an inch or down an inch on Apple iTunes, sound cloud, overcast or wherever finer podcasts are sold and you could see any of the other 180 or so such conversations we’ve had.
We enjoy your comments, feedback, and suggestions, write to us at [email protected].
I would be remiss if I did not think the crack staff who helps me put together this conversation every week Taylor Riggs is our booker, Michael Batnick is our head of research, Medina Parwana is our audio engineer/producer extraordinaire.
I’m Barry Rithotlz, you have been listening to Masters in Business on Bloomberg Radio. | 2019-04-26T14:59:53Z | https://ritholtz.com/2018/03/transcript-alliance-bernsteins-kathleen-fisher/ |
Mobile Casino No Deposit: New 2019 Casinos for Phone and Tablet!
No Deposit Mobile Casino Reviews, Mobile Casino No Deposit Bonuses and Free Spins for your phone and tablet. Play on the go with these great free cash and spins deals!
This website is one of the most popular mobile casino bonus sites in the UK. But, we do also get visitors from all over the world and most of our bonuses are available internationally. Have a look around and we hope you enjoy reading our reviews!
ComeOn Mobile Casino: Get a 20 No Deposit Spins Bonus!
Sign up for a new account at Comeon Mobile Casino and grab 20 No Deposit Spins on Starburst up to £25 free bonus cash when you make your first real money deposit!
If fast loading games, quick payout and loads of choice of slots is your priority for choosing a new mobile casino, you may find Comeon to be ideal for your needs. This is one of our most popular no deposit spins mobile casino bonuses!
Net yourself a 10 Free Spins No Deposit Mobile Bonus from pint-sized Las Vegas casino, Pocket Vegas Mobile. Plus more bonuses and free spins and when you make your first three deposits.
This generous offer is available to new players who register at Pocket Vegas Mobile!
Claim 10 No Deposit Free Spins!
Dunder casino has a brand new no deposit bonus spins offer for new mobile players. Claim 20 Spins on signup (no deposit) and 100 Extra Spins + up to £100 in bonus cash on first deposit!
Claim 20 no deposit spins for Book Of Dead just for registering. Plus get a further 100 spins and a 100% Bonus when you make a deposit with them!
Minimum deposit: £20. 20 spins in Book of Dead on reg. 100% bonus up to £100 and 100 bonus spins. First 50 bonus spins credited on deposit, Second 50 bonus spins credited the following day. Valid on first deposit only. Reload bonus wagering: 60x. Wagering on bonus spins: 30x. Wagering must be completed within 30 days. Max bonus bet £5. Bonus is valid for a total of 21 days. Game weighting and standard bonus terms apply.
bgo Mobile Casino: 10 No Deposit Spins Bonus With No Wagering!
Or you can choose to claim a 100% First Deposit Bonus up to £200. The choice is yours. Just take a look at the bgo promotions page to claim the bonus you want to take.
**New Customers only. Use code “50FS”. Every £1 deposited = 1 free spin. Selected games only. 3 day expiry on free spins. 2.5% fee on deposit + withdrawal. No Neteller/Skrill. 10 Free Spins on registration and mobile verification (UK only). Selected games only.
Trada Casino: 10 Spins No Deposit No Wager Bonus & 100 Extra Spins for £10!
Trada Casino offers a 10 Spins no deposit bonus with Zero Wagering on the ‘Wolf Gold’ slot. Plus get an extra 100 Spins for just £/€10! All yours when you register a new account through No Deposit Mobile!
TradaCasino is a Microgaming and NetEnt casino that is growing in popularity fast! This casino focuses on fair play, amazing bonus codes, and player-friendly features. It’s a good choice for anyone who loves slots and is of our best no deposit bonuses!
*Strictly 18+ T&Cs apply. 0.25/Spin. Please gamble responsibly.
888 Mobile Casino: Free £88 No Deposit Bonus!
You can get better than a £10 Free No Deposit Bonus at the legendary 888 Mobile Casino. In Fact, new players can register and play with an £88 No Deposit Bonus their mobile!
Register today and play with £88 for FREE today and you might just get lucky. 888 is one of the most exciting mobile casino brands and has always appealed all online casino players!
Strictly 18+. Terms & Conditions Apply. Please Gamble Responsibly.
32Red mobile casino are giving away a £10 No Deposit Bonus to new players! Take advantage as this is one of the best no deposit bonuses you can find for UK players!
Enjoy playing some of the best and most popular slots, table games and live casino games at 32Red Casino. Try them out now with your free £1o no deposit bonus!
Get £10 No Deposit Bonus!
Goldman Mobile Casino: 5 No Deposit Spins Bonus!
You can get 5 no deposit free spins on Secret Garden when you register at Goldman Mobile Casino. To claim, simply register and use the promo code below. Plus you can triple your playing funds up to £100 on first deposit.
Goldman Casino is specifically for players who play on their hand held devices. With some many great games on board, it’s like having Vegas in your pocket!
Free Spins can be played on the slot game Secret Garden.
Claim 5 free spins on Fluffy Favourites with no deposit required at Lucks Mobile Casino! Plus there’s another 25 Free Spins on Starburst and a 100% bonus when you make your first deposit.
Slot Fruity: NEW £5 No Deposit + £500 Bonus + 50 Spins Bonus!
Claim £5 no deposit on Nektan Games PLUS £500 Welcome Bonus on Starburst! after your first deposit PLUS 50 Bonus Spins for Starburst!
Slot Fruity is a fun, exciting place to play mobile casino games. With great, new games to choose from you are spoilt for choice, and there is something to suit everyone’s taste.
PocketWin Mobile Casino: NEW £10 No Deposit Bonus!
Whats better than £5 no deposit? £10 no deposit, that’s what! Get Your £10 No Deposit Bonus to play at PocketWin Mobile Casino today. Sign up and play in 60 seconds or less!
PocketWin is the new mobile casino from the people behind pocket casino legend mFortune. PocketWin Mobile Casino has all the great gameplay you’d expect as well as some awesome bonuses!
Brand new online mobile casino has just hit our screens. Not only is this an epic place to play slots on your mobile, they are offering 50 no deposit free spins to all new players!
No only is Cashmo a brand new mobile casino, they also have exclusive slots that you can’t play anywhere else. Plus, each one of the games gives you the chance to win a progressive jackpot of at least £50,000!
Monster Casino Mobile: £5 No Deposit + 200% Bonus & 50 Starburst Spins!
Don’t be afraid to try something new, especially when it comes with a nice little perk like this one from Monster Casino! Collect a Free £5 No Deposit Bonus to get you started.
Enjoy hundreds of top slots from the industry’s finest software houses including NetEnt, Microgaming, IGT and WMS!
No Deposit Bonus: New players only, Max conversion £20, Only on Shamrock ‘n’ Roll, Mayan Marvels & Candy Swap, 100x wagering, SMS validation req, No deposit required. T&Cs apply.
Check out this astronomically awesome no deposit bonus from new mobile casino Cosmic Spins! Sign up and collect a £5 NO DEPOSIT BONUS!
Experience out of this world gaming at your fingertips with Cosmic Spins mobile and pick up a three-part welcome package with 150 Spins and up to £150 in bonus cash while you’re there!
This bonus is exclusive to new Cosmic Spins mobile casino players residing in the UK. Wagering terms must be met in order to cash out winnings. For deposit bonuses, wagering requirements are set to 50x, and a minimum deposit is required to claim. Maximum bet capped at £5. Neteller and Skrill deposits are not eligible to claim this bonus. Bonus expires after 30 days.
Coin Falls Mobile: £5 No Deposit Bonus + 50 Spins on Starburst!
Try out Coin Falls Casino with this amazing sign-up offer of £5 No Deposit Bonus for all new mobile customers.
New players can also boost their bankroll by up to £500 on Aloha! Cluster Pays with their bumper deposit match offer. That, and the incredible NetEnt, Aristocrat and NextGen mobile slots, should keep you busy for a while!
*Strictly 18+. Bonus Terms and T&Cs apply. Please gamble responsibly.
Get 30 a Free Spins No Deposit Mobile Bonus for Hawaiian themed NetEnt slot Aloha! Cluster Pays! Simply register a new account at LVBet Casino to claim!
Pay a visit to this smart looking mobile casino and enjoy a perfectly proportioned collection of top slots, live casino and sportsbook!
Winzino is a great no deposit mobile casino and they are offering 10 No Deposit Spins for every new player.
A great way to check out what they have in store for free and you might win something with no risk!
10 Free Spins – No Deposit!
New players only with a valid credit/debit card. Max 10 Free Spins. Free spins wins capped at £1. 50x wagering.
Jackpot Mobile Casino: £5 No Deposit Bonus PLUS 50 Bonus Spins!
Grab a £5 No Deposit bonus. deposit and get 50 Bonus Spins on Starburst and a generous £500 Welcome Bonus! So check out this cracking mobile casino!
Jackpot Mobile Casino runs on Nektan software and offers great slots and games for every casino player preference.
Get a 10 Spin No Deposit Bonus for “Stampede” when you sign up on your mobile phone, tablet or desktop computer at Spinzilla!
Spinzilla is a fun new casino that is perfect for mobile casino no deposit bonus fans! It has loads of the best slots to enjoy and it UK Gambling Commission licensed.
Strictly 18+. General T&Cs and Bonus T&Cs Apply.
New players only with a valid credit/debit card. Once per household. Offer is available until further notice. Max 10 Free Spins. Free spins are valid for 7 days. Free spins wins capped at £1. Winnings generated from free spins are paid out in bonus money & must be wagered 50x before being cashed out with its respective winnings. Withdrawals restrictions & full T&Cs apply.
Get 10 No Deposit Free Spins on Fluffy Favourites at Casino Big Apple Mobile. Plus you can claim another 45 Free Spins and £1,200 on your first 3 deposits!
Casino Big Apple is the mobile casino that never sleeps! To claim this awesome no deposit bonus, follow the link below and enter the No Deposit Promo Code and get your 10 no deposit spins!
*Strictly 18+. General and Bonus Terms apply. Please gamble responsibly.
Fancy 77 free spins no deposit? Look no further than 777 Mobile Casino as that’s exactly what you’ll get when you sign up to a new account.
New players can claim 77 free spins just for registering and a further £200 in bonus cash when they make a deposit.
Shadowbet Casino: 20 No Deposit No Wager Spins!
Play Ouroboros slot game before you register and win No Deposit Free Spins with no wagering requirements!
There’s up to 20 free spins available to win. Play now with no deposit & no registration required.
Once you have played Ouroboros, registered and played you no deposit free spins you can claim the full welcome package of a 100% Bonus + another 200 No Wager Free Spins!
Players must be over 18 years of age. New Players Only. Terms & Conditions Apply.
Northern Lights Casino is offering 10 Free Spins for Starburst on sign up with no deposit required!
Come and check out Northern Lights Casino’s mobile games and their huge NetEnt and NextGen titles.
In the last 10 years the number of people accessing the internet using their mobile phones has sky rocketed. More and more mobile specific apps are being developed and websites are becoming more mobile user friendly. So it will be no surprise to you that nearly all the online casinos have cottoned on to this trend. As a result, they have made sure their casino platforms and games are accessible from hand-held devices.
In fact, something you might not know is that some online casinos are specifically designed for mobile devices. Often they will also work on desktop and tablet devices, but optimum and most efficient usage is experienced by playing on your mobile.
When you're playing mobile casino games you can pretty much start and stop whenever you like. Therefore, when you're out and about doing your usual daily routine, you can open up your mobile and have a quick spin on your favourite games. With new advances in mobile technology, you can now pretty much play wherever you desire. It's a bit like carrying a whole casino around in your pocket!
Competition between mobile casino providers is fierce and they all want you to play at their site. Therefore, there have been many more no deposit mobile bonuses available for new players. This is great for no deposit bonus players. There are plenty of opportunities to try out all the new uk mobile casinos with no financial risk. You can play a selected number of free spins on your mobile with no deposit.
You will notice that a very large proportion of mobile casinos hand out no deposit bonuses to new players. These bonuses are sometimes referred to as free sign up bonuses or registration bonuses. The reason for this is because all a player need to do is sign up at a casino and validate their account (usually by sms or email) to claim the no deposit bonus. The bonus will be automatically loaded onto your account ready to be played on your mobile immediately after.
There are so many Free Sign Up Mobile Bonuses on offer as a lot of casinos will be competing against each other to get your custom. Ideally, they would like you to try their mobile casino using a no deposit bonus. If you like playing at their chosen casino, then you may decide to make a deposit and play with your real funds in the hope of winning big. Obviously, if you lose, the casino makes some money.
There are 2 main types of no deposit bonuses that UK Mobile Casinos usually offer new players. They are Free Spins No Deposit bonuses and No Deposit Cash Bonuses.
The most common type of no deposit bonus from a mobile casino are Free Spins No Deposit Bonuses. Here, a player is rewarded with free spins on a selected slot game or a range of games. They can be claimed after the registration process is complete. The number of free spins awarded is completely up to the casino but a typical range would be anything between 5 and 50 free spins no deposit.
Check out all our mobile free spins bonuses if you like the sound of that.
Sometimes mobile casinos can offer free bonus cash to play mobile slots without having to make a deposit. Usually it will be a £5 or £10 free no deposit mobile casino bonus. This bonus can then be played on any games in the casino or slots range (sometimes there are a few exceptions). This type of no deposit reward is slightly more rare than no deposit free spins but probably more popular with more experienced players.
If you're interested in these bonuses, check out our free £5 No Deposit Mobile Bonus or free £10 No Deposit Mobile Bonus sections.
You'll probably find that nearly all online casinos work well on mobile and tablet devices as well as desktop. Furthermore, you should find that they all run smoothly no mater what type of mobile you use. So whether your an iPhone or android fan, you can breathe easy.
However, if you like playing with no deposit bonuses, it's always a good idea to keep an eye out for new mobile casinos. They will usually be trying to attract as many new customers as possible. So its likely that they will have some of the best mobile casino no deposit offers.
At No Deposit Mobile we will be bringing you the latest free sign up bonuses from all the new no deposit casinos in the UK. So, make sure you come back and check here regularly. You wouldn't want to miss out on a new bonus and try out a new mobile casino.
When you claim a no deposit mobile casino bonus, it will be in the form of free spins or a cash bonus.
If you claim, for example a free £5 or £10 no deposit mobile casino bonus, your bonus funds can be played on any slot game (with maybe a few exceptions). So you will have pretty much free reign of the slots selection and play what you like. It will also give you a good feel of the casino and help you decide if you want to take the plunge and make your first deposit and play for real.
Free spins no deposit bonuses are usually assigned to 1 particular slot game. So you will only have access to playing on this slot. On the odd occasion, you'll find a free spins no deposit bonus that allows you to play on up to 4 slots but they aren't so common.
In most cases, no deposit free spins bonuses can be played on NetEnt slot games. By far the most popular is Starburst, but you'll also find bonuses including games like Gonzo's Quest, Great Rhino and Book Of Dead. These free mobile casino games can be played with no deposit and are great fun.
Did you know that you can make deposits at mobile casinos using your mobile phone bill? Well, you can. There are a number of service providers such as BOKU and Pay By Phone that offer this service.
If this is something that is of interest, see our Pay By Mobile Casino page.
Vegas Luck Mobile Casino: NEW 50 No Wager Free Spins On Finn & Swirly Spin!
Vegas Luck is a brand new mobile casino , and they are offering players the chance to pick up 50 Bonus Spins on NetEnt mobile slot Finn & The Swirly Spin!
PLUS winnings are WAGER FREE!
Vegas Luck Mobile out now, and the mobile gaming community is well and truly excited by it! Make sure you are first in line for your bonus spins!
Claim 200 Bonus Spins On Starburst and a 100% Match Bonus on your first deposit at Casino Joy! Now that really is something to be cheerful about!
This great cash match and free spins bonus can be claimed with your first deposit of £10 or more!
Visit Casino Joy for 200 Bonus Spins!
Explore brand new Genesis Casino and grab an out of this world bonus spins offer! Claim 300 Bonus Spins to play on Starburst when you register and deposit at Genesis Mobile Casino!
This big bang welcome offer is available to new depositing players. Find out how to claim yours, by reading our full casino review!
Brand New Deluxino: You can claim 25 NO WAGER FREE SPINS when you make your first £10 deposit!
Deluxino is a brand new online mobile casino and well worth checking out. They have over 300 of the best slots games which are all available to play on your handheld device. All free spins at Deluxino are wager free! Just make sure you use the PROMO CODE: DELUXINO.
New Players Only. Min Deposit is £10. Max Reward is 25 Spins on Fluffy Favourites using promo code.
Promo codes can be used once during promotional period. Full T&C’s apply.
888 Casino is a legend of mobile casino gaming! **Exclusive Bonus** New players can play with a 30 Free Spins No Deposit Bonus and up to £1,500 Bonus on your first deposit.
Try one of the biggest names in online casino entertainment for FREE today and you might just get lucky. 888 is one of the most exciting mobile casino brands and has always appealed to UK players.
PlayGrand Mobile Casino: 100 Bonus Spins & £1,000 Deposit Match Bonus!
You won’t find a mobile casino offer of this size very often…PlayGrand Mobile Casino are offering new players a £1,000 Bonus + 100 Bonus Spins Welcome Package!
PlayGrand Casino is a multi-software mobile casino so fantastic gameplay on your handheld device is guaranteed!
New player only. Minimum deposit of £10. Bonus spins are valid on selected games. 35x (bonus only) wagering requirements.
Mobile gamers can get their hands on 22 No Deposit Spins PLUS a First Deposit Bonus Up to £222 at Yako Mobile Casino!
Try them out for free today with this great free spins no deposit bonus that can be played on 4 of the most popular slots: Starburst, Finn And The Swirly Spin, Joker Pro and Aloha! Cluster Pays!
Get 22 No Deposit Spins!
Enjoy up to £500 and 50 Bonus Spins at Diamond7 Mobile Casino with your first three deposits!
Sign up to this great mobile casino to claim this unmissable welcome bonus. You will receive a 100% Bonus worth up to £100 and 25 bonus spins on your first deposit alone!
*18+. New players only. Min deposit £20. Max Bet £5 while bonus is in play. Valid for the first 3 deposits only. Bonus spins on selected games only. 35x wagering requirement. Game weighting, time limitations & Bonus T&C’s apply.
Pick up 20 no deposit bonus spins to enjoy on exclusive mobile slot Super Fruit Bandit. A bonanza of bonuses and brilliant fun to boot!
Cashmio Mobile Casino: Get 150 Bonus Spins on Starburst!
Enjoy 150 Bonus Spins on Starburst at Cashmio casino – just sign up and deposit £20 to claim them!
If you are looking for a new mobile casino that really delivers on performance, choice and player rewards? Bonus mobile spins, free spins and bonus cash! Cashmio Mobile Casino has it all!
Get 150 Bonus Spins on Starburst!
BetRegal Mobile Casino: Deposit and claim this NEW 100% Match Bonus!
New BetRegal Mobile casino is offering depositing players a 100% cash match bonus worth up to £250.
Looking for a casino that will treat you like royalty? We can’t promise you the red carpet treatment, but BetRegal will certainly entertain you with their first class collection of games!
Visit Betregal Casino for this NEW 100% Match Bonus!
Available to new players only. Minimum £10 deposit required. Bonus funds subject to 35x wagering requirements (bonus + deposit). Maximum bonus £250.
Get your first deposit back with this new player offer from Untold Mobile Casino. Deposit and play the games you love, then get 100% of your losses back up to £777!
There is an element of mystery to this new mobile casino. Why not uncover all its secrets by checking out our mobile casino review?
Visit Untold Casino for this unique offer!
You must be over the age of 18 to use this site. | 2019-04-22T08:24:27Z | https://nodepositmobile.co.uk/ |
The Harvard Business Law Review (HBLR) aims to be the premier journal covering the laws of business organization and capital markets. HBLR will publish articles from professors, practitioners, and policymakers on corporate law and governance, securities and capital markets law, financial regulation and financial institutions, law and finance, financial distress and bankruptcy, and related subjects.
In 2008, the Securities and Exchange Commission made waves by deciding to regulate the nascent peer-to-peer lending industry. Only two lending platforms survived the SEC’s entry into a previously lightly-regulated market. Under this regulatory setup, the SEC would regulate the lending-investing process, while other agencies like the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and Federal Trade Commission would regulate the borrower side of the business. In subsequent years, entrepreneurs, academics, and lawmakers struggled with the question of whether this bifurcated approach should be replaced by a consolidated regulatory approach, supported by an exemption of P2P lending platforms from federal securities laws. This Article argues that the existing bifurcated system works and is continually getting better as the SEC amends existing exemptions and introduces new regulations to smooth the path for financial innovation. It uses data and empirical methods to further examine the relative welfare of borrowers and retail lenders in P2P transactions. It concludes that (i) unlike brick-and-mortar transactions, retail lenders require more protection than borrowers in the P2P world and (ii) the SEC is uniquely suited to protect these retail lenders and should continue to do so, with some recommended modifications.
In 2006, a company called Prosper had an audacious idea: helping people borrow thousands of dollars online from strangers. News coverage at the time was slightly incredulous, describing the startup as “ingenious and faintly surreal – its premise is that strangers . . . will come together to execute meaningful, serious[,] and risky transactions in a self-consciously anonymous environment.” Ten years later, peer-to-peer (P2P) loan platforms in the United States have issued $5.5 billion in loans. In a significant departure from traditional bank-based lending, individual retail lenders (“lenders” or “individual lenders”) are loaning money to anonymous borrowers on P2P loan platforms, often based on a combination of verified and unverified data. This is how it works: borrowers register on a P2P loan platform and submit information in a loan application; the loan platform then assigns the loan a quality score before posting the loan anonymously to their platforms to attract lender funding.
This novel industry has been the subject of intense regulatory debate, due to concerns over consumer protection. The early days of P2P lending were fraught with risk to lenders, who were largely individuals rather than traditional institutional creditors. Even as the industry grew, lenders bore painfully high default rates―Prosper was charging off more than 20% of loans issued before 2008, while Lending Club fared better, but still had 8.5% of its pre-2008 loans in default. In comparison, consumer loan charge-offs and delinquencies at commercial banks averaged around at 5.5% and 4.7% respectively during the same period in 2009.
Regulatory ambiguity ended in 2008; the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) fatefully intervened on November 24 and entered a cease-and-desist order (the Order) against Prosper. According to the SEC, Prosper (and by extension, other for-profit P2P loan platforms) were selling “securities” and thus came under the ambit of the 1933 Securities Act. These P2P loans thus had to be registered with the SEC to comply with federal securities laws. This caused a massive industry shakeout. Prosper and Lending Club successfully registered their offerings with the SEC, but other P2P loan platforms such as Loanio, Virgin Money, and Pertuity soon folded under the burden of complying with the SEC’s Order.
The SEC’s Order had far-reaching implications for the P2P lending model. Lending Club and Prosper faced significant registration and reporting requirements. These for-profit P2P loan platforms had to shelf-register each loan (known as a “note”) ahead of any given lender’s investment. They had to record details of each funded loan with the SEC in a “posting supplement” placed on EDGAR (the SEC’s disclosure archive), thus publicly storing the borrower’s data and disclosures for the public to see. Unsurprisingly, these registration requirements were difficult to implement for incumbents, and are nearly insuperable for new entrants.
The SEC’s Order also fundamentally changed the transactional relationships among the borrower, lender, and platform. Prior to the SEC’s Order, when borrowers and lenders matched, “Prosper would signal WebBank, a Utah-chartered industrial bank, to make the loan to the borrower. WebBank would assign the note to Prosper, which then assigned it to the lender.” Effectively, the platform merely intermediated a loan between the borrower and the lender. The transaction has become significantly more complicated after the SEC’s Order. Today, the lender starts the process by signaling interest in a prospective borrower. When the loan receives enough indications of interest, WebBank funds the borrower but assigns the loan to the platform, not to the lenders. The platform then sells a separate debt instrument backed by the original loan to the lenders, who become creditors of the platform rather than the borrower. The approach is cumbersome and exposes lenders to additional risk, as it entirely eliminates any status lenders may have as secured creditors of the platform. Unfortunately, offering lenders a partial or whole security interest in the loan would potentially make them registrants or underwriters of the security, and thus this workaround resulted.
Despite these restrictions, P2P lending has taken off. Lending Club and Prosper have issued more than $13 billion in loans since 2006, with the majority of loan growth concentrated in the past three years. These online marketplaces for personal loans have also benefited both borrowers and lenders by stripping some costs out of the transaction. For example, Lending Club claims that “the traditional banking system is burdened by its high fixed cost of underwriting and services, in part due to its physical infrastructure and labor- and paper-intensive business process . . . .” These platforms may drive additional benefits, such as the potential to harness the “collective intelligence of potential lenders” and its function as an alternative source of capital during the 2008 credit crunch.
One of the central questions gripping the industry has been that of the optimal regulatory structure. As P2P lending took off, entrepreneurs, academics, and lawmakers struggled with deciding who should regulate the industry. Should they allow the SEC to retain jurisdiction alongside other regulators (the bifurcated approach), or should they consolidate oversight under the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and exempt platforms from federal securities laws (the consolidated approach)? This Article answers that question with the benefit of new data and developments. Section I describes the battle between the bifurcated and consolidated approaches. Section II refutes criticisms of the bifurcated approach. Section III explains the novel risks individual lenders face in P2P lending markets, thus justifying SEC involvement. Section IV outlines modest proposals for the SEC to improve their oversight of the industry.
Shortly after the GAO report was published, Andrew Verstein, who is now a Wake Forest Law School professor, published the first comprehensive study analyzing the shortcomings of SEC regulation of P2P lending. Broadly, Verstein advances three criticisms of SEC regulation. First, the cost of SEC compliance would selectively burden certain P2P business models and restrict industry growth. Second, the SEC had no mandate to protect borrowers and might privilege lenders over borrowers when requiring information disclosure. Third, SEC involvement actively hurt lenders by imposing additional risks.
On the first issue, Verstein describes how for-profit P2P loan platforms would continue to be harmed by the registration process. P2P loan platforms cannot sell notes before the registration statement becomes effective, and must continue to amend their SEC filings in the post-effective period at great effort. Verstein notes, “The costs and delays from SEC regulation of P2P lending resulted in a substantial reduction in the number of P2P platforms . . . . In this climate, many P2P platforms have found it difficult to compete and grow.” As for borrowers, Verstein worries that mandatory disclosures in SEC filings compromised borrower privacy with little benefit to the lenders, since even the SEC admitted that few people use EDGAR to access information about P2P investments. The SEC has no mandate to protect borrowers and could potentially “ossify a ruthlessly pro-lender bias for P2P disclosure.” Finally, securities registration may have made lenders worse off. P2P loan platforms were forced to opt for shelf registration under Securities Act Rule 415, which is the only way for issuers to register a group of securities far in advance of their issuance. However, shelf registration meant that the platform had to serve as the issuer, rather than the individual borrowers, thus exposing the lender to the credit risks of both borrowers and the platform.
Verstein believes that the better solution would be to consolidate regulation of P2P loan platforms under the CFPB. This new agency could craft tailored disclosures that balanced borrower privacy against misleading advertising and disclosures for lenders. The CFPB’s prudential regulatory scheme could further negate some of the unwanted side effects of a purely disclosure-based regime. This perspective helped clarify two opposing positions on the “optimal regulator” for the P2P lending industry. One camp strongly supported the CFPB, since it would impose none of the registration costs outlined above, while also furnishing the additional benefit of being better placed to apply federal consumer protection laws on behalf of borrowers. In contrast, the opposing camp argued for a “wait-and-see” approach that permitted the bifurcated regime to continue. Chief among their reasons were concerns that experienced securities and lending regulators would be foreclosed from applying their expertise to a rapidly evolving industry, instead replacing joint oversight with a single new regulatory entity potentially subject to regulatory capture. Proponents of the bifurcated regime also argued that it was too early to claim that the industry was “stifled by overregulation” and that unchecked growth might foretell a crash. The bifurcated regime has turned out to be the correct choice, due to changes in the SEC’s approach, as well as new empirical data suggesting that lenders require more protection than borrowers in P2P lending markets.
Four years later, the dire shortcomings of the bifurcated approach have failed to materialize. Proponents of a consolidated approach under the CFPB had fretted that the cost of SEC regulation was simply too high and would halt industry growth in its tracks. Yet the SEC has expanded private placement exemptions and put in place new regulations to lower the regulatory barrier to entry, effectively exempting new P2P loan platforms from the dreaded registration burden. The bifurcated approach will also likely benefit borrowers, since the centrality of loan platforms in P2P transactions offers an easier single point of application of consumer financial protection laws. But perhaps the most powerful argument in favor of the SEC’s continued role comes from protections that disclosure rules may offer lenders. Empirical analysis shows that the tables have turned on lenders. Unlike traditional credit markets, lenders require more protection than borrowers in P2P lending transactions due to their retail status. Thus, each of the original arguments against the SEC’s involvement have been mitigated or even overturned with time.
At the outset, the notion that P2P lending growth has been chilled by regulation should be dispelled. P2P lending volumes at Prosper and Lending Club (both of whom collectively controlled 98% of the P2P market in 2014) grew from $871 million in loans in 2012 to $2.4 billion in 2013. By one estimate, P2P loans in the U.S. reached $5.5 billion in 2014, and are projected to reach $150 billion by 2025. By any measure, growth has been rapid.
The remaining concern should thus be whether new entry is still significantly challenged by regulatory barriers to entry. But, since 2013, the SEC has adopted new rules that lower these barriers. The main hurdle faced by for-profit P2P loan platforms, following the SEC’s application of the Howey test, was the need for costly and burdensome registration regardless of business size. In 2011, there were several exemptions that could have removed P2P loans from the ambit of federal securities laws (and, correspondingly, eliminated the need for registration), but most had aggregate offering amount caps which were too low to support the scale of a P2P lending operation. An exemption under Rule 506, which does not have an aggregate offering limit, could have permitted the platforms to execute private placements but for the prohibition on “general advertising” and “general solicitation” (stemming from the Rule 502(c) limitations on the manner of offering). A securities offering made over the Internet—a fundamental sales channel for a P2P loan platform—might be deemed by the SEC to involve general advertising or general solicitation and thus would not qualify for the Rule 506 exemption. Thus, to avoid registration, P2P loan platforms would either have to stay extremely small and give up any economies of scale, or would have to avoid marketing the securities through standard sales channels—both untenable propositions for any consumer-focused business.
Fortunately, the SEC implemented Rule 506(c) in September 2013, which “permits issuers to use general solicitation and general advertising . . . when conducting an offering pursuant to [Rule 506(c)], provided that all purchasers of the securities are accredited investors and the issuer takes reasonable steps to verify that such purchasers are accredited investors.” What this means is that as long as the platforms make a reasonable effort to ensure that lenders are “accredited investors,” they should be able to offer and sell an unlimited amount of loans to lenders without going through registration.
The dominant lending platforms, Lending Club and Prosper, do not need this exemption since they already have a shelf-registration process in place. But new entrants into the P2P lending arena may yet take advantage of this exemption, especially as it grows in popularity. General use of Rule 506(c) is still small. More than 900 new offerings were conducted in reliance on Rule 506(c) in 2014, raising more than $10 billion in new capital. But this is small compared to the 9,200 offerings valued at $233 billion sold under the old “private” Rule 506 exemption. As the Rule 506(c) exemption gains popularity, it could emerge as a powerful tool to incubate new platforms among informed lenders, thus undercutting concerns around insuperable regulatory barriers to entry. Previous commentators have noted that P2P lending startups are in a catch-22: they cannot legally begin operating without registration or afford registration without venture funding, but they will not get venture funding without acquiring customers through their operations. This exemption dispels some of those concerns. The new entrants can start with Rule 506(c) to grow their customer base. Once they obtain funding, they can then transition to shelf-registration to ensure that their securities enjoy the full benefits of a registered offering, such as the ability for buyers to freely resell their securities.
In a related development, the SEC recently implemented a separate crowdfunding exemption pursuant to the CROWDFUND Act of 2012. Some provisions of the SEC’s final rule regarding crowdfunding (Regulation Crowdfunding) appear to further ease entry into the P2P lending market. Borrower companies may raise up to $1 million in a 12-month period, from both accredited and unaccredited investors, subject to individual investment limits and certain financial statement disclosure requirements. The offering must also be made through a broker or funding portal. Regulation Crowdfunding allows platforms to match borrowers and lenders on a marketplace, without requiring the platform to register any securities. This partially resurrects the original transaction structure proposed by lending platforms: lenders can lend money directly to borrowers, with the platform only providing a marketplace in which the transaction can take place. Admittedly, Regulation Crowdfunding does not fully open the door to the original model, since the exemption exempts small business issuers from registration, and further requires issuers to file certain disclosures with the SEC. But while this exemption would not necessarily benefit new entrants seeking to replicate Lending Club or Prosper’s business model, it opens the door to currently unavailable P2P lending structures such as a platform for crowdfunded small business loans. The increasing availability of exemptions for all aspects of P2P funding is evidence that the slow-growth and barrier-to-entry concerns are unwarranted.
Proponents of the consolidated approach were justifiably concerned that the SEC would focus on protecting lenders at the expense of borrowers. Holding aside that the status quo involves a multi-agency approach that includes the CFPB, there have been additional benefits accruing to borrowers due to the SEC’s involvement. The SEC’s registration requirement forces the lending platform to issue loans to borrowers in the platform’s own name. Essentially, the platforms have stepped in to act as a clearinghouse. This structure may be detrimental to lenders since they no longer retain a security interest in the borrower’s loan. However, it may have the happy, and likely unintended, consequence of providing additional protections for borrowers. Many of the major consumer financial protection laws, such as the Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA) and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) can be more effectively applied against a lending platform than against individual lenders. By issuing lenders a borrower-dependent payment note instead of assigning the borrower’s obligation to the lender, the platform truly assumes the role of “creditor” in each transaction. The platform thus provides a single point of application for the enumerated consumer financial protection laws.
To highlight how this works, consider creditors’ obligations under TILA. A covered creditor must “disclose any finance charge; report interest rates as annual percentage rates; identify the creditor; list the amount financed; enumerate the payment schedule; describe late fees; and suggest that the consumer consult a tax adviser.” However, not everyone who lends money is a covered creditor. A creditor is only subject to TILA requirements if he “regularly extends . . . consumer credit” and “is the person to whom the debt arising from the consumer credit transaction is initially payable on the face of the evidence of indebtedness. . . .” An entity “regularly extends” credit if it did so more than twenty-five times in the preceding year. In the original transaction structure where the notes were made payable to the individual lender, attaching TILA obligations to the platform or the funding bank could be difficult if the debt was initially payable to the individual lender. It would be even more difficult to attach TILA obligations to individual lenders—logistics of forcing lenders to comply with TILA aside, the lenders have to regularly extend credit to be covered under TILA. Having the borrowers be clearly obligated to the funding bank or platform provides a logical and sensible party to which TILA duties can attach.
The benefits of a single point of application for ECOA are even clearer. One of the key ECOA requirements is the adverse action notice: if the borrower’s application for credit is denied, he is entitled to an adverse action “providing statements of reasons in writing as a matter of course to applicants against whom adverse action is taken.” In the original transaction model, lenders might arguably have been required to issue adverse action notices, as ECOA creditors include “any assignee of an original creditor who participates in the decision to extend, renew, or continue credit.” This requirement would have been unworkable, and potentially imposed civil liability on lenders, as ECOA provides a private right of action. However, the present model appropriately places the full weight of ECOA compliance on lending platforms and funding banks since they are the creditors actually making the loans.
The above arguments posit that borrowers receive better protections because of the transactional structure imposed by the SEC. However, they do not directly address the issue of borrower privacy and the potential ossification of a “ruthlessly pro-lender bias” that so concerns Verstein. In Section III-A, this Article describes how empirical analysis shows that borrowers are getting a good deal and face a relatively low risk of exploitation by lenders and the lending platforms.
The traditional borrower-lender dynamic has typically favored lenders over borrowers due to the disparity in negotiating leverage between the parties. Borrowers often pit themselves against banks selling financial products with “incomprehensible terms and sharp practices that have left families at the mercy of those who write the contracts.” This does not appear to be the case here. Based on loan data provided by Lending Club, it appears that in P2P lending transactions, borrowers are doing quite well. They are not subject to the same risks as those in the brick-and-mortar lending world. Conversely, lenders have entered the lending market for the first time, and are making small but significant mistakes when processing the reams of data made available to them. The tables have turned on lenders, and the SEC is uniquely suited to protect these neophyte investors through better disclosure.
The following analysis is based on an empirical study of 391,888 of Lending Club’s loans made from 2007 to 2013, of which 33,592 are matured and have been fully paid down or charged off. Each loan contains significant borrower disclosures that lenders rely on to make an investment decision. This appears to be the first empirical contribution to the bifurcated versus consolidated regulatory approach debate. Results show that borrowers appear to enjoy better rates than they would have obtained on their immediate source of credit—credit cards. They are also well protected from lender exploitation by a combination of Lending Club collection policies and the collective action problem of collecting on small loans. In contrast, lenders may need to be protected from themselves, since they often misinterpret key information offered by borrowers. Summary statistics are reproduced below.
To evaluate whether Lending Club borrowers are getting better interest rates, the empirical study regresses average Lending Club rates for 36-month loans on alternative sources of credit from 2007 to 2012. Controlling for individual borrower characteristics, the study shows that for every 100 basis point (bps) increase in rates for comparable credit products—for example, personal loans, existing credit card APRs, and new card APRs—Lending Club’s average rates rise between eight and thirty bps. Thus, Lending Club’s average rates appear less sensitive than bank rates, which would have benefited borrowers during the 2008 to 2010 credit crunch. During this period, credit card interest rates stayed mostly flat, between 13% and 14% APR—though personal loan rates fell, likely due to rapidly tightening loan issuance standards. Lending Club’s rates stayed relatively flat at 11% to 12% over the same period, resulting in relatively better rates for the average borrower during the credit crisis. It is possible that Lending Club was capturing higher credit-quality borrowers from banks during this period, generating a compositional shift that dampened rate increases. However, banks were implementing tighter lending standards, and fewer borrowers were qualifying for traditional bank credit. Thus, Lending Club may have been able to offer lower rates for equivalent- or greater-risk customers who were unable to obtain bank loans.
Most Lending Club borrowers also appear insulated from overpayment exploitation. Overpayment occurs when missed payments and late fees begin compounding, increasing the borrower’s outstanding obligation. This is a common concern in payday lending. Table 1 analyzes just-matured loans, showing the breakdown of overpaying borrowers and the amount overpaid relative to loan size. Lower quality borrowers have a higher risk of overpaying as they are more likely to be miss payments, consistent with their poorer credit quality. Yet on the whole, only 3.8% of borrowers—1,277 out of 33,592 borrowers whose loans terms were completed—paid more than the contracted installments, including charged-off loans. This is in line with the overall delinquency rate on consumer loans at commercial banks, which ranged from 2.4% to 4.9% from 2007 to 2012. Further, borrowers overpaid from 0.4% to 1.5% of the amount borrowed. These overpayment amounts are unremarkable. For comparison, credit card accountholders with FICO above 660 (non-subprime borrowers) historically paid 2-4% of their average daily balance in late fees and over-limit fees, which indicate that overpayment ratios on P2P loan platforms are reasonable.
Borrowers also appear relatively free from predatory penalties and collections practices. Lending Club’s collection and recovery process appears fairly forgiving. Borrowers are given a fifteen-day grace period, after which they are charged a $15 flat fee or 5% of the missed monthly payment, whichever is greater. This charge only occurs once per missed payment, avoiding potential pyramiding charges. If the borrower is thirty or more days late, the loan is often turned over to an external collection agency; at 150 or more days late, it is charged off the investors’ portfolios. However, Lending Club does not make a policy of aggressively pursuing recoveries, and notes that “recoveries on previously charged-off loans are infrequent.” Table 4 shows the results of these comparatively lenient policies: average late fees per loan range between $14 and $32. Recoveries rarely exceed 1% of total loan amounts and are typically less than $60 per loan; the only anomaly is a large recovery in Grade G loans, which dramatically skews the small sample of Grade G loans. Correspondingly, it is reasonable to conclude that P2P borrowers have significantly different experiences from payday loans and other forms of predatory lending. The P2P borrower experience is far more in line to that of a typical consumer loan customer or credit card customer with solid credit at a commercial bank.
While borrowers are getting a good deal, lenders still misinterpret certain borrower disclosures when choosing which loans to invest in, resulting in suboptimal investment decisions. This may be particularly true for the pre-2012 lending population, which was largely composed of individual lenders. In short, lenders are given a dizzying array of information upon which to base a lending decision, but may need more verification and platform guidance to correctly process the data. These are policies that the SEC is well-suited to require of lending platforms.
The empirical analysis discussed below was conducted based on the following procedure. A series of regressions evaluating the effect of various borrower disclosures on three independent variables were run to deduce how lenders treat each piece of information. The well-informed, rational investor should invest more quickly in attributes that predict better loan performance, resulting in matching signs between Column 2 and Columns 3 and 4. Table 6 provides an overview of congruencies and discrepancies between lender interest and loan performance.
The need for greater lender protections and clearer disclosures becomes evident when the regression results are compared. On the one hand, Lending Club grading criteria appear to be accurate, and lenders can profitably rely on Lending Club’s grades. Table 6 highlights this in Columns 3 and 4, where Lending Club’s grades are strongly predictive of default probability and loss severity. Additionally, the signs on disclosed information in Column 1 closely match those in Columns 3 and 4, implying that Lending Club is correctly incorporating disclosed information into its assessment of loan quality. Yet lenders do not rely solely on Lending Club’s grades. Instead, they revisit borrower disclosures and assign their own interpretation to those data, sometimes resulting in higher default probabilities.
The key takeaways from Table 6 are summarized in the following Exhibit A. The items in the center column describe mismatches between lender expectations—as represented by the variables’ effect on time-to-fund—and actual loan performance.
The most significant lender mistakes appear to be around interest rates and credit inquiries, which are respectively categorized as Lending Club-assigned outcomes and verified information. Lenders aggressively seek higher interest rates—a 1% increase in interest rate within the same subgrade will reduce time to fund by nearly half a day. However, higher rates are associated with higher charge-offs even controlling for all other factors, possibly due to the effect on borrower ability-to-pay—an effect well-established in the literature. Additionally, lenders appear to disregard inquiries made in the last 6 months, despite a significant impact on default risk. Lenders also disdain higher FICO and prefer higher revolving utilization. Unfortunately for them, lower FICOs and higher revolving utilization lead to higher charge-offs.
For unverified information, lenders make fewer “mistakes” but could still benefit from clearer guidance. They appropriately stay away from borrowers who do not disclose employment, and are correctly wary of borrowers whose stated loan purpose is “moving,” “small business,” and “other.” However, lenders may be missing certain indicators of poor performance. For example, they do not respond significantly to medical and education loans, even though those tend to charge off at a greater rate with higher severity. Conversely, they also tend to base their decisions on attributes that do not seem to have a significant impact. In particular, lenders lend more quickly to borrowers paying rent or mortgages, relative to borrowers who own their homes. Yet these types of homeownership are not associated with significantly better or worse loan performance than that of a home-owning borrower. When it comes to borrower narratives, lenders care about whether descriptions are offered, but appear to care less about the quantity of information disclosed in those descriptions. Having a description reduces time to fund by 0.1 days, but does not significantly affect loan performance. Conversely, the amount of information volunteered by borrowers in their descriptions does impact charge-off probability and loss severity, which lenders fail to take into account. Longer borrower narratives are correlated to lower charge-off probability. Borrowers may be, somewhat surprisingly, using this section to establish their bona fides, rather than tricking soft-hearted lenders into extending foolish credit.
Lenders need the SEC’s help. Admittedly, the SEC’s involvement is not uniformly beneficial to lenders. Lenders’ inability to receive a security interest in the underlying loan surely puts them at greater risk should a P2P loan platform become insolvent. But the preceding analysis shows that this may be a necessary cost to keep the SEC involved and protective of lenders. Lenders are offered literally dozens of categories of information, which can be material or immaterial, verified or unverified, voluntary or mandatory. This is a scenario that fits well in the SEC’s wheelhouse, despite playing out in a novel P2P setting. The SEC’s mission to “protect investors, maintain fair, orderly and efficient capital markets, and facilitate capital formation” applies neatly to P2P lending transactions, especially as platforms begin moving upmarket into bigger loans—for example, small business loans. Keeping the SEC front and center, alongside other agencies such as the CFPB and state lending agencies, ensures that lenders who invest in the booming P2P lending market will continue receiving the disclosure protections they need most.
Lenders need additional protections and better disclosure to flourish in the brave new world of P2P lending. The SEC has identified several strategic goals (the Strategic Plan) that are relevant to lenders. Chief among them is “work[ing] to ensure that investors have access to high-quality disclosure materials” containing initiatives such as “design[ing] and implement[ing] new disclosure regimes for specialized categories of issuers so that investors in these products have relevant and useful information to make informed investment decisions.” While the Strategic Plan did not specifically call attention to P2P financing, the rapid growth of this market means that it cannot be overlooked as the SEC implements its initiatives under this goal. The SEC should consider two reforms that would encourage production of reliable information to assist lenders in their decision-making.
First, the SEC should direct P2P loan platforms to improve their verification processes. Lenders appear to rely on much of the unverified information when making lending decisions. Currently, platforms focus verification efforts on income data, with useful results. Borrowers with verified income are typically considered worse risks, since poor quality borrowers are required to, or may volunteer, additional information such as tax returns or pay stubs to verify their disclosed income. This is only one example of how verification improves material information. To build on these informational benefits, P2P loan platforms should be required to verify all income disclosures, and take reasonable steps to verify other material disclosures such as employment and homeownership. For less-easily verifiable information, such as loan purposes, platforms might be able to increase truthfulness by highlighting the borrower’s potential antifraud liability for misrepresentation. While these would be difficult to enforce privately, it might nonetheless increase truthful disclosure on the margin.
Second, the SEC should direct P2P loan platforms to provide more explanatory disclosures to its lenders. Exhibit A shows several examples of relevant borrower disclosures that seem to be ignored by lenders. For example, certain unverified information (such as borrowing to pay off credit card debt) and even verified information (such as number of inquiries in the last six months) do not appear to affect lender enthusiasm. The platforms’ risk-scoring algorithms are closely-held secrets, and may already account for these attributes during the loan-grading process. However, lenders might benefit from clear and prominent summaries by the platforms about which attributes tend to predict better or worse loan performance, all else held equal. Notably, this disclosure will only help if all material information is verified, since doing otherwise would invite borrowers to game the system by manipulating their information.
Finally, the SEC itself needs a more targeted approach towards defining materiality. The SEC’s “basic perspective is as follows: if a platform gives lenders any shred of information, it must matter to lenders; if it matters to lenders, it must be material to their lending decision; and if it is material to the lending decision, it must be posted on the EDGAR system.” But by forcing all borrower-disclosed information onto EDGAR, the SEC may have chilled certain valuable disclosures from ever being made. Table 5 shows that borrower narratives tend to reduce charge-off probability and loss severity. Yet over the past few years, narratives have nearly disappeared from the platform. According to Table 6 below, 98% of loans had narratives in 2007. By 2014, less than 10% of loans contained narratives. One possible reason might be borrowers’ increasing unwillingness to disclose more than they have to, since these personal stories are etched into EDGAR for eternity.
Any regulatory effort to further protect lenders must take these tradeoffs into account. One approach would be to define a tighter materiality standard. A standard based on the classic “total mix of information available” formulation could be assessed via the statistical significance of investor responses. An alternative materiality standard based on the size of the misstatement could also be applied. For example, the SEC could evaluate the effect on expected losses (default probability multiplied by loss severity) should the borrower misstate or misrepresent a particular loan attribute, to provide a preliminary assessment as to whether the erroneous disclosure is material. In either case, the platforms would have to collaborate closely with the SEC to correctly identify material items. This narrower reading of materiality would bring several benefits. First, it would quantify “materiality” of disclosures in P2P loan offerings and bring it in line with the SEC’s “rules of thumb” on materiality for other securities. Second, it would allow the SEC to select only the most “material” information to capture in EDGAR, and potentially relieve some of the reporting burdens shouldered by the platforms.
To truly ameliorate privacy concerns, however, the SEC should provide some discretion to P2P loan platforms regarding how borrower disclosures that contain personally identifiable information get captured in the shelf registration. For example, it may not be necessary to capture the entire borrower narrative—instead, platforms might be allowed to categorize the narrative under one of several different narrative types. Herzenstein et al. finds six “identity claims” in narratives provided by Prosper borrowers, such as “trustworthy,” “moral,” and “economic hardship.” Using these categories may better protect borrower privacy by preventing inadvertent over-disclosure.
When the GAO issued its P2P lending report, commentators worried that the SEC’s dominant role in the industry would chill growth and block new market entrants; it would fail to protect borrowers and would only harm lenders. But the SEC’s approach has managed to address many of those concerns. It has implemented new exemptions to help people more easily access capital markets. Rule 506(c) and Regulation Crowdfunding should permit other novel transactional structures to fill consumers’ need for capital. The SEC’s required transactional structure may also have had the unintended consequence of making consumer financial protection laws easier to enforce, since it provides regulators with a single point of application to attach relevant obligations. Finally, while the lack of a security interest is indeed unfortunate, the SEC’s role is not uniformly detrimental to lenders. Lenders in this market, more than ever, need better disclosure and information verification, and the SEC is the right agency to continue building those protections.
This does not give the SEC a free pass. More must be done to tailor the disclosure regime to be maximally useful to lenders. Reforms such as more platform verification of borrower information, and plain English descriptions of borrower information and its effects, could help lenders make better decisions. In addition, the SEC must define a better materiality standard to strike the right balance between borrower privacy and lender information. The approach may not be broken, but that doesn’t mean it couldn’t use more fine-tuning.
† J.D. Candidate, Yale Law School, 2017. B.A. in Economics, Dartmouth College, 2010. The Author would like to thank Professor Ian Ayres and Adriana Robertson for their invaluable assistance in developing and reviewing this research, and Professor John Morley for his insights on recent developments in securities regulation.
Farhad Manjoo, The Virtual Moneylender, Salon (May 22, 2006, 9:00 AM), http://www.salon.com/006/05/22/prosper/.
See PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP, Peer Pressure: How Peer-to-Peer Lending Platforms are Transforming the Consumer Lending Industry 2 (2015), http://www.pwc.com/us/en/consumer-finance/publications/assets/peer-to-peer-lending.pdf.
U.S. Gov’t Accountability Off., GAO-11-613, Person-To-Person Lending: New Regulatory Challenges Could Emerge as the Industry Grows 10–11 (2011).
Id. at 11 (noting that the same process applies to Lending Club, the only other major for-profit P2P lending platform).
Lending Club’s investor base was mostly comprised of individuals until 2012. See How Has Lending Club’s Investor Base Changed?, Lending Club (last visited May 24, 2016), http://kb.lendingclub.com/investor/ articles/Investor/How-has-Lending-Club-s-investor-base-changed/?l=en_US&fs=RelatedArticle (hereafter “Lending Club Investor Base”).
Amy Barrett, Peer-to-Peer Lending Pain, Bloomberg Business (Apr. 2, 2009, 12:00 AM), http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2009-04-02/peer-to-peer-lending-pain.
See Charge-Off Rate On Consumer Loans, All Commercial Banks, Economic Research Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (Feb. 19, 2016, 2:06 PM), https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/CORCACBS (place cursor over graph where it indicates “2010 Q2”).
Prosper Marketplace, Inc., 2008 WL 4978684 (2008).
See Andrew Verstein, The Misregulation of Person-to-Person Lending, 45 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 445, 475–76 (2012).
Shelf registration allows an issuer to offer securities on a delayed or continuous basis, unlike a standard registered offering, which must typically be offered and sold within a short period of time. See 17 C.F.R. § 230.415 (2015). This is particularly important for high-volume P2P loan platforms, since they can rely on a single effective registration to offer and sell many securities, instead of going through the registration process for every subsequent security offering. See Valerie Demont, Show Me the Money and How to Get It: The Speed and Flexibility of Universal Shelf Registrations, Pepper Hamilton LLP (May 28, 2009), http://www.pepperlaw.com/publications/show-me-the-money-and-how-to-get-it-the-speed-and-flexibility-of-universal-shelf-registrations-2009-05-28/.
LendingClub Co., Member Payment Dependent Notes (Rule 424(b)(3) Filing) (Dec. 20, 2010).
Verstein, supra note 9, at 476–77.
Prosper Marketplace, Inc., Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement (Form S-1) 8 (Apr. 14, 2009).
See Prosper Marketplace Surpasses $2 Billion in Personal Loans on Its Platform, Prosper Media Room (Oct. 27, 2014), https://www.prosper.com/about-us/2014/10/27/prosper-marketplace-surpasses-2-billion-in-personal-loans-on-its-platform/; see also Lending Club Statistics, Lending Club (last updated Jun. 30, 2015), https://www.lendingclub.com/info/statistics.action.
LendingClub Co., Annual Report (Form 10-K) 5 (Feb. 27, 2014).
Eric C. Chaffee & Geoffrey C. Rapp, Regulating Online Peer-to-Peer Lending in the Aftermath of Dodd-Frank: In Search of an Evolving Regulatory Regime for an Evolving Industry, 69 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 485, 503–05 (2012).
See U.S. Gov’t Accountability Off., supra note 3.
Verstein, supra note 9, at 51–511.
Verstein, supra note 9, at 512–13.
Verstein, supra note 9, at 501.
Verstein, supra note 9, at 506.
See 17 C.F.R. § 230.415 (2008).
See Verstein, supra note 9, at 491.
See Verstein, supra note 9, at 524–26.
See Paul Slattery, Square Pegs in a Round Hole: SEC Regulation of Online Peer-to-Peer Lending and the CFPB Alternative, 30 Yale J. on Reg. 233, 265–73 (2013).
See Chafee & Rapp, supra note 19, at 529–30.
See Chafee & Rapp, supra note 19, at 530.
See, e.g., Slattery, supra note 31, at 256–258; Carl Smith, If It’s Not Broken, Don’t Fix It: The SEC’s Regulation of Peer-to-Peer Lending, 6 Am. U. Bus. L. Brief 21, 23 (2010).
Banking Without Banks, The Economist, Mar. 1, 2014, http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21597932-offering-both-borrowers-and-lenders-better-deal-websites-put-two.
PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP, supra note 2, at 1.
SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293, 298–99 (1946) (describing the test for whether a financial instrument is an investment contract under the SEC’s jurisdiction―that is., “a contract, transaction or scheme whereby a person invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to expect profits solely from the efforts of the promoter or a third party”).
See 17 C.F.R. § 230.504 (2015) (providing a $1 million annual limit on Rule 504 exempt offerings); see also 17 C.F.R. § 230.505 (2015) (providing a $5 million annual limit on Rule 505 exempt offerings).
See 17 C.F.R. § 230.506 (2015).
Peter Manbeck & Marc Franson, Chapman and Cutler LLP, The Regulation of Marketplace Lending 7 (Apr. 2015), https://www.aba.com/Tools/Offers/Documents/ChapmanRegulationofMarketplaceLending WhitePaper040815.pdf.
Eliminating the Prohibition Against General Solicitation and General Advertising in Rule 506 and Rule 144A Offerings, Securities Act Release No. 33-9415, 2013 WL 3817300 (Jul. 10, 2013).
See 17 C.F.R. § 230.501 (2015) (defining a natural person as an accredited investor if his net worth exceeds $1 million, excluding the value of his primary residence, or if his individual income exceeding $200,000 in each of the past two years and he has a reasonable expectation of reaching that same income in the current year).
Keith F. Higgins, Director, SEC Div. of Corp. Fin., Keynote Address at the 2014 Angel Capital Association Summit (Mar. 28, 2014), http://www.sec.gov/News/Speech/Detail/Speech/1370541320533.
Slattery, supra note 31, at 256.
Pub. L. No. 112-106, 126 Stat. 306, §§ 301–305 (2012).
See Crowdfunding, Securities Act Release No. 33-9974, Exchange Act Release No. 34-76324, 80 Fed. Reg. 71388, 71390 (Oct. 30, 2015).
See id. at 71390, 71398–418.
But see Christine Hurt, Pricing Disintermediation: Crowdfunding and Online Auction IPOs, U. Ill. L. Rev. 217, 251–58 (2015) (describing challenges associated with equity crowdfunding, many of which apply to debt crowdfunding).
See Verstein, supra note 9, at 506.
See Verstein, supra note 9 at 491–92.
Slattery, supra note 31, at 266 (citing Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1605(a), 1667(a), 1638(a) (2012)).
15 U.S.C. § 1602(g) (2012).
12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(17)(v) (2016).
15 U.S.C. § 1691(d)(2)(A) (2012).
15 U.S.C. § 1691a(e) (2012).
15 U.S.C. § 1691e (2012).
Slattery argues that even now, the path to ECOA compliance remains confusing because either the platform or funding bank would have to provide a reason for refusing credit, and “P2P lending platform members [deciding] not to fund you” is unlikely to satisfy adverse action notice requirements. See Slattery, supra note 31, at 269. In any case, the present setup is certainly clearer than the alternative under a model with privity between borrowers and lenders.
Elizabeth Warren, Unsafe at Any Rate, 5 Democracy 8, 16 (2007).
A brief description of the data is in order. Lending Club has made available a rich dataset of 391,888 individual loans made from 2007 to 2014. This dataset contains mature loans (loans that have been fully paid back or charged off) and unmatured loans (loans still outstanding). The mature loan dataset spans from 2007 to 2012, while unmatured loans span from 2010 to 2014. Each loan is associated with six major categories of information: (i) Basic loan characteristics (for example, term, amount requested, date submitted); (ii) Verified information about the borrower obtained from a credit bureau (for example, FICO score, earliest credit line opened, revolving balance, zip code); (iii) Unverified information furnished by the borrower (for example, annual income, job title, employment length, home ownership, loan purpose); (iv) Self-narrative provided by borrower (for example, self-provided voluntary description of borrower’s character, needs or any other information that may convince lenders); (v) Lending Club’s assigned grades (for example, assigned grades indicating loan quality, interest rate); and (vi) Loan performance (for example, loan status, payments collected to date, recoveries collected, recovery fees charged). Two variables not disclosed by Lending Club were also collected: the amount of time taken to fund a loan (the difference between the loan’s submission date and issuance date) and the total number of investors funding each loan. Since Lending Club fixes interest rates, the primary indicator of investor interest or demand will be the speed at which the loan is funded. All else equal, a “better” loan should be funded more quickly. Several caveats and conditions apply. Lending Club performs loan vetting in parallel with the funding process. If Lending Club has a standard period that is binding on loan funding speed, time to fund would be a weaker proxy for investor demand. However, there is no clustering around specific periods, indicating an absence of strongly-binding standard vetting periods. Additionally, hedge funds and other institutional investors began investing on the Lending Club platform in late 2012. Since the dataset does not contain information on lender identity, the lender welfare analysis is restricted to loans made from 2007–2012 to avoid capturing lending activity from sophisticated institutions during this time period.
See Consumer Credit, Fed. Reserve Board (Dec. 7, 2010), http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/G19/20101207/.
See The January 2010 Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices, Fed. Reserve Board (Jan. 2010), http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/snloansurvey/201002/default.htm (“[S]ubstantial net fractions of banks indicated that they had reduced credit limits on credit cards and had become less likely to issue cards to customers not meeting credit scoring thresholds.”).
No direct data is available to compare Lending Club borrowers against equivalent-risk bank borrowers during the 2007 to 2012 time period. However, Lending Club’s own surveys offer some evidence for better rates in later years. See Personal Loans, Lending Club, https://web.archive.org/web/20141218193735/ https://www.lendingclub.com/public/credit-card-loans.action (stating that 23,716 borrowers surveyed from January 1, 2014 to September 30, 2014 who received a loan to consolidate existing debt or pay off their credit card balance, received a rate that was 6.6% lower than their outstanding debt or credit cards).
See Factsheet: The CFPB Considers Proposals to End Payday Debt Traps, CFPB Newsroom (Mar. 26, 2015), http://www.consumerfinance.gov/newsroom/cfpb-considers-proposal-to-end-payday-debt-tra/.
See Federal Reserve Economic Data, Delinquency Rate On Consumer Loans, All Commercial Banks (Feb. 19, 2016), https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/DRCLACBS. Consumer loan delinquency rates proxy for P2P loan overpayment rates, since delinquencies similarly trigger late fees and additional interest on unpaid balances.
See Sumit Agarwal et. al, Regulating Consumer Financial Products: Evidence from Credit Cards, 130 Q. J. Econ. 111, 137 (2015).
Compare Lending Club Rates, LendingClub, https://www.lendingclub.com/public/borrower-rates-and-fees.action (last visited Mar. 30, 2016).
Collection of Monthly Payments, LendingClub, https://www.lendingclub.com/public/collections-process.action (last visited Mar. 30, 2016).
What Happens When a Loan is Charged Off, LendingClub, http://kb.lendingclub.com/investor/articles/ Investor/What-happens-when-a-loan-is-charged-off (last visited Mar. 30, 2016).
See Lending Club, supra note 5 (showing only 2% of standard program loans going to institutional investors in 2012, and predominantly self-managed individual investors (that is, retail lenders) funding loans in 2010 and 2011).
The independent variables are Lending Club’s proprietary score (Column 1), the level of lender interest (time taken to fill the loan request, denoted as “time to fund”) (Column 2), probability of default (Column 3), and loss severity (Column 4). An ordered probit was used to evaluate how Lending Club assigns grades and interest rates based on borrower information. A linear regression was used to analyze how quickly lenders respond to that same information. Finally, a probit and linear regression were used, respectively, to assess how that information predicts loan charge-offs and loss severity. Time to fund is the key variable of interest here. A negative time to fund coefficient on an attribute implies that lenders “fill” loans with those attributes more quickly.
Green cells (marked with a “+”) are “desirable” loan outcomes, implying that an increase in the associated variable (for example, FICO score) results in a better Lending Club grade, lower default rates (We don’t use “etc.”) Red cells (marked with a “-”) are “undesirable” loan outcomes. “*” denotes significance at the 10% level, and “**” denotes significance at the 5% level. Coefficients have been omitted for brevity, as the table is meant primarily to illustrate investment patterns. Specifications were tested for multicollinearity, yielding an acceptable level of multicollinearity with mean VIF between 6.9 and 7.3.
See, e.g., Joseph E. Stiglitz & Andrew Weiss, Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information, 71 Am. Econ. Rev. 393 (1981).
See supra Table 6 and Exhibit A.
The Role of the SEC, Investor.gov, https://www.investor.gov/introduction-markets/role-sec (last visited June 21, 2016).
See Robb Mandelbaum, How Lending Club Is Shaping the Future of Small-Business Loans, Inc. (May 2015), http://www.inc.com/magazine/201505/robb-mandelbaum/lending-club-money-on-demand.html (describing Lending Club’s 2014 entry into providing small business loans).
Sec. and Exch. Comm’n, Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2014–2018 Draft for Comment 38–39 (2014), https://www.sec.gov/about/sec-strategic-plan-2014-2018-draft.pdf.
Income Verification, Lending Club, https://www.lendingclub.com/public/income-verification.action (last visited Mar. 30, 2016).
This echoes previous calls for greater verification efforts. See Jack R. Magee, Peer-to-Peer Lending in the United States: Surviving After Dodd-Frank, 15 N.C. Banking Inst. 139, 170 (2011).
Slattery, supra note 31, at 258.
TSC Indus., Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976) (“[T]here must be a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the ‘total mix’ of information made available.”).
SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, Release No. 99 (Aug. 12, 1999) (“The use of a percentage as a numerical threshold, such as 5%, may provide the basis for a preliminary assumption that – without considering all relevant circumstances – a deviation of less than the specified percentage with respect to a particular item on the registrant’s financial statements is unlikely to be material.”).
Michal Herzenstein et. al , Tell Me a Good Story and I May Lend You Money: The Role of Narratives in Peer-to-Peer Lending Decisions, 48 J. Marketing Res. (Special Issue) S138–49 (2011).
Copyright © 2019 Harvard Business Law Review (HBLR). All Rights Reserved. | 2019-04-22T18:11:13Z | https://www.hblr.org/2016/08/it-aint-broke-the-case-for-continued-sec-regulation-of-p2p-lending/ |
Resource Center How to Manual on Alcohol and Drug Addiction Treatment Addiction Treatment through Telemedicine & the Internet: Controversial or Cutting Edge?
As drug addiction continues to challenge traditional treatment methods, advocates and activists are looking for new ways to reach those who might not respond well enough to standard outreaches. Addiction treatment through telemedicine and the Internet might be on the cutting edge of connecting with those who live on the margins, but the idea elicits controversy for channeling therapy through the screen of a smartphone.
Telemedicine does not refer to a single form of treatment, but “a broad variety of technologies and tactics” that electronically delivery health, medical, and education services, according to the Center for Connected Health Policy. Telemedicine (also known as telehealth) is a collection of resources that improves care for a patient, while providing other, related services.
The idea of finding new ways to connect with patients has been extensively studied by researchers, and the advent of the Internet and smartphones have opened up myriad possibilities. The British Journal of Psychology noted that doctors can get real-time patient data regardless of how far away the patient lives; people in addiction recovery can be instantly connected to their support networks when in danger of relapsing.
As smartphones become more and more ubiquitous, it may be increasingly necessary for healthcare and treatment providers to adapt to where their patients are. More than two-thirds of Americans own a smartphone, and 19 percent of them use smartphones as their primary medium to access the rest of the world (in terms of communication and news). Within 10 years, the number of Americans who owned a landline dropped from 9 out of 10 to just 1 out of 2, meaning that smartphones are likely to be the most reliable way for doctors and caseworkers to get in touch with their patients.
As much as people have more online access now than they ever have in the past, there is an inherent convenience that comes with using digital platforms, according to Digital Trends. Clinicians are available on an immediate, 24/7 basis, which has a particular application for addiction recovery. For all the bad (if well-meaning) advice that is available on the Internet, telemedicine makes it possible for an individual to be connected to a licensed doctor or healthcare professional with the click of a button.
The researchers in the British Journal of Psychiatry take this into account, writing that as much as this changes the paradigm of access, the rise of smartphone technology (beyond simply making and receiving phone calls) can change the entire culture of mental health and substance abuse treatment. Providing real-time, on-the-spot counseling in an emergency situation on a 24/7 basis, regardless of location, is now a real possibility. Conversations do not have to be limited to voice or text but can be face-to-face. Apps can measure a user’s heart rate and other vital signs, collecting and sending hard data to a recovery professional at the press of a button, which the professional can use to offer instant guidance and advice (as opposed to having to wait until the next session or meeting to go over what happened).
Using telemedicine and the Internet as a branch of addiction treatment allows clients and therapists to exchange information that might otherwise be difficult or even impossible. Smartphone apps that track the progress of sleep (or lack thereof) provide invaluable insights into lifestyle, stress levels, and client self-care. Insufficient sleep is a “universal risk factor” for relapse, says Medical Hypothesis, and a client may not be aware if their sleep is being broken due to relapse-related factors. An addiction treatment professional who is in a position to receive reliable and timely information about how much sleep a person is getting can stay one step ahead of a potential incident waiting to happen.
As important as it is for healthcare workers and their clients to have in-person, face-to-face conversations about recovery, this is not always possible, but apps allow clients to document their thoughts, feelings, and experiences in as much detail as they want for presentation during a therapy session. This should not be seen as a replacement for one-on-one consultations with their healthcare professional, but the technological application of smartphone apps has been warmly received by the healthcare community. The Patient Healthcare Questionnaire, a “valid and reliable measure of depression severity” in the words of the Journal of General Internal Medicine, can be downloaded as a free app from major digital distribution services. The JMIR Mental Healthjournal suggests that the digital version of the questionnaire might yield better data regarding a client’s mental state (especially in terms of the client having suicidal ideations) than scores derived from the standard questionnaire.
It is this kind of facilitation that puts telemedicine in a position to offer “great potential for enhancing [addiction] treatment and recovery,” said the Addiction Science & Clinical Practice journal. While admitting that the use of telehealth services in recovery is limited, the ability of the technology to surpass time and distance limitations makes it a vital tool in the armamentarium of treating substance use disorders. Additionally, telemedicine and the Internet allows doctors and other clinicians to more easily stay in touch with patients after treatment, further strengthening the connections between treatment guidelines and the challenges of daily life.
Between February 2013 and June 2014, researchers writing for the journal investigated how telemedicine services (covering telephone-based care, web-based screening and treatment, videoconferencing, smartphone apps, and virtual worlds) were adopted and implemented by people who used those services in five states and one county. The study found that people who used those services were most interested in the videoconferencing and smartphone apps. Key drivers of what makes a successful telemedicine app include the money required to pay for the service (which was also one of the barriers), success stories, and the ability of the apps to meet an urgent need. Other barriers to a successful telemedicine app include a lack of reimbursement for the services, unfamiliarity with the technology, a lack of other successful models (since, as the researchers said, addiction telehealth services are limited), and confidentiality restrictions.
The researchers concluded that although there were implementation challenges, there is considerable interest in using telemedicine and the Internet as an extension of addiction treatment.
A similar consensus was reached by the National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors, which conducted its own study in 2009 on the topic of “telehealth in state substance use disorder services.” The association wrote that telemedicine shows a lot of promise for providing services that cover addiction prevention, treatment, and recovery. The study also found that patients were very satisfied with their online experiences, on a level comparable to that of the traditional treatment format.
Telehealth has proven so valuable for rural areas that there are now federal grants to increase access to digital health platforms in underserved areas. The Office for the Advancement of Telehealth, part of the Health Resources & Services Administration, specifically provides funds to invest in the development of telehealth services in remote areas, which, when it comes to substance abuse treatment, lack basic services and experience low adoption of what services are available. Additionally, the Substance Use & Misuse journal notes that “rural clients are more geographically dispersed,” and have limited transportation options, making attending meetings and checking in for treatment prohibitively difficult; other research has found that shorter travel distances make for better completion rates of an addiction treatment program. Furthermore, rural areas often do not have specialized substance abuse services, like programs that cater to women, LGBT populations, or ethnic minorities, which may dissuade some people from seeking help, especially if they live in a culturally conservative region. With rural areas having fewer facilities, people looking for treatment may not find the anonymity and confidentiality they want from their addiction recovery.
Factors like these are what makes telehealth “especially critical in rural areas,” especially those that do not have adequate specialty care services, according to the Office for the Advancement of Telehealth. Outside St. Louis, for example, doctors and nurses work night and day at nonprofit healthcare provider and hospital system’s Virtual Care Center. Called “a hospital without beds,” the facility provides long-distance support for ICUs, emergency rooms, and other services in 38 smaller hospitals, located everywhere from North Carolina to Oklahoma. Most of them don’t have a doctor on site or on call, but the connection provided through the Virtual Care Center ensures that a healthcare professional is always available.
Even in more urban areas, particularly those that have been badly hit by the national opioid epidemic, telemedicine is being used in research projects to help low-income clients. A research project conducted in Washington, DC, between Dr. Edwin Chapman and Howard University’s Urban Health Initiative, found that the doctor’s patients – all long-term users of opioids – were receiving the buprenorphine they needed to manage their physical craving for drugs, but did not have access to the care and counseling they also needed. Working together, Dr. Chapman and the university developed a shared electronic health record platform, which, with the patients’ consent, shares relevant health data with primary care and behavioral health providers. A different telehealth program allows for Chapman’s patients to see him and a behavioral health specialist during the same office visit.
The whole project is funded by a grant from the Washington, DC Department of Health, with an eye on reducing the cost of addiction treatment.
There is the hope that if Dr. Chapman’s project proves effective in increasing access to the fuller range of addiction treatment options, thereby lowering the number of relapse incidents and in turn reducing treatment costs, that more private insurers will sign on to adopt telemedicine outreach and coverage. Doing so, says Addiction Professional, will be part of the overall solution to improve addiction treatment through the digital medium.
The idea of using telemedicine and the Internet to improve the general landscape of addiction treatment is a buzzing topic in the industry, writes Hit Consultant. Efficacy matters, especially when it comes to insurance organizations, which include the federal government. For privacy reasons, addiction treatment providers tend to not have the kind of data that insurers like to have, and the question of how best to measure the success of addiction recovery(with there being so many potential relapse triggers, not all of which can be accounted for) is an often debated one. This has led to a disconnect between insurance providers and addiction treatment providers, says Health Data Management, which quotes the CEO of a data analytics vendor that specializes in behavioral health. It costs $560 billion a year to treat addiction in America, and insurance companies are hesitant to offer inpatient addiction treatment coverage because there is no standardization of what success looks like and what relapse look like.
Telehealth could change this. The ability to monitor the effectiveness of treatment among addiction patients could make the treatment and rehabilitation industry more cost-effective than it has ever been, so much so that almost half the number of states in the country have passed laws that require insurers to offer coverage for telemedical services. Telehealth will be a “crucial tool for substance abuse treatment,” in the words of Health Data Management, because of the way it will force substance abuse treatment providers to adapt to videoconferencing, smartphone app development, and other services on the spectrum of telemedicine. Those who can make the transition will be able to reliably and effectively communicate with clients between visits, and held to a higher standard of accountability.
For all the benefits of telemedicine and addiction treatment, there is concern that not every change the field brings is a welcome one. The Wall Street Journal wonders if patients are being forced to trade quality of care for convenient care. Skeptics of telehealth worry that the healthcare system is fragmented enough, and allowing patients – especially those in substance abuse recovery – the freedom to turn vital in-person meetings into more flexible virtual meetings diminishes the necessary accountability and discipline that are hallmarks of an effective treatment regimen. Additionally, for all the data that a smartphone app can collect, a clinician can’t be expected to thoroughly evaluate a client through a screen.
The Journal cites a study published by JAMA Dermatology, where researchers posed as patients using 16 telemedicine services and reported numerous misdiagnoses of serious conditions, “largely because [clinicians] failed to ask basic follow-up questions.” One of the lead authors of the study acknowledged that “telemedicine holds enormous promise,” but fears that the current state of the field is not ready for a mass rollout, especially to vulnerable treatment populations. Even the American Telemedicine Association warns consumers to be on the lookout for fraudulent telehealth providers.
The industry is moving to meet these challenges. In 2016, the American Medical Association approved new ethical guidelines for telemedicine providers, and called for participating doctors to base their recommendations with the limitations of telemedicine and the Internet in mind. But there is dispute as to what those limits are. Private telemedical providers can have very different approaches than those laid out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and there is no current rubric to find common ground.
Over 30 states have passed “parity laws,” which require private insurance companies to reimburse doctors for telemedical services if the same service would have been offered in person. However, Medicare is not quite there; only a small number of telehealth services (beneficiaries in rural areas, and only when the services are delivered in a licensed healthcare facility) are covered by the government’s program.
How telemedicine and addiction treatment over the Internet should be regulated presents additional challenges. Regulation of healthcare has usually been left to individual states, but with telehealth presenting the opportunity for a counselor in one state to work with a client in another, rules, licensing fees, and even the understanding of what constitutes “medical practice” get very muddled. As it stands, doctors must be licensed to practice medicine in the state where the patient is located; this means that telemedical providers (and their doctors) can only connect individuals with doctors who are licensed locally. For virtual medical centers that attract patients from neighboring states (or patients from across the country), this can create numerous administrative problems.
For example, doctors at Mayo Clinic can treat out-of-state patients by phone, email, or instant messaging when the patients return home, but only the conditions that were discussed in person can be treated this way. The director of the clinic’s Connected Care program told the Wall Street Journal that if a patient wants to discuss a new problem, the doctor has to be licensed in the patient’s home state to discuss it in their professional capacity. If the doctor does not have that certification, then the patient will have to talk to their primary care physician.
So far, 17 states have agreed that a doctor licensed in one member state can quickly obtain a license to practice medicine (and offer virtual diagnoses to patients) in another. The American Telemedicine Association has welcomed the move, but the group’s CEO has pressed for a further step – that of automatically honoring licenses across states (much like how driver’s licenses are immediately valid across state borders).
The lack of definition leads to another roadblock on the telemedicine path, especially in a field as evolving as that of substance abuse treatment: What exactly constitutes the practice of medicine? For example, some online telemedicine services allow clients to consult with practitioners overseas, like in Europe; the doctors are not licensed to practice medicine in the United States, but the services have disclaimers that clarify they are offering only information and not medical advice. For clients desperately in need of specialty treatment, the distinction may not be apparent.
The CEO of one such company, which puts clients in touch with a “board-certified dermatologist” within 24 hours of uploading a picture and description (for $25) clarifies that his service does not fall under the umbrella of a doctor-patient relationship since both parties remain anonymous during the interaction. Another telehealth provider states that the conversations between users and doctors are only “social interactions”; any discussion beyond those parameters costs $39.
The Wall Street Journal wonders if a medical license is required to practice telemedicine, and many states and their respective medical boards have the same question. Boards have jurisdiction over individual doctors who are licensed in their states; this does not extend to companies or overseas clinicians.
Some concerns about telemedicine through the Internet are much more basic, reminds US News & World Report. No matter how ubiquitous, advanced, or user-friendly the technology, it is only as reliable as having an electrical current. Take that away, due to anything from a hurricane to a dead battery, and a client in need of a consultation with an addiction sponsor might have no way of asking for help.
Similarly, some doctors aren’t convinced that the efficacy of telemedicine is worth giving up the human touch. In a 2011 TED Talk, Dr. Abraham Verghese spoke about the “transformative, transcendent” nature of the patient-physician relationship, and his fears that technology will turn patients into mere data points. Six years later, Dr. Verghese told a Medscape town hall event on “Technology, Patients, and the Art of Medicine” that the right balance of in-person and telehealth services is an “absolutely” necessary advance in medicine.
Given the pace of technological development and evolution in the science of substance abuse treatment, the question of implementing telemedicine may come more down to “when and how,” and not “if.” Thomas Nesbitt, the associate vice-chancellor for technology at the University of California Davis Health System, told the New Yorker that telemedicine isn’t about the technology; “it’s really about a new model of care,” one that ensures an ongoing line of communication between the patient and the doctor outside of scheduled appointments. In this light, it is possible that addiction treatment through telemedicine and the Internet might bring the human touch to the touchscreen, and give people suffering from substance use disorders a new lifeline on their road to recovery. | 2019-04-19T13:01:47Z | https://sunrisehouse.com/addiction-treatment/telemedicine/ |
It’s been a difficult year for me. So many ups and downs that was happening on a constant basis. I went to refill my script with #MyRexallPharmacist and we talked about what I was going through. He advised me to see my doctor and look into a medication I had been on for years. I had a reassessment done with my medication and it was time to change. #MyRexallPharmacist loaded me up with a wealth of information after my doctors appointment as the drug I was coming off of was a difficult drug to wean off. The withdraw symptoms were going to be a battle in its own. #MyRexallPharmacist stood by me during this period. He was available to talk, answer my questions, listen to me when I was not in a good place. He supported me, encouraged me, made me believe that I was going to get through this. In short, its been a month, I made it through the battle. I now have new medication. My days are better. I am better. I did most of the work but it was #MyRexallPharmacist that recognized my issue. Advised and directed me what to look into. Then stood by me till I made it through the tunnel. #MyRexallPharmacist is an amazing person, #MyRexallPharmacist is my friend.
I love my Rexall! I recently switched from another pharmacy and had no idea what I was missing! Now, I am always kept up to date with my prescriptions, any changes, new information or any delays or backorders with my meds. I no longer have to worry as #MyRexallPharmacist has my back!
Went to bring #MyRexallPharmacist my new prescription. He looked at it and advised me that he would contact my doctor because this new prescription would have side effects to my prescription that I was taking for my heart. He excused himself and called my doctor. A few minutes later he came back and advised me that the doctor had prescribed over the phone a different prescription. He gave me my new medication and told me that it could make me drowsy therefore not to drive after taken it. He always goes the extra mile. He saved my life.
I never really understood how the drive thru pharmacy worked, but one day I was in a hurry and decided to try it, I was helped very fast and #MyRexallPharmacist was very efficient! My wait time was cut in half and I still got the same service as I would have had I gone in to the store!
I’d like to thank #MyRexallPharmacist for showing genuine care and concern for my family’s health and well-being and having the time to answer the questions we have!
#MyRexallPharmacist is a knowledgeable healthcare professional that I can rely on for expert advice about both prescription and over the counter treatments.
#MyRexallPharmacist always greets me by name and with a smile. He goes out of his way to make sure that my prescriptions are up to date and that I know exactly what to do with them.
#MyRexallPharmacist always acts professionally, gives excellent advice and always has my health first and foremost.
#MyRexallPharmacist goes over my prescription with me so I understand exactly what I am taking and if there will be any side effects.
Rexall Pharmacists play a vital role in improving the health and wellness of Canadians. #MyRexallPharmacist recognizes the high quality and personalized care they deliver every day in communities around the country.
Rexall Pharmacists offer a variety of important services that goes beyond dispensing prescriptions. Their expanded scope of practice includes adjusting or adapting prescriptions, prescribing for certain minor ailments, prescribing in emergency situations, smoking cessation counselling, administering immunizations, conducting medication reviews, creating care plans, and more.
For more information visit rexall.ca.
Incredibly helpful. Spent several hours with my wife explaining the drugs I am taking. Put the many drugs into blister packs so I know when to take what. Would recommend without question.
#MyRexallPharmacist was so helpful when we had a newborn and my wife sent me out for medications for her and the baby – I was way out of my league on my own!
#MyRexallPharmacist is a friendly breath of fresh air when me or my kids are coming in sick. She is so empathetic and takes time to spend with each of her customers.
Had a great experience with my prescription switch over and pickup. They really seem to care a team and are efficent and thorough! Will continue going back!
I am so glad that I switch to Rexall Drug Store from Safeway pharmacy due to the fact that I have always had great service my medications has always been refilled on time and I didn’t have to wait forever. I’ve referred Rexall Drug Store to numerous of friends and family very professional very knowledgeable very helpful.
I have to say I have never had a bad experience with Rexall. I have used the other drug store (Shoppers) and for years was treated horribly. I finally changed and have received nothing but kindness and any time I had questions or concerns was treated with respect and in a very timely manner. It is always a pleasure going to shop and a pleasant experience when I pick up my medications or have questions… we sure can all use a little kindness.
#MyRexallPharmacist is friendly and helpful.
We used to go to Rexall Pharmacy within Richmond Hill primarily because of Tasneem Haji kind service and care given for my mothers prescriptions. As it turned out we moved my Mom to be in Oak Ridges – Richmond Hill and hoped for the same care of the previous Rexall, we switched to the more convenient location in Oak Ridges. To my delight, Tasneem Haji transferred locations to Oak Ridges Rexall. We were thrilled as now we have convenience and the same continued personal care we had at the previous Rexall making for a seamless transfer. Whats wonderful is the personal touch that I find through Tasneem Haji and with the changes happening with my Mom in her prescriptions, we needed someone we felt comfortable trusting in dispensing my Moms Prescriptions. Tasneem Haji gives us the feeling of family and what more can you ask for than that!!! Truthfully this is more about recognizing wonderful service over winning a contest! I work for Air Canada giving customer service is my number one focus and love when I get it back. What a gift she is.
If I did win, this would be a wonderful gift for my Mother. Thank you Rexall and thank you Tasneem Haji.
I filled my prescription but then got to talking to the pharmacist about drug interaction. The pharmacist thought I should revisit with my doctor and discuss the medication further and whether an alternative should be prescribed. The doctor decided to switch. Thank goodness.
This occurred in 2008, as I returned to Toronto after my son’s wedding. I was feeling extremely tired and exhausted and my blood pressure was high at the time, and really no explanation. I was happy to attend the wedding and see my relatives there. I walked into the Rexall Pharmacy on Eglinton and Bathurst area and explained to the Pharmacist that I was not feeling well and that my blood pressure was high. She was very helpful and concerned, in a professional manner, suggested either to see my doctor or go directly to the hospital, and suggested Toronto General Hospital due to their excellent Heart care program. I followed her suggestion and went immediately to the hospital and received the best care. My heart physician is a leader in heart disease field and will always think very highly of this woman Pharmacist who saved my life.
I live in Chemainus, and pharmacist, is very helpful.
When I had the flu, I was not sure what kind of cough medicine I needed.
He looked up my chart, to see what I could take.
Very helpful, and a charming person.
#MyRexallPharmacist advised me to get the flu shot to avoid getting the flu.
#MyRexallPharmacist discussed my medication side effects with me.
Feel confident in the advice I get from #MyRexallPharmacist in knowing I am getting the correct information re RX prescriptions & any side effects I need to know about & when & how to take the meds.
#MyRexallPharmacist always takes the time to ensure I know how often the medicine should be taken – so important and appreciated!
#MyRexallPharmacist was efficient and friendly when my family and I went to get our flu shots.
Leamington Rexall is the best always helping me make sure I’m not taking nothing to get blood pressure high thank you.
Pharma Mohammed again goes ABOVE &BEYOND 2remind me 2pickup my scrip WHEN I FORGOT—AGAIN! Man stays 30 mins late ON A HOLIDAY! 2make sure Im taken care of!
Over & over HE GIVES AMAZING SERVICE!
I AM A CUSTOMER 4 LIFE!
I was able to get my pneumonia vaccine prescription through #MyRexallPharmacist in #MyHaliburtonHighlands. Thanks, Gary, for injecting it painlessly and on extremely short notice!
#myrexallpharmacist always has my back!
@rexalldrugstoreofficial makes it pretty easy to refill prescriptions.
NO PURCHASE OR PAYMENT NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. A PURCHASE DOES NOT IMPROVE YOUR CHANCES OF WINNING. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED BY LAW.
Contest Description: The ‘#MyRexallPharmacist’ (the “Contest”) campaign begins on March 1, 2018 at 12:01AM Eastern Time (Canada) and ends on March 31, 2018 at 11:59PM Eastern Time (Canada) (the “Contest Period”). By participating in the Contest, each Entrant (hereinafter defined) unconditionally accepts and agrees to comply with and abide by these Contest Rules and Regulations (“Official Rules”) and the decisions of Rexall Pharmacy Group Ltd. (“Sponsor”), which shall be final and binding in all respects. Sponsor is responsible for the collection, submission or processing of Entries and the overall administration of the Contest. Entrants should look solely to Sponsor with any questions, comments or problems related to the Contest.
Eligibility: To enter the Contest and be eligible to win, a person (“Entrant”) must be a legal resident of Canada who at the time of entry has reached the age of majority in the province/territory in which he/she resides. The contest is only open to residents in the provinces of: Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan & British Columbia. Specifically excluded from entering the Contest are: (a) shareholders, officers and directors of the Sponsor; and (b) any immediate family member (regardless of where they live) of a person excluded under 2(a) or persons with whom a person excluded under 2(a) is domiciled (whether related to the person or not). In these Official Rules, “immediate family” includes mother, father, brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, partner or spouse. For certainty, employees of the Sponsor who are not shareholders, officers or directors of the Sponsor are eligible to enter the Contest. Additionally, the ineligible officers and directors of the Sponsor may still share a positive experience they had with a Rexall pharmacist, but such shall not be considered an Entry for the purposes of this Contest.
How To Enter The Contest: No Purchase Necessary. During the Contest Period, to enter each Entrant must share a positive experience they had with a Rexall pharmacist either a) on Twitter by including the hashtag #MyRexallPharmacist in their public post, b) on Facebook by including the hashtag #MyRexallPharmacist in their public post, c) on Instagram by sharing the experience and including the hashtag #MyRexallPharmacist in the caption of their public post, or d) by submitting an entry on www.myrexallpharmacist.ca (each an “Entry”).
Entries: Limit of three (3) distinct Entries per person per week during the Contest Period. An Entrant may submit up to three (3) distinct Entries per week through any of the entry methods described above (for example, two (2) Twitter posts and one (1) Facebook post, or one (1) Instagram post, one (1) Facebook post, and one (1) online entry, etc.). A distinct Entry means an Entry that is different in substance than any other Entry submitted by such Entrant; any Entries submitted by the same Entrant that are not distinct will be void and the Entrant may be disqualified from the Contest. In the event it is determined that an Entrant has entered in a fashion not sanctioned by these Official Rules and/or has submitted more than the number of Entries permitted by these Official Rules, the Entrant will be disqualified and all of the Entries submitted by the Entrant will be disqualified. Entries generated by script, macro, robotic, programmed, or any other automated means or by organizations are prohibited and will be disqualified. Any attempt by an entrant to obtain more than the stated number of Entries by using multiple/different email addresses, identities, registrations, logins or any other methods, including, but not limited to, commercial contest subscription notification and/or entering services, will void that Entrant’s Entries and that Entrant may be disqualified. Final eligibility for the award of any prize is subject to eligibility verification as set forth below. All Entries must be posted by the end of the Contest Period in order to participate. Sponsor’s database clock will be the official time keeper for this Contest. The Sponsor will not be responsible for late, lost, illegible, falsified, damaged, misdirected, mutilated, garbled or incomplete Entries, which will be void. All Entries become the property of the Sponsor upon receipt and none will be returned.
BY SUBMITTING AN ENTRY, YOU ARE REPRESENTING AND WARRANTING THAT YOUR ENTRY COMPLIES WITH ALL CONDITIONS STATED IN THESE OFFICIAL RULES. YOUR REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES ARE CONTINUING REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES. THEY MUST BE TRUE AT ALL TIMES DURING THE CONTEST. THE RELEASED PARTIES (AS DEFINED BELOW) WILL BEAR NO LEGAL LIABILITY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, REGARDING THE USE OF THE ENTRY BY THE SPONSOR. THE RELEASED PARTIES SHALL BE HELD HARMLESS BY YOU IN THE EVENT IT IS SUBSEQUENTLY DISCOVERED THAT YOU HAVE DEPARTED FROM OR NOT FULLY COMPLIED WITH ANY OF THE OFFICIAL RULES.
Entries may, throughout the Contest and thereafter, be distributed, used, reproduced, exhibited, and/or displayed by the Sponsor, which rights are granted by an Entrant to the Sponsor upon entry, all without notice or compensation to Entrant.
Winner Selection: Thirteen (13) random draws (each, a “Prize Draw”) will be held from among all eligible Entries received during the Contest Period for the purpose of determining the selected Entrants (the “Selected Entrants”) for each Prize. Each Selected Entrant is eligible for maximum one (1) Prize, regardless of the number of Entries submitted by such Selected Entrant. The odds of winning a Prize will depend on the total number of eligible Entries received during the Contest Period. The Prize Draws for Instant Prizes will be conducted at random during the Contest Period, the Prize Draws for the Weekly Prizes will take place on each Friday during the Contest Period at approximately 12:00PM Eastern Time (Canada), and the Prize Draw for the Grand Prize will take place on April 2nd, 2018 at approximately 12:00PM Eastern Time (Canada), each by Sponsor or its designated representatives, whose decisions are final. The Selected Entrants will be notified by either email or direct message on the social media channel they entered through within seven (7) days following the applicable Prize Draw; the Selected Entrant must accept their Prize as directed by Sponsor within forty-eight (48) hours of notification. If a Selected Entrant (a) does not accept the Prize in accordance with the Sponsor’s direction within forty-eight (48) hours of notification; (b) fails to correctly answer the skill testing question; or (c) fails to return the properly executed Release Form, if directed by Sponsor to do so, within the specified time then he/she will be disqualified and another Entrant will be randomly selected until such time as contact is made by with a Selected Entrant and such Entrant has complied with the requirements set out in (b) and (c) above, or there are no more eligible Entries, whichever comes first. The Sponsor will not be responsible for failed attempts to contact a Selected Entrant. No substitution or transfer of a Prize is permitted except by Sponsor.
Prizes: There are eight (8) instant prizes available to be won, each consisting of one (1) $100 Rexall gift card (each, an “Instant Prize”), four (4) weekly prizes, each consisting of one (1) $250 Rexall gift card and $250 worth of Rexall private brand products (each, a “Weekly Prize”), and one (1) GRAND prize available to be won consisting of one (1) $1,000 Rexall gift card (the “Grand Prize”, and together with the Instant Prizes and Weekly Prizes, the “Prizes”, and each a “Prize”).
The Prizes must be accepted as awarded without substitution, are not transferable, not for resale and have no cash surrender or redemption value. The Sponsor reserves the right, in its sole and absolute discretion, in the event that a Prize cannot be awarded, in whole or in part, as described for any reason, to substitute another prize of equal or greater value, without liability. The Sponsor will not replace any lost or stolen Prizes.
The approximate retail value of each Instant Prize is $100.00CDN.
The approximate retail value of each Weekly Prize is $500.00CDN.
The approximate retail value of the Grand Prize is $1000.00CDN.
All gift cards are subject to the terms and conditions of the issuer. Sponsor makes no representation or warranty concerning any Prize awarded. Restrictions, conditions, and limitations may apply. Failure to comply with the Official Rules will result in forfeiture of the Prize.
Declaration and Release: To be declared a Prize winner, the Selected Entrant must answer correctly, without assistance of any kind, whether mechanical or otherwise, a mathematical skill-testing question. Selected Entrants may also be required to sign a Declaration and Release Form (the “Release Form”), as directed by Sponsor, confirming compliance with these Official Rules, acceptance of the Prize as awarded, without substitution or transfer, and further releasing the Sponsor and others from all liability. The Release Form, if required, must be returned within forty-eight (48) hours of being such Selected Entrant being notified or the Prize will be forfeited. Any costs or expenses associated with the Prizes not specifically mentioned herein will be the sole responsibility of winners. Entrants, by submitting an Entry, release, discharge and hold harmless Sponsor, and its affiliated and related companies, advertising and promotional agencies, and shareholders, directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives, successors and assigns (collectively, the “Released Parties”) from and against any and all liability in connection with any Prize or the Contest, including all manner of action, causes of action, suits, debts, covenants, contracts, claims and demands, including legal fees and expenses, whatsoever, including but not limited to claims based on negligence, breach of contract and liability for physical injury, death or property damage which the Entrants or his/her administrators, heirs, successors or assigns might have or could have, by reason of or arising out of the Entrant’s participation in this Contest and/or, in the event that an Entrant’s Entry is chosen, in connection with the acceptance and/or exercise by the Entrant of any prize or other compensation; other than delivery of the Prize by Sponsor in accordance with these Official Rules.
General: By entering the Contest, Entrants agree to abide by these Official Rules and the decisions of the Sponsor with respect to all aspects of the Contest, which decisions are final. This Contest is subject to all federal, provincial, territorial and municipal laws and regulations.
In the event of a dispute concerning who registered to participate in the Contest, the registration will be declared to have been made by the authorized account holder, defined as the natural person who is assigned to an email address by an internet provider, online service provider, or other organization (e.g., business, education institution, etc.) that is responsible for assigning email addresses for the domain associated with the submitted email address or email address associated with the social media account used to submit an Entry. A Selected Entrant may be requested to provide Sponsor with proof that the Selected Entrant is the authorized account holder of the email address. If a dispute cannot be resolved to Sponsor’s satisfaction, the Entry will be deemed ineligible.
The Sponsor accepts no responsibility for loss, damage or claims caused by or resulting from the Contest or acceptance of a prize. The Sponsor will not be responsible for late, lost, illegible, incomplete, falsified or destroyed entries and all such entries are void. Entries that have been falsified, tampered with or altered are void. The Sponsor does not assume any responsibility for incorrect or inaccurate capture of Entry information, technical malfunctions, human or technical error, printing errors, lost, delayed or garbled data or transmissions, omission, interruption, deletion, defect or failures of any telephone or computer lines or networks, computer equipment, software or any combination thereof, or, theft, destruction, unauthorized access to, or alteration of Entries.
The Sponsor reserves the right to terminate or suspend this Contest or to amend the Official Rules at any time and in any way, without prior notice. Without limiting the foregoing, if, for any reason, the Contest is not capable of running as originally planned, the Sponsor reserves the right to cancel the Contest and conduct a draw from all previously received eligible Entries. The Sponsor shall not be held responsible for any problems, errors or negligence that may arise or occur in connection with the Contest.
Official Rules: To obtain a copy of the Official Rules, visit www.myrexallpharmacist.ca or send the applicable request and a self-addressed, stamped, #10 envelope to Rexall Pharmacy Group Ltd. cc: ‘#MyRexallPharmacist’ at 5965 Coopers Avenue, Mississauga Ontario, L4Z 1R9.
Sponsor: The Contest is sponsored by Rexall Pharmacy Group Ltd. 5965 Coopers Avenue, Mississauga Ontario, L4Z 1R9. The Contest shall be administered by officers of Sponsor only, each of whom is ineligible to participate in the Contest, and may use a third party contest service provider to assist in entry collection and processing.
Facebook and Social Media Disclaimer: Entrants acknowledge that they are providing their information to the Sponsor and not to Facebook. This Contest is in no way sponsored, endorsed or administered by, or associated with Facebook or any other social media platform.
Dispute Jurisdiction: All disputes will be resolved by Ontario law (and federal law as applicable) and by the Courts of Ontario without regard to conflict of laws principles.
TORONTO (March 1, 2018) Rexall celebrates Pharmacist Awareness Month with #MyRexallPharmacist campaign for the fourth consecutive year. From March 1st through to March 31st, Rexall invites Canadians to share a positive experience they have had with their Rexall pharmacist on Facebook*, Instagram* or Twitter* using the hashtag #MyRexallPharmacist or by visiting myrexallpharmacist.ca.
*Social entries must be set to public viewing on Facebook or posted on a public Instagram or Twitter account. Complete rules and regulations are available here.
Click here view the full press release. | 2019-04-22T00:04:17Z | https://myrexallpharmacist.ca/ |
Many options Intentionally create a closed system, which is tedious to move away from as soon as you begin. But with a stage called Ecwid, you do not have to worry about this. In fact, the whole aim of the company, which began in 2009, would be to quickly and inexpensively make an internet store system in your existing websites.
That increased my Attention, since I understand the struggles that come along with attempting to migrate sites, especially when it comes to ecommerce. So, I needed to put together an in-depth review of this Ecwid system to find out if it is worth the time.
It is rather Impressive what Ecwid has achieved since 2009, with more than 1 million retailers getting signed up. What is even more cool is that the Ecwid merchants span over 175 different countries, demonstrating that this isn’t only a platform for most people in the US or Europe. Even companies in developing nations have a opportunity to find an internet store going, and you do not even have to squander your prior website in case you have one.
The usership Continues to grow, particularly considering Ecwid is currently PCI DSS Level 1 accredited. If you’re not sure what that is, it is pretty much the gold standard for safety in the ecommerce world. You can rest easy knowing that you and your clients’ information is safe and protected.
Along with The overall merchant count, over 20,000 active users are utilizing the Ecwid Shopping Cart for WordPress. The difference between that 20,000 and the 1 million is the fact that you don’t require a WordPress site to implement Ecwid. So, the 20,000 only identifies WordPress users using the plugin.
Ecwid is a hosted Alternative for building an online store. Unlike competing products like Shopify, Bigcommerce and Volusion, which allow you to build a new website with e-commerce performance, Ecwid is geared more towards people who already have a site and simply wish to add an online store to it.
Much like other E-commerce programs, Ecwid allows you to set up’catalogs’ of products, and add photos, pricing, weight etc. . each. You are able to define shipping rates, accept credit card payments etc — all of the key things that you would expect to be able to do with an e-commerce solution.
However it differs Significantly from competing products such as Shopify, Volusion, Squarespace and Bigcommerce in that it isn’t actually designed to let you produce a fully-featured, standalone e-commerce website; rather, it’s designed to allow you add an internet store to an present online presence.
The Product operates by giving you a widget that gets placed on other sites — hence the title Ecwid: it is short for’E-commerce Widget’. You receive a few lines of HTML code (the widget) to add to an existing website or social networking profile, and your shop is displayed wherever you have inserted this code.
Ecwid makes Strides in the market by catering to companies that don’t want to begin a brand new website. The primary feature is that you can choose your old website and immediately incorporate the Ecwid system within a couple of minutes.
You can also Mirror the system on several different websites if you anticipate selling elsewhere online. Manage all of these sites from one place instead of switching between multiple dashboards.
Another pleasant Attribute is that the syncing between multiple devices. Sell on-the-go together with your smartphone. This usually means that you can go to a tradeshow to generate a few sales and each one of these sales are represented onto the back part of your site.
The system is Also made to integrate nicely with social networks, and that means that you can sell your items on Facebook if needed. One part of Ecwid we especially enjoy is the shipping facet. With real-time shipping integrations you always know what is happening with your orders and at which they are being sent to.
Thank you Into Ecwid’s point-of-sale (POS) functionality, you may use your Ecwid shop to market not just online but in physical locations too — in shops, market stalls, at concerts and so forth.
Together with Ecwid’s POS Functionality, irrespective of whether a customer purchases a product in store, online, on their telephone or through Facebook, everything stays in sync – i.e., the merchant’s catalog, inventory and customer / transaction information.
There is a few methods you can take advantage of this attribute: the simplest is likely to use’Paypal Here.’ This entails downloading the Ecwid iOS app from the Apple’s App shop, linking it to the Paypal Here support, and then taking payments utilizing a mobile card reader (pictured above).
If you are based outside The US / UK, or need to utilize another mobile device kind, the good news is that Ecwid also works with all the Vend, Clover, NCR Silver and Square POS systems. These all facilitate using a larger range of hardware at a physical retail location (full-sized card readers, receipt printers, cash drawers pill stands etc.) and are usable in more nations.
Although you could avail Of this Paypal Here POS option on most of paid-for plans, you’ll need to be to the priciest’Unlimited’ plan if you would like to avail of a Vend, Clover, NCR Silver or Square admin.
Ecwid Storefronts are responsive, meaning they will display correctly across devices — desktopcomputer, tablet computers and cellular. In a age where smartphone web surfing is eclipsing desktop browsing, this is important.
Granted, it’s a fairly Standard plan, in which features such as discount vouchers and support aren’t accessible, and it merely allows you to sell up to 10 products in 2 classes — but this may actually be adequate for some customers, and using it is a fantastic way to try out the system.
However, A vital point to notice about the free program is that it is not good from an SEO point of view — you need to be on a paid program to make certain that your product pages speak to search engines correctly (more on SEO under ).
Ecwid is forward of the Pack because its storefronts can be mechanically translated into nearly 50 distinct languages — customers can see your store in their own language, without you needing to worry about creating alternate versions of this. Ecwid provides this functionality by discovering visitors’ language automatically based on their browser preferences / IP address.
Competing products such as Shopify And Bigcommerce are yet to supply this type of performance — that they force you to rely on third party programs, the production of numerous stores or Google Translate to supply different language variations of your store, which can be less than perfect. Therefore a definite triumph for Ecwid here.
Search engine Optimisation (search engine optimization ) in Ecwid is a fairly straightforward affair. You can edit the title of your webpage and its meta description; the applicable fields are pre-populated for you automatically, however you can tweak them to suit your search engine optimization objectives.
As far as I can tell But you can’t manually change the URL of a product — you have to make do with the one which Ecwid creates for you. This isn’t perfect because keywords in URLs are used by some search engines to categorise content through indexing.
1 area where Ecwid doesn’t perform quite so Well on the SEO front entails AMP — accelerated cellular pages. As the name implies, AMP pages load quicker on cellular devices. This encourages people to stay longer on your webpage, thus increasing’dwell time’ –something which is believed by many search engine optimization experts believe to be rewarded with Google with preferential treatment in search results. Additionally, Google sometimes highlights AMP pages in carousels in search results, giving AMP articles an extra little boost.
Regrettably However — and unlike competing products like Bigcommerce or Shopify, you can’t produce AMP versions of your products using Ecwid.
The Export option permits you to export product information, orders and clients (again, in CSV format) and means that if you ever feel the need to migrate your store to another e-commerce platform, then you shouldn’t have some significant problems doing so.
WordPress doesn’t Supplied any e-commerce functionality from this box, so anybody wishing to market on the stage will need a third-party alternative like Ecwid. There’s an Ecwid plugin available, so adding an Ecwid shop to your WordPress site is quite simple — you can get up and running with a few clicks.
Squarespace comes with Increasingly excellent e-commerce features, but the amount of payment gateway options is quite limited — you have to utilize Stripe or Paypal. (And using Stripe only works if you are selling products from certain countries). The other principal problem with the built-in Squarespace marketing software is they don’t facilitate dropshipping, and full export of products is not currently possible.
Integrating Ecwid with Squarespace permits you to bypass these limitations, and adding it to a Squarespace site is very simple: it’s a simple matter of including a code block into a webpage and pasting some HTML into it.
As With Squarespace, there is currently no dropshipping choice for Wix users, therefore again Ecwid can provide a good workaround. A dedicated program is provided by Ecwid to enable you integrate the product onto a Wix shop easily.
Ecwid provides a pretty Limited number integrations with other apps that are well-known. Integrations do exist with key services Mailchimp, Xero and Freshbooks; but to be honest the range of integrations could be more extensive — competing products like Shopify provide a much wider assortment of apps. Notable omissions from the Ecwid store include Quickbooks and Zendesk, for example (that said, a Quickbooks integration is coming shortly ).
Ecwid’s Interface is rather easy to use. Like many similar online store builders, you get a vertical menu on the left which allows you to access key functionality, and the area on the right is used to display or edit associated products, website reports and content.
Much like any e-commerce tool, you’ll need to Spend a reasonable amount of time getting your head around producing catalogues and product variants, setting up transport rates and so on…but there isn’t anything here that should represent also a lot of a learning curve.
If You’re stuck nonetheless, you could always get in touch with Ecwid’s support staff — more on this later — or, even if you’re on a’Business’ or’Unlimited’, you can make the most of the included customization service (you get two hours and 12 hours customization period from Ecwidon these plans).
I’m not a Attorney, so please be aware the below observations shouldn’t be interpreted as legal information, but I’m planning to do my best to spell out a number of the key GDPR issues facing Ecwid consumers under.
With the introduction of That the EU’s new GDPR laws, there are many legal steps that website owners now need to take to ensure that they are adequately protecting EU customers’ and visitors’ privacy. There are serious financial penalties for not doing this (to the point where it is usually a great idea to speak with a lawyer about what to do); and even if your company is not located in the EU, then you still need to obey the regulations where any site visits from the EU are concerned.
There does not Appear to be Whatever stops you fulfilling the first three requirements readily enough with Ecwid, though you will have to spend time and potentially money generating adequate notices and crafting information capture forms so that they are GDPR compliant.
So for Instance, If you Utilize a Facebook Advertising cookie in combination with your Ecwid shop, you’ll be breaking GDPR legislation unless you’ve got a banner in place which does all the above.
Nowout of the box at There is not a way to take care of the cookie approval issue with Ecwid. Nor is there an adequate program accessible from the Ecwid app shop (the only option on front I can locate, the’EU cookie banner’, does not seem to provide the essential performance — despite costing $1.99 a month to use).
It Appears to me that the only alternative available to Ecwid consumers is to use a specialist product like CookiePro, which does supply all the necessary performance to generate cookie consent fully GDPR compliant. Despite being a powerful product nonetheless, Cookiepro does need quite a great deal of configuration and you will want to set quite a lot of time aside to set this up.
I really enjoy The simple fact that you can run a website without paying for anything. This makes the installation process that much easier, because you simply need to punch in your email and create a password to proceed right to the backend interface.
The machine has Wizards for each platform you would like to place your shop on. In case you’ve got a WordPress site, simply walk through three steps to get up and running. You could even click on options like Facebook and Joomla, depending on where you want to market.
The backend Design is flawless, because it walks you through each website creation and integration step with a few fine text and photos. As soon as you get your shop implemented on a site or social page it looks fairly sleek.
The design Depends upon the theme you’ve got on your website, however as you can see below, it displays photos well and appears clean and easy to navigate. I particularly enjoy the Shopping Bag area, which is prominent and easy to locate for customers when they wish to checkout.
This means you Can mange your store and market on the move, while also providing your customers an opportunity to get products from the mobile interface.
The final Design item which makes sense to mention is the vocabulary instrument. Since conducting an online store generally requires you to attain out to people from throughout the planet, you are bound to stumble upon some customers who would love to read product webpages and other content in their native tongue. Ecwid supports 45 languages, so if a user would like to translate from English to Spanish, that’s not a problem in any respect.
Some of the programs Can help you out with rating and reviews, rewards programs, automatic ad tools, analytics, custom design themes and more.
Ecwid is a Third party solution to your current website, so you would normally need to employ additional SEO and marketing tools to truly get the word out. That said, Ecwid provides quality SEO qualities to help merchants increase their visibility in Google searches.
Moreover, Google now indexes AJAX sites, therefore all Ecwid shops are indexed by Google with no extra effort. It gets even better with WordPress websites, as you acquire access to additional SEO plugins as well as the default search engine functionality on the dashboard.
Each step is Concise and clear, so that you can just go in there and sort in a product name, price and image then save the product for later. Of course you can always open the Powerful Options, but they separate these for when you’re ready to start ramping up your own store.
As an example of the inventory Rich management toolset, you obtain access to things like out of stock product monitoring, mobile device stock management, barcode scanning and much more.
Ecwid provides A Chat With Sales feature that is one of my favourite ways to converse with companies. Only send them a question and you can work on something else until they respond.
It’s not always Simple to locate an ecommerce platform that doesn’t charge transaction fees, but that’s just what you get with Ecwid. They never charge any sort of transaction fee with any of those plans they provide, making it desirable for any store that is trying to keep down costs and also to improve margins.
Keep in mind that Ecwid is not a payment processor, which means you have to set up something like PayPal or Stripe to process all of the transactions that come through your site. It’s rather simple to employ one of these systems, since Ecwid incorporates with over 40 international payment options. However, each one of these processors have their own trade fees so you need to prepare for these.
· The’starter site’ option is a fantastic stopgap measure for merchants who want a store quickly, but have yet to create a full site in order to bring the Ecwid widget to.
The Free program Allows you to sell 10 products, whereas the Venture plan ups that depend to 100 goods and you get items like an iPhone management program. The company plan goes up to 2500 products for a wonderful price and you also get live chat service. Priority support comes alongside the Unlimited program and you can also sell an unlimited amount of merchandise.
Ecwid is one of The cheapest solutions on the market. You may see that it’s actually cheaper than a lot of the other programs we’ve reviewed previously, so if you’re looking for value, this might be the perfect plugin for you. | 2019-04-20T18:17:11Z | https://rarityofficial.com/ecwid-facebook-integration-ecwid-review-2019/ |
Afflictions (also referred to as incapacitations or incaps) are all possible ways to immobilize a ZED. All afflictions stack based on hidden values unique to each ZED called affliction meters, which increase when the ZED is damaged by a weapon with incap power and decrease at a constant rate over time. Each time a ZED is damaged by a weapon with any incapacitation power, the respective affliction meter (be it stun, knockdown, stumble, etc.) increases by a value equal to the incapacitation power of that weapon. Upon reaching the incap threshold the ZED will become afflicted for a short amount of time, varying depending on the Zed and type of affliction. Certain body parts may be resistant or vulnerable to certain types of incapacitation powers, in which case incoming power will be modified by a vulnerability multiplier. Explosive weapons apply incapacitation power based on the target's distance from the center of the blast - the closer a ZED is to the explosion, the more incapacitation power will be applied.
Knockdown is a special move where ZED goes into "ragdoll" state. Knockdown followed by getup animations. By any means only 5 ZEDs allowed to be knocked down at time. Once fell on the ground, ZED will be evaluating its getup possibilities within 0.2 second intervals, ZEDs with velocity greater than 100 uu/s or those rigid body is still awake and simulated should skip getup animation untill their next evaluation check. Up to 25 checks (due to code specifics - actually 32) with 0.2s intervals between each two allowed before ZED will be forced to get up back on feet, this results in overall maximum knockdown time of 6.4 seconds. Knocked down ZED will die instantly if it will fall from the height greater than 7.5 meters. ZEDs with dismembered limbs cannot play knockdown / getup animations. Every ZED can be knocked down when player lands on top of its head.
Stun is an affliction that causes a ZED to enter a "sleeping" state, during which it will stand in place and not attack. The duration of the stun varies by ZED type. When a ZED's stun duration expires a brief recovery animation will play before it is able to act freely again.
Stumble is an affliction that causes a ZED to stagger backwards, temporarily impeding its ability to move and attack. Impacts from different angles will cause different stumble animations, each with its own duration. After playing a stumble animation for a semi-random duration (0.5-0.75 seconds), ZED will be able to interrupt it by taking hit from the weapon which Melee hit power / Gun hit power will be greater than ZED's Melee hit / Gun hit resistance. Additionally ZED should not be in cooldown to applied type of the power, otherwise stumble animation will not be interrupted.
Melee hit / Gun hit (aka Hard hits / Medium hits) are ZED's reactions. When "hit" ZED's AI paused for listed amount of time ("AI pause, on melee hit" for Melee hits and "AI pause, on gun hit" for Gun hits). Gun hit / Melee hit can interrupt ZED's special moves (if listed power > ZED's resistance, ZED is not in cooldown and such move can be interrupted by design). Both terms are abstract - firearm can have Melee hit power and Melee weapons can have Gun hit power assigned to them, the only significant difference between them is the duration of the reaction. NOTE: as for the current version ZEDs use "AI pause, on melee hit" timers to pause their AI for the duration of either reaction.
Snare slows ZED's movement by 30% (x0.7 multiplier). Snare and Bleeding speed debuffs are multiplicative, total speed mod is 0.7 x 0.7 = x0.49.
Poison / Microwave / Fire / EMP affliction causes ZED panic, EMP Disrupt cancels ZED's certain abilities (special attacks, sprinting).
Freeze temporary stops ZED's movement.
Bleed. Bleeding is a ZED state, when bleeding ZEDs takes more incap power towards its incap meter, moves 30% slower (stack with Snare for total of x0.49 speed multiplier), does 30% less damage (x0.7 multiplier) and attacks 25% slower (animation-wise, as bleeding multiplies the duration of animation by x0.8). Bleed increases amount of the incap power taken by ZED: by default amount of the power given by damage type is "1 + perk incap bonuses", instead bleeding ZED take "1.5 + perk bonuses" amount the weapon powers towards its affliction meter. For the duration of bleed affliction ZEDs shrink in size, however their hitboxes remain the same. ZED affected by bleeding as long as it's stacking meter above the Incap Threshold. Cooldown on this affliction meaning that upon hitting 100 points of bleeding power on ZED's incap meter (not 65 where bleeding start its effects) ZED stops taking any further bleeding power applications until cooldown expires which makes it impossible to maintain constant bleeding. In theory it is possible to avoid cooldown while keep bleeding effect active by keeping ZED's incap meter in range of (65-99), however it is next to impossible on practice.
Radial damage sources (e.g. grenades) have their incap powers adjusted according to ZED-to-Explosion proximity. Explosion provides maximum amount of the powers at its epicenter and minimum at the edge. Incap powers scale up / down linearly.
Various incap powers can be applied on ZED at the same time, however, when either Knockdown, Stun, Stumble or Freeze incap is IN-PROGRESS (threshold is reached and ZED playing specific animation), the other 3 of these incaps CANNOT appear and for the duration of given incap and ZED DOES NOT accept any incap powers towards these 3. For example, stunned ZED does not take any knockdown, stumble or freeze powers at all.
Effect-based incaps (EMP - Burn - Poison - Microwave - Bleed) can co-exist with each other and all other incaps. They can appear along any other incap at the same time, however they do not override ZED animations - instead (for their remaining duration) they start playing right after ZED animation ends. However, these incaps themselves can be overridden by either Knockdown, Stun, Stumble or Freeze. NOTE: ZED that is currently suffering from any effect-based incaps but Bleed DOES NOT accept any Stumble powers.
Note: blocking ZED become completely immune to the effects of Knockdown, Stun and Stumble (does not accept incap powers at all). All other incaps during the block getting their powers reduced by 80% (ZED accepts only 20% of the incap powers), power mitigation effect begins after 0.25 seconds since the block move started.
Affliction priority (highest first): Knockdown - Stun - Stumble - Freeze - Snare - Melee hit - Gun hit - EMP - Burn - Poison - Microwave.
Falling pawns (ZEDs or Humans) may cause damage to other ZEDs or Humans by landing on them (players cannot damage friendly players). Amount of damage depend of falling velocity and mass of both pawns. Damage to take is an integer value of ((1 - Falling Velocity / 400) x Mass of Falling Pawn) / Mass of Pawn That Getting Crashed), note: Falling Velocity is a negative value, maximum falling velocity = 40 m/s (-4000 units / second).
After landing on top of pawn's collision cylinder landed pawn will be pushed away by getting extra velocity (including Z-axis) into random direction.
ZEDs does not take damage from falling.
Game simulates Free Fall and Acceleration of Gravity. Normal in-game gravity acceleration = 11.5 m/s^2.
Maximum falling velocity = 40 m/s.
from at least H = (13.25)^2/(2x11.5) = 7.634 meters.
Damage taken calculated by formula: Falling Damage = Rounddown ((100 x (Player's Velocity - 13.25)) / 13.25).
Maximum possible damage from falling = Rounddown ((100x(40-13.25))/13.25) = 201.
up to +/- 5 meters per second towards falling player's velocity in the opposite direction to where player is currently aimed at.
Note: Unlike players, ZEDs do not take damage from falling.
As a rule of thumb, in order to take DOT ZEDs (and players too) have to lose some of their health in the first place. Damaging armored zones such as E.D.A.R's torso or head should not apply DOT status at all, same goes for players - taking armor-only damage results in no DOT applications. Should the player hit any of the armored ZED's exposed body parts and trigger DOT sequence, the armor is always to take damage over time FIRST, protecting actual health for while it lasts. As with all the other forms of indirect damage, DOT damage getting split between all existing armor pieces for equal parts.
Damage over time uses "DOT scale" which is multiplier for initial amount of damage given by weapon / ZED, this amount of the damage will be repeated for the duration of "DOT duration" within intervals of "DOT interval".
More than one type of DOT can be applied at time, in such case each DOT type will be having its own damage, duration and interval. If DOT of same type applied at target (for example "new" Fire vs. "old" Fire) game will check the effectiveness of "new" DOT in terms of total damage (total damage = DOT damage x (DOT duration / DOT interval)) comparing to "old" DOT. If "new" DOT will be more "effective" then it will be applied (including new and updated damage, duration and interval values) otherwise "old" DOT will be used for its remaining duration. For example DOT from Flamethrower direct hit in most cases will be more "effective" than DOT from splash damage so it will overwrite splash DOT and vice-versa - DOT from splash damage will be "less" effective than DOT from direct hit so it will not overwrite remaining direct hit DOT.
Field Medic's Hemogoblin weapon is an exception to the rule above. Each projectile of this weapon applies its own DOT, with its own (yet the same) damage, duration and interval making it the only weapon that can spawn multiple instances of the same DOT type.
Amount of DOT ticks and DOT duration / interval: the first DOT tick is not instant but rather kicks-in only after <DOT interval> seconds. On top of that DOT wears off completely when <DOT duration> value become less than <DOT interval>.
For example, Caulk n' Burn (DOT duration = 1.7s, interval = 0.4s) has only 3 DOT ticks on it: tick 1 starts at 1.7 - 0.4 = 1.3s mark, tick 2 comes next at 1.3 - 0.4 = 0.9s mark, tick 3 takes place at 0.9 - 0.4 = 0.5s mark. Even though there is a space for tick 4 which could have happened at 0.1s mark, it actually does not happen because DOT wears off 0.1s later after tick 3 (by this time DOT duration become < DOT interval).
Note that DOT calculation takes on account a DEFAULT damage value of the weapon and does not depend on amount of the actual (initial) damage taken by ZED. For example, Bloat vs. Spitfire Revolver: Bloat is resistant to ballistic handgun damage of the Spitfire and only takes 35%, 40x0.35 = 14. This, however, does not mean that DOT (which is 80% of the Spitfire damage) will be 14x0.8 = 11. Actual DOT is % of the default weapon damage which is 40x0.8 = 32. Since Bloat is neutral to fire, 32 is exact amount of damage given to it per DOT tick. This means that damage types of the DOT and its causer are treated separately in terms of damage calculation.
Player takes twice less damage and affected by twice less time from Fire DOT when healed (damage x 0.5, duration x 0.5).
Berserker affected by any forms of DOT for 20% less time than any other perk.
Player cannot die during the trader time.
During the trader time player takes no damage at all - all incoming damage is being set to 0.
Doors has weld integrity (can be restored by Welder) and maximum health (cannot be restored). Regardless from game difficulty ZEDs do same amount of the damage to door (damage amount is ZED-specific).
Support has passive skill that allows to repair destroyed doors. Each welder attack restores 7 points. Door will be restored once it accumulate total of 255 points.
When door is welded, ZEDs may try to attack it or will try to find another path to the players. Generally the higher door weld integrity is, the more ZEDs attacking or pending to open it already - the greater chances for ZEDs to try to find another path.
Depending on amount of ZEDs attacking the door it takes additional damage. With each next attacker door takes 10% more damage per single attack, up to 100% more damage (x2 damage multiplier) when it being attacked by 10 ZEDs at once. Bosses have an ability to destroy closed unwelded doors by sprinting (bumping) into them.
Doors have 2 types of the health.
Max Health cannot be restored, Weld Integrity restored by Welder.
Door will break when either - Max Health or Weld Integrity become zero.
Welder can restore or erase Weld Integrity HP.
Support's passive skill increases Door HP to restore / erase perWelder's attack interval by up to x1.75 (+119 / -192).
it only restores 60% (x0.6) of the regular HP / tick value.
Support can repair doors at rate of 7 points / welder attack.
Door will be restored upon accumulating a total of 255 points.
Amount of the Dosh player getting on kill depend on the Base Dosh Reward, Dosh Kill modifier, Wave Length modifier, percentage of the damage dealt to ZED and finally on Game Length Dosh Scale modifier.
Base Dosh Reward: Clots (all) - 7; Bloat - 17; Crawler - 10; Gorefast - 12; Stalker - 15; Husk - 17; E.D.A.Rs - 17; Siren - 25; Scrake - 75; Fleshpound - 200, bosses - 500. PvE ZEDs has their own Dosh rewards (actual numbers at the respecive wiki pages).
Dosh Kill modifier: Normal - x1.2; Hard - x1; Suicidal - x1; HOE - x0.9.
Wave Length modifier: 1 player - 1; 2 players - 2; 3 players - 2.75; 4 players - 3.5; 5 players - 4; 6 players - 4.5.
Game Length Dosh Scale modifier: Short game - x1.75; Medium game - x1; Long game - x0.8.
1. Calculate Adjusted Dosh value = Base Dosh Reward x Dosh Kill modifier x (Amount of the players / Wave Length modifier) x Game Length Dosh Scale modifier. Outcome is a FLOAT variable.
2. Calculate Score Denominator value = Adjusted Dosh / Total Damage Taken By ZED. Outcome is a FLOAT variable.
3. Calculate player's dosh сut that depends on % of inflicted damage: Earned Dosh = Round (Damage Inflicted By Player x Score Denominator).
4. If player has assisted in ZED kill but did not kill it themself, calculate Assistance Dosh value = Round (Earned Dosh x Perk Assist Dosh Modifer). Relevant for Sharpshooter which is the only perk in game that gets 10% more dosh (x1.1 multiplier) for assists.
% of Damage Dealt in the formula above implies how much damage exactly each player inflicted to ZED compare to overall amount of the damage taken by this ZED by the moment of its death.
Sharpshooter gains 10% more dosh for assists (x1.1 multiplier to Earned Dosh).
Short game: wave1 - 550, wave2 - 650, wave3 - 1200, wave4 - 1500.
Medium game: wave1 - 450, wave2 - 600, wave3 - 750, wave4 - 800, wave5 - 1100,wave6 - 1400, wave7 - 1500.
Long game: wave1 - 450, wave2 - 550, wave3 - 750, wave4 - 1000, wave5 - 1200,wave6 - 1300, wave7 - 1400, wave8 - 1500, wave9 - 1600, wave10 - 1600.
With the next respawn player will get highest amount of Dosh out of two possible values -Minimum or Maximum respawn Dosh.
End wave Dosh bonus is a total amount on Dosh earned by all players during the last round divided between all living players into the equal parts.
Game Conductor is a system that dynamically adjusts difficulty of the game based on how well player's team doing.
Difficulty management (change of values) happens within 1 second intervals.
Game Conductor is quite complicated mechanism. Many factors have impact on it - average level of the team, average accuracy on bodyshots / headshots, ZED lifespan. Evaluation happening within 1 second intervals. Overall weights of certain criteria: Average Perk level - 0.25, Average Accuracy - 0.25, ZEDs Lifespan - 0.5.
Game Conductor will stop its actions completely and all the values will be automatically lowered down to the minimum if average health of the team will become less than 50% OR for the next 15 seconds after one of the teammates had been killed OR simply when it turned off (in such case overall performance of the team will be considered as 0).
Normal difficulty: Current spawning interval can be slowed down by up to x1.25 or raised up by up to x0.75.
Hard difficulty: Current spawning interval can be slowed down by up to x1.25 or raised up by up to x0.75.
Suicidal difficulty: Current spawning interval can be slowed down by up to x1.25 or raised up by up to x0.5.
HOE difficulty: Current spawning interval can only be raised up by up to x0.75.
Additionally current spawning interval of the ZEDs depends on various factors (more info on Notes Tab, "ZEDs - Spawn intensity" mechanics).
2. AI Movement Speed (PvE only) AI movement speed on the current difficulty will never be higher than movement speed on the next higher difficulty.
Normal difficulty: up to -2.5% / +2.5% to the base speed mod of the Normal difficulty. (±50% of Normal-to-Hard diff).
Hard difficulty: does not go down / does not go up. (±50% of Suicidal-to-Hard diff, since there is no difference).
Suicidal difficulty: does not go down / does not go up. (-50/+65% of HOE-to-Suicidal diff, since there is no difference).
HOE: does not go down / does not go up.
Additionally current movement speed of the ZEDs randomized within -10% / +10% range. (more info on Notes Tab, "ZEDs - Movement speed" mechanics).
3. ZED Attack Intensity (PvE only) When overall performance of the team become "0", ZEDs will enter low attack intensity mode where they will start using pre-set cooldowns between their attacks. On HOE game or at any boss wave ZEDs do not enter this mode. Low attack intensity mode duration: Normal - 10s, Hard - 8s, Suicidal - 6s, HOE - 5s, Cooldowns - 12s / 14s / 16s / 18s. Additionally low attack intensity mode will occure in solo game if player with less than 95% HP being surrounded by at least 2 ZEDs within 2.5 meters, in this case duration of effect - 10s.
Overall attack cooldowns: Clots / Crawler / Stalker - 2s, Bloat / Gorefast - 3s, Husk - 2s for melee, +25% time between fireball and flamethrower attacks (note - these attack already have different cooldowns depending on the difficulty and are also randomized by up to -1s / +1s), Siren - 7s, Scrake - 5s, Quarter Pound / Fleshpound - 5s.
4. ZED Health Mod (PvP only, only player-controlled ZEDs) Based on average level of the team (where all 0s is minimum and all 25s is maximum) ZEDs in PvP games have their health adjusted in the range of (0.85 - 2).
5. ZED Damage Mod (PvP only, only player-controlled ZEDs) Based on average level of the team (where all 0s is minimum and all 25s is maximum) ZEDs in PvP games have their damage adjusted in the range of (0.7 - 1.131).
In PvP games player-controlled ZEDs have their HP and Damage multipliers scaled based on the Average Level of the human team.
Healers apply health instantly but regeneration takes time. When healed, Player regenerate health at rate of 1 HP per 100ms (making it 10 HP per second), this rate is equal for all Perks. Amount of health in Player's "health to regenerate" pool will never be more than Maximum Health - Current Health. Each next iteration of healing updates "health to regenerate" pool by its value. Healing decreases damage and duration of fire DOT by half.
Amount of the Dosh given for healing calculates as Earned Dosh = (Given Health / Player's Max Health) x 60, where Given Health is amount of health given by healers, Given Health adjusted depend on healer and perk but it will never be more than Maximum Health - Current Health.
Amount of the item pickups that can be active at time depend on Game Difficulty and Current Wave number.
A group of items (weapons / armors / ammo boxes) will be spawned upon starting the game. Locations for these items are random (chosen from all possible pre-set locations). Items will not change their content or location until the next wave. Each time item picked up the countdown for new item begin (countdown based on amount of living players). Items (weapons or armors) will be replaced by items (weapons or armors), ammo boxes will be replaced by ammo boxes.
Respawn time depend on amount of the living players.
All possible items (Armor, AR-15 Varmint Rifle, SG 500 Pump-Action, Crovel Survival Tool, 9mm Pistol, 1858 Revolver, Winchester 1894, HMTech-101 Pistol and MP7 SMG) has equal chances to appear upon spawning.
Amount of ammo given for certain weapon depend from the weapon's ammo pickup scale.
Amount of the item / ammo pickups depend on the current wave. With each next wave amount of the possible item / ammo pickups multiplied by the (Wave Number / Max Wave Number) value and rounded down. At least one ammo box will be active from the beginning of the game and at least one item pickup will be active from the wave 2 (any length) and further. During the boss wave there will be maximum possible amount of the ammo pickups (technically, maximum possible ammo pickups - 1).
Note: Unlike ammo, active item spawn points shut down (for the entire game) when items taken.
DieSector All 6 weapon / 10 ammo spawns are always active, respawn time - 90s / 160s.
Krampus Lair All 10 weapon / 19 ammo spawns are always active, respawn time - 150s.
Nightmare All 17 ammo spawns are always active, no item pickups, respawn time - 45s.
Power Core All 25 ammo spawns are always active, respawn time - 45s. Weapon pickups, per difficulty: 4 / 3 / 2 / 1. Weapon pickups follow the "normal" rules.
Santa's Workshop All 10 weapon / 21 ammo spawns are always active, respawn time - 150s.
The Descent All 23 ammo spawns are always active, no item pickups, respawn time - 45s.
Movement speed depend on amount of the health and carrying capacity.
Player can lose up to 15% of the movement speed depending on their current HP. Movement speed decreases linearly from 0 to -15% based on amount of the player's health: 100+ HP = no penalty, 0 HP = -15% speed loss. Having 100+ HP results in no speed loss at all.
Player can lose up to 8% of the movement speed when carrying 15/15 (or 20/20) blocks of weight. Movement speed decreases linearly.
Hard melee attacks causing Player to pause current movement input for 100ms, as a result there is slight movement pause prior to each of these attacks.
ADS-walking / crouching / both-at-the-same-time speed is 40% of the player's default walking speed (i.e. unaffected by health loss and extra weight). Gunslinger's Steady skill multiplies ADS-walking speed by x2, SWAT's Tactical Movement multiplies both ADS-walking and crouching speed by x2.5. Sharpshooter's Stability skill instead multiplies player's walking / sprinting speed by x1.5 but only when crouching (hence x0.4 multiplier should be applied as well) making Sharpshooter the only perk whose extra movement speed depend from the health and weight. Additionally while ADS-walking speed of the SWAT is independent from health and weight, its crouching speed is actually depends (only) from the HP loss.
(x0.4 of the default walking speed, i.e. unaffected by health loss and weight carried).
Current movement speed (walking / sprinting) depends on two factors: Low Health Speed Penalty and Weight Mod.
Low Health Speed Penalty increases linearly upon loosing health, -0.15% per 1 hp loss.
For example at 75HP it will be 0.0375 (-3.75%), at 50HP it will be 0.075 (-7.5%), at 1HP it will be almost 0.15 (-15%).
Weight Mod increases linearly from 0 (when empty) to 0.08 (-8%) (when fully loaded).
Each block of weight increases Weight Mod by approximately 0.005 (by 0.004 for perks with 20 blocks of weight).
Berserker and Survivalist get their speed bonuses only while holding melee weapons.
Field Medic, Gunslinger and Sharpshooter (with Marksman skill) have their speed bonuses all the time.
Sharpshooter's Stability: walk / sprint speed x1.5 (only when crouching, hence x0.4 as well).
9mm Pistol, Knife, Medical Syringe and Welder have no weight at all.
Melee weapons have Parry Strength and ZEDs have Parry Resistance. The incoming attack can only be parried with the weapon that has the same or the greater Parry Strength than ZED's Parry Resistance. This rule DOES NOT apply at the damage mitigation process - parry window of the melee weapon lasts for the duration of its "brace-in" animation, any ZED attack encountered during this time will have its damage multiplied by weapon's Parry damage multiplier OR if "brace-in" animation is finished already - by weapon's Block damage multiplier. This means that damage reduction happens regardless from the Parry Strength / Parry Resistance levels however unlike blocking, parrying an attack causes ZED to play stumble or parry-stumble animation. Some of the ZED's strong attacks (indicated with the red glow around the arms) cannot be parried in terms of stumbling ZEDs back but the damage mitigation for these attacks will still be there.
After player leaves the block state there is 0.5 seconds cooldown before he/she can initiate a new block/parry sequence.
Whenever during the wave time there will be no spare AI ZEDs to spawn, human-controlled ZEDs will be affected by anti-griefing system that will punish them for avoiding engagements. After spending 30 seconds without dealing or taking damage within 2 second intervals they will be taking damage that is 5% of their maximum health.
An optional tasks rewarding players with Dosh, XP and Vosh.
In Survival mode on official maps starting from wave 2 there is 35% chance for an optional "Stand Your Ground" objective to appear. Upon receiving such objective players will be having 20 seconds (usually) to make their way into the designated area of the map and defend it from ZEDs.
Not getting into location in time, having too many ZEDs in it or not having enough players in the area will result in penalties. For every second of lacking players, prommised dosh reward will be decreased by 5, for having too many ZEDs in it - by 10.
To maintain the area in the valid state there should be at least A players on B man server (total players - players needed) : 1p - 1, 2p - 1, 3p - 2, 4p - 2, 5p - 3, 6p - 3 and no more than C ZEDs (total players - ZEDs in area to start penalty): 1p - 4, 2p - 4, 3p - 4, 4p - 3, 5p - 2, 6p - 2.
Rewards scale with the game difficulty and how well the area was secured during the wave. Rewards based on percentage of earned Dosh compare to the Promised Dosh value. Reward % = (Final Dosh / (Promised Dosh).
Dosh Scalar: Normal - x1.2, Hard - x1, Suicidal - x1, HOE - x0.9.
XP Scalar: Normal - x1, Hard - x1.3, Suicidal - x1.75, HOE - x2.
Vosh Scalar: Normal - x1, Hard - x1.3, Suicidal - x1.75, HOE - x2.
Note that all the values above are the subject of change as they all set manually, per map and location. For example SYG objectives on the "Krampus Lair" map have different requirements for holding areas to stay valid and on the "Spillway" the Dosh penalty for having too many ZEDs / too few players in the marked area is only 1 / 5 points per tick.
Whether weapon will decapitate or will it instakill, depending on amount of the given damage and remaining body health. ZEDs can only be decapitated when amount of their head health will be lesser than amount of the damage given by weapon. When landing a head blowing shot the extra damage to ZED's body health will be done. Essentially ZED takes extra damage which is at least 25% of its maximum health plus the weapon damage itself.
If ZED resistant or weak against the damage type used for decapitation, initial weapon damage will be adjusted (increased or decreased), then this damage will be added to 25% body HP value and this whole sum will be adjusted (increased or decreased) once more.
Decapitated ZED: stops sprinting / doing special move (attack, evade, taunt etc.) / cloaking, getting slower rotation rate, limited to headless attacks.
Whenever during the wave time there only 5 ZEDs remains, following ZEDs will enter frustration mode. In this mode ZEDs will be forced to sprint regardless of their normal sprint conditions. It takes them random (2.5-5) seconds to enter such mode. Scrakes, Fleshpounds and bosses cannot be frustrated.
ZEDs spawned during the boss wave are always frustrated.
ZED Time happens on killing ZEDs or killing players.
ZED Time slows the world to 20% of its normal speed, ZED Time duration = 3 seconds, ZED Time is a timer, ZED Time can only be reset (not extended).
ZED Time slows the world to 20% of its normal speed (i.e. by 5 times).
ZED Time duration - 3 seconds.
ZED Time is a timer (float value 3.0000). It constantly goes down to 0.
ZED Time cannot be extended by certain amount of the seconds. Instead it resets back to 3.0000. Non-commando perk can reset it once. Commando can reset it up to 6 times (at level 25).
ZED Time has greater chances to appear in time. For next 30 seconds since the last ZED Time - normal chances (x1), between 30-60s - twice better (x2), if 60s passed without ZED Time - four times better (x4).
Minimum interval between 2 ZED Times - 10 seconds. Cooldown begin at the very beginning of each ZED Time.
DOT-based damage types (e.g. fire) do NOT trigger ZED Time events.
ZED Time can affect players either partially or fully. If ZED Time appears and there is no players or ZEDs nearby, player will enter ZED Time partially - world time will be slowed down but player will retain full movement speed. Player will enter ZED Time fully as soon as he/she spot/get spotted by another player or ZED or perform a shot or attack. There are different visual and sound effects for entering either of ZED Times.
When ZED Time kicks in, variable ZedTimeExtensionsUsed (which assigned to the "world" and not to the certain player) will be reset to 0. On each next kill during the time ZED Time active the game will be checking how many times player can extend (reset) it - by default each class has ZedTimeExtension of 1, Commando has it up to 6 at level 25. If amount of the ZedTimeExtensionsUsed variable will be less than player's ZedTimeExtension, the ZED Time will be reset and ZedTimeExtensionsUsed counter will be increased by one. In other words first ever extension can be performed by any perk but all further - only by Commando. By any means only 6 ZED Time extensions can be used in single ZED Time chain.
Certain skills provide ZED Time resistance. By default actions (e.g. shooting, moving, reloading etc.) has no ZED Time resistance at all (weapon equipping and putting down has ZED Time resistance of 35%). These skills add listed % of how much certain action has to be resistant to slow-mo effect - 0 (0%) - no resistance, 1 (100%) - full ZED Time resistance. ZED Time slows the world to 20% of its normal speed (0.2 vs 1), subject of change which being modified by skills is for how much world slowed: 1 - 0.2 = 0.8 or 80%. If skill gives full ZED Time resistance, the action will be happening at rate of 0.2 + 0.8 x 1 = 1, i.e. at full speed, if skill gives 50% resistance, the action will be happening at rate of 0.2 + 0.8 x 0.5 = 0.6, so when everything will be slowed to 20% (by 5 times) this action will only be slowed to 60%, i.e. by 1.67 times.
Weapon swaps has ZED Time resistance of 35%. When ZED Time occurs weapon swapping slowed by 1 / (0.2 + 0.8 x 0.35) = 2.08 times. Commando's Tactician skill adds additional 30% to the base 35% resistance value making weapon swaps in ZED Time only 1 / (0.2 + 0.8 x (0.35 + 0.3)) = 1.39 times slower than if it would be in real time.
Despite the fact that perk description says "+X% of speed", it does not directly change the speed but instead it decreases duration of the attack / reload animation by listed value. For example -25% duration of the reload animation will actually increase its speed by 1 / 0.75=1.33 or 33% and -50% of the melee attack animation will increase its speed by 1 / 0.5 = 2 or 100%. This rule also applied on ROF changing skills - 25% faster firing actually means that it takes 25% less time to perform subsequent shot which increases Rate Of Fire by 33.3%.
Combination of few speed bonus applied at same time is a result of multiplication, not a result of sum. For example if two speed bonus (-15% and - 30%) applied at time the final speed bonus will not be -45% but instead it will be (1 - 0.15) x (1 - 0.3) = 0.595 = 41.5% less time to play the animation. This increases actual speed by 1 / 0.595 = 1.68 times.
Note: Upgrade bonuses take place before the perk calculations. Each upgrade is a multiplier toward weapon's DEFAULT damage value, it overriders (does not stack) the previous upgrade: 20 x 1.1 -> 20 x 1.2 etc. Upgrade calculations imply interger values: 15 x 1.1 = 16.5 = 16. Upgrades do NOT improve Bash damage. Upgrades do NOT improve Ground Fire damage of the flame-based weapons but DO improve DOT and Splash damage.
With each next damage bonus associated with the perk, the base weapon damage will be increased by (base damage) x damage modification value. Sum of all damage adjustments will be either ROUNDED or ROUNDED UP - ROUNDED for Berserker, Demolitionist, Firebug, Survivalist and SWAT and ROUNDED UP for Commando, Support, Gunslinger and Sharpshooter.
Example 1: Commando + SCAR-H Assault Rifle + level 25 passive bonus + Hollow Point Rounds damage bonus: Damage = Roundup (55+55x0.25+55x0.3) = 86, where 0.25 is a passive damage modifier and 0.3 is a modifier of Hollow Point Rounds skill.
Example 2: Demolitionist + RPG-7 (impact + explosion) + level 25 passive bonus: Damage (impact) = Round (150+150x0.25) = 188. Damage (explosion) = Round (750+750x0.25) = 938. Total damage = 188+938 = 1126, where 0.25 is a passive damage modifier.
Certain skills modify magazine size of the weapon AND / OR its spare ammo pool.
Magazine size modification increases amount of the ammo in each magazine. This extra ammo is NOT being taken from maximum spare ammo pool. Spare ammo modification does not imply magazine size of the weapon, it only modifies amount of the maximum spare ammo. Certain skills also increase the ammo pool of 9mm Pistol(s).
Firearms can utilize both - hitscans AND / OR projectiles.
Shotgun pellets, grenades, rockets, Eviscerator's saw blades, Crossbow's bolts, AF2011-A1(s)'s bullets and healing darts are always projectiles. ARs, SMGs, Rifles and pistols are hitscans unless in slow-mo, where they become projectiles. Flame-based weapons use sprays - physical objects that do damage when collide with targets.
Ballistic-explosive projectiles can collide with both - ZED's hitzones and collision cylinder.
Weapons that do two types of the damage (ballistic and explosive) at same time (M79, M203, RPG-7 for example) use BallisticExplosive type of projectiles. These projectiles can collide with either ZED's hitzones (e.g. head, arms, legs, torso) or with ZED's collision cylinder - an outter cylinder-shaped "hitbox" that defies ZED's size in the world. If projectile misses all the hitzones it will attempt to collide with the collision cylinder. In such case damage will be dealt to the nearest (from the explosion epicenter) hitzone. BallisticExplosive projectiles do impact damage at any range.
Generally damage types determining following: visuals (gore, dismemberment, amount of blood, impulse / velocity given to live or death pawns, impact effects, obliteration etc.), DOT existence (its duration, amount and interval) and weapon powers.
Ballistic = Normal bullet or projectile, Slashing = Edged melee weapons (plus Eviscerator's projectile), Bludgeon = Bludgeoning weapons (plus weapon buttstock), Toxic = Poisoning damage (Medic Grenade, healing darts), Explosive = Explosives, Piercing = Frag / Nail Grenade shard (plus stab attack of edged melee weapons), Fire = Flame-based weapons, Microwave = futuristic weapons such as Microwave Gun, Killerwatt and Helios Rifle, EMP = EMP Grenade, Freeze = Freeze Grenade.
Some damage types associated with certain perks. Association could be meaning that this perk will be getting damage or power bonuses for weapons that use this damage type. Association also used in certain functions that modify different weapon attributes.
Damage types extend each other. For example damage type "Fire" is parrent damage type for "Fire_FlameThrower". If perk associated with parent damage type it also associated with all of its sub-damage types unless sub-damage type listed to have another perk to belong to.
Most explosives lose their effectiveness (damage) on the distance from explosion epicenter.
Final Damage = Base Damage x ((Proximity Percentage) ^ Falloff value).
Example: Explosion (damage - 100, radius - 10 meters) vs. ZED (2 meters away from the epicenter) : 1. No falloff - ZED will take full damage. 2. Linear falloff - ZED will take ((10-2)/10)x100 = 80 points of damage. 3. Exponential falloff (power of 0.5) - ZED will take (((10-2)/10)^0.5)x100 = 89 points of damage. 4. Exponential falloff (power of 2) - ZED will take (((10-2)/10)^2)x100 = 64 points of damage. 5. Exponential falloff (power of 3) - ZED will take (((10-2)/10)^3)x100 = 51 points of damage.
Explosives do not trace hit zones. Player cannot damage certain ZED's limb with an explosion. Hit detection happens by checking whether explosion sphere does or does not make a contact with ZED's collision cylinder. Since explosions do not trace hit zones it is not possible to apply certain explosion power (knockdown, stun etc.) to certain body part. Instead all explosion powers are being applied to ZED's "Torso" body part.
However damage inflicted by explosion is a subject of change depending on the victim's Exposure Percentage. By default uncovered victim (player or ZED) takes full damage (Exposure Percentage = 1). Victim covered behind the obstacles has Exposure Percentage of at least 0.3 plus 0.4 if its head is NOT covered plus 0.15 for each of UNCOVERED leg. On explosion damage to take will be multiplied by the Exposure Percentage value.
Fire-spraying weapons has various sources of the damage.
Direct hits with the fire-spraying weapons cause FLAME DAMAGE which is applied at the certain rate of fire. At the same time at same rate all targets within certain proximity (SPLASH DAMAGE RADIUS) from the initial target take "indirect" damage - SPLASH DAMAGE. Immediately after taking damage and for some time after ZEDs start to suffer from the DAMAGE OVER TIME (DOT) effect. Afterburn has its own duration and interval to apply the damage which are specific for different sources of fire damage. Amount of the damage per afterburn tick is a % of initial damage - amount of the damage per DOT tick after taking direct hit (as well as interval and duration) will be different from amount of the damage per tick after taking Ground Fire damage.
Flame based weapons are also capable of creating either GROUND FIRE or RESIDUAL FLAME (depend on the weapon) - both are small bonfires that remain of the ground for certain amount of the time. Ground Fire / Residual Flame applied at the different rate, has its own damage, radius and falloff as well as its own afterburn attributes. Two Ground Fire sources cannot spawn on top of each other unless there would be at least 0.25 meters between them.
In most cases each time ZED takes damage its DOT parameters are being reset, however there might be exceptions. See Gameplay - Damage over time (DOT) for more details.
Much like explosives, flame-based weapons such as Flamethrower or Microwave Gun do not trace any hit zones but torso, it is not possible to hit any other hit zones with this kind of weapons. Note that during the post-firing period (read below) flames DO perform zone tracing in a specific way - for the short period of time, when "flame ending" animation still plays it is become possible to headshot ZED or if this ZED wears armor which normally absorbs all indirect damage to inflict damage to any of its exposed body parts, such as to hit Rioter's legs.
Sprays of the flame-based weapons have post-firing lifetime where they keep doing damage for a short period of time after player releases the fire button. It takes 0.35 seconds to finish the "flame ending" animation, during this time weapon will be doing damage without consuming ammo. "Flame ending" animation will be canceled and ended earlier should the player trigger new "flame start" animation.
Amount of the damage dealt by melee weapons depend on tracer direction.
Damage dealt by the melee weapons depends on attack direction and on how well melee tracer connects with the ZED's body - vertical strikes do more damage while horizontal strikes do less damage but have better AOE. Pure horizontal (left-to-right, right-to-left) strikes do never more than 75% and never less than 50% of the base weapon damage depending on the view angle - the closer target to player's view center the more damage it will take.
Weapons have Penetration Power and ZEDs have Penetration Resistance.
If weapon has Penetration Power its bullet or projectile can pass through ZED's body as long as Penetration Power will be greater (greater, not equal) than ZED's Penetration Resistance. Once passed through ZED, Penetration Power of the weapon will be reduced by amount of the ZED's Penetration Resistance. As long as it greater than Penetration Resistance of each next ZED it will continue to penetrate. Support's passive skill adds 0.2 points to the weapon's Penetration Power per level. All players have penetration resistance of 1.
With each next penetration, damage gets reduced by amount of the Penetration Power left compare to its base value. For example - Shotgun (Penetration Power = 2) penetrate a Clot (Penetration Resistance = 1). Penetration Power that remains is 2 - 1 = 1. Damage that will be done to the next Clot is 1 / 2 = 0.5 or 50% of the initial weapon damage. This means that penetration-related skills not just increase amount of the bodies weapon can penetrate but also decrease the damage reduction for each subsequent penetration kill.
Support's Penetrator and Gunslinger's Line 'em Up skills remove the damage penetration curve completely, skill owners will always be doing full damage to ZEDs regardless from amount of the penetrated bodies. However Penetration Power loss still remains.
Damage reduction on penetration happens after calculating upgraded weapon damage but before calculating damage to ZED: Calculate upgraded damage -> Reduce damage on penetration (Damage = Rounddown (Damage x (Remaining Penetration Power / Initial Penetration Power)) -> Calculate damage to ZED ("ZEDs - Damage to take" mechanic).
Amount of the recoil and bullet spread depend on player's stance.
Every weapon has its own predefined range of the values - maximum and minimum pitch and yaw. Each time weapon fired, game picks random values from that range and moves player's POV into these coordinates. It takes different amount of the time (weapon-specific Recoil Time) to finish the move. Generally Recoil Time is shorter than weapon's fire interval so every recoil application could apply its full move without overrides from the subsequent recoil applications. The faster weapon fires, the bigger max / min recoil values and the shorter Recoil Time it has - the more overall and more "spike"-ish recoil will be. Maximum and minimum pitch and yaw range to pick values from is affected by recoil modifiers - it can either be increased with the recoil modifier greater than 1 or decreased otherwise..
Recoil modifiers are multiplicative - player using 9mm Pistol while crouching and hip-firing will be having recoil modifier of 0.75x1.75 = 1.3125. Recoil for shooting while jumping / falling will also take on account modifiers for hip-firing and jogging - SCAR-H Assault Rifle will be having recoil modifier of 1x1.75x1.5 = 2.625. Lowest possible recoil can be achieved by crouching stationary and aiming down the sights. Recoil modifying skills and bonuses multiply final recoil modifier (after taking on account falling, walking or jogging, crouching and hip-firing modifiers) of the weapon by listed value.
Player stances that has impact on weapon recoil: "crouched" - player is ducking, "falling" - player is airborne (jumping or falling), "hip" - player hip-firing (without ADS-ing), "jogging" - player moving or crouching without ADS-ing, "walking" - player moving or crouching while aiming down the sights.
Spread is a random bullet or projectile deviation from the player's initial aiming point. Spread values listed at weapon pages are NOT measured in angles. Spread calculation is a complicated process involving rotators (structures to store X, Y, Z aiming coordinates) and scalar products of vectors. An example below is a conversion of spread factor of Tommy Gun (0.024) into degrees assuming only Y-axis (i.e. how much bullet deviates to the right or left from the actual aiming point). Note that this is abstract example as it only implies one axis with X and Z axises being skipped.
Each time weapon fired game picks random float variable RandY = FRand() - 0.5, meaning that its range will be within (-0.5, +0.5). "-" and "+" defy in which direction from the player's POV bullet should move. For simplicity sake let RandY always be +0.5 which is the highest deviation bullet can has while moving "right" from the player's POV. Y-axis spread is a scalar product of two vectors (0, 1, 0) and (0, RandY x CurrentSpread x 1, 0). CurrentSpread (assuming that player hip fires while standing) is 0.024, RandY is 0.5. Vector1 x Vector 2 = 3 / 250 = 0.012 radians which is 0.012 x (180 / Pi) = ~0.69 degrees.
Spread modifiers of CurrentSpread in the example above do stack up together. Maximum spread modifier is 1, minimum is 0.5x0.75 = 0.375 (while crouching and aiming down the sights). Shotguns do not change their spread with the player's stance change.
HX25 Grenade Pistol note: Unlike other multi-projectile weapons, this weapon has its spread profile adjusted to be more predictable (circle-shaped). One of the pellets of this weapon is always dead-center.
There are different reload animations and some animations can be sped up.
There are normal reloads and "elite" reloads. Duration of "elite" reload animation is shorter and weapon-specific. Whenever player reloading there is separate timing for updating ammo counter and for allowing to cancel the reload animation. If player managed to cancel reload (by other means, e.g. weapon switching) before reaching the time that it takes to update ammo counter the reload will not be completed.
Passive skills that increase reload speed actually decrease the duration of reload animation. For example Firebug's 20% reload speed bonus actually means 1 / 0.8 = 25% faster reloading.
Some weapons (mostly ones that hold only one bullet / projectile chambered at time) have a "force reload" attribute which is an artificial delay that needs to expire before the weapon will be automatically reloaded. It should be noted that even without "force reload" value every weapon has a short delay (fire interval) before it can be reloaded as firstly fire interval needs to be finished so weapon could leave "firing" state. Fire interval is a delay between every two shots fired by weapon.
Upgrades improve various aspects of the weapons such as damage, handling or ammunition.
Damage: Base damage of the weapon is being multiplied by X value. Does NOT work with the ground fire and residual flames. Calculation of upgraded damage takes place before perk bonuses, ZED's hitzones and resistances (see "ZEDs - Damage to Take"). Outcome rounded down to INT.
Magazine capacity: Increases base magazine capacity of the weapon. Calculation takes place before perk effects. Outcome rounded down to INT.
Spare ammo capacity: Increases spare ammo capacity of the weapon. Calculation takes place before perk effects. Outcome rounded down to INT.
Spread: Improves bullet deviation from the aim point. Does NOT work with shotguns. Calculation takes place before taking on account aiming, moving and crouching spread adjustments (see "Weapons - Recoil and spread"). Outcome is a FLOAT variable.
Penetration: Increases initial penetration power of the weapon. Calculation takes place before perk effects. Outcome is a FLOAT variable.
Explosion radius: Increases AOE radius of the projectiles. Does NOT work with the ground fire and residual flames. For ballistic-explosive projectiles calculation takes place after perk effects. Outcome is a FLOAT variable.
Reload rate: Reload time of the weapon is being multiplied by X value. Calculation is multiplicative with the perk effects, e.g. reload rate of x0.9 will stuck with lvl 25 Firebug's passive reload rate of x0.8 for a total of 0.9 x 0.8 = x0.72 of the normal weapon reload time which will increase reload speed by 1 / 0.72 = 1.39 times.
Recoil: Base recoil modifier of the weapon is being set to X value. Calculation takes place before taking on account stance modifiers (falling, walking or jogging, crouching and hip-firing) and perk effects (see "Weapons - Recoil and spread").
Melee rate: Melee animation time is being multiplied by X value. Calculation is multiplicative with the perk effects, e.g. melee rate of x0.9 will stuck with lvl 10 Berserker's Butcher or Vampire rate of x0.8 for a total of 0.9 x 0.8 = x0.72 of the normal melee animation time which will increase melee speed by 1 / 0.72 = 1.39 times.
Affliction power: Increases initial given weapon power of the weapon. Calculation takes place before perk effects. Outcome is a FLOAT variable.
Heal amount: Increases amount of the health to apply by healer. Calculation takes place before perk effects. Outcome rounded down to INT.
Heal recharge: Time to fully recharge the healer is being multiplied by X value. Calculation takes place before perk effects. Outcome is a FLOAT variable.
Block / parry damage mitigation: Block / parry damage multiplier of the weapon is being multiplied by X value. This decreases damage to take even further, e.g. mitigation scale of x0.9 on top of Zweihander's parry scale of x0.4 will result in all damage from parried attacks to be multiplied by 0.9 x 0.4 = x0.36.
ZEDs can be aggressive not just to players but also to each other.
Along the complicated mechanism of choosing the target to chase, ZED might become aggressive to the player whenever in single attack it takes damage which is at least 10% of its maximum health. It is not necessary for ZED to become aggressive to the player who shot it. ZED might become aggressive to the player it was initially targeting.
Not enough time passed since the last enemy change time (min - 5s).
New potential enemy already targeted by at least 3 other ZEDs.
ZED is currently doing melee attack.
Current enemy is within ZED's strike range.
ZED has LOS on its current enemy and that enemy is also closer to ZED than its new potential enemy.
If ZED can see current enemy and cannot see its new potential enemy.
ZED does not have LOS on its current enemy.
Distance to current enemy is 20% greater than distance to the new potential enemy.
Path to current enemy is blocked by the new potential enemy that has also scored damage that is at least 10% of ZED's maximum health.
If ZED seeing its new potential enemy, new potential enemy is targeted by less than 3 other ZEDs and "ZEDs targeting current enemy / ZEDs targeting new potential enemy" ratio > 0.5 (evaluation of this event begin when ZED get closer than 15m to players, radius to check how many other ZEDs are targeting players - 10m around each player).
I.e. first ever hit to ZED that has 100+ HP from the other ZED will do twice more damage, all further hits will only be doing less damage since the multiplier declines with the HP loss. This formula works based only on ZED's current health - as soon as HP drops below 100, this ZED starts taking normal amount of the damage without additional multipliers.
ZEDs attack within certain range, attack itself has its maximum execution range.
Each ZED has a set of attacks (animation set) that it can execute. Each attack can be performed under the certain conditions including maximum and minimum range of attack. Within that range ZED will be evaluating a possibility to perform such attack. Attack animation itself has the maximum range where it does damage (i.e. making contact with the player). Depending on the game difficulty ZEDs getting specific odds to execute weak / medium / hard attacks. These types have nothing to do with the damage inflicted but rather defy complexity and amount of the possible moves, i.e. on harder difficulties ZEDs getting more of available attacks.
There are various factors to determine whether ZED can perform certain attack or not - chance, difficulty limits, maximum and minum range of attack, cooldown, only when / when not X (X - moving, sprinting, enraged, surrounded, headless, cloaked etc.). On higher difficulties ZEDs have wider variety of attacks that they can possibly execute.
It should be noted that animation set is a static object and is shared between all the ZEDs of the same type (e.g. all Scrakes or Husks use the same static list of attacks they can pull out) unlike, for example, health or movement speed which are rather handled on the per-ZED basis. If certain attack in the list has global cooldown and one of the ZEDs has already played it recently, the game writes time stamp next to this attack and all the other ZEDs around have to wait for this cooldown to expire before attempting to play it again. As for global cooldown, nearly all of the ZED's melee attacks have it, common cool downs varying in length of 2-10 seconds, but might as well be shorter for some ZEDs and greater for others.
Due to complexity and influence of randomness, this wiki does NOT contain detailed information on each attack and its conditions, especially implying that without visual representation it will be hard for readers to figure and match names and numbers. For such purposes players may individually examinate ZED's animation sets and "_AnimGroup" archetypes in Killing Floor 2 SDK as well as query the information in a text form (yet again without visual representation) by typing in console "GetAll KFPawnAnimInfo Attacks".
There are 2 types of ZEDs melee attacks: 1. Impact Attacks, generally performed by the weak ZEDs (Clots, Crawlers, some of the Stalker attacks) - basic "one-target-at-time" type of attacks. To do damage by these attacks, ZED should face its enemy, ZED's target should be within melee attack range and not blocked by obstacles. 2. Swipe Attacks - an "AOE-within-cone-shaped-segment" type of attacks. These attacks can do damage to multiple targets within designated area - forward, forward-left, forward-right, backward etc. Mostly used by medium-to-big ZEDs like Gorefasts, Scrakes, Fleshpounds. Much like Impact Attacks, Swipe Attacks requiring to-target-LOS-clearance and can only collide with the players within melee attack range.
Player-controlled ZEDs do Area Melee Attacks. These attacks perform collision checks within ~174,2 degrees cone segments (87,1 degrees to both sides from the player's view direction). Area Melee Attacks will not register if Z-axis difference (height) between ZED and its victim will be greater than ZED's collision cylinder's height x 1.5 (for better representation "getall kfpawn location", Abs(VictimLocation.Z - Instigator.Location.Z) > Instigator.CollisionHeight x 1.5). Melee damage inficted to human players DOES NOT scale over the distance. It either does or does not happen.
All Clots can perform a grapple attack.
Grapple is a special move. Grapple prioritized over normal attacks, evaluation of possibility to perform a grapple attack happens each time Clots performs a melee attack. Different Clots has different odds to perform a grapple attack. Maximum distance to play grapple start animation and succeed is 2.1 meters. Breaking grapple causes stumble. Clots cannot end grapple by taking damage from other ZEDs, only players can break it. Grapped players are forced to look at the Clots, although there is an option to turn force look off.
Grapple Odds (instead of normal attack): Cyst - 80%, Alpha Clot - 33%, Slasher - 38%.
Mimimum interval between grab attacks - 5 seconds.
Clots cannot grab the player for 1 second after grenade throw. Clots cannot grab the player for 0.5 seconds after shooting the healing dart.
Calculate damage in weapon-specific formula - relevant for melee weapons that adjust damage values based on the swing direction. Berserker's Smash or Massacre bonuses for hard and light melee attacks are calculated in this step as well. Pure horizontal melee strikes do never more than 75% and never less than 50% of the base weapon damage depending on the view angle - the closer target to player's view center the more damage it will take. For horizontal melee strikes: Damage = Rounddown (Base Damage x (0.75 to 0.5 scale)), then for all melee strikes: Damage = Round (Damage x Smash OR Massacre Mod). Outcome is an INT.
Calculate damage to hitzone. Outcome is an INT: Damage = Rounddown (Damage x Hitzone Scale).
Take weakness or resistance on account. Outcome is an INT: Damage = Rounddown (Damage x Damage Type Mod).
Apply ZED's block damage modifier. Outcome is an INT: Damage = Rounddown (Damage x Melee OR Damage Mod). Note: ZEDs have separate multipliers when blocking melee and non melee damage sources.
Modify damage in perk-specific formula (apply passive damage bonus and skill effects). Passive and skill bonuses are additive, damage multiplied by the sum of all active skill bonuses. Damage = Round(UP) (Damage x (Perk Bonus 1 + Perk Bonus 2 + Perk Bonus 3 + ETC...). Outcome is an INT value, either ROUNDED our ROUNDED UP - ROUNDED for Berserker, Demolitionist, Support, Firebug, SWAT and Survivalist and ROUNDED UP for Commando, Gunslinger and Sharpshooter.
Check if player has Field Medic's Focus Injection buff. Outcome is an INT: Damage = Roundup (Damage x Focus Injection Mod).
Calculate new value Extra Head Damage = Damage + ZED's Max Health x 0.25. Note: Extra Head Damage for Shotguns calculated presuming that 7 pellets hit (regardless from amount of the actual pellet hits).
Apply steps 1-6 on the Extra Head Damage value.
Combine adjusted Extra Head Damage and Damage values in order to recieve a final damage value that will applied on ZED upon decapitation.
Damage Type Resistance: ZEDs are slightly less resistant to damage types that have Damage Scale < 1 in solo games (when there is only one player at server). Actual resistance value of the given damage type interpolated as Lerp (1, Damage Mod, 0.75). For example Fleshpound's resistance to Ballistic_AssaultRifle is x0.5. When there is only one player at server, it become Lerp (1, 0.5, 0.75), i.e. (1 - (1 - 0.5) x 0.75) = 0.625. Damage type multipliers of x0 are not an exceptions for this rule - if ZED does not take any damage at all, is solo it takes Lerp (1, 0, 0.75) = 25% of it. Such as Abomination Spawn does not take any toxic damage at all in co-op games but does take 25% of it in solo games.
Trivial note: when all the damage calculations are done and ZED dies, its last particular hit zone to take damage (head, arm, leg etc...) takes 3 times more damage to gore health than FINAL DAMAGE value. This has no impact on gameplay, because ZED is dead already. Gore health is a variable that defies amount of health for a cetain hit zone, it mostly used for after-dead dismemberment. The only gore health variable that matters is head health, but as said by this moment ZED is dead anyway.
ZEDs has base damage values that are being adjusted by different modifiers.
ZED attacks are complicated mechanism. During each attack animation ZED might perform one, two or multiple hits. Some attacks has AOE.
Depending on attack animation ZED's base damage value will be adjusted by one of the possible damage multipliers. Every single attack has its own damage multiplier. If attack animation involves multiple amount of the hits, each of them might also have its own damage multiplier (opposite to that, all the hits within attack animation might have same damage multiplier). At least 1 point of the damage will be done to the player with every single hit.
For ZEDs there are different damage multipliers vs. players when playing solo or co-op.
ZED has separate damage multipliers against players and doors. Generally ZEDs do more damage to doors due to higher damage multipliers.
ZEDs are able to evade AND / OR to block certain damage sources.
Slasher. Chance to evade after taking damage: Normal - 0.1, Hard - 0.4, Suicidal - 1, HOE - 1. Health loss percentage to trigger evade: all difficulties - 0.01.
Bloat. Chance to block after taking damage: Normal - 0, Hard - 0.1, Suicidal - 0.65, HOE - 0.85. Health loss percentage to trigger block: all difficulties - 0.1. Block chains (max): Hard - 4, Suicidal - 5, HOE - 8. Block duration - 1.25s, cooldown - 3.5s.
When blocking. Damage resistance: Melee attacks - x0.9, Gun attacks - x0.9. Affliction multiplier - x0.2 (ZED takes only 20% of all incoming powers). Solo game block chance multiplier: Hard, Suicidal - x0.1, HOE - x0.2.
Crawler. Chance to evade after taking damage: Normal - 0.1, Hard - 0.4, Suicidal - 1, HOE - 1. Health loss percentage to trigger evade: all difficulties - 0.01.
Gorefast. Chance to block after taking damage: Normal - 0.2, Hard - 0.5, Suicidal - 0.75, HOE - 0.85. Health loss percentage to trigger block: all difficulties - 0.1. Block chains (max): Normal, Hard, Suicidal - 4, HOE - 5. Block duration - 1s, cooldown - 1s.
When blocking. Damage resistance: Melee attacks - x0.8, Gun attacks - x0.8. Affliction multiplier - x0.2 (ZED takes only 20% of all incoming powers). Solo game block chance multiplier: Normal - x0.2, Hard - x0.3, Suicidal, HOE - x0.3.
Stalker. Chance to evade after taking damage: Normal - 0.1, Hard - 0.4, Suicidal - 1, HOE - 1. Health loss percentage to trigger evade: all difficulties - 0.01.
E.D.A.R Variants. Chance to evade after taking damage: Normal - 0.1, Hard - 0.4, Suicidal - 1, HOE - 1. Health loss percentage to trigger evade: all difficulties - 0.01.
Scrake. Scrake has a chance to block upon taking damage or when being aimed at. Scrake has a chance to evade certain damage sources. Scrake cannot block when enraged.
Chance to block after taking damage: Normal - 0.05, Hard - 0.1, Suicidal - 0.4, HOE - 0.5. Health loss percentage to trigger block: all difficulties - 0.05. Block chains (max): Normal - 3, Hard - 4, Suicidal - 5, HOE - 6. Block duration - 1.25s, cooldown - 5s.
When blocking. Damage resistance: Melee attacks - x0.9, Gun attacks - x0.9. Affliction multiplier - x0.2 (ZED takes only 20% of all incoming powers). Solo game block chance multiplier: Normal, Hard - x0.1, Suicidal - x0.2, HOE - x0.3.
Fleshpound. Fleshpound has a chance to block upon taking damage or when being aimed at. Fleshpound has a chance to evade certain damage sources. Fleshpound cannot block when enraged.
Hans Volter. Chance to block after taking damage: Suicidal, HOE - 0.3. Health loss percentage to trigger block - 0.1. Block chains (max): Suicidal - 5, HOE - 6. Block duration - 1.25s, cooldown - 7s (Suicidal), 6.5s (HOE). Affliction multiplier - x0.2. Damage multiplier (melee, firearms) - x0.7.
Chance to evade after taking damage: Normal - 0.05, Hard - 0.1, Suicidal - 0.2, HOE - 0.2. Health loss percentage to trigger evade: all difficulties - 0.01.
Patriarch. Chance to block after taking damage: Suicidal, HOE - 0.85. Health loss percentage to trigger block - 0.1. Block chains (max): Suicidal - 5, HOE - 6. Block duration - 1.25s, cooldown - 3.5s. Affliction multiplier - x0.2. Damage multiplier (melee, firearms) - x0.9.
King Fleshpound. Chance to block after taking damage: Normal - 0, Hard - 0.01, Suicidal - 0.2, HOE - 0.3. Health loss percentage to trigger block: all difficulties - 0.05. Block chains (max): Hard - 3, Suicidal - 4, HOE - 5. Block duration - 1.25s, cooldown - 6.5s.
Abomination. Chance to block after taking damage: Normal - 0, Hard - 0.1, Suicidal - 0.85, HOE - 0.85. Health loss percentage to trigger block: all difficulties - 0.1. Block chains (max): Hard - 4, Suicidal - 5, HOE - 8. Block duration - 1.25s, cooldown - 3.5s.
Abomination has a chance to block upon taking damage or when being aimed at. Abomination has a chance to block or evade certain damage sources. When blocking. Damage resistance: Melee attacks - x0.9, Gun attacks - x0.9. Affliction multiplier - x0.2 (ZED takes only 20% of all incoming powers). Solo game block chance multiplier: Hard - x0.1, Suicidal and HOE - x1.
Block has its maximum duration and cooldown, solo game might have an additional block chance multiplier. When blocking ZED takes less damage (melee attacks have separate damage multipliers). Technically damage mitigation effect begin after 0.2 seconds since the block move started.
There is a maximum amount of the blocks ZED can execute in a single block chain. If ZED currently blocking and takes damage that is enough to trigger a new block instance there happening block chain increment (initial block gives 1 on the block chain counter, 2nd block attempt (when initial block still active) gives 2, 3rd block attempt (when initial block still active) gives 3 and so on). Each block chain increment resets block duration. Upon exceeding the maximum amount of the block chains (Block chains (max) > value) block ends and ZED plays Melee hit reaction. Each next block sequence (after block cooldown expired) begin with the block chain counter of 1. Generally it is quite hard for ZEDs to chain blocks due to various factors - next block attempt during the current block has a CHANCE to appear upon depleting CERTAIN AMOUNT OF THE HEALTH which ZED looses at decreased rate due to BLOCK DAMAGE RESISTANCE.
If ZED is allowed to sprint during the block animation, for the duration of block its sprint speed will be decreased by 25% (x0.75 multiplier).
When ZED being aimed at with the Sharpshooter weapons, in such case it is necessary for player to ADS. Time for AI to recieve a warning (i.e. for how long player has to aim at ZED) - random (0.4-0.8)s. Maximum danger distance - 25 meters. AI warning evaluation interval - 0.1s.
When certain projectile (pellet / bolt / blade) being fired there happening AI warning notification. Maximum danger distance - 20 meters from the projectile spawn location. AI warning notification happens only when projectile meant to land at the point which is not further than 1.28 meters away from the ZED's location.
When ZED being hit. Evaluation interval - each time ZED takes accumulative damage equal to listed health loss percentage (already mentioned above).
When ZED being aimed at with the flashlight. Evaluation interval - 1s. Maximum danger distance, from the player position - 20 meters.
When ZED being attacked by melee weapon. Only relevant for ZEDs that can block. Maximum danger distance - weapon hit range + zed collision radius.
When ZED being attacked by fire weapon. Maximum danger distance, from the player position - 10 meters (15 meters for the Microwave Gun). AI warning evaluation interval - each 0.5s of the continuous weapon firing.
When ZED nearby the Ground Fire. Minimum danger distance, from the Ground Fire location - 3 meters.
When ZED is at line of Husk's fireball attack.
Small ZEDs (Clots, Crawlers, Gorefasts and Stalkers) will attempt to evade when warned of being run over by big ZEDs (Scrake, Fleshpound, Patriarch).
ZEDs has separate values of the body health and head health.
Damaging body will not be damaging head BUT damaging head will also apply damage to the body (hitzone multiplier should be applied in that case). Damage from explosive weapons applied to the body health, head health will not be taking any damage from explosives (unless it is a direct hit from the projectile).
Amount of the health and head health for each next spawned ZED depends on amount of the LIVING players. Players joined the game but not yet spawned will not contribute towards ZED's HP.
When there is more than 6 players on the server, ZED HP begin to interpolate linearly. The maximum health cap multiplier (x20) can be achieved upon having 128+6 = 134 players at same time. Interpolation begin at the point A which is a ZED's Health Mod value of 6 players and ends at the point B = 20 which is health cap, amount of the interpolation is value of (Amount Of Living Players - 6 / 128). This interpolated value then being added to 1 to give the final health mod multiplier.
Example 1: Gorefiend on the 10-man server. Gorefiend has constant amount of the health at sub-6-man server - 400, i.e. it does not go up when there is 1-6 players because Health Scale value per player for this ZED is 0. So HP begin to interpolate from 0 to 20 and amount of the interpolation is (10-6) / 128 = 0.03125. Lerp (0, 20, 0.03125) = 0 + ((20-0) x 0.03125) = 0.625. Final health multiplier is 1+0.625 = 1.625. At the 10-man server Gorefiend will be having 400 x 1.625 =650 HP.
Example 2: Scrake on the 10-man HOE server. Per additional player Scrake gains 39% more health (Health Scale value of 0.39). Interpolation begin from 0.39x6 = 2.34 to 20 and amount of the interpolation is (10-6) / 128 = 0.03125. Lerp (2.34, 20, 0.03125) = 2.34 + ((20-2.34) x 0.03125) = 2.891875. Final health multiplier is 1+2.891875 = 3.891875. At the 10-man server Scrake will be having 1210 x 3.891875 = 4709 HP, where 1210 is amount of the health for 1-man HOE Scrake.
Enraged or sprinting Fleshpounds (all variants) can do bump damage to ZEDs just by touching them (although ZEDs on their path will likely attempt to evade the threat). Base amount of the damage is 270, multiplied by x2 if Fleshpounds are sprinting and also multiplied by Fleshpounds' difficulty settings. All ZEDs take full damage, Scrake - only 10% of it, Quarter Pound - 25%, Fleshpound - 0%. If by the moment of bump ZEDs will be having less body health than incoming bump damage, these ZEDs will be knocked down if they would manage to survive (Rioters, for example, as their armor will absorb the damage). Otherwise, if ZEDs will be having enough health to survive the bump, instead they will stumble. Damaged ZEDs will consider their bumpers as an enemies if damage given by the bump will be at least 15% of the ZEDs' maximum health.
In Hunt And Heal / fleeing / sprinting modes bosses can do bump damage to ZEDs just by touching them (although ZEDs on their path will likely attempt to evade the threat). Base amount of the damage is 270 multiplied by bosses' difficulty settings. All ZEDs take full damage, Scrake - only 10% of it, Quarter Pound - 25%, Fleshpound - 0%. If by the moment of bump ZEDs will be having less body health than incoming bump damage, there will be 40% chance for these ZEDs to die (get obliterated) and 60% chance to get knocked down without taking any damage. Otherwise, if ZEDs will be having enough health to survive the bump, instead they will stumble. Damaged ZEDs will consider their bumpers as an enemies if damage given by the bump will be at least 15% of the ZEDs' maximum health.
Notes: ZEDs do not evade when being runover by Hans Volter. Patriarch does 10 points of damage when bumping into players while fleeing.
ZEDs has vulnerable AND / OR resistant hitzones.
Damage applied on these hitzones will be adjusted by listed damage multiplier. Hitzones are "additional" damage multipliers. If ZED resistant or weak to certain damage type and getting hit into certain hitzone, the total amount of the taken damage will be multiplied twice - by ZEDs resistance / weakness scale and by hitzone damage multiplier. For example when hit by Ballistic_Rifle damage type into the gauntlets, Fleshpound will be taking 0.75 x 0.2 = 0.15 (15% of the base weapon damage).
Two ZEDs of the same type may have different movement speed.
Each particular ZED has its own movement speed value. Movement speed can be deviated by up to -10%/+10% from the base speed value. Each ZED getting its movement speed value only once - upon spawning. This means that two spawned ZEDs of same class can has different movement speeds which will not change during the time these ZEDs alive. Movement speed also affected by difficulty mods.
Player-controlled ZEDs does NOT have their speed adjusted by randomization.
Base ZED's speed mods: Normal - x0.9, Hard - x0.95, Suicidal - x0.95, HOE - x0.95. Base speed mod further affected by the Game Conductor.
Slasher speed mods: Normal - x1, Hard - x1, Suicidal - 1.1, HOE - x1.2.
Crawler speed mods: Normal - x1, Hard - x1, Suicidal - 1.3, HOE - x1.4.
Stalker speed mods: Normal - x1, Hard - x1, Suicidal - 1.3, HOE - x1.4.
Abomination Spawn speed mods: Normal - x1, Hard - x1.1, Suicidal - 1.25, HOE - x1.25.
All other - x1 / x1 / x1 / x1.
Note: Whenever in the multiplayer (non solo) game there will be only one player alive, for every minute spent bosses (Hans Volter and Patriarch only) will be getting +20% of their movement speed, up to +30% at maximum.
When hidden (not considered as relevant or not observed by players), ZEDs can move at Hidden Speed (aka Super Speed) which depend on amount of the living players. However in most cases ZEDs prefer to teleport shortly after entering "Hidden" mode. Last 3 ZEDs during the wave time are always relevant.
Upon spawning each ZED getting its own Sprint and Sprint When Damaged chances - the values that used to determine whether ZED should or should not sprint under the proper conditions.
Player-controlled Alpha Clots and Elite Alphas can rally boost nearby ZEDs.
Rally-boosted ZED inflict more damage and (for certain ZEDs on certain difficulties) become able to sprint regardless from its pre-set settings. Rally boost has duration of 10 seconds.
Chance to spawn as Elite Alpha: Normal - 0, Hard - 0, Suicidal - 0.25, HOE - 0.35.
Alpha Clot has a chance to spawn as Elite Alpha. Elite Alpha able to rally boost nearby ZEDs. Rally evaluation happens when Clot sees the player. Interval to check for rally probability: When Clot sees the player a 2s + random (0-3s) timer starts, then for the duration of Clot-to-player LOS visibility evaluation happens within 1.5s intervals.
Rally chance: Suicidal - 0.7, HOE - 0.8. Rally cooldown: Suicidal - 15s, HOE - 15s. Self damage dealt multiplier: Suicidal - x2.5, HOE - x2.5. To activate a rally there should be at least 4 nearby ZEDs (including Elite Alpha itself) within 10m radius.
ZED spawn intensity changes depending on the various factors.
ZED spawn intensity depend from the Spawn Rate modifier which itself depend from the Spawn Mod, Spawn Time modifier, Solo Spawn Rate modifier and Early Wave Rate / Late Wave modifiers (by default all values set to 1). These modifiers change their values depending on the game difficulty, wave number, amount of the living players and whether this wave is an "early" wave or not ("early" waves: Long = waves 1-4, Normal = waves 1-3, Short = 1st wave). The bigger Spawn Rate modifier is - the slower spawning happening and vice versa, the lesser Spawn Rate modifier is - the faster ZEDs spawning. By any means there is at least 1 second between spawns of two separate ZED groups.
Spawn rate at "early" waves will be increased. Spawn Mod for "early" waves calculated as Spawn Mod = Spawn Time modifier x Solo Spawn Rate modifier x Early Wave Rate modifier.
If current game is a solo game, ZED spawning will be slowed down. Otherwise Solo Spawn Rate modifier remains the same (1). Solo Spawn Rate modifiers: Short game, all difficulties - (wave 1 - 1.55, wave 2 - 1.65, wave 3 - 1.75, wave 4 - 1.80, wave 4 of normal game - 1.85), Normal game, all difficulties - (wave 1 - 1.55, wave 2 - 1.60, wave 3 - 1.65, wave 4 - 1.70, wave 5 - 1.75, wave 6 - 1.80, wave 7 - 1.80), Long game, all difficulties - (wave 1 - 1.55, wave 2 - 1.59, wave 3 - 1.64, wave 4 - 1.68, wave 5 - 1.72, wave 6 - 1.75, wave 7 - 1.78, wave 8 - 1.81, wave 9 - 1.84, wave 10 - 1.85).
If current wave is an "early" wave, Spawn Time modifier changes to 1 for 1 player, to 1.3 for 2 players, to 0.9 for 3 players, to 0.7 for 4 players, to 0.4 for 5 players or to 0.3 for 6 players or more. Otherwise Spawn Time modifier remains the same (1).
If current wave is an "early" wave, Early Wave Rate modifier changes to 0.8 (Normal) OR to 0.6 (Hard) OR to 0.5 (Suicidal and HOE). Otherwise (if this is wave is a "late" wave) Early Wave Rate modifier remains the same (1).
Spawn rate at "late" waves will be toned down. Spawn Mod for "late" waves calculated as Spawn Mod = Spawn Time modifier x Solo Spawn Rate modifier.
At "late" waves Spawn Time modifier changes to 1.1 for 1 player, to 1.45 for 2 players, to 0.9 for 3 players, to 0.8 for 4 players, to 0.7 for 5 players or to 0.6 for 6 players or more.
Solo Spawn Rate modifier taken from step 1.1.
After getting the Spawn Mod (from either step 1 or step 2), game multiplies it by Difficulty Spawn Rate modifier. For now on all difficulties Difficulty Spawn Rate modifier has a value of 1, i.e. has No impact on the spawning.
As a final step game calculates Spawn Rate modifier as Spawn Rate modifier = Spawn Mod x Spawn Rate Intensity of the Game Conductor.
Furthermore, overall spawn intensity depend on the map. Each map has its own specific value that used for calculation of the next spawn time. Lower value means faster spawning.
Each map has its own specific value (Wave Spawn Period) which sets the base interval between ZEDs spawns. The lower value meaning faster spawning. The values below are NOT exact times between spawns, they are a subject of change via "ZEDs - Spawn intensity" mechanic.
AI might stuck due to obstacles or lack of waypoints. AI tends to evaluate and handle the stuck.
ZEDs use complicated mechanism to evaluate their stuck possibility when moving to players. Within constant intervals ZEDs check if it is needed to add certain amount of the StuckPossiblity to their stuck meter. Some actions however marks ZEDs as completely unstuck. Upon reaching the StuckPossiblity meter of 5 or higher ZEDs will handle the stuck. ZEDs use different methods to get unstuck.
ZEDs does not evaluate stuck possibility before beginning of the game and after it ended.
For the next 5 seconds after playing the melee attack animation ZEDs considered as completely unstuck. StuckPossiblity become 0.
For the next 5 seconds after teleporting ZEDs considered as completely unstuck. StuckPossiblity become 0.
For the next 5 seconds after performing any special move (attack, stumble, knockdown, scream etc.) ZEDs considered as completely unstuck. StuckPossiblity become 0.
If ZEDs are not further than 10 meters away from the players AND there are at least 5 AIs remaining throughout the wave, these ZEDs considered as completely unstuck. StuckPossibility become 0.
If ZEDs has path to the player (at least one waypoint is cached), they considered as completely unstuck. StuckPossibility become 0.
If ZEDs are waiting outside of the closed door while other ZEDs trying to break though, they considered as completely unstuck. StuckPossibility become 0.
If ZEDs are not moving in the X|Y axis, StuckPossibility being increased by +0.5.
If ZEDs are moving up / down (jumping in one place) StuckPossibility being increased by +1 (by +2 if ZEDs are falling without Z-axis velocity).
In order to prevent stuck, ZEDs has their collision cylinder size reduced while at the special areas of the map ("chokepoints") and when they have total StuckPossibility of 2.5 or higher.
ZEDs handle stuck differently. Small ZEDs prefer to suicide and respawn at the spawn volumes. Scrake, Fleshpound and bosses cannot suicide when being stuck but rather teleport to the nearest waypoint OR (if there is no waypoints nearby) to the spawn volumes.
Some ZEDs can teleport when not observed by players.
When hidden (not observed by spectators, not visible and not audible to players) ZEDs can initiate a teleportation to the nearest "best" spawn volume from the players. Observing ZEDs through walls and objects prevents them from becoming hidden for a short period of time hence prevents their teleportation. ZEDs updating their "last relevant time" variable within 5s intervals which is enough to trigger their teleportation. To make sure that certain ZED will not teleport closer, players should have it constantly appearing and disappearing within their LOS (line of sight) since this method forces ZED to update its "last relevant time" variable in intervals shorter than 5s - it is being constantly updated as long as players maintain LOS to this ZED.
ZED teleportation being completely disabled when only 12 AIs remain during the wave time (except for Stalker - this ZED can teleport regardless from amount of the remaining AIs).
Bloat, Husk, E.D.A.R, Siren, Scrake, Fleshpound and bosses cannot teleport at all. | 2019-04-19T00:39:45Z | https://wiki.killingfloor2.com/index.php?title=Mechanics_(Killing_Floor_2) |
Finding Good Referral Sources Is Like Kissing Frogs!
I was speaking with Sarah Owen, the master franchisee of The Referral Institute in the UK, and she told me that she often comes across people who are good at giving to others but don’t always get an equitable return from their relationships. Many people want to know how to discern whether a potential referral source is a good match, and what they can do to increase the likelihood that their time and efforts are being invested in relationships that will harvest a positive return.
Sarah shared a great metaphor that she uses in relation to referral sources that don’t pan out by saying, “When we are looking for a good relationship in life, we sometimes need to kiss some frogs to find our prince. People are searching for a way to avoid those slimy, slippery, drawn-out kisses, which can be prolonged over months–sometimes years–only to discover that the frog never turns into a handsome prince.” So how do people avoid those empty, disappointing referral relationships that turn out to be slimy frogs instead of princes? I think some of the questions below that Sarah and I discussed can definitely help qualify a potential referral source/alliance relationship sooner rather than later.
What do your networks look like?
Do you have time to invest in another relationship?
From what you know so far, do you like what I do?
By asking at the outset whether the individual has the resources, motivation and time to invest, and by then providing him or her permission to opt out, the only question left is whether the match is sufficient enough to ensure the relationship can be reciprocal in time. As our conversation came to a close, Sarah said that her clients are finding better results using these simple steps. Then, she smiled and happily reported that they are also kissing fewer frogs!
I love this metaphor. Thanks for sharing it with me, Sarah.
Networking Now Blog in Polish!!!!
Thanks to Greg Turniak for making this happen.
I did 17 radio interviews starting at 4 a.m. and ending around noon today for my latest book, Masters of Sales. While doing one of the interviews, I was asked by a talk-show host whetherI had any ideas that her listeners might apply during the holiday season to “help consumers who will most certainly be attacked from all angles by commission-hungry sales reps who refuse to conform to the needs of the shopper!” I came up with some thoughts that I thought would be good to share here on my blog.
Referrals: Whenever possible, do business by referral. Go to stores where someone has recommended the service provided by the company.
Research: Do some research. Google is great. Get information in advance about what you want. The more you know about the products you are looking for, the easier it is to shop with confidence.
Relationships: Get to know the sales staff of places that you shop. The stronger the relationships you have, the more confidence you have that you will get what you pay for.
Are they asking relevant questions or are they just trying to sell you what they want to sell?
Are they listening to what you are telling them that you need?
Are they knowledgeable about the products or services they offer?
If they are not doing the three things listed above, find someone else. I told this to the host of the talk-show and she asked, “How do you bow out gracefully with a salesperson when you don’t want to work with them anymore?” I responded that I simply tell them, “I’ll find someone else who can help me.” She didn’t like that answer at all. She said that it was “such a ‘male’ approach” and that women won’t generally be that direct. When I later asked my wife what she does in a situation like that, she gave me some great advice for those people (men or women) who don’t want to be so “direct.” She explained that she gives her first name to the salesperson and asks for their name. When they give her their name, she says she plans on possibly buying something but needs some time to browse the floor for a while. She thanks them for their help and tells them she will find them if she needs any assistance. So tactful… I love her. I’m afraid I’m more direct.
I just attended the international BNI Conference last week with more than 800 directors and members from almost 40 countries from around the world. It was an incredible experience that felt a little like a United Nations meeting!
One of the keynote speakers was Jack Canfield (seen to the right with Amy Brown of BNI, myself and Patty Aubrey of Chicken Soup for the Soul Inc.).
Jack shared many great stories and did an outstanding presentation (I’d highly recommend him to any organization). One of his comments really resonated with me. He said that “we are the average of the five people we hang out with most!” This comment reminded me of my belief that we become what we read and whom we hang around. This is a powerful concept great for anyone (including our children).
So, what are you reading and with whom are you hanging around? With this thought in mind, do you plan on making any changes in the near future? Good things to ponder.
I consider Jack a good friend and have an opportunity to spend a couple weeks with him every year as part of his Transformational Leadership Council. Thanks for your great presentation, Jack. You’ve given us many ideas to think about.
That man had a good point. And no–it wasn’t that buying a truckload of my daughter’s art would make him go broke; because we all know that the investment would be well worth it, even if he did have to sleep in a cardboard box. Okay, all joking aside, his point was that although thank you gifts and referral incentives are certainly an important part of building a business, it’s not always possible to give extravagant gifts that will surely keep us fresh in the minds of those who refer us.
So, what options do we have when it comes to giving good incentives to those who refer us? Well, first of all, we need to remember that incentives can range from simple recognition, such as a thank you, to monetary rewards based on business generated. However, creativity is the key to any good incentive program. Let your contact know when a referral he or she has made comes through and be as creative as you can.
There are many novel ways in which businesspeople can reward those who send them referrals. For example, a female business consultant could send bouquets of flowers to men, a music store owner could send concert tickets or a financial planner could send change purses and money clips.
To make it easier on yourself, get opinions and feedback from others who have significant interest in your success. There are lots of options for referral incentives, and you should consider all that come to mind because the value of recognizing the people who send you business should never be underestimated. A well-thought-out incentive program will add much to your word-of-mouth program.
By the way, you can see Ashley’s art at www.AshleyMisner.com. Sorry, I just had to do it.
Last week, one of the big items on my calendar of things to do was a marathon day of radio interviews beginning at 4a.m. As you can imagine, getting up at an hour when roosters havenât even begun to think about warming up their vocal chords is not the most enticing of tasks. However, after stubbing my toe in the pitch blackness and yelping out a word I wonât mention here, I remembered that as the Founder & Chairman of BNI, the worldâs largest business networking organization, I had agreed to do these interviews at such an outrageous hour because it is my responsibility to do whatever needs to be done to network for the organization.
Now, can you imagine what would happen if I answered the interviewerâs first questionâwhich is always âHow are you doing today, Dr. Misner?â?âby grumbling about how I had stubbed my toe and how I wished I was back in my warm bed? Well, what would happen is that people would be immediately turned off by my negative attitude and nobody would listen to me.
This brings me to my point that in order to be a master networker, you must always maintain a positive attitude no matter what. With over two decades of professional networking experience, one thing Iâve learned is how important it is to have a positive attitude in order to successfully network. And if Iâm going to go around telling other people how to discipline and train themselves to network effectively, then I darn well better be walking the walk (or at least limping along, stubbed toe and all) and maintaining the positive attitude of a master networker.
I had a conversation recently with a new BNI member who expressed that she has always been somewhat uncomfortable networking because she’s always been afraid of sounding like she’s being pushy, and she has a hard time knowing when it’s even OK to approach the subject of business with other people.I told her what I’ve said countless times over the years to many other people–that the absolute key to networking appropriately is making sure to always honor the event.
You can network any time and any place, but as long as you are honoring the event, there is nothing to be afraid of.However, this means that in some cases you are going to network a lot differently than you would in other cases.For example, networking at a chamber mixer is one thing, while networking at church social event is something completely different.
It is essential to understand that networking does not mean that you should constantly be trying to sell people your products or services. Networking does mean that you should constantly build relationships. The best way to build relationships is to help someone whenever possible.
In order to appropriately network at a church social event, for example, you should make contacts, put people together, help others and build relationships.However, you should not be actively promoting your business.You should simply focus on putting people together and helping others.
Always keep your networking goals in sight at all events and opportunities, but don’t become a networking vulture or someone that everyone else runs from when they see you coming. Honor the event and tailor your networking strategies so that you fit in without being tuned out.
Always be sincere; and remember that no one minds the opportunity to exchange information that will benefit one or more people, even when that exchange takes the form of helping someone..
Out of Line – Online!
I belong to several online networks. Recently, I got an email from one of the members whom I don’t know, have never talked to, and was never directly connected to in any way.
He sent out an email to many people in the online community about a new person who just joined. In it, he said: “Letting her join was the biggest mistake you will ever make. . . she is a disaster, is totally unreliable, is a total liar. You. . . have been. . . conned,” he concluded.
Wow, I was amazed that this “stranger” would send me this email. But the impersonal nature of online communications sometimes leads people to behave in ways they could never get away with in person! There are social mores that are easily bypassed when you are not looking someone in the eyes.
Whether you are dealing with face-to-face networking or online networking, the basics of etiquette and emotional intelligence should still apply. You have to be aware that when you are communicating on the internet you are still dealing with real people. Even though you may feel very powerful because you can say things and send it out to many people it doesn’t mean that you should or that it’s appropriate to do so!
The ignoramus who sent me this email would never have the stones to talk about this person “personally” to all the people (including strangers) that he emailed, but he could do it behind the relative safety of the internet. Unfortunately, this is one of the weaknesses of the powerful medium of the internet. If this individual behaved like this at an “in-person” meeting, he’d likely be thrown out! But online, he thinks he can get away with it. People like this become so disconnected with reality that they get this false sense of power (not to mention self-importance).
So, what do you say to someone who sends you such a totally inappropriate email? I told him that “I didn’t know the woman he was talking about but that his email told me a lot about him and that I did NOT want to get this type of slanderous communication again.” He surprised me with his response. He said that he didn’t know who I was and “he didn’t want to talk to nobodies” like me! At first I thought, “nobody, I don’t think I’m a nobody.” Then I thought, hmmm, maybe it’s a good thing to be a “nobody” to a nutcase!
Have you had experiences like this? If so, tell me about it. What did you say when you got an email like this? I want to hear your feedback.
Teach Your Employees To Network!
Being in the business of networking for over 20 years, itâs a no-brainer to me that my comments and inquiries about the young manâs employer were a prime opportunity for him to explain what made his company special and to possibly make a valuable networking connection that could bring in business and possibly mean a promotion for him. But instead of taking advantage of the open door I was extending to him with my curiosity, he just shrugged his shoulders and said, âYeah, weâve had the same customers for years, so I guess weâre just lucky that theyâre so loyal.â?
That conversation reminded me how critically important it is to teach your employees to network! Many business people simply donât do this one simple thing which could dramatically boost their networking efforts. It doesnât matter how much you may know about networking, or how well you network to promote your business, you never know what you could be missing out on if your employees were trained to network for you.
The bottom line is that until you teach someone how to do something effectively, expecting them to do it well â or even at all â is unrealistic.
As you might imagine, itâs far better to engage your entire staff in your word-of-mouth marketing campaign-not only at startup, but also throughout the life of your business. When you show employees how to network efficiently, they are much more apt to make efforts to network; and you will have a greater chance of gaining more business.
Networking is a group activity; so, make sure to get your whole team on board with the process. If you’ve done anything to get your employees involved in networking your business, I’d love to hear about it.
The wild fires ravaging Southern California bring back some horrific memories. Just a few years ago, a 40 foot wall of flames came past my home near the foothills in Claremont (shown below). In the photo, you can see me hosing my head down to douse the hot embers falling from the fire. I was attempting to keep the wood beams in my backyard from catching fire as the flames swept through the open space behind my home. More than two dozen homes burned down in my community. Luckily, ours was not one of them.
Click on the link to “make a secure contribution now” towards the bottom.
Fill out the required information, and follow the prompts.
Or, checks can be sent to the BNI-Misner Charitable Foundation at 545 College Commerce Way, Upland, CA 91786. Make sure to state that the contribution is for the matching “Wild Fire Fund”.
I spent the last few days in New Orleans for a BNI event hosting the 210 winners (and guests) of the 2007 USA Member Extravaganza for the organization.
There are two things I want to share about my visit to the area. The first, is my impression of the business people. It’s great to see business “start” to come back in the city. One of the things that struck me was how so many businesses THANKED us for visiting the city and helping in some small way to bring back the economy. It was truly dramatic. Every time my wife and I purchased something, the stores went out of their way to thank us for our business. When we told them were with a group of 210 people, they were extremely thankful. It felt great to help the city and I invite you to visit New Orleans. They definitely need more business and they appreciate it more than any group of people I’ve seen in recent years.
The second thing I want to share relates to the many stories I heard about courage and giving. Prior to the event I mentioned above, I had an opportunity to speak to about 150 BNI and Jefferson Chamber of Commerce members in the greater New Orleans area . I heard many stories about the hurricane and its aftermath. One that really jumped out at me was a BNI member by the name of Dr. Morris Panter.
Dr. Panter (seen here with me at the event) told me that immediately after the hurricane, he had no practice! His office was damaged with holes in the roof but it was still partly usable. So, he spray painted a plywood board that said “Relief Workers Adjusted for Free.” He told me that over the next several months he adjusted 900 relief workers helping to clean up from the disaster!
I think Dr. Panter’s story is another one of the many examples of courage and giving that we have seen come out of this horrific event. In the face of the temporary loss of all his business, he took the time to “give” to the people helping his city.
It was an honor to speak to people throughout the greater New Orleans area and I wish them continued success in building the city’s economy back up.
I was thinking about the blog I wrote last month about the Butterfly Effect of Networking? and it occurred to me that an important part of the reason I was able to make such effective and rewarding networking connections was the way that I thought about, and therefore went about networking. Here’s what I mean by that . . .
1. The law of reciprocity or givers gain? approach.
Don’t approach networking thinking I did this for you, now what are you going to do for me? Instead, remember the old adage Give and you shall receive? The law of reciprocity takes the focus off of what you stand to gain from the networking relationship, and in doing so, creates bonds based on trust and friendship. Put it to the test. You’ll be amazed by the outcome. | 2019-04-24T18:41:55Z | https://ivanmisner.com/author/ivan-misner/page/100/ |
I am on page 287 of a book on FileMaker Pro - less than one third of the way through - and I think I'm still just reading about how to import my list of customers. I just finished a section on "Sub-Summary Parts and Printing" (that followed one on "Leading and Trailing Grand Summaries") and I am utterly glazed over. I have not yet opened the program on my computer. I am not actually stupid, but I've never seen anything as apparently confusing as trying to set up a meaningful relational database.
My reed business has grown since I started it up in 1998 - and has really outgrown my little Do-It-Myself Excel (now Numbers) spreadsheet. I have become frustrated by the limitations of my system, and I am aware that I need to upgrade and start thinking of myself as a real business.
It is hard to be entrepreneurial. My education was focused on the rarified details of creating classical music. The academic classes I took were entirely music-related - Baroque Performance Practice, for example. 20th-Century Theory. Aural Skills. I understand that Eastman now offers a variety of programs on real-world marketing and business skills, but those were not there when I was. The actual process of making my living in music has been improvisational the whole way along, and I have worked very hard and have been very lucky to get where I am now. To a place where I need a complicated and expensive database program to track the hundred or so reeds I make by hand each month between performances and teaching.
On the lower end of the skills spectrum, I spent a good hour this afternoon stuffing tiny shreds of cotton into little plastic tubes to accommodate the above-mentioned monthly reeds.
This is the kind of nonsense that goes into a career in music. I love my job, but this is not one of its more glorious days.
I have to be busy to get anything done. I think this is not too unusual, but it surprises me every year at about this time.
I've been on break since last weekend. My symphony jobs are off in the summer, the colleges have ended, the demand for reeds is down. I just finished the last recital of my spring series, and took the last audition that I had scheduled.
I now have time to start on the new music I'd been itching to explore, plan my next set of performances, rework my website, learn some new software, clean and purge the house, improve my double-tongue, and write far more thoughtful, detailed blog posts, as I had been intending to do. But what I actually am doing is baking desserts and breads and eating the heck out of them, taking Zoe to the park to swing, napping, watching movies with Steve…there's really no excuse for how completely not busy I'm keeping myself right now, except that it's summer!
Fortunately I do still have the half-marathon that my sister and I have been training for. That happens next week, and I am on track for it. We've put in good solid mileage work, and I'm confident about the distance, and now I just have to make it to the start line without screwing up - overtraining between now and then and injuring myself, for example. This is the stage I like best - coming up on the event with all my ducks in a row. Without this bit of work in progress I might really feel unglued.
It's an unsettling feeling for me to be between projects. Being eager to start new pieces and new plans is not exactly the same as having started them. I love the middle of the project, where the basic structure is in place and I just have to follow it through. This beginning stage, where nothing is firm yet, and I can't really play the new material because all of my practicing before now was on the old stuff, or I haven't really decided which database program to buy and I don't really know how to set it up anyway, or I still don't even know what to practice because I need to brainstorm some program ideas - this is no fun.
Somehow although I have time right now, the fact that I've closed the books on several projects doesn't automatically put me in gear for the next few. I have energy but no momentum, and honestly I'm just enjoying blissing out with my family for a change. There will be plenty of time later - even next week, maybe - but for now it's summer!
I wonder who Zoe is going to be. I don't know how much to read into the traits she has as a baby - that she loves a particular teddy bear, for example, or hates to have her diaper changed but thinks that having her bottom wiped is completely hilarious. These won't be identifiable features of her adult self, I suspect. I don't have a sense of her personality yet, and I don't feel like she'll be a real person to me until she starts talking - for now she seems like some sort of endlessly enchanting pet.
This, though, I have noticed. She's very stubborn about the way she approaches things. She goes at her own pace. She's learning to walk right now, and has just about got it. She can take a few steps from a standing start to one of us. But she knows her limits. If you try to plant her in the middle of the floor she refuses. She will not stand up. She collapses her legs beneath her and insists on sitting. As soon as you let her go, she turns and crawls - quickly and directly - to the person she wants, stops three steps away, stands, and walks on in. She will do this over and over - fascinated with the walking process but only doing what she can handle. She knows her limits and stretches outside them only by her own choice.
I've observed this in her before. When we were visiting relatives at Christmastime, I often had to get her from her nap and bring her into a roomful of strangers (to her). She would cling to me until she found other people she recognized, and checked everything out, and got her bearings. Once she had the situation figured out, she could be handed around and would be delightful and cheerful with everyone. Not before.
When we give her a brand new food, she immediately spits it out. She looks at it, smells it, and cautiously tastes it, and once it has passed inspection she'll happily eat and eat. But woe to the parent who tries to rush the process and cram food into her before she has accepted it.
I think that this firmness of hers is a legitimate character trait. She's very willing to try new things, but only on her own terms. Only when she's ready. I have plenty of oboe students who aren't nearly so methodical in their approach, and don't take the time to learn a skill or a passage well before moving on, and get predictably erratic results. To be fair, though, they can all walk perfectly well, so at some point they must have buckled down and learned, huh?
let me warm it for you.
What’s the use of looking?
We won't find it in the dark.
and how I live. May I?
Who am I? I am a poet.
What do I do? I write.
And how do I live? I live.
and love songs like a lord.
I’ve the soul of a millionaire.
out of my safe, two pretty eyes.
melted at once into thin air!
you tell me who you are.
I'm preparing excerpts now for an audition, and I know them too well. I've had a long break from thinking about orchestral excerpts, what with the baby and the dearth of actual job openings this year, and as I re-explore them I am trying to bring a little space and perspective to bear on them.
I have practiced these snippets SO MANY TIMES in the past. My interpretations of these solos and difficult passages from the repertoire are valid. I have studied them for years, listened to many many recordings, taken lessons with numerous wonderful teachers, and considered them deeply. I have drilled them and drilled them, and all of them are memorized, and I know exactly what nuances I'm making and when.
But, you know what? Those nuances aren't HOW THEY GO, they are just HOW I PLAY THEM. They are not wrong, but why should I be a slave to my younger self? There are other ways, and other approaches, and I'm having a difficult time finding them. Even when I spend an hour reconsidering a two-minute solo, at vastly different tempos, or intentionally try to create a different dynamic plan or color change, I find that the excerpt snaps back to my original interpretation as soon as I try to run a list, or let my mind wander for even a split second.
I struggled with this back in the fall, when I got to play La Scala in the orchestra for the first time since college. See, Rossini's La Scala Di Seta is a huge audition piece for oboe, and I've polished this piece over and over again to be just so. Problem is, playing in a group is really a group effort. The oboe is the solo voice, but through the whole opening of the overture I'm leading a wind chorale, and responding to lines that the others have. It's an ensemble piece, really, and so my job carries the obligation of LISTENING to my colleagues, and that's what I was struggling with in rehearsal. I've played the piece so often - alone - with the goal of making my part astonish and amaze. Making my melody a solo that stands by itself. It was surprisingly hard to put all of those years of work aside and try to approach it with fresh ears.
Of course I prepare my orchestra solos at home before the first rehearsal, but I always come expecting them to evolve as I see what the conductor wants to do and as I play them in context with the other musicians. Usually that works for me - I use the rehearsal process to try different interpretations on for size, and deliver my final choice in the performance. By the second time through La Scala I realized that that wasn't really happening. I was still playing my own plan and not feeling any other choices. Understand, I didn't think my plan was bad - but I didn't want to be inflexible or insensitive. Music should be collaborative, and it should be spontaneous, and it's not that much fun to just type out the same phrases over and over. In private I asked the conductor for suggestions, and was delighted to be able to implement them and break through some of the habits of my years of practice. I think we wound up with an exciting performance, and while I would have preferred to have the flexibility I am accustomed to having, I was pleased with the way the concert turned out.
What's the difference between consistency and inflexibility? The one is a virtue and the other a vice, but they have similar implications, yes? I should be able to consistently lay down the correct notes and rhythms with a good sound and intonation, but need to also be able to adjust my pitch to match that of my colleagues and correct my dynamics or timing or color immediately to be more environmentally sound. Playing excerpts, I should be able to hit my marks repeatedly - to lay down the excerpts one after the other and nail them every time - but also to hear other phrasing solutions and make them convincing even at the moment that I think of them. I want to have that flexibility even behind the screen in an audition, and that, I guess is what I am struggling with now.
Have other people encountered this problem? I would love to hear how others approach this issue, and balance spontaneous musicality against the goals of perfection and correctness, especially in audition settings.
This feels like a quality day. By which I mean that in my practicing, my running, and my life I am ready to focus on one thing at a time and put in the extra energy to do a great job.
This morning as I practiced, I didn't get through a ton of material. Nor did I need to - this is an off week gig-wise, and my final spring recital is still ten days away and I know the music pretty well by now. What I did focus on was sound and resonance. I went through my warmups very very slowly, paying careful attention to the resonance of the oboe, and worked to equalize the sounds and timbres of the individual notes and intervals. As I sped up the arpeggio and scale studies, I was careful to go no faster than I could manage, and sought a good sound over the whole range of the instrument with no "garbage" between the notes. Not particularly fun work, but important. I did the same thing in one of my recital pieces - inched my way through it with the goal of making the oboe sound consistent and good all the way through. It's important work which is easy to gloss over in the excitement of working on interpretation, and often gets bypassed when time is short and the quantity of music I need to learn is great.
When I ran, I didn't go particularly far - my 12-miler on Sunday really knocked me out, and I didn't need that kind of workout today. Instead, I ran 3 miles but focused on form, relaxation, ease, and speed - every few minutes I tried to press just a little faster while remaining easy, fluid, and comfortable.
Since I got my practicing and reed work done in the morning, I was able to really engage with Zoe this afternoon - instead of just letting her play with her toys as I worked I was able to get down on the floor and play with her. This is something I try to do every day, but frequently in the back of my mind there's something else pulling at me that I SHOULD be working on instead. Today I could give her quality attention. Also banana bread. We baked banana bread together and enjoyed it together while it was hot.
It frustrates me that I often feel too busy to give this kind of devoted attention to all of the things I do. I know how completely normal that is. Everyone's life is complicated and busy, and mine is not unusually so. But having a day like this is a great reminder of how to do it right - maybe as things get hectic again I can at least remember how this feels. And even for a few minutes in a busy day, I can focus on quality work and quality time to ground myself.
If you're putting a concert together fast, the thing you really focus on is the transitions. In limited rehearsal time, you can trust the musicians to play the big juicy melodies, but getting from one section to the next or in and out of tempos is always a challenge, so that's what you work on.
I like being a mother. I LOVE spending time with Zoe, and playing with her, and watching her learn to stand and lately to stand unaided and to eat by herself and to take her first few steps along the furniture. There's a gentle structure to her days - wake up, snuggle, eat, play, nap, etc - which varies in details but not really in substance.
I also have found that I can still be a good professional musician. I can report on time, and pay attention to what I am doing, and give a good performance, and get the job done. I can be a great teacher. I can keep my reed business going and get all of my shipments out on time, every month. I can keep myself and my students in reeds. In short, I can do what I have always done without compromising a lot, and I am impressed with myself.
BUT what is hard is the transitions. Actually getting up and stepping away from the baby to work upstairs in my studio is rough. The compromise in which she plays in my room while I scrape reeds or practice inevitably winds up with me accomplishing half or less of what I had planned. Half. Never more.
Leaving the house is even worse. I know that she is well cared for when I'm gone. There is no question in my mind that Steve is a great dad, or that our babysitters are capable, qualified, and caring. And anyway, I'm not a worrier. Once I'm gone I know she is fine, and I'm fine, too, once I get out. But when I stand up to go she looks so betrayed, and she cries, and it's for me. And her eyes are so desolate when I am leaving. And I turn back and we nurse just a little more, and I talk to her and remind her that I love her so much, and that I am coming back in just a few hours, and that she'll have so much fun at home - but still she is sad and I am sad.
It's actually easier when I have a gig out of town - the time I spend in the car is the transition time I need to put my oboist face on and be ready to be that other person; the grown-up among grown-ups. When my work is conveniently right down the street I have developed a habit of dashing in at the last second, still eating dinner out of my hand and with Cheerios in my hair. (Usually metaphorical Cheerios, but still). I feel frenzied and stressed. I am still a little bit in baby mode, and it takes a few minutes to recover. It's jarring to travel between my two worlds, and somehow that's what I need to work on.
I enjoyed our performance of Beethoven's Emperor Piano Concerto Saturday night - our soloist, James Tocco, was lovely and musical and refined, and what I really noticed is how calm he seemed. His body was relaxed, and his face was relaxed, and his fingers flew over the keys with an energy that was all the more impressive coming from such a comfortably poised figure. I certainly don't mean to imply that he was deadpan, or boring - there was plenty of communication in his body language, but very little tension, and it stood out to me because this is something I work on very consciously in my own playing.
I do believe in moving when I perform soloistically, especially in recital or concerto appearances. Meaningful movement helps to confirm my phrasing choices to the audience and to my colleagues, and can really augment a performance. What I try to eliminate, though, is unnecessary motion - mannerisms like toe tapping or arm-flapping - and unnecessary tension, especially in my face and shoulders and legs. These are muscles that do not help me to play the oboe better but just make me look awkward. The more relaxed I can make my non-essential muscles, the more energy I have to devote to what I am doing, which is making music.
In the orchestra, very soloistic physical movements are rarely acceptable, and so when I prepare my week's music or orchestral excerpts (which are usually played behind a screen, at least at first) I make an effort to eliminate extra movement and to listen with my ears "outside my body" to ensure that I'm making the phrases I think I'm making and making them with my sound so no one has to see me to understand them.
Sitting in rehearsal, I frequently do a tension check, especially after solos and difficult passages, to see if I'm carrying unnecessary tightness somewhere. I often can find it in my face and shoulders and legs, and when I consciously relax them everything just feels easier. That quick full-body tension scan is a trick I pulled from the natural childbirth classes we took last year, and it serves me tremendously well in my running, also. I was out on a ten-mile run last weekend, and noticed that as I started to get tired that I could smooth out my stride and drop my shoulders and relax my face (those same three areas, fancy that!) and almost immediately I felt faster and easier.
There's something lovely about the realization that I can draw on a new store of energy right in my own body just by releasing my forehead and calf muscles or dropping my shoulders. Like magic, I feel more able, more confident, and more smooth, even as I look more relaxed and in control. | 2019-04-25T16:10:29Z | http://www.proneoboe.com/2010/05/ |
Where do you come from? renova tretinoin cream 0.02 Microsoft earned a small victory in Апреля, when a federal judge determined that the company need only pay .8 million a year to Motorola instead of billions. Once again, Microsoft gained a win with today’s verdict, but might not be fully what the company wanted, as it initially demanded an amount of million in damages. Still, Microsoft called it a landmark victory against technology rival Google.
how much does misoprostol cost at walgreens Well, the Muslim Brotherhood better take a course in Anger Management, then one in modern political theory. Violence on their part will only empower the generals. Whereas their participation in the political process may get them what the need, not what they want, but what their people need.
buy clomipramine online australia Alternative energy in some cases is less expensive than fossil fuels, and is becoming more economical all the time. So I don't agree that our utility costs are going to be jacked sky high by using greener technology.
pharmacie moins chere pour cialis Manning's 12 touchdown passes are one more than Tom Brady's old record for the first three games, set in 2011. Manning still has yet to throw an interception, which matches a record held by Michael Vick, who also threw 12 touchdowns before his first pick in 2010.
I like it a lot zyprexa pharmacology Online travel firm Priceline.com Inc rose 6.1percent to 0.44 in premarket trading a day after it reportedearnings that beat expectations and gave a strong outlook. Someanalysts speculate the shares will cross ,000 soon, whichwould be a first for a Standard & Poor's 500 stock.
acheter tadalis sx The FERC directed Barclays to pay 5 million in penalties and Scott Connelly, former head of its North American power-trading desk, to pay million, for allegedly directing the manipulation of electric energy prices.
sumatriptan price walgreens He has a point. If the same level of support isn’t afforded to developers keen to use the Xbox platform – regardless of proximity – then it does suggest a sort of apathy towards foreign markets. That Microsoft allegedly doesn’t even have the means to communicate efficiently with potential partners seems to paint the company in a dubious light. After all, studios that could help the format flourish in Japan seem as if they’re being ignored. It’s a confusing angle.
US dollars yohimbe for fat loss There are still moments when the game can be maddening, though. With practice, holding L2/LT to protect the ball can be useful, but it so changes the stance and balance of the player in possession – backside out, ball away from the body – that it can also slow play and make tight control and turns laborious. Slip away from the top tier of football and first touches all over are hesitant and unwieldy – one Sheffield derby, as if not marred thoroughly enough by Martin Tyler's “steely contest” line, became a soup of miscontrols, challenges and counter-challenges. FIFA's mantra used to be that is should be easy to do whatever professional footballers find easy. Extra ball mastery sessions for the Owls, Blades, and indeed the ranks of lower leagues globally, is probably in order.
super p force avis Syndergaard started for the U.S. team, Montero for the World team, and each worked an impressive scoreless inning: Syndergaard got swings and misses at both his 96 mph fastball and his 78 mph curveball, a much-improved pitch for him this season, and Montero threw strikes with his trademark efficiency, working a 1-2-3 inning on nine pitches, his fastball mostly at 94 mph.
mirtazapine 15mg tablets Commercial surrogacy is big business in India. If a couple wants a child and the woman cannot give birth naturally there are plenty of Indian women who will carry it for them - and entrepreneurs who make it easy for international clients.
cheap sensitex The biggest obstacle could be reaching agreement on the value of Iran's gas.Gas prices in Oman are fixed at below the costs of most producers and even afterplanned rises in the next few years, are set to remain well below internationallevels.
dapoxetine drogaria araujo The Manning decision -- handed down by a military judge, Army Col. Denise Lind -- brings a possible sentence of up to 136 years in prison. The betting is that those considering similar acts in the future will think twice.
Your account's overdrawn dhea japan People who might qualify for Medicaid coverage or tax credits will be able to submit an online application for coverage if they are willing to do so without knowing what they'll be paying. Experts will determine their eligibility off-line and applicants will be notified in early Ноября, Kofman said.
is it safe to use dulcolax suppositories during pregnancy The Sharks’ relentless rushes through New York’s poor defensive coverage dropped the Rangers to 1-2-0 with two games remaining on this season-opening road trip, Thursday night in Anaheim and Saturday night in St. Louis.
formula 303 natural relaxant ingredients Last Августа, however, a non-federal prosecutor, ManhattanDistrict Attorney Cyrus Vance, brought criminal charges accusingAleynikov of violating New York state law by taking Goldman'scode. Aleynikov is trying to have that case dismissed.
citalopram uk Meantime, Bill, who can’t keep his mouth shut any more than was once said about his zipper, appeared on “CBS This Morning” last week. When Charlie Rose asked an incredibly sexist question about whether Hillary would rather be the President or a grandmother, Bill’s incredible sexist answer was, “If you asked her, I think she’d say, â€�Grandmother,’ but I’ve found it best not to discuss that issue.” He said that while discussing that issue.
canadian pharmacy online abilify gynecomastia He said the offences "demonstrate a most fundamental and serious breach of any duty that an individual in decent society can owe to others - namely the duty that a parent owes to her or his young children to take proper care of them".
I read a lot do generic zoloft pills look like zendaya I’m not an expert, but I understand with phones these days it’s all about 3G and 4G. It seems to me that we’re in the third generation of mobile phone use, right now. At first, they were useful: you’d phone your friend and say “I’m running a bit late”. This was good. But this gradually gave way to the 2G situation where people stopped being on time, and instead started assuming that because everybody was reachable at any moment, any arrangement was at least slightly flexible.
formula 303 natural relaxant reviews But the remaining Arctic sea ice cover is much thinner overall compared to the previous decades by as much as 50 per cent. Scientists say thinner seasonal ice is replacing older, thicker ice as it melts away.
citalopram uk In their first game since trading away franchise player Trent Richardson and making third-stringer Brian Hoyer their starting quarterback, the Browns went toe-to-toe with the favorite Minnesota Vikings and escaped theВ Metrodome with a 31-27 win.
betamethasone cream buy online uk In the Августа case, when the USTR overturned a proposed banon some older-model Apple iPhones and iPads, the patents covered were standard essential patents, while the patents covered byTuesday's decision were not.
cipramil weight gain With prompt payment on short-term U.S. debt now assured,rates on Октября U.S. Treasury bills due Nov. 14 lasttraded at 0.02 percent, down 1 basis point from late Wednesday,according to Reuters data.
What do you do for a living? novo trazodone uses * John Allen Muhammad: Aided by a teenage accomplice, Gulf War veteran Muhammad carried out sniper sprees that killed 10 people and terrified many others in the Washington region in 2002. They had cut a hole in the back of a 1990 Chevrolet Caprice and fired rifle shots from the trunk of the car, authorities said. Muhammad shot people who were going about the ordinary tasks of daily life in places like gas stations, shopping mall parking lots and outside restaurants and schools, in attacks that garnered intense media coverage and spread panic in and around the U.S. capital a year after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. Muhammad was convicted in 2003 and executed in 2009.
farmacia on line super p-force "We know that despite the strict controls we already have in place, we won't get on top of this terrible disease until we start dealing with the infection in badgers as well as in cattle. That's the clear lesson from Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland and the USA,” he said.
esomeprazole 40 mg indication “Why did it take the Trayvon Martin case for the President to come out and raise some of these very valid issues that it would be constructive for our nation to talk about in a unified fashion?” Fleischer said on CNN.
buy lithium carbonate The army said he was killed sometime between 25 Июля and 3 Августа. In that period, and in the weeks since, at least 70 people have been killed in bomb and gun attacks. Many in Nigeria take the military's word with a massive pinch of salt - it has reported "top Boko Haram leader killed" before.
oral administration of misoprostol for abortion how can we Hersman said the pilot trainee told investigators he was blinded by a flash of light at about 500 feet, which would have been 34 seconds before impact and the point at which the airliner began to slow and drop precipitously. She said lasers have not been ruled out. It was unclear, however, whether the flash might have played a role in the crash.
Enter your PIN super p force next day delivery Lord Oakeshott, a senior Lib Dem peer, said: “It's yet more proof that most Liberal Democrat hearts beat on the centre-left, not in the muddled middle of British politics. We've proved we can make coalition work- but in 2015 we'll be more far comfortable working with Labour than Lynton Crosby's Conservatives".
glycomet gp 0.5mg There's also evidence to suggest that simply making insurance more available won't do the trick. In Minnesota, despite the end of the recession and a number of initiatives to expand and subsidize coverage, the percentage of uninsured has remained at more than 9%, with the highest rates of uninsured among those ages 26 to 34 with lower education and income levels, Hispanics/Latinos and the foreign-born.
buy lithium carbonate powder Members of the council met shortly after another international group voted to fast-track Syria's addition to the Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans such weapons, according to CNN. The Guardian reported that Syria would have until Ноября to destroy all of its chemical weapons stockpile.
modern man testosterone boosting thermogenic fat burner Hollande announced a meeting of his top defense and security officials on Wednesday and he said he will inform the French Parliament quickly. The French president will meet with Ahmad al-Jarba, head of the Syrian National Coalition, on Thursday in Paris.
synthroid 100 mg engorda In an interview with the Lebanese Al-Akbar newspaper, Syrian President Bashar Assad was quoted Monday as saying that his country stopped manufacturing chemical agents in 1997 because they became an "outdated deterrent." He said Syria has since concentrated on its missile capabilities.
I'd like to apply for this job erekton ultra Mrs Japp had been relaxing and reading a book on the balcony of her suite at the Crystal Cove Hotel, in Barbados, and was wearing only her swimsuit, when she accidentally walked into the closed French windows leading into her room.
buy cheap nolvadex pct Cubist will pay .50 per share in cash for Trius andanother .00 per share if Trius meets certain sales targets. A.50 per share offer would be about 32 percent more thanTrius's closing share price on Tuesday.
buy bupropion online uk After an initial spike in equities, the Fed's decision lastweek not to scale back stimulus has left more question marksover the central bank's monetary policy outlook, meaning manyinvestors are unwilling to make heavy bets with most Europeanmarkets at or near multi-year highs.
buy levothyroxine uk Fabien Cousteau, having grown up on the decks of his grandfather's ships, has been exploring the ocean since childhood. He produces ocean exploration documentaries, founded a nonprofit called Plant A Fish to restore water ecosystems and earned a degree in environmental economics from Boston University.
purchase ventolin inhaler While the team in Bristol is in the early stages of developing a phone that can be powered by urine, and right now the liquid has to be run through a complex series of tubes and cords, Ieropoulos believes that one day this type of technology could power a phone in times of distress.
I'm interested in this position trazodone lexapro topamax “A Time to Kill” was the Grisham novel that sat rejected in a drawer until “The Firm” made the author a household name. Published in 1989 — the hit movie came out in 1996 — “A Time to Kill” told the story of a young lawyer who defends a black man accused of murdering the rednecks who raped his little girl.
pfizer zoloft coupon pkg "I remember my first time (in Halmstad, Sweden, in 2007), and there was a handful of people cheering for us," she said. "And then obviously when you come to the States and you have every single person in the crowd cheering for you, I think it just gives you that little bit of extra push that you need."
super p-force argentina Unions opposed to the bankruptcy said Snyder's sworn testimony is important as they argue that Detroit isn't eligible for Chapter 9, a bankruptcy process that could let the city shed billions in long-term debt. Rhodes has scheduled an eligibility trial for Oct. 23.
cheap levothyroxine Forbes writers have the ability to call out member comments they find particularly interesting. Called-out comments are highlighted across the Forbes network. You'll be notified if your comment is called out.
sensitex "We appeal to East Sussex Fire and Rescue Service to avoid prolonging the agony of bereaved families as well as injured firefighters and police officers by accepting this judgment and paying the appropriate compensation as soon as possible."
What sort of music do you listen to? generic effexor same as brand Well, that it is tosh. An edge is an edge - or in Atherton’s case, a glove - and any batsman knows that, even if Michael Clarke appeared to deny that late in the day on Saturday when reviewing a feather edge he had got to, yes you guessed it, Broad.
tablet glycomet gp2 forte If you have kids, share childcare or chauffeuring responsibilities with other parents so you have time to do your stress-relieving workout early in the day. Use some vacay days just for yourself—to take a solo bike ride, get your feet or body beach-ready at the spa, or simply sit in a cool, dark movie theater blissfully alone. This is not an indulgence. This is preventive mental health care at its best.
order phenergan online Rayman Legends is a loose sequel to 2011’s Rayman Origins, a game rightly praised for its excellent visuals but which we felt lacked the full variety and imagination you’d expect of a top tier Nintendo game. Ubsioft’s Montpellier studio obviously agrees, as this takes everything that was great about the original and refines and augments it to a point of near perfection.
can you buy accutane online yahoo There's a long way to go for Tuck and the Giants, and it won't be easy up front without Osi Umenyiora (now with Atlanta) and the sidelined JPP. It's Tuck's pass rush now. It's Tuck's defense. In some ways it's Tuck's team. And it better be Tuck's summer, too, otherwise it could be the beginning of the end of Tuck's Giants career.
propecia finasteride 1mg buy uzi NOT SURPRISINGLY DURING THE FIRST SIX OR EIGHT WEEKS WE HAD SYSTEMS CHALLENGES AND IT TOOK TIME TO GET THEM FUNCTIONING IN FOR PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND AND OVER TIME IT GOT SMOOTHER A AND PEOPLE HAVE LEARNED TO DEAL WITH THAT AND I SUSPECT BUSINESS.
lexapro 10 mg buy online "Lemon and lime juice would be more effective, but you would need to use a lot and leave it to sit for a very long time for there to be any reduction whatsoever. The best way to avoid the risk of salmonella in drinks is not to use raw eggs at all."
ordering isotretinoin online "Wang said GSK China's executives already knew this, and some executives gave clear directives to the sales department to offer bribes to doctors with money or opportunities to attend academic conferences."
cytotec sale baguio festival Golden Dawn rose from being a fringe party to win 18 seats in parliament in last year's election. It has drawn on anger over the debt crisis, budget cuts, high unemployment and corruption to become what opinion polls indicate is Greece's third most popular party, but has lost about a third of its support since the killing.
I enjoy travelling citalopram pill side effects oj increased dose The growth rate is staggering and if it continues it could soon see the under-29 age group as the power performers within the UK start up scene. Some will no doubt attribute this to desperation due to lack of jobs, but for many of the young people involved it is a life changing inspiration.
tamoxifen cost caremark The buoyant performance increases the likelihood of top managers at the firm, including Robertson, sharing in a lucrative bonus pot of up to £30m, which is dependent on them meeting a set of tough sales targets by 2015, the year in which it hopes to pass the £1 billion revenue mark.
escitalopram online uk While we still love eating mac and potato salad throughout the summer, fattening mayonnaise is unfortunately what makes both taste so good. A better bet is to swap in low-fat mayo or heart-healthy unsaturated fats, like olive oil.
maca root effects on menstrual cycle Analysts at Cowen and Co initiated coverage of thebiotechnology company with an "outperform" rating, saying thecompany's experimental anticoagulant REG1 could be moreeffective than bivalirudin, a competing drug sold by TheMedicine Co under the brand name Angiomax.
I'm in my first year at university fenpaed dosage nz As a point of contrast, Wallaby scrum-half Will Genia has said that he has no issues with being dropped by McKenzie for last week's Test and pledged to fight his way back to the form that has seem him acclaimed as the best No 9 in the world.
propranolol no prescription uk Obama plans to announce at 3 p.m. (1900 GMT) on Wednesdaythat he will nominate Yellen to succeed Bernanke, a White Houseofficial said on Tuesday. If confirmed by the U.S. Senate, shewould be the first woman to head the Fed in its 100-yearhistory.
accutane in uk qwerty The U.S. National Hurricane Center in Miami said that if Ingrid stays on the forecast track, it's likely to reach the coast of Mexico's Tamaulipas state on Monday. A hurricane warning was in effect from Cabo Rojo to La Pesca.
cipralex reviews uk Their struggle with the Syria issue began in early Мая, whenKerry traveled to Moscow, met with Putin and pressed theRussians to become more involved in efforts to end Syria's civilwar, which has killed more than 100,000 people.
propranolol migraine prophylaxis dosage Filed on Thursday in federal court in Chicago, the lawsuit accused the largest bank in the United States of violating federal and state laws and subjecting its customers to increased risk of identity theft.
I'd like to pay this cheque in, please finasteride cheap pharmacy online Just days after Dhuhulow's identity became known, Norwegian police issued international alerts for two Norwegian-Somali sisters, ages 16 and 19, who told their family they were traveling to Syria to join the civil war. They were last spotted on the Turkish-Syrian border.
caverta 100 how to take The young star admitted that he doesn't have the same fanboy eagerness and dedication as some of the people at the convention, but there was one Caped Crusader that was the staple of Hutcherson's childhood.
buy accutane for acne mjlkprodukter Clarke's hopes of making a dent in England's fragile top order were denied by a combination of dogged batting from Cook and Root and some off-target bowling from Australia's pace quartet.
renova purchase online After voice analyses and interviews with police who were ordered to guard a small shed where the abuses occurred, investigators identified four officers who prosecutors say carried out the torture, including simulated drowning, electric shocks and asphyxiation with a plastic bag.
Children with disabilities cheap generic finasteride uk "I think the game has changed," said Brian Dombkowski, chiefinvestment officer of Sand Hill Global Advisors, a Palo Alto,California firm managing .25 billion in client assets. "Youngentrepreneurs today made their money by building a bettermousetrap, and they have been rewarded by the market for it. Wehave seen significantly more wealth creation than we did inearlier generations."
cheapest way to buy cymbalta On this week's Daily News Fifth Yankees Podcast, Mark Feinsand sits down with Yankees first baseman Lyle Overbay to discuss the Yankees' offense, the lack of movement at the trade deadline and - of course - the ongoing A-Rod saga.
ec naprosyn 500mg Strasburg pitched a four-hitter and struck out 10 in the first complete game of his career, Jayson Werth had his second straight three-hit game and the Washington Nationals completed a three-game sweep with a 6-0 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies on Sunday night.
renova purchase online CHICAGO, Aug 7 (Reuters) - Tyson Foods Inc, thelargest U.S. meat processor, said it would suspend purchases ofcattle fed the growth enhancer Zilmax, saying it was worriedabout cases of cattle with difficulty walking although it didnot know the specific cause of problem.
toprol metoprolol succinate pyridoxine hydrochloride intravenous One firm using Darktrace caught "relatively honest" employees trying to find information on a celebrity client, Lynch said. The system knew that those employees shouldn't have access to that particular file and stopped them. | 2019-04-21T00:39:54Z | http://kvd8.ru/p55/f8533/index.html |
At no point in history have humans been so fat and obese as we are today. The foods we eat and the lifestyles we follow are causing us diseases, illnesses and deaths. The very food that is supposed to keep us alive is now leading us on a different path. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) “More than one-third (34.9% or 78.6 million) of U.S. adults are obese”. That’s right “obese” NOT overweight! Also, according to the Journal of American Medicine (JAMA), in 2008 “The estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was $147 billion USD; the medical costs for people who are obese were $1,429 USD higher than those of normal weight”. And that’s only in the U.S and in 2008 (7 years ago). However, the current global figures are also staggering, as you will find out later in this book and what is really happening in the U.S, Australia, Europe, Asia, Middle East and the world!
How in the world did we get so fat in such a short time? Obesity has reached beyond the borderline and it’s still rising rapidly. It is noticeable in children, adults and some animals everywhere in the world. Did everyone just get lazy, or acquired food addictions in the past few decades? Or has obesity become an epidemic caused by chance? Are we in a new phase of evolution with a new genre of food so foreign to our bodies that many generations will suffer in order to become another evolved species or maybe we won’t be able to make it this time! Many questions are asked in this book, while challenging the many organizations and institutions which caused this book to be self-published. This book aims to provide you with honest answers and facts based on high ranked individuals and organizations in the field of medicine, health, politics and research.
Many valid points will be covered in this book such as the what is the so-called ‘food’ we’re eating, how it’s affecting us mentally and physically, who’s feeding us, the diseases caused by the foods especially diabetes, cancers and other illnesses and the battles of those who are fighting to lose weight or save their lives. You’ll also discover how we’ve been deceived by the media, other organizations and industries when we put our trust in their hands and then they betray us for economic gains. We will also look at how the media, advertisements and different marketing techniques and campaigns are being used to subliminally direct the masses to their agenda.
You’ll also learn about why we are getting fatter. You will learn some solutions, GMO foods, fast and processed foods, today’s meat sugar, plastic and their effect on our physical and mental health as well as the environment.
The dangers of fast and junk foods are often ignored and denied by many. According to the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology FASEB Journal, high levels of phosphates, which are mostly found in sodas and processed foods, accelerate signs of aging and high phosphate levels may also increase the prevalence and severity of age-related complications, such as chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular calcification, and can also induce severe muscle and skin atrophy.
The US Department of Health and Human Services discovered that combining a poor diet and lack of physical activity cause 310,000 – 580,000 deaths every year, that’s higher than deaths caused by guns or drug use combined. The types of foods that lead to death are ones with too much saturated fat, trans-fat, sugar and sodium (salt), which are all considered as fast foods and junk foods. Fast food meals often lack the nutrition the body needs, such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables, which is another contributing factor to health problems. This kind of diet leads to obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer.
Sadly these types of junk foods are all around us but the choice is yours, and keep in mind that this is your health and there’s no free ride.
Does consuming mistreated animals have any negative effect on us?
It is very important to know that mistreated animals have a significant effect on humans when consuming their meat, milk, eggs or any of their products. Usually people assume that meat is just meat. However, meat comes from animals and how we treat these animals and provide for them makes a complete difference to the quality of the products they provide for their consumers .The mistreatment of animals starts all the way from the beginning since the time the animal was born, what the animal was fed, how the animal was fed, where the animals spent their time before the slaughter, the transportation of animals, how the animal was treated in general, the hygiene was provided to the animals, the type of environment was provided to the animal, how the animal is slaughtered or killed and what follows after that till the meat or the animal product ends up on your plate.
According to the Journal of Animal Science and researchers at the University of Milan’s Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, fear experienced by the animals during slaughter significantly elevates levels of stress hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and other hormones in the meat. Studies on human consumption of artificial growth hormones, which are believed by many to affect our reproductive systems and other bodily processes, have already resulted in policy changes in many countries, including those that make up the E.U. Attention is now turning to these naturally occurring fear-induced hormones as scientists worry that their consumption causes similar problems. Also, if an animal is not provided with the nutrition and care that is needed to be healthy and naturally grown, don’t expect that animal to provide you with the nutrition you need to be healthy! You can’t give what you don’t have.
Beside the mistreatment of animals and lack of care which lead the animals to depression, the saddest and most disturbing part is the cruelty to those animals. This treatment will cause the animal to be severely depressed and traumatized which will also affect the quality of food that humans get from those animals. There are some really horrible and horrifying clips were shot covertly at some animal farms or better call them warehouses where workers are hitting those poor animals so hard to the point of bleeding, keeping many animals or birds in a very small space where many of them die from suffocation. Animals and birds such as chickens and turkeys are transported in small and dirty cages on top of each other where many of them die on the way and also develop many diseases caused by the poor treatment the animals are provided with.
Do we really expect any nutrition to come from those poorly fed and mistreated animals? If there is one thing we’re getting from them is something negative not positive.
The Life Management Online Training Program is available 'in-class study' as well as 'online study' for individuals, businesses, groups of friends or employees, members of a corporation or an organization.
If you're interested in attending the Life Management online training certification program in-class or live, please check our 'Events' page for more information about dates and locations to join us and other attendees at this amazing experience which will manage to take its course in your life. You can also sign up for this course online any time for your convenient. All you need is internet connection and a laptop, smart phone or tablet.
Sadly we live in a world where negativity is surrounding our lives whether through the media, news, work, relationships, our homes, lifestyle, people, career and even within ourselves – and that can be the main cause of the mass failure or simply not achieving any type of success.
This Life Management Certification Training course in particular is all about you and the important decisions you make and take. It's also about having clarity and knowledge before making decisions.
At this training we'll deal with real issues such as starting from the conscious mind and its motives to the deep subconscious mind where all the habits and other hard coded influences dwell and have been affecting your life and others in forms of behaviors, decisions and other types of experiences including nutrition, substance abuse, stress, relationships and personal goals.
Also, because good health is both mental and physical. Clarity and making good decisions start with knowing the facts, understanding the consequences, and having the confidence to choose wisely.
A series of significant life markers will take you through the course providing information, directions, logical encouragement and solutions. You'll also learn the most important tools for communicating your feelings with yourself and others and how you can safely express your opinions wisely.
This Life Management Certification courses online is the pride of The MindTech Institute, created and designed by The MindTech Institute providing the ultimate success package which will change your life by transforming a person from the ordinary to the extra-ordinary.
This course is designed based on the most effective, knowledge, philosophies, techniques and facts and also based on general psychology, business psychology, behavioral science, social science, hypnotherapy and Neuro Linguistic Programming NLP.
Participants of The Life Management Training (online or in-class) will also receive a certificate upon completing this training program.
The duration of The Life Management Online Training is depending on the individual.
The Life Management Online training contains reading text, images, videos as well as audio.
IMPORTANT NOTE: THIS IS THE FULL LIFE MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATION TRAINING (NOT JUST FEW MODULES)!!!
What Hypnosis Master Practitioner Training?
This is the Hypnosis Master Practitioner Training level is the last level of hypnosis training. However, you need to complete the Hypnosis Practitioner Training level first (or equivalent) before you enroll in this “Hypnosis Master Practitioner Training Level”.
CLICK HERE If you would like to know more about the Hypnosis Practitioner Training level.
Furthermore, at this point after you have done the Hypnosis Practitioner Training Level you’d already know what hypnosis is, how to use it, how to hypnotize successfully as well as the basic hypnosis work which you have learnt during the Hypnosis Practitioner Training level. This level is very advanced where you will learn some amazing hypnosis skills and powerful hypnosis work. This level is the advanced level of hypnosis where all the interesting and useful knowledge is such as regressions, past-life regression, to recover missing memories and time for such cases as abductions and other traumas and many powerful unique techniques such as achieving the coma state.
To learn more about the Hypnosis Master Practitioner Training curriculum please download the information guide kit bellow.
Why it’s important to enroll in the Hypnosis Master Practitioner Training?
At this level you will have all the necessary skills to successfully hypnotize and, should you wish, start your own hypnosis practice. If you are already practicing hypnosis you will be able to more effectively apply your existing knowledge as well as all the advanced hypnosis techniques which you will learn at this hypnosis master practitioner level such as regressions, the coma state and many other techniques (all can be found in the hypnosis information guide kit bellow).
The areas of hypnosis application are vast, even if you do not want to get into clinical/medical hypnotherapy (e.g. depression, phobias, pain etc.), there are many other opportunities you may like to focus on such as smoking cessation, weight loss, stress management, sports, school, motivation, self-confidence, birth preparation, counselling, or any other daily challenge people may have.
If you're wondering about the difference between Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy and what you will learn during our in-class or online hypnosis training – simply you’ll learn both! Hypnosis is the profession which can be used on the stage (as becoming a stage hypnotist, street hypnotist and/or for shows and performances). On the other hand, Hypnotherapy is the profession that enables you to work with clients as a (therapist) such as for weight loss, quit smoking, psychological traumas, regressions etc.
Our in-class and online hypnosis training allow you to learn and get qualified for both (Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy). This is a great and rare opportunity as The MindTech Institute takes pride in combining both professions in one course!
The Hypnosis Master Practitioner Level Online Training: duration is depending on the individual.
This online training contains reading text, images, audio and video demonstrations.
IMPORTANT NOTE: THIS IS A FULL HYPNOSIS MASTER PRACTITIONER CERTIFICATION TRAINING (NOT JUST FEW HYPNOSIS MODULES)!!!
What Is Hypnosis Practitioner Training?
Hypnosis is a natural state of selective and focused attention. It is a proven powerful and effective tool in creating changes in the thinking and behavior of people.
Hypnosis or better known as Hypnotherapy Training Certification is a technique of inducing a trance or a dream-like state of deep relaxation to treat disorders mainly of psychological or emotional origin, for self-help methodology or even for performances and shows.
However, hypnosis today is recognized by the scientific community as an effective healing tool and it's used in various fields as a part of medical, psychological and dental treatments.
Hypnosis also be used to recover forgotten memories (regression) and patterns to help you to move on with your life especially when you feel you're stuck in a situation or state whether it's physical or psychological.
At The MindTech Institute we offer hypnosis training based on two levels; Hypnosis Practitioner Training and Hypnosis Master Practitioner Training – both are available in-class and online with full certification provided upon completion. Usually students enroll in the Practitioner and Master Practitioner as a one bundle package simply because they complete each other in a unique five days training or in a special online program.
You can also CLICK HERE NOW to enroll in the Hypnosis Practitioner and Hypnosis Master Practitioner Training bundle package.
Our hypnosis practitioner training includes modern and classic hypnosis techniques and Inductions such as the Ericksonian Induction, Dave Elman Induction and others.
You will be able to practice hypnosis successfully in only 3 days. You will learn all the hypnosis techniques in class or online such as deepening techniques, post-hypnotic suggestions and the most effective hypnotic techniques for pain control, catalepsy, amnesia, time distortion, and hallucination.
To learn more about the Hypnosis Practitioner Training curriculum please download the information guide kit bellow.
The Hypnosis Practitioner Level Online Training: duration is depending on the individual.
IMPORTANT NOTE: THIS IS A FULL HYPNOSIS PRACTITIONER CERTIFICATION TRAINING (NOT JUST FEW HYPNOSIS MODULES)!!!
The NLP Master Practitioner Training is available 'in-class study' as well as 'online study' for individuals, businesses, groups of friends or employees, members of a corporation or an organization.
If you’re interested in attending the NLP Master Practitioner online training certification program in-class or live, please check our “Events” page for more information about dates and locations to join us and other attendees at this amazing experience which will manage to take its course in your life. You can also sign up for this course online anytime for your convenient.
All you need is internet connection and a laptop, smart phone or tablet. You'll not miss out on anything if you decide to take this course online because everything is pre-recorded.
Some people prefer the live training of this specific course because of the live interaction and feedback between attendees and the trainers, and you can always get a great discount offers if you take this course online and then decided to join us at our live and in-class study.
What is Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) Master Practitioner Training?
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) is proven to be one of the most powerful and effective communication set of techniques to communicate effectively. NLP also allows to understand how our thinking produces our behavior.
NLP Certification is an excellent tool that teaches you how to model successful or inspiring people and allows to reproduce that behavior to achieve that desirable outcome. It is a proven method for achieving what you want in your life and achieve your goals successfully in less time and resources.
At The MindTech Institute we offer Hypnosis and NLP Training based on two levels; Practitioner and Master Practitioner Levels. The Practitioner Level is the basic – intermediate level where you'll learn everything that is needed to become a certified NLP and/or Hypnotherapist Practitioner.
Whereas the Master Practitioner level is the advanced and final level for NLP and Hypnosis training where you’ll become a master practitioner in your field of study.
NLP Certification online Course are innovative approaches to understanding and directing human experience, communication and behavior. You will learn to understand the relationship between mind, body, emotions, and take actions toward your desired outcome. We provide NLP Practitioner and NLP Master Practitioner courses as well as both in one package.
NLP online courses are innovative approaches to understanding and directing human experience, communication and behavior. You will learn to understand the relationship between the mind, body, emotions, and take actions toward your desired outcome.
You can take advantage of our online training which allows you to study the whole Neuro-Linguistic Programming NLP Practitioner and Master Practitioner totally online. Our online NLP Master Practitioner Training as well as our NLP Practitioner Training online courses are delivered online using top user-friendly online learning management system.
The duration of The NLP Master Practitioner Online Training is depending on the individual.
IMPORTANT NOTE: This IS A FULL NLP MASTER PRACTITIONER CERTIFICATION TRAINING (NOT JUST FEW NLP MODULES)!!!
NLP Training – What is Neuro Linguistic Programming Practitioner Training?
The duration of The NLP Practitioner Online Training is depending on the individual. | 2019-04-21T04:17:56Z | https://themindtechinstitute.com/category/uncategorized/ |
1st and 10 at BCFB35 Hampden-Sydney has won the toss and has elected to receive.
Tyler Dawson kickoff 60 yards to the HSC5, David Coe return 5 yards to the HSC10, Sidney Henry for 90 yards to the BCFB0, TOUCHDOWN, clock 14:43.
Dan Alexander kick attempt good.
Will Estes kickoff 55 yards to the BCFB10, Jeff Matthews return 18 yards to the BCFB28 (Bily Stone).
1st and 10 at BCFB28 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 14:36.
1st and 10 at BCFB28 Jacob Wright rush for 8 yards to the BCFB36 (Shreve Rohle;Zach Morgan).
2nd and 2 at BCFB36 Willie Logan pass complete to Shawn Lee for 2 yards to the BCFB38, 1ST DOWN BCFB.
1st and 10 at BCFB38 Jacob Wright rush for 14 yards to the HSC48, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Josh Doggett;Zach Morgan).
1st and 10 at HSC48 Jacob Wright rush for 2 yards to the HSC46 (Josh Doggett).
2nd and 8 at HSC46 Jacob Wright rush for loss of 1 yard to the HSC47 (Tyler Ikwild).
3rd and 9 at HSC47 Willie Logan pass incomplete.
4th and 9 at HSC47 Michael Cook punt 34 yards to the HSC13, fair catch by John Moore.
1st and 10 at HSC13 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 11:21.
1st and 10 at HSC13 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 32 yards to the HSC45, 1ST DOWN HSC (Sammy Coleman).
1st and 10 at HSC45 Chris Shembo rush for no gain to the HSC45 (Alex Collins).
2nd and 10 at HSC45 Nash Nance rush for 7 yards to the BCFB48 (Lucas Elliott).
3rd and 3 at BCFB48 Nash Nance rush for 2 yards to the BCFB46 (Logan Whitaker).
4th and 1 at BCFB46 Timeout Hampden-Sydney, clock 09:08.
4th and 1 at BCFB46 Nash Nance pass complete to John Moore for 11 yards to the BCFB35, 1ST DOWN HSC (Alex Collins;Andrew Palmer).
1st and 10 at BCFB35 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Michael Mey.
2nd and 10 at BCFB35 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 16 yards to the BCFB19, 1ST DOWN HSC (Sammy Coleman).
1st and 10 at BCFB19 Chris Shembo rush for loss of 1 yard to the BCFB20, out-of-bounds (Andrew Palmer).
2nd and 11 at BCFB20 Nash Nance rush for 4 yards to the BCFB16 (A. Moton, II), PENALTY BCFB face mask (N. Cawthon) 8 yards to the BCFB8, 1ST DOWN HSC.
1st and Goal at BCFB08 1st and 8.
1st and Goal at BCFB08 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 8 yards to the BCFB0, TOUCHDOWN, clock 07:08.
Will Estes kickoff 55 yards to the BCFB10, Jordan Hartman return 16 yards to the BCFB26 (Bily Stone).
1st and 10 at BCFB26 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 07:02.
1st and 10 at BCFB26 Jacob Wright rush for 9 yards to the BCFB35 (C. Shoemaker).
2nd and 1 at BCFB35 Jacob Wright rush for 3 yards to the BCFB38, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Scott Markland;Tyler Ikwild).
1st and 10 at BCFB38 Willie Logan pass complete to Cassidy Burns for 6 yards to the BCFB44, out-of-bounds (Zach Morgan).
2nd and 4 at BCFB44 Willie Logan rush for 4 yards to the BCFB48, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Robert Stack;Shreve Rohle).
1st and 10 at BCFB48 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Michael Colee.
2nd and 10 at BCFB48 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Cassidy Burns.
3rd and 10 at BCFB48 Willie Logan pass complete to Michael Colee for 9 yards to the HSC43 (Shreve Rohle).
4th and 1 at HSC43 Timeout Bridgewater (Va.), clock 03:54.
4th and 1 at HSC43 Willie Logan rush for 6 yards to the HSC37, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Robert Stack;Tyler Ikwild).
1st and 10 at HSC37 Jacob Wright rush for no gain to the HSC37 (Scott Markland).
2nd and 10 at HSC37 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Jeffrey Moore (Shreve Rohle).
3rd and 10 at HSC37 PENALTY BCFB delay of game (Willie Logan) 5 yards to the HSC42.
3rd and 15 at HSC42 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Cliff Woodard (Josh Doggett).
4th and 15 at HSC42 Michael Cook punt 42 yards to the HSC0, touchback.
1st and 10 at HSC25 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 02:20.
1st and 10 at HSC25 HSC ball on HSC20.
1st and 10 at HSC20 Nash Nance sacked for loss of 5 yards to the HSC15 (Logan Whitaker), fumble by Nash Nance recovered by HSC Nash Nance at HSC15.
2nd and 15 at HSC15 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 13 yards to the HSC28 (Alex Collins;Darrick Gore).
3rd and 2 at HSC28 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Holton Walker.
4th and 2 at HSC28 Nash Nance punt 41 yards to the BCFB31, downed.
1st and 10 at BCFB31 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 00:53.
1st and 10 at BCFB31 Jacob Wright rush for 11 yards to the BCFB42, 1ST DOWN BCFB (C. Shoemaker).
1st and 10 at BCFB42 Willie Logan rush for 7 yards to the BCFB49 (Shreve Rohle).
2nd and 3 at BCFB49 Start of 2nd quarter, clock 15:00.
2nd and 3 at BCFB49 Jacob Wright rush for 12 yards to the HSC39, 1ST DOWN BCFB, out-of-bounds.
1st and 10 at HSC39 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Cassidy Burns.
2nd and 10 at HSC39 Jacob Wright rush for no gain to the HSC39 (Josh Doggett).
3rd and 10 at HSC39 Willie Logan rush for 3 yards to the HSC36 (John Moore;Robert Stack).
4th and 7 at HSC36 Timeout Bridgewater (Va.), clock 12:52.
4th and 7 at HSC36 Willie Logan pass intercepted by C. Shoemaker at the HSC15, C. Shoemaker return 29 yards to the HSC44 (Nick Wimer).
1st and 10 at HSC44 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 12:42.
1st and 10 at HSC44 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Fuller Clark (A. Moton, II).
2nd and 10 at HSC44 Nash Nance rush for 6 yards to the 50 yardline (Andrew Palmer).
3rd and 4 at HSC50 Brady Macko rush for 4 yards to the BCFB46, 1ST DOWN HSC (N. Cawthon).
1st and 10 at BCFB46 Nash Nance rush for 6 yards to the BCFB40 (N. Cawthon).
2nd and 4 at BCFB40 Brady Macko rush for 3 yards to the BCFB37 (Andrew Palmer;Alex Collins).
3rd and 1 at BCFB37 Brady Macko rush for 7 yards to the BCFB30, 1ST DOWN HSC (James Winfield).
1st and 10 at BCFB30 Nash Nance rush for loss of 3 yards to the BCFB33 (Darrick Gore).
2nd and 13 at BCFB33 Nash Nance pass complete to Joey Druhan for 19 yards to the BCFB14, 1ST DOWN HSC (Alex Collins).
1st and 10 at BCFB14 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Holton Walker.
2nd and 10 at BCFB14 Nash Nance pass complete to Chris Shembo for loss of 1 yard to the BCFB15 (Andrew Palmer).
3rd and 11 at BCFB15 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Austin Perryman (Sammy Coleman).
4th and 11 at BCFB15 Nash Nance sacked for loss of 1 yard to the BCFB16 (John Brilliant).
1st and 10 at BCFB16 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 07:59.
1st and 10 at BCFB16 Willie Logan pass complete to Shawn Lee for 14 yards to the BCFB30, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Sidney Henry).
1st and 10 at BCFB30 Jacob Wright rush for 4 yards to the BCFB34 (Robert Stack).
2nd and 6 at BCFB34 Jacob Wright rush for 3 yards to the BCFB37 (C. Shoemaker).
3rd and 3 at BCFB37 Willie Logan pass complete to Jeffrey Moore for 8 yards to the BCFB45, 1ST DOWN BCFB (C. Shoemaker).
1st and 10 at BCFB45 Willie Logan sacked for loss of 5 yards to the BCFB40 (Shaq Thomas).
2nd and 15 at BCFB40 PENALTY BCFB delay of game (Willie Logan) 5 yards to the BCFB35.
2nd and 20 at BCFB35 Willie Logan pass complete to Jeffrey Moore for 4 yards to the BCFB39, out-of-bounds.
3rd and 16 at BCFB39 Willie Logan pass complete to Cassidy Burns for 5 yards to the BCFB44 (John Moore).
4th and 11 at BCFB44 Michael Cook punt 35 yards to the HSC21, fair catch by John Moore.
1st and 10 at HSC21 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 03:10.
1st and 10 at HSC21 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 19 yards to the HSC40, 1ST DOWN HSC, out-of-bounds (A. Moton, II;Jack Wecker).
1st and 10 at HSC40 Nash Nance rush for 2 yards to the HSC42 (Alex Collins).
2nd and 8 at HSC42 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 13 yards to the BCFB45, 1ST DOWN HSC, out-of-bounds (Jack Wecker).
1st and 10 at BCFB45 Brady Macko rush for 2 yards to the BCFB43 (Andrew Palmer).
2nd and 8 at BCFB43 Nash Nance pass complete to Michael Mey for 28 yards to the BCFB15, 1ST DOWN HSC, out-of-bounds, PENALTY BCFB holding declined.
1st and 10 at BCFB15 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Holton Walker (A. Moton, II).
2nd and 10 at BCFB15 Nash Nance pass complete to Fuller Clark for 12 yards to the BCFB3, 1ST DOWN HSC, out-of-bounds (Darrick Gore).
1st and Goal at BCFB03 Nash Nance rush for 2 yards to the BCFB1 (Sammy Coleman;Don Mills, Jr.).
2nd and Goal at BCFB01 Brady Macko rush for 1 yard to the BCFB0, TOUCHDOWN, clock 00:39.
Will Estes kickoff 39 yards to the BCFB26, Nick Wimer return 15 yards to the BCFB41 (Jamal Woolridge).
1st and 10 at BCFB41 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 00:31.
1st and 10 at BCFB41 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Michael Colee.
2nd and 10 at BCFB41 Nick Wimer rush for 2 yards to the BCFB43 (Josh Doggett;Zach Morgan).
3rd and 8 at BCFB43 Willie Logan rush for 12 yards to the HSC45, 1ST DOWN BCFB, out-of-bounds.
1st and 10 at HSC45 Willie Logan pass complete to Cliff Woodard for 15 yards to the HSC30, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Shreve Rohle).
1st and 10 at HSC30 TEAM pass incomplete.
2nd and 10 at HSC30 Timeout Bridgewater (Va.), clock 00:05.
2nd and 10 at HSC30 Timeout Hampden-Sydney, clock 00:05.
2nd and 10 at HSC30 C. DeHaven field goal attempt from 47 MISSED - wide left, spot at BCFB0, clock 00:00.
1st and Goal at BCFB00 End of half, clock 00:00.
1st and Goal at BCFB00 Start of 3rd quarter, clock 15:00.
1st and Goal at BCFB00 HSC ball on HSC35.
Will Estes kickoff 56 yards to the BCFB9, Jeff Matthews return 9 yards to the BCFB18 (John Regan;Larry Haskins).
1st and 10 at BCFB18 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 14:53.
1st and 10 at BCFB18 Jacob Wright rush for 1 yard to the BCFB19 (Josh Doggett).
2nd and 9 at BCFB19 Willie Logan pass complete to Jacob Wright for 1 yard to the BCFB20 (Josh Doggett).
3rd and 8 at BCFB20 Willie Logan rush for loss of 1 yard to the BCFB19.
4th and 9 at BCFB19 Michael Cook punt 38 yards to the HSC43, downed.
1st and 10 at HSC43 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 12:44.
1st and 10 at HSC43 Nash Nance sacked for loss of 7 yards to the HSC36 (George Buskey).
2nd and 17 at HSC36 Nash Nance pass complete to Fuller Clark for 11 yards to the HSC47 (James Winfield).
3rd and 6 at HSC47 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Holton Walker.
4th and 6 at HSC47 Nash Nance punt 41 yards to the BCFB12, downed.
1st and 10 at BCFB12 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 11:23.
1st and 10 at BCFB12 Willie Logan rush for 6 yards to the BCFB18 (Shreve Rohle;John Moore).
2nd and 4 at BCFB18 Jacob Wright rush for 2 yards to the BCFB20 (M. Bazemore;John Moore).
3rd and 2 at BCFB20 Willie Logan pass complete to Michael Colee for 4 yards to the BCFB24, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Josh Doggett;John Moore).
1st and 10 at BCFB24 Jacob Wright rush for no gain to the BCFB24 (Shreve Rohle).
2nd and 10 at BCFB24 Willie Logan pass complete to Jeff Matthews for 1 yard to the BCFB25 (Josh Doggett;Tyler Ikwild).
3rd and 9 at BCFB25 Willie Logan pass intercepted by Robert Stack at the BCFB28, Robert Stack return to the BCFB28, PENALTY HSC pass interference (Sidney Henry) 11 yards to the BCFB36, 1ST DOWN BCFB, NO PLAY.
1st and 10 at BCFB36 Jacob Wright rush for loss of 7 yards to the BCFB29 (Shreve Rohle).
2nd and 17 at BCFB29 Willie Logan pass incomplete (M. Bazemore).
3rd and 17 at BCFB29 Willie Logan pass complete to Cliff Woodard for 20 yards to the BCFB49, 1ST DOWN BCFB (C. Shoemaker).
1st and 10 at BCFB49 Jacob Wright rush for 4 yards to the HSC47 (Tyler Ikwild;Robert Stack).
2nd and 6 at HSC47 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Cassidy Burns (Robert Stack).
3rd and 6 at HSC47 Willie Logan rush for 4 yards to the HSC43 (John Moore).
4th and 2 at HSC43 Willie Logan rush for 3 yards to the HSC40, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Robert Stack;Scott Markland).
1st and 10 at HSC40 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Cliff Woodard.
2nd and 10 at HSC40 Willie Logan pass complete to Jeffrey Moore for 35 yards to the HSC5, 1ST DOWN BCFB.
1st and Goal at HSC05 Willie Logan rush for 2 yards to the HSC3 (Freddie Potter;Tyler Ikwild).
2nd and Goal at HSC03 Willie Logan rush for 1 yard to the HSC2 (Josh Doggett).
3rd and Goal at HSC02 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Jeffrey Moore (C. Shoemaker).
4th and Goal at HSC02 Matt Prokop rush for loss of 7 yards to the HSC9.
1st and 10 at HSC09 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 02:22.
1st and 10 at HSC09 Chris Shembo rush for 1 yard to the HSC10 (James Winfield;Andrew Palmer).
2nd and 9 at HSC10 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Joey Druhan.
3rd and 9 at HSC10 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 10 yards to the HSC20, 1ST DOWN HSC (A. Moton, II), PENALTY BCFB face mask 15 yards to the HSC35, 1ST DOWN HSC.
1st and 10 at HSC35 1st and 10.
1st and 10 at HSC35 Chris Shembo rush for loss of 2 yards to the HSC33 (Andrew Palmer).
2nd and 12 at HSC33 Nash Nance rush for 6 yards to the HSC39 (George Buskey).
3rd and 6 at HSC39 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Austin Perryman (Darrick Gore).
4th and 6 at HSC39 Nash Nance punt 34 yards to the BCFB27, downed.
1st and 10 at BCFB27 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 00:00.
1st and 10 at BCFB27 Start of 4th quarter, clock 15:00.
1st and 10 at BCFB27 Jacob Wright rush for loss of 4 yards to the BCFB23 (Robert Stack;Scott Markland).
2nd and 14 at BCFB23 Willie Logan pass incomplete to John Lezcano.
3rd and 14 at BCFB23 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Shawn Lee.
4th and 14 at BCFB23 Michael Cook punt 50 yards to the HSC27, downed.
1st and 10 at HSC27 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 13:56.
1st and 10 at HSC27 Nash Nance rush for 15 yards to the HSC42, 1ST DOWN HSC, out-of-bounds (Darrick Gore).
1st and 10 at HSC42 Chris Shembo rush for 15 yards to the BCFB43, 1ST DOWN HSC (Jack Wecker;Lucas Elliott).
1st and 10 at BCFB43 Chris Shembo rush for 4 yards to the BCFB39, out-of-bounds (Andrew Palmer).
2nd and 6 at BCFB39 Brady Macko rush for no gain to the BCFB39 (Alex Collins).
3rd and 6 at BCFB39 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 1 yard to the BCFB38 (Darrick Gore).
4th and 5 at BCFB38 Timeout Hampden-Sydney, clock 10:52.
4th and 5 at BCFB38 Nash Nance pass incomplete to Austin Perryman.
1st and 10 at BCFB38 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 10:47.
1st and 10 at BCFB38 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Cassidy Burns (Zach Morgan), PENALTY HSC pass interference (Zach Morgan) 5 yards to the BCFB43, 1ST DOWN BCFB, NO PLAY.
1st and 10 at BCFB43 Willie Logan rush for loss of 1 yard to the BCFB42 (Josh Doggett).
2nd and 11 at BCFB42 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Cassidy Burns.
3rd and 11 at BCFB42 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Jeffrey Moore.
4th and 11 at BCFB42 Willie Logan pass incomplete to William Hanna.
1st and 10 at BCFB42 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 10:02.
1st and 10 at BCFB42 Chris Shembo rush for 4 yards to the BCFB38 (James Winfield).
2nd and 6 at BCFB38 Nash Nance rush for 9 yards to the BCFB29, 1ST DOWN HSC, out-of-bounds (Logan Whitaker).
1st and 10 at BCFB29 Nash Nance pass complete to Holton Walker for 5 yards to the BCFB24 (Lucas Elliott), PENALTY HSC holding (Fuller Clark) 7 yards to the BCFB36, NO PLAY.
1st and 17 at BCFB36 Chris Shembo rush for 1 yard to the BCFB35 (N. Cawthon;Kenneth Szabo).
2nd and 16 at BCFB35 Timeout Hampden-Sydney, clock 07:31.
2nd and 16 at BCFB35 Nash Nance rush for 35 yards to the BCFB0, 1ST DOWN HSC, TOUCHDOWN, clock 07:18.
Will Estes kickoff 47 yards to the BCFB18, Jeff Matthews return 11 yards to the BCFB29, out-of-bounds.
1st and 10 at BCFB29 BRIDGEWATER (VA.) drive start at 07:15.
1st and 10 at BCFB29 Willie Logan rush for 3 yards to the BCFB32, out-of-bounds.
2nd and 7 at BCFB32 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Michael Colee (Shreve Rohle).
3rd and 7 at BCFB32 Willie Logan pass complete to Cassidy Burns for 3 yards to the BCFB35 (Shreve Rohle).
4th and 4 at BCFB35 Willie Logan pass complete to Shawn Lee for 4 yards to the BCFB39, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Sidney Henry).
1st and 10 at BCFB39 Willie Logan pass complete to William Hanna for 8 yards to the BCFB47, out-of-bounds (Zach Morgan;Robert Stack).
2nd and 2 at BCFB47 Timeout Hampden-Sydney, clock 05:54.
2nd and 2 at BCFB47 Willie Logan rush for 3 yards to the 50 yardline, 1ST DOWN BCFB (Shreve Rohle).
1st and 10 at BCFB50 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Cliff Woodard (Sidney Henry).
2nd and 10 at BCFB50 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Nick Wimer.
3rd and 10 at BCFB50 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Michael Colee (Robert Stack).
4th and 10 at BCFB50 Willie Logan pass complete to Jeffrey Moore for 22 yards to the HSC28, 1ST DOWN BCFB, out-of-bounds (C. Shoemaker).
1st and 10 at HSC28 Nick Wimer rush for 6 yards to the HSC22 (Freddie Potter).
2nd and 4 at HSC22 Willie Logan pass incomplete to Jeffrey Moore.
3rd and 4 at HSC22 Willie Logan pass complete to Nick Wimer for 11 yards to the HSC11, 1ST DOWN BCFB, out-of-bounds (Robert Stack).
1st and 10 at HSC11 Willie Logan pass complete to Nick Wimer for 6 yards to the HSC5 (Tyler Ikwild;Robert Stack).
2nd and 4 at HSC05 Willie Logan pass incomplete (Tyler Ikwild).
3rd and 4 at HSC05 Willie Logan pass incomplete to William Hanna.
4th and 4 at HSC05 Willie Logan pass complete to Jeffrey Moore for 5 yards to the HSC0, 1ST DOWN BCFB, TOUCHDOWN, clock 03:34.
C. DeHaven kick attempt good.
C. DeHaven kickoff 5 yards to the BCFB40, on-side kick, recovered by HSC on BCFB40.
1st and 10 at BCFB40 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY drive start at 03:34.
1st and 10 at BCFB40 Brady Macko rush for 11 yards to the BCFB29, 1ST DOWN HSC (James Winfield;Spencer Steele).
1st and 10 at BCFB29 Brady Macko rush for 7 yards to the BCFB22, out-of-bounds (Spencer Steele).
2nd and 3 at BCFB22 Brady Macko rush for 1 yard to the BCFB21 (Don Mills, Jr.).
3rd and 2 at BCFB21 Brady Macko rush for 7 yards to the BCFB14, 1ST DOWN HSC (Tyler Knight).
1st and 10 at BCFB14 TEAM rush for loss of 1 yard to the BCFB15.
2nd and 11 at BCFB15 TEAM rush for loss of 1 yard to the BCFB16.
3rd and 12 at BCFB16 End of game, clock 00:00. | 2019-04-26T05:39:57Z | https://www.d3football.com/seasons/2013/boxscores/20131012_o9fw.xml?view=plays |
According to Herdotus the Babylonians had no physicians; the patient was brought out in the market place and all passers-by had to confer with him "to discover whether they have themselves been afflicted with the same disease or have seen others so afflicted and advise him to have recourse to the same treatment as that by which they escaped a similar disease, or as they have known to cure others."
But the code of Hammurabi with its rewards and penalties for physicians, gives a glimpse of an already more highly organized system at a period earlier than 2000 BC - long before Herodotus. The Code enacts that for a successful operation which saves the eye of the patient the fee be ten shekels of silver in the case of a "gentleman," but only five shekels and two shekels in the case of a poor man and owned slave respectively. For an unsuccessful operation on a freeman causing death or the loss of the eye, the surgeon shall have his hands cut off; in the case of a slave the penalty was to replace him by another.
Babylonian medicine was probably in the hands of the priests of the healing divinity Ea and his son Marduk, whilst surgery, as almost everywhere else in early medicine, was in the hands of a special class of skilled hand-workers. The etymological derivation of surgery is significant for ceironrgia, means handicraft. The priestly, non-operative practice was not regulated by law; but that the work of the surgeons was not altogether despised is shown by the very liberal scale of fees, for five shekels was equivalent to the yearly rent of a good type of house and represented 150 times the daily wage of a workman (1/30 shekel). The medicine of the priests was a mixture of superstition and ignorance; treatment consisted of incantations and also the administration of foul remedies - probably to disgust the demons causing the disease. It would appear that the practice of the surgeons was supervised by the priests. but it is by no means clear what their work was. It is quite possible that the greater part of the Babylonian surgery consisted of couching cataract. On the other hand, the eye operation spoken of may merely have been incision of an abscess of the lacrimal sac. The whole evidence turns on the significance of an obscure work in the code, naqabtu.
The earliest records of Egyptian medicine date back to a period not much later than the Code of Hammurabi, the Edwin Smith papyrus to c. 1600 B.C., the Brugsch papyrus to c. 1300 B.C. and the Ebers papyrus to c.1550B.C. A remarkably advanced state of ophthalmology can be inferred from the Ebers papyrus in which a section is devoted to eye disease, treatment rather than clinical descriptions being given. INcantations, foul applications and all the other manifestations of superstitious ignorance abound, but there is evidence of an advance that must have involved centuries of empirical practice and observation. The most significant development is the recognition of a number of distinct diseases. According to Ebers the Egyptians knew such conditions as blepharitis, chalazion, ectropion, entropion, trichiasis, granulations, chemosis, pinguecula, pterygium, leucoma, staphyloma, iritis, cataract, hyphaema, inflammation, ophthalmoplegia and dacryocystitis. The attempt at differential treatment implies a degree of differential diagnosis; nevertheless it was still the medicine of the temple that they practised. Indeed the Ebers papyrus is probably the work of priests, thought it is not, as was once thought, a part of the lost six medical books of Hermes containing the divine knowledge of healing as set down by the Egyptian priests.
There is no evidence that Egyptian surgery had made any marked advance; the only surgical procedure mentioned in the Ebers papyrus is epilation, a practice that must have been widely spread judging from the frequency with which epilation forceps have been found in relics of the New Empire.
Later development in Egypt brought but little advance, though there is much evidence that Egyptian ophthalmology was held in high esteem in ancient world. Herdotus relates that Cyrus of Persia sent to Amazis, the king of Egypt, for a physician to cure him of his eye trouble. The decline of Egyptian civilization brought with it that type of specialization which is based not on expert knowledge of a detailed field, but on ignorance of every other subject. Both the prophet Jeremiah and Herodotus found the country full of physicians and Herodotus remarks that "one treats only the diseases of eye, another those of the head, the teeth, the abdomen, or of the internal organs."
Nowhere in the Ancient East was medicine ever freed from the shackles of supernatural belief. Observation was coloured by preconceived notions of the demoniacal origin of disease. Here and there a glimpse of a modern procedure is seen, based on methods and premises different from ours. In Hindu medicine there is a suggestion, in the writings of Suçruta, of the earliest record of surgical treatment of cataract by couching. In Hebrew writings there is a textually obscure reference to improvement of a woman's appearance by having a golden eye (in the place of a missing one), an interesting and significant remark in the light of later history, for prostheses made of gold were the first to be used and were not introduced until the 16th century at the time of Ambroise Parè. Early Greek medicine differed in no essentials from that of the rest of the ancient world. There was the same priestcraft, the same temple worship and supernatural cures. Nor were these temples as holy as they seemed. It was only with the rise of the Asclepiadaæ, a group claiming descent from the God Aesculapius, but dissociating themselves from the priests of the temples, that Greek medicine began. One of these Asclepiads, Hippocrates the Second, also known as Hippocrates the Great, or simply as Hippocrates, born on the island of Cos, finally liberated medicine from the thrall of the supernatural. His method is the method of modern medicine; the study of disease as an objective natural phenomenon. The lasting achievements of the Greeks are commemorated in the term physician derived from fusiz, natura. Hence forth the physician was essentially no longer a priest but a naturalist.
Ophthalmology benefited at the hands of Hippocrates and his immediate followers mainly in a negative way - in discarding the supernatural element rather than in any definite advance in the understanding of ocular disease. Their notions of the structure and function of the eye had hardly advanced, if at all, beyond that which the much older Egyptian civilization knew, though a a predecessor of Hippocrates, Alcmaeon, is credited with the discovery of the optic nerve. Their recognition of eye disease was confined to what could be observed and deduced from a knowledge limited to the superficial anatomy of the eye combined with an utter lack of understanding of ocular physiology. It is mainly in its influence on the further development of ophthalmology rather than in its achievement, that Hippocratic ophthalmology is remarkable, though it is well to recall that their treatment of some forms of conjunctivitis by irritation is still the basis of the modern treatment of trachoma. When they went astray they were wrong in the same way as the modern world is wrong when mistaken treatment is given on the strength of a wrong pathology; their failures were different in nature from the failures of those who invoked the aid of the gods or attempted to cast out the devil.
Greek medicine stretches over a period much longer than the medicine of the modern period. From the appearance of Hippocrates to the end of the fruitful period of Rome is well over 800 years. During that time there was a continual development in which ophthalmology shared. Greek medicine soon became extinguished on its native soil but developed apace, first in Alexandria and then in Rome. Of the great achievements of the Alexandrian period one can only infer by comparing the end of the purely Greek period with the beginning of the Roman period, the actual records of the Alexandrian school having been lost. The study of the human anatomy began in Alexandria, and the earliest Roman writings on the anatomy of the eye, thos of Rufus, are a measure of the advance made by the Alexandrian school. After the decline of Alexandria, it was in Rome that the Greek spirit found a home. There medicine was so entirely Greek that the Romans who practised it felt compelled to adopt Greek names for themselves and their remedies. Of the writings of this period there remain thos of Celsus, Pliny and Galen; reference to other writer whose works are lost are to be found in these and later books. Galen's strictly ophthalmic writings have been lost.
Of a period later than Galen's there are the works of Aetius of Amida and of Paul of Aegina, giving a full account of the medical and surgical practice towards the end of Byzantine period. In Celsus there are detailed descriptions of couching for cataract, of operations for ankyloblepharon, dacryocycstitis, and of plastic procedures for trichiasis, lagophthalmos and ectropion. Hypopyon is first mentioned by Galen. Of Galen's contributions to ophthalmology it is perhaps enough to say that nothing of any value was added to his anatomy of the eye till the beginning of the 17th century; his theory of vision was however a grievous errors. The later writers of the Greek period added some details to the practice of ophthalmology, but nothing whatever to its theory. The beacon lit by Hippocrates and tended by Alexandria and Rome was slowly sinking in a world plunging deeper and deeper into the mists of the Dark Ages.
Numerous busts have survived of the allegedly blind poet Homer. The earliest portrait type, which is believed to derive from a Greek original dated c.450BC, does not, however, attempt to render his sightlessness in an explicit manner, but merely shows the poet's eyes closed in deep contemplation. Not until the second century BC did any artist attempt to portray his blindness. One of the earliest such portraits, of which there are several examples extant, has been justly described as "amongst the most beautiful portrayals of poetic genius". The absence of modelling to the eyeballs, the heaviness of the raised eyebrows, all focus the viewer's attention unremittingly on the eyes. The air of intense, almost rapt absorption and introspection exquisitely captures the inner world of the blind poet.
Commonplace sufferers from eye complaints were not accorded any such deference. A terracotta from Tarsos of an emaciated man in a pointed cap exhibits "a pervasive air of stupidity, corruption and sordid cunning". The eye are markedly asymmetrical, one being circular, the other a half closed slit. Though the inspiration for this type may have derived from a comic mask, the mask in turn probably represents an attempt to render trachoma, an infectious eye disease which was probably very prevalent in the ancient world, as it still is in the Middle East today.
Sudden loss of sight was also depicted with some frequency in Attic red-figure, due to the popularity of the myth of the blinding of Thamyris. On an Attic hydria dated c.430 the musician, whose eyes are closed, registers his pain and terror by stretching out his arms and letting his lyre slide from his lap. Sculptors, too, attempted the subject. Pausanias tells us that a statue of Thamyris, "already blind and holding a broken lyre", was dedicated on Mount Helikon, sacred to the Muses. It perhaps served as a warning to over-ambitious bards.
The fitfully flickering flame of civilization was saved from extinction by the invading hordes of the Eastern conquerors sweeping across the known world under the banner of Allah. As before in the case of Rome, so once again Greece took its captors captive. By means of translations, first into Syriac and later into Arabic, a knowledge of the older Greek civilization was spread throughout the Mohammadean world. Ophthalmology took a new lease of life, though progress was severely handicapped by the lack of anatomical studies. Hospitals, departmentalized very much in the modern manner, grew up and ophthalmic departments were always large and important. Many operative procedures known to Galen and his successors were perfected and some important additions were made. Numerous treatises on diseases of the eye appeared, all drawing their inspiration from the Greek writings. But the centuries of Arabian dominance lacked the eager questing that characterized Greece. The Arabians perfected old procedures rather than explored new avenues; they revered rather than challenged the authority of tradition. So heavily did the hand of dead ages lie upon them, that though there is much that is valuable in Arabian ophthalmology, it is is incidental rather than the result of a conscious effort. Not infrequently they stumbled on facts and conceptions that could not be harmonized with the traditional knowledge, but they only cut their new cloth into ill-fitting archaic patterns. They had not learnt the crowing wisdom that fact is greater than dogma. It is characteristic of the period that Ali ben Isa (Jesus Hali), Alcoatin and Ammar ben Ali wrote text-books that were used for centuries.
Like the Western civilization that followed it, the Arabian period was not a national movement. It was Arabian in language only; the men who made it were of that variety of nationality and religion that were to be found between Cordova and Bahdad. When decay ultimately overtook the Arabian renaissance, the torch had already been handed on to the rising civilization of Western Europe by means of translations into Latin from the ARabic versions of the Greek masters. Many mistakes were perpetuated by these translations and retranslations and it needed the European renaissance to direct onward the pure stream of Greek thought.
Whilst the Arabians nursed and revived a moribund civilization, knowledge did not altogether perish in the western domains of what was once the Roman Empire. Here and there in the monasteries intellectual life flickered, and some stray sparks would be brought by Jews coming from Mohammedan lands. The beginnings of a systematized intellectual effort is found in the schools of Salerno and Montpellier. In the 11th century Constantinus Africanus, a widely travelled man and at one time teacher in Salerno, translated ARabic writings into Latin, thus beginning a movement that gathered speed with the years. But ophthalmology in those days of twilight was nevertheless little more than a debased handicraft; couching for cataract, like cutting for stone, was an operation which everyone was allowed to perform, and was in fact left to itinerant practitioners. The regular practitioners of surgery advised against eye operations and paid but scanty attention to eye disease in general. The writings of Peter the Spaniard (later Pope John XXI) are a treatise on the hygiene of the eye and contain no reference to surgical treatment. The writings of Master Zacharias, a Salernitan of the 12th century, are of little significance but those of Benevenutus Grassus are of considerable importance in the history of ophthalmology. Little is known of the author, but the book had a great influence in spreading knowledge of eye disease. The original seems to have been written in Hebrew and there are translations in Latin, Provençal, Old French and Old English. There is little new in the book; it is essentially a good summary of Greek and Arabian teaching. The importance that medieval ophthalmology attached to it can be gathered from the fact that it is the only ophthalmic incunable. Guy de Chauliac and John Yperman were influenced by Benevenutus' book, Yperman himself contributing to ophthalmology the conception of contagiosity of ophthalmia.
If the Western Middle Ages produced no memorable oculists, it produced geniuses who in their versatility contributed to ophthalmology. Roger Bacon's ophthalmic achievements include the rediscovery of the crossing of the optic nerves at the chiasma and the first mention of convex lenses for presbyopia., whilst Leonardo da Vinci either realized or came very near to realizing the principle of the camera obscura as applied to the eye.
If the practice of ophthalmology had hardly advanced during the long centuries that followed Greek medicine at its height in the Rome of Galen, it had little to gain at the Renaissance by looking backward. Further advance in ophthalmology was made possible by the study of the anatomy of the eye, and by an understanding of the mechanism of vision. This was the wrok of the 16th and 17th centuries and paved the way for the great pathological and clinical progress of the 18th century, the century of cataract extraction and the artificial pupil. The first half of the 19th century was a remarkable period of consolidation, and the second half brought the operative treatment of glaucoma, whilst the ophthalmoscope opened a world undreamt of and raised ophthalmology to the most exact of clinical studies. | 2019-04-21T22:03:56Z | http://www.mrcophth.com/Historyofophthalmology/Introductory.htm |
IODPA understands that Chief Constables are having a hard time currently. They have had to reduce their spending and learn how to manage with reduced budgets.
Budget cuts since 2011 up to 2015 amounted to a reduction of 20% in the amount allocated by the Home Office to policing. From 2015 more cuts were imposed.
According to estimates compiled by the National Audit Office, police funding fell from 2010/11 to 2018/19. Overall, funding fell by 19%, taking inflation into account.
This varies a lot locally. That 19% average ranges from an 11% fall in Surrey police force to a 25% fall in Northumbria. This is mainly because some forces, like Northumbria, rely more heavily on government grants and don’t raise as much locally.
With that difficult financial background in mind, we turn our attention how one particular force, Northumbria, chose to deal with the situation by seeking to grab money from the pensions paid to disabled former officers who were forced to retire due to injury received in the execution of their duty.
For new readers, we need to explain that a ‘review’ is a term which has come into general use to identify processes taken by a Police Pension Authority (‘PPA’) to ensure the correct level of injury pension continues to be paid.
The report states there is a ‘legal obligation’ for ‘The Force’ to consider at suitable intervals whether there has been an alteration of the pensioner’s degree of disablement, by means of a medical assessment.
However, this statement is unfortunately misleading, despite its apparently factual delivery. It is mistaken.
The above Regulations actually allow not ‘The Force’ but a Police Pension Authority – which is an office vested in the sole personage of the Chief Constable – to use unfettered discretion over whether or when to take action under regulation 37 (1). There is no blanket ‘statutory obligation’ as claimed.
By failing to differentiate between ‘The Force’ and the Police Pension Authority, Ms. Lawson provides a revealing insight. The Chief Constable of Northumbria has allowed his concerns over his budget to influence detrimentally his duties as the Police Pension Authority.
37.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, where an injury pension is payable under these Regulations, the police [pension] authority shall, at such intervals as may be suitable, consider whether the degree of the pensioner’s disablement has altered; and if after such consideration the police authority find that the degree of the pensioner’s disablement has substantially altered, the pension shall be revised accordingly.
The regulation does not assist the PPA by defining what form the consideration might take. That is no oversight, as it is apparent the regulation intends that the PPA will use its discretion whilst promoting the scope and purposes of the Regulations as a whole. That does not extend to conducting medical reassessments of all recipients of an injury pension, in the hope of finding substantial alteration.
The very wording of regulation 37(1) indicates unmistakably that any consideration must be an individual undertaking. It is a singular thing, a reaction to a change in circumstances affecting an identified pensioner’s degree of disablement.
What Northumbria forgets, or perhaps chooses to ignore, is that the Regulations (specifically, regulation 30 which is rather too lengthy to reproduce here but which can be viewed via this link only permit the PPA to appoint a duly qualified medical practitioner to determine the extent of any alteration when the PPA is considering revising an individual’s injury pension.
An injury pension cannot be revised unless there has been a substantial alteration. Therefore, Northumbria is utterly out of order in thinking it can task a doctor with conducting ‘medical reassessments’ before it has gone through the required individual consideration of the likelihood of alteration in degree of disablement.
IODPA advises any injury on duty pensioner of Northumbria, or of any other force, to bear this in mind should they be asked to attend a medical interview and/or examination. We can offer sound practical advice on what to do, and what not to do. Advice which comes from the most expert and authoritative legal sources.
So, from 2010 to date, Northumbria was content to set aside what it now claims is a ‘legal duty’.
Even the most warped legal mind would know that Home Office advice is not law. It does not have to be obeyed. Northumbria could have continued to conduct reviews, and could have done so without falling foul of ‘case law’ if only it followed the Regulations. Moreover, Home Office advice ought not to be such that it tells a PPA to ignore a ‘legal obligation’.
Ms. Lawson’s report to the Executive Board effectively says that Northumbria, having blindly followed what turned out to be unlawful Home Office advice in 2008, and having once more blindly followed Home Office guidance by ceasing reviews in 2010 is now intent on intruding into the lives of its disabled former officers and their families by conducting a mass review of injury pensions.
It seems that Northumbria thinks it can have its cake and eat it. It thinks it can not review, or it can review as it wishes. It is mistaken.
There is a vast and dangerously dark difference between making a decision to review or not to review based on the wrong reasons, and making that decision properly based on only relevant and lawful reasons.
From 2010 to date, there may well have been pensioners who were entitled to have their degree of disablement reviewed, and to have their pension payment revised upwards due to a worsening of their condition. Northumbria was content to ignore them.
We can see from the report why Northumbria ceased reviews. We can see the misleading claim that it now needs to dust off what it thinks is a ‘legal obligation’ and recommence reviews. However, the report reveals the real reason why all injury on duty pensioners, whether elderly, vulnerable, in delicate balance of mental health, whether informed of their legal rights or kept in deep incognizance will now be put through a most distressing and intrusive process.
On reading Ms. Lawson’s report, it very obviously concentrates on the financial aspects of the planned mass review programme.
It also very obviously absent of any serious consideration of the human impact of reviews. The silence speaks loudly of the single-minded purpose of the review programme and dismisses any adverse human impact in a single sentence. Ms. Lawson models her thinking along the lines of the First World War generals who saw soldiers as mere units to be sacrificed for the gain of a few yards of ground.
The report attempts to illustrate various financial outcomes. Needless to say, they all confidently predict savings for the force. In that it is also mistaken.
IODPA believes that Chief Constables, and those who advise them, should take more care to understand the differing, and sometimes conflicting, requirements and duties of the office of Chief Constable and that of Police Pension Authority. The latter is supposed to focus on ensuring injured disabled officers receive the appropriate level of compensation as provided for by the Regulations. That focus should be divorced from any consideration of the financial outcome to the force.
Chief Constables quite properly need to manage their budgets prudently, but they should see injury pension payments as a debt of honour, as ring-fenced, kept entirely separate from their attempts to save money. Instead of turning on people who are generally among the least able to defend themselves, they should be lobbying the Government for direct assistance in meeting their obligations under the police injury benefit regulations.
Where, we ask, are the rehabilitation programmes designed to help injured disabled officers adapt to life outside the force? Where do we see HR providing support and care to the families of injured disabled officers? Where is there any assistance in helping injured disabled pensioners finding work?
It seems to be the case that in Northumbria the Chief Constable – Winton Keenen (pictured) has forgotten entirely about his duty of care towards former officers. We suggest that if he wishes to save money by reducing what is clearly seen by him as the burden of injury pension payments, he would do better to achieve that aim by helping disabled former officers rather than by hounding them.
The “November 2018 | Issue 96” edition of the monthly NARPO magazine contained this full page article by Mark Botham.
Mark is the Managing Director of Botham Solutions which provides training, a health and safety consultancy and advises on matters such as police pensions. He is an ex Yorkshire Police Federation rep of nineteen years and spent ten as chairman of the county branch. He holds a BA Hons, Post Graduate Diploma in Law, Post Graduate Certificate in Law, Post Diploma in Law and Master of Law and currently works for Haven Solicitors.
It is great to see some sound legal advice being published for all officers that have been injured on duty.
This article has been reproduced by kind permission of Mark Botham and the National Association of Retired Police Officers.
Following the recent announcement of Essex Police to start reviewing injury pensions, and after reviewing documentation sent out by Kevin Kirby, we were sufficiently disturbed to formally write to the Chief Constable, Mr Kavavagh. Here is a copy of the letter that we sent.
Here is the reply that Mr Kavanagh provided.
We are grateful to Mr Cananagh for taking the time to reply, but still feel as though there are lot of unanswered questions.
Here is the questionnaire as recently sent out by Essex Police following their decision to commence injury pension reviews. It is intrusive almost to the point of being offensive.
Whilst they have every right to send out such a document, the pensioner has every right to place it straight into the bin. There is no legal requirement to provide ANY information regarding these reviews.
Have a read and familiarise yourself with the document. We will be putting up a series of blogs regarding this and other paperwork that has been sent out by the force.
It seems there has been a rush of blood to the heads of certain people in the higher echelons of Essex Police. For reasons as yet unknown to the Police Pension Authority, which is an office vested in none other than the sole personage of the Chief Constable, Steven Kavanagh (pictured), has decided to commence a programme of reviews.
For anyone who has not kept up with ongoing events in the long drawn out and sorry saga of police injury pension maladministration which has blighted the lives of far too many disabled former officers, here is a brief recap.
A ‘review’ is shorthand for what happens when a Police Pension Authority (PPA) exercises a power of discretion conferred on it by Regulation 37 of The Police (Injury Benefit) Regulations 2006. A PPA decides to check whether the degree of disablement of an officer, retired with an injury pension, has altered.
It sounds simple, and it is simple. All a PPA has to do is follow the Regulations and be familiar with the ample case law which provides clarity should explanation be needed. Or, if they fancy a lighter but no less helpful read, HR managers could do no better than study the blogs which IODPA has thoughtfully provided to help educate them.
Yet despite this ready access to information PPAs have consistently managed to muck things up. You would think they were doing it deliberately.
In Essex, it is almost as though everyone who has had a hand in setting up this programme of reviews has been secured in a bubble, kept separate from the rest of the world, so they have no idea whatsoever about recent events.
Events such as the disaster in Avon and Somerset, where much public money was wasted in attempting to hold a review programme, which in our opinion was unlawful.
Events such as the Information Commissioner’s advising that Avon and Somerset and Northumbria had no right to continue to hold excessive historical personal information about retired officers.
So, what is going on in Essex? What has prompted the idea to review batches of injured pensioners? And why has nobody – absolutely nobody – in management had the common sense and nous to look at the regulations and case law to see why their plan is likely to spectacularly fail.
It is indeed a failure to communicate on an epic scale.
More than a failure of communication, it is a failure of awareness, a failure of reason, a failure of professional competence, a failure of decency, a failure of knowledge and a total failure to treat disabled former officers with respect and consideration. There is so much wrong with what Essex is doing that in the space of this blog it won’t be possible to cover all aspects. We can, however, focus on a few elements which demand special attention due to their sheer crassness.
Let’s look at the letter and questionnaire which Kevin Kirby, Head of Pension Governance & Compliance has sent to the first of the injury pensioners who have been selected to undergo a ‘review’. Just who does he think he is, and just who does he think he is talking to?
No, you can’t do that Mr Kirby. A review must only determine if there has been any alteration in the specific disabling effect of the recorded duty injury or injuries. One’s ‘medical status’ does not come into it. And neither does the record of a pensioner’s health since retirement.
Wrong again Mr Kirby. What are you talking about? The PPA has ‘full powers’? What do you think the PPA is – the dictator of some backward country bogged down in the Middle Ages? The only, very limited, power a PPA has, under regulation 37, is to ‘consider whether the degree of the pensioner’s disablement has altered.’ Where is the individual consideration in your sending out of letters and questionnaires to multiple recipients, all of whom are in the highest bands and thus represent the best prospect for the PPA to make reductions?
You can’t have your SMP make any assessment until you have carefully considered, in each individual case, whether a suitable interval has passed which will give good reason for the PPA to think a review is appropriate. You have not done that. Instead, you have gone straight to a process which is obviously intended to allow an unspecified someone to decide whether there has been an alteration in degree of disablement, largely on evidence of employment and earnings.
We do not think you have an inkling what degree of disablement is, or how any alteration is to be determined. Here is a clue for you. It is a medical matter, not a financial matter.
IODPA suspects that pensioners will be all too familiar with the authoritarian tone of a man who thinks he is in a position to order people to do his bidding. Pensioners, however, will know that he has no such authority. He has no power whatsoever to require anything of any private citizen, which is what all former officers are. He can ‘draw attention’ to the police pension regulations as much as he likes but even the most detailed reading of the regulations will not reveal anything which confers on a PPA the power to ‘require’ a single thing from any injury pensioner.
The questionnaire runs to six pages. IODPA will return to this most ill-intentioned document in full later. But for now, be amazed at how misguided the man is who thinks it is his business, his right, to ask you for details of your earnings, and then, astoundingly, requires you to sign consent to let him have HM Revenue hand over all details of your tax position, earnings and employment – since the date you retired.
To bolster up his empty demands for information, Mr Kirby then sees fit to issue what is an all too familiar nasty, and equally empty threat. He provides an Appendix A with his letter in which he seeks to tie his demands for information with a blatant but totally erroneous indication that failure to comply with all of his requirements will result in your pension being dropped to band one.
So, let’s round this up. We know that we are wasting our breath in trying to shock Mr Kirby into realising that he is just so very wrong in so many respects. He will, like all his colleagues across the country who have trodden this rocky road, go automatically into full defensive intransigent position at the first signs of any questioning of his plans. The only thing which will move Mr Kirby is when the PPA and SMP are ‘required’ to attend as respondents in a judicial review. And as sure as eggs are eggs that’s where Mr Kirby is taking his PPA and SMP.
Instead of trying to educate those who are deaf to reason and blind to accurate information, let’s close this by advising all injury on duty pensioners in Essex to file away Mr Kirby’s letter, questionnaire, and Appendix A for future reference. On no account complete the questionnaire. On no account give signed permission for the PPA to obtain medical or financial information. | 2019-04-22T16:30:10Z | https://iodpa.org/category/review/ |
We are a small parish of around 280 households 7 miles north of Glasgow. Our closest town is Milngavie and we are a largely dispersed rural community but include the villages of Bardowie and Balmore. We have a thriving playgroup and primary school, a church and we are home to the Balmore Trust, a charity. We were lucky enough to secure Climate Challenge Funding and ran a project which ended in March 2011. We carried out energy surveys and held awareness-raising events and think there has been a lasting positive effect. We were the first Community Council to join SCCS.
Changeworks is a recognised leader in the delivery of practical solutions that enable people to live and work more sustainably. We are an environmental charity and social enterprise, with over 20 years’ experience, working in collaboration with organisations, schools, communities and businesses to: inspire and enable action to reduce CO2, waste and fuel poverty; build confidence and skills to make sustainable choices; share our knowledge and learn from others to maximise our impact; and deliver the best possible service creatively and professionally.
The Church of Scotland is concerned that climate change poses a serious and immediate threat to people everywhere, particularly to those living in poverty; and that climate change represents a failure in our stewardship of God’s creation. We accept the need to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases urgently to avoid dangerous and irreversible climate change; and to promote a more equitable and sustainable use of energy.
Cycling UK Scotland is an elected volunteer committee of Cycling UK members from across Scotland, committed to representing everyday cyclists at national meetings and in responding to consultations. Policy topics include cycling as transport, land access, climate change, air quality, planning, road safety and wider transport policy which affects or is relevant to cycling. The Cycling UK Scotland committee also supports the activities and projects of Cycling UK in Scotland, promotes membership and brings Cycling UK members in Scotland together at an annual gathering.
Eco-Congregation Scotland is an ecumenical movement which helps churches link environmental issues to their faith and take action in their church and local community. We are concerned about the impact climate change is having on the world’s poorest people. We believe that faith can be an important motivator in behaviour change and are working to harness this to reduce Scotland’s carbon emissions. There are currently 427 Eco-Congregations in Scotland. 142 of these hold the independently assessed Eco-Congregation Award.
Edinburgh University Students’ Association is a democratic, student-led organisation representing Edinburgh University students to the University and beyond. We are an autonomous body with registered charity status and value our independence from the University of Edinburgh. We work closely with the University to ensure a world class student experience for all students at the University. In addition to running campaigns and representing the students views to the University and other external bodies the association operates a range of commercial services including bars, catering and retail outlets. Our buildings are also host to the main events of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
The Edinburgh and Lothians Regional Equality Council (ELREC) is a non-profit organisation working with communities in Edinburgh and the Lothians to eliminate discrimination in all forms, reduce inequality, promote a culture of human rights, and foster good relations between communities and individuals. Founded in 1971, ELREC has over four decades of experience working in the field of equality and engaging with the diverse communities of Edinburgh and the Lothians. As a result ELREC now has strong links with educational institutions, EM associations, public bodies and charities. ELREC works with diverse public and third sector organisations to support communities and individuals.
The Energy Agency is a non-profit making organisation, providing free, impartial and expert advice to households, businesses and communities covering energy efficiency, sustainable transport and renewable energy. The Energy Agency’s mission is to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, thus contributing to national reduction targets. The Energy Agency manage the Energy Saving Scotland advice centre for South West. It is tasked with assisting householders and local businesses throughout Ayrshire & Dumfries & Galloway to help reduce energy use as well as acting as a bridge between local authorities, consumers, trade, businesses and the energy market.
Friends of the Earth Scotland is Scotland’s leading environmental campaigning organisation, and an independent Scottish charity with a network of thousands of supporters and active local groups across Scotland. We are part of the largest grassroots environmental network in the world, uniting over 2 million supporters, 75 national member groups, and some 5,000 local activist groups – covering every continent. We exist to help people in Scotland look after the planet for everyone’s future. We think globally and act locally in Scotland, delivering solutions to climate change by enabling and empowering people to take both individual and collective action.
We’re the Glasgow University Students’ Representative Council, but you can call us GUSRC. Our job is to support the students of Glasgow University and ensure their time here is as enjoyable, safe and interesting as possible. Day-in, day-out we’re here to help, or even just listen to, the concerns of students.
Global Justice Now is a democratic social justice organisation working as part of a global movement to challenge the powerful and create a more just and equal world. We mobilise people in the UK for change, and act in solidarity with those fighting injustice, particularly in the global south. Global Justice Now used to be World Development Movement.
Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning organisation that acts to change attitudes and behaviour to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace. We defend the natural world and promote peace by investigating, exposing and confronting environmental abuse, and championing environmentally responsible solutions.
We are a group of students from across the UK who want to raise awareness of the links between global environmental change and health, and to help protect and promote human health through adequate climate mitigation and adaptation policy. We are affiliated to the Medsin-UK as one of its activities and seek to promote and work towards solutions at a range of levels. Our key areas of work – some older, some newer – are: Policy and advocacy – local to international; Education: non-formal and formal; Sustainable healthcare; Schools projects and teaching and International network-building.
International Development Education Association Scotland (IDEAS) is a network of organisations and individuals across Scotland that actively support and promote Development Education and Education for Global Citizenship. Our members include the 6 Development Education Centres, large NGOs such as Oxfam and Christian Aid, and smaller local charities such as Rainbow Turtle.
The Iona Community, is an ecumenical Christian community. Its members follows a five-fold rule, including ‘acting in solidarity with victims of environmental injustice and supporting political and structural change to reduce our over-consumption of resources’. Programmes at our centres, (Abbey and MacLeod Centre on Iona and Camas on Mull) often focus on environmental and climate change issues. Camas is based on a simple lifestyle and environmental sustainability. It is powered by wind turbine and solar panels and has its own organic garden. On the mainland, we focus on these issues too in our work with young people.
The National Commission for Justice and Peace advises the Scottish Catholic Bishops’ Conference in matters relating to social and ecological justice, international peace and human rights, and promotes action in these areas, both locally and nationally. Our current campaigns focus on Asylum and Refugees, Poverty in Scotland, Renewal of Trident, and Climate Change.
Keep Scotland Beautiful is the charity that campaigns, acts and educates on a range of local, national and global environmental issues to change behaviour and improve the quality of people’s lives and the places they care for. We are committed to making Scotland clean, green and sustainable.
Nourish Scotland is an NGO campaigning on food justice issues in Scotland. We believe tasty and nutritious food should be accessible to everyone, be sustainable, and be produced, processed, sold and served in a way that values and respects workers. We campaign for solutions that work across the board: we take a systems approach toward food and health, poverty, fairness, workers’ rights, economy, environment, climate change, land use, and waste.
NUS (National Union of Students) is a voluntary membership organisation which makes a real difference to the lives of students and its member students’ unions. We are a confederation of 600 students’ unions, amounting to more than 95 per cent of all higher and further education unions in the UK. Through our member students’ unions, we represent the interests of more than seven million students.
Oxfam is a global movement of people who share the belief that, in a world rich in resources, poverty isn’t inevitable. It’s an injustice which can, and must, be overcome. We fight poverty at its roots, with simple, smart solutions. When injustice causes poverty, we stand against it. When disasters hit, we’re ready around the clock to save and protect people, staying long after, leaving life better than before.
The RSPB is the largest wildlife conservation charity in the UK. With more than a million members and nearly 20,000 volunteers together we speak out for nature. It says Birds in our title, but we’re also about other wildlife — it’s all interconnected and you can’t help one thing without helping all the others too. We work around the world, from people’s back gardens to the ferocious southern oceans, saving species from extinction, protecting special places for wildlife, and motivating people to add their voice to ours.
Scottish Community Alliance is a coalition of Scotland’s community based national networks all of which work in different ways to support stronger and and more resilient communities. We publish a fortnightly briefing – Local People Leading – which is a mix of commentary on relevant policy and community action. You can subscribe to it via our website above.
Scottish Communities Climate Action Network is a grassroots network of community groups that are taking action on climate change. As a ‘community of communities’ we provide a shared vision and voice for our members and work to address barriers and challenges so as to enable communities to shape their own low-carbon future and promote local resilience and wellbeing.
The Scottish Catholic International Aid Fund (SCIAF) is the official overseas aid and development charity of the Catholic Church in Scotland. SCIAF supports projects in 15 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, helping hundreds of thousands of people of all faiths and none to overcome hunger, poverty, war and natural disasters every year. Inspired by the Gospel, our mission is to help the poorest free themselves from poverty by equipping them with the tools they need to survive and thrive. Working with the Scottish public, we put pressure on governments and big business to change the political and social systems that keep people in poverty.
The Scottish Episcopal Church is a welcoming and inclusive Church that traces its history back to the beginnings of Christianity in Scotland. We are part of the world-wide Anglican Communion – a family of some 70 million Christians in more than 160 countries. The vulnerable and those in need are of particular concern to us. Justice, peace, and the care of the environment are also areas in which our members are actively involved. As a church we support a variety of mission and development projects at home and overseas.
The multi-award winning Scottish Seabird Centre is located in North Berwick, East Lothian, overlooking the wildlife-rich waters of the Firth of Forth. A conservation and education charity, the organisation focuses on encouraging people to appreciate and care for wildlife and the environment. A world-leader in remote wildlife viewing, there are interactive live cameras on the world-famous Bass Rock, Isle of May National Nature Reserve, plus other harbours and islands. Visitors to the five star Discovery Centre can zoom in on the seasonal wildlife action and there are also boat trips, a gift shop and the Seabird Café.
SCVO works in partnership with the voluntary sector to advance our shared values and interests. We have over 1400 members who range from individuals and grassroots groups, to Scotland-wide organisations and intermediary bodies. Through lobbying and campaigning SCVO works to advance the interests of our members and the people and communities that they support.
SEAD aims to challenge the causes of poverty, social injustice and environmental degradation; and to support the community-based movement for positive social change. We believe that dynamic communities have the power to make positive changes in our society. SEAD’s projects support people to become part of this change. We work with communities in Scotland and in the developing world to exchange ideas, knowledge and inspiration. We provide tools and support to turn this into action.
South Seeds is a community led organisation on Victoria Road, in the heart of Glasgow’s Southside. We work in partnership to improve the look and feel of the area. We support residents to lead more sustainable lives and we support agencies and local organisations to provide services which help residents lead sustainable lives. In an area just over a square mile, with 30,000 residents mainly living in Victorian tenements, we have been able to assist residents to reduce domestic energy consumption, grow vegetables, consider active travel options and reduce waste. Our vision is that Glasgow’s Southside becomes a real low carbon area through promotion of the sharing economy and reducing the barriers to leading a more sustainable life.
Spokes is a voluntary organisation with 1200 members, mainly in Edinburgh and Lothian, aiming to promote cycling for everyday transport, and to persuade councils and government to do the same. Activities include lobbying, public meetings, traffic counts, stalls, bike rides, and bike maps. Cycle use has grown from 1% of commuter trips when Spokes began to 7% now. A big success was Edinburgh Council allocating 5% of its transport budget to cycling, rising by 1% annually, reaching 10% in 2018/19. Thanks to widespread pressure, the Scottish Government has also raised active travel investment significantly, though it forms only 3.5% of the transport budget.
Sustrans makes smarter travel choices possible, desirable and inevitable. We’re a leading UK charity enabling people to travel by foot, bike or public transport for more of the journeys we make every day. We work with families, communities, policy-makers and partner organisations so that people are able to choose healthier, cleaner and cheaper journeys, with better places and spaces to move through and live in.
Tearfund has a big vision which we’ve been bringing into being since 1968. We know there’s God-given-potential in poor communities. We work with local churches to unlock this potential. With your help, we’ve seen millions escape extreme poverty – permanently.
The UK Youth Climate Coalition aims to inspire, empower, mobilise and unite young people to take positive action on climate change for a cleaner, fairer future. We believe that to tackle climate change we need an inspiring vision of how we want the world to be and a movement that anyone can feel part of. At the UKYCC we place an emphasis on issues which relate closely to young people as part of a wider, cross-generational movement for change.
The United Nations Association – UK (UNA-UK) is the UK’s leading source of independent analysis on the UN, and a UK-wide grassroots movement. UNA-UK believes that a strong, credible and effective UN is essential if we are to build a safer, fairer and more sustainable world. We advocate strong government support for the UN and demonstrate why the UN matters to people everywhere. UNA-UK derives great strength from its members and supporters, and UK-wide network of local, school and university branches. Together, we form a critical mass of support for the UN in the UK and beyond.
UNISON Scotland is part of Britain’s and Europe’s biggest public sector union, with more than 1.3 million members – around 150,000 in Scotland. Our members work across the public, private and voluntary sectors. Many have roles in which climate change impacts on their specific work, as well as the ways in which it does for everyone – at work and at home. We have members working for the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (e.g. protecting our rivers, land and the air we breathe), in environmental health, collecting household and business waste, ensuring new buildings meet stricter environmental and energy efficiency targets, providing healthy, sustainable food to school children and hospital patients, and in a myriad other ways, including with Scottish Water, providing clean, safe water for home, work and industry. Also, members support our International Committee and Green Network to do considerable work promoting climate action and climate justice, locally, nationally and internationally. UNISON is a longstanding member of Stop Climate Chaos Scotland and works with the STUC and other unions in the Just Transition Partnership. We are also part of the Scottish Food Coalition.
The Women’s Environmental Network (WEN) is the only organisation in the UK that has worked consistently to make the links between women’s lives and environmental issues. WEN’s vision is of an environmentally sustainable world in which we have achieved gender equality. Our mission is to make the connections between women’s health and well-being and environmental issues. We want to inspire women to make environmentally informed choices about their health. We aim to empower women to become agents of change in their families, networks and society, and to participate equally in an environmentally sustainable future.
West of Scotland Regional Equality Council (WSREC) is working towards a fairer society where people can live, learn and work free from discrimination or fear. WSREC has over 45 years experience of engaging with some of the most diverse communities in Scotland. Our vision is to work towards a society free from discrimination. We run a number of diverse and innovative projects which address a gap in service or need amongst minority ethnic communities in the West of Scotland. WSREC’s environmental project is called the Cook, Grow, Sew and Change, which encouraging minority ethnic communities to adopt a low carbon lifestyle through measures such as, energy efficiency, low carbon food, zero waste textiles, growing food in urban spaces and eco driving. In its fourth year the aim of the project is to encourage long term behaviour change within minority ethnic communities, across all ages within Glasgow, North Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire.
WWF works in over 100 countries to safeguard the environment and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. Climate change threatens many of the planet’s species – including our own. WWF finds workable, practical solutions to the problems posed by climate change across governments, business and civil society.
Young Friends of the Earth Scotland is a grassroots network of young people from across Scotland working collectively for social, environmental and economic justice in their communities. Our role is to provide collaborative platform for young activists in Scotland to come together to share ideas, skills, and and resources. | 2019-04-19T14:27:31Z | https://www.stopclimatechaos.scot/about-us/members/2/?field_category_tid=All&id=46 |
In Commemoration of the 28th Anniversary of "Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art"
— Study of the "Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art"
TWENTY-EIGHT years ago, our great leader and the revolutionary teacher of the proletariat Chairman Mao issued the Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art. This is a brilliant, epoch-making Marxist-Leninist document.
In this great work, Chairman Mao, by virtue of the thoroughgoing proletarian world outlook, comprehensively, systematically and penetratingly summed up the historical experience of the struggle between the two lines on the literary and art front, pointed out the. fundamental orientation for proletarian literature and art to serve the workers, peasants and soldiers, defined the most correct proletarian revolutionary line in literature and art and solved in theory and in practice a series of questions of principle concerning the development of the movement for proletarian revolution in literature and art, thus bringing Marxist-Leninist world outlook and theory on literature and art to a completely new stage. The Talks is a great programme or the proletarian cultural revolution and a guide to action for the revolutionary literary and art workers as well as ail revolutionary intellectuals in remoulding their world outlook.
History has entered the militant 70s. China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution has already won tremendous victory* the movement for proletarian revolution in literature and art is surging forward. The re-study of this brilliant work of Chairman Mao's is of major importance to us in thoroughly criticizing the counter-revolutionary revisionist line in literature and art pushed by the renegade, hidden traitor and scab Liu Shao-chi and his agents in this field — Chou Yang, Hsia Yen, Tien Han and Yang Han-sheng—and in conscientiously carrying out the struggle-criticism-transformation on this front so that literature and art will always advance along the road of serving the workers, peasants and soldiers.
Chairman Mao explicitly pointed out in his Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art: "All our literature and art are for the masses of the people, and in the first place for the workers, peasants and soldiers; they are created for the workers, peasants and soldiers and are for their use." This great teaching of Chairman Mao's represents the fundamental orientation of proletarian literature and art, and constitutes the fundamental distinction between the proletarian literature and art and the literature and art of all exploiting classes.
The masses of workers, peasants and soldiers are the true makers of history as well as the true creators of literature and art. Ours is a new epoch in which the workers, peasants and soldiers are the masters. The proletariat and the working masses are grasping in their own hands the destiny of world history, and are creating a new world without imperialism, without capitalism and without any system of exploitation. Literature and art that persevere in serving the workers, peasants and soldiers will have boundless vitality, be capable of encouraging and educating the people and will be welcomed by the masses of the people, whereas the literature and art which run counter to the principle of serving the workers, peasants and soldiers are against the tide of history and are bound to be spurned by them.
Chairman Mao teaches us: "This question of 'for whom?' is fundamental; it is a question of principle.” (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art.) On the literary and art front, fierce struggles centring round the question of for whom have been waged between the two classes and the two lines. Acting on the instructions of their sinister master Liu Shao-chi and abusing the power they had usurped, the vicious chieftain Chou Yang and company in literary and art circles had frantically opposed Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line in literature and art and energetically pushed the sinister counter-revolutionary revisionist line. The so-called "literature and art of the entire people" was the major slogan of this pernicious line. Chou Yang and company alleged that the stage had been reached in which literature and art could become "the undertaking of the entire people" and that literature and art should "serve all types of people."
Chairman Mao pointed out in his Talks: "In the world today all culture, all literature and art belong to definite classes and arc geared to definite political lines. There is in fact no such thing as art for art's sake, art that stands above classes, art that is detached from or independent of politics." Literature and art have always been an instrument of class struggle. In socialist society classes, class contradictions and class struggle still exist. The bourgeoisie vigorously opposes the literature and art which are of value to the proletariat. Naturally what the bourgeoisie welcomes and applauds is harmful to the proletariat. There is absolutely no such things as "literature and art of the entire people" that "serve all types of people"! This tattered banner—"literature and art of the entire people" — flaunted by Chou Yang and company is nothing new; it is only a refurbished version of "the literature and art that transcend classes" peddled by Chiang Kai-shek's hired literati Liang Shih-chiu and his ilk, which Chairman Mao discredited long ago in his Talks. Hitting the nail on the head, Chairman Mao pointed out then: People like Liang Shih-chiu "talk about literature and art as transcending classes, but in fact they uphold bourgeois literature and art and oppose proletarian literature and art." (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art.) The "literature and art of the entire people" which Liu Shao-chi and Chou Yang and company advocated arc-in fact feudal, bourgeois and revisionist literature and art and are against the Party and socialism. Such reactionary literature and art served their plot to subvert the dictatorship of the proletariat and to restore capitalism.
In order to deceive the masses, Chou Yang and other counter-revolutionary revisionists sometimes raised the cry of writing about the workers, peasants and soldiers and including such roles in stage performances. In practice, however, they distorted the images of the workers, peasants and soldiers and threw mud in their faces. They either slandered them as backward elements, varlets and ruffians or filled our socialist literary and art stage with feudal, bourgeois and revisionist ghosts and monsters in the guise of workers, peasants and soldiers. The opera Liu San Chieh ("Third Sister Liu") painstakingly fostered by them in Kwangsi was a typical example which pretended to eulogize the working people but in fact slandered them.
In the fierce struggle between the two classes and the two lines on the literary and art front, Comrade Chiang Ching led the revolutionary literary and art workers in attacking and capturing the stubborn fortresses— Peking opera, ballet and symphonic music — in which feudal, bourgeois and revisionist rule prevailed, and subsequently creating the model revolutionary theatrical works radiant with Mao Tsetung Thought, thereby ushering in a new era of the development of proletarian literature and art.
The model revolutionary theatrical works have driven the representatives of the exploiting classes and all monsters and ghosts off the stage. This represents the emancipation of the workers, peasants and soldiers on the literary and art stage, and gives expression to their earnest aspirations. These productions portray and eulogize with enthusiasm worker, peasant and soldier heroes and heroines who are armed with Mao Tsetung Thought and in the process encourage and strengthen them tremendously. These works fully embody Chairman Mao's correct principles "Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China" and "Weed through the old to bring forth the new." Peking opera traditions and classical art forms such as the ballet and symphonic music which originated in foreign countries have been transformed or innovated, in line with the requirements of revolutionary contents, into the art forms loved by workers, peasant, and soldiers in whose service they are now performed. From politics to the arts, from content to form and from the creative thinking to method of writing, these model revolutionary theatrical works have set a brilliant example of revolutionary literature and art serving the workers, peasants and soldiers. These art treasures reflect our great era of Mao Tsetung. They constitute a powerful spiritual weapon that inspires the Chinese people and the revolutionary people of the world to wage valiant struggles to bury imperialism, revisionism and all reaction.
Earth-shaking changes have taken place in the sphere of literature and art since the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. But "the defeated class will still struggle. These people are still around and this class still exists." A handful of class enemies who are not reconciled to their defeat are still attempting to use their reactionary literature and art in putting up a last-ditch resistance. At the same time, there are some people in the literary and art ranks who have not yet fully settled for themselves the question of literature and art serving the workers, peasants and soldiers because their world outlook has not been thoroughly remoulded and because the pernicious influence of the sinister counterrevolutionary revisionist line in literature and art has not been completely eliminated. This is expressed concentratedly in the following: Whether one portrays with proletarian feelings the lofty images of the worker, peasant and soldier heroes or follows the old path of engaging in "truthful writing" and in presenting "middle characters" based on his unreformed bourgeois or petty-bourgeois feelings; whether one performs a play on a revolutionary theme and be a revolutionary or contends for a title role, seeks prominence and attempts to steal the limelight; whether one goes among the workers, peasants and soldiers to serve them or wants the workers, peasants and soldiers to serve oneself; whether one creates new and original socialist and proletarian works or sticks to outdated conventional practice and clings tenaciously to the old contents and forms. These questions are essentially questions of whether one serves the workers, peasants and soldiers wholeheartedly or strives for personal fame, gain and position. The masses of literary and art workers should wage an arduous struggle and commit themselves to long-term efforts in order to really solve for themselves ideologically the question concerning the direction for literature and art to serve the workers, peasants and soldiers.
In the Talks, Chairman Mao earnestly taught us: Our literary and art workers "must . . . shift their stand; they must gradually move their feet over to the side of the workers, peasants and soldiers, to the side of the proletariat, through the process of going into their very midst and into the thick of practical struggles and through the process of studying Marxism and society. Only in this way can we have a literature and art tat arc truly for the workers, peasants and soldiers, a truly proletarian literature and art." This great teaching of Chairman Mao's is the only correct road for revolutionary literary and art workers to follow in order to serve the workers, peasants and soldiers.
Facts prove that only by integrating with the workers, peasants and soldiers, conscientiously remoulding their world outlook and becoming revolutionaries will literary and art workers be able to understand the mental world of the heroes of the proletariat and have the political enthusiasm to portray their images. Otherwise they cannot put on revolutionary theatrical works well or portray the heroic images of workers, peasants and soldiers, or when they do portray them, "the clothes are the clothes of working people but the faces are those of petty-bourgeois intellectuals" (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art), and the images of workers, peasants and soldiers they create are inevitably distorted and presented in an ugly way.
For a long time, Liu Shao-chi, Chou Yang and their gang opposed the literary and art workers" study of Mao Tsetung Thought and their going deep among the workers, peasants and soldiers. Declaiming the "special nature of literary and art work" with all their might, this gang separated the workers in this field from the workers, peasants and soldiers. It shut them up in isolated courtyards, let them take the bourgeois "authorities" and "drama despots" as their teachers, and advised them to learn from "deadwood" and "foreign dross" and experience feudal, bourgeois and revisionist life. All this was done under the guise of "cultivating the bearing of an artist." Poisoned by such "spiritual opium," many people in the literary and art ranks fell behind or stopped following the road of serving the workers, peasants and soldiers, while some were even corrupted to the core. The powerful Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution shattered Liu Shao-chi's counterrevolutionary revisionist line in literature and art and blazed a broad road for literary and art workers to integrate themselves with the workers, peasants and soldiers. Following Chairman Mao's great teaching, revolutionary literary and art workers have been going to factories, villages and army units to remould their world outlook in the three great revolutionary movements of class struggle, the struggle for production and scientific experiment, and have achieved outstanding results.
In order to genuinely integrate with the workers, peasants and soldiers, it is necessary to place the living study and application of Mao Tsetung Thought above everything else, strive to arm oneself with Chairman Mao's great theory of continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat, study the "three constantly read articles" as maxims, and continuously fight self and criticize revisionism. Only in this way can one wipe out the poisonous vestiges of the sinister counter-revolutionary revisionist line in literature and art and resist being corrupted by all sorts of decadent bourgeois ideas. Only in this way can one have the same stand, feelings and language as the proletariat and the masses of workers, peasants and soldiers, can one move his feet over to the side of the workers, peasants and soldiers, to the side of the proletariat and persevere in the orientation of making literature and art serve the workers, peasants and soldiers.
To truly integrate with the workers, peasants and soldiers, one must stop putting on airs, respectfully take them as teachers, modestly become their willing pupil and learn from them sincerely. The workers, peasants and soldiers are the masters of our country.
If one wants to genuinely integrate with the workers, peasants and soldiers, he must completely solve the problem of relationship between the individual and the masses, discard the so-called "bearing of an artist," serve the workers, peasants and soldiers wholeheartedly and be an "ox" for the masses. It is necessary to live, light and study together with the workers, peasants and soldiers, breathing the same breath, sharing the same fate, loving what they love and hating what they hate. If one considers himself exceptional and believes he is pure and lofty, he will be unable to effectuate a basic change in his thoughts and feelings and make any progress in remoulding his world outlook even if he lives among the masses.
If you want to truly integrate with the workers, peasants and soldiers, "you must make up your mind in undergo a long and even painful process of tempering." (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art.) Through practical struggles, literary and art workers should learn from the workers, peasants and soldiers their spirit of revolutionary heroism and revolutionary optimism of fearing neither hardship nor death and seeking neither fame nor gain, and gradually establish the proletarian world outlook of serving the people heart and soul.
Chairman Mao pointed out In the Talks: "Since our literature and art are basically for the workers, peasants and soldiers, 'popularization' means to popularize among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and 'raising standards' means to advance from their present level." Popularizing among the workers, peasants and soldiers and advancing from their present level is the fundamental principle which the literary and art workers must follow in serving the workers, peasants and soldiers. It is only through constant popularization mid raising of standards in the course of the practical struggle of the workers, peasants and soldiers and in keeping with their needs, capacity to receive and the direction of their advance that proletarian literature and art can flourish and develop and truly serve them. Mao Tsetung Thought is the soul of the proletarian revolution. To popularize among the workers, peasants and soldiers can only be popularization under the guidance of Mao Tsetung Thought: to raise standards from their present level can only be an elevation under the guidance of Mao Tsetung Thought. The popularization of revolutionary literature and art actually means sweeping away all the old feudal, bourgeois and revisionist literature and art from every corner, and ensuring that Mao Tsetung Thought firmly occupies the positions in literature and art and that the proletariat exorcises nil-round dictatorship in the literary and art sphere. Therefore, popularization must be given first place. At same time, because the revolution continues to develop and the people advance, literary and art workers must do a good job of raising standards on the basis of popularization to meet the needs of workers, peasants and soldiers.
In creating the model revolutionary theatrical works, the principle of combining popularization with raising Standards is applied. These works portray the brilliant images of worker, peasant and soldier heroes, express their thoughts and feelings and speak what is in their hearts. They are both works of popularization which are "needed and can be readily accepted by the workers, peasants and soldiers themselves," and treasures resulting from raising standards "in the direction in which the workers, peasants and soldiers are themselves advancing" and "in the direction in which the proletariat is advancing." (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art,) We should lake the model revolutionary theatrical works as examples to conscientiously carry out the tasks of struggle-criticism-transformation on the literary and art front.
At present, guided by Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line in literature and art and propelled by the model revolutionary theatrical works, a movement for proletarian revolution in literature and art is gaining momentum. This is a widespread popularization movement to further liberate literature and art from the grip of a few "specialists." Chairman Mao taught us in the Talks: Our specialists in literature and art "should make close contact with comrades engaged in the work of popularizing literature and art among the masses. On the one hand, they should help and guide the popularizers, and on the other, they should learn from these comrades und, through them, draw nourishment from the masses to replenish and enrich themselves." Professional workers in literature and art must follow this teaching of Chairman Mao's, plunge without hesitation into the surging movement for proletarian revolution in literature and art. integrate with the workers, peasants and soldiers well, do their best in the work of popularization and raising the standard and better serve the workers, peasants and soldiers.
Literature and art serving the workers, peasants and soldiers is expressed through specific works of literature and art and artistic images. Therefore, the key lies in doing a good job of creation. Revolutionary literary and art workers must study the valuable experience provided by the model revolutionary theatrical works, study the literature and art produced by the masses and learn to use the creative method advocated by Chairman Mao, that is, the method of combining revolutionary realism with revolutionary romanticism. They must portray with utmost enthusiasm the heroic images of workers, peasants and soldiers abounding with the brilliance of Mao Tsetung Thought. Revolutionary literary and art workers should also make great efforts to create literary and art works of various kinds which are guided by Mao Tsetung Thought, which serve the workers, peasants and soldiers, and in which there is unity of political content and truthfulness and also of revolutionary content and artistry. They .should strive to create excellent works worthy of our great country, great Party, great people and great, army.
Literary and art workers must have a revolutionized work-style if they are to serve the workers, peasants and soldiers. To carry out socialist revolution and socialist construction, the masses of workers, peasants and soldiers fight day and night at the forefront of the three great revolutionary movements. Revolutionary literary and art workers must display the revolutionary spirit of enduring great hardships and develop a revolutionized, militant work-style. They should also persevere In the main orientation of serving the workers, peasants and soldiers and in using the flexible and varied forms of small detachments, small stages and short items to bring revolutionary literature and art directly to the fields, workshops and army companies at appropriate times and serve at the "homes” of workers, peasants and soldiers.
Chairman Mao very incisively pointed out in the Talk: "Today, anything that is truly of the masses must necessarily be led by the proletariat. Whatever is under the leadership of the bourgeoisie cannot possibly be of the masses." To place literary and art work under the leadership of the Party is a fundamental question in Implementing the principle of literature and art serving the workers, peasants and soldiers. Hoisting the reactionary banner of "freedom of creation," Liu Shao-chi, Chou Yang and their gang frantically opposed the leadership of I he Party and turned the entire field of literature and art into an "impenetrable and watertight" independent kingdom. We must firmly remember this historical lesson and, in the course of struggle-criticism-transformation, conscientiously grasp well the work of purifying the class ranks and of Party consolidation and building on the literary and art front, ensure that Mao Tsetung Thought strikes deep roots in the sphere of literature and art, guarantee the all-round implementation of Chairman Mao's revolution a i-y line and the Party's principles and policies, and ensure that leadership in the field of literature and art is placed in the firm grasp of the proletariat.
Let us always raise high the great red banner of Mao Tsetung Thought, follow our great leader Chairman Mao closely, and always continue the revolution and advance valiantly in the direction of literature and art serving the workers, peasants and soldiers so that proletarian literature and art will develop and flourish and the dictatorship of the proletariat will be consolidated and strengthened! | 2019-04-21T02:19:54Z | http://www.wengewang.org/read.php?tid=17988&fpage=13 |
FIND OUT WHETHER BARACK OBAMA IS A NATURAL BORN CITIZEN AS REQUIRED UNDER ARTICLE II OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AND STOP THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE FROM VOTING FOR HIM, IF HE IS NOT!
By now, almost everyone paying attention to the election seems to know that under Article II of the U.S. Constitution, the President has to be a natural born citizen. But hardly anyone seems to know there is no provision in either federal or state law that says anyone, anywhere, has to check. That’s right. Nothing. Even so, voters in general have the right to express preference for a Presidential candidate without respect to qualifications for office. Of course, Electoral College voters must ensure he is at least Constitutionally eligible for the job.
Issue: Given that Article II of the U.S. Constitution says the President must be a natural born citizen, could Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and Chair of the 2008 Democratic National Convention have certified that Barack Obama was “duly nominated” as the Democratic Party’s candidate for POTUS; and could the Party chairs of the Democratic Party in all 50 states and the District of Columbia then have submitted his name to state officials, along with Ms. Pelosi’s certification, to be placed onto the general election ballots; and could state officials have placed his name on the ballot and then certified the final number of votes cast for him; and can he receive the requisite votes for POTUS from the Electoral College (“EC”) when it meets on December 15 and then on January 20, be sworn into office, all without being a natural born citizen?
Answer: Yes, absolutely; if the EC fails to stop him.
In fact, throughout the entire election process, only one opportunity is prescribed in writing to confirm the candidate’s eligibility: when the state in which the candidate seeks to get onto the general election ballot has enacted both a law that says any candidate seeking to get onto the ballot in that state has to satisfy the requirements of the office sought; AND a law that provides for challenging the candidate’s eligibility under state law.
Some have charged that even if being born on the base would otherwise have made him a natural born citizen, he wasn’t actually born on the base but in another hospital outside of the U.S. Zone and so, while he is a citizen, he cannot be considered natural born. (As I just explained above; whether he was born in the Zone or the country has no bearing on the analysis of his status as NBC.) Confronted with these accusations, McCain voluntarily handed over his original long form birth certificate to Washington Post reporters whose investigation confirmed he had been born in the hospital on the base where his mother, still alive, said she gave birth.
On the other hand, nothing has been confirmed about the natural born status of Barack Obama.
As with John McCain, questions have also been raised as to whether Barack Obama is a natural born citizen. As previously stated, McCain responded to these questions by producing his long form birth certificate for the press, which investigators used to confirm his legal status. Here’s what Obama did last June to respond to questions as to his own eligibility: he posted on his web site, “Fight the Smears,” a copy of what his campaign called his “Birth Certificate,” which seemed to indicate he was born in HI. Further, they insisted this document put to rest once and for all questions as to whether he is a natural born citizen. In fact, it did no such thing.
Even assuming the document Obama posted is real; it is still not a “Birth Certificate,” anyway. Its title is “Certification of Live Birth.” (Yes; Annenberg Political FactCheck.org says it’s a real “Birth Certificate.” But keep in mind, Annenberg FactCheck is funded by the Annenberg Foundation, who employed Obama as the Chair of their Chicago Annenberg Challenge (“CAC”), selected by Bill Ayers for that position, where he doled out to community organizations the millions of dollars donated by the Foundation in a failed campaign to increase the test scores of Chicago public school students.) FYI, according to the government web site of the State of HI, officials there will accept a “Certificate of Live Birth” as primary evidence of, say, Hawaiian birth; but they will not accept a “Certification of Live Birth” without additional documentation.
Of course, if he was born in Kenya – a paternal grandmother in Kenya claims to have been present at his birth there – then at no time would he have been a natural born citizen, since his mother had not satisfied the U.S. residency requirements after attaining the age of majority, to automatically pass on her citizenship status to her son.
When Barack Obama Jr. was born on Aug. 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Kenya was a British colony, still part of the United Kingdom’s dwindling empire. As a Kenyan native, Barack Obama Sr. was a British subject whose citizenship status was governed by The British Nationality Act of 1948. That same act governed the status of Obama Sr.‘s children.
Bottom line, just because the Democratic Party nominated Barack Obama as their candidate for President; and just because the state chairs of the Democratic Party in all 50 states and the District of Columbia submitted his name to be placed on the general election ballot; and despite the fact that state officials in all 50 states and the District allowed his name onto the ballot and millions of voters cast their votes for him, this does not mean he is eligible to be President.
Of course, he is not the President; indeed, he is not even the President-elect.
Once the results of the state elections are certified by the appropriate state authorities in each state, the next step in the process of choosing a President is the vote by the Electoral College (“EC”) on December 15. And like every other deliberative body involved with this election, the EC is not legally obligated to determine the candidate’s eligibility, either. Under the United States Constitution and federal law, the electors may cast their votes for anyone they want. However, under the laws of a number of states, the electors in those states must pledge to cast their votes for the candidate who won the state’s Presidential election. And some states have enacted laws that require electors to honor their pledges or their parties. Yet, in the history of the EC, no “faithless elector” has ever been punished for voting for someone other than the Party candidate. But since electors are generally chosen by their respective Party based on criteria like Party loyalty and years of service, they rarely go against the will of the Party. On the other hand, the Presidential electors in each state are presumed to honor the conditions laid out in the U.S. Constitution.
So, what would happen if the EC voted for him and then his ineligibility is confirmed? Under the 20th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the worst that would happen is that Vice President Elect Joe Biden would be sworn in as President on January 20. Then, he would choose a VP of his own, subject to Congressional approval. (Note 01.08.11: this scenario presumes, Congress makes clear, it will not Certify the vote of the Electors based on the fact, they elected an ineligible President. Please see expanded analysis in QUALIFIED ≠ ELIGIBLE.) Of course, if EC voters receive information before December 15 that Obama is ineligible for the job, pledged or not, it is unimaginable they would still cast their votes for him. Only, how are they ever going to get this information?
Several citizens have already filed lawsuits in both federal and state court to address the issue of whether Barack Obama satisfies the Article II requirement that the President must be a natural born citizen. The stated goal in several of these suits is to get the court to compel state officials – usually, the S of S – to vet the candidate as to eligibility, by arguing such vetting is a requirement of the job. That is, having sworn an oath to uphold the Constitution these state officials must verify the candidate’s eligibility. However, while some state laws explicitly require the political party to submit only the names of eligible candidates for inclusion on the state’s general election ballot; as previously stated in this memo, no state law requires a state official to confirm the eligibility of the candidate the major political party submits. As such, most judges have already dismissed these suits, ruling that the nexus between swearing to uphold the Constitution and having to investigate a candidate’s eligibility for POTUS is too attenuated for the court to compel the specific performance sought in the suit.
Some of the lawsuits filed in state courts have also been dismissed for lack of standing. That is, the Plaintiff lacked the particularized interest in the case of, say, another candidate on the general election ballot. Able to circumvent this barrier to standing, Alan Keyes, former U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. under President Reagan and candidate for POTUS under the American Independent Party filed a suit in CA attempting to prevent the Secretary of State from submitting California’s 55 electoral votes until Obama provides proof of his US citizenship.
The petition filed in August by Plaintiff Phil Berg, Attorney, in federal district court in PA is different. He asked the court merely to Declare whether Obama is a natural born citizen based on several documents he asked the court to order Obama to produce. He named as Defendants Obama, the DNC, and the FEC.
In Opposition to Berg’s Motion, Defendant Obama, joined by the DNC, insisted he does not have to produce evidence he is a natural born citizen. He pointed out that Mr. Berg is just one of millions of voters with no special interest in whether he is eligible. That is, as an individual citizen, he lacked standing to bring this action in the first place. Thus, under Article III of the U.S. Constitution, he had failed to present a “case or controversy” for consideration by the federal court. Justice Surrick agreed, granting Defendants’ Joint Motion to Dismiss. It is this ruling against Plaintiff’s Motion for Declarative Judgment on the basis he lacks standing that Berg has appealed up to the Supreme Court of the United States (“SCOTUS”), asking for Certiorari, meaning, an agreement to review the case. The SCOTUS has given Obama until December 1, 2008 to submit his arguments against Berg’s request for cert. But even if the court grants cert. AND rules in Berg’s favor on the issue of standing; the case will then be thrown back to the trial court for a new hearing, which could stall on deliberations over other procedural issues, without reaching the substantive issue of Obama’s eligibility for POTUS. In the meantime, the EC vote will already have taken place. Since they – like you – have no conclusive evidence Obama is not a natural born citizen, without demanding such proof, their vote for him is a fait accompli.
So, other than the EC, can anyone else prevent this from happening? Yes. You. You can bring the court case that will survive the challenge from Obama, the Plaintiff lacks standing.
Issue: Given that the President functions as Commander in Chief (“CIC”) of the armed services under the U.S. Constitution; that the CIC is authorized to order members of the armed services, including the national guard, into combat duty; that while serving combat duty such combatants may logically be required to inflict casualties on the enemy; and that causing the death of another under the color of law but not the rule of law could subject that combatant to criminal charges of murder and, on conviction, to execution for his crime; does a member of the military or national guard, currently deployed in or scheduled for deployment to a combat situation, have the particularized standing required by the federal court so as to create a case or controversy under Article III of the U.S. Constitution to successfully petition the federal court to examine whether Barack Obama is a natural born citizen and rule on his eligibility to be POTUS?
The elements that would establish standing in federal court, and which Judge Surrick found missing in the Berg case; would be present in a case where the nexus between the injury that would likely result if Obama is not a natural born citizen is more direct. For example, if Obama is not a natural born citizen then he is legally ineligible to be POTUS. And that means any orders he issues under the color of law of POTUS lack the real authority of law. Commanding troops to go into combat where they will likely inflict casualties on the enemy, if illegal, thus exposes soldiers to the death penalty under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, merely for doing what they believed was their job. (Conversely, under the Code, questioning the legitimacy of the President to hold this position once he is in office subjects soldiers to discipline under “Contempt for Officials.”) This nexus between Obama’s ineligibility and the likely harm that would result establishes standing, in the eyes of the law.
Mr. Obama also pointed out to the court that alleging a violation of Article II “fails to state a claim for which relief can be granted because it fails to establish a cause of action.” Mr. Berg justified his presence before the court by citing the Declaratory Judgment Act. But as Obama successfully argued, this Act only affords a procedural remedy to an underlying cause of action. Thus, “a court must find an independent basis for jurisdiction.” And there is no federal cause of action under Article II. But he was wrong.
There certainly is a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. §1983 for soldiers who would be compelled to engage in conduct that could result in execution, deprived of due process of law because their Commander in Chief is ineligible for office.
be liable to the party injured in an action at law …. “In order to bring action under §1983, one must allege that defendant violated plaintiff‘s constitutional rights and the deprivation must have been committed by a person acting under color of state law. Barna v. City of Perth Amboy, 42 F.3d 809, 816 (3rd Cir. 1994). Under the definition of acting under state law, the defendant in a §1983 action must have exercised power ”possessed by virtue of state law and made possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law.“ West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 49 ( 1988 ) (quoting U.S. v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299, 326 (1941)).
And there’s a cause of action under that same law for all of the families of all of those members of the armed forces, including National Guard members who would be deprived of their loved ones under such a scheme.
The most obvious “person” subjecting Plaintiff(s) to this unlawful “deprivation” in a §1983 suit is the S of S in Plaintiff’s state. But Defendants could also include Barack Obama; Nancy Pelosi; the DNC; and the state Party chair, since all of these people were inextricably bound up in the governmental function of carrying out the election to be deemed state actors in this enterprise.
In conclusion, no one has verified candidate for POTUS Barack Obama is a natural born citizen as required by the U.S. Constitution, notwithstanding the EC is poised to cast their votes for him on December 15. Unless someone produces documentary evidence establishing he was born in Kenya, the only forum to conclusively decide his legal status lies in federal court. This means filing a suit that would survive a challenge to standing. Given the recent pronouncements by the court in the several cases pending, among the Plaintiffs who could establish standing necessary to force this inquiry are members of the military or National Guard scheduled for deployment or about to be scheduled for deployment to a combat zone; and members of their families.
This entry was posted on Sunday, November 30th, 2008 at 14:00 and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
92 Responses to FIND OUT WHETHER BARACK OBAMA IS A NATURAL BORN CITIZEN AS REQUIRED UNDER ARTICLE II OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AND STOP THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE FROM VOTING FOR HIM, IF HE IS NOT!
Well that would automatically disqualify BO wouldn’t it and put McCain in his place?
What Happens if Obama is Declared Ineligible to be President….
LINK TO PETITION REQUIRING OBAMA TO PROVIDE PROOF. IF YOU WISH, SIGN AND PASS IT ON TO ALL YOUR EMAIL FRIENDS.
with all the controversy about his Birth Certificate, he should be made to show it. If John McCain did then he ought to also.
The Director of the Hawaii State Health Department and the Registrar of Vital Records for the State of Hawaii have publically stated that Obama’s birth certificate is authentic and on file. The information on the Certification of Live Birth that has been posted on the web since June is taken directly from the vault copy birth certificate.
JamesE: Become a more discerning reader when it comes to anything related to Obama. The opening salvo of your linked article reads, “The state’s Department of Health director on Friday released a statement verifying the legitimacy of Sen. Barack Obama birth certificate.” This merely gives us the opinion of the writer. Now, let’s examine the quote on which, presumably, he based his conclusion.
“Therefore, I as Director of Health for the State of Hawai‘i, along with the Registrar of Vital Statistics who has statutory authority to oversee and maintain these type of vital records, have personally seen and verified that the Hawai‘i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama’s original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures,” Fukino said.
As you can see, despite writing this article, this reporter fails to provide us with any conclusive information that would aid our analysis as to whether Barack Obama is a natural born citizen under the U.S. Constitution and thus eligible for POTUS. And, as a lay person, you have (presumably unintentionally) compounded his mistake.
When I was a child, I was told that Hawaii became a state in 1959. I’m curious why you believe it belonged to the British Empire in 1961….
and citizenship status. It was supposed to take effect in all 50 States by May 2008, by all DMV.
If Obama has, or, renews his drivers license he must comply.
What about FOIA on Obama’s Children? Their BC would have to show the “Parent’s” info!
I have been “Searching” for the EXACT DATE when Stanley Ann Dunham, or her Parent’s, became Resident’s of Hawaii. So far, I have only been able to find that she Graduated High School from Mercer Island, WA in 1960. I’ve read that she was not to Happy to go Hawaii. If Ann was registered to go to the University of Hawaii she most likely would have started classes in September 1960.
Hawaii State Law’s require that a Resident has to have lived there for at least “one” year.
[§338-17.8] Certificates for children born out of State. (a) Upon application of an adult or the legal parents of a minor child, the director of health shall issue a birth certificate for such adult or minor, provided that proof has been submitted to the director of health that the legal parents of such individual while living without the Territory or State of Hawaii had declared the Territory or State of Hawaii as their legal residence for at least one year immediately preceding the birth or adoption of such child.
Ann Dunham (a minor) and. or, her Parent’s would have to have taken residence prior to August 04, or, 08 in 1960.
If they took residence in Hawaii “AFTER” August 04, 1960 she would not meet the one year residence that is required.
I have searched numerous website’s to no avail.
BC of Obama might not have been Legal.
If I recall correctly I think Andy Martin has done some research along the lines you’re speaking.
contrariancommentary.blogspot.com is one site to start.
I noticed that he used 338-18 in his “case”.
Maybe 338-17.8 should be added, and, or investigated.
Birth Certificate’s with the “Parent’s” , Full Names, Address, “RACE”, etc..
Maybe there are less restriction’s on getting the info in Illinois than Hawaii?
At 18 did Barack Obama register , as other American fellows who are citizens have to do?
I am not a fan of our president elect, I am much too pro- life , but are not his comments worthy of quote , in this instance , when he was asked about Sarah Palin’s daughter’s pregnancy? Look it up , sensible sounding to me!
Whatever ! A Republic -Democracy may take a while but it is self- correcting ..
that will happen should the Lord think the nation is deserving .. and even if undeserving , should He be in a forgiving mode .
I can’t be happy about Obama’s obvious positions on abortion. Not a very natural action all the slaughter by abortion of white , black and other helpless babies. Wasted future citizens with the potential to contribute , having eyes ears hands and feet and other essential human qualifications for citizenship.
It is not all up to the heavens ..there is work to be done ..no need to freeze in fear or dismiss the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
Racist garbage! This is an undignified attack by yet another pseudo scholar of the American Constitution! May God save us from such perverted claims to knowledge of the law!
There are several issues to address here. First, some insist Obama must be hiding something since if he would just produce his “long form” birth certificate it would answer all the questions. As the article noted, no official had the legal duty to verify Obama’s citizenship, thus he had no legal duty to provide it to anyone. Even if he did, it would not resolve the issue-first, because Obama’s enemies would insist the “long form” birth certificate was a forgery, and second, because they are now promoting the theory that even if he was born in Hawaii he is ineligible because he father was an alien. He also didn’t need to produce anything to get the cases against him dismissed because the paintiffs lacked standing-as an attorney, I never produce evidence if I can get a case dismissed as a matter of law.
Second, this is primarily a political issue which, Bush v. Gore notwithstanding, the SCOTUS is loathe to get involved in. Contrary to the article, it is not a slam-dunk that Obama Sr.’s alien status makes Obama ineligible for the presidency. No court has ever ruled that a person born on US soil to an American parent is ineligible to be president because another parent is an alien. Thus Obama is not ineligible as a matter of law-his enemies only have an argument that he is ineligible, an argument the courts will not hear. There has been, however, an extensive political process during which the issue could have been brought to the attention of the voters. Obama and Clinton were locked in an extended battle for the Democratic nomination during which she could have made the argument that he was ineligible, but she did not. McCain had months to campaign against Obama for the presidency but he also did not argue that Obama was ineligible. You can’t blame the MSM for not making an issue out of Obama’s father when his opponents didn’t even think it was worth mentioning. Now 67 million Americans have expressed their opinion that Obama is qualified for the presidency, and soon 365 electors will cast their ballots for his election-so why would the SCOTUS risk a constitutional crisis when, through the many months of this presidential campaign, Hillary Clinton, John McCain and 67 million American voters all agree that Obama is eligible to be president?
The theory that members of the Armed Forces would have standing to challenge the election results because if Obama is ineligible for the presidency then any military action ordered by him as CinC would be illegal exposing them to criminal prosecution is also bogus. In order to be convicted of a crime, one must have the requisite intent, thus a soldier cannot be convicted of following the otherwise legal orders of a CinC who was voted president by the electoral college and sworn in as POTUS, thus they would not have standing.
This finally leaves the conspiracy theories: first, that Obama was really born in Kenya and forged his birth certificate, and second, that he was adopted by his stepfather in Indonesia and thereby lost his US citizenship. The Kenyan birth theory is so far-fetched that even on the Texas Darlin blog (and nobody hates Obama more than they do), they have concluded that Obama almost certainly was born in Hawaii. A contemporaneous birth announcement was provided Hawaiian newspapers by the Hawaiian Office of Vital Statistics which in turn received it from a Hawaiian hospital-it was not planted by Obama’s grandparents as part of conspiracy which started at his birth (don’t take my word, its on the Texas Darlin Blog).
The Indonesian adoption theory is based on a school record allegedly filled out by his stepfather stating Obama’s nationality is Indonesian. Obama’s enemies have failed to produce a single document showing Obama was actually adopted, despite the fact that both the Clintons and the GOP had months to conduct opposition research on Obama. Without such documents there is no reason to believe that a formal adoption of Obama by his stepfather occurred, or that even if he was adopted, they took whatever additional steps would have been necessary to make Obama a citizen of Indonesia (as the father of adopted children from China, I know that adopting children does not automatically grant them US citizenship).
You can’t hang your hat on a school record alone-I would hazard a guess that a school in a third-world country would not have demanded extensive documentary evidence that a child was actually a citizen. Heck, at about the same time Obama was being enrolled in school there, my mother lied about my brother’s age to get him enrolled in school in England.
In the extremely unlikely event that one of these conspiracy theories proves out, there is a political process available to resolve the issue-impeachment. There is also the next election, in 2012, when the voters can remove Obama from office themselves if they so choose. The courts are not going to get involved in an attempt to nullify the results of a presidential election. There is no constitutional crisis-the voters have expressed their opinion that Obama is qualified to be president and there is no express definition of “natural born” citizen to the contrary. Your next best shot at getting Obama out as president is the next election four years from now.
Obama is definitely an illegal alien.
obama is a thug, why is this guy hiding his birth certificate, sealed all his transcripts? only one word FAKE. The guy is not a USA citizen and should be taken to gitmo for treason.
I think I will go to the El dorado Kansas court house Monday and file a motion to seek obama’s birth certificate. Wouldn’t that be appropriate since his commie mother stanley ann dunham lived there for a couple of years. google obama’s momma. I think you will be real surprised. Fruit doesn’t fall far from the tree.
On Dec 5 the Supreme Court will either allow or disallow the usurpation of both the Constitution and the Government of the United States — easily the most pivotal decision since our nation’s founding — and the silence of the news media is deafening (if not downright scary).
No matter how many times this garbage is debunked, you people keep bringing it back up.
You lost. Now get over it.
Slagtastic, the USA will lose if Obama gets sworn into office and is NOT eligible. Our national security will be compromised and he will be subject to blackmail from anyone who would KNOW his situation. He has teams of LAWYERS covering for him on this… so you bet there are people who know the truth.
All he has to do is release the records that have been covered up. If they come out OK, then we can all breathe a sigh of relief. If not, the sooner we know the better and the less damage done.
For me, it’s not about whether or not I like that he won, it’s about the integrity of our Constitution and the future stability of our country.
If we lay aside the question of Obama being born in Hawaii (he WAS born in Hawaii) and consider only the law cases that seek to disqualify him for reasons other than the location of his birth, we find that there are three approaches.
(1) Revolving around Obama allegedly having lost his US citizenship due to dual nationality with Indonesia, when he went there when his mother re-married and when he attended Indonesian schools.
(2) Revolving around Obama allegedly having lost his US citizenship due to allegedly having traveled on a foreign passport (an Indonesian passport).
(3) Revolving around Obama allegedly not being a natural-born US citizen due to the combination of his having dual nationality at birth because of his father’s being a Kenyan (at the time a British subject since Kenya was a colony at the time).
Taking these up in order.
As to (1) there have been several Supreme Court rulings on this, with the decision being in all cases that a child cannot lose his US citizenship due to having the combination of dual nationality and his parents renouncing his US citizenship when he was a child. The court ruled that only when a person becomes an adult can she or he themselves relinquish US citizenship.
Marie Elizabeth Elg was born in the US to Swedish parents, who took her back with them to Sweden when she was a baby. Shortly after her 21st birthday, she obtained a US passport and returned to the US.
Some years later, the US government attempted to deport her on the grounds that when her parents had taken her to live in Sweden, she had become a Swedish citizen (under Swedish law), and as a result had lost her US citizenship. It was argued that an 1869 citizenship treaty between the US and Sweden, providing for the orderly transfer of citizenship by immigrants, called for loss of US citizenship following Swedish naturalization. This was one of the so-called “Bancroft Treaties” enacted between the US and numerous other countries between 1868 and 1937.
The Supreme Court ruled, unanimously, that the actions of Elg’s parents in obtaining Swedish citizenship for their daughter could not prevent her from reclaiming US citizenship and returning to the US as an adult, provided she did so within a reasonable time after reaching adulthood.
Obama returned to the USA before he was an adult.
As to (3): This is a completely novel legal theory brought by Leo C. Donofrio, which argues that even if Obama was born in Hawaii the simple fact that his father was from Kenya and did not have US citizenship at the time of Obama’s birth meant that Obama was not “natural born” because natural born means more than the place of birth. Donofrio argues that the natural-born citizenship requirement of Article II should be read in the context of the 14th Amendment which says that a citizen must be born or naturalized AND “subject to the jurisdiction” of the USA.
Donofrio argues that Obama was not subject to the jurisdiction of the USA because his father was not a citizen and hence Obama was under the jurisdiction of the other country.
This is a highly novel theory, but the Supreme Court does not often accept novel theories. Moreover, this flies in the face of the simple fact that Article II of the constitution does not specifically rule out dual nationality, and that the common-language definition of a natural-born citizen has so far meant a person who was born in the USA. The issue of jurisdiction is unclear. It is unlikely to mean what Donofrio says, which was that Obama at the time of his birth was under the “jurisdiction” of Kenya or Britain.
More likely, jurisdiction means only that Obama was not born in a foreign embassy or consulate, where he would be under the jurisdiction of a foreign government.
To be sure, he had dual nationality, but the constitution does not rule out people who have dual nationality from being president. If it had intended to do so, it would have. So, the Donofrio theory is unlikely to get the votes of the strict constructionists on the court, and the theory is not likely to get the votes of the liberals or the swing votes.
“Dirty Pool” at the Supreme Court apparently on behalf of Obama currently usurping YOUR Constitution: Leo Donofrio’s companion case, brought by Cort Wrotnowski, with fuller/better briefing showing Obama is not an Article II “natural born citizen” reportedly has been sidetracked to the anthrax lab to deprive the full Court from seeing those filings in connection with Donofrio’s case this Friday, Dec 5, 2008. DO SOMETHING AMERICA!!!
Please do NOT give up! This is exactly what they want us to do – to give up and let them rob us of our freedon, our liberty and our country! If our founding fathers had given up their fight we won’t be enjoying our free country now.
We will seek justice to the end. We will do whatever it takes to uphold the Constitution. Nothing can stop us. The truth will prevail. We can overcome corruption, deceits and whatever they throw at us. The fact that they are resorting to such despictable tactics as using the “anthrax test” as excuse to delay the case show that they are really frightened that the case will be heard. We have made progress and we simply should not and cannot give up now. Leo, we are behind you 100%. Time and patience is on our side. Even if they managaed to drag it on they will only make it worse for themselves – an ineligible president will cause chaos. When/If that happens, we will have even stronger voices, greater strengths to wake up the waylaid Americans, put the traitors where they belong, and put our country back on the right track.
Just out of curiosity, what would it take to convince you that Obama’s a natural born U.S. citizen?
Also, you do know, I trust, that Walter Annenberg was a Republican. Judge Surrick in Pennsylvania is a Republican.
Are Republicans in Obama’s pocket, too?
01.21.11: I am re-reading comments looking for something I said and found this incorrect statement regarding dual citizenship as a barrier to being natural born. I want to correct this mistake now. As I realized after I wrote this, without a ruling from the federal appellate court, no one knows what constitutes being a NBC.
In the time it took you to write that, you would have been better off having a beer and reflecting on what you were about to type.
1) You do realize that there is a difference between “citizen” and “natural born citizen”, right? The Swedish girl was declared a “citizen” .. nothing more.
2) No one is arguing that travelling on a foreign passport is automatic grounds for loss of citizenship. Indonesia, at the time in question, did not recognize dual citizenship. To get an Indonesian passport, you must be an Indonesian citizen. To have attended public school in Indonesia, he again must have been an Indonesian citizen. I shouldn’t have to hold your hand through this.
3) “the common-language definition of a natural-born citizen has so far meant a person who was born in the USA” – Wrong. That is referred to as a “native born citizen”. Refer to U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark and you’ll see the justices make a clear distinction between “native born” and “natural born”.
Prayers, praying that the TRUTH will come into the light for all to see…Amen.
Maybe my approach is oer simplistic, but all I need is a certified long form birth certificate and college school records. If he was born an American citizen and went to school as an American citizen (after he turned 18), then I think he’s a citizen (able to run). If, on the other hand he wasn’t born a citizen or he went to school under the guise of being a non-citizen, foreign exchange or whatever (where I feel like he freely gave up any US citizenship he may have had) then he needs to admit he’s not eligible to run and step down. Either way, he needs to give up the paperwork and let us all move on. I don’t like almost everything about him. He scares me for our nation’s sake. Having said that, with the help of the main stream media (who should be VERY ashamed), it appears he bought the election and may be our president… if he is constitutionally eligible. If he doesn’t get with it soon though and give up the information, he’ll be crap to us all, and not our president, forever.
ONLY picture that has ever turned up of him with his “father” Obama Sr.
Hey jbjd – how about Soldier4Hillary who is a regular poster over at NQ? I think her name is Patty or Patsy. She was a passionate and vocal supporter of HRC but since campaigning for Barry and then accepting the SOS Soldier is not as enamored.
Larry and Susan would know how to get a hold of her. I think she is stationed either at Camp Lejeune or Fort Bragg. She might be interested. As well, she’s a young, black, extremely articulate and very thoughtful woman.
I think she’d be perfect too!
You know another person that comes to mind is the young fellow who posted a YouTube video telling the world why he as a young black man wasn’t going to vote for the one. He was very articulate and spoke his mind, which I found refreshing.
HE ADMITS OPENLY THAT HIS FATHER WAS A BRITISH CITIZEN at the time of his own birth in 1961.
Neither Obama not McCain nor Calero are NBC.
Nor can any court defined them otherwise, or change the definition.
Because the definitin of a “natural born citizen” is a historical fact, not a legal determination, it is a truth of history and political philosophy.
You can no more change that definition of De Vattle’s, that you could demand that 1 +1 = 3 just because the Supreme Court says so.
Those who claim Obama is a NBC, have given themselves lobotomies, and abandoned all reason….in a word, they are MAD and INSANE for the sake of their political GOD.
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (who, I hope, knows the Constitution and all this legal stuff as well as anybody) has a hell of a decision to make on Jan. 20.
This is my response to any one who ever asks me to write another letter the existing Congress, Senate or Supreme Court. NOT UNTIL EVERY ELECTED AND APPOINTED OFFICIAL IN THIS CURRENT SLATE IS REMOVED WILL I WASTE MY INTEGRITY WRITING TO ANY OF THEM. THEY ARE TRAITORS—EACH AND EVERY ONE OF THEM. I WILL IN NO WAY SHAPE OR FORM ACKNOWLEDGE OR VALIDATE ANY ONE OF THEM AS MY REPRESENTIVES IN THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AS THE US CONSTITUTION WAS WRITTEN. EACH AND EVERY ONE OF THEM FAILED TO KEEP THEIR OATH TO UPHOLD AND PROTECT THE CONSTITUTION OF AMERICA!
You are in as much of a fog of confusion as all of us. On one hand you readily acknolwedge that our Congress and Senate has failed us by refusing to hear the calls and letters we sent them regarding Obama’s “natural born citizen” status. On the other hand you are asking us to write to our Congress regarding a new bill to be voted upon. It is apparent reality hasn’t hit us yet.
If Congress failed America on the most important issue in American history–the installation of a Usurper as President,– what on earth makes you think it is still OUR CONGRESS? We no longer have a Congress, Senate, or Supreme Court that gives a rats tail about us. I will never again write to a dead government.
The only issue left is terminating all our elected officials before their terms expire. WE must concentrate on finding every way to publicly expose them for the treason they committed against America and terminate them for breach of fiduciary duty, misrepresentation, conspiracy, and treason. These elected officials are not politicians in office. They are criminals! They should be behind bars. We should be doing every thing in our power to indict all of them. We must constantly remind the public of Congress, Sennate and The Supreme Court’s betrayal of America! There no longer is a Congress that exists for the people!
John McCain was not born on a Military Base. His mother left the base and went into the city to a regular hospital. John was born off the base in the city and in a regular hospital.
Besides this was not a regular military base as we have today in most cases.
Even at that the military base would have to be sovereign land of USA.
SORRY I thought about this for a very long time. John McCain is simply not a natural born citizen.
1. I am required to obey “lawful orders”.
All persons in the military service are required to strictly obey and promptly execute the legal orders of their lawful seniors.
2. I am required to disobey certain “unlawful orders”.
(a) Lawfulness of the order.
(i) Inference of lawfulness. An order requiring the performance of a military duty or act may be inferred to be lawful and it is disobeyed at the peril of the subordinate. This inference does not apply to a patently illegal order, such as one that directs the commission of a crime.
(ii) Determination of lawfulness. The lawfulness of an order is a question of law to be determined by the military judge.
(1) Violation of or failure to obey a lawful general order or regulation.
(a) Authority to issue general orders and regulations.
(iii) a commander superior to (i) or (ii).
(c) Lawfulness. A general order or regulation is lawful unless it is contrary to the Constitution, the laws of the United States, or lawful superior orders or for some other reason is beyond the authority of the official issuing it. See the discussion of lawfulness in paragraph 14c(2)(a).
4. I am aware (unfortunately) that significant doubt exists as to the constitutional elegibility of my current Commander in Chief.
“No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
(substantive due process- Laws must be written so that a reasonable person can understand what is criminal behavior ).
7. I assert that I am entitled to a CLEAR and UNAMIBIGUOUS chain of command as a Soldier subject to OBEYING lawful orders. I recognize the fact a military judge IAW the MCM determines the nature of lawful orders in the case of trials by courts-martial. I contend that a Soldier should know implicitly the legality of an order from the President PRIOR to military trial; such would require a determination by the highest civilian court of these United States.
(d) Obedience to orders. It is a defense to any offense that the accused was acting pursuant to orders unless the accused knew the orders to be unlawful or a person of ordinary sense and understanding would have known the orders to be unlawful.
Ordinarily the lawfulness of an order is finally decided by the military judge. See R.C.M. 801(e). An exception might exist when the sole issue is whether the person who gave the order in fact occupied a certain position at the time. An act performed pursuant to a lawful order is justified. See subsection (c) of this rule. An act performed pursuant to an order is excused unless the accused knew it to be unlawful or a person of ordinary sense and understanding would have known it to be unlawful.
Anyway, jbjd, thanks for your reason and clarity regarding this constitutional crisis.
A. Plaintiff, an active member of the United States Armed Forces, has significant reason to believe defendant is constitutionally ineligible to serve as Commander in Chief and consequently is unable to issue “lawful orders” to said plaintiff.
B. Plaintiff is subject to punishment IAW military jurisprudence due to his awareness of defendant’s questionable eligibility to issue said orders. Plaintiff is required by military regulation to disobey orders that are understood to be unlawful (patently of a criminal nature).
C. Plaintiff can only prove defendants ineligibility through placing himself in peril of military courts-martial due to the regulatory constraints of active service in the Armed Forces. Plaintiff asserts that his 5th Amendment rights have been violated by the defendant regarding the immanent threat of deprivation “of life, liberty,…without due process of law”. Specifically, the defendant is uniquely capable of violating “substantive due process” by which the defendant’s executive orders have subjected plaintiff to laws that are not clearly understood by a reasonable (informed) person as to whether they are of a criminal nature due to the questionable lack of issuing authorities qualification.
D. Plaintiff has three courses of action (COA) for redress of grievances- violate his oath of enlistment to “obey the [lawful] orders of the President” and follow all instructions of his usurping Commander in Chief, disobey the orders of the President and await adjudication by a military judge as to the [lawful] nature of said order, or seek discovery by the highest civilian court of the United States. The first COA is contrary to all precepts regarding the military obligation of service members to disobey “unlawful orders” IAW the Manual for Courts-Martial and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The second and third COA would require defendant to prove his eligibility. The second COA unfairly subjects defendant to potential punishment IAW the regulations of the Armed Forces.
E. Does plaintiff have to risk loss of liberty (or life) to seek redress or is he entitled to discovery by civilian authorities to protect his constitutional rights? Plaintiff contends the third COA is the only reasonable method to resolve the issue of defendant’s constitutional eligibility to serve as plaintiff’s Commander in Chief.
The Washington Post article about McCain’s birth on some “Coco Solo medical facility” (with no documentation of it) is incorrect. There is a BC copy from the Live Birth Records of the Panama Railroad Company that shows McCain was born in Colon Hospital in Colon, Republic of Panama which was not – and still is not – part of the Canal Zone.
It was incorporated in the Hollander v. McCain lawsuit in NH district court under case #1:08-cv-00009 but you have to dig to pull it out.
We are a military family, and we thank you for your attempts to have this Orly person change the terms of her contract. We have tried numerous times and our comments were deleted. We asked her to retract and apologize and she responded by calling us “cowards.” We are not cowards, many members of my family have died in the service of our country. My sons, ARE serving in Iraq. My daughter was deployed a few months ago. Yet, this woman had the audacity to call them, and their families “Cowards,” while they risk their lives, as I did in the past to protect our country. That was the last straw.
We contacted Central Command, and as per their instructions,we cannot comment any further on the matter, beyond what I have stated here.
JTX, that is a common mistake made as to the City of Colon being in the PMZ. Actually Colon and Panama City were specifically excluded in the treaty. The US had absolutely no jurisdiction over the city of Colon.Here is the Article relevant to the issue. There were changes to this treaty, but this part never changed. McCain is not at natural born citizen. He obtained his citizenship by statute.
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States in perpetuity the use, occupation and control of a zone of land and land under water for the construction maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of said Canal of the width of ten miles extending to the distance of five miles on each side of the center line of the route of the Canal to be constructed; the said zone beginning in the Caribbean Sea three marine miles from mean low water mark and extending to and across the Isthmus of Panama into the Pacific ocean to a distance of three marine miles from mean low water mark *with the proviso that the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities, which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described, shall not be included within this grant.* The Republic of Panama further grants to the United States in perpetuity the use, occupation and control of any other lands and waters outside of the zone above described which may be necessary and convenient for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the said Canal or of any auxiliary canals or other works necessary and convenient for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the said …. | 2019-04-19T12:17:47Z | https://jbjd.org/2008/11/30/find-out-whether-barack-obama-is-a-natural-born-citizen-as-required-under-article-ii-of-the-us-constitution-and-stop-the-electoral-college-from-voting-for-him-if-he-is-not/ |
Cerberus has a very detailed and well linked post here which I would commend to any and all that read this blog that have not already read this post of the three headed dog's. Personally I would have thought the basis behind religious tolerance within our secular society was fairly obvious, but then I actually enjoyed learning about history something I fear many these days can't seem to be bothered with. The reason for religious tolerance is very simple, throughout human history wars fought over religious differences have almost always been the most ugly, most intractable, and longest running. The reason for this should be fairly clear, religious faith is for those that believe a core element of their worldview and their lives, therefore if it is felt to be under threat will generate an equivalent level of response in defence. One of the main reasons for the success of the USA historically was because it allowed religious diversity as a core value and that the State had no business placing the interests of any one religion or even sect within that religion ahead of any other. Why was this so obvious to the American Founding Fathers? Simple, most of them had emigrated from a Europe that had spent the last century or so waging sectarian warfare and had seen just how dangerous it was to have an official State religion and wanted to set up a State where this evil could be prevented within it, and they managed to succeed brilliantly for a couple of centuries for the most part, although the last couple of decades or so have significantly undermined this alas.
We in this country have done the same. I have in my life been friends with Christians of varying sects, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Shinto, and Wiccans, just to name a few Faiths within the great Canadian mosaic. While each had their own beliefs they were all equally Canadians and accepted that in this country the rights of all religions were to be equally respected/tolerated within our society in order to preserve the freedom of worship for all. They accepted that the way to increase their own Faith's acceptance in this society was through example and persuasion, not by forced conversion. This was fine by me, indeed I would argue this is how it should be done and not by using the tools of the State to advance the agenda of any one Faith or sect within that Faith.
Which is why when I see any religious bigotry/intolerance it raises my hackles. Which was the case with some of the bilge I saw at the Western Standard thread that triggered this post at Cerberus. Like Cerberus I recognize that it is unlikely the majority of Conservatives in this country would accept the POV demonstrated in that WS thread any more than I and those at the link at Cerberus would. What does bother me about seeing this at the Shotgun blog though is that the Western Standard is the most openly Conservative and CPC supporting national publication in this country. The publisher has strong ties to the top level of the CPC and this CPC government. Therefore seeing the degree of intolerance not only being written there but for the most part being agreed with I find more than a little disturbing. It would be one thing if this was some no namer's blog (like my own for example, I have no illusions about myself in this regard) this was from, this though is a blog with national prominence under the title of what is supposedly the voice of Canadian Conservatism. That I have a big problem with.
I also find the degree of open hatred for those that do not share their POV more than a little worrisome as well. While I oppose the CPC and even consider it real threat to the long term viability/stability of this nation I do not hate them, I do not hate Harper. What I do feel is strong concern, and a need to oppose them because I do not trust the ideology from which the CPC leadership has been clearly influenced by, the writings of a man by the name of Leo Strauss (article link thanks to POGGE). This man's beliefs among others is that only an elite is qualified to shape national policy and the acceptance of the "noble lie" in the pursuit and maintaining of power. I consider both of these principles to be inherently dangerous to the idea of democracy, and Canada operates under a representational democracy in the form of a Constitutional Parliamentary structure. The tendency towards increased polarization of seeing everything in two camps us (the "good" guys) and everyone else (the "bad" guys) worries me, as I am someone that believes in reality rarely ever being so simplistic in nature, especially where human interactions/behaviours are concerned. When I see this I worry regardless of the political/social affiliations involved.
We have seen in our American neighbour a tendency to try to turn everything into us vs them binary configurations. We have seen the rise of religious bigotry into public policy de facto if not yet de jure. We have seen those that push for religious supremacy of their sectarian beliefs align themselves with those that follow the teachings of Leo Strauss, also referred to as the neoconservative movement aka neocons. Now while I will be the first to admit that the term neocon has been abused by those that oppose the Conservative movement in this country there is still an element of accuracy in the charge where our current PM is concerned. We also have seen our own Conservative party combine religious politics and the Canadian equivalent of the neoconservative philosophy (The Calgary School) (see also this post at The Galloping Beaver on this group) in the current configuration of the CPC. So we see the potential of the ugly religious bigotry that has consumed the GOP doing the same in this party, which is one of the reasons there are those that fear a "hidden agenda" to the CPC, the "noble lie" of Straussian teachings being the other main reason for this fear.
However, what is most disturbing about what has been going on at the Shotgun and within many of the online Canadian Conservative movement is the increased willingness to portray their opposition as unpatriotic, terrorist sympathizers, and in general not just to be opposed but to be at best incarcerated ant worst taken out and shot. I see an increasing acceptance of dehumanization of their political foes, which quite honestly scares the hell out of me. Hatred of their enemies is seen as natural, whereas I see hatred of the enemy as becoming the enemy. I wish I knew how to fight this better than just trying to draw attention to it but I do not. I do know though that the last time I saw this kind of insanity prior to the current movements was back in the left political movement in the USA back during the late 60s into the 70s, and I no more found that acceptable then than I do now in the Conservative movement.
Any party regardless of affiliation that embraces the politics of division and hatred is an inherent danger to the multicultural nation that is Canada. While there has always been a certain amount of the politics of division it has been rooted in the difference regions of this rather large country. What I have been seeing develop though that really troubles me is that politics of division being employed not on the traditional region differences but within the differences of political affiliations and of social sub-groupings, and that worries me greatly. What was seen at the Shotgun may be the fringe of the Conservative movement currently. However, it's apparent acceptance by that publication worries me that this is becoming more and more acceptable within that political movement. I also find the willingness to equate opposition to Conservative policy and ideas with support for terrorism and radical/extremism more than a little worrisome. I find the acceptance of several in the online community of hate-mongers like Anne Coulter and to a lesser extent Michelle Malkin downright scary.
Hatred is one of if not the most destructive and dangerous of all human emotions. It allows for the dehumanization of those it is focused upon which in turn allows for atrocity to be done to that target focus. It destroys not only the focus of the hatred but the souls of those doing the hating. It is quite possibly the single most important underpinning to the various atrocities of human history which should be enough to have all humans of good will/nature regardless of political beliefs opposing it wherever the find it, even when it is in their own ranks/social/political affiliations. Indeed, I would argue especially when found in such.
In any event, while I do not believe that most Canadian Conservatives are like this I do fear than many within that movement are and are pushing that party in that direction. There is alas this belief in many Canadians that this sort of thing cannot happen here. Well that belief tends to be one of the best aids those that would spread hatred and intolerance rely upon when trying to move things in their direction, and too often it is too late when the majority recognize the threat. That is what I fear, and why I oppose those I find promulgating such hatred of the other. Xenophobia is one of humanity's most ugly and horrific traits and one that is alas all too easily manipulated, just ask the 1930's Germans about that as one example among many in human history, even modern history.
Good post. You know, many on the "right" would have found my "auld man" to be quite the enigma. He held to his own very strong Christian beliefs (he called himself "fundamental" but his fundamentalism was more along the lines of the "Reformed" theology - not the carrying of the signs at protests sort) and yeah, he'd do some "witnessing" to others.
Yet at the same time, he had a kindness towards others - even when he vehemently disagreed with them.
At his funeral, it was standing room only, with people from just about every faith and every race attending.
The concept of "tolerance" was something my auld man seemed to firmly understand. He wouldn't put up anyone denigrating his faith in his house, that is for sure. And he might disagree vehemently with others' faiths. But he still enjoyed the person, would help when he could, and it was a sad day for many at his funeral.
I know what you mean. My Great Grandfather was alive from the late 1800s to the mid 1900s, a born and raised Canadian. He was someone that saw all people as just that, people. He was a very successful businessman, was the third man in Cape Breton to own an automobile, and also a man of deep religious Faith (RC). This was a man that would take his dry-cleaning to the typical Chinese laundry because he found their work to be good, but he also developed friendships with the owners of that business despite the at the time clear bigotry within "polite" society (of which he was a member) for Chinese people. When he died the attendance at his funeral was also SRO and also had a very multicultural look in the makeup of the attendees.
Indeed his inability to treat people as other than fellow human beings was the single most recurrent note of that funeral. Yet he died well before the so called "multicult" political movement (as referred to by many CPC supporters online) had started taking root. Which to my mind only underscores the reality that well before it became a government policy it was a part of the Canadian makeup. Both of the women mentioned in the blog dedication here were daughters of this man. I count myself most fortunate to have been born and raised with such ancestors to have in my family and to have been taught by in my youth.
The Straussians are the single greatest threat to our political environment in this country and that is why I so firmly oppose the CPC in it's current configuration. It was why I saw the Martin Liberals as a lesser evil in the last election and my preferred choice to win, not because I supported corruption but if the CPC led by Straussians could not beat such a weak opponent then maybe they would be removed from the leadership of the party and a more moderate element could take hold. Alas that did not happen, now the goal is to prevent a majority government by the Straussians, for I fear the damage they could do in just one full term with such a majority.
The Straussians are the single greatest threat to our political environment in this country and that is why I so firmly oppose the CPC in it's current configuration.
Indeed, and this Straussian wellspring sums up the fundamental difference between the former Progressive Conservatives and the gorup now calling themselves "Conservatives". They are neo-cons dressed in conservative clothing, and the fact that so many Canadians find them appealing makes me fear for our future.
Remember though many of these voters are not aware of the meaning of Straussian influence and the belief in the elites and noble lie. This is what the Straussians are counting on, and why it must be exposed wherever possible. I took the results of the last election as clear evidence of distrust of the CPC by the general electorate and the increased support that they did receive an anti-Liberal vote far more than a pro-CPC vote, especially given the CPC morals campaign since it's creation.
With any luck the actions of this government by the time it falls will have exposed the CPC to be yet another do as I say not as I do party despite all their protestations of being otherwise. Actions like yours and mine and many others in helping to document and remind our fellow Canadians of this is also a way to fight back. Which is of course why I keep bothering to do so even though I am just one voice unaffiliated with any blog aggregator, political party/movement, etc.
It must be so very enlivening for Mulrooney, after being unceremoniously being booted out of power, to find that he is back in power. I wonder sometimes whether Steven realizes what he has wrought, or whether in his quest for power, he even cares? If he's like his mentor, the latter applies.
Keep up the good work Scotian. Your postings keep me on my toes, and in my current state, that is a definite plus. Thanks.
You are most welcome, although I apologize for the rather erratic work. Partly this is happening now because of domestic matters taking up time and partly because the heat does bad things to me. One of the secondary aspects of my blood disorder is that it causes me to retain body heat more effectively than the norm, which while in the winter is great is more than a little problematic in the summer, especially these days with the high humidexs we have begun to have the last decade or so.
As to your point about the old Conservative party being one of ideas, I agree with you. I have always distinguished between Canadian Conservatism and the Americanized Straussian influenced variant that is at the core of the Reform/CA/CPC. This is why I oppose them, not because I hate conservatism but in part because I valued Canadian Conservatism and I am dismayed by the selling out of such a rich heritage. The fact that I also see the CPC as a real threat to the long term survival of this country so long as it is Straussian influenced being another reason.
Scotian, I've missed your postings, but understood because of your situation. I was very happy to see you back, because you, to my mind, are a representative of reason, regardless of the few who stalk you, and I tend to agree with everyting you write because of the thought that goes into your postings and your cogent arguments. backed up by facts. Unlike those that would stalk you, you have a mind, you think with that mind, and I have no doubt that if Stephen Harper were the saviour of Canada (which he is not), you would step beyond partisan politics and proclaim him as such. as a matter of fact, I seem to recall a post, much earlier, where you hoped that he would step up to the plate.
Is you wife okay? You don't have to give details, just indicate that all is well.
Her health is holding, but there was a couple of close deaths within her family over the past several weeks and that takes it's own toll. That more than anything else has been the main issue to deal with domestically. I appreciate your strong appreciation for my writings, and you are correct, I do work from a fact based environment and that if I did believe Harper was the best choice I would be supportive of him instead of acting in opposition as I have. However Harper has given me many reasons to oppose him and few to support him.
As I have stated before I am just one Canadian citizen, I am not a partisan of any party, I do not belong to any party, and I am not affiliated with any political movement online as shown by having no membership to any blog aggregators. Which is of course why my readership is low, but that is fine by me. I comment enough elsewhere that anyone that finds my comments worth noting can follow me back to Saundrie and read more of it. I do this because I like being able to voice my opinions, not because I see myself as some sort of political operative or journalist.
I comment primarily on political matters because that has always been an interest of mine since literal childhood. I also have some interests and background with intelligence matters thanks to one of the people that raised me being a member of the intelligence service for over three decades including through WWII and well into the Cold War. I also like being able to have a way of showing that I had an opinion about something back at the time and that it is not a lately come to opinion, and that whatever else I may be that I am consistent in my beliefs and in the way I approach matters.
Which is of course one of the reasons why I tend to be a bit wordy, it makes it far harder to take me out of context without it being obvious when checked against the original. It also reflects my view that things are rarely ever simplistic in nature, especially where human interactions are concerned. It also permits me to outline my reasoning as to why I reach a particular conclusion/opinion and not just state without explaining why I think the way I do. This of course has infuriated some because I do not use a simple cookie cutter set of one size fits all principles. Which is in turn sneered at, usually as being a moral relativist although also as someone with no moral compass, etc.
I am not interested in becoming a prominent voice, if that happens to me it will be because others made me so, not because I sought it out. So long as I am able to voice my opinions and my views that is enough for me. Whenever someone like yourself and others that have demonstrated an ability for complex reasoning find my work of value that is a nice compliment, which I genuinely appreciate but it is not why I do this. My sense of self and who I am, what kind of person I am is more than secure enough, I do not need such unlike some of my detractors. I also find that most of my detractors are far more interested in smearing character than they are in discussing the actual issues/positions being expressed, which for me is usually enough to cause me to stop paying attention to them after a while.
I have come to treat some over the years online in the manner Steven Colbert does, that they are dead to me. Once that happens I rarely even read that person's work. It is not something I jump to right away, contrary to the claims of some, nor do I feel the need to continue a fight at this blog onto other blogs, again unlike some. Incidentally, I do appreciate your support on that at Cathie's, however I hope you do not end up having to put up with similar harassment for doing so.
I have been mocked for my declaration of having "internet credibility" at places like Cathie, but all that ever meant was that I had a track history of not starting fights, not tending towards personal smear attacks and avoiding profanity as a general rule. That I shaped my opinion from facts that were already established and reasoned from them instead of working from some set of talking points. This of course has been twisted and used as a smear by one example, but that is nothing unusual. I think one of the things that most infuriates most of my critics is that I rarely rise to the bait they troll in front of me, and that too often I can demonstrate they are putting words into my mouth and revising my statements to mean other than it originally did. Also that I am big on fully quoting someone when I critique their words and so I have moral credibility when I call others out for not doing the same with my work.
What really tends to be idiotic though is having someone tell others that they know my mind better than I do, that they know what I am saying better than I do. The hubris in such an opinion is no small thing, and it is also incredibly intellectually pretentious IMHO. Pity that like so many other methods attempted it has never really discredited me with my general readership here and on other blogs. Anyways, I expect once Parliament resumes sitting my posting will go up accordingly, but this is a quiet time for the most part in our politics and as I said earlier the heat tends to make it difficult to maintain focus for writing. I still do a lot of reading online and offline though, for as wordy as I am I read at least 20 words for every one I write on a given day, and that is a very conservative estimate at that.
First this "The Straussians are the single greatest threat to our political environment in this country and that is why I so firmly oppose the CPC in it's current configuration."
Then this "As I have stated before I am just one Canadian citizen, I am not a partisan of any party, I do not belong to any party, and I am not affiliated with any political movement online as shown by having no membership to any blog aggregators."
And also this "Actions like yours and mine and many others in helping to document and remind our fellow Canadians of this is also a way to fight back. Which is of course why I keep bothering to do so even though I am just one voice unaffiliated with any blog aggregator, political party/movement, etc."
So you are not partisan, except when you are? Your movement is the destruction of the current CPC. That is your partanship. You can talk yourself into a big group hug and take comfort in the fact that your three blog friends prop you up and try and present yourself as someone who "do work from a fact based environment" but when push comes to shove, your partanship takes over. For someone who claims their writings have "views that things are rarely ever simplistic in nature" (your head big enough yet?), you think you would notice the simplistic bias in everything you write. I mean, you contradict yourself in your own postings!
The reason why your readership is low is because you create fact and as you say, when challenged for proof you "I also find that most of my detractors are far more interested in smearing character than they are in discussing the actual issues/positions being expressed, which for me is usually enough to cause me to stop paying attention to them after a while."
I am not interested in smearing your character but for someone so deep, I would have thought you could understand that for people to have a real discussion, you have to come with real facts. Nobody is interested in discussing anything with someone who cannot support what they say and then just runs away when confronted. That's not a discussion, that is tabloid writing and why nobody takes you seriously. | 2019-04-23T22:25:41Z | http://saundrie.blogspot.com/2006/07/reason-why-i-advocate-religious.html |
When do you want me to start? 40 mg accutane initial breakout Ballmer said in a statement he would have timed hisretirement in the middle of Microsoft's announced transformationto a devices and services company. But he said, "We need a CEOwho will be here longer term for this new direction."
clinical pharmacy online masters Today the high court in the central city of Changsha awarded her 2,941 yuan (ВЈ317) in compensation for "infringing her personal freedom" and "causing her mental damage". However, it stopped short of agreeing to her demand for a written apology.
samsung galaxy trend 2 price in india flipkart Each individual adult winner is awarded £1,000, with an an additional £1,000 for the overall winner; in the junior section, individual winners scoop £250, with an additional £500 for the overall winner.
floxin otic price One of the biggest embezzlement cases seen in Britain, thesuccessful prosecution of Ibori was also a rare example of asenior Nigerian politician being held to account for thecorruption that blights Africa's most populous country.
price wellbutrin xl While regular mobile phones still account for the bulk of the company's shipments, smartphones are viewed as crucial for its long-term survival because of their higher margins and increasing demand for web access from mobile phones.
Which team do you support? suprax sciroppo costo gmat After all, what makes us special has never been our ability to generate incredible wealth for the few, but our ability to give everyone a chance to pursue their own true measure of happiness. We haven’t just wanted success for ourselves – we’ve wanted it for our neighbors, too. That’s why we don’t call it John’s dream or Susie’s dream or Barack’s dream – we call it the American Dream. That’s what makes this country special – the idea that no matter who you are, what you look like, where you come from or who you love – you can make it if you try.
floxin otic drops dosage "Ever since the fight got over, I don't know if there's ever been any more hype, ever, in UFC history after a fight," White said on "SportsCenter." "Everybody has been wondering if there will be a rematch. I've been working on it since Thursday.
escitalopram price In a NASA news release, Pappalardo said that a lot of preparation is still needed before a landing on Europa would be feasible, adding that studies like this one will help scientists and engineers focus on what technologies are required to get there and what data is needed to identify potential landing sites. The research appears in the journal Astrobiology and was authored by scientists from several NASA centers and universities, including the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md., University of Colorado in Boulder, University of Texas, Austin, and the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
when is nexium going otc But the three SoundTouch single stereo speakers — the SoundTouch 30 (9), the smaller SoundTouch 20 (9) and the AC/rechargeable battery SoundTouch Portable (9) all have six numbered keys on top, as do their small RF remote controls.
Why did you come to ? zoloft 150 mg for ocd eesti "People would say I wasn't serious about opera because I was doing beauty," she admits. "And others asked whether I was having singing lessons, so I'd win the talent contest. I told myself they were just jealous or plain ignorant.
order alesse birth control pills illegal The ramifications of an Anglo-French breakaway would not only be detrimental to European rugby, but also to the world game, and would in turn come back to shake the very foundations of the same English clubs who should be entering into genuine negotiations aimed at strengthening European club rugby.
cipralex 10mg overdose SAP Ventures has been active already with its previousfunds, which have invested in companies such as cloud-storageventure Box and storage company ScaleIO. They include SAPVentures Fund I, a 3 million fund launched in 2011, and SAPHANA Real Time Fund, a 5 million fund that invests in venturefunds run by others, including Data Collective and АвгустаCapital.
fevarin 50 I just stand there staring at this man, while he stares back at me. His husky voice halted me in my tracks, but the sight of him...the sight of him has just turned me into a non-responsive, quivering wreck.
buy dutasteride paypal Weiner said record high physical aluminum prices have costthe Chicago-based brewer tens of millions of dollars in recentyears. Last year alone, he estimated soaring prices costaluminum users some billion in extra expenses.
Do you know the address? dapoxetine mechanism of action Resembling a standard circular-shaped red meat patty, it was created by knitting together 20,000 strands of laboratory-grown protein, combined with other ingredients normally used in burgers, such as salt, breadcrumbs and egg powder. Red beet juice and saffron were added to give it color.
cefixime dosage for typhoid fever dvd China's central bank on Friday removed controls on banklending rates in a long-awaited move that could lower costs forcompanies, offering hopes that cheaper credit would support thesoftening economy. China is Australia's main tradingpartner.
zoloft 50 mg tablet spanish The giant display will monitor the level of happiness among the city's 520,000 residents by showing a number on the scale of one to 10 that reflects tabulated votes sent in by locals from their mobile phones and computers.
can you buy ventolin inhaler over counter The source said the text of the consultation paper had not yet been finalised, but denied that the PRA would allow a wider array of payments, such as pension contributions, to count towards executives’ base salaries when calculating the multiple allowed for bonuses.
does rogaine for receding hairline Judging by the amount of bullying and humiliation that has gone on across the globe over the past decade can you blame them? and by bullying and humiliating I don’t mean some saber-rattling and loose threats, I mean actually invading a country, destroying its defense forces then dictating its policies.
It's serious cefixime trihydrate tablets ip phone Fonterra said net profit for the year to end-Июля rose 18percent, despite a drought that trimmed its earnings, to NZ6million (8 million). Normalised earnings before interest andtax (EBIT) eased very slightly to NZ billion - in line withguidance the company gave in Июля.
ventolin buy online uk It also alleged that Tourre misled ACA Capital Holdings Inc,a company also involved in selecting assets for Abacus, intobelieving Paulson & Co would be an equity investor in thesynthetic collateralized debt obligation.
zoloft 12.5 mg Marilyn M. Niwao of the National Society of Accountants advises clients to consider their health risks (family history, lifestyle, health status) and financial risks (personal wealth, number of dependents) when determining whether to forego coverage. "It's an important decision that should be made carefully," she said.
buy ibuprofen online australia Online travel sites like Priceline, Expedia and Orbitz have their roots in booking airline tickets, but have branched out because of a decline in commissions the airlines pay them. Priceline has been the most aggressive and successful in diversifying through several company-owned sites including Booking.com, Agoda, and Rentalcars.com.
What's the exchange rate for euros? can i buy rogaine online in canada He is not the only fan or pundit being forced into a hasty retreat. When asked for his view immediately after the Marseille game, Theo Walcott even described Ramsey as “like a new signing”. So what changed?
clonidine 0.1 mg "It's derogatory, it's dehumanising, it's degrading and it's high time this was addressed and changed because it gives the wrong message to the world," says its leader Ray Halbritter, who says he was called a redskin at school.
is misoprostol available in canada "There are two key take-aways from this survey. It confirms that the financial services industry is a truly global one that requires cross-time zone communication and Singapore is increasingly at the heart of that," George McFerran, the managing director for Asia Pacific at eFinancialCareers, told CNBC.
fevarin sprawdzlek Last season, United’s then manager worried particularly in the game against Aston Villa at Old Trafford. While praising Rooney’s sublime pass for Robin van Persie’s second goal, Ferguson perceived a lack of fitness was showing, and that Villa players were running past him.
Do you like it here? ofloxacin eye drops dosage A US intelligence official and a Mideast diplomat have told the AP that the embassy closures were triggered by the interception of a secret message between al-Qaeda chief Ayman al-Zawahri and Nasser al-Wahishi, the leader of the Yemen-based al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, about plans for a major attack.
lotrel manufacturer coupon "Compared with other long-term care users they need morepersonal care, more hours of care, and more supervision, all ofwhich is associated with greater strain on caregivers, andhigher costs," he said in a statement.
largo sanfilippo viagrande The defending champion will be hoping for a repeat of his first ever stage win in 2012 when stage 10 concludes on the summit of La Planche des Belles Filles on Bastille Day and can expect to go top in the general classification.
buy levothyroxine sodium for dogs yha The uncertainty over the U.S. debt ceiling caused the Treasury's weekly auctions of three- and six-month bills to draw below-average demand. The value of bids received over those accepted was the lowest since 2009, said Stone & McCarthy Research Associates analyst Cathy Guo.
naprosyn sr tablet 1000 mg BEIJING/SINGAPORE, Июля 10 (Reuters) - China's crude importsfell in the first half of 2013 compared with a year ago, raisingthe prospect that slowing growth in the world's second-largesteconomy may lead to lower-than-expected global fuel consumptionthis year.
Withdraw cash purchase endep Dale Earnhardt Jr. has only won two races since 2007, and hasn’t won over a year, but he feels confident in his abilities. He believes that a victory at a future race is imminent, and has an extra sense of confidence. Normally, you wouldn’t feel confident for the future just one day after finishing 30th at Watkins Glen, but then again, you aren’t Dale Earnhardt Jr.
what is ic clonidine hcl 0.1mg "There continues to be considerable debate about the health effects of caffeine, and coffee specifically, with some reports suggesting toxicity and some even suggesting beneficial effects," said co-author Carl Lavie, of the Ochsner Medical Center in New Orleans. Drinking coffee is part of a daily routine for many people – researchers estimate that nearly 400 million cups of coffee are consumed each day in the United States.
wellbutrin sr 300 mg day Birkelbach, now 72, failed to supervise a broker whogenerated more than million in commissions during 3-1/2 yearsin the early 2000s while handling an account for Chicago artistAmy Lowry, the SEC wrote in a Июля 2 opinion.
An estate agents endep 10 for pain management In commodity markets, copper added 0.1 percent toaround ,980 a tonne after a 0.4 percent decline on Monday,while gold fell 1 percent, extending a 0.6 percent dropin the previous session to be not far from a two-week low of,282.69 hit on Friday.
zoloft prescribed coupons schizophrenia The first qualifying purchase earns the buyer 250 bonus Coins, redeemable for the purchase of any item in the Appstore. Customers can also look out for up to 30 percent return on Coins with future purchases.
tren devastation prohormone review Communication competencies are key to professional success. Take the time to think about your message, then carefully craft and convey it. When you do, surely you will be seen as a true professional, and you will be closer to landing your next job.
aldactone price in india The report shows hows many older women find themselves with no option but to take career breaks so they can become carers, either for grandchildren or parents or both, and then find it impossible to get back into work before their own retirement age. The authors argue that a parent should be given a right to switch up to six months of transferable parental leave to a nominated working grandparent in cases where mothers are under 18, on apprenticeships or single parents. It is understood that Labour may be prepared to extend the eligibility more widely.
when is nexium going otc POTISKUM, Nigeria - Suspected Islamic extremists attacked an agricultural college in the dead of night, gunning down dozens of students as they slept in dormitories and torching classrooms, the school's provost said, reporting the latest violence in northeastern Nigeria's ongoing Islamic uprising.
I'd like to take the job tretinoin cream buy online australia Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter (L), LaBelle Lance (C) and Office of Management and Budget Director Bert Lance walk into the White House in Washington together after the president returned from Camp David to hold a news conference expressing his support for Lance during an investigation of Lance's Georgia banking business in this Августа 18, 1977 White House handout photo. Lance died Августа 15, 2013 at his home in Georgia at the age of 82.
cheapest omeprazole uk Peterborough Telegraph provides news, events and sport features from the Peterborough area. For the best up to date information relating to Peterborough and the surrounding areas visit us at Peterborough Telegraph regularly or bookmark this page.
50 mg anavar per day Corporations typically do not appear in the rankings of top venture funds, because they operate differently from traditional venture funds, which raise cash from endowments, institutions, and the like.
using moov spray during pregnancy The U.S. House of Representatives prepared for a Saturdaysession but with no expectations of progress on either theshutdown or a measure to raise the nation's .7 trillion debtceiling. Congress must act by Oct. 17 in order to avoid agovernment debt default.
misoprostol pregnancy termination generic cytotec 200 mcg dallgow Elsewhere, even at a time of heinous atrocity, Twitter, in many respects, leads the way - eyewitness reports from the Nairobi mall, inside and out, were simultaneously powerful, informative and devastating.
I've been made redundant buy strattera 25 mg There is palpable excitement over the elections and arguments from the international community - which insists on the poll as a condition for reopening aid channels - appear to have gained ground at the grass roots.
ketamine xylazine dose for rat Bieber phoned in a good amount during his show; at some moments, he even appeared bored. He was clocking in — another day, another sold-out concert (Wednesday was Bieber's second night at Prudential).
buying generic accutane online HungaryГўВЂВ™s central bank, now chock full of government appointees, is expected to deliver its 12th successive quarter-point interest rate cut to a new low of four percent. Recent weakness in the forint after the government flagged a new plan to help households indebted in foreign currencies has done little to change analysts’ expectations for more easing.
order azithromycin online uk Although Wind has grown into the fourth-largest player in Canada and succeeded in lowering wireless prices in Canada, the carrier built its network on equipment from China's Huawei Technologies Co Ltd, a decision that has displeased Ottawa, according to industry sources. The sources asked not to be identified because of the sensitivity of the subject.
vgr 100 directions Still, this is all progress for JPP, who said he quietly gutted out the back injury for most of last season. He said his back began bothering him two years ago, but things grew worse last season. The injury left him in “constant pain,” he said.
There's a three month trial period order clomid online cheap Witness Darren Burn, an ITV News journalist who was in the George pub at the time of the incident, said: "I was having a quiet drink with my uncle and a friend when we heard tyres screech then saw a man with a gun.
buy erythromycin topical solution The company recorded second-quarter income tax expenses totaling 457 million euros, compared to 301 million euros in the prior year. Effective tax rate was 58 percent, while it was 31 percent last year.
amoxicillin uk buy online "AMC is a real competitor to HBO, but HBO still has the programming," "Mad Men" creator Matthew Weiner told Reuters. "Mad Men," an Emmy darling in years past, is nominated in 12 categories this year, including best drama series.
buy sumatriptan online Political reaction has been swift. Pierre Lellouche, amember of parliament for Paris whose constituency includes theChamps ElysГѓВ©es, called the regulations "suicidal," and said itwas "scandalous in our country, where the unemployment rate isabove 10 percent of the active population, that unions shouldfight against jobs, and even more worrying that the law shouldbe on their side." The national employers association has calledfor the laws to be changed. And an association of store ownerson the Champs ElysГѓВ©es has worried publicly about wealthytourists going elsewhere to shop, including London, where thereare far fewer barriers to their ability to spend money.
keflex antibiotic coverage Wal-Mart Stores Inc has stood by its Bangladesh production, saying the South Asian nation remains an important sourcing market. H&M also said its quest for alternative manufacturers was not at the expense of Bangladesh.
Yes, I play the guitar kann man clomid rezeptfrei kaufen Local pols and community members have come to the school’s aid. Assemblymen Karim Camara and Walter Mosley — the latter’s son is a student at the school — are expected to attend, as is Councilwoman Letitia James, who is running for Public Advocate this year.
where can i buy childrens motrin You are right because the Obama administration is proposing a federal rule to stop those who would be ineligible to pass a background check from skirting the law by registering a gun to a corporation or trust, how many people do that, 1, 2 might be 5. This is just irrelevant meaningless. This is like to complain about voter suppression because 5 people can't get ID to vote.
clomid order canada Israel sees a mortal menace in an Iranian bomb it says could be six months from production and is wary of any let-up in Western pressure, backed by stringent sanctions, for a nuclear rollback by Tehran. Iran denies seeking atomic weapons.
purchase telmisartan online But let me translate. The economy is improved, unemployment is on the decline and jobs are being created, but please please please don't notice. Lets look at the failure of Obamacare. And come to think of it, working out the kinks in such a system kind of sounds like marriage to me.
mirtazapine 30 mg reviews que es el Less than a day after Congress ended a 16-day partialgovernment shutdown precipitated by Republican demands to delayor defund Obamacare, they sent a letter to Health and HumanServices Secretary Kathleen Sebelius demanding she makeofficials available for the Oct. 24 hearing.
A company car metronidazole gel buy Kate Anderson, another online volunteer, used to help out at a local soup kitchen in Georgetown, Washington DC where, she says, "lots of people were just standing around. It wasn't helpful".
ketamine street price canada Federal prosecutors said in Сентября they were investigating suspected foreign state espionage against Belgacom, the dominant telecoms provider in Belgium and also a top carrier of voice traffic in Africa and the Middle East.
prevacid solutab discount Sean Purtill, managing director of Wimbledon estate agentEllisons, says buyer interest has exploded in the last threemonths. In South Park Gardens, a desirable pocket of tree-linedroads near a park and good school, prices have risen 24 percentin a year. In the "Apostles", a grid of Edwardian family homes,prices are up 23 percent.
thuốc pfizer vgr 100 The commission started operations in Августа 2010 after numerous complaints about a police agency called the Bureau of Special Investigations that was then responsible for investigating alleged wrongdoing by officers. Over the years, allegations of citizens' rights abuses including excessive force and extrajudicial killings by security forces increased in the country of some 2.7 million people.
I'll put her on singulair 10mg tablets dosage twins The current system is wrecked, but Obamacare would only make things worse. Hope of political support for marketplace healthcare seemed a joke. One-fifth of Americans are already on Medicaid. That Obamacare was designed to erode away the private healthcare industry was a given. As far as competition goes, it looks like private sector healthcare in the state is shaping up to be a choice between Blue Cross/Blue Shield and Blue Cross/Blue Shield.
pain relief during labor besides epidural "We made the decision because it made financial and security sense for our small rural district," Bruce Jenkins, the county's superintendent and now a school security officer, wrote in an e-mail. Jenkins says he has undergone 40 hours of intensive handgun training. According a copy of his security officer contract shared with U.S. News, he is considered to be "on duty" with a gun at all times when he is on school premises.
coupon for prilosec at walgreens To assemble our ranking of the best steakhouses in America, we first and foremost looked at the quality of the main event: the steak. Is it sourced reputably and USDA Choice or Prime? Is it dry-aged, and if not is it as fresh as can be? Is it served at the proper doneness without fail and with a touch of ceremony?
order pristiq The reform would ease the financial burden on Pemex,lessening the amount used to prop up the government and usingthe leftover money to reinvest in the company or to be paid outas a dividend for the government to invest in public spending.
online diclofenac uk Different branches of the same parent union, the Amalgamated Transit Union, are involved in both labor negotiations. While they're about two different contracts, workers for each are pushing for similar benefits. And each local chapter has been monitoring the other's labor situation intently.
What's the last date I can post this to to arrive in time for Christmas? where to purchase rogaine for women With the decline in assets under management, the company hadto lay off some of its employees. At its peak, the company hadabout 55 to 60 employees globally and assets under managementhit billion in 2007. As of Monday, the number of employeeshad fallen to 20 from 38 at the beginning of 2013, Savage said.
climaxagen cream amazon These problems were regarded seriously enough for Consumer Reports to recommend that people should not purchase the Nexus 7 2 until these glitches were ironed out. This was despite the fact that generally the tablet has received glowing praise. Further to this Google released the JSS15Q update that was supposed to fix these problems.
how much does misoprostol cost at walgreens ypsilanti For example, at present, residential solar generation costsare below utility tariff rates in many European countries, butpeak solar generation does not coincide with peak electricitydemand, meaning households still depend on incentives to selltheir surplus electricity to the grid.
buy erythromycin 2 topical solution Law and order have broken down in most parts of Darfur since mainly African tribes took up arms in 2003 against Sudan's Arab-led government, which they accuse of discriminating against them. Khartoum denies this.
lamictal lamotrigine generic The former supreme commander of the Western front in the Second World War was twice elected US president in the 1950s. Gen Sisi has provided the backbone for an interim government of technocrats under President Adly Mansour, which is overseeing the writing of a constitution. Once that is adopted in a referendum, elections will be held. | 2019-04-23T04:25:03Z | http://kvd8.ru/p55/f6226/index.html |
NDSU › Publications › Food and Nutrition / From the Garden to the Table: Salsa!
While many excellent types of salsa are available in supermarkets, you can tailor homemade fresh salsa to suit your own taste buds. By following guidelines in this publication, you can safely process salsa in a water bath canner for later enjoyment.
Over the past decade, Americans have grown to love salsa on everything from scrambled eggs to the more traditional dishes of Mexican and Puerto Rican heritage. While many excellent types of salsa are available in supermarkets, you can tailor homemade fresh salsa to suit your own taste buds. By following research-tested recipes, you can safely process salsa in a water bath canner for later enjoyment. While you can make salsa by buying fresh produce, why not go one better and grow your own ingredients for an even tastier sauce?
While many variations will exist to suit individual tastes, a basic salsa recipe will contain tomatoes, onions, garlic, jalapeno peppers, and often, cilantro and spices. Juice from lemons or limes, the only ingredients that can’t be grown in a northern garden, may be added to put a little “edge” to the flavor.
The attractive red color of salsa comes from the vine-ripe tomatoes that are used to prepare it. The resulting sauce attracts us to dip chips into it or spread it over food. Standard tomato varieties will produce a juicy sauce, while paste tomatoes will produce a thicker sauce. If you have never grown paste tomatoes before, you will find them meatier, less juicy, and rich in acid and sugar content that contribute to great flavor.
All tomatoes grow best in a rich, loamy soil, with water and nutrients being supplied on a dependable schedule for maximum productivity. Drip or micro-irrigation is best, but if that cannot be provided, hand water carefully around the base of the plants, keeping the water off the foliage. Fertilization should take place at the time of planting with a “starter” type (such as a 10-52-10 or something similar) that is higher in phosphorus than nitrogen, and again once a week for the next three weeks. The remainder of the growing season can have a more balanced nutrient source (such as 10-10-10) added weekly.
While there are many reasons that tomatoes may not bear, the three most common are too low a temperature, too much nitrogen, or not enough sun. Don’t plant until the soil temperature is above 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Plant them in a location with as much direct sunlight as possible, and don’t use any left-over turfgrass fertilizer on them — it’s too high in nitrogen.
‘Roma’ is the most common variety of paste tomato on the market. In fact, it is so popular that the name has become synonymous with the paste-type tomato. It is the basic standby tomato that other paste-type tomatoes use for comparison. It takes about 75 days to mature and produces an abundance of 2-ounce fruits.
‘La Roma’ is a hybrid improvement that matures in about 62 days, with heavier fruit, ranging in size from 3-4 ounces. Like the ‘Roma,’ the taste is excellent.
‘Mamma Mia’ is the top yielder of the paste varieties, with fruits in the 3-4 ounce size, but producing in overwhelming numbers. Because of this, ‘Mamma Mia’ should be caged for support and special attention paid to the watering and fertilizing. It takes about 62 days to mature.
‘San Marzano,’ a rectangular shaped fruit with a deep red color, is an excellent tomato for a thick, meaty sauce. It takes about 80 days to mature.
‘Rio Grande’ produces large, blocky-shaped fruit in great abundance, making an excellent sauce. This variety is good for areas where wide swings in temperature exist during the growing season. It takes about 80 days to mature.
Burpee’s ‘Big Boy,’ which produces big beefsteak tomatoes, is the comparison standard. While this “beefy” tomato and its relatives are a sight to behold, and a source of “bragging rights” for the dedicated gardener, they require a lot of work to grow, and their overall yield is less than that of the standard large or slicing tomato.
In the slicing category, All-America Selection winners are ‘Floramerica,’ a 1978 winner, and ‘Celebrity,’ a 1984 winner. These awards are not passed out easily. Winners must show disease resistance and high quality productivity across a wide spectrum of growing conditions in North America to be given this recognition. Both are mid-season producers (72-75 days) and make excellent “slicers” for sandwiches and salads. They also are outstanding for their canning quality. Their fruit size averages between 8-10 ounces. Both are determinate in growth, so no pruning is needed; simply grow them within a tomato cage.
Those who want a truly early tomato that can be classed as a slicer can try ‘Early Girl.’ This variety produces 5-ounce meaty and flavorful fruit in as little as 52 days. This is a great variety for the upper Midwest because of the short growing season.
One of the best varieties for container growing is ‘Heartland,’ with 6-8 ounce fruit. It matures in about 68 days, doesn’t need pruning and has large leaves that protect the fruit from sunscald. For those who live in apartments or condos, this variety would be the perfect choice to provide fresh tomatoes for meals.
All of these are traditional red-fruited varieties and worthy of consideration. Often the question comes up about good yellow-fruited slicing tomatoes, their quality, acidity and productivity. One of the best on the market is ‘Lemon Boy.’ It bears clear lemon-yellow fruit, inside and out, and has a sweet, mild flavor. The fruit matures in about 72 days and averages 7 ounces. This is an indeterminate variety so it would need staking and some pruning. It is commonly believed that yellow tomatoes are low-acid, but tests have shown that their acidity levels are about the same as red tomatoes — pH 4.6 — which is the dividing line between high- and low-acid foods.
Peppers have the same basic growing requirements as tomatoes: plenty of sunshine, water and balanced nutrition. Growing peppers differs from growing tomatoes, because peppers need more time to start as transplants and warmer soil temperatures for planting. While tomatoes can be started from seed 28 days before transplanting, pepper seed will require 8 to 10 weeks before optimum planting time. Most will mature in 65 to 75 days from transplanting, although the hotter varieties like the ‘Habanero’ will require 90 to 100 days.
Sweet peppers produce large blocky fruits that are usually harvested green. If the season is long enough and the gardener has sufficient patience and allows the fruits to remain on the plant longer, the fruit will turn fiery red, which increases their sweet flavor and makes them a richer source of vitamins A and C.
Varieties to try include the many hybrids of jalapeno, especially ‘Mucho Nacho Hybrid,’ which has larger and hotter fruit than the standard jalapeno. It is a vigorous producer and matures in about 75 days.
To get the largest bulbs, plant the individual garlic cloves in well-drained soil in the fall after the first good killing frost, or sometime around mid-October. Spring planting can be done, but the bulbs will be smaller. Insert the cloves into the soil 2-3 inches deep with the root end down. Most garlic is quite winter hardy, but it still should be mulched to prevent heaving. During the remainder of the fall, the roots will grow, but very little, if any, top growth will be noted. If you are looking for largest bulb production, select only the largest cloves to plant. Cloves found in the center of the bulb can be scatter-planted to produce garlic greens. The cloves should be spaced about a hand width (4-6 inches) apart.
There are several types of garlic to consider. The typical variety seen in supermarkets is the softneck, Allium sativum. This variety stores the best and has the strongest flavor. Because of its soft necks, this variety can be easily braided. The bulbs are distinguished by medium-sized cloves surrounding smaller cloves in the inner two or three layers. The softnecks can be grown in northern gardens, but for assured survival over winter the stiffneck types (A. sativum var. ophioscorodon) are better. These plants are distinguished by producing a hard “scape” or flower stem that makes a 360 degree coil and forms a cluster of “bulbils” or miniature cloves. The stiffneck types produce bulbs that are composed of a single layer of large cloves and no inner ones. Their taste is milder and they are considerably easier to peel than the softneck types.
When the “scapes” appear it is best to snip them off and use them in stir-fry. Allowing them to remain will result in the bulbs being considerably smaller. Harvest garlic when the foliage starts to “flag” or turn yellow. This is usually about mid-July to mid-August. Gently lift them with a garden fork and store them in bunches in an airy location.
Some garlic varieties to consider include ‘New York White’ (softneck type), the typical market garden garlic seen in the eastern U.S. Prized for its ease in braiding, it has good flavor and is more winter hardy than the West Coast garlic. ‘German Extra Hardy’ (stiffneck type) is one of the most winter-hardy garlic varieties on the market, producing very large bulbs and cloves. It has good flavor and stores very well.
Sow onion seed in the early spring as soon as the soil can be worked. Like garlic, onions should be planted only in well-drained, fertile sites. Standing water, after a heavy rain, will usually kill off either crop. Sow seed in rows barely in the soil (about ½ inch deep), with about two seeds per inch. As they germinate, thin to 3-4 inches to allow for larger bulb development. Because onions are shallow-rooted plants, water supply is critical to quality onion bulb development. At least 1 inch of water/rain is needed each week. Onion bulb development is daylength sensitive. Select varieties whose latitude range includes your planting site (Fargo, ND is 46 degrees N, for example).
Onion sets are often popular with home gardeners, but typically a higher quality, lower disease incidence crop can be grown by direct seeding. In the north, some gardeners will sow the seed indoors in late February or early March to assure a harvest before the arrival of fall frost. When selecting onions for seeding, check the “days to maturity” notation and attempt to select those that are under 100 days. Anything beyond that should be started as transplants two to three weeks before moving outdoors. Harvest when the skins are evident and the tops are starting to fall over. Simply pull them and sun-cure seven to 10 days before cutting off the tops.
Storage onions have the strongest flavor but sweeten during storage. Onion flavor like/dislike is very personal, so plant the variety and type that appeals to you. Yellow globe onions are commonly seen in supermarkets due to their long storage life and increasingly sweet flavor in storage.
‘New York Early’ is a 98-day, 38-50 degree latitude variety that has a firm but tender flesh that is considered a better eating quality than the hard, long-storage varieties.
‘Super Star F1 Hybrid’ is a 109-day, All-America Selection winner for 2001. A day neutral, it cuts nicely for salads and salsa but is not one for long storage. It’s advisable to start them indoors as transplants.
‘Mars F1 Hybrid’ is a reddish-purple skinned variety that matures in 104 days and is suited for the latitude range of 38-55 degrees. Start them indoors as transplants.
Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) is a plant species with a couple of popular common names — Chinese parsley and coriander — but they all refer to the same plant. When the foliage of the plant is used in making salsa, it is referred to as cilantro. When it is used to garnish food dishes and in salads, it is called Chinese parsley. When the seeds are used to flavor foods and beverages, it is called coriander.
Cilantro is one of the easiest herbs to grow. Plant the seeds 12-18 inches apart in full sun, water in, and germination should be complete in 14 days. The difficulty in growing this plant is to keep it from bolting and producing seed, since it is the fern-like foliage that is commonly used to make salsa. Select cultivars that are known for foliage rather than seed production. The leaves add a distinct flavor to any dish, so small amounts should be added until the desired tasted is reached.
Cultivars to consider are ‘Santo,’ ‘Leisure,’ and ‘Jantar,’ all of which are slow-bolting and have been bred specifically for foliage production rather than seed.
Salsa has even surpassed catsup in popularity. Not only is salsa tasty, it’s also nutritious. A two-tablespoon serving generally contains about 10 calories and 0 grams of fat plus ample vitamin C and other nutrients.
When preparing salsa, always start with high-quality ingredients. The quality of your end product is only as good as the quality of the starting ingredients. Fresh salsa can be made to suit your taste, so experiment with other ingredients. Some ingredients in fresh salsa, such as onions and garlic, store fairly well with little sacrifice in flavor. Other ingredients, like tomatoes, peppers and cilantro, are best used as fresh as possible.
Any salsa recipe can be safely frozen, but slicing tomatoes will produce salsas with a more watery consistency. Follow research-tested recipes and procedures if you plan to can salsa.
Tomatoes were regarded as poisonous for generations but became known as “love apples” and “apples of gold” in some parts of the world after they were discovered to be safe — and delicious.
These fruits (because of their seeds) are nonetheless considered vegetables on menus. Tomatoes are low in calories and also provide vitamin C and potassium.
There are many reasons to add tomatoes to your menu. Tomatoes, particularly in cooked products like spaghetti sauce, may reduce risk for certain diseases. Lycopene, a carotenoid pigment and powerful antioxidant, is responsible for the red color of tomatoes and protective effects. According to several research studies, lycopene may offer protection against certain types of cancer, particularly prostate cancer. Lycopene in cooked and processed tomatoes (canned salsa, canned tomatoes, tomato paste, spaghetti sauce) is more easily absorbed than lycopene from raw tomatoes. Lycopene absorption also is enhanced by eating some fat, like olive oil, in the same meal as tomatoes.
The type of tomato used will affect the quality and texture of salsa. Paste/Italian tomato varieties such as ‘Roma’ will produce a thicker salsa, while slicing tomatoes will yield a more watery, thinner salsa, particularly if you freeze the salsa. Tomatillos (green tomatoes with a husk) may be substituted for other tomato varieties, but you must remove the dry outer husk before using.
Choose fruits with a rosy color, plump shape, blemish-free skin and a texture that’s slightly soft to the touch. Tomatoes that are overripe, bruised or sunburned with yellow or green areas near the stem are lower in quality. For quality and safety, don’t use overripe tomatoes or tomatoes from frost-killed vines in canning because their acidity may be affected.
Peppers are an excellent source of vitamin C. Capsaicin is the chemical compound found in the ribs that give peppers their “heat.” Some research studies have shown that capsaicin may reduce risk for certain types of cancer.
Choose high-quality peppers that are fresh-looking, firm and thick-fleshed, and free of disease and insect damage. Peppers vary greatly in taste and degree of heat, so you can vary salsa hotness to suit your personal tastes. One type of pepper may be substituted for another type in salsa recipes for canning, but do not vary the total amount called for in the recipe.
Hot peppers should be considered carefully by the beginner. The jalapeno is the “standard” hot pepper used in making salsa, although the heat connoisseur may choose to use chili or habanero peppers. The “fire” in these varieties is often too hot for most salsa lovers, so if you decide to grow and use them in salsa or other sauces, do so cautiously. Generally, the smaller the pepper, the hotter it tastes.
Avoid direct contact with hot peppers, because the volatile oils in them can cause skin irritation or burns. Wear rubber gloves while handling them, and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before touching your face. Hot peppers, such as the jalapeno, do not need to be peeled but the seeds are often removed.
Oven or broiler method: Place peppers in oven (400o F) or under broiler for 6 to 8 minutes until skins blister.
Allow peppers to cool. Place in a pan and cover with a damp cloth to make peeling the peppers easier. After several minutes of cooling, peel each pepper. Discard seeds and chop peppers.
Onions and garlic are in the Allium family. This family of vegetables contains sulfur compounds, selenium and antioxidants. These compounds are believed to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cancer growth and possibly decrease blood cholesterol. Sulfur compounds also are responsible for their characteristic flavor and smell and the tendency for onions to irritate eyes.
Choose onions that are firm and free from cuts and bruises. Fresh onions usually have a thinner skin than storage onions. Store onions in a cool, dry place or refrigerate. To help avoid eye irritation, onions should be cut from the top and peeled down without trimming off the root/bottom end, since the sulfuric compounds are concentrated at the base of the onion. Others have suggested cutting onions under running water or refrigerating before cutting to decrease the tendency of onions to irritate eyes.
Choose garlic heads that are firm, avoiding garlic with green growth. Store garlic in a cool, dark place. Peel and chop with a knife or use a garlic press.
Select cilantro that appears fresh and green. If purchasing, look for cilantro with the roots attached. At home, place the cilantro in a sturdy container with water covering the roots; wrap the leaves loosely in a plastic bag and refrigerate. Change the water every few days and the cilantro should last about two weeks. If the cilantro has no roots, follow the same procedure, covering the stems with water. Cilantro without roots will remain fresh about one week.
Acid ingredients in canned salsa help preserve it. Additional acid — bottled lemon juice, lime juice or vinegar — is needed when canning tomatoes because the natural acidity of tomatoes may be too low. Low-acid ingredients in salsa, such as peppers and onions, also affect the overall acidity level. Vinegar should be at least 5 percent acid. You can substitute lemon or lime juice in a recipe calling for vinegar, but do not substitute vinegar in a recipe calling for lemon or lime juice. Lemon or lime juice is more acidic than vinegar. Freshly squeezed lemon or lime juice may be used in fresh salsa recipes but is not recommended for use in canning recipes.
NOTE: If you are using a recipe that has not been research-tested, serve it fresh, store it in the refrigerator and use it within a couple weeks, or freeze it in freezer-safe containers.
Mix ingredients together and serve, altering the recipe to suit your own taste preferences. Store covered in the refrigerator. To keep calorie and fat content low, serve with baked tortilla chips.
Like other foods that are preserved at home, canned salsa comes with a list of safety precautions. If you’ve created a salsa masterpiece, you’d be better off freezing it, for safety’s sake, rather than canning it. It’s especially important to follow current recommendations for food preservation, because old food preservation recipes — even Grandma’s — may not be safe based on current research.
The main foodborne illness associated with foods improperly canned at home is botulism. It’s also the deadliest. Clostridium botulinum, the type of bacteria that causes botulism, thrives in an oxygen-free, or “anaerobic,” environment, such as a sealed jar or can, where it can produce a potentially fatal toxin. The hallmark symptoms are double vision and paralysis, with death being the worst-case outcome.
Follow the formulation exactly and measure/weigh ingredients carefully. Use bottled lemon or lime juice or vinegar as indicated.
Handle hot peppers carefully: wear plastic gloves and wash your hands before touching your face.
In canning recipes calling for spices, you may safely decrease the amount of spice (cumin, oregano, pepper, etc), but do not increase the spice amounts.
To alter the “heat” in salsa, you can safely substitute one type of pepper for another, but keep the total amount of pepper the same.
Do not thicken salsas with cornstarch before canning. If the salsa appears thin, it can be heated and thickened with cornstarch, or some of the excess juice may be strained away, after opening the jars.
Before beginning to prepare salsa for canning, fill the water bath canner about half full of clean water. For hot-packed food (like the example salsa recipes), preheat the water in the canner to about 180 F. Use a rack in the canner.
Start with clean jars, and heat them in a pan of hot water. Heat lids as recommended by the manufacturer.
Fill jars, leaving ½-inch headspace. After filling jars with food, remove trapped air bubbles with a nonmetallic spatula, adjusting headspace if needed.
Wipe the rim of each jar carefully with a cloth or paper towel and apply the lid and screw ring. Do not over-tighten the screw ring. It should only be “finger tight” or the lids may not seal properly.
Place jars in the canner using a jar lifter positioned below the screw band of the lid. Keep the jars upright at all times.
Add additional boiling water, as needed, to bring the water level at least 1 inch over jar tops.
Begin timing when water boils. Keep the canner covered during processing. The water should remain boiling at all times.
When the processing time is complete, carefully remove the jars from the canner, using a jar lifter. Place the jars at least 1 inch apart on cooling racks or towels to cool at least 12 hours. Do not retighten screw rings. Do not expose jars to a cold surface or cold drafts, which could lead to cracking or breaking.
Test seals the next day. A good seal is evidenced by a concave lid that does not move when pressed. Remove the screw rings. Label sealed jars with contents and canning date.
Unsealed jars may be safely re-processed within 24 hours, or the jars of salsa may be refrigerated for fresh consumption. To reprocess, empty the salsa into a pan, heat to boiling and ladle the mixture into clean, hot jars. Use new lids and process for the full recommended time. The quality and nutrient content of twice-processed food may be lower, but the product will be safe to consume.
tsp. = teaspoon 1 Tbsp. = 3 tsp.
Wash hands thoroughly before handling food. Prepare peppers as described previously. Wear rubber gloves while handling chili peppers or wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before touching your face.
Prepare tomatoes: Wash tomatoes. Dip in boiling water for 30 to 60 seconds or until skins split, then dip in cold water. Slip off skins and remove cores.
Combine all ingredients except cumin, oregano and cilantro in a large pot and bring to a boil, stirring frequently. Reduce heat and boil 10 minutes. Add herbs and spices and simmer for another 20 minutes, stirring occasionally. Ladle hot into hot pint jars, leaving ½-inch headspace. Wipe jar rims. Cap with properly pretreated lids. Adjust lids and process in a boiling water canner for 20 minutes.
Note: This recipe is best suited for paste tomatoes. Slicing tomatoes require a much longer cooking time to achieve a desirable consistency. You may decrease the amounts of spices, but increasing the amount is not advised. You may make adjustments to suit your tastes after opening the jars.
Combine all ingredients in a large saucepan. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat and continue boiling for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. Ladle hot salsa into hot pint jars, leaving ½-inch headspace. Wipe jar rims. Cap with properly pretreated lids. Adjust lids and process in a boiling water canner for 20 minutes.
* Adapted from “Salsa Recipes for Canning” — Pacific Northwest Publications (PNW395) by Val Hillers and Richard Dougherty, Washington State University, 1996. Recipes also appear in “Canning Salsa Safely” — Wisconsin Safe Food Preservation Series (B3570) by Barbara H. Ingham, University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service, 2000.
Store canned salsa in a cool dark place and use within a year for best quality. If jars have become unsealed or there are signs of spoilage like bulging lids or bubbling or if the mixture has an odor, do not taste. Discard the jars and contents carefully — away from possible contact with humans and animals.
For additional salsa/tomato canning formulations, request “Canning and Freezing Tomatoes” (FN-175) from your local office of the NDSU Extension Service. | 2019-04-23T10:29:01Z | https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/food-nutrition/from-the-garden-to-the-table-salsa |
sspi_decrypt CONTEXT ENCRYPTTOKEN ENCRYPTEDDATA PADDING ?options?
sspi_verify_signature CONTEXT SIGNATURE DATA ?options?
This package includes procedures related to the Security Service Provider Interface (SSPI) on the Windows platforms. For commands for other cryptographic operations, refer to the CryptoAPI documentation.
The Security Support Provider Interface is a standard interface to various security protocols that provide for security functions such as authentication, encryption and integrity. The SSPI interface allows establishment of a security context that can be used for signing and encrypting data passed between a client and a server.
This module currently supports only the Negotiate, NTLM, Kerberos, SChannel and Microsoft Unified Security Protocol Provider packages.
On the client side, the application program starts off by retrieving the credentials to be used to authenticate itself to the server by calling sspi_acquire_credentials with the -role client option. It then creates a new client security context by calling sspi_client_context specifying appropriate desired security characteristics. The application then exchanges messages with the server to complete the authentication.
Depending on the security protocol in use, the authentication between the client and the server may require multiple message exchanges between the client and the server. Once it obtains its security context, the client calls sspi_step passing it the security context. This command returns an indication of whether the authentication is complete, or more exchanges with the server are required. In the latter case, data returned by the command is sent to the server and the server response is passed back to the command. This sequence is repeated until the command indicates the authentication is complete or generates a Tcl exception indicating authentication failure. The security context generated in this manner can then be used to sign and encrypt messages between the client and the server.
On the server side, the application program starts off by retrieving its own credentials by calling sspi_acquire_credentials with the -role server. It then creates a new server security context by calling sspi_server_context passing it the authentication data sent by the client. The server then enters the authentication loop described below. From this point on, the server follows the authentication loop calling sspi_step in the same manner as described above for the client.
Once a security context is established, either on the client or the server, its characteristics, including the negotiated parameters, security principal name etc. can be retrieved through commands sspi_context_features, sspi_context_username and sspi_context_sizes. In the case of SSL/SChannel based providers, the sspi_local_cert and sspi_remote_cert return the certificates in use for a connection. Note that not all commands are supported by all security providers.
The security context should be released when no longer needed. For schannel based providers only, first call sspi_shutdown_context and pass any returned data to the remote peer. Then call sspi_delete_context to release context releases. For other providers, only sspi_delete_context should be called.
Similarly, when no longer required, both the server and client ends should free resources associated with their credentials by calling sspi_free_credentials.
Once a security context has been completely created as above, it can then be used to generate and verify messages signatures using sspi_sign and sspi_verify_signature respectively.
Similarly, the security context can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages using sspi_encrypt and sspi_decrypt.
For SSPI stream contexts, the commands sspi_encrypt_stream and sspi_decrypt_stream encrypt and decrypt streaming data. Alternately the sspi_encrypt_and_write command can be used to directly write encrypted data to a channel.
Returns a credentials handle that can be used to negotiate and establish a security context. The command returns the handle to the credentials unless the -getexpiration option is specified in which case it returns a keyed list with two fields: -handle which is the handle to the credentials, and -expiration which returns the time (as number of 100ns intervals since January 1, 1601) at which the credentials expire.
-credentials CREDENTIALS Specifies the credentials to which a handle is to be returned. If unspecified the default credentials for the package are used. For NTLM or Negotiate providers, the sspi_winnt_identity_credentials should be used to return non-default credentials in the appropriate format. For SSL/Schannel based providers, the sspi_schannel_credentials should be used for the same purpose.
-getexpiration If specified, the expiration time for the returned credentials is also returned. See description of command return value above.
-package SECURITYPACKAGE Specifies the security package with which the credentials are to be used. By default, this is NTLM. The list of available security packages on a system can be obtained through sspi_enumerate_packages.
-principal PRINCIPAL Specifies the name of the principal whose credentials are to be referenced. By default, this is the user account under which the process is running.
-role ROLE Indicates how the credentials will be used, based on ROLE - client or outbound for clients, server or inbound for servers and both (default) if credentials are used for both purposes. Note that SSL/SChannel based providers require separate client and server credentials and both is not a valid option for them.
The returned credentials handle must be freed by calling sspi_free_credentials when no longer needed.
Initiates the building of a new client-side, security context from based on the specified credentials. CREDENTIALS is a handle to credentials returned by sspi_acquire_credentials. The returned value, which is a handle to a security context, should be treated as opaque by the caller and used as described in SSPI security context establishment.
The options below specify the requirements for the context. Note that not all security providers support all options or combinations of options. Refer to the Windows SDK for more information about these options.
-confidentiality BOOL If specified as true, messages are to be encrypted.
-connection BOOL If specified as true, the security context will not handle formatting of messages.
-datarep DATAREP Specifies the data representation on the target. DATAREP must be either network (default) or native.
-delegate BOOL If specified as true, the server can use the context to other servers as the client. Requires -mutualauth to also be specified as true.
-extendederror BOOL When true, the remote end is notified of errors. Note that several Windows versions, including Windows 7, may experience SSL/TLS negotiation failures when this option is specified. See Microsoft Knowledgebase article KB975858 for details.
-integrity BOOL If specified as true, messages are to be signed.
-manualvalidation BOOL If BOOL is false (default), SChannel based providers will validate the remote server's certificate. If specified as true, the provider will not validate the received certificate. It is the caller's responsibility to do so. The remote certificate can be retrieved with sspi_remote_cert and verified as described in Certificate verification.
-mutualauth BOOL If specified as true, both the client and server are to be authenticated.
-replaydetect BOOL If specified as true, detection of replayed messages is desired.
-sequencedetect BOOL If specified as true, detection of out-of-sequence messages is desired.
-stream BOOL If specified as true, indicates a stream oriented connection.
-target TARGET Specifies the target of the security context. The format depends on the security service provider. In the case of a SSL/SChannel based provider, this is generally the name that should match the subject name in the certificate sent by the server.
-usesessionkey BOOL If specified as true, a new session key must be negotiated.
When a security context is no longer required, it should be released by calling sspi_delete_context.
After a security context is established, this command may be used to retrieve information about what security features were negotiated. The command returns a keyed list with boolean values for the following fields.
-confidentiality If true, encryption is supported.
-connection If true, the security context will not handle formatting of messages.
-delegate If true, the server can use the context to other servers as the client.
-extendederror If true, the remote end is notified of errors.
-integrity If true, messages signing is supported.
-mutualauth If true, both the client and server are authenticated.
-replaydetect If true, detection of replayed messages is enabled.
-sequencedetect If true, detection of out-of-sequence messages is enabled.
-stream If true, indicates a stream oriented connection.
-maxtoken Maximum size of token used in the authentication exchange.
-maxsig Maximum size of signature.
-blocksize Messages should preferably be a multiple of this value.
-trailersize Size of security trailer to be appended to messages.
Returns the decrypted data. CONTEXT is a datagram or connection context. The other parameters correspond to the corresponding values returned from sspi_encrypt.
Returns the decrypted data using the specified stream context. The return value is a pair consisting of a status and the decrypted data. The status may be one of ok, expired, or renegotiate. In all cases the second element, if non empty, contains the decrypted data.
A status of ok is a normal return. If the status is expired, the context has expired and the caller should call sspi_shutdown_context and sspi_delete_context to free the context.
Closes a security context constructed through sspi_client_context or sspi_server_context or and frees any associated resources.
Encrypts the binary data BINDATA based on the specified security context. Returns a list of three elements - the encryption token, the encrypted data and padding. These must all be passed to the remote peer for it successfully decrypt and verify the data.
Encrypts binary data BINDATA based on the specified security context and writes it to the specified channel. The channel must be in binary mode.
Encrypts BINDATA based on the specified security context and returns the encrypted data.
-all Same as all options being specified.
-capabilities A list of tokens that describe the capabilties of the provider.
-comment A comment describing the provider.
-rpcid A DCE RPC identifier, if supported.
-maxtokensize Maximum size of a security token.
-name Name of the provider.
-version The version of the provider interface.
Frees resources associated with credentials returned by sspi_acquire_credentials.
For SChannel based client contexts, the remote server can request a client certificate issued by specific certificate issuers it will accept. This command returns the list of issuers acceptable to the remote server.
Returns a certificate context for the certificate for the local end of a secured connection. The returned certificate context must be freed by calling cert_release.
Returns a certificate context for the certificate sent by the remote end of a secured connection. The returned certificate context must be freed by calling cert_release.
Initiates the building of a new server-side, security context from based on the specified credentials and security data received from the client. CREDENTIALS is a handle to credentials returned by sspi_acquire_credentials. The returned value, which is a handle to a security context, should be treated as opaque by the caller and used as described in SSPI security context establishment.
-extendederror BOOL When true, the remote end is notified of errors.
Generates a signature for DATA based on the supplied security context. Returns a list containing the generated signature and DATA.
-certificates CERTLIST CERTLIST is a list of certificate context handles with private keys that are used to authenticate the application. Each handle corresponds to a key exchange method supported by the application. On the client end, this need not be specified in which case the provider will find an appropriate certificate if needed.
-cipherstrength CIPHERSTRENGTH Specifies the strength of the block ciphers to be used in connections using the returned credentials. CIPHERSTRENGTH is list of one or two elements. The first element is the minimum number of bits required in the negotiated encryption key. The second element is the maximum number of bits in the key and defaults to the minimum number of bits if the list contains only one element. A value of 0 indicates a system-specific default to be used. A value of -1 indicates a null cipher (no encryption but with message authentication). This should be used only for debugging purposes.
-protocols PROTOCOLLIST Specifies the protocols that are acceptable for a connection using the returned credentials. PROTOCOLLIST is a list of one or more of the following: ssl2, ssl3, tls1, tls1.1 and tls1.2. If unspecified, or if PROTOCOLLIST is an empty list, defaults to the list of protocols configured in the system registry.
-rootstore HSTORE Specifies a handle to an additional certificate root store that contains root certificates to authenticate incoming client connections. This is only used by server applications which need to authenticate clients.
-sessionlifespan MILLISECS Specifies the number of milliseconds that a Schannel session should be cached. New connections after this time will require a new session. A value of 0 (default) indicates the system-specific default is to be used.
Begins the process of shutting down a context. This command is needed, and should be called, only for contexts based on the Schannel based providers. The return value from the command is a pair, the first element of which is the continue, or done. In the former case, the caller should call sspi_step to continue the process of shutting down. In the latter case, the caller can release the context by calling sspi_delete_context. In both cases, the second element contains binary data to be sent to the remote end to complete the shutdown.
Depending on the security provider in use, building a security context may require negotiation with multiple message exchanges between the client and server. This command indicates to the caller whether the negotiation is complete or additional exchange is required. See SSPI security context establishment for an overview of this process.
CONTEXT is a handle to the security context being built. This is the return value from sspi_client_context or sspi_server_context.
done Indicates that the security context negotiation is completed. The application can use it for cryptographic operations such as signing or encryption.
continue The security context negotiation is in progress. Additional steps are required in the negotiation process and sspi_step must be called again with additional data received from the remote end.
disconnected The negotiation is terminated and cannot be used for cryptographic operations. Caller should delete the context using sspi_delete_context.
If the second element of the returned list is not an empty string, it contains data that must be sent to the remote end. This is true for all three cases above.
Finally, the third element of the returned list, if present, contains leftover application data after negotiation is complete (indicated by a status of done). If not empty, it must be passed to the decryption commands. This occurs for stream oriented contexts only (like SSL/TLS).
The command will raise a Tcl exception if the security context negotiation fails for any reason, including authentication failures.
Verifies that the signature SIGNATURE for the supplied data DATA is valid. Generates a Tcl error if the signature is not valid else returns an integer mask that indicates the level of protection (provider dependent).
Returns the credentials based on the specified arguments in a format that can be passed to the sspi_acquire_credentials command when NTLM, Kerberos or Negotiate providers are in use. PASSWORD should be in the form described in Password protection. | 2019-04-22T04:26:56Z | https://twapi.magicsplat.com/v4.2-dev/sspi.html |
This paper initially proposed to investigate the relationship between conventions of pictorial representation and the spatial organizations of renaissance garden design. There is an idea that Perspective was seen as symbolic system of organization that would function in both two and three dimensions. In two dimensions, the relationship between the viewer’s eye and the object of view mathematically arrayed the peripheral objects upon a picture plane placed between the two. Three dimensional garden design, beginning with Bramante’s Belvedere Court deployed perspective as a symbolic and totalizing organizational system. Subject and Object were specified in space along an axis of view that represented a clear delineation of power. Just as painted perspective occurred as a limited visual phenomenon within a frame so too was three dimensional perspectival spatial organization framed in plan. These gardens were understood to be limited experiments in the establishment of logical social hierarchies.
The reason the representations of these gardens share certain characteristics such as the elevated axial view is to make clear that this type of organization represents a hierarchy of power. The importance of the creation of these gestalt views must have been the felt need to have a source of power communicated clearly and immediately. One’s ambulatory experience of such a garden would be understood to be always functioning with respect to that gestalt view. The reason the stroller, the walking subject of the garden, is never allowed to travel along that central axis, excepting certain moments, is precisely that they would occupy a position of gestalt power and secondly, they would interrupt the core relationship between the subject and the object. Water flows down the axis to provide discrete objects of pleasure, eye-catchers, and to express the flow of power from on high to Earth.
In light of scientific research into the physiological programming of human experience and the creation of memory it is of great interest now to look again at the renaissance garden as a representation of order because of its reliance upon pictorial conventions of composition. The paper by Weber, Choi and Stark suggests that one experiences a 2d or 3d scene the same way. The eye of a subject will behave reliably in certain ways and will be attracted by certain effects. These result in scanpaths, “a repetitive sequence of saccades and fixations, idiosyncratic to the viewer and to the picture.” One would not experience these gardens in a gestalt fashion . Instead there may be an analogy to be made between the scanpath of the eye and the ambulatory path of the stroller in the garden. Where these two would coincide is in the creation of memory.
Storing and retrieving memory are important components of visual learning and pattern recognition. Hence, the memory system of the brain must contain an internal representation of each pattern that is to be recognized. Familiarizing oneself with a pattern maybe considered as the process of constructing such representations. Conversely, recognition of a pattern may be viewed as the process of matching it with its stored internal representation. Such a non-Gestalt view suggests that the internal model consists of component features which are matched step-by-step with the pattern during recognition. This serial recognition process is supported by several studies on object and pattern recognition that the eyes seem to visit the features of the objects or items in the scene cyclically, following stereotyped regular scanpaths or search paths rather than random sequences. . . object representations are composed of sensory memory traces recording the features and motor memory traces of the eye movements from one feature to the other.
Just as the eye uses these motor memory traces to recreate a memory so to could a stroller use the pattern of his ambulatory experience to recreate, in sequence, the Gestalt reading of the garden space. Just as a memory is first created and later relived through the patterned totality of sensory and motor inputs from the eyes, so to does the stroller by experiencing the garden re-inscribe that hierarchical organization back upon themselves. In this sense then, there is a harmony between perception and reality. The gestalt view of a garden can be read as a memory, that is recreated by an idiosyncratic series of movements. This is a potentially powerful idea, that the representation of power functions in analog to the representation of memory. This makes a good deal of sense if one believes that the renaissance garden was a repository of social memory, of mankind’s place within theological, cosmological, historical and intellectual modes of thought. That is to say that while we are hard-wired to experience and record our world in certain sequences and orders we are capable of recreating from those core processes the necessary concepts to communicate something else just as clearly. At a fundamental level then, the Italian renaissance garden is an architectural extension and growth of these native concepts.
This paper will develop this concept by looking at the way the eye creates these scanpaths before looking at how paths, axes, subjects, objects and viewers operate within gardens. Given the interest of renaissance architects in the Roman antique this paper will set a baseline by analyzing the Houses of Jason and Tibertimus in Pompei. The purpose of this will be to demonstrate two types of axial design: one where the visitor can occupy the axis and one where the viewer walks alongside the axis. The intent is to establish the Roman understanding of pictorial space and how that related to the larger organization of their architectural space. Following this, the paper’s attention moves to both Bramante’s Belvedere Court, and Vignola’s Villa Lante. The effort here will be to demonstrate the points of similarity and difference between Roman and Renaissance Garden space. The Villa Giulia will be considered last as a further development of the tendency of perspectival/axial constructions towards scenography. The Renaissance analysis will differ because there are also pictorial representations of the gardens, not merely ruins to look at. Thus there is a great interest in the reciprocity of information contained within these two cultural modes of the organization of symbols.
In the tradition of Uvedale Price, John Barrel introduces “landscape” as a term that introduces, “whether we want [it] to or not, notions of value and form which relate, not just to seeing the land, but to seeing it in a certain way –pictorially.” (Barrell 1) Interestingly, Weber, Choi and Stark state that, “in relation to the effect of two- versus three-dimensional representations of the same composition of architectural forms and spaces, little difference seemed to appear in the primary-fixation zones between the three-dimensional models and their two-dimensional images.” (Weber 66) This understanding of landscape, as a phenomenon that has inherently pictorial, or two-dimensional compositional qualities is given scientific grounding then by a scientific study. In fact, what the study believes, is that an eye will move over a picture of a scene just as it would move over the scene itself.
Both authors discuss the specific nature of this eye-movement further. Weber, Choi and Stark believe that the eye’s movement, “does not trace shapes completely, but focuses on the overall arrangement of visual centers, major masses and on objects with distinct fomal differences from the overall set.” However, the eye will specially favour, “elements indicating spatial depth, such as vistas. . . the left area of a space. . . redundant elements draw less attention than solitary shapes,” and, “obliquely oriented shapes.” (Weber 57) In light of this information regarding how an eye moves and what it prefers to focus on let us look at Barrell’s analysis. “A landscape by Claude employs, in the first place, a fairly high viewpoint –high enough, that is for a distant horizon to appear above any rising ground between it and the viewpoint: and the first impression which everyone must receive, I imagine. . . is one of tremendous depth.” “The eye, attracted by an area of light usually set just below the horizon, travels immediately towards it over a long and often steeply contoured stretch of intervening land. . .The initial movement in all Claude’s landscapes is this one, from the foreground straight to the far distance. . . a rapid movement. . . an immediate response to the way the picture is organized.” (Barrell 8) Barrell’s argument here is that the spectator’s pleasure in viewing a Claude is, once the eye has been immediately drawn to the far distance, figuring out how it was done! Barrell enumerates a number of devices: an alternation of light and dark planes that culminate in the highlighted eyecatcher discussed above; a darker third plane overshadowed by trees and the use of foreground elements to frame the view to the distance. The net result for both artist and viewer is the development of, “a specialized vocabulary, and a grammar, as it were, of landscape patterns and structures. . . A landscape was integrated into the established set of landscape patterns, and so became part of the universal landscape, which included any tract of land the connoisseur chose to examine.” (Barrell 8) Claude created a method of visual organization that so accurately used the eye that he created not only a pattern whereby people saw landscape, but is also a visual pattern where by people created and recalled memories of landscape.
It is possible now to take a leap and say that the composition of a picture is carefully calibrated to excite the eye in specific ways. That in fact that composition is pleasing because there is a resonance between the eye’s natural desires and the artist’s control of the sequence of their satisfaction. However, a crucial distinction between the picture and strolling within the Renaissance landscapes is precisely the nature of that movement within when compared to the elevated gestalt image of its design. Do two dimensional compositional elements translate into three dimensional experiences?
Immense amphitheater which only nature could create. . . The broad plain is ringed by mountains on the crown of which are ancient stands of tall trees, and various kinds of hunting may be found thre. . . It is a volulptuous experience to look down on this scene from the mountain. You seem to be seeing not real land but rather a painted scene of exceptional beauty, and wherever the eye runs it is refreshed by its variety and precision.
So here you have an axial composition within a domestic household. “All three panels present the key juncture in a plot when a wife is about to uproot herself as keeper of the house and destroy the pillars of patriarchy.” (Bergman 207) What impressed me was the extent to which both the two and three dimensional elements of the scheme are malleably altered in terms of their organization in order to represent the synergy between Medea, Phaedra and Helen of Troy to a moving subject in space. Perspectives, layers and space are deployed as a series of veils in order to blur the distinctions between fiction and reality. However, while the axis guides the viewer to a progressively dislocated scene it is not activated symbolically beyond being a means of guidance.
The concept of rus in urbe extended during Hellenistic times to the expansion of the peristyle garden. By the time of Augustus, during whose reign both of these houses were built, the garden of Tiburtinus had expanded to occupy the length of a Pompeian block. A euripus with pergolas on either side connected a gate leading to the amphitheater through a series of three fountains, a nymphaeum and ultimately to the frescoed triclinium of the house. In front of the Triclinium and running perpendicular to the main axis was a cross-axis connecting a biclinium with zoothecula. This organization symbolizes these water filled axes as main views, for viewing and not for traffic. The cross-axis links a space of eating and service to one of repose. The main euripus channel, perhaps more interestingly, uses manipulations of perspective to place and dimension fountains in order to visually extend the garden further than it really did. Here the triclinium is the location of the subject, while the fountains and gate present a series of objects, or eyecatchers receding in space. One can see clearly here the organization of a space according to the pictorial concerns of a single location along with the symbolic isolation of the main axes of view. Such a display of organization clearly represents not only the ability of the owner to construct such a garden but also the symbolization of the power of that owner’s eye.
Hand in hand with economic and political super-positions, are likewise a series of representational juxtapositions that culminate in the overall organization of a renaissance garden.
Claudia Lazzaro addresses the recurrent theme of Art and Nature. If one considers Art to provide organization and nature the elements what is produced when art imitates nature? It is not unspoilt nature, nor the 2nd Nature of Palladio and le Corbusier which treats the land as man-made, a tabula-rasa. Because the Renaissance garden seeks to represent the larger hierarchy, from macrocosm to microcosm and does so in the belief that art is therefore imitating nature, the Renaissance Garden is a third nature. Lazzaro describes the obsessive nature involved in closely imitating nature. She quotes, “Vincenzo Giustiniani’s thoughtful account of the requirements for creating and ornamenting gardens . . . he explains the necessity of naming all the parts of a large garden in order to be able to discuss it, “It will be necessary to give as specific a name as possible to everything. . . That is so that. . . everyone understands perfectly which part is meant; otherwise, there will always be confusion.” (Lazzaro 72) The function here is that organization is understood as an assemblage of parts. In this sense, organizing nature was considered to be an ontological exercise in the clear separation and definition of terms.
In gardens from the fifteenth through the sixteenth century two primary sets of concerns can be distinguished: units, compartments, separate parts that can be named, measured, and counted, enclosed and hidden spaces, and sequential experiences on the one hand; and on the other the linking of parts, axial organization, directional impulses, vistas, and unity.
So there is a balancing act between two functionally opposite practices: One being to further objectify each part geometrically and the other to express a directional unity.
In Renaissance Gardens the effect of this organization was captured in the plan, however the experience was felt in the elevation and the section. The subdivisions of the garden created major rhythms of experience that operated at different tempos. For example, the use of multiple terraces could be considered one tempo while one’s experience of the compartments within a terrace would be considered a more rapid tempo. At the Villa Medici at Fiesole, “The lower garden is, however, cut into the hillside and is sufficiently lower than the upper garden so as not to intrude upon the panoramic view from the upper terrace.” (Moore et al 130) This particular meter of subdivision is particularly interesting to trace in its trajectory from a sectional device that isolates one visually to that terrace to a scenographic device that locates a sequence of views along an axis, without the section as at the Villa Giulia.
This other significance is the symbolism of perspective. The signification of the eye, be it from the papal apartments, the windows of Villa d’Este or merely an elevated view is effectively becomes a referent line that unifies these compendia of nature.
Gyorgy Kepes’ definition of perspective on page 86 of his book focuses upon the tendency of perspective to destroy time and thus the wealth of visual experience. In looking at the Villas Lante and d’Este it is interesting to see that it is those perspectival axes of water and power that have in fact withstood time while the plantings have obviously moved on. However, while it will be shown that Perspective was used in the design of Renaissance gardens it did not serve to deny the temporal experience by a visitor of the space.
At the Belvedere Court Bramante deployed perspective in space to create an axis between the Pope’s apartments and the elevated niche-a mask for the cross axis of the Belvedere villa. Perspectival convergence was heightened by the placement of two loggias on the second terrace. From the Pope’s elevated point of view this created three stages for action beneath the main axis. However, the stroller’s experience would be quite different. The terracing of the site, like at Fiesole, created three distinct platforms of visual activity. As one processed from the lowest court to the highest up the axially placed staircases one would maintain a mental image, perhaps the view from the Pope’s windows, of the overall organization of space.
Representations of the Villa Lante, the Fresco of 1574-78 and the engraving mentioned above of 1596 demonstrate two dislocations from Bramante’s work.
Firstly, the viewer is given an abstract, elevated point of view instead of grounded one of the Papal apartments. Secondly, the main axis is no longer given over to circulation but is instead a singularly long fountain where Bramante’s excedral staircase becomes a fountain of lights. Here, at the Villa Lante that axis is re-conceived as only being symbolic of power. The placement of the Fresco, inside one of the two pallazine meant that upon entering the garden from the town below one was given the means by which to comprehend the total organization as one traveled through it. By representing the garden with an abstract eye and then placing that representation near to the entrance of the garden one would be constantly occupying both the garden and that image. In effect, the fresco is a kind of gestalt image or memory that one would carry with themselves as they travel alongside and perpendicular to the main axis.
At the Villa Giulia the main axis, like that of a Roman atrium house, is occupied upon entrance by a visitor to the villa. The eye is pulled through a series of loggias towards a small figurative sculpture at the very back wall that looks back at you. However, one cannot move along or even beside that visual route. The villa is conceived as a series of overlapping scenes with interstitial spaces that are not introduced or anticipated! Here the perspectival axis merely describes the potential for the sequential unfolding of spaces without the presentation of a gestalt understanding in advance. The terraces, initially re-created by Bramante to mount the hill and isolate portions of the plan from eachother, reoccur at the Villa Giulia as something different. With no image at hand, the axis itself becomes the only point of reference for a moving visitor. By putting the visitor in the position of power regarding the main axis Vignola et al create a new kind of pictorial representation that can only be played out in three dimensions: the scenography.
Barrell, John The Idea of Landscape and the Sense of Place United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
Beneš, Mirka “Pastoralism in the Roman Baroque Villa and in Claude Lorraine” ed. Beneš and Harris Villas and Gardens in Early Modern Italy and France Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 88-113.
Bergmann, Bettina “The Pregnant Moment: Tragic Wives in the Roman Interior” Sexuality in Ancient Art Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 199-218.
Bois, Yve-Alain “A Picturesque Stroll around Clara Clara” October 29, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984.
Harris, Dianne “Landscape and Representation” ed. Beneš and Harris Villas and Gardens in Early Modern Italy and France Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 178-204.
Hazlehurst, F. Hamilton Gardens of Illusion Nashville TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1980. 373.
Kepes, Gyorgy Language of Vision Chicago: Paul Theobald, 1944.
Lazzaro, Claudia The Italian Renaissance Garden, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. 1-108.
Moore, Stainton, and Gallin ed. Landscape Design: A Cultural and Architectural History New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2001. 58-96, 125-164. | 2019-04-19T13:09:39Z | http://www.dreamthecombine.com/scanpaths-recalling-memory |
Affordable LLC formation for non-USA customers: many people outside of the United States of America routinely form LLCs in Delaware in order to take advantage of the many tax benefits available. While this might seem slightly more complicated to do than if you were a US customer, at Coddan Ltd we can register an LLC in Delaware for you as well as providing a range of other post-incorporation services to help you on your way. We offer four unique limited liability company start-up packages in the State of Delaware, each at a different price point and including different features, so you can choose the LLC formation package which meets your requirements on top of this page.
USA LLC registration for overseas customers: establishing a Delaware LLC even if you are based outside of the American is very simple, and at Coddan Ltd we can have yourlimited liability company set up within 24 hours. However, simply establishing your LLC is not all that we offer; our other services are often considered to be indispensable in ensuring that your LLC is established and run safely and legally, which gives you the peace of mind you need when registering an LLC in Delaware. Obviously, before you start trading with your Delaware LLC, your company will need a business bank account. We can open a bank account in EU for you, as well as assist you with filing your annual returns and preparing and submitting your LLC annual accounts with both Secretary of State and Inland Revenue. If you hire us to do this work for you, you can rest assured that it will be done quickly and correctly - and the security that this provides can't be overstated.
LLC formation with nominee members: if you want to keep your involvement with the LLC entirely secret then for an annual fee Coddan Ltd can provide a nominee members and nominee operating manager who will own the membership on your behalf. There is variety of commercial reasons why people might want to remain anonymous. They might want to avoid it being known to competitors that they are branching out into a new area, for example. We can provide and appoint nominee partners service upon formation of your LLC in Delaware, New York, Florida, and California. LLC incorporation with nominee members: the nominee member will own the LLC membership, but all benefits will accrue to the people who appointed them and the nominees will not become involved in the running of the business beyond signing documents as required. There can be a maximum of one beneficiary per nominee partner. A declaration of trust is signed giving effect to this arrangement. An undated signed membership transfer form is provided so that the beneficiary can take their membership at any moment. If you are looking for LLC formation in Delaware with nominee partners, or setting up a limited liability company with nominee members, we can help!
LLC incorporation for non-USA clients: there are a great many more things we can do for you if you let us help you establish an LLC in Delaware. We can also provide you with a registered office address, business service address, and provide nominee members. We can also verify your corporate documents with an apostille authentication stamp. The number of services we can offer you as a non-USA customer is huge, and their usefulness cannot be underestimated. To discuss your LLC company formation options in greater detail or just to find out exactly how we might go about forming your LLC, don't hesitate to get in touch with Coddan Ltd - we're always happy to help to register an LLC for non-UK customers!
LLC registration for UK and overseas customers: there are some key tax advantages involved in setting up an LLC in Delaware from a foreign country. However, forming an LLC whilst living abroad can be difficult and stressful. Thankfully, LLC registration for non-USA customers can be carried out by LLC formation agents. They will get your new LLC started whilst complying with all USA regulations, and they will usually provide a range of additional services in order to get your new commercial venture off to the best possible start. As well as lodging all the necessary information and documentation to Secretary of State, LLC registration for overseas customers will often also include the setting up of a bank account - meaning your new LLC can start trading within hours. If you need an assistance with LLC formation, you can also speak to our business advisors between 9.30am-6.00pm Monday to Friday by telephoning + (0) 207.935.5171 or + (0) 330.808.0089 (national rates).
Benefits to register a business as a limited liability company: the primary advantage of a limited liability company is limiting the liability of its members. Unless they personally guarantee them, the members are not liable for the debts and obligations of the limited liability company. In a partnership, limited partnership, or sole proprietorship, creditors may seize personal assets of the participants to pay debts of the business.
The American limited liability company is a powerful entity to protect assets from the threat of lawsuits and claims. It would also make sense to separate your risky assets from your safe assets. For example, hold investments in one LLC, and heavy equipment and property in another LLC.
Are there benefits to forming a LLC in USA? The limited liability company (LLC) is a relatively new business structure that is increasingly popular with small companies. An LLC offers the liability protection of a corporation and the flexibility and tax advantages of a partnership. In an LLC, income passes through to the owners, instead of being taxed separately.
Rules for running an LLC are less rigid than those for a corporation. For example, LLCs don't have to hold annual meetings. Same pass-through features of an S corporation which avoids double taxation of profits. Flexibility of a partnership without the restrictions of an S corporation. In comparison to a limited partnership, the limited liability company (LLC) offers limited liability protection for all members, whereas the general partner in a limited partnership has unlimited liability.
Also, if any limited partner in a limited partnership participates in management, the limited partner is exposed to personal liability, whereas a limited liability company (LLC) member who participates in management is not exposed. Contribution of appreciated property to an S corporation is a tax-free event if the contributing shareholders control 80% or more of the stock after the contribution.
A contribution of appreciated property to a limited liability company (LLC) as a partnership is tax free regardless as to how much control the contributing partner has. Liquidation of an S corporation interest is a taxable event and is treated as if the corporation sold the liquidated assets at their fair market value to the shareholder. Liquidation of a limited liability company (LLC) as a partnership is generally a tax-free event.
LLCs allow a business to have the limited personal liability of a corporation as provided by state law, while being treated as a partnership for purposes of Federal tax laws. The downside to an LLC is that you don't get the free transferability of ownership, perpetual existence, and the ability to be totally owned by a single individual that you'd get with a corporation. That is the trade off you make to get the partnership tax status and greater management flexibility. If the company's business plan includes raising capital by someday admitting new owners or going public, then a corporation is probably the more desirable form for the business.
Limited liability companies generally restrict the transfer of ownership interests in the business to make sure the business is classified as a partnership under federal tax law. A registered LLC usually has a limited existence in that it will end after a specified number of years or upon the occurrence of some specified event. This requirement is intended to help the business qualify as a partnership for purposes of tax law.
If you want to register an LLC in USA, or need an advise aboout an LLC formation in the United States of America, please contact us via e-mail, or by phone. While this is a complicated process, once you have a basic understanding of it, you can file for registration of an LLC company in under few hours. Are you looking for information & guidance regarding limited liability company registration in Delaware and need a small business start-up advice in United States? We are serving the UK and non-UK customers who are looking to use an LLC benefits to start a business, please contact for the further details.
Should you seriously consider forming an LLC? Anyone who sets up an LLC in USA needs to be able to quickly locate key organizational documents. These are your LLC articles of organization (sometimes called a "certificate of formation" or a "certificate of organization") and operating agreement. Because these are really the constitution of your LLC, you'll refer to them again and again. If you have not already done so, set up an LLC records binder that contains all key LLC documents.
You can do this on your own with a three-ring binder. Your LLC records binder should contain: an articles of organization, operating agreement, membership certificates and stubs (if your LLC decides to issue certificates to members), membership register that lists the names and addresses of your members, membership transfer ledger, showing the dates of any transfers of membership interests by a member, and minutes of LLC meetings and written consent forms.
It's true that an LLC can be set up with a management structure that has the same centralized features as a board-managed corporation - for example, the LLC can select a management team consisting of owners who are active in the business and possibly an outside investor. But precisely because LLCs are more flexible and informal business entities, they can be less disciplined and less responsive to the interests of outside investors.
Specifically, they don't provide as many management protections and controls as do corporations, such as shareholder inspection rights and annual disclosure requirements, which makes it more difficult for investors to hold management accountable. In addition, it's more difficult to set up different classes of ownership in an LLC to cater to the special concerns of investors. In contrast, in a corporation, the founders can adopt an off-the-shelf capitalization structure of non-preferred and preferred shares - which are usually immediately attractive to venture capital investors.
And forget about taking an LLC public with an IPO (initial public offering of stock) - if this is your short-term dream, you'll definitely want to incorporate to take advantage of the long-established statutory procedures that address the interests of attracting and maintaining a large group of investors (shareholders).
The first key organizing document any LLC must have is its articles of organization (in some states, this document is called a certificate of organization or certificate of formation). An LLC comes into existence when its articles of organization are filed with the state LLC filing office. The articles normally contain fundamental structural information about the company, such as: the name of the LLC, whether the LLC is managed by all of its members or by specially selected managers (most smaller LLCs are member-managed), the names and addresses of its members and/or managers and its registered agent, and the agent's office address (this is the registered office of the LLC to which legal papers can be sent by the state and by persons serving legal process on the LLC).
The LLC operating agreement is an LLC's second-most important document. The operating agreement does not need to be filed with the State of incorporation - it is an internal document, much like corporate bylaws or a partnership agreement. It lists the capital, profits, and voting interests of current members of the LLC.
The operating agreement may specify: the frequency of regular meetings of managers and members, and the call, notice, quorum, and voting rules for each type of meeting. Or it may be silent on these issues, leaving these details to the LLC managers and members to decide later. Typically, state requirements for approving special matters are also included in the operating agreement. This includes any state-mandated manager and member voting requirements for admitting new members or for approving the sale of a membership interest by a current member to a new member.
Membership certificates and stubs: it is not legally necessary to issue membership certificates to members. However, some LLC owners like this additional formality. Typically, there is no state-required format for such membership certificates. Most certificates show the name of the LLC, the name of the member, and the date of issuance of the certificate. Certificates are signed by one or more LLC officers (the LLC president and secretary, typically).
A certificate normally does not show the exact capital, profits, or voting interests of an member; instead, it simply recites that the member is entitled to the rights and subject to the responsibilities of membership, as set out in the articles of organization and operating agreement of the LLC. After the certificate is issued to a member, a certificate stub is filled out by the LLC secretary, showing the date of issuance and certificate number. The certificate stubs are kept in the LLC records binder. The stubs usually contain a transfer section that is completed if and when a member transfers the membership back to the LLC or to another person.
Membership registers: the State law generally requires an LLC to keep an alphabetical list of the names and addresses of all current members. This list can be inspected by any member during regular business hours of the LLC. It should also be made available for inspection to all members at any membership meeting. This list is used by the LLC secretary to prepare and mail notice of meetings to members. If the LLC is managed by specially selected managers, the LLC should have a list of the managers' names and addresses.
Minutes of LLC Meetings: if your LLC has been in existence for some time, you may have previously prepared minutes of LLC manager or member meetings or written consent forms. This is especially likely if a lawyer helped you form your LLC. Contact your attorney to get copies of previously prepared minutes and written consents, and place them in your LLC records binder.
Most States allow LLCs to be formed with one or more members. The IRS has "check the box" regulations that default to taxation as a partnership. The tax form used is form 1065. Members may not get paid a "salary" or "wages." In lieu of salary, earned income may be paid as "consulting fees" or "guaranteed payments to members/partners."
These are taxed to the member (not to the LLC) for SECA purposes (similar to FICA and Medicare). Once "earned income" is generated as per the above, you may receive (if desired and if structured properly) a tax deduction for payments made for health insurance and retirement plan contributions for yourself and family members. An LLC is owned by its members. They are analogous to partners in a partnership or shareholders in a corporation, depending on the how the LLC is managed.
A member will more closely resemble a shareholder if the LLC utilizes the operating concept of a manager or managers because then the members will not participate in management. If the LLC does not utilize managers, then the members will closely resemble partners because they will have a direct say in the decision making of the company. A member's ownership of an LLC is represented by their "interests," just as partners have "interest" in a partnership and shareholders have stock in a corporation.
Whether you're starting a new business or looking to protect your assets, forming a business entity: corporation, limited liability company, S-corporation or limited partnership is serious business. One size does not fit all when it comes to deciding how you are going to structure your business. Not only is it important to pick the right business structure but it's even more important that you properly set-up your new company from the beginning. Failure to structure your business correctly from the start can leave you personally exposed to litigation and possible tax penalties.
Limited liability company has the advantage of being a hybrid between a partnership and a corporation. The advantage of a limited liability company is that most states require fewer formalities be observed in an LLC in comparison to a corporation. Real Estate Investments. LLC's flexibility allow unlimited number of members. LLCs may register their shares with the Securities and Exchange Commission as publicly traded securities i.e.(REITS) Real Estate Investment Trusts under the LLC umbrella at far less costs and with less administrative complications. The United States is the "offshore" for foreign entrepreneurs. Foreign investors consider the United States as their "offshore" tax-free tax haven jurisdiction due to favorite treatment of their investments and tax-free status afforded to them.
Example: there's no capital gains taxes on securities purchased in the United States and sold by foreign investors. The LLC is an ideal way to transfer wealth amongst family members. The older generation (parents) retain control of the assets or business by eliminating third party interests and restricting membership, while eliminating estate and gift tax consequences. The LLC is a much more practical device for this purpose with no mandatory distributions to the younger generation (children).
Once you have decided the type of business entity which is best for your business, articles of organization must be filed with the proper state agency together with certain fees. Coddan will provide all necessary services to ensure that the administrative processes are completed in the shortest period of time, with the highest degree of skill and efficiency, and at the lowest cost.
LLC Advantages: only one LLC member is required to form an LLC in the State of Delaware. Historically, some states require that a limited liability company be comprised of at least two LLC members. Today most states and the IRS recognize the single-member LLC as a legitimate business structure.
Separate legal entity, like a limited partnerships and corporations: the limited liability company shares a similar advantage - it is recognized as a separate legal entity from its "members".
If you want to become familiar with the description and the contents of Delaware limited liability company formation packages, offered by Coddan and to find, what kind of service is included in this or that Delaware LLC incorporation package, to get an idea about the price of annual renewal of the service, and about the general legal requirements to the LLC organization within State of Delaware, please, check the banners on top of this page or contact us with your LLC incorporation requirements by phone or via e-mail.
What are the Advantages to Register a Limited Liability Company in America? How to Form an LLC in USA?
If you're a business owner considering your business incorporation options in USA, Coddan is the valuable online resource for information to help you decided whether to form an LLC company in United Stats of America or another type of business entity. There are pros and cons to each, but no matter what type of corporation you opt for, the corporate designation confers an image of stability, longevity, and competence.
Entrepreneurs trust us to incorporate in Delaware and register an LLC on the same day, LLC incorporation in USA protects your personal assets from business liabilities. Referrals and repeat customers generate most of our business. We are more than just a filing service; we develop relationships with clients to help make them successful and keep them returning. The Coddan makes registering your Delaware LLC fast and easy. most states answer incorporation submissions within 2-3 business days, so your Delaware LLC can be up and running quickly.
A limited liability company, also referred to as an "LLC", is a new class of business operating entity with legal status in certain states (see below) - a hybrid between an S corporation and a partnership. It combines the tax advantage of a partnership (avoidance of corporate income tax) with the legal safeguard of a corporation - namely the fact that owner' personal assets are not normally at risk in business-related lawsuits. As of December 1997, all states, plus the District of Columbia, have passed laws governing the administration and operation of LLCs within their jurisdictions.
Simplicity and flexibility of operation: an LLC is formed by filing a form called articles of organization with the Secretary of State, which are similar to articles of incorporation for a corporation. Some states, including California, require an annual report to be filed to keep the records maintained by the state current. Other than that, there are generally no other reports or forms to be filed, except tax returns. An LLC may be "manager managed" or "member managed."
A limited liability company that is manager managed is similar to a limited partnership where the general partner has the authority to run the operations of the partnership and the other members have little or no input. In short, the "manager-managed" LLC is well suited to accomplish this estate-planning objective. A manager of a manager-managed LLC may, but need not, be a member (this is a corporate concept). The articles of organization or certificate of formation of an LLC may have to specify whether the limited liability company is member-managed or manager-managed to make this a matter of public record.
An LLC that is member managed is similar to a general partnership where all the members have equal say in the operation or the voting may be based on their ownership interest. An LLC also allows for great management flexibility. The management can be decentralized and informal, such as the management of a general partnership. Alternatively, the limited liability company may adopt a corporate style of management structure with a board of "managing directors." The Board may then appoint a president, CFO and secretary.
Registration of single-owner LLC or incorporation of a congle member LLC on America: the IRS treats one-member LLCs as sole proprietorships for tax purposes. This means that the LLC itself does not pay taxes and does not have to file a return with the IRS. As the sole owner of your LLC, you must report all profits (or losses) of the LLC on Schedule C and submit it with your 1040 tax return. Even if you leave profits in the company's bank account at the end of the year - for instance, to cover future expenses or expand the business - you must pay taxes on that money.
Create of establish the multi-owner LLC: the IRS treats co-owned LLCs as partnerships for tax purposes. Co-owned limited liability companies themselves do not pay taxes on business income; instead, the LLC owners each pay taxes on their lawful share of the profits on their personal income tax returns (with Schedule E). Each LLC member's share of profits and losses, called a distributive share, is set out in the LLC operating agreement.
Most operating agreements provide that a member's distributive share is in proportion to his percentage interest in the business. For instance, if Jimmy owns 60% of the LLC, and Luana owns the other 40%, Jimmy will be entitled to 60% of the LLC's profits and losses, and Luana will be entitled to 40%. If you'd like to split up profits and losses in a way that is not proportionate to the members' percentage interests in the business, it's called a "special allocation," and you must carefully follow IRS rules.
However members' distributive shares are divvied up, the IRS treats each LLC member as though s/he receives her/his entire distributive share each year. This means that each LLC member must pay taxes on their distributive share whether or not the LLC actually distributes the money to him/her. The practical significance of this IRS rule is that even if LLC members need to leave profits in the LLC - for instance, to buy inventory or expand the business - each LLC member is liable for income tax on her/his rightful share of that money.
Even though a co-owned LLC itself does not pay income taxes, it must file Form 1065 with the IRS. This form, the same one that a partnership files, is an informational return that the IRS reviews to make sure the LLC members are reporting their income correctly. The LLC must also provide each LLC member with a "Schedule K-1," which breaks down each member's share of the LLC's profits and losses. In turn, each LLC member reports this profit and loss information on his or her individual Form 1040, with Schedule E attached.
After your articles of formation are filed, your LLC should have an organizational meeting where an operating agreement is adopted, interest certificates are distributed and other preliminary matters are completed.
After your LLC has been formed, if the entity will have employees, or elect partnership or corporate taxation, the entity will need an Employer Identification Number (EIN). If the entity is a single member LLC with no employees, this will not be necessary as the entity will use the social security number of the single member. If an EIN is necessary, an IRS Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number, will need to be completed.
What are the Benefits to Register a Limited Liability Company in America? What are the Disadvantages of Operating as an American LLC?
The LLC is treated as a partnership for federal tax reporting. Taxable income and losses pass through to its members (owners) in the same manner, as is the case with partnerships and similar to S corporations. The law allows the inclusion of liabilities of the LLC in order to increase basis for tax purposes (as in the case of a partnership). The liability of all members is limited to their investments in the LLC (unless they personally guarantee other debt incurred by the limited liability company).
Payment to a retiring member may be structured so as to allow part of the payment to be deducted as an expense to the LLC. The Delaware Limited Company Liability Act does not require that a limited liability company agreement be in English. If an LLC has no members in the U.S., and derives no income from sources within the U.S., then, according to current law, as of December 1997, no U.S. federal income taxes will be due by the members who are non-resident aliens of the U.S. An LLC can be formed by one member/manager. Delaware does not require the member/manager be listed in the document. The new IRS ruling allows the LLC to be perpetual.
The benefits for owner-employees, such as health care or life insurance, are only partially deductible from these members' individual federal income tax returns. If you want your LLC to have a fiscal year other than a calendar year, a special election is required.
There is a legal requirement for a limited liability company agreement among its members. It should be drafted by an attorney competent in corporate, contract and tax law. Tax treatment of the LLC as a corporation or partnership is going to be governed by the Agreement. And, regardless of the nature of the agreement drafted, tax treatment is completely predictable only if you obtain a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service on a case-by-case basis.
The initial members of a new LLC ordinarily make financial contributions (called "capital contributions" in business lingo) to the business to get it started. These contributions can consist of: cash, property, services, or a promise to contribute cash, property or services in the future.
In return, each LLC member normally gets a percentage of ownership in the assets of the LLC (this is called a member's "capital interest"). This interest reflects the portion of the assets of the LLC that each member is entitled to when an LLC member sells his membership interest or when the LLC itself is sold. For example, if a member has a 50% capital interest in an LLC whose assets, including goodwill, are valued at $500,000, he can expect to be paid approximately $250,000 if he asks the other LLC members to buy out his interest.
Of course, a good LLC operating agreement (or buy-sell agreement) will clearly say how members' interests will be valued so that a member can anticipate how much he'll get when he sells his interest and when he'll get it (in a lump sum, in instalment payments or in a combination of the two).
If your LLC members simply contribute cash to start up your LLC, the tax considerations are straightforward. The members are not taxed on the transaction. Instead, their membership interest is given an "income tax basis" equal to the amount of cash each member invests. This tax basis will go up and down during the life of the LLC as profits and losses are allocated and paid to members and as the LLC's liabilities fluctuate.
When a member finally sells his membership interest or when the LLC itself is sold, the tax basis at that time will be used to compute the amount of gain that the member owes taxes on.
Another popular way to fund an LLC is through the contribution of property. For example, a member may transfer her title (ownership document) to a piece of real estate to her LLC in return for a membership interest. Vehicles, business equipment and machinery, as well as patents and trademarks, are also commonly exchanged for membership interests. As long as other LLC members (if there are any) accept the property at an agreed upon value, there is no legal impediment to doing this. But in some circumstances, contributions of property (especially property that has appreciated in value) can lead to special tax consequences.
Tax issues arise when a member contributes property that has increased in value (appreciated) since the time it was purchased, inherited or received by gift. Appreciation is most likely to have occurred on real estate (a building or land) prior to its transfer to the LLC.
First - the good news. Contributions of appreciated property to an LLC are generally tax-free at the time they are made (there are some technical exceptions).
The not-so-good news is that a member who transfers appreciated property to the LLC must eventually pay taxes on the past appreciation (the increase in value that occurred prior to transferring the property to the LLC). Typically, the member who originally transferred the property to the LLC pays taxes on the past appreciation when his interest in the LLC, or the entire LLC itself, is sold.
When LLC members receive a capital interest in an LLC in exchange for cash, property or services, they are also given a share of its profits and losses, called their "distributive share." (This only applies to LLCs with pass-through taxation. Owners of LLCs that elect corporate tax treatment instead receive their share of profits as salaries or dividends.) You'll see the term "distributive share" a lot in IRS publications and tax forms.
It refers to how much of the LLC's profits and losses will be allocated to each LLC owner at the end of the year. It is a bit of a misnomer, because under the pass-through tax rules an LLC's owners are taxed on all of the profits allocated to them at the end of each LLC tax year, even if these profits are not distributed. An owner's distributive share is sometimes also referred to as his "profits interest" in the LLC.
Each member's distributive share of profits and losses must be specified in the LLC operating agreement. Most often, an operating agreement will provide that each member's distributive share corresponds to his capital interest in the LLC.
One flexibility of doing business as an LLC is that the operating agreement can provide that profits and/or losses can be distributed in a manner that is not proportionate to capital interests. For example, an LLC member with a 30% capital interest could receive 40% of the yearly profits. The ability to mete out allocations of profits and losses in different ways is one of the special advantages of setting up an LLC (or a partnership).
By contrast, the founders of a corporation are unable to do this sort of disproportionate profit splitting without a lot of tinkering with the standard corporate model. Splitting of profits and losses that are disproportionate to members' relative capital interests are called "special allocations" under the tax law and are subject to IRS tax rules.
In addition to the issues discussed in the previous paragraph, there are a number of steps which you should take to preserve your corporation or LLC's identity separate from its owners: make all annual filings with the Secretary of State and pay the franchise fee on time. Operate the company under its proper name or properly filed trade name.
Make sure that people dealing with your company understand that it is a corporation or LLC and that they are not dealing with you as an individual. Avoid, to the extent possible, giving personal guarantees.
Any document signed on behalf of the company should clearly indicate that the person signing is doing so as an officer of the corporation or as a member or manager of the LLC without personal guarantee. As noted above, treat the company as a separate financial entity. Payments to the company need to be documented as capital contributions, loans, compensation, dividends or loan repayments.
These are items which should be enumerated in the annual minutes of the Board of Directors. Stock or Membership certificates are only evidence of ownership and not necessary for ownership. Stockholder and members are not required to be US citizens and are not required to be US residents.
Ownership must appear in the company's minutes and on the transfer records. It is the better practice to issue stock or membership certificates. Any restriction on transfer must appear on the certificate to be effective against third parties. If you let employees drive their own cars on company business, make sure that both your and their insurance is sufficient and make sure that your company is listed as an "additional insured" on their policy of insurance. Do not take inconsistent positions with your insurance company (no business use) and then deduct car expenses on your company's tax return.
If you lend money to the company the company should adopt a resolution authorizing the borrowing and should issue a note. If you have a pension plan, consult your accountant or plan administrator at least annually for a review because of changes in the law or regulations. Annually review minutes and records with your attorney and accountant.
Except in the case of S corporations, the company should have a written employment contract with an owner employee and the company's minutes should reflect the adoption of the contract. If an owner leases property to the company the lease should be either favorable to the company or at arms length with the owner.
Rent and expense obligations need to conform to the lease to make it deductible. If you have multiple companies, steps must be taken to avoid confusion. Just as with the case of your need to maintain your company as a separate financial entity, the same must be observed with parent subsidiary relationships as well as brother sister relationships. Document all inter company transactions and maintain financial separation.
Unless you choose otherwise, "pass-through" income tax status is automatic for all new LLCs. This means that all of the LLC's profits and losses "pass through" the business and are reflected and taxed on the owners' individual tax returns. The LLC is a vehicle designed to provide general limitation of liability while also permitting, if desired, U.S. federal and Delaware income-tax treatment as if the organization were a partnership.
It is important to recognize that merely complying with the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act will not guarantee partnership tax treatment, since the Delaware Act is a statute that permits the members of a limited liability company to determine contractually which corporate tax characteristics, if any, the limited liability company will fail to possess.
The Delaware Act has been drafted in such a manner, however, that partnership tax treatment should result if the drafters of an LLC agreement do not contractually override the default provisions of the Delaware Act relating to the lack of continuity of life, centralized management and free transferability of interests.
The Internal Revenue Service has issued a revenue ruling addressing the federal income-tax classification of LLCs formed under the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act. The revenue ruling gives considerable comfort as to the federal tax treatment of Delaware LLCs.
In the second fact hypothetical, the LLC's debts, obligations and liabilities continued to be solely those of the LLC. With respect to other aspects of the LLC, however, the LLC agreement provided that (i) management was vested in three managers elected by the members, (ii) an assignee of a member could participate in the management of the business and affairs of the LLC and become a member after the assignee merely provided the LLC with written notice of the assignment, and (iii) the LLC continued following the termination of membership of a member.
The service held that under this second hypothetical the LLC would be classified as an association taxable as a corporation (and not as a partnership) for federal income-tax purposes.
The Revenue Ruling deals with two examples at opposite ends of the spectrum and provides guidance if a Delaware LLC is structured in a manner consistent with either example. The revenue ruling also confirmed that the flexible nature of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act does not preclude partnership income-tax treatment if the Delaware Act's default provisions are not followed. However, caution and careful tax analysis are strongly recommended before deviating from the Delaware Act's default rules.
The limitation of a liability: as noted, a fundamental policy of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act is to protect against liability to third parties of members and managers of LLCs. The Delaware Act provides that, except as otherwise provied in the Delaware Act, the debts, obligations and liabilities of an LLC, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, shall be solely the debts, obligations and liabilities of the LLC.
In addition, the Delaware Act provides that, except as otherwise provided by the Delaware Act, no member or manager of an LLC shall be obligated personally for any debt, obligation or liability of an LLC solely by reason of being a member or acting as a manager of the LLC. Thus, regardless of the fact that a member or manager actively participates in the business of a Delaware LLC, or controls a Delaware LLC, such member or manager will not be generally liable for the debts and obligations of the LLC.
However, unlike the limited liability company statutes in most states, the Delaware Act specifically provides that a member or manager may agree in a limited liability company agreement or other agreement to be obligated personally for any or all of the debts, obligations and liabilities of a Delaware LLC.
Although it would be unusual for a limited liability company agreement to contain such a provision waiving limited liability, this flexible feature of the Delaware Act can be useful in a situation where a lack of limited liability is needed for an LLC to obtain partnership classification for income-tax purposes.
Distribution of profits to LLC members: in an unincorporated business like a partnership or an LLC, the owners share in the net profits of the business. They usually don't pay themselves a salary up-front - instead, each year (or often, each quarter), they see how much net profit remains after deducting all regular business expenses.
Then they decide how much of this profit to distribute to themselves and how much to retain in the business. The next step is to calculate how much income must be allocated to each owner for income tax purposes according to each owner's "distributive share," or "profits interest," as set out in the LLC operating agreement.
Even if some owners operate the business full-time and others (passive investors) don't work in the business at all, the working/ managing owners usually do not get a guaranteed salary. Instead, the working owners split the net profits with the passive owners according to their LLC operating agreement.
In recognition of the larger contribution made by the active owners, typically the operating agreement states that they get a larger share of profits than the passive owners do. In addition, the working owners sometimes get all business profits up to a certain level, with any additional profits divided with the passive owners according to the operating agreement.
Of course, it's also possible for an LLC owner who works in the business to receive a salary. This is particularly likely in a small business that produces profits year after year, or in a business where one managing owner does all the work for a bunch of passive investors. In this scenario the working/managing owners may receive a guaranteed salary that is paid regardless of yearly fluctuations in the profit-level of the business.
Since the salary is guaranteed to be paid regardless of profits, it is a business expense and can be deducted by the business in computing its net profit. This, in turn, reduces the amount of profits the other owners are allocated and taxed on (of course, the other owners also receive less profits under this scenario).
The working/managing owners who are paid guaranteed salaries pay individual income taxes on the salary payouts plus, of course, their allocated share of any additional money (profits) they divide with the other business owners. But again, arrangements of this sort are the exception, not the rule, for most smaller unincorporated businesses. Before setting up a guaranteed salary for you or one of your co-owners, talk to your tax advisor.
It follows that even if a member's allocated profits are retained by the LLC, the member must pay income taxes on those profits as if she received them. At bottom, this is the big idea behind pass-through tax treatment - the IRS wants its income tax money each year; it doesn't want to wait until the LLC decides to put the money in the owners' pockets.
If the owners were allowed to avoid taxes on profits by waiting until they felt like paying them out, you can be sure that in very good income years, when profits would cause LLC owners to be taxed in higher marginal tax brackets, owners would retain the profits in the business. Then in leaner years, when LLC owners would otherwise receive little or no income, they would pay them out so as to be taxed in lower individual tax brackets.
To deal with the potential problem of owing taxes if you don't receive a payout of profits one year (say the majority of LLC members vote to keep the money in the business), many LLC operating agreements contain a provision that says the owners must receive (actually have distributed to them) at least a minimum percentage (typically 25% to 30% or more) of their share of allocated profits each year.
When it comes to actually paying out profits to the members, LLCs do have to pay attention to a few legal rules. In many states, there are financial tests that an LLC must meet before profits can be paid out. In general, a distribution of profits is valid if, after the distribution: the LLC remains solvent - that is, the LLC will be able to pay its bills; as they become due in the normal course of business, and LLC assets remain equal to or exceed LLC liabilities (or, in some states, a statute sets out a higher asset-to-liability ratio that the LLC must be able to satisfy after distributing profits).
Register and Running an LLC Company in USA: How LLCs Report & Pay the Federal Income Taxes?
If your LLC has only one member (and you haven't elected corporate tax treatment), the tax reporting process is simple. The LLC itself does not have to prepare and file any tax returns. The owner simply files his regular 1040 form and attaches Schedule C, Profit or Loss From a Business, on which he reports his share of allocated LLC profits or losses, and Schedule SE, Self-Employment Tax Return, on which he figures the self-employment (Social Security and Medicare) tax he owes.
Tax tip: use a double-entry bookkeeping system. Some smaller LLCs use a single-entry bookkeeping system such as a simple business check register to keep track of their expenses and income. However, double-entry procedures help owners to organize and track the financial progress of the business better. So even if yours is a one-person or small multi-member LLC, consider setting up a double-entry system for your business.
For LLCs with two or more owners, the LLC itself must prepare and file IRS Form 1065, the same tax forms used by a partnership, unless it elects corporate tax treatment as explained in Section C, below. Since LLCs themselves don't pay income taxes on profits (their owners do), this annual partnership income return is informational only.
Unfortunately, Form 1065 is a bit complicated for the uninitiated. It requires that the business use a standard double-entry bookkeeping system, with a journal of accounts that are periodically posted to a general ledger. These general ledger accounts, in turn, are used to generate an income statement and balance sheet, both of which are necessary to complete Form 1065.
The form must also show a reconciliation of each owner's capital (ownership) account that shows his capital contributions and distributions as well as the allocations and distributions of profits to each owner.
Form 1065 also includes Schedule K, where the income, losses, credits and deductions allocated to all owners must be reported. And finally, the LLC must give a Schedule K-l form to each owner, on which it reports the profits, losses, credits and deductions allocated to that owner - called the owner's "distributive share." Each owner uses the Schedule K-l to prepare her individual income tax return for the year and then attaches a copy of it to her 1040.
Before deciding whether you'll formally prepare minutes or consent forms for particular decisions, you need to know whether your LLC is "member-managed" or "manager-managed." Let's clarify this legal jargon. Most state statutes provide that an LLC is managed by all its members unless the LLC articles say otherwise. For example, if the LLC organizers decide that the LLC should be managed by four out of seven members, the articles should say so.
As an alternative to member-management, the articles can elect manager-management. This means that the LLC is managed by one or more persons who are specifically designated as "managers" (the appointment of just one manager is typical). Managers may be members, officers, or anyone else (even independent contractors, for that matter).
Typical wording used in the articles to elect manager-management is "This LLC is managed by one or more managers, whose names and addresses are as follows: name(s) and address(es) of manager(s)." However, most smaller, closely held LLCs - those owned and operated by a small group of people who are active in the business - are member-managed by all members.
Typically, state LLC Acts have a section titled "Management," which sets out rules for the re-election of managers by members and recites the duties and responsibilities of managers. These statutes make it clear that the members of a member-managed LLC act in the place of managers, and are subject to the same rights and responsibilities as those set out for specially selected managers.
Another way of saying this is that the members of a member-managed LLC do not have to put on their "manager" hats to manage the LLC. They should do so as members, realizing that they are subject to the legal rules set out in the LLC Act that apply to managers in a manager-managed LLC. In a member-managed LLC, the members will make all decisions, either by holding real meetings and recording the decisions in written minutes, or by simply preparing written minutes of a paper meeting or written consents for the members to sign.
In other words, there is no need for the members to also don their manager hats and separately approve LLC decisions as managers.
But in a manager-managed LLC, where one or more persons (who may be members or nonmembers) are selected to manage the LLC, the nature of a particular decision will tell you whether the managers or the members make that decision. Here's a quick rundown of the various choices for decision making in a manager-managed LLC, geared to specific types of LLC decisions: re-election of managers.
In a manager managed LLC where the managers are elected to fixed terms (such as one- or two-year terms), the members meet (in person or on paper) or sign a consent form to elect the managers to another term or replace managers who leave the LLC. (Members in manager-managed LLCs with indefinite terms for managers do not need to vote regularly to re-elect managers, but will do so to replace managers who leave the LLC). Approval of some major decisions reserved to the members.
For most manager managed LLCs, state law, the articles, or the operating agreement reserve some types of major decisions to the members. Typically, the following decisions require approval by members: amendment to the articles or operating agreement, issuance of a new membership, admission of a transferee as a member, a vote to continue the LLC after a member withdraws, and a decision to voluntarily dissolve the LLC.
Approval of a management decision. Management decisions, such as approval of a standard sales contract, are just the sort of decisions that fall within the purview of the management team. The managers should meet or sign a written consent to signify their formal approval.
Approval of a decision that significantly impacts LLC profitability or involves the personal financial interests of one or more managers. It is wise to have all members who do not also serve as managers join the managers in approving decisions of this sort. This is easily accomplished by holding a joint meeting of all managers and members.
Or, you can have all managers and members sign a written consent to the decision. (As you'll see in the succeeding chapters, our minute and consent forms accommodate attendance and approval by either managers or members or both.) After all, if a course of LLC action will reduce or gamble LLC profits, obtaining the advance approval of all members can help avoid membership complaints later if the LLC loses money on the decision or deal.
And if an action may benefit one or more managers personally - such as a hefty pay raise for a manager (who also works as an LLC officer and receives an officer salary) or the lease of property by a manager to the LLC- asking members to approve it is just fair play and common sense. If, after full disclosure, the members approve a deal that benefits a manager personally, it's less likely that a member will complain (or sue) later.
The point here is to treat non-managing members in a manager-managed LLC just as you would any outside investor in a business: You don't normally need to let them in on basic managerial decisions that are meant to be decided by the managers themselves - in fact, non-managing members usually won't want to get involved in these decisions. But you will want to get their advance approval for decisions that may affect their pocketbook or upset them if they're surprised by them later.
LLC member-management: the owners of most smaller LLCs choose the standard member-management approach. Again, this means that all LLC members are responsible for managing the LLC. (A few states, such as Minnesota and North Dakota, have copied terminology found in their unincorporated association statutes, and call the managers "governors.") The reason this approach makes sense is that, in most smaller LLCs, all members plan to be active in the business, and all want to be able to vote to decide how the LLC will be run.
LLC manager-management: member-management, however, isn't the best choice for all LLCs. Under the other management option - manager-management - an LLC is managed by a single manager or a small group of managers consisting of: one or more selected LLC members; one or more non-members (usually either officers or outside investors), or a mixture of the two. The main reason to opt for manager-management instead of member-management is that you're planning to bring in outside investors who do not want to take a management role in your business.
Manager-management also may make sense for an LLC if: the LLC owners decide to hire a chief exec more qualified or suitable than the current LLC members to manage the LLC. The LLC wishes to give an outsider (a non-member) a vote in management (for instance, an outsider wishes to lend money to the LLC, but only on the condition that he be given a say in management decisions).
To give the non-member management authority, the LLC must select manager-management and create a management group made up of the members of the LLC and the outsider. The sole member of an LLC wants to manage the business but gifts membership interests to non-managing family members, who will step into a management role only when the current owner-manager steps down.
As these bullet points indicate, the people you select as managers do not need to be owners of the LLC. You can select LLC officers and executives or anyone else you wish as a manager.
Fortunately, an LLC can easily choose manager-management to handle any of these situations. You just select manager-management in your articles (required in most states) or in your operating agreement (required in the other states). In all states, just one manager is required to manage a manager-managed LLC, but there is no limit to the number of managers you can have. In most small LLCs, managers serve for an indefinite term - that is, until the members of the LLC vote to replace or remove them.
Typically, LLC operating agreements allow an LLC manager to be removed or replaced for any or no particular reason upon the vote of the full membership (non-managing members as well as managing members). Another way of saying this is that state law lets LLC members decide for themselves when managers can be removed. Some larger LLCs, however, prefer to have managers serve for a definite term, such as one year, at the end of which the members re-elect or replace the managers. This procedure is usually only used in more formal LLCs with at least several outside investors (who are non-managing members).
That's because, unlike corporations, where shareholders re-elect or replace the board of directors each year, most LLCs choose not to deal with the formality of a periodic review and election of managers, unless they have outside investors who demand it. In fact, most LLCs pick an initial management team and stick with it for the long term, unless there is a problem and one or more managers need to be replaced.
Manager-management will not affect limited liability. In a manager-managed LLC, all members, managing as well as non-managing, get to keep their personal liability protection. Note that this is a fundamentally different approach than the liability protection that applies to limited partnerships, where at least one general partner must be personally liable for partnership debts and liabilities.
If you do choose to go the manager-management route, it's important to realize that state law still leaves certain voting rights in the hands of the non-managing members. As just mentioned, LLC members have the right to remove and replace managers. Also, non-managing members have the right to approve fundamental changes to the LLC and its membership, including the power to amend the articles or operating agreement of the LLC, to merge or dissolve the LLC, to approve or deny the admission of new members and to approve or deny the transfer of an LLC membership from an existing member to an outsider.
Members who don't work in or manage the LLC do not pay self-employment taxes. Under current IRS regulations, LLC members who are not active in the business should be able to avoid paying self-employment taxes on their share of allocated LLC profits.
This is because the IRS does not consider non-managing members' profits to come from their own efforts, but from the work of others. If you choose manager-management for your LLC, ownership interests in your LLC may be classified as securities because some owners will be investing their money in a business that they're not actively participating in - again, they'll expect to make money from the efforts of others.
Asset protection issue: a limited liability vompany ("LLC") offers the same asset protection as a corporation in Delaware and almost every other state. If you sign agreements in the name of the LLC, then the LLC is the responsible party on the agreement, not you as an individual owner. If the business is not successful, or if it incurs a large unexpected debt (which you did not personally guarantee or sign for), then your other personal assets (like home, auto, investments, etc.) are protected from the LLC creditors.
In order to have the asset protection benefits of an LLC, especially a sole member LLC, the owner must observe the formalities and operate the business as an LLC. There should be adequate capitalization depending on the nature and extent of the business. The owner should have annual meetings and produce statements about the past business year and expectations for the future.
The owner must be careful to enter into contracts through the LLC, and not personally. The owner should use checks and stationery to give notice to third parties that they are dealing with an LLC. These formalities are easy to observe after discussion with the lawyer and review of helpful documents which we will provide.
The single member LLC should be operated as a separate business. This is not at all difficult. The owner needs a separate business checking account, and set of books. The same should be done even if operating as a sole proprietorship. The end of year tax work can be done by an accountant quickly and efficiently if you have a separate set of books for your business.
The sole member LLC will not require a separate federal income tax filing. The income tax can be reported on schedule C of your personal tax return. For federal income tax purposes the single member/owner LLC is disregarded.
Cautions: an LLC will not protect the owner against a claim based on the negligence or professional malpractice (if the owner is a licensed professional) of the owner. These types of claims are distinguished from contractual claims. The LLC will not protect the owner from LLC debts which the owner has personally guaranteed.
Nor will it protect against claims against the owner who has fraudulently used the LLC for an inequitable purpose to the detriment of the claimant. Having given all these cautions, the courts in Washington understand that one of the primary features of an LLC or a single owner corporation is to limit liability, and this is a legitimate function of the corporation or the LLC.
Running an LLC can be as routine as running a corporation or partnership or other business entity. However, setting up an LLC can be complex. If the LLC will hold real estate, there will be title transfer issues such as title insurance endorsements, liability insurance coordination and review of policies, a deed to be prepared to transfer title.
If the LLC will operate a business you will have to consider such matters as coordination of business license, liability insurance, transfer of assets that will be used in the LLC, and employment identification number questions. We have helped many people with their LLCs and would be pleased to assist you in setting up your LLC. | 2019-04-25T13:55:21Z | https://www.coddan.co.uk/incorporate-in-usa/general-llc-registration-benefits/ |
"Bone Broth With Ginger "
If you Love Bone Broth With Ginger then you are at the right place!!
Bone Broth With Ginger is made from pet bones and connective tissue-- usually cattle, hen, or fish-- that have been steamed right into a broth as well as slow-moving simmered for 10 to more than 20 hrs with natural herbs, vegetables, and also spices. So why is this seemingly simple fluid something you 'd want to consume alcohol daily Bone Broth With Ginger ?
Even our hunter-gatherer ancestors recognized that drinking Bone Broth With Ginger was like striking nutritional gold, as its earliest variation dates back over 2,500 years. Getting rid of anything edible ran out the inquiry back then, so animal hooves, knuckles, bones, and other connective cells never ever went to waste. Bone broth has a rich history of being made use of in standard Chinese medicine as a digestive system tonic, blood contractor, as well as kidney strengthener due to the high collagen material, bioavailable minerals, anti-inflammatory amino acids, as well as healing substances that can just be located in bones and also connective tissue Bone Broth With Ginger.
View as celebrity health fitness instructor, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and also outs of what bone broth really is. In simply two mins, he'll discuss what bone broth is and also what it can do for your gut, joint, and skin wellness Bone Broth With Ginger.
Some call Bone Broth With Ginger meat water. We call it fluid gold.
What makes this things so unique? The brief solution is collagen. Bones as well as connective tissue are the only real nutritional resources of type II collagen-- a protein that's known for maintaining skin smooth and also supple as well as teeth and joints healthy, in addition to promoting lots of other health and wellness benefits.
Along with collagen, bones are also packed with a number of anti-inflammatory amino acids, minerals, as well as compounds that can aid speed up your body's natural recovery procedures from points like sports injuries, joint inflammation, or leaky gut.
So, these "scraps" that most of us normally throw in the rubbish are serious nutritional giants. However when was the last time you chowed down on an item of cow's knuckle? Or snacked on an ox tail? We'll think the solution is never ever.
Given that we do not eat bones in their whole type, cooking them right into a broth that's simmered for 10 to 20 hrs (or even more) is the very best method to release their powerful nutrients, and experience a whole new degree of health and wellness.
DEMAND A QUICK EXPLANATION ON WHAT EXACTLY IS BONE BROTH WITH GINGER ?
Watch as Star Health And Wellness Trainer, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and also outs of what bone broth actually is. In just two mins, he'll discuss what bone broth is and what it can do for your digestive tract, joint, as well as skin health bone broth with ginger.
Bone broth has a rich history of being used as a digestive tonic, specifically in conventional Chinese medication some 2,500 years earlier. Today, it is just one of the leading suggested foods for improving signs and symptoms of persistent digestion problems, such as Cranky Digestive Tract Syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease, and also colitis.
The reason for why bone broth is so healing for the intestine returns to collagen, which creates gelatin when it's cooked down even additionally. Collagen and gelatin are not just rich in amino acids that decrease inflammation in the GI system-- such as glutamine-- they likewise have the special capability to "secure and also recover" openings in the gut cellular lining, which can cause a problem called leaking intestine disorder.
Although study is in the beginning, there's evidence to reveal that dripping intestine is the primary underlying cause of digestion conditions. It's additionally a contributor to autoimmune conditions, anxiety, brain fog, anxiousness, allergies, dermatitis, acne, and also chronic reduced energy. Most severe of all, dripping intestine can be silent and show no signs in the early stages. It's additionally believed to impact over 70% of the populace.
Bone broth is advised on special digestive tract recovery diets as well as protocols, like the GAPS diet, the SCD diet, as well as the Reduced FODMAP diet.
Whether it's an injury, joint inflammation, or sore muscle mass, there's no better method to nourish your bones and joints than by eating even more of the nutrients already discovered within them, consisting of hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, calcium, and magnesium. Bone broth is loaded with every one of these nutrients, plus several amino acids that help reduce joint discomfort and swelling, like glycine and proline. It's for these reasons that bone broth is coming to be a best recovery beverage amongst athletes.
An enjoyable fact: Kettle and Fire Bone Broth was born due to the fact that our co-founder, Nick, tore his ACL playing football and needed a high-quality bone broth to assist accelerate his recovery time. (You can find out more on that particular here.).
Adhering to a bone broth diet plan is wonderful for lasting weight management. A bone broth diet plan includes eating Paleo for five days and also fasting for two. Throughout this time frame you'll drink bone broth on a regular basis with a boost in use on the fasting days.
The combination of periodic fasting and also bone broth speeds up fat burning through burning fat much more efficiently and also restricting calorie consumption. When doing the diet, we additionally noticed a reduction in cellulite.
Fat-Burning Bone Broth Mixed Drink Bone Broth With Ginger.
With simply a few components, this dish is ideal for a tasty and also incredibly basic fat-burning cocktail that you can work up quickly on hectic mornings before job or in the evenings post-workout.
Even if you had actually never become aware of bone broth previously, you've probably heard of collagen, many thanks to the beauty sector.
Many anti-aging skin care lines add collagen to their face lotions, moisturizers, as well as serums (and market them for a king's ransom). Yet what many individuals don't recognize is that collagen molecules are too big to be taken in through the skin, which implies these creams can not provide much in the means of outcomes.
Fortunately is that collagen can be absorbed via your gastrointestinal system. And because there's a straight link between the gut and also the skin, adding bone broth to your diet regimen is mosting likely to have an even more powerful and also long-term influence on the general appearance and also health of your skin.
Let's not forget hair as well as nails, which are comprised of proteins like collagen. Collagen assists reinforce nails, and encourages hair to grow in thicker, quicker, and take on a healthy and balanced luster. (Remember this for the next time you get a bad haircut!).
Deep, relaxed sleep is something we can all use a little more of. Actually, statistics show the ordinary person obtains much less than 7 hours of sleep per night, so it's important to do everything you can to make those hrs count.
Bone broth is abundant in glycine, an anti-inflammatory amino acid that works on the Central Nerve System (CNS). When taken prior to bed as a supplement, researches show glycine can boost rest quality as well as reduce daytime drowsiness. It's even more reliable when coupled with various other sleep-supportive nutrients, like calcium and also magnesium.
All of the benefits you enjoy from bone broth, your expanding infant will certainly experience, also-- including healthy and balanced bones, joints, and also a solid digestion system.
When early morning health issues hits, it can be difficult to keep healthy food down. However bone broth tends to be soothing for nausea, as well as is usually well endured. Best of all, bone broth provides several of the nutrients you and your growing infant requirement, including protein, and also vital vitamins and minerals. As an added perk, the sluggish simmer time of the bones makes the nutrients in bone broth extremely bioavailable as well as easier to take in than a nutritional supplement.
Bone broth can additionally assist boost fertility, aid you have an extra comfortable pregnancy by nourishing tight or agonizing joints, and may enhance calcium levels in breast milk.
Bone broth is an excellent source of nourishment on the Paleo diet regimen, as well as is motivated to drink throughout periods of periodic fasting. It additionally fits in well with macronutrient requirements on the keto diet, as well as might help reduce symptoms of the keto flu.
" Not just can bone broth aid you stay clear of keto flu, yet it's also packed with minerals that heal leaky intestine and minimize inflammation in your intestines." - Leanne Vogel, Writer of The Keto Diet.
The nourishment and healing capacity of bone broth is so effective, that an entire diet-- The Bone Broth Diet Plan-- has been produced around it.
The nutrients in bone broth make it an effective functional food that can profit your whole family members-- including your hair children. Bone broth is good for your pet dog's glossy layer, bones, joints, food digestion, and also teeth.
Right here you can find out just how Nellie, a 15 year old rescue pup, beat her odds of living by only consuming alcohol bone broth.
Rich in collagen - Organic hen bones (particularly feet!) add extra collagen to your broth. Our hen bone broth has 6 grams of collagen per serving.
Packed with healthy protein - Hen is a fantastic protein resource as well as same chooses chicken bones. Pot & Fire bone broth comes packed with 10 grams of protein per serving Bone Broth With Ginger.
Reduces intestine swelling - Bone broth helps heal and secure a dripping digestive tract which is the root cause for several autoimmune illness.
Rich in bone marrow - Bone broth made from 100% grass fed livestock and also simmered over lengthy cook times removes bone marrow that contains healthy and balanced nutritious hormonal agents and also lipids.
Packed with amino acids - Comparable to poultry bone broth, the nutrients removed from beef bones consist of amino acids like glycine as well as glutamine that improves digestion and also repair services your digestive tract lining.
No. Plants are a terrific resource of vitamins and minerals that can aid boost your body to generate its very own collagen, yet there is no known plant food that provides type II collagen, the type that provides all of the health and wellness advantages provided above.
Something to consider concerning bone broth that sets it in addition to plant foods: Even if you do consume a variety of plants that are rich in collagen-boosting nutrients, if you have a damaged gastrointestinal system or leaking gut, you may not fully absorb them. On the other hand, the collagen in bone broth is unbelievably very easy to absorb, even for those with endangered digestion systems.
Naturally, you don't just have to consume it-- although we do have a free and also epic downloadable bone broth sipping overview for when you do. You can mix bone broth right into your green shakes, make healthy and balanced collagen gummy bears, as well as utilize it in whatever from rushed eggs, soups, curries, stews, morning meal bowls, and also tacos.
We slow-simmer the natural bones to extract the collagen, proteins, and also amino acids right into a nutrient-rich bone broth. The result is a collagen-rich, high protein bone broth that gives your body the nutrients it needs to thrive.
Bone broth is an all-in-one superfood, packed with nutrients that supply energy as well as motivation, help you sleep much better, make your skin appearance smoother, and can assist heal digestion problems like leaky digestive tract.
Bones and also connective tissue are storehouses for important amino acids and minerals-- which are doing not have in numerous diet regimens today. Bone Broth is likewise a very useful source of healthy protein, collagen and gelatin.
It's not practical to eat whole bones or tissue, but you can still take pleasure in these wellness benefits by drinking bone broth. Collagen is drawn out when you simmer bones for an extended period of time. Normally, the longer bone broth simmers, the even more collagen you'll draw out.
Making bone broth is an easy process, however one that needs a lot of time as well as persistence. If time is not on your side we can assist you out with that said.
Bone broth is made by simmering animal bones and also cells for at least 10 hours with veggies, natural herbs, as well as seasonings such as thyme, garlic, and bay leaves. Premium bone broth begins with high-quality components, making use of bones from natural grass-fed pets and organic vegetables. While any kind of bone or ligament can be utilized, knuckles, poultry feet, and also thigh bones often tend to have one of the most collagen.
You can acquire bones from your neighborhood butcher or at a farmers market, or by simply saving bones whenever you consume bone-in poultry, steak, or pork cuts.
Simmering bones for a prolonged time period is what offers bone broth its health benefits, extracting the amino acids, minerals, as well as collagen. This is a Pot & Fire-tested slow-moving stove chicken bone broth recipe that includes organic chicken bones, sea salt, fresh veggies like celery stalks, onions, as well as bell peppers, and also herbs like parsley, rosemary, as well as thyme.
Just cooking bones (no meat) as well as water is going to be mainly tasteless. Cooking the combination for hrs on end isn't mosting likely to make it taste any kind of much better.
The idea that you're obtaining tons of nutrients from the bones is a MYTH that will not pass away, although it has actually been disproved numerous times, including through laboratory tests. The idea that adding vinegar to "release" those nutrients has additionally been disproved. You just end up with a watery mess that tastes of vinegar.
Fail to remember whatever you've read or read about bone broth.
Instead, acquire bones with meat on them. Then add veggies such as onions, carrots, celery, and just adequate water to cover whatever (generally 8 or 10 mugs). Skip the vinegar! Simmer for 3 to 4 hours for hen, a little much longer for beef. Period according to preference. If you have an Instantaneous Pot, 25 to 35 minutes is about right.
What you will certainly obtain with this method is an extremely tasty broth that's most likely significantly extra healthy-- including great deals of collagen-- and also even more healthful than any kind of bone broth, and it will taste one hell of a whole lot much better. You can either consume the meat and veggies (it's called SOUP) or you can strain them out and simply drink the broth if you choose.
See, bare bones that have no meat, or, also worse, carcass bones that have currently been cooked and removed of their meat, have nearly absolutely no taste by themselves.
Great flavor AND nutrients originate from raw meat and also raw vegetables, NOT from leftover bones.
Examine Ina Garten's dish for chicken broth. It's very similar to this set and has actually been utilized with minor variants by experienced chefs for years.
Normal broth and supply are simmered for a much shorter time period than bone broth, roughly 2-- 6 hours. The expedited cooking process decreases the quantity of useful gelatin extracted from the bones, minimizing its capacity to boost the body immune system, recover digestive system issues, and decrease the symptoms of dripping gut.
Broth (not bone broth) typically has actually meat left on the bones, whereas stock will have little to no connective tissue left on the bones (just like marrow bones).
Before Kettle and Fire was born, one of our co-founders, Nick, tore his ACL playing football (ouch). His sibling Justin found out about the benefits of bone broth for injury healing. As his timetable really did not leave much time to make bone broth from scratch, he set out to get a store-bought, high-quality, grass-fed bone broth, because both of their active timetables really did not leave much time to make the broth themselves. (You can learn more concerning our tale here.).
Regardless of exactly how tough Justin looked, the excellent bone broth didn't exist. He looked for one that was 100 percent natural, fresh-- never ever iced up-- grass-fed, and also sluggish simmered (along with one that might be shipped without wasteful, clunky packaging). So, Nick and also Justin determined to develop a premium bone broth on their terms, which is the recipe we're happy to offer you today.
" Kettle & Fire supplies a beneficial, top quality bone broth in a scrumptious as well as practical shelf-stable style. I love constantly recognizing that I have actually got terrific broth available, without clogging up my fridge freezer or needing defrosting." - Dr. Sarah Ballantyne, three-time NYT Best-Selling Author.
The beautiful thing about bone broth is that there's truly no restriction to how you can add it to your diet regimen. Aside from soups, stews, as well as simple ol' sipping, bone broth mixes remarkably well right into almost any type of dish-- even shakes! Here are our leading methods to get it:.
Our bone broth tastes scrumptious sufficient to drink on its own, yet you can spice it up to match your taste buds. We developed our favored taste combinations in this cost-free downloadable "Bone Broth Sipping Overview" (bone broth matcha cappucinos, any individual?). Obtain your cost-free duplicate below.
Consuming alcohol bone broth doesn't have to be boring-- there are countless methods to flavor it and sip it. Obtain instant access to over 15 of our preferred bone broth sipping mixes, consisting of ginger and also turmeric bone broth tonic as well as chili, and cardamom bone broth elixir. Learn how to use bone broth in your matcha lattes, golden milk, and exotic fruit healthy smoothies.
Our beef bone broth has a moderate flavor, which permits it to mix quickly with virtually anything, from healthy smoothies to healthy and balanced gummy bears. Our chicken bone broth as well as mushroom hen bone broth increase the mouthwatering taste of soups, stews, and risotto recipes. A few of our faves include:.
If you want to experience more energy and vitality than ever, we reccomend looking into The Bone Broth Diet plan, created by Dr. Kellyann Petrucci.
The Bone Broth Diet not just raises your intake of the healing nutrients as well as substances essential for intestine, skin, joint, as well as bone wellness, but aids combat systemic swelling, which goes to the origin of many Western diseases and also diseases.
The bone broth diet is a 21-day plan that's excellent for any person struggling with a persistent health and wellness problem (such as an autoimmune disorder), or any individual that wishes to reset their digestion system as well as experience beautiful health and wellness. Learn more about the 21-day bone broth diet regimen below. | 2019-04-20T00:45:14Z | http://urbanhotlist.com/bone-broth/kettle-and-fire/discount/bone-broth-with-ginger/index.php |
✔ SAFE AND EFFECTIVE - Want to get rid of those pesky marks and scars? Works great for before and after pregnancy and as scars removal cream for weight loss or gain, muscle build up, acne scar or injury. Paraben Free! Great for women and men.
✔ PENETRATING, MOISTURIZING, NOURISHING - Our proprietary blend of clinically tested and proven ingredients forms a luxurious, rich, non-greasy lotion that works great as a wrinkle treatment for fine lines and as a blemish remover that helps with the skin's elastin to promote healing from deep within.
✔ HIGHEST QUALITY INGREDIENTS - From Organic Aloe to the peptides used for repair work with all the natural ingredients to soften and smooth the skin.
✔ THIS IS A DIFFERENT STRETCH MARK AND SCAR REMOVAL CREAM - It does not use cocoa butter to just soften up scars. It has no cocoa butter at all in it. It uses ALOE VERA! More effective at hydrating and penetrating for maximum healing to really diminish those tiger stripes and soften skin tone and texture.
✔ MADE IN THE USA - All of our products are proudly made here in the USA and never animal tested and come with a manufacturers guarantee.
TREAT AND PREVENT: Fades the appearance of Stretch Marks and Scars. Reduces inflammation caused by stress on the skin. Helps prevent the occurrence of future Stretch Marks.
HYDRATE AND NUORISH: Cosnaturals Anti Stretch Mark Cream is packed with natural and organic ingredients like Vitamin C, E, B, and Hyaluronic Acid. These nutrients ensure that you will see all of the benefits our cream can offer while also providing deep hydration and moisture to your skin.
PERFECT FOR EVERYONE: Stretch Marks are a scaring of the skin, resulting from sudden changes in growth such as pregnancy, puberty, rapid weight gain or muscle building. This cream is designed for use by both men and women who are looking for a solution after weight loss, body building or just a daily body butter.
【IMPROVES THE SKIN】 Intensely moisturizes the skin; Visibly improves the appearance of stretch marks, this stretch marks cream regenerates and moisturizes the skin. Prevents stretch marks in puberty due to sudden weight changes or loss of elasticity of the skin.
【Use】 Use daily after showering for best results. The massage cream for stretch marks is odorless and should not be used on broken skin.
【Safe Tip】 Patch test on the skin before first use. if skin irritation occurs, stop use. Keep out of the reach of children and pets.
【SERVICE】 We know how difficult it is to find products that are right for your skin, and have done a lot of research and testing to develop the formula that works for all skin types. But if you find that it is not right for you - let us know and we will give you a satisfied solution.
BRIGHTENS SKIN, REMOVES SCARS - This scar removal cream is created to penetrate deeply into the skin and soften scar tissue. This helps naturally renew and lighten the darkened skin that is caused by acne scars, surgical scars, scalding, strTech marks, and more. Be prepared to finally say bye to those marks and hello to fresh skin.
EFFECTIVE - You've tried many different scar removal creams not getting the results you wanted. Our formula has shown effective results. For different kinds of scars, do different kinds of treatments. For new scars, it is recommended to treat the area for 30-40 days. If it is an older scar, we recommend treatment of 50-60 days.
NATURAL INGREDIENTS - Ginseng, Glycerin, Centella Asiatica, Allantoin are all included in our scar removal cream to decrease irritation so you can confidently use the cream without any worries. The natural ingredients are key to boosting the healing and recovery of scars. With regular application, you'll be sure to see the results through these natural ingredients.
WHOLE BODY USE - Though acne is known to be the most problemsome on the face, we know that there are scars and unwanted marks on other parts of the body. Through our formula, you can apply the removal creme to not just your face, but also to your back, neck, arms, legs, and stomach.
RESTORE YOUR CONFIDENCE - No one likes to see those dark marks caused by acne, a surgery, or other causes. It makes you feel insecure. You worry so much about how to hide it. This scar removal cream will surely help you to restore your confidence again through lightening those old scars and even removing new scars.
🧟 THEATRICAL SFX MAKEUP: Create realistic looking bruises, gashes, scar, cuts, and body wound for stage play effects. Make monster, zombie skin, and 3D wrinkles a like.
🧟 GENERAL PURPOSE ADHESIVE: Non toxic adhesive that dries clear. Ammonia free for healthy usage, easy peel and can be use to make any type of skin effects.
🧟 TICKLE YOUR CREATIVITY: Use cotton or tissue paper to create that skin effects. It can be painted after it dries off for a realistic touch of horror makeup.
🧟 NO HARM TO SKIN: They are comfortable and safe to use on any type of skin. Gentle and no harmful effects, perfectly create that scars and open sores effects into your skin.
This stretch marks cream developed designed for the stretch marks of Mommy before and after the birth, reduce stretch marks and obesity lines caused by pregnancy.
This scars defense cream contains mango essence and a variety of plant nutrition repair ingredients, which is easy to absorb by the skin.
The anti scar belly butter promotes cell regeneration and enhance the elasticity of the skin. This stretch marks cream make the skin looks softer and fairer.
Scope of Use: any skin type of pregnant women.
Packing list: 40g/1.4oz * stretch marks cream. Three boxes of a course of treatment.
Packing list: 1 * stretch marks cream ( 40g ).
Three boxes of a course of treatment.This scars defense cream contains mango essence and a variety of plant nutrition repair ingredients, which is easy to absorb by the skin.
Developed designed for the stretch marks of Mommy before and after the birth, reduce stretch marks and obesity lines caused by pregnancy.
Scope of Use: Suitable for any skin type.
Effectively Remove Acne Scars - PuriDerma acne scar removal cream is a powerful topical treatment that reduces the appearance of scars, old and new.
All Natural Ingredients - You will not find any harmful chemicals in PuriDerma's acne scar removal cream. Its' safe and gentle formula is very effective in improving the overall appearance, texture, and color of scars.
Brighten Complexion - Our advanced formula is packed with herbal extracts and naturally softens, soothes, and heals skin. It also improves skin elasticity for firmer and smoother skin.
RISK-FREE & MONEY BACK GUARANTEE - At PuriDerma, we stand behind everything we sell. If you are not satisfied, we offer a 100% money back guarantee. Give our acne scar removal cream a try!
Reduxcell Anti Stretch Marks Massage Oil 8 OZ-Penetrates Skin 6X Deeper Than Stretch Mark Cream- Produce Noticeable Improvement in 4 Weeks-100% Natural and Organic Extracts.
PROVEN RESULTS- It reduces and prevents stretch marks and scars. Our massage oil delivers intense hydration and better results after 4 weeks of use.Best scar cream, best stretch mark removal cream.
ANTI STRETCH MARK CREAM FOR PREGNANCY-Our Anti Stretch Mark Oil is designed to be perfectly safe for recent and expecting mom. "belly butter for pregnancy, stretch mark removal"
STRETCH MARK REMOVER AND PREVENTION-It is great for those who have experienced dramatic changes in weight. Prevent stretch marks during pregnancy, the best treatment for stretch marks.
COCOA BUTTER STRETCH MARK-Our anti-stretch mark contains Beta-Carotene, and it is proved that develops 34% less stretch mark than who uses stretch mark oil. Fading cream,cocoa butter lotion.
LOTION FOR STRETCH MARKS-Made in USA-Our products are cruelty-free-100% Organic Extracts-Satisfaction Guarantee- Works or your money back. "Oil stretch mark,cream for stretch marks,scar removal cream. Better option than bio-oil, bio oil, bio oil stretch mark"
HYDRATE AND NUORISH: PREGMATE Anti Stretch Mark Cream is packed with natural and organic ingredients like Vitamin C, E, B, and Hyaluronic Acid. These nutrients ensure that you will see all of the benefits our cream can offer while also providing deep hydration and moisture to your skin.
SCAR TISSUE can be treated with various natural butters, such as Kokum Cocoa and Tocopherol Vitamin E. We incorporate all of these, and more, into our recipe to ensure a complete reduction of noticeable dark marks.
OUR MOISTURIZING LOTION is developed with a clinical formula for the highest level of nourishment possible. Our botanical ingredients have a therapeutic healing effect on the skin to ensure smooth soft radiant skin.
NOURISHING SCAR TREATMENT WITH SPF is our goal. We have worked to incorporate the most benefits into one product that we could. Our formula includes Avocado and Jojoba oil to make sure that you have a moisturizer with SPF.
ALL NATURAL INGREDIENTS, including Rosehip and Sweet Orange Oil, means your stretch mark removal cream is non greasy and fragrance free. This cream is developed with no added chemicals for a natural skin care product for women and men!
Nutrient-rich essential oils, made with all natural ingredients, works to fight stretch marks and scars. Fosters healthy skin cell regeneration and restore skin's natural elasticity.
This fast absorbing dry oil elixir is rooted in a powerful blend of nutrient rich botanical oils that support skin as it expands. It helps calm inflammation, relieves itching, and reduces the appearance of stretch marks.
Natural, delicate scent won't aggravate occasional morning sickness. Light and easily absorbable.
Gentle, hypoallergenic and made without synthetic fragrances. Safe for use during pregnancy & postmortem.
Natural, Vegan friendly ingredients. Cruelty-free and made in USA.
【REDUCTION AND PREVENTION】Our stretch mark cream helps to reduce and prevent the appearance of scars / stretch marks by firming and moisturizing your skin with a customized blend of high quality and natural ingredients. Our proprietary formula of the stretch mark cream has been proven to effectively promote skins elasticity, keep skin moisturized, break down unwanted fat tissues which work together to reduce the appearance of stretch marks.
【ACNE SCAR TREATMENT CREAM 】Our acne scar removal cream contains Vitamins E, C, B3 + B5 for plump skin, nourishes dry skin to achieve the expected result of healthy skin with a smooth complexion. The recipe of the scar removal cream encourages skin cells to be regenerate and rejuvenated, eliminating the appearance of scars and deep lines.
【SKIN STRENGTHENING LOTION】Our stretch mark removal cream nourishes and tightens skin cells and pores. This lotion with Vitamin E could provide protection to help smooth rough skin or marks, and helps improve the appearance of uneven skin tone, dry and aging skin. The anti cellulite cream spreads quickly and easily on the body, absorbing in seconds!
【HYPOALLERGENIC FORMULA FOR ALL SKIN】The stretch mark cream was composed of natural and organic plant extracts with no added fragrances or harsh chemicals so it's safe for sensitive and pregnant women. Our soothing ingredients are all of high quality, botanical products specifically chosen for their benefits to the skin. Non-greasy and won't clog your pores.
【100% CUSTOMER SATISFACTION GUARANTEE】Our natural Stretch marks remover is certified by FDA,GMP and GMPC so you can rest assured to use our products. We provide a 100% REFUND if you are not satisfied with no ask.
Use the advanced scar and acne mark removal and repairing technology.It is easy to penetrate the cortex, soften the scar tissue, promote the skin's natural renewal and healing, quickly heal the scars.
The acne scar cream also has the anti-inflammatory, bacteria elimination, beauty and skin nourishing, scar and acne mark removal, and makes the skin smooth, soft, beautiful and texture.
Perfect for All including Sensitive, Oily, and Thin Skin. Kids and Adults. Scar Reduction Therapy. Erase Keloid Scars.
PREGMATE Stretch Marks Treatment Cream Natural Organic Ingredients Treat And Prevent Body Moisturizer With Peptides Vitamin C B E Hyaluronic Acid Best For Pregnancy 4 Oz.
CSCS Advanced Scar Gel is a powerful skincare solution; our formula penetrates deep within pores and to start fading away old and new acne scars, keloids, new stretch marks, and even uneven skin tones.
The sun's rays often dry out our skin, essentially backing in scar tissue and dark marks. CSCS Advanced Scar Gel treats scars as well as dry dehydrated skin. Fade acne scars and stretch marks with our Scar Gel today!
our Scar Gel is packed with natural ingredients, such as Shea Butter, Vitamin E oil, and Hydrolyzed Collagen making it an effective scar treatment and scar removal cream.
CSCS Advanced Scar Gel for face and body is used by women all over the world to help diminish stretch marks and acne scars.
SATISFACTION GUARANTEE - We at CSCS work hard to create the best, most reliable products available, which is why every Advanced Scar Gel comes with a no questions asked 30-day guarantee for satisfaction.
Reshape + Stretch Mark & Scar Cream with Retinol, Shea Butter, & Coconut Oil See smother skin with less visible stretch marks. Large 7oz Tube with Hands Free Massaging Applicator.
Stretch marks and scars can be embarrassing and can occur for various reasons - pregnancy, weight changes, and aging. Reshape Stretch Mark Cream and Scar Cream diminishes the appearance of existing stretch marks but also prevent new ones from forming. With the helping touch of Retinol, Licorice Root Extract and Coffee Bean, skin is left feeling smooth and supple.
Improve your skins elasticity, which in turn helps to prevent new tears and marks from forming. Stretch mark cream with natural ingredients such as Shea Butter and Coconut Oil instantly revitalize your skins elasticity, tightening and firming loose skin.
Replenish your skin with hydrating nutrients and Aloe Vera to restore hydration to cracked, stretched out skin. Its time to wish those marks away, take action and use Reshape Stretch Mark and Scar Cream for visible results.
This stretch mark and scar cream comes with massaging applicator to help massage the cream into your skin and increase circulation. Large 7oz tube will last you months!
SMOOTH, CLEAR STRETCH MARK FREE AND SCAR FREE SKIN NEVER FELT SO GOOD - Our amazing natural stretch mark removal and scar removal cream works deep down to get rid of the appearance of stretch marks & scars, giving you clear, smooth skin. Now is your time to make the next look in the mirror a happy one with this stretch mark remover.
SURPRISE YOUR LOVED ONES W/ A SMOOTHER, BLEMISH FREE LOOK - Senvie's powerful stretch mark cream and scar removal cream works on the cheeks, face, arms, abs, back, chest, feet, knees, legs and other external areas of the body & skin. It will work anywhere! Just make sure you only use this powerful stretch mark removal and scar removal cream on external areas of the body.
EVERY JAR SOLD HELPS A CHILD IN NEED - We don't just sell an amazing stretch marks remover and scar remover cream, we want to make the world a better place too. A portion of the proceeds of every sale goes to the Save The Children Foundation. It's our way of doing what we can to give back and make the world better a place.
IT'S SAFE AND EASY TO USE - This potent natural anti-stretch marks and anti-scar cream is made in the USA in a FDA registered facility to ensure safety and potency. Simply apply twice a day to get rid of stretch marks, get rid of scars or blemishes and restore your confidence. Compare to the leading stretch mark treatment and acne scar treatment and scar treatment cream or gel. Best stretch mark cream and anti-stretch mark cream available!
HEALS SKIN: If you are suffering from scrapes, scars, burns, skin rash, sunburn, dry skin, dandruff or cuts this soothing & cooling pure Aloe Vera gel is great for you. Aloe gel has the ability to quickly regenerate skin cells in the times that you need it the most. It brings you sunburn relief!
SOFTENS SKIN: Aloe Vera is a plant with naturally moisturizing qualities that has been used for centuries to improve the skin's elasticity and overall texture so that it is soft & supple. Aloe vera juice has many health benefits.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: If you suffer from eczema, psoriasis, poison ivy or other types of skin rashes you should know that this Aloe Vera gel body lotion for women and men can prevent irritation, redness, and itchiness. It can be used as dandruff shampoo or conditioner. Perfect to use in psoriasis treatment, after bite treatment & razor bump treatment.
100% ALL NATURAL: Aloe Vera is a plant of the succulent variety that grows all over the world. Due to its amazing rich medicinal and cosmetic qualities, it has been used for centuries. Our aloe vera gel 100 percent pure can be used for baby care., without any fragrance. Aloe vera gel for face is great as a gel moisturizer and scar gel!
100% USA MADE: All Premium Nature's products are proudly 100% made and manufactured in the USA. Our best products are made of the highest quality, alcohol free and are 100% customer satisfaction guaranteed.
ARTISAN FORMULA - Developed by a midwife and mom of 6 children, so we have an honest understanding of the effects of hormonal changes on stretching skin. Our proprietary formula gradually fades old stretch marks and helps prevent new ones from forming. Softens C Section scars before, during, and after pregnancy. Gentle massage helps reduce adhesions under developing scar tissue.
GREAT FOR ALL SKIN TONES - Gradually evens out discolorations with organic carrot seed oil, and helps protect from broken skin layers with the healing power of litsea cubeba. No white or ashy residue.
CRUELTY-FREE, VEGAN, 100% RECYCLABLE PACKAGING - All our products are free of synthetic fragrance, colorants, or animal products (no products made by bees, either). We never use synthetic preservatives in any of our products, and we never use petroleum products in our products or packaging.
HELP SUPPORT GLOBAL HEALTHY PREGNANCY - 10% of net profits donated to non-profit organizations supporting healthy pregnancy and parenting worldwide.
100% MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE - Because we want you to be completely satisfied please contact us and we will offer you a refund at any time, for any reason.
CLINICALLY PROVEN ANTI STRETCH MARK REMOVAL AND SCAR CREAM - Unlike scar treatments and strechmark remover products that claim to work, our formula has been clinically proven to help reduce the appearance and depth of stretch marks! 100% of participants saw a visible reduction in the appearance and strechmarks, age spots, scars, blotches, & skin discoloration.
RETINOL FREE PREGNANCY STRETCH MARK CREAM - We reformulated our pregnancy cream to remove the retinol making it safe for your baby. It's no secret that retinol causes irritation and dryness to even the most tenacious of skins. This is why we formulated our body butter lotion with high quality essential oils and vitamins to revitalize the skin at the pore level.
USE OUR ANTI STRETCH MARK CREAM FOR PREGNANCY daily for softer & smoother skin. We are rated one of the best cream for stretch marks because our stretch mark cream helps tone and tighten your skin and belly, while also safely fading existing scars, dark marks, and blemishes.
STRETCH MARK CREAMS REMOVER ACTS AS A NATURAL REVITALIZING MOISTURIZING CREAM - Our Formula harnesses the power of premium ingredients to sink deep into your skin, leaving you with a smooth and supple feeling thanks to the vitamin E, Jojoba, Coco, Shea, and Mango butter and other proven natural and organic ingredients.
ADVANCED STRETCH MARK REMOVAL CREAM THAT IS SAFE FOR ALL SKIN TYPES - We offer the best pregnancy stretch mark cream that is safe for use during and after postpartum pregnancy, but also works on oily, dry or combination skin if you aren't pregnant. Consider it the one true Stretch Mark Cream and Scar Treatment!
ERASE STRETCH MARKS WHILE SOOTHING & RESTORING SKIN - A combination of nature's most powerful all-natural ingredients work to heal and repair skin. Improves elasticity to protect from further damage and support stretch mark removal.
A PREMIUM ALL NATURAL STRETCH MARK OIL THAT WORKS - A comprehensive solution with skin renewing benefits for your body and face. Support the healing and repair response in skin. Stretch mark prevention lotion for pregnancy. Increase skin thickness. Refine appearance of stretch marks, scars, cellulite and even wrinkles & fine lines. Contains coconut butter oil for stretch marks.
A SUPERIOR PROVEN ONE-OF-A-KIND VEGAN FORMULATION - LOOK NO FURTHER - Our Stretch Mark Remover brings you a unique exclusive blend of hand-picked proven Natural ingredients. Vegan formula with skin healing essential fatty acids and rejuvenating Vitamin E. Better than cream for body marks.
PERFECT FOR ANY SKIN TYPE - The all-natural skin renewing solution you have been looking for - An effective, yet lightweight formula provides healing and nourishment - Safe for maternity use during and after pregnancy. As safe as the best stretch mark cream.
BACKED BY OUR AMAZING QUALITY GUARANTEE - Each and every Foxbrim product is backed by our amazing guarantee. Your purchase today is risk-free. Try our Revitalizing Stretch Mark Oil today. If you're not completely satisfied let us know for a full refund. Simple as that. Why wait? Order now!
GENTLE, EFFECTIVE FORMULA to reduce the appearance of stretch marks and c-section scars.
NATURAL INGREDIENTS like Shea Butter, Cocoa Butter, Mango Butter, Jojoba oil & Organic Olive Oil.
GREAT FOR PREGNANCY & AFTER Skin Care. Penetrating and moisturizing tummy rub safe for daily use.
MADE IN THE USA. 100% CRUELTY FREE. 100% money-back guarantee.
STRETCH MARKS & SCAR REMOVAL - A customized combination of high-quality All Natural ingredients, delivers intense hydration. Reduces hypertrophic scars, keloids and stretch marks. Our powerful cream helps restore skin tone and texture for a more even appearance.
POWERFUL & NOURISHING HYDRATION - Our full body cream contains Vitamins A + E + C + B3 + B5, Includes Coco Butter, Almond Oil and Shea Butter for extra hydration Sesame Seed Oil, Other extract that are safe and gentle for every skin type. VITAMIN C ANTIOXIDANTS fight free radicals that damage healthy cells and our DNA. This Uniquely formulated Stretch Mark and Scar Cream could provide antioxidants requirements with regular application..
PERFECT AFTER THE SUN - Exposure to the sun can often dehydrate your skin and lead to dry, flaky and peeling skin. Unlike Aloe Vera gel, this mixture of effective ingredients makes this luscious cream a soothing product after time spent in the sun by replenishing hydration and nourishing parched skin.
100 % MONEY BACK Guarantee - We back our products up with a LIFETIME hassle-free money back guarantee. Just contact us and we'll refund your order.
Improves skin complexion by reducing stretchmarks.
Applying our stretch mark before, during, or after pregnancy will promote healthier, more elastic skin that's less prone to discoloration and stretch marks.
Our Bye Bye Stretch Marks cream is produced in a GMP certified facility, attesting to our high standards and commitment to quality. We have a customer-first mentality that motivates us to exceed industry standards.
MONEY BACK GUARANTEE: Your purchase of Bye Bye Stretch Marks cream is guarantee by California Products 100% Money-Back Guarantee. If you are unsatisfied, you may return the item for a full refund. | 2019-04-22T06:07:45Z | http://firstdealnow.com/product~0~scar-reduction-cream-30-day-treatment-fade-scars-stretch-marks-repair-skin-clini~1159813 |
We know first-hand just how much furniture can help to transform classrooms into truly stunning and effective spaces that are both practical and aesthetically pleasing.
Equally, if the furniture has not been carefully considered and selected, it can have the complete opposite effect on these spaces.
Below we have shared some key things we advise schools to consider when designing furniture for their classroom spaces to ensure they achieve the best outcome possible.
It is vital that the furniture you design and select is fit for purpose and ensures you get the most out of your budget.
Classroom furniture should be seen as a long term investment, and therefore quality and durability should be at the top of your priority list.
Although we believe that following trends is good to help you keep up with 21st century learning, we feel that quality should be at forefront.
We have a proven track record of manufacturing furniture that can handle the rigours of each learning environment and offer a five year fair wear and tear guarantee.
The ‘one size fits all’ approach to school furniture, particularly seating, is no longer effective.
Children spend approximately 15,000 hours sitting down during their school years, and with approximately 13% of children aged 10-16 having significant incidents of recurrent back pain, ergonomics should be a key priority in the design of your classroom furniture.
Furniture must fit the children, allow movement, provide correct and a good level of back support and encourage good posture.
Children may become restless and uncomfortable, resulting in a decreased attention span and reduce their learning potential if they are spending prolonged periods of time sat at desks that are either too small or too big.
In some instances, we have worked with schools to design adjustable desks and chairs so that each piece of furniture could be used by all school years.
Safety should be a key factor when selecting the materials for your furniture.
At Witley Jones, we can advise your school on the best materials to ensure the end product is compliant with health and safety and fire safety regulations.
All worktops have finger-safe edges, chamfered edges to edging tape, We use robust hinges that minimise the possibility of finger entrapment as well as formaldehyde-free lacquer on veneered jobs.
We understand that space is in limited supply across most school estates, so it is vital that your classroom furniture makes the best use of the space you have available.
Teaching Walls are a great example of how furniture design can help to achieve this, but there are also a variety of other design features that can help to maximise space, such as IT desks with storage for towers and wires, locker storage, shelving and drawers.
Collaborative learning provides students with opportunities to engage in discussions with their peers, work cooperatively and support each other, which in turn helps to develop theircommunication and team work skills.
Furniture can be used to help facilitate this collaborative learning and one way you can achieve this is through designing tables that fit together in shapes, or tables with wheels, making them easy to move to collaborate.
We have previously discussed the extent to which colours can affect mood, focus and learning, and how important it is to understand these possible effects when deciding on colours for your classroom.
Your choice of colours can also help you to create a modern and smart look across your classrooms. You could even look to tie in the colours with your school’s branding, the different colours for your school houses, or you could even give each subject a different colour and match your classroom furniture to these colours. However, it is important that you consider practicality when choosing colours.
We understand the want to make your classroom spaces unique, to help give your school a modern and sleek look, and to help you to make these spaces fun and engaging for your students.
If you would like to discuss any of the requirements you may have for your classroom furniture, we would be more than happy to help.
Having worked with a variety of boarding schools across the UK, we understand that there are a number of factors that come into play when designing boarding accommodation and the furniture for these spaces.
If you are currently planning a new boarding house or a refurbishment of your current boarding accommodation, we have collated a number of considerations that you may find useful when specifying boarding accommodation furniture.
When selecting and designing your furniture, it is important to select high quality materials that will last for years to come.
With students using their boarding furniture on a daily basis during term time, the design and materials you select for this furniture must be able to withstand rigorous use. We have a proven track record of manufacturing furniture that can handle the rigours of each boarding environment and offer a five year fair wear and tear guarantee.
As well as focusing on creating furniture that has the ‘wow’ factor, it is important to ensure that pieces of furniture will still be practical and useful over a long period of time.
Utilising the available space is an important consideration when designing and specifying boarding accommodation furniture. You need to strike the balance between creating acomfortable environment and ensuring you maximise the number of students in the boarding house.
These are all major factors that need to be considered in the design of boarding furniture and are a necessity for boarding accommodation.
We help schools to achieve this is through implementing a one key locking system per student where all lockable items of furniture for a student are opened using the same key so the student does not have multiple keys for different items of furniture.
We are also able to offer a range of combination locks and electronic safes built into your boarding furniture. All of these solutions come with master keys so that boarding house and estates staff are able to get access when required.
Boarding school is often a child’s first foray into the independent world and no matter what their age, this experience can be daunting and scary. This is where the design of boarding accommodation can play a role in helping to create a space that has that home away from home feel for a child.
One way to achieve this is through designing furniture that provides an opportunity for individuality. You can still make small changes to provide your students with the opportunity to tailor their spaces to their own style, one example being a pin board.
This inexpensive piece of furniture is the perfect way to allow your students to pin up posters, pictures, helping to make their space their own and achieving that homely feel without causing damage to the walls or furniture.
Boarding accommodation needs to be the perfect balance between a study and living environment.
When selecting a boarding school, parents will want to know their child will be getting the best out of the experience in terms of the academic and social aspects that boarding offers.
In order to achieve this, you need to consider the design and furniture for both your social spaces and study spaces.
There are some things that children learn best outside the classroom and boarding provides them with the opportunity to build their social skills and develop vital qualities, such as independence and resilience.
It is important that the furniture within your social spaces facilitates collaboration, conversations, team work and fun. Encourage students to use these spaces, through incorporating aspects such as colour, comfort, games, and designing furniture that can be moved easily to create opportunities for collaboration.
We understand that your school may have different boarding houses, so it is important to consider whether you would like the design of your furniture to tie in with the colour schemes for these different houses, or whether you would like it tie in with your school’s overall branding.
You should also consider theimpact that different colours may have on your students. We have previously discussed the effects that colours can have on mood, focus and learning.
We have a number of education events and conferences that we will be attending throughout the coming year that we would like to share with you.
The conference will explore the sectors overseas relationships and highlight important updates related to boarding schools as well looking at personal well being.
With a long list of excellent guest speakers, including Dale Wilkins, Head of Safeguarding at BSA and Nick Gregory, Headmaster at Wycliffe College to name a few, this is set to be a great conference.
We are excited to be showing a new set of boarding furniture made specifically for this show featuring integrated electrics on the furniture.
Visit our stand and see the boarding furniture and be in with a chance of winning this set of furniture for your school.
At the start of May, the Boarding School Association will be hosting yet another excellent event, this time the Annual Conference for Heads – a conference that brings together an array of headteachers and senior leaders from across the UK.
With this year’s theme focusing around ‘Building Character’, there is range of speakers lined up for this event that will cover topics such as safeguarding, tracking character education, volunteering and how it impacts character development and much more.
We are looking forward to seeing some familiar faces and meeting some new ones in London.
The ISBA Annual Conference is set to take place on the 21st-22nd May and will attract over 400 bursars and senior management staff from member schools to the Manchester Central Convention Complex to discuss a range of topics.
This two-day conference not only provides a great opportunity for bursars to network with colleagues and share ideas, it also provides them with the chance to meet the 140+ exhibitors and suppliers.
We will be designing some new and exciting furniture to show on our stand at this conference so make sure you pay us a visit to see what we have come up with this year.
We recently had the pleasure of working with Cotswold RDA, on a unique project – to design and manufacture a sensory table for users of the Riding School.
We worked with the association during 2018; donating a number of lockers and storage units to help riders and staff, whose time and energy help generate a uniquely positive and ambitious attitude throughout the centre.
Based at Cheltenham Racecourse, Cotswold RDA encourages riders to achieve the best they can, regardless of age or disability – whether it be physical, mental or a learning difficulty. In excess of 200 riders use the facility each week and are supported by over 160 volunteers.
We were asked to design and manufacture a sensory table, to help assist with interactive learning sessions, delivered by the group coaches to riders at the school. Using a more ‘hands on’ approach, riders are able to learn about horse care, maintenance, nutrition and other elements outside of riding – which happens in the extremely impressive on-site arena. This has huge benefits for rider’s physical health, confidence, communication skills, social interaction and horsemanship.
Throughout the project, we worked very closely with Cotswold RDA, to ensure the design met their expectations and included all the desired features; as well as two of our suppliers – Arnold Laver and Tube Creation, who donated materials to help assist with our design and manufacturing process.
For the table frame, Jake Bailey at Tube Creation kindly agreed to manufacture a robust powder coated frame with adjustable feet. He made the following comment about the project: “The Tube Creation Co was very pleased to be involved in the project, alongside Witley Jones, for the metalwork element of the table. I personally have experience of the RDA over the last 40 or so years and I am so pleased to continue to support the very worthwhile charity” – Jake Bailey, Managing Director, The Tube Creation Company.
Neil Wyatt at Arnold Laver, also kindly donated a brightly coloured laminate table top (Witley Jones machined this to cater for hardwearing plastic boxes) which now contain feeds, horse hair, stirrups and other tack that users can physically hold and discuss during each session. The plywood top is as much robust as it is decorative.
Collectively, this project was a real team effort between ourselves, Cotswold RDA, Arnold Laver and Tube Creation, and we want to acknowledge everyone’s contribution, which helped make the project such a success.
Since Witley Jones delivered the sensory table to the riding school, it has already been used and incorporated into the sessions; Claire Jenkins, General Manager at the Cotswold RDA made the following comment: “The sensory table has proved to be a huge hit and a very valuable resource for our learning and taster sessions. Our group coaches absolutely love it and gives them a structured area to back up the learning that happens in the lessons. Our riders really enjoy being able to experience the textures and feel of the different aspects”.
We are delighted the table has proved to be such a big hit and is being enjoyed by both staff and riders at the riding school. We are delighted to be able to able to support Cotswold RDA once more.
As an independent charity, the Cotswold RDA rely solely on the work of their volunteers, donations and the fees from the riders, so they regularly run events such as their ‘Afternoon Tea’ events, pony sessions and family taster sessions, to help attract more riders and raise more funds to enable them to make a difference to more people and continue providing their riders will truly special and quality experiences.
We are delighted to have successfully completed three unique Science Laboratory furniture projects at Pipers Corner School, Lichfield Cathedral School and Derby High School.
Each of one these installations required bespoke designs in order to meet their individual requirements to create engaging learning environments and maximise the teaching space available.
Pipers Corner School in Buckinghamshire opened their Octagonal Science Laboratory, situated in the South Wing courtyard, at the beginning of the academic year.
The board of Governors wanted a statement building to fit in with the school being recognised as a leader in STEM subjects. After exploring a number of ideas with their architect, the school settled on an octagonal shape building.
“We visited a number of schools where Witley Jones had completed projects to see their finished work first-hand. It was important for us to get a feel of how schools work with Witley Jones, especially the provision and process of the contract.” commented Bob Pearce, Bursar, Pipers Corner School.
“I had positive engagement from Matt Jones right from the outset of the project through to the fit out of the furniture.
Bob went onto to say how he was “struck” by how it seemed to be that Pipers Corner School were our only priority and the only project we were working on.
Lichfield Cathedral School is a coeducational independent day school in Staffordshire who are undergoing a period of expansion which led them to require an additional science laboratory.
Our team received the enquiry for the science laboratory furniture two weeks before the start of the Summer holiday, with the view to complete the project for the beginning of the new academic school year.
Dave Manser visited the school the following day to meet with David Brown, Bursar, and his colleagues to discuss their requirements.
Before starting the project, the school had looked through our portfolio of laboratory refurbishments and had spoken with our customers at Oswestry School and Bromsgrove School.
We needed to be innovative when it came to using the space available due to the make-up of the estate being within the historic Cathedral Close.
The room itself was very narrow so we manufactured tables to accommodate the width of the room. We needed to accommodate 24 pupils and give the teacher a large demonstration area and desk.
We used Trespa worktops throughout, which we recommend as standard in our laboratory installations due to their durability. Also, the school required 2 sinks with lockable storage underneath, as well as open storage units, double door cupboards and trays.
As is standard practice with our science laboratory furniture, we used lab-specific hardware including the taps, Vulcathene waste kits and bottle traps. Each sink, again as standard, is made from epoxy resin which withstands most chemicals.
“The execution of the project was excellent, it was a positive experience without any fuss. Witley Jones have done a fantastic job given the tight timescale and specification.
There have only been positive comments from teachers and students using the room.” commented David Brown, Bursar, Lichfield Cathedral School.
During the summer months, we completed a biology laboratory project at Derby High School as part of an ongoing refurbishment programme following on from a physics laboratory we completed for them in 2016.
The project consisted of changing the layout of the furniture, moving the utilities and changing the dynamic of the teaching space.
They now teach the longer wall which helped to create the space to put up walls for the new office space.
We worked with the school to design and manufacture furniture for a dedicated office for teaching staff and lab technicians.
“The new lab design has really changed the experience of teaching biology. The room is designed perfectly for our needs, suiting theory and practical lessons equally well, and feedback from students has been overwhelmingly positive!” commented Head of Science, Derby High School.
The fixed student benches were favoured from photos the school had seen of a similar project at Priors Field School which we completed in 2016 and 2017.
The cupboards beneath the desks allow for storage of apparatus on one side of the benching with seating space the other side facing the teaching wall.
All benches incorporated gas and electrics so that the majority of experiments could be carried out at the desks. Trespa worktops were used throughout for the student and perimeter benches.
The biology team were keen to have space to display experiments and work so we therefore designed and manufactured glass fronted display cabinets.
“Witley Jones were accommodating throughout the project, we gave them various different ideas which they took on board.
The people installing the lab over the summer were very pleasant and it all went pretty much to schedule. Witley Jones have also been very responsive to any issues we have had and the follow up to the job has been good.” commented Senior Lab Technician.
We also designed a bag storage unit for students to put their belongings in during lessons, so they are not a trip hazard around the laboratory.
In the past the main focus for classroom furniture was functionality, but now colours and design are considered of equal importance for schools when they are looking at their facilities and specifying furniture.
We have worked with schools and educational establishments of all sizes, from both the state and independent sector: a common trend we have seen in recent years is the increased use of colour.
So with this in mind, what colours do you currently have within your classrooms, and have you considered the effect these colours could be having on your students?
It is important that when choosing the colours for your classrooms and teaching spaces, that you consider this impact to ensure you are creating a space that is effective and that your students will enjoy being in that environment.
Reds, oranges and yellows are vibrant, happy and lively colours, but they should be limited when used within a learning environment as they can be overstimulating.
For example, red is a very vibrant and intense colour which can become overwhelming, so this colour should mainly be used as an accent within the classroom.
On the other hand, the colour yellow is associated with happiness and creativity, making it the ideal colour to use within art rooms or student social rooms.
Blues, purples and greens are all colours that promote a calm and relaxed atmosphere, making these colours ideal for environments where concentration is key and the focus is more on completing challenging tasks.
White is a great colour for schools that are limited on space, as this colour reflects light which helps to make a room feel bigger.
One advantage of white is that you can have furniture manufactured with magnetic whiteboard frontages so that the surfaces can be written on with drywipe pens and used to mount display materials with magnets.
One way that you can incorporate colour within your school and classrooms is through your furniture.
The most common request we receive in terms of colour is from schools looking to match their furniture to their school colours or department / subject colours.
Furniture and colours can also be used to separate a room for different activities, for example to create a reading area, a play corner and a learning area all within the same room.
At Witley Jones, we are delighted to offer bespoke services, meaning that we can design and manufacture any piece of furniture in any colour that you wish.
Jim Turner, Head Teacher at Kings Hawford School in Worcester, talks to us about the inspiration behind this Summer’s innovative project – converting a double decker bus into a school library.
Shortage of space is a common problem across school estates and at Kings Hawford we are no different.
We were looking to create a dedicated library space within the school for the students to use and learn to read.
As we lacked space in the main school building, we began to explore ideas to construct something in the outdoor space. The school could easily have gone for a wooden building which could have been erected in the grounds but we really wanted an exciting and engaging facility that the children wanted to be in when learning to read.
I had come across schools in London that had converted double decker buses and read an article online that documented how a school had converted one into a library.
My ambition from the start was to create something that made a statement and stood out – I thought that a double decker bus would certainly make that statement!
The school didn’t want a typical library that didn’t have personality or wasn’t inviting.
What better way to do it than converting a double decker?
After looking into the idea in a little more detail to assess if it was affordable and practical there was on only one option for our library.
How will the School use the Library Bus?
The Library Bus is a space for all students and year groups to use. For the younger children the most important thing is that it is a place to sit and be read to. A great space to take part in an adventure, a journey.
Older children are able to go in there independently, pick up a book, sit on the front seat of the top deck and look out. This is something I used to do when I was young – only the bus was moving.
Matt Jones worked closely with us to shape the project and the team at Witley Jones grasped the idea and concept immediately.
It was essential that the design needed to be in-keeping with the bus and it still identified as something you would see on the streets of the capital. We didn’t just want to put shelves in and call it a Library Bus.
The attention to detail and ability to create the desired environment has really made the project a success. Even down to taking the colours of the seating into account when designing the shelving and storage, creating a warm and distinct feel to the bus.
The bespoke design of the furniture and installation was a seamless process. Having worked with them previously we knew that they were a professional local company with a great reputation. | 2019-04-22T16:30:20Z | https://www.witleyjones.com/blog/category/news/ |
Welcome to extreme luxury, a pleasure zone beyond. This is one of the most polished hotels in the world, let alone the Maldives. Forget barefoot, it’s like landing in a Net-a-Porter advert, so pack your best resort wear. Beach Villas are palatial and private: lots of mahogany and teal, his and her wardrobes, a mini-fridge for your make-up (seriously), and a private pool. It’s just a short amble to a perfect white-sand beach with translucent sea. What a show stealer. If you can bear to leave the confines of your villa there’s an overwater, enchantingly-lit Japanese restaurant with black cod and buttery sashimi to die for, a smoothie bar on the sands and a beach club restaurant with epic calamari. Plus watersports galore, obviously, a giant lap pool and an Espa spa offering properly holistic and delicious treatments in cabanas overlooking the sea. A honeymoon dream for those who like things flash.
The Maldives is formed of 20 mesmerising natural atolls which have, over the years, become home to more envy-inducing resorts than an Instagram star could shake a selfie stick at. With big hitter Soneva Fushi and its Six Senses Spa still flying the flag for the larger, more established resorts, it’s this smaller, boutique addition to the pack which promises ultimate solace and serenity in bucketloads. Muravandhoo Island is home to a 73-strong pack of villas, split across the beachfront and wooden jetty, each with private steps down to the crystal clear water’s edge. A fantastic kids’ club, hosting daily storytelling and treasure hunts, keeps little ones entertained while adults get to grips with the wealth of activities on offer, from snorkelling to unearthing the many mosaic art installations dotted across white sands. The wellbeing centre, meticulously brought to life by ESPA, provides respite from the often sweltering temperatures.
Kandima brings a full-blown resort concept to the Maldives at an accessible price point. It’s a three-kilometre-long private island, with acres of space and activities on tap. One of only a handful of hotels in the Dhaalu atoll chain, there are over 40 near-private dive sites and all manner of watersports in the vast turquoise lagoon. There’s tennis, badminton, five-a-side, volleyball, gym and art classes and an excellent kids’ club complete with mini water park, as well as gravity-defying aerial yoga, a first for the Maldives. The style is more like a contemporary Ibiza hotel, with a bold, shiny colour scheme. With 11 different bars and restaurants, a beach club and pool at the southern tip and another 100m pool by the watersports HQ, you can do something different every day. At this price point it’s easy to see why it won best newcomer in the Maldives travel awards last year.
The Westin Maldives Miriandhoo is a classy, contemporary alternative to the castaway-chic resorts typically found in the archipelago. Japanese developers and Italian architects have infused the resort with a clean aesthetic, piazza-i spired entrance and modern suites complete with Toto electronic toilets. There are six room categories but no short straws to be drawn as all include Westin’s Heavenly beds (quite possibly the most comfortable sleep you’ll ever have) and are located along the fringes of the island, offering spectacular sea views. Overwater villas include decks which span the full length of the open-plan suites, with a private pool, outdoor shower and steps leading straight to the sea. Overlooking a pristine turquoise lagoon in the Baa Atoll, Maldives’ only UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve, the island’s tropical landscape is home to a rich mix of marine life, from reef sharks to manta rays. The resort offers three culinary experiences: Island Kitchen for breakfast through to dinner with a fusion of Chinese, Indian and Maldivian cuisine, overwater dining at The Pearl for elegantly plated, authentic Japanese fare, and Thai street food-inspired Hawker for casual, toes-in-the-sand lunches. Solo travellers needn’t worry, a photographic studio with on- hand professionals will help you capture Insta-worthy holiday snaps.
The latest outpost from Sonu and Eva Shivdasani, the couple who brought us one of the best and longest-standing hotels in the Maldives, Soneva Fushi. When Soneva Fushi first opened in 1995 there were few hotels to rival it, and it swiftly became a blueprint for sustainable eco-tourism. While Soneva Fushi is still going strong, Soneva Jani is its younger, rather snazzier sibling. All rooms are in bells and whistles water villas: a kitchenette, a rooftop dining area, a private pool, a sitting room, a bed with a retractable roof – yes, you read that right – so you can sleep under the stars. You can also shower under the stars, or bathe in the sea itself. Most villas come with their own waterslide into the sea, and if they don’t you can pay to add one. Meantime the incredible Peruvian restaurant serves zing-fresh ceviche and offers an overwater cinema where you can loll with popcorn after your meal and watch a movie outside. There are watersports aplenty, ice cream, cheese and chocolate ‘rooms’, private beaches and lagoons. The new Crab Shack restaurant does just what it says. Everything is designed to nudge you into enjoying yourself; it would be absurdly hard not to succumb.
Set on a long, fish-shaped island, Kanuhura feels wild and pristine enough to have those Crusoe-style moments but small enough to nip back for a forgotten book. Cycle to breakfast beneath a forest of coconut and papaya trees and explore vast empty beaches where hammocks sway between palm trees (a result, surely, of the private pools where many guests loll away their days). The 80 rooms are detached wooden cabins, including 20 built on stilts over the azure shallows, all minimalist whites and pale wood decorated with bright abstract artwork, woven cotton furnishings and big airy bathrooms with showers open to the jungle overhead. Situated in the Lhaviyani Atoll, known for its marine life, a 30-minute boat ride takes guests to swim over shoals of bright blue and yellow surgeon fish and four-metre manta rays. The Kokaa Spa’s therapists from Thailand, Bali and India offer body masks infused with crushed pearl and Himalayan crystal salt or warm mud blended with fresh seaweed, ginger and orange. At the kids’ club, 4-11-year-olds go on treasure hunts or dress up as pirates and sail to Jehunuhura, the hotel’s island where there’s also a tiny restaurant. Another island, Masleggihura, is unoccupied but used for private ‘picnics’ – lobster and steaks barbecued by a private chef. At sunset, cocktails are shaken in tipis on the beach and guests choose between Italian, Asian fusion or local Maldivian fare for dinner. There’s nothing more magical than meandering home by moonlight on two wheels, with crabs scuttling across the path into the undergrowth.
Gliding over the glistening Indian Ocean down to the South Ari Atoll is a wondrous experience in itself – step off the seaplane onto the ivory shores of Constance Moofushi and your breath is well and truly taken. Verdant pathways give way to pristine beaches while winding jetties lead to stilted ‘thatch and rope’ villas – each with steps down to the transparent waters below. Dotted with airy bars, oceanside eateries and an overwater spa, this paradise isle is tiny – you can stroll its palm-fringed perimeter in less than 15 minutes. While the vibe is horizontal by day, the island vivifies at dusk with DJs spinning chilled tunes and chefs rustling up candlelit grills on the beach. Head to the Totem Bar for oceanside sundowners and hypnotic views, or to the Manta eatery for moreish Maldivian fish curries. One of the few luxury all-inclusive resorts in the Maldives, you’ll find that drinks, colourful culinary offerings, most watersports and an offshore excursion are part and parcel here. Don’t miss the Snorkelling Experience to the reef: spot turtles, reef sharks, rays and tropical fish parading every colour of the rainbow. Wind down the day at the U Spa by Constance, with a Balinese massage in one of the open air treatment suites, followed by a glass of fizz on the relaxation deck.
Kick off your shoes the moment you arrive, you won’t need them again. True barefoot luxury, this is Robinson Crusoe meets Wallpaper chic, perfect for design-savvy divers wanting easy access to the famed southern atolls where whale sharks and mantas lurk. One of the smallest Maldivian resorts, Mirihi weighs in at only 40 rooms, spread between overwater bungalows – book rooms 25 through 39 for the best snorkelling access – and beach villas hidden away in the coconut palms. Refurbished in 2014, the look is pared-back Maldivian wood and thatch, tadelakt showers and towering 15ft-apex ceilings. New for this winter is a two-bed, two-storey beach house. Food is excellent, particularly the curries and sushi selection, with lavish themed buffets every night in the main restaurant. You can eat à la carte at Moraca, the restaurant on the water, and watch turtles, sharks and giant parrotfish swim beneath the underlit pontoon. Freshly raked carpets of sand run through the bar and main restaurant, with pails of water to rinse your feet room- side. It’s low-key, laid-back luxury, with no TVs in the rooms and not much to do on land apart from indulge in exquisite massages at the spa and relax into the paradise of tropical island life. Which is exactly the point.
Flying in by seaplane, the first thing you notice about this hot new opening is the 200m swimming pool. It bisects the aptly named Sirru Fen Soneva Fushi or ‘secret water’ island. With only 120 villas – all of which come with private pool and butler service – spread over one of the Maldives’ largest resort islands, everything here is allowed to breathe. The design oozes understated style and bohemian rustic chic. Beach villas feel like private riads with lime-washed courtyard walls, ornate turquoise doors and large gardens, and the spacious overwater villas share the same vaulted ceilings and hand-etched cabinetry. A huge beaten copper bath takes centre stage. In a first for the Maldives they also offer lush safari-style tented jungle villas. Families are exceptionally well catered for, with a wonderfully imaginative kids’ club poolside. Teens will love the graffiti-covered shipping containers of Majaa, too.
One of the most breathtaking islands in the Dhaalu Atoll. Scarlet and lemony umbrellas pop out against pristine ivory beaches, aqua infinity pools melt into the ocean and jungle-flanked pathways lead to stylish abodes. Two islands combine to create the resort – ‘Chill’ is the hub, playing host to lavish lagoon villas and a spa, while ‘Play’ boasts chic beach villas, a super-cool surf club and Nest, an Asian-fusion eatery where you can chomp on teppanyaki among the treetops. A fashionable crowd of loved-up couples and families explore the islands on personalised bikes. When the kids are settled into their Explorer’s club, grown-ups can choose to while away the days on jet skis and catamarans, hop on a dhoni to spot bottlenose dolphins or ride the waves at Vodi surf point. Niyama is the only luxury resort in the Maldives where the surf breaks directly on its own shore. For a memorable lunch, the island’s ‘boat bus’ will whisk you across to Subsix – an offshore, underwater eatery with a backdrop of swaying corals and tropical fish. Guests flock to experience the Subaquatic Lunch – the punchy menu includes lobster salad, crab ravioli and seabass (with a glass of wine thrown in) – and it’s totally worth the splurge. Dusk sees islanders converging at the rum shack for lazy sundowners before heading to one of four Michelin-worthy restaurants. If you’re in need of a preen before you head home, a trip to the Drift Spa is mandatory – with offerings including IV boosters, oxygen facials and a keratin blow dry, it’s one of the best in the Maldives.
What you want, when you want, is the overriding vibe on this tiny speck of sand in the Baa Atoll – a 30-minute flight from the capital, Malé. It doesn’t matter if you crave a 1.3kg Wagyu steak for breakfast or have a thirst for champagne cocktails at 4 am, this is a private and exclusive bolthole where world-class cuisine and the finest wines collide, 24 hours a day. Such is the hedonistic commitment to unscripted living, you’re positively encouraged to put the resort’s team of talented international chefs and Maldivian housemasters (butlers) to work. There are three restaurants and two bars, but why not dream up a bespoke breakfast on an isolated sandbank, coupled with a remote beachside spa treatment? Or imagine a sunset barbecue on a nearby virgin island, followed by a dusk-lit search for dolphins. The Nautilus is so new that you might be the very first guests to stay in one of its 26 beachside and overwater houses. Calling them ‘rooms’ would be a disservice – they’re ginormous homes, flanked by lofty coconut palms and surrounded by wooden decking, boasting large pools, easy access to the house reef and views of the horizon-gobbling Indian Ocean. So slow down, adapt, and be creative – the world (or at the very least this 242 x 249m island) is very much your oyster.
Why here: Since opening in 2015, Amilla Soneva Fushi has been a true disruptor of the traditional Maldives experience and an indulgent island home from home for discerning jet-setters with an eye for the avant-garde. With its clean, contemporary architecture, thoughtful service and witty attention to detail, the resort – located in the UNESCO Biosphere of Baa Atoll, just 30 minutes by seaplane from Malé International – has put the Maldives on the map as a destination not just for couples, but for families and groups of friends. Literally translating as ‘My Island Home’, Amilla Soneva Fushi effortlessly conjures a luxurious ‘homecoming’ feeling for first timers and old friends alike.
. Offering a choice of 67 Miami-meets-Maldives Island Homes and Residences that hover over the crystal clear lagoon, nestle among lush treetops or hug the shores of pristine white sand, Amilla Soneva Fushi is home to more purpose-designed houses of two or more bedrooms with interconnecting rooms than any other Maldives resort, providing total peace of mind for parents.
Activities: HUB by Dive Butler, water sports and other leisure activities, Amilla Soneva Fushi has its own house reef, The Blue Hole dive and snorkelling site, and all non-motorised watersports (excluding diving) are part of the Amilla experience and can be participated in at no extra charge. Amilla has also partnered with Dive Butler International to create the Home of the Underwater Biosphere (HUB), providing a wide selection of water-based activities around Baa Atoll, including pioneering ‘Rendezvous’ diving experiences and courses for novices or experienced divers alike.
There is also the Jim Courier Tennis centre, located nearby the residences, featuring two floodlit tennis courts, with tennis pros from Jim Courier Tennis JCT available to coach on request.
What’s my room like: Spacious one and two-bed Beach, Ocean Reef, Ocean Lagoon and Lagoon Houses; Wellness Tree Houses by Bodyism that are 12 metres up in the jungle canopy; ranging between 200 and 600 square metres and all have their own large pool. For VVIP families and parties seeking the ultimate in space and privacy, eight four- to eight-bedroom Beach Residences are also available to book – and indeed to purchase – on request (POA for seriously interested buyers).
Best dish: Fringing the freeform pool at Amilla’s sociable heart, chilled-out foodie hub bazaar brings together a diverse array of carefully curated food and drinks to suit every mood and occasion – you can choose from Wok, Fresh, Grill and Joe’s Pizza, or even British seaside treat at the shore-side Fish & Chip Shop.
Signature restaurant Feeling Koi is a modern Japanese hotspot with the cool 1 OAK Sunset Lounge and cocktail bar. You can also stock up for beach BBQs and picnics at the gourmet café-deli The Emperor General Store or taste fine wines and artisanal cheeses at The Wine Shop & Cellar Door – and a ‘Home Delivery’ service is available from all the island’s restaurants.
Star spa treatment: Javvu Spa has worked on treatments created in partnership with high profile brands such as Bodyism, Pure Massage, ila, Gentleman’s Tonic, QMS and Louise Galvin. The exclusive partnership with Bodyism brings James Duigan’s ‘Clean and Lean’ philosophy to island guests in a typically special and unique way; Wellness Tree Houses are private one-bedroom spa ‘nests’ with their own dedicated treatment suites, high in the treetops, where guests can enjoy a uniquely personal, inclusive wellness experience delivered by Bodyism Performance Specialists; personal training, Bodyism classes and sessions; and The Island Café by Clean and Lean.
TOP TIP: Any fish you catch can be taken back to the resort and cooked in the restaurant to your chosen recipe.
Double room rate: US$1,250 per night, based on two adults sharing a one-bedroom Lagoon House including breakfast (excludes tax and service).
Why here: The diving. The area of sea around the island is called ‘The Aquarium’ as it has an unusually high diversity of sea life, even for the Maldives. The island has a manta ray feeding and breeding ground 150m from the beach.
Island vibe: The island is adults-only so the only families out there are with older children. It’s popular with HNWIs, honeymooners/couples and divers.
Activities: Scuba diving, snorkelling, sunset cruises, spa treatments, yoga, tennis, football, volleyball, dinner at 5.8 (world’s largest, all-glass, undersea restaurant), lunch on a deserted island.
Being green: 30 percent of the island is powered by solar energy. There is also a water bottling plant to substantially reduce the island’s plastic consumption, a food recycling programme and a collection of local greenhouses producing fresh produce for guests. The Manta Trust operates on the island and not only understands the importance of preserving the Maldives’ underwater wildlife but actively takes part in studying and rebuilding it. They lead educational dives, actively replant coral and monitor the local wildlife to preserve the stunning local habitats.
What’s my room like: Furnished in tropical décor and equipped with the latest technology, the villas are situated across the lagoon or along the beach. Half the villas have an infinity pool. Contemporarily designed, the villas are the epitome of tropical chic with clean lines, earthy tones and natural materials.
How about… Greek Island Hopping?
Celeb spotting: So far, Frankie and Wayne Bridge have been along with a plethora of international social influencers.
Star spa treatment: The Maldivian Island Paradise Ritual is the one to try for the ultimate indulgence. This 120-minute treatment pampers from top to toe, leaving skin hydrated and hair nourished, thanks to the local 100 per cent virgin coconut oil. It begins with a freshly ground Coconut-Vanilla Body Polish which sloughs off dry skin, revealing healthy skin beneath. A coconut hair mask is then applied, while the therapist performs an Indian head massage using rosemary-infused coconut oil. The oil is then left to penetrate the hair, deeply conditioning it in the process, while you lie back and enjoy either a Balinese or Muscle Ease massage with coconut oil.
Best dish: Their eight course, taster menu at 5.8 is stunning. Serving dishes including yellow fin tuna, diver scallop and Asian Angus beef, it is a feast for the senses.
TOP TIP: Go on the dive to see the Manta Rays. Only 50m from the beach, they gather in schools of up to 50 rays to feed, barrel rolling in front of you. It a truly breathtaking sight and is uncommon in that size and accessibility, even for the Maldives.
Double room rate: Prices start from £520 for a Beach Villa (for two) on a bed and breakfast basis.
Why here: Kanuhura has been re-imagined by Inge Moore and her design team at HBA in London, as a unique island retreat. Their project has included the re-design of every existing area and the introduction of some new spaces, making it a brand new resort, with an existing client base.
Island vibe: In the ambition to create a truly different destination for this part of the world, the designers took as their starting point the word ‘Gypset’, a lifestyle that combines that of the gypsy fused with the sophistication and speed of the jet set. It attracts a lot of repeat guests, young couples and young families due to the abundance of activities on offer, as well as the great room configurations.
Activities: Guests have exclusive access to Jehunuhura Private Island, so you can get a true Robinson Crusoe feel. You can eat lunch or dinner or have spa treatments and yoga sessions on the island, accessible only by boat or foot from the resort. There’s also diving, guided snorkelling trips, PADI certification courses, tennis, squash and a little more gentle, daily yoga and pilates. There are watersports aplenty too, with windsurfing and catamaran sailing courses available. Beginners can opt for resort or taster courses, which are four or eight hours long – at the end you’ll be certified. There’s also wake-boarding, canoes, pedalos, paddle boards and underwater scooters. Children are also well catered for, with child-sized windsurfers, kayaks and water-skis.
Being green: Kanuhura’s Marine Biology Research Centre is dedicated to coral reef ecology and conservation. You’ll not only observe our incredible flora and fauna under the sea: if you choose to do so, you can help us protect them, too.
What’s my room like? The bedrooms on the beach, the Palm Houses, all have uninterrupted views towards the ocean and offer a colour palette inspired by the palms. The bedrooms flow onto the garden terrace outside. These villas have private pools including private sun loungers and an outdoor dining area.
Star spa treatment: The 90-minute Crystal Massage, which aims to restore vitality through the healing and stimulating properties of crystals. The full body massage uses hot and cold blue lace agate crystal balls to relieve muscle tension and invigorate the body, while omega and antioxidant-rich Marula oil soften and soothe the skin. Followed by a neck and face drainage massage using flat crystals, it will leave your skin refreshed and your mind relaxed.
TOP TIP: Have lunch at the Chef’s Herb Garden – set amid a beautiful hanging vegetable garden, a large communal table becomes the focal point to enjoy lunch or dinner using the finest freshly picked herbs. Cookery classes are also available here.
Double room rate: Beach Bungalow Sunrise during low season (April to 30 September 2017) start from $700 based on two sharing on a bed & breakfast basis.
Why here: In a preserved environment, pristine waters and opulent vegetation offer Cheval Blanc Randheli an exceptional setting. The Maison has been conceived in synergy with the island’s natural surroundings, lush vegetation and lagoon views.
Island vibe: Stunning design by Jean-Michel Gathy and exceptional service – Art de Recevoir underpins Cheval Blanc’s methodology. Lots of treats and surprises punctuate the stay to adorn everyday life and to surprise guests. With an exceptionally personalised and caring approach, service is tailored according to each guest’s wishes.
Activities: Everything and anything. Cheval Blanc offers exceptional experiences, including a sunset dolphin cruise in a traditional dhoni, access to your own private yacht – The Azimut, Jungle Bootcamp on a separate island and Spa island accessed by dhoni for day-long retreats.
What’s my room like? Choose from Island Villas, Water Villas or – unique in the Maldives – Garden Water Villas which combine private garden space on one side with direct water access on the other side. The Owners Villa is an exclusive four bedroom villa on its own private island, the ultimate holiday experience for families and friends.
Star spa treatment: On its very own spa island, and the only Guerlain spa in the Maldives, which offers orchid based facials to half day pampering session such as Princess of a Day, which will have you looking like royalty by the end.
Best dish: Fresh Maldivian fish prepared on a Mediterranean style grill and Langoustine Prosecco Risotto at Deelani or a 15 -course tasting menu at Diptyque – choose from Japanese or Spanish and watch the chefs in live action seated at the bar.
Double room rate: From approx. £1,850 per night, including breakfast and all taxes and charges.
Why here: Milaidhoo Island Maldives opened in November 2016 and provides a true sense of small-island living, reminding guests why everyone fell in love with the destination in the first place. The resort focuses on introducing guests to the very best the Maldives has to offer through design, cuisine, nature, service and activities.
Island vibe: The ultimate resort for laid-back luxury – ideal for high-end luxury traveller whether that’s couples, honeymooners or groups of friends, who love diving and adventure.
Activities: Foodies can learn how to master traditional recipes, handed down through generations and can join the local fisherman for the catch of the day. Waterbabies can discover the spectacular Maldivian sea life with Milaidhoo’s resident marine biologist, with a visit to Hanifaru Bay, a marine protected area which attracts the largest seasonal groupings of manta rays in the world, as well as being one of the best places to spot whale sharks in the Maldives. For the ultimate day out in paradise, take a trip to a remote sandbank where you can snorkel, sip champagne, enjoy a seafood bento box lunch and laze around on sunbeds crafted out of sand, adorned with cushions.
Accommodation: You can choose between Water Villas or Beach Villas, all of which come complete with infinity pool, day beds, sun loungers, swings and delightful Island Host (chilled-out butler). The bathrooms are a highlight, as they come complete with enormous egg-shaped stone baths, specially designed for the resort to comfortably fit two. The bath overlooks the ocean, while the walk-in rain shower in the Water Villas has a glass floor.
Being green: With Milaidhoo being situated in the UNESCO world biosphere reserve, conservation is one of their guiding philosophies. The resort is a participant of the Green Globe certification process and green initiatives the resort undertakes include: They have a state-of-the-art water and STP plant ensuring no contaminants enter the ocean and making best practicable re-use of grey water, they have a coral regeneration programme in place.
Star spa treatment: Go for the ‘Milaidhoo Lavender and Lime Ceremony’ by TheraNaka. This ceremony begins with a full body exfoliation, followed by a luxurious milk bath to prepare the body for a 60-minute full-body East African Wood Massage.
Best dish: Ba’theli restaurant is the first modern Maldivian restaurant in the Maldives, which has been built in the shape of three boats that stand on stilts over the lagoon. Led by Maldivian chef Ahmed Sivath, Baa’thli’s dishes are steeped in tradition, each inspired from the Maldivian Spice Route. Favourites include: Garudhiya (famous Maldivian soup featuring lightly poached skipjack tuna, perfumed with young curry and pandanus heart), Bakari Sanaamugu Hiki Riha (Maldivian five spiced lamb loin, bitter snake gourd and chickpea gravy, brinjal fritters) and Filolhu Ihi Riha (grilled white snapper fillets, with Maldivian lobster , tomato essence, coconut espuma).
TOP TIP: Don’t miss the complimentary yoga and meditation sessions, on offer every day, with resident yogi, in the stunning over-water, open-air pavilion at the spa.
Double room rate: From $1,625 per night in a Water Pool Villa on a half board basis, based on two sharing.
Why here: Baros Maldives is the ‘original’ luxury resort in the Maldives, having opened in 1973. It is situated in the central southern part of North Malé Atoll, just 25 minutes by speedboat from the international airport, an ideal transfer especially after a long-haul flight. It is surrounded by one of the best house-reefs in the India Ocean, only 15–30 metres from the shore, alive with colours, fish, turtles, rays and coral.
Island vibe: Romance all the way – Baros was voted ‘Most Romantic Resort in the World 2016’ at the World Travel Awards for the fourth time.
Activities: Diving is a major highlight. Everyone can explore the spectacular house-reef, enjoy thrilling night dives and even get their PADI at their renowned Dive Centre. Those who prefer to stay dry can book a cruise on board Nooma, Baros’ traditional wooden dhoni boat, or Serenity, the resorts luxury motor yacht. For foodies, Destination Dining is a plus and you can enjoy a fine dining experience anywhere on the island.
Accommodation: It’s all about the ‘outside, inside life’ feel for guests with their 45 Beachside and 30 Water luxury Villas, many complete with private pools. Designed by Maldivian architect Mohamed Shafeeq, with interiors by Anita Indra Dewi, all were built by local craftsmen using natural materials to blend with the surrounding environment, including natural stones, tropical wood, coconut thatch, sandstone and timber.
Being green: Baros has been a leader in green initiatives for 40 years, making it a pioneer eco-friendly resort in the Maldives. Formerly an uninhabited wilderness of coconut palms and tropical undergrowth surrounded by an untouched, coral sand beach, the resort’s original rural ambience has been preserved by respecting its natural ecosystems. Special measures include the careful use of water, CFC-free air conditioning units, minimal use of non-bio-degradable products and conducting awareness programs with their island neighbours. Additionally, their dive centre, Divers Baros Maldives, was one of the first in the archipelago and was the first resort EcoDive Centre in the Maldives, as certified by International Reef Check.
Star spa treatment: Signature treatments include the Baros Sand Poultice, designed to improve circulation, relax muscles, reduce water retention and draw out toxins – the perfect remedy for a long-haul journey. The Piano Deck Couples Massage is the ultimate romantic spa experience, taking place at sunset on a secluded deck in the shape of a grand piano, floating over the sparkling lagoon.
Best dish: Baros is home to highly acclaimed restaurant The Lighthouse, one of the best fine-dining restaurants in the Maldives, serving outstanding French-inspired dishes paired with excellent wines recommended by the sommelier. Set on an over-water pavilion with a white pinnacle roof, highlight dishes include: Cognac flambéed lobster bisque, Asian spice grilled mahi-mahi fillets and pan-fried lemongrass sand lobster tails.
TOP TIP: Dare-devil divers can try exclusive Fluo Night Diving – a unique and remarkable adventure made possible due to the resort’s close proximity to the sheltered waters on the house reef.
Double room rate: From $675 per night in a Deluxe Villa on a B&B basis, excluding taxes.
Why here: Soneva Jani is set in a lagoon surrounded by five untouched islands, with 24 overwater villas and one Island Reserve. Each of the Overwater Villas has a retractable roof in the master bedroom, that glides back at the touch of a button so that guests can sleep under the stars at night.
Island vibe: Guests are encouraged to adopt the ’no news, no shoes’ ethos, a phrase that was coined at the ‘original’ barefoot luxury Soneva Fushi. The resort offers Robinson Crusoe-style escapism without avoiding luxuries. Those with an eco-conscious can visit Soneva Jani and relax in the knowledge that it has a strong commitment to sustainability. It’s perfectly suited to couples, groups as well as families.
Activities: It has the first silent overwater cinema in the Maldives – Cinema Paradiso, where you can watch films with wireless headphones without disturbing the nesting wildlife nearby. It also has the first overwater observatory in the Maldives. A sophisticated telescope rises up through the floor of the observatory deck, offering views of the starry sky and its resident astronomer is on hand to teach guests all about the night sky. Finally, guests can enjoy the tranquillity of the remaining four islands that are being kept as natural as possible. These uninhabited islands are used for experiences such as the ‘Robinson Crusoe Castaway Picnic’ – a truly amazing desert island experience.
Accommodation: The villas are some of the largest in the Maldives, and the overwater villas are built in renewable wood featuring lots of sweeping curves. Some offer slides from the top deck straight into the lagoon blue, and have portholes in the floor allowing guests to watch the ocean below.
Being green: Soneva’s Eco Centro Waste-to-Wealth centre will ensure that waste is recycled, while the extensive vegetable garden will give local produce for the restaurants based on organic principles. The pools use seawater with UV filtration and the villas have been built over the sandy floors of the lagoon, with no damage to any part of the reef. Furthermore, solar PV will be a significant source of power generation at the resort. All waste-water will be collected and treated on-site, and water will also be produced on-site, including drinking water.
Best dish: Free chocolate and free ice cream are available all day, every day at So Cool, as well as sushi and sashimi, charcuterie and cheese. For something special, eat at the Observatory where you can dine at one of four tables equipped with screens linked to the view from the telescope.
Celeb spotting: Luke Evans, Gwyneth Paltrow, Kate Winslet, Paul McCartney, Madonna, Naomie Harris, Cara Delevigne, Nicole Scherzinger, Jodie Kidd and Princess Madeline of Sweden.
TOP TIP: Book a water villa with a slide – these allow guests to slide from the top deck of the villa into the lagoon below!
Double room rate: From 1,870 USD per night.
Why here: It’s the only resort in the Southern Laamu Atoll with an incredible signature Six Senses Spa, its own resident marine biology team committed to turtle conservation and coral health and recovery, and some of the best waves in the Maldives to surf (guests can catch the best waves between April and October when wind and waves are up, with the biggest swells likely to occur in June to September, including the Yin Yang Surf Break, the most famous break in the Maldives, which conveniently breaks just a few metres from the resort).
Island vibe: The vibe is most definitely barefoot luxury, aimed at those who want a luxury Indian Ocean resort experience that goes beyond just five-star service. It is also a family paradise with so many on offer to keep little ones entertained and allow parents some R&R time.
Activities: Aside from the incredible spa offering for which perhaps the group is most famous, guests can venture out onto a yacht for the day, which includes fishing, snorkelling and a picnic on a deserted island, with a beach barbecue on the private sandbank serving up a delicious catch of the day. Culture vultures can venture out to nearby Hithadhoo Island and pop into the schools, community centres and a mosque to take a glimpse at the Maldivian way of life, and even visit some of the locals’ homes.
Six Senses Laamu has recently taken advantage of its proximity to the best Maldives surf breaks and thriving surf culture by partnering with Australian masters of luxury surfing, Tropicsurf. From April to October the resort offers keen surfers the opportunity to tackle the mighty Yin Yang wave – one of the most famous surfing waves that breaks just offshore on the outer reef of the island of Hithadhoo, just a few minutes from Six Senses.
Accommodation: Guests can choose between beach or over-water villas. Beach Villas are tucked away in the lush tropical vegetation and face the lagoon, have private access to their own stretch of beach and an outdoor rain shower. For panoramic views there’s a treetop deck. A short bike ride are the overwater villas secluded by high wooden enclosures. Offering direct access to the sea, guests can snorkel around the lagoon or relax on overwater netting hammocks. There’s also an outdoor relaxation platform with day beds and sun loungers, as well as an aquarium dining desk with a glass-bottomed dining table.
Being green: Six Senses Laamu deserves special congratulations for being the only hotel in the world to make the shortlist for the 2017 Ocean Awards, the preeminent prizes for marine-conservation initiatives. It uses renewable energy to heat the water, rooms are built to stay cool, and air conditioners are low energy consuming units. They have their own recycling facility and do not use plastic for room amenities or water.
Star spa treatment: Set right on the beach, the spa offers four uniquely designed couple’s treatment nests, four secluded couple’s treatment pavilions, plus one ayurvedic treatment pavilion, all within the island’s natural vegetation. All of the Six Senses Signature Massages are excellent (there are four varieties: Deep Tissue, Detox, Energiser, Holistic and Oriental), or try the Ayurveda Aromatherapy Abhyang Fusion massage – calming, detoxifying and rejuvenating, this full body treatment expertly merges Ayurveda, Aromatherapy, marma massage, reflexology, remedial techniques, lymphatic drainage and chakra balancing. Using rich aromatic blends, it is recommended for detoxification, better sleep, strengthening of muscles and joints, reducing the signs of cellulite or as a jetlag relief.
Best dish: At Leaf, Six Senses Laamu’s signature restaurant, each dish is expertly paired with a wine by Head Sommelier, Karim Boulet. Try the ‘Laamu Fruity Freed Fish Cevice’ (marinated atoll reef fish with pomelo, pickled green mango, pineapple and pomegranate served with tomato sorbet).
TOP TIP: Don’t miss out on the incredible array of diving options on offer – the Laamu Atoll truly is a diver’s paradise. Travellers are spoilt for choice when it comes to diving in the Maldives, however Six Senses Laamu is home to the best diving sites in the region – the Reef Dives, Kandus and Thilas being the most important of all.
Double room rate: From US$827 (approx. £635) per night in a Lagoon Water Villa. This is subject to 10 percent service charge and 12 per cent GST.
Why here: Just opened Kandima Maldives is the first lifestyle resort in the country – we are talking about the first ‘true’ lifestyle resort – Kandima will be accessible to everyone and reflect the NEW Maldives. The first thing to note is its size. This isn’t a ‘ten-minute to walk around the island’ job. Kandima is three km in length so plenty of room for your tropical paradisetranquillityy but with a cool twist of play, partying, action and exploring.
Island vibe: The island is 3km long and designed to suit everyone, from families, friends and honeymooners. It attracts those who have always wanted to go to the Maldives, but worry about there being nothing to do.
Activities: There’s a stunning large lagoon, the longest white-sand beach in the country, ten restaurants and bars, a beautiful spa, a marine biology centre, art studio, photography studio, jewellery-making classes, cooking lessons, anti-gravity yoga, meditation, new and crazy fitness classes, a library, diving with hammerhead sharks, a turtle beach, watersports such as wake-boarding, SUP, kayaks and banana boats, ‘Kaniland’ unparalleled kids club and for those that like to party, Kandima has the largest beach club in the Maldives and our sleek, sensual, mysterious nightclub and bar – The Forbidden Bar!
Accommodation: The resort offers a choice of 274 stylishly designed studios, beach and aqua villas, with 11 different categories to choose from, all of which have a private terrace and endless tropical views to enjoy. Their locations at different points along island makes the accommodation suitable for honeymooners and couples seeking privacy and families as well as group of friends looking for activity. A big focus for us is on technology – making the experience as smooth and easy as possible for our guests. Each room will have a 40-inch LED TV with an entertainment system where you can stream your own movies, music and your Instagram photos that you’ve been posting throughout the day.
Best dish: Anything from Sea Dragon (Kandima’s signature restaurant) and set to become the best Chinese restaurant in the country. Situated on the Kandima shore, elevated above the ocean with beautiful large outdoor decking. Kandima has 10 F&B outlets – one of the highest in the Maldives, so there’s plenty to choose from.
Being green: Kandima uses smart state of the art technology to improve the guest experience but also to follow one of its values: to be responsible and reduce its carbon footprint due to reducing the islands waste and energy consumption. All water waste and glass are recycled, food composted, items responsibly packaged, energy saved through smart room controls and printed collateral radically reduced through the use of the app and interactive systems.
TOP TIP: Don’t miss the sunrise Hammerhead shark diving experience, it’s worth getting up early for.
Double room rate: Available from £160 half board per person per night, based on two adults sharing.
Why here: A pioneer among global resorts, Landaa Giraavaru has been at the forefront of innovative hospitality since it first opened. But we’re not talking gimmicks here, but more emotional and transformative innovations, the kind that make you happy just to be there. For example, the resort’s pioneering apprenticeship scheme that has transformed the lives and kick-started the careers of nearly 500 local youngsters since it launched over a decade ago; conservation projects that include an on-site turtle rehabilitation centre that has rehabilitated and returned more than 150 ghost-net-injured sea turtles back to the ocean; the surrounding UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, home to the world’s largest known population of manta rays (identified by the resort’s comprehensive manta ray research project, the founding project for The Manta Trust); and the multi-award winning Spa & Ayurvedic Retreat, one of Asia’s most renowned centres of natural healing – a three-acre haven of wellness that offers everything from AntiGravity yoga to Panchakarma, with tailored support that even extends to an online Ayurvedic Pharmacy so guests can continue their wellbeing goals back home.
Island vibe: Family and romance. Vast accommodation compounds hidden behind turquoise gates offer huge areas of privacy for couples and families alike. The resort is beautifully spaced – with many facilities located at the water’s edge down lush jungle paths – that it never feels contrived or crowded, even at full capacity. Romance, relaxation, rejuvenation and reconnection are the order of each and every day.
Activities: Highlights include Manta On Call (you’re given a phone to be called, anytime, when the manta researchers see mantas nearby so you can be speed-boated out to swim with them); lagoon-based PADI dive courses for children as young as eight (only a handful of resorts in the world have been granted this special dispensation by PADI); the opportunity to plant your own coral reef and then watch it grow via pictures online; Panchakarma, a complete Ayurvedic cleanse not usually available in luxury spas; fun water sports like X-Jetblades and kite-surfing; plus lovely touches like monogrammed bicycles for every member of your group to explore the island.
Being green: The resort was the winner of the ‘Doing It All’ and ‘Wildlife Conservation’ categories for large resorts in the Conde Nast Traveler (US) World Savers Awards in 2012 for very good reason. Highlights of the past 6 months alone include the opening of a completely restructured and reimagined Marine Discovery Centre to showcase a decade of marine conservation projects via big screens, touch-activated Prezi presentations, detailed wall displays, a huge aquarium, kids’ touch tank, video wall, naturally styled fish breeding tanks, fish lab and glass-fronted turtle tanks; the Flying Turtles project, which involved the historic transfer of the first live turtles ever to fly overseas from the Maldives for conservation purposes and the development of a new Dolphin ID project – using photos of dorsal fins to identify individuals seen regularly in local waters.
What’s my room like? Your Beach Villa (the resort’s most popular option out of 13 room types) is a gated oasis set within its own private compound, walled for privacy and bursting with tropical foliage. Your open-air sand floor living and dining pavilion comes complete with a spiral staircase leading to a furnished sea-gazing loft room, while your private 12-metre lap pool – flanked by a cushioned day bed, deck with loungers, and garden – is the heart of your villa experience. And that’s even before you’ve stepped foot inside the huge air-con bedrooms and bathrooms with cool white and blue beach-chic tones, sofa areas and walk-through wardrobe and dressing corridors.
Star spa treatment: If you have the time, book a full Ayurvedic Immersion – an authentic and all-inclusive 7, 14 or 21-day journey of discovery into the heart of Ayurveda; or opt for any one (or all) of the blissful Chakra Blessing treatments devised by ila. The spa was named ‘Best Holistic Hideaway’ by the Condé Nast Traveller Spa Guide 2016 and ‘Best Innovative Spa Concept’ in the Gala Spa Awards 2016 on account of all of its experiences so it’s not easy to go wrong with a selection. For something a little different, a session of suspended AntiGravity Yoga in the dedicated jungle yoga shala is a must, as is a circuit of the unique Yoga Energy Trail: an inspiring exploration of self and surroundings against a myriad of mind-blowing UNESCO Biosphere Reserve viewpoints.
Double room rate: The Beach Bungalow with pool from USD 1,300 per night, plus taxes.
Founding editor of Country & Town House, Lucy Cleland has been in the glossy magazine business for around 20 years, and divides her time between the glamour of Acton and the mud and wellies of the New Forest with her husband and two children. | 2019-04-23T16:40:51Z | https://www.countryandtownhouse.co.uk/travel/best-resorts-maldives/ |
Are public hospitals reforming efficiently in West Bank?
The structure, function, and capacity of the health care system in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) had been largely shaped by the complex political history of the country. Since the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994, the reform efforts were subsidized much by the international aids to rebuild the country’s institutional capacity. No previous studies have provided a realistic evaluation of Palestinian achievements in the conduct of public healthcare, we examine the relative productive efficiency of public hospitals (their managers’ success in the usage of resources) during 2010–2015 within West Bank and Jordan. Then, we estimate the efficiency of policies within which managers operate (the program efficiency) across the two countries.
We employ the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models to distinguish between within-country managerial efficiencies and public policy “program” efficiencies across the two countries. The study follows two key steps, the first step evaluates managerial efficiencies and explores trends in performance within each country. Then, we examine the program efficiencies across the two countries.
Public hospitals improved their year-specific overall efficiency from 75 to 80% in the West Bank and from 78 to 86% in Jordan in 2010 and 2015 respectively. Changes in efficiency are driven by scale effects in West Bank and by managerial enhancements in Jordan. Program efficiency in West Bank outperformed Jordan during 2010–2012, there was no significant difference in mean program efficiencies between the two countries during 2013–2015.
This work addresses a gap in the DEA literature by empirically investigating the efficiency of public hospitals as distinct from program efficiency in a developing country, namely, Palestine. Findings stimulate hospital managers to enhance potential improvements, policymakers to allocate resources, and international donors to focus on the right adoption of new technology to get better benefits from their considerable investments in public hospitals.
The structure, function, and capacity of the health care system in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) had been largely shaped by the complex political history of the country . The OPT comprises West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip. The never-ending conflict between the Palestinians and the Israelis seemed to come to an end when the Middle East peace process was settled. Particularly, after the Madrid conference in 1991, then the Oslo Accords in 1993 and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994. However, ground reality suggests otherwise. Regrettably, the peace process reached a deadlock and failed to resolve the conflict. The Palestinians had limited self-determination and constructed a picture that the two-state solution is unapproachable.
Since 1994, the administration of the public health care providers in West Bank and Gaza Strip was transferred from the Israeli Civil Administration to the Palestinian Ministry of Health. However, the other health providers named: The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs, and for-profit private health organization continued as they had been before . Later, the ongoing reform efforts in rebuilding the providers’ capacity have been largely subsidized by international aids. These external funds are efforts by the international community to resolve the conflict in Palestine-Israel through economic encouragements , of which, about 8% is dedicated to the healthcare sector .
Although noticeable improvements have been made in the physical capacity of public healthcare providers , no previous studies have examined the efficient use of the considerable financial and technical investments in public hospitals. Estimating their managers’ efficiency of and the influence of reform efforts on efficiency provide insights to key decision makers in the provision of public health care services in West Bank. Managers who make decisions on operational practices and policymakers who may influence the operating environment through regulations may benefit from the attended measurement. Further, International donors who subsidize the capacity building of the country’s public hospitals may organize their efforts more efficiently.
The hospital productive efficiency entails the use of minimum input to produce a given level of output. In this work, we separate efficiencies of hospital managers themselves (identified as managerial efficiency in this research project) from the efficiencies of policies within which managers operate (identified as program efficiency) by following the method of Charnes et al. (1981) . Health reform policies may support better use of resources or hamper the ability of the hospitals to transform resources into outputs . Therefore, it is reasonable to consider the accumulated efforts of both hospital managers and policy-makers as reform efforts in delivering health care services across public hospitals.
To measure relative productive efficiency, we compare the observed performance of a hospital with an empirical production frontier based on the best results obtained from a homogeneous group of hospitals. About reform policies, a good understanding of the relative Palestinian achievements in the conduct of public healthcare delivery could be suggestive when considering the comparability with Jordan.
We employ the two basic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models, namely the CCR model developed by Charnes et al. (1981) and the BCC model developed by Banker et al. (1984) . DEA is a methodology that has been successfully used to evaluate the performance of different healthcare markets .
This paper builds on the method of Charnes et al. (1981) ; we follow their two-key steps procedure, in the first step, we analyze the managerial efficiency of public hospitals within each country, West Bank and Jordan. Then, in the second step, we notionally drop the inefficiencies of the first step, and we run a DEA exercise to evaluate the efficiency of a merged set of all the hospitals from the two countries. The observed inefficiencies in the second step are attributable to differences in programs (reform policies) in each country rather than to hospital management.
A recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO) describes the health care system in the OPT as functioning under pressure of rapid population growth, deteriorating economy and lack of adequate financial support . Therefore, addressing the efficiency of public hospitals in the OPT is an important consideration for managers, policymakers, and international donors . The available literature describes the status of the Palestinian healthcare system, although often highlighting the weaknesses and the political constraints, had inadvertently dropped the historical associations with Jordan. Further, doesn’t provide performance measures from a realistic point view to judge the Palestinian achievements in respect of healthcare delivery.
Hamdan & Defever (2002) identified the unique characteristics of the transitional settings such as the geographical separation between West Bank and Gaza Strip; the pressure of international donors; and the deteriorating economic conditions among others. Giacaman et al. (2003) analyzed the obstacles that faced reform efforts. Batniji et al. (2009) described the health and well-being conditions in the OPT and the maternal and child health issues. Giacaman et al. (2009) described the distorted and fragmented healthcare system in the OPT. Others provided statistical evidence on the Palestinian healthcare practices and healthcare professionals [5, 13–16]. Finally, in their qualitative study, Shahawy & Diamond (2016) show the negative impact of geographical barriers and military occupation in the OPT on the training of the Palestinian medical students.
To meet the information needs of public authority and international donors, we provide a realistic benchmark to judge the country’s relative performance concerning public healthcare delivery in West Bank. We pay attention to performance in West Bank and Jordan from two perspectives, the managerial practice perspective within the country and the policy perspective (programs) across the two countries. Therefore, the study goes to answer the following research question: as compared with Jordan, are the public hospitals reforming efficiently in West Bank?
On 24 April 1950, the “The Emirate of Trans-Jordan” unified with West Bank into one state of “The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan” that comprised the East and the West Banks of the River Jordan. During 1950–1988 the public health care system in West Bank evolved as part of the public healthcare system in Jordan. Although administered by the Israeli Civil administration during 1967–1994, the institutional affiliation of healthcare providers in West Bank was to the Jordanian Ministry of Health during the latter period.
On 31 July 1988, King Hussain of Jordan broke off all the administrative and legal ties with the Israeli-Occupied West Bank . The disengagement decision represents a turning point in a long story of Jordan’s relations with the Palestinians , and initiated new perspectives in the strategy and actors of the peace process in the Middle East .
The post-disengagement settings allowed for an effective role of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) to act internationally as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinians and challenged PLO to shoulder the Palestinian responsibilities . Even though, the historical associations between Jordan and the Palestinians brand Jordan’s stake in the Palestinians’ life as unavoidable . Roughly, to date, around one-half of the Jordanian population is of Palestinian ancestry [21, 23].
Examples of interrelations are numerous: the Jordanian curriculums, legislation, and the healthcare regulations continued to be applied in West Bank in the early nineties. Further, as well as many other sectors, the Jordanian healthcare institutions were the only recognized boards in the Palestinian healthcare markets. To date, the Palestinian Medical Association in Ramallah is part of the Jordanian Medical Association in Amman. The − 250 beds- hospital “Al Makkassed” in East Jerusalem is still recognized as a teaching hospital by the Jordanian Medical Board . Another public − 275 beds- hospital in Hebron which is officially called “Hebron Governmental Hospital” is still recognized among the public as “Alia” after the name of the daughter of King Hussain “Princess Alia.” The same observation goes to “Al Hussain Hospital” in Bethlehem. Finally, bearing in mind that medical professionals are key decision-makers in healthcare delivery and their institutional background has impacts on their decisions, the proportion of accredited Palestinian specialists by the Jordanian Medical Council is not insignificant.
The question of measuring productive efficiency and its importance for the economic policymakers was best stated sixty years ago in the seminal work of Farrell (1957) . Farrell succeeded to solve the problem of measuring productive efficiency by combining the measurement of multiple inputs into a single satisfactory measure of efficiency. Farrell’s method to estimate productive efficiency compares the observed performance of an organization or industry with an empirical production frontier based on the best results obtained in practice.
Charnes et al. (1978) operationalized Farrell’s approach and introduced the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology to measure the efficiency of a homogeneous group of Decision-Making Units (DMUs). DMU is any productive organization “from a small shop to a hospital to a whole economy.” DEA is a nonparametric linear programming-based method for performance evaluation where multiple performance dimensions exist . The method develops best performers frontier and assigns efficiency score for non-frontier hospitals according to their distance to the efficient frontier. In DEA literature, the measurement of efficiency for performance improvement could be tackled from two perspectives; the input contraction (input-oriented DEA models) and the output expansion (out-put oriented DEA models).
The basic DEA model, known as the DEA-CCR model in the literature, assumes Constant Returns to Scale (CRS) in hospital operations. In practice, not all DMUs operate at an optimal scale. Førsund & Hjalmarsson (1974) introduced the decomposition of Farrell’s original measure of productive efficiency into separate scale efficiency and technical efficiency. Then, using the piece-wise linear frontier, the decomposition was considered by Banker et al. (1984) in the DEA-BCC model which accounts for Variable Returns to Scale (VRS).
DEA is the preferred method when evaluating health care providers as it has many advantages: (1) DEA is a non-parametric method and doesn’t require a prescribed functional form. (2) Can handle multiple variables and produce a single measure of efficiency. (3) Each hospital is compared with every other hospital in the sample to estimate the best performers frontier. (4) It avoids the need for prices or prior assumptions of weights [29, 30]. Due to the multiple-product nature of hospitals and the multiple-value of various stakeholders, hospitals received the most research attention in DEA empirical works [31–33]. One of the first applications of DEA was to assess the efficiency of policies within which managers work as separate from the efficiencies of the managers themselves .
Based on literature review, Hollingsworth (2008) found that researchers applied DEA to compare the efficiency of hospitals across countries to gain insights into the efficiency of different means of healthcare delivery. It has often been used to evaluate the outcomes of care providers and health reforms [34, 35]. A recent theme in DEA literature evaluates the health care systems across countries [36, 37].
The relevant data in West Bank and Jordan was extracted from the annual health reports published by the Palestinian Ministry of Health (PMoH) and the Jordanian Ministry of Health (JMoH) respectively. The two ministries of interest publish the annual statistical reports on a yearly basis, and both reports are structured alike. The published raw data reflects the real quantities of the operational data among the working hospitals.
We analyzed two nationally representative sets of public hospitals during 2010–2015. Out of 13 public hospitals in West Bank, the analysis included 11 hospitals (66 observations), they utilize 1377 beds which make up 97.4% of the total public hospital beds in West Bank. We excluded a newly established hospital and another psychiatric hospital. Further, the public hospitals in the Gaza Strip are excluded. The relevant data of hospitals working in Gaza Strip is unreliable due to the Palestinian internal conflict since 2006 which escalated with the split of the Palestinian Authority into one government in Gaza and another in West Bank. Therefore, the scope of this papers is to examine efficiency in West Bank .
As for Jordan, out of 30 public hospitals, we analyzed 22 hospitals during 2010–2015 (132 observations), three psychiatric hospitals, two obstetric hospitals, and one pediatric hospital were excluded. The excluded hospitals don’t comply with the common input-output measures applied in this study. Then, to avoid bias in our judgment on performance in West Bank, we excluded the largest two hospitals in Jordan as they are three times larger than any hospital in West Bank [24, 38]. Table 1 illustrates the sample characteristics during 2015.
Despite the advantages (mentioned before) of using DEA to evaluate healthcare providers, the pitfalls in DEA methodology should be managed carefully : (1) The state of homogeneity among hospitals, all the investigated hospitals are general hospitals owned and administered by the government, they provide primary and secondary care. However, in Jordan and West Bank, tertiary healthcare is provided by non-public hospitals. (2) The number of inputs and outputs when compared with the number of hospitals. Golany & Roll (1989) suggested a rule of thumb that the number of DMUs is, at least, twice the number of inputs and outputs . To achieve this requirement, we followed Boussofiane et al. (1991) and treated each hospital in each year as an observation and then scored all the observations simultaneously . (3) The clear purpose of measurement applied in this research project, to disentangle the program efficiency from the management efficiency by empirical records obtained from public hospitals. (4) The importance of orientation. The public hospitals have the mission of serving the public demand as given and must manage their limited resources accordingly. Hence, when seeking efficiency assessments, it is recommended to employ the input-oriented DEA models with the aim of input minimizing given a certain level of outputs . We applied the DEA-CCR and the DEA-BCC models to score the overall efficiency, managerial efficiency, and scale efficiency [8, 26].
There is no standard set of input-output measures in the DEA literature to analyze the efficiency of hospitals . The fundamental principle, to identify variables, is to have a clear understanding of the “process” being evaluated among hospitals . We used input-output measures that represent the efficiency of access to health care services across hospitals from a productive perspective (technical efficiency) rather than from an economic perspective (economic efficiency). The applied input-output mix in this research project had been used by many researchers in DEA literature [45, 46]. It is worth noting that this mix is a top priority for both managers and policy makers to improve access to health care services in an unstable context, namely, Palestine.
We used output measures that represent the level of social orientation in public health, measures gauge the benefits achieved in respect of three functional areas; admissions (inpatient days), outpatient visits, and emergency services. We used inputs that characterize the employed labor and capital to produce hospital services.
The three main output measures are: (1) inpatient services as measured by the total number of annual care days rather than a number of cases to account for case-mix adjustment ; (2) outpatient services as measured by the total number of annual visits ; and (3) the emergency services as measured by the total annual number of cases served without admission .
On the input side, labor input measures represent three groups of personnel, the full-time employed doctors, the full-time healthcare personnel (e.g., nurses and technicians in para-medical departments), and the full-time administrative personnel [43, 48]. The number of hospital beds represents the capital input measure . Table 2 presents the distribution of input-output variables used during the study period from 2010 through 2015.
This step of analysis applies the basic DEA models; the CCR model and BCC model , the CCR model estimates the overall efficiency and the BCC model estimates the managerial efficiency. Then, in the next step, we apply a procedure developed by Charnes et al. (1981) to estimate program efficiency. The type of information drawn from these models achieves our research objective.
When longitudinal data is available for hospitals, different ways of analyses can provide alternative views on hospital performance. Window Analysis and DEA-Malmquist Index are known in the DEA literature to approach the efficiency changes over time [50, 51]. These methods elaborate further on the performance changes of the individual hospital. However, we are looking for a realistic indicator to evaluate the relative success of the evolving public hospital services in West Bank in respect of Jordan, rather than to produce individual tables for each hospital.
We conducted a 6-year evaluation of two sets of hospitals from 2010 to 2015. The first set comprises 66 observations in West Bank. The second set comprises 132 observations in Jordan. We applied a procedure that captures the year-specific variability in performance of hospitals [41, 52]. For each country, we treated every hospital as a different DMU every year; the yielded DEA estimates are the observed relative efficiencies compared with best performers over the six years of study within the country. The applied procedure avoids the misleading results of efficiency change between consecutive years when DEA assessment is carried out separately for each year. Since performance measurement is relative, the increase in efficiency of one hospital between consecutive years could be attributed to an actual improvement or attributed to a regress in the efficiency (frontier shift) of the whole set of hospitals. Moreover, the simultaneous assessment of 66 Palestinian observations and 132 Jordanian observations improves the discrimination power of the DEA estimator . The mathematical linear programming formulation of the CCR and BCC models is presented in Appendix A.
Overall efficiency (OE) as measured by the distance to the DEA-CCR frontier.
Pure technical efficiency (identified as managerial efficiency (ME) in this work) as measured by the distance to the DEA-BCC frontier.
Scale efficiency (SE) which reflects the proportion of inefficiency caused by the given scale of operations. It is measured by the ratio DEA-CCR score/DEA-BCC score.
We follow the work of Charnes et al. (1981) to evaluate the program efficiency of public healthcare delivery in West Bank compared to Jordan. An attempt would be valid if the managerial inefficiency within the country is notionally eliminated and all the hospitals are treated as being managerially efficient. This adjustment could be made by moving inefficient hospitals to their frontier within each set of hospitals. As we applied input-oriented DEA-BCC, reducing all the inputs by the estimated inefficiency score will position all the hospitals on the efficient frontier of their country. After these adjustments have been made up, the new DEA-BCC assessment is carried out comprising a merged sample of all hospitals from West Bank and Jordan (66 + 132 = 198 observations). Hence, any new inefficiencies observed will be attributable to the country’s public policy and reform efforts rather than to local hospital management.
As we are employing input-oriented DEA models, in this sense, the resulting efficiency score of a given hospital has the following operational information: it is the maximum proportion of input levels the hospital, if efficient, should spend to secure at least its current output level. For example, efficiency score of 0.85 for a hospital means that this hospital should have used only 85% of what it had expended or could save 15% of its resources while producing the same observed output levels. Inefficient hospital benchmarks a composite hospital of its reference set to improve performance. Because we are addressing market level rather than hospital level, the technique used to design a reference set at hospital level is out of the scope of this work [41, 54, 55].
The following subsections are organized according to our research objective and convey three main results: (1) Overall and managerial efficiency scores of 66 Palestinian observations; (2) Overall and managerial efficiency scores of 66 Jordanian observations; and (3) the reforming efficiency scores across the two countries.
Figure 1 illustrates the Palestinian results presented in Table 3, the year-specific mean efficiency scores of 11 public hospitals. Overall Efficiency scores (OE) represent the relative performance as measured by the radial distance to the best performers among the 66 Palestinian observations. The DEA-CCR scores revealed ten efficient observations (15%) in the overall sense. In this regard, these hospitals are managerially efficient and operating under optimal scale. Managerial Efficiency (ME) shows 20 observations efficient (30%) as given by the DEA-BCC scores, the difference observed in some efficient hospitals is the scale inefficient observations, these are ten hospitals.
The overall efficiency as given by the year specific mean CCR scores improved during the study period from 75% in 2010 to 80% in 2015. Even though, hospitals in 2015 could produce the observed level of outputs using 20% fewer inputs than they did. It is worth noting the peak “overall efficiency” is 81% in 2012. The large investment of the Palestinian Ministry of Health in installing the Medical Information System in public hospitals during 2011; this may explain progress achieved in efficiency in 2012. The year-specific managerial efficiency (ME) as given by the mean BCC scores shows a slightly positive change from 85% in 2010 to 88% in 2015.
It is useful to witness the parallel shape of scale efficiency (SE) with the overall efficiency (OE). This finding suggests that, during the study period, changes in OE are driven by changes in SE rather than by changes in ME. The mean managerial efficiency (as given by the mean BCC scores) is 88% in 2015 and suggests 12% room for performance improvement, the 12% inefficiency is mainly attributed to poor managerial practices. On the other hand, the 9% scale inefficiency is attributed to poor allocation of resources or technologies . The year-specific individual scores are presented in Table 4 within Appendix B.
Figure 2 illustrates the results of examining the year-specific mean efficiency scores of 22 Jordanian public hospitals Jordanian hospitals (see Table 3). Efficiency scores represent the relative performance as measured by the radial distance to the best performers among the 132 Jordanian observations.
In the overall sense, the DEA-CCR scores revealed 24 efficient observations (18%). In the managerial sense, the DEA-BCC efficiency scores show 44 observations efficient (33%). The observed difference is the 20 scale inefficient observations.
During the study period, the overall efficiency improved from 78% in 2010 to 86% in 2015. Even though, hospitals in 2015 could produce the observed level of outputs using 14% fewer inputs than they did. Managerial efficiency shows 6% possible improvement in 2015 as given by the mean BCC scores; this is mainly attributed to poor managerial practices . On the other hand, the 8% scale inefficiency in 2015 is attributed to poor allocation of resources and technologies among the Jordanian hospitals.
The remarkable result is the consistent progress and a promising trend in managerial efficiency since 2013, from 87% in 2013 to 90% in 2014 then to 94% in 2015 as given by the DEA-BCC scores. Further, the mean year specific of managerial efficiency has a parallel shape with the overall efficiency, which reveals that progress in overall efficiency is driven by gains in managerial efficiency rather than by changes in scale efficiency. Table 5 within Appendix B exhibits the year-specific individual scores of Jordanian public hospitals.
So far, changes in mean overall efficiency scores of public hospitals were shaped differently in West Bank and Jordan during the study period. In West Bank, efficiency progress was driven by improvements in scale efficiency levels. In Jordan, efficiency progress was driven by improvements managerial performance.
For comparing the health care reform efforts in West Bank and Jordan, we notionally eliminate the estimated managerial inefficiency of the first step of this study. The basic idea is to drop the inefficiencies attributed to poor managerial practices before carrying out the new assessment. Since all the hospitals have become on the efficient frontier within the country, the new assessment captures new inefficiencies that are attributable to the country’s programs and not management .
Figure 3 illustrates program efficiency scores in West Bank and Jordan as given by the DEA-BCC model, Table 6 and Table 7 within Appendix B show the relevant results. Public hospitals’ performance shows differences (0–4%) in mean program efficiency between the hospitals in the West Bank and hospitals Jordan in favor of West Bank.
A single sample T-test was conducted to determine if a statistically significant difference exists between mean program efficiency of Jordanian hospitals and mean program efficiency of Palestinian hospitals. During the first three-years (2010–2012), Jordanian program efficiency reported different mean scores compared to Palestinian program efficiency (p < 0.025). For example, in 2010, the difference reported - 4% (M = 0.94, SD = 0.05) in favor of Palestinian programs compared to Jordanian programs t (21) = − 2.78, p = 0.001. However, during the second three-years of the study period (2013–2015), the Jordanian program efficiency reported similar mean scores (p > 0.025). For example, in 2015, the difference reported – 1.6% (M = 0.96, SD = 0.05) in favor of Palestinian programs compared to Jordanian programs t (21) = − 1.603, p = 0.124.
To sum up, this study addresses the relative position of Palestinian healthcare programs in West Bank after thirty years of disengagement with Jordan. In this regard, the accumulated outcomes of the two countries’ programs for public hospital services are compared. Unexpectedly, findings show that the implications of Palestinian programs on efficient hospital performance have the edge over the Jordanian programs during 2010–2012. Saying it another way, in West Bank, the inefficient performance is less attributed to public programs than in Jordan during in the first three years of the study period. However, the Jordanian programs show consistent progress during the years 2011–2014. Therefore, the two countries’ programs have no significant difference in program efficiency means during 2013–2015.
Although all the investigated hospitals are public and don’t compete, it is felt that the market characteristics of each country may impact efficiency. Palestinian Authority applies health insurance schemes that cover most of the population. Therefore, Palestinian public hospitals are asked to meet the created high demand . The average bed occupancy rate was 88% during 2015 in the West Bank while it was 65% in Jordan during the same period that explains higher levels of capacity utilization in West Bank. Previous evidence supports the impact of bed occupancy rate on efficiency [49, 56].
Another reason the estimated efficiency values in West Bank and Jordan may be the external international fund and the considerable amount of financial and technological investments supported by the international donor in Palestinian hospitals . This, in turn, makes a hospital bed more equipped with medical and paramedical devices and becomes more productive. However, in our analysis, we did not include this nontraditional input, further research could be useful to investigate the level of adoption of new technologies in West Bank.
Finally, the working market-structure may influence the efficiency of a hospital. In West Bank, the percentage of public hospital beds of all the beds is 61%. In Jordan, this is 38.7% of all the beds. This could influence people seeking hospital treatment, thus determine the demand and the observed output levels. Further research on the topic to determine the factors that drive the outperformance of Palestinian hospitals to outperform the Jordanian hospitals is useful.
Using data from 2010 through 2015, we employed the two basic DEA models and analyzed the productive efficiency of public hospital markets within West Bank and Jordan. We analyzed public hospitalization services within the distinct country conditions of the Occupied Palestinian Territories, particularly after thirty years of Jordan’s decision to end the long institutional, legal, and administrative ties that prolonged from 1950 to 1988 with West Bank. After a transition period, the affiliation of the public hospitals in West Bank was transferred to the Palestinian Ministry of Health in 1994. This work makes a major contribution by extending the descriptive literature of historical associations between the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Jordan with a comparative measure of the implications of public reforms on hospital performance.
This study took the Palestinian health literature further by highlighting Jordan’s ongoing stake in the Palestinian healthcare sector. Results surface the significance of operational trade-offs to enhance the productive efficiency of public hospitals by employing realistic operational indicators. Findings provide evidence of the prescribed uneven emphasis of the Palestinian public authorities on the physical capacity and the considerable amount of financial and technological investments .
In West Bank, managers of the identified hospitals with poor management as given by the DEA-BCC model should investigate further their managerial practices applied in their hospitals. The Palestinian policymakers can draw from the identified scale inefficiencies an appropriate resource reallocation plan. Since the overall mean efficiency score is inadequate (78%) and scale efficiency drives the year-specific progress during the study period, the operating conditions explore the question of appropriate adoption with technological investments and the adequate managerial efforts to capture the acquired benefits of technology .
In Jordan, the average overall efficiency score recorded 80% with a promising trend in 2015. However, the changes over time were driven by managerial improvements and not scale efficiency progress. Despite the similarity in changes in hospital performance, changes were driven differently in West Bank and Jordan. Year-specific improvements were attributed to management in Jordan and attributed to new technologies in West Bank.
Health reforms contributed differently to the achieved levels of efficiency across the two countries. The inefficient performance was less attributed to policies in West Bank than the corresponding effect in Jordan. The Palestinian policy implications on hospital performance have the significant edge over Jordan policies during 2010–2012. In Jordan, the continuous improvements in policies during 2011–2014 positioned the two countries at the same level in 2014 but turned again less supportive in 2015.
Because Egypt administered Gaza Strip during the same period West Bank unified with Jordan, and because of the lack of reliable data of hospitals in Gaza, we don’t investigate the performance of public hospitals in the Gaza Strip. Further, our findings don’t adjust for quality differences within or across the two countries. The scope of our analysis considers only quantities of services provided and resource distribution. Unfortunately, data associated with qualitative information, as in many other developing countries, is not available.
WS was overall in charge of designing the article, data extraction, analysis, drafting the initial versions, and finalizing the article. JC provided a critical review, enhanced improvements, and added input comments on the article throughout its phases. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The research got ethical approval from the Palestinian Ministry of Health.
DMUo represents one of the n DMUs under evaluation, and xio and yro are the ith input and rth output for DMUo, respectively.
PMoH. Health annual report 2015 [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 May 8]. Available from: https://www.site.moh.ps/index/Books/BookType/2/Language/ar. | 2019-04-24T15:46:39Z | https://conflictandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13031-018-0180-y |
An enormous amount changed in the Black Country between 1976 and 1989. The 1980s had seen the de-industrialisation of the area, and amongst the more obvious effects of this were the closure of the steelworks at Bilston (1979), Patent Shaft in Wednesbury (1980) and Round Oak (1982).
There were many changes on the railway as a result, inevitable given the nature of the traffic that the railway carried. The Princes End branch had closed, it lasted only a couple of years once Bilston had gone. Also closed were the remnants of the GWR route through Priestfield, which lasted until 1983, together with the short stub to Swan Village. Further south the Freightliner terminal at Dudley had also closed, although on the plus side Round Oak steel terminal had emerged from the ashes of the steelworks. One consequence of these changes was that Wednesbury was no longer a railway junction, as only the South Staffs route between Bescot/Walsall and Stourbridge remained. There were still sidings at Wednesbury though, serving both the steel terminal and the engineer's tip.
On the signalling front Wednesbury was still the fringe box to Walsall PSB, with track-circuit block (TCB) in use to the north. In the southbound direction the line was still worked absolute block to Eagle Crossing. The level crossings over Potters Lane and Eagle Lane were also still in place. What had changed was that the boxes were now only open for two shifts, Monday to Friday, with the line closed at night. Opening hours were 05:30 until roughly 21:00, the actual closure time varying from day-to-day depending on traffic demands. Shift change was usually at 12:50.
Locomotive variety had inevitably diminished. In 1976 the occasional Western could still be seen on the china-clay, but the last hydraulics went in 1977. Also gone were the Class 40s and the Peaks, but the most visible casualty were the Class 24s and 25s which had once dominated the local trip workings. Class 31s had replaced the Derby Type 2s on the London Midland Region, and as a consequence these were no longer the occasional interlopers that they had been in the 1970s. The same was true of Class 37s, which along with the ubiquitous 47s were now the staple power on trains through Wednesbury. Class 20s still appeared, as of course did Class 08 shunters, but there were fewer of both to be seen.
Another change was the lack of any surprises amongst the visiting locos. In 1976 the appearance of something like a Cricklewood Class 25 or a Haymarket 47 in the West Midlands was a noteworthy event, especially so in the latter case. By 1989 there was none of this, I scoured the register for July and August looking for anything that might count as a rare or unusual engine - but I couldn't find a single thing. The closest I came was a Class 58 on Trip 52. This was unusual because T52 was booked for a 47/4, and almost invariably got one, but the same 58 could have been seen down the road at Bescot any day of the week. Indeed it would only have worked this trip because it happened to be in the area. Sectorisation of the loco fleet had much to do with this lack of variety, as of course did the reduction in the overall loco fleet and the much reduced number of classes in use.
Needless to say there were many fewer trains in 1989 than there had been in 1976. In 1976 there were roughly four movements an hour on average during the daytime, although night shifts were quieter. By 1989 this figure had halved to two an hour, and in the immediate pre-closure era it would halve again to a little over one an hour. In compensation it was much easier for enthusiasts to get information about the train workings in 1989. The reduction in the number of trains combined with a greater interest in the wagons conveyed meant that most of the regular workings could easily be identified by sight - despite the fact that the locomotives no longer displayed headcodes.
There were three block steel trains, and all three were regular daily runners. In the morning there was 6M40 Cardiff - Wednesbury and the 6V43 return working which ran to Margam for some reason. In the afternoon there was a similar 6M12 Cardiff - Wednesbury, which returned to Cardiff as 6V69. These trains called at Brierley Hill for traffic purposes as required, and mostly conveyed steel wire from ASW at Cardiff. The loaded trains could be heavy enough to require a banker from Brierley Hill to Dudley. Both trains were absolute rock-solid Class 37 turns and I don't recall ever seeing anything other than a 37 on them. Locos came from the Cardiff metals pools, and were usually 37/7s. 37/9s also appeared quite frequently, but 37/0s were rather less common.
The other regular working was the 6M51 Scunthorpe - Brierley Hill and 6E29 return working. This train conveyed rod and billet, and was a morning visitor. It would call at Wednesbury for traffic if required, and sometimes took a banking engine for the climb from Great Bridge to Dudley. In summer 1989 it was mainly getting Class 37s from Thornaby's metals pool, but Class 20s from Immingham also appeared occasionally.
Most long-distance Speedlink trains ran in the evening and night, and because the line through Wednesbury closed at 21:00 this rather limited the number of Speedlinks which could be routed via the South Staffs line. Nonetheless a few were booked this way, and all bar one ran in the early evening. These trains included 6M72 St Blazey - Cliffe Vale and 6V70 return. As is well known the main load on these trains was china-clay for the Potteries, although they called at Bescot and could convey other traffic if required.
There were three other workings. One was 6V80 Bescot - East Usk, a long-standing Speedlink service which for many years had run to Severn Tunnel Jct until that yard closed in 1987. In the mid-80s this train could get almost anything, Peaks and 47s were probably most common, but I remember a spell when it was regularly in the hands of Class 20s. I've also seen a Class 40 work it at least once, but by 1989 this was all history of course.
The remaining two workings were both northbound trains. The load conveyed by 6M29 Taunton - Bescot included products from the cider factory, and in 1990 it would be extended to run to Warrington Arpley.
In 1988 6M17 had been a Tavistock Jct (Plymouth) - Bescot train, and there was also a 6E82 Gloucester - Whitemoor. However by the summer of 1989 these trains had been amended such that 6M17 was a Gloucester - Bescot and 6L82 was a Bescot - Whitemoor. A year later further rationalisation of the Speedlink network saw 6M17 abolished completely, with any remaining traffic probably being conveyed by 6M29. 6L82 still ran in summer 1990 though.
Back in the summer of 1989 6M17 wasn't booked to arrive at Bescot until 21:09, and was therefore likely to be the last train of the day through Wednesbury. On a few days it's a no-show in the register, which probably means it was running late and diverted from Stourbridge to reach Bescot via Cradley Heath and Galton Jct.
All these Speedlink trains were usually worked by Railfreight Distribution (RfD) Class 47s based at Tinsley, although RfD Class 37s could occasionally substitute.
There was only one long-distance engineer's working booked through Wednesbury in 1989. This was the 9M01 Gloucester - Bescot and 9V01 return working. In early 1989 this train was still getting Class 50s from the Western Region Engineer's pool, but by the summer Class 37s from Cardiff's departmental pool had taken over. The timetable still showed this as a vacuum-braked train, one of the few remaining in the West Midlands.
9M01/9V01 was booked to run on Tuesdays only, but its appearances in the summer of 1989 were a bit erratic. On Tue 4th July it ran as 7M01/8V01; on Tue 11th July it was a no-show; on Tue 18th July there were no trains at all (industrial action); on Tue 25th July there's a 7V01 in the register, but no M01 (ran via Galton Jct perhaps?). On Tue 1st August it ran as 8M01/9V01 hauled by 37230; on Tue 8th August it ran as 8M01/8V01 hauled by 37146; and on Tue 15th August it was a no-show again.
Trip 19 covered Wednesbury and Bloxwich, and in the summer of 1989 it was worked by a Class 08. In 1988 this trip had been worked by a single Class 20, often with the same loco sticking for several weeks. I suspect the change to an 08 was some sort of cost-saving measure, although it didn't last long. In particular Class 08s could struggle with the heavy Cargowaggons then used for Bloxwich traffic, and I believe the maximum load was four.
Trip 42 covered Brierley Hill and Pensnett and was worked by an RfD Class 47. By 1989 Pensnett traffic was on the wane, only the bottled water traffic remained I believe.
Trip 52 covered Round Oak. The main consist of this trip was imported steel on Freightliner flats from Lawley St, although there was a significant amount of steel moved in conventional wagons too. The loco was usually a Crewe-based Class 47/4, reflecting the fact that this diagram started at Saltley. The October 1989 and January 1990 revisions saw the morning and afternoon Round Oak trips incorporated into the Bescot-based T50 diagram. In compensation T52 gained some work in the Birmingham area - it still made morning and evening visits to Bescot but no longer visited Wednesbury.
There were also a couple of Bescot-based engineer's trips which worked as required, and frequently visited Wednesbury in the course of their duties. They were usually powered by Class 20s from Toton's departmental pool. These trips were the closest you'd get to old style unpredictable target workings. Their visits to Wednesbury would occur more often on Mondays and Fridays, bringing loaded spoil trains early in the week and returning the empty rakes later in the week so that they were available at Bescot for weekend engineering trains.
So that's the basic train pattern, but how did it pan out on a day-to-day basis? The following tables show all the trains through Wednesbury in the week starting Monday 10th July. There are only four tables because no trains ran on Wednesday 12th due to a strike. Despite the industrial action the remaining data gives a reasonable idea of the volume of traffic at Wednesbury in 1989, although Thursday 13th does look to have suffered a little from the knock-on effects of the strike.
We're lucky that just as in 1976 one of the regular signalmen in 1989 recorded the loco numbers. As a result we have the loco details for the morning shift, and we can make some fairly safe extrapolations for the afternoon trips as these would almost always have used the same engines. In the daily tables I've shown loco numbers in black where they're recorded in the register, or where there's no doubt about them. In situations where the loco number is unrecorded, but can be reasonably extrapolated, it's shown in grey. Loco numbers shown in blue are courtesy of Jeff B, from his own observations of the trains in question.
Train out of section for 6M29 was sent to Eagle Crossing at 20.44, and 7-5-5 (box closing) was returned at 20.45. Wednesbury closed at 20.55, with no sign of 6M17 Gloucester - Bescot which I imagine was running late and diverted via Galton Jct as a result.
The box was open for 15½ hours and 41 movements were recorded in the register - an average of just under 3 movements per hour. Of these 41 movements 27 were trains and 14 were light engines. This is a slight over-statement of the true amount of traffic because it double-counts passing trains like 6M51 which called at Wednesbury for traffic. Also some of the T19 moves may have been engine and brakevan, with no wagons conveyed (those shown as 9T19 are contenders). Nonetheless the movement count is useful as a comparative measure. Monday 10th is untypical for 1989, as the remainder of the week shows. In reality the true average was about 30-32 movements, or roughly two per hour.
The longest gaps between movements were the periods of just under an hour between 07:02-08:01 and 19:28-20:26.
6T42 Bescot - Brierley Hill 06.11 47156 T42 was normally the first train of the day, typically appearing just after 06.00. If it ran late T19 or M40 might show up first, but the normal situation prevailed on this day.
0M40 Cardiff - Wednesbury 06.43-07.02 37714 No traffic on the final leg to Wednesbury, but it probably conveyed something as far as Brierley Hill.
8T19 Bescot - Wednesbury 06.36-06.55 For some reason the signalman hasn't made a note of the engine number, but we can reasonably assume it's an 08 as per normal. There was quite a bit of variety in the locos used on this trip and it didn't necessarily get the same engine for extended periods, something that had been the case in 1988 when single Class 20s were used. Locos appearing during July and August 1989 included 08517, 08604, 08616, 08672 and 08746.
6M51 Scunthorpe - Brierley Hill 08.01-08.03 37240 Into the sidings at Wednesbury, probably to detach traffic.
0T55 Bescot - Great Bridge 08.05-08.38 31110 T55 is the Bescot banking engine, and it's clear from the timings that it's turned up at Wednesbury to bank 6M51. It's arrived in plenty of time, and has to wait for half-an-hour before 6M51 sets off, The 31 will follow to Great Bridge, which is where banking will commence.
0L50 Bescot - Wednesbury 08.23-08.59 31417 This is probably an engineer's train, and certainly not a regular working. In the era of sectorisation the fact that the loco is from the LMR civil engineer's pool offers a pretty good clue.
6M51 Scunthorpe - Brierley Hill 08.33 37240 The Scunthorpe sets off for Brierley Hill, with the banking engine about to follow (see above).
6V43 Wednesbury - Margam 08.54 37714 The comments column in the register says "(33)", which is probably a reference to the number of wagons in thc consist. They are likely to have been SPAs or some variant thereof.
8T91 Bescot - ? 09.23 20228+20145 Although this train probably originated at Bescot there's no indication of where it was headed. All we have to go on is the time of its return, which was 13.25. A four hour round trip would have allowed it to get quite a way, but I have no real idea where it went.
6M72 Gloucester - Cliffe Vale 09.33 The china-clay originated at St Blazey, but the Friday night train recessed at Gloucester over the weekend.
7L50 Wednesbury - ? 09.46 31417 There are no clues as to the destination of this train, but it departed north towards Bescot or Walsall. A note in the register indicates that the block bells between Wednesbury and Eagle Crossing were playing up at this point.
6T52 Lawley St - Round Oak 10.04 47451 This picture was taken at 10.51 on Monday 31st October 1988. It shows 6T52 on the climb towards Dudley and gives a glimpse of the sort of wagons which were conveyed in addition to the Freightliner flats. The loco is 47610, carrying what looks like quite an odd livery in retrospect. Inter-City colours without the logo, tiny numbers that were briefly fashionable, and a yellow front that didn't wrap-around the cab-side windows. It was soon to be converted to 47823.
0T55 Brierley Hill - Bescot 10.13 31110 The banker returns to Bescot.
6E29 Brierley Hill - Scunthorpe 10.31-10.33 37240 Into the sidings at Wednesbury, no doubt to attach empties.
6E29 Brierley Hill - Scunthorpe 11.04 37240 Half-an-hour later 6E29 departs for Scunthorpe.
6T52 Round Oak - Wednesbury 12.58-13.08 47451 This is actually described in the register at 6T42, but that must be a mistake.
0T52 Wednesbury - Bescot 13.15 47451 A fairly swift departure after dropping traffic at Wednesbury.
8T90 Bescot - Wednesbury 13.18-13.54 This is likely to be a spoil train for the tip.
0T91 ? - Bescot 13.25 20145+20228 T91 returns light engine, almost certainly heading back to Bescot.
0T42 Bescot - Brierley Hill 13.43-13.58 47156 The T42 loco has had to wait for T90 to be allowed into the sidings.
0T90 Wednesbury - Bescot 14.15 The 20s off T90 depart light engine. It would be just over two hours before they re-appeared at Wednesbury, but it's more than likely that they only went to Bescot.
7L51 ? - Great Bridge 15.31 The destination of this train is recorded in the register, so isn't in doubt, but where it came from is unknown.
0Z98 Great Bridge - Bescot 15.50 Shown in the comments column as 0L51, so there's no doubt about which loco this is.
8T90 Bescot - Wednesbury 16.27 T90 turns up at Wednesbury for the second time on this afternoon. Again the load is almost certainly spoil for the tip.
0T90 Wednesbury - Bescot 16.47 This time we can be certain that T90 returned to Bescot given that it was back within 45 minutes.
8T90 Bescot - Wednesbury 17.25-18.04 A third visit of T90. On each occasion it's brought wagons to Wednesbury, and returned light engine - which isn't a surprise given that this is a Monday.
8T91 Bescot - Wednesbury 17.40-18.20 20228+20145 And now T91 appears at Wednesbury again. With three visits from T90, one from T91, plus the L50 working that means five trains visited the P.W. sidings on this day There were also L51 and T91 passing moves. In 1989 that was probably as busy as it got for engineer's workings.
6V70 Cliffe Vale - St Blazey 18.13-18.25 Minor congestion again, as the china-clay is held waiting for 8T90 to clear the main-line and get into the sidings. T91 is evidently waiting for the T90 loco to depart before it's allowed into the sidings.
Train out of section for 6M17 was sent to Eagle Crossing at 20:44, and box closing was returned at 20:45. Wednesbury closed at 20:55. Note that by chance these are exactly the same times as the previous evening, although on this occasion 6M17 turned up in time to run via Wednesbury.
The box was open for 15½ hours and there were 31 movements - an average of exactly two per hour. Of these just 5 were light engines, with the other 26 being trains. This is a slightly more typical day than Monday, all the booked trains turned up in some approximation of their normal paths, and there were two engineers trains into and out of the sidings at Wednesbury. The only odd working was the 0F80 light engines.
The longest gaps between trains were the 74 minutes between 11:08 and 12:22, and the 81 minutes between 13.42 and 15.03.
6M51 Scunthorpe - Brierley Hill 07.58 37258 The Scunthorpe whizzes straight through - no traffic stop at Wednesbury on this occasion.
6E29 Brierley Hill - Scunthorpe 09.20-09.26 37258 Running about 90 minutes ahead of its regular time, no doubt due to not having stopped at Wednesbury on the way south.
0F80 Bescot? - Gloucester? 10.06 37003+37198 An interesting light-engine movement. I don't have a 1989 reference to hand, but in 1990 these two were Railfreight Distribution locos allocated to Tinsley.
6E29 Brierley Hill - Scunthorpe 10.25 37258 The Scunthorpe departs north.
4T52 Lawley St - Round Oak 10.48 Running a bit late on its normal timings. The Class 4 indication shows that the load consisted entirely of steel on Freightliner wagons. The flat-rack containers carried the branding of the Seawheel intermodal operator. Seawheel was acquired by the Icelandic logistics group Samskip in 2005, and in autumn 2006 they decided to phase out the Seawheel brand.
For some reason the loco isn't recorded, but it was 47451 on Monday, Thursday and Friday (no trains on Wednesday due to the strike). I think it's likely that it was 47451 on this occasion too.
9T96 ? - Wednesbury 12.22-12.26 20139+20160 A spoil train I'd assume. Interesting that it's running as a Class 9, which in this era meant it wasn't continuously braked throughout. Or maybe Class 9 suggests just the locos and a brakevan?
8T19 Bescot - Wednesbury 12.36-12.47 08616 T19 isn't going to be allowed into the sidings until T96 has departed (below).
0T96 Wednesbury - Bescot? 12.41 20160+20139 The 20s didn't hang around long after dropping their train.
0T52 Wednesbury - Bescot 13.11 ...and the loco disappears fairly promptly.
0T96 Bescot? - Wednesbury 15.03 20139+20160 The T96 locos re-appear, this time to collect a train.
8T96 Wednesbury - Washwood Heath 15.49 20160+20139 The destination for this train was helpfully recorded by the signalman. By 1989 the only regular movements over the direct line between Pleck Jct and Bescot Curve Jct were 6M51/6E29 and the T52 trips. Beyond that there would have been just the occasional extra like this one.
4T52 Wednesbury - Lawley St 17.17 ...and away to Lawley St with just the Freightliner empties in tow.
There's no box-closing entry for Eagle Crossing, so it was presumably still open when Wednesbury closed at 21:10. I guess this was because 6V80 ran a little late, and Eagle Crossing was still waiting for train-out-of-section from Kingswinford Jct when Wednesbury closed.
The box was open for 15 hours and there were 29 movements. Once again an average of roughly two trains an hour, even though 6M40/6V43 and 6M51/6E29 were non-runners, and there were no engineers trips. In the event 6Z94/6Z98, the unexplained T60 and the additional T19 trips compensated for the missing trains. Of the 29 movements 5 were light engines, although once again a couple of the T19 moves were just engine and brakevan.
The longest gaps between trains were the 90 minute interval between 13:05 and 14:35, and the 93 minute interval between 15.34 and 17.07.
8T19 Bescot - Wednesbury 07.21-07.25 08746 The previous day's strike has obviously caused some disruption on the morning of the 13th. Neither 6M40 nor 6M51 ran, and T42 was 90 minutes late on its normal timings. As a result trip 19 was the first train of the day. Also of note is that Wednesbury box opened at 06.00 rather than the normal 05.30, which may indicate when the strike actually ended.
8T19 Wednesbury - Bescot 08.05 08746 This is an unusually early departure for the morning T19. As a rule it didn't leave Wednesbury until 09:30 at the earliest, and often ran much later. The explanation is that it was going to make a second morning trip to Wednesbury. At this remove we can only speculate why. The obvious explanation would be that there was too much traffic for the Class 08 to handle in one go, but I'm not sure that was the case as it came back to Wednesbury as 9T19 - possibly implying just engine and van.
6M72 Gloucester - Cliffe Vale 08.53 47291 Thursday morning's 6M72 would normally have started at St Blazey on Wednesday evening, but that wouldn't have been possible due to the previous day's industrial action. In all likelihood the Tuesday night train would have recessed somewhere en-route, starting from there on Thursday morning. I'm guessing the recess point was Gloucester, but it's only a guess.
9T19 Bescot - Wednesbury 09.27-09.31 08746 T19 returns for a second time.
0T60 Bescot - ? 10.14 31290 A minor puzzle this. T60 was the Duddeston trip, and wouldn't normally have been seen at Wednesbury. It came back just under 2 hours later, so it wasn't going very far. It hadn't gone to collect a train as it came back light engine, so my initial instinct was that it had done a banking turn in lieu of T55. However it's a bit too late to have banked T52 I think. T52 was back at Wednesbury by 11.20, which suggests it wouldn't have had time to wait for T60. And the times don't really suggest that T60 had gone to assist a northbound train, so this move remains unexplained.
6Z94 ? - Bescot 10.58 37074 Here's a nice surprise, in the form of a special. There weren't that many Zs running around the Wednesbury area in 1989, so it's probably a safe bet to assume that 6Z98 (below) is the return working of this train. If so it's probably gone no further than Bescot as 6Z98 passed within 85 minutes.
There are no clues to the origin of this working, other than the loco which is a Railfreight Distribution engine. Back in 1976 it might have been possible to draw a conclusion from the allocation of the loco, but in 1989 the sector allocation reveals more. 37074 was a Tinsley loco at this time, but that's of very little significance.
Once again it's not unreasonable to suspect that the strike may have something to do with the appearance of this train.
0T60 ? - Duddeston 12.03 31290 The comment in the register actually says "Vauxhall", harking back to the earlier name of the location. The Duddeston trip usually left Bescot in the early afternoon, so it would have picked up some approximation of the normal path for that working.
6Z98 Bescot - ? 12.22 37074 There's nothing at all in the register to link this train with 6Z94 (above), but it looks very much like the return working to me.
Fri 28th Didn't visit Great Bridge.
As this table suggests going to Great Bridge as late as 15.00 was a little unusual.
The picture was taken at 09.12 on Friday 14th June 1991. It's something of a grab shot, taken in a brief burst of sunshine, hence the slightly ropey composition. On the left 08759 is shunting steel wagons into the sidings at Great Bridge, it had brought these wagons up from Wednesbury as T22. Meantime 37905 stands at the signal with 6M40 Cardiff - Wednesbury.
9T19 Great Bridge - Wednesbury 15.32-15.34 08746 Definitely just engine and brakevan only, as the signalman noted "E/BV". From this, and the swift return, we can probably deduce that the purpose of this trip was simply to take wagons to Great Bridge.
6T52 Round Oak - Lawley St 17.07 This train is shown as 6T50 in the register, but I think that must be a mistake. Firstly T50 didn't normally reach Wednesbury in the course of its duties (although it would do so from October 1989 when the trip diagrams were revised). More importantly there's no record of a 6T52, despite the fact that the loco went south in the normal path. This, I think, must be it.
6T42 Brierley Hill - Bescot 17.24-17.38 47102 This train appears to have called at Wednesbury to detach wagons, but is shown as one entry in the register. Normally it would have been recorded as two entries, one for the arrival and one for the departure.
6M12 Cardiff - Wednesbury 18.58-19.09 M12 was running untypically late, it normally appeared between 17.00 and 18.00.
6M29 was a no-show on this day, the second time that one of the evening Speedlinks has failed to appear in the week under review. As on the previous day Wednesbury closed before Great Bridge, with 7-5-5 sent at 20.35. At this time Great Bridge was once again likely to be awaiting train-out-of-section from Kingswinford Jct for 6V80.
The box was open for 15½ hours and there were 32 movements. Once again an average of roughly two trains an hour. This looks like a reasonably typical Friday with most of the booked trains showing up, plus a healthy number of engineers trains. The additional E96 working has compensated for the missing 6M29. Of the 32 movements a slightly higher than normal 8 were light engines, the unbalanced engineers trips contributing to this.
The longest gap between trains was the whopping 2 hours 40 minutes between 14.08 and 16.49. This was also the longest interval during the entire week. The timetable suggested that the quietest time of day should be mid-afternoon, but on this occasion the big interval is largely due to the afternoon T52 going south earlier than normal.
That's roughly one appearance a week on 6M40, with the possibility of occasional appearances on 6M12 as well. In practise that may be slightly higher than the true average as the early weeks of August saw no 37/9s, not on M40 anyway.
The register shows the note "(30)" after the loco number. Once again I assume that's the number of wagons on the train.
0T90 Bescot - ? 07.52 20228+20145 It's not clear where the 20s were off to, as no destination is shown in the register. They didn't go far though, as they were back in 90 minutes.
0V43 Wednesbury - Margam 08.11 37906 It was unusual for V43 to run as a light engine, but of course it could have collected empties at Brierley Hill.
6M51 Scunthorpe - Brierley Hill 09.08 37241 ...and away to Brierley Hill.
6E29 Brierley Hill - Scunthorpe 10.51 37241 Didn't stop for traffic on this occasion.
9T90 Wednesbury - Bescot 11.25 20145+20228 I'm assuming this is spoil empties. It can only have gone to Bescot given that the locos returned 40 minutes later.
9T19 Wednesbury - Bescot 11.27 Engine and brakevan only.
9T90 Wednesbury - Bescot 12.29 20145+20228 This is smart work, departing again within 25 minutes of the locos arriving.
0T90 Bescot - Wednesbury 17.14 20228+20145 A third visit of the day for T90, once again arriving light to collect a train. This is exactly the sort of pattern you'd expect to see on a Friday with weekend engineering work looming.
8T90 Wednesbury - Bescot 17.34 20145+20228 Another speedy departure, just 20 minutes after the locos arrived. This one was definitely bound for Bescot as it's recorded in the register.
0E96 Wolverhampton? - Wednesbury 18.25 This is an interesting working. 6E96 was the 20.39 Wolverhampton - Grimsby (Scunthorpe on Fridays), and wouldn't normally have been seen at Wednesbury. It was the return working of 6M71 11.36 Grimsby - Wolverhampton. Evidently on this occasion the return working was going to start at Wednesbury, which was a rare event in 1989.
6E96 Wednesbury - Scunthorpe 18.54 The Scunthorpe is away after just 30 minutes.
Once again I must thank the Wednesbury signalman of 1989 for their (inadvertent) help in compiling these pages. Their additional notes, especially the loco numbers, have made the exercise worthwhile. Thanks also to Dave H for assistance with the trip notices.
If you can add any information to these notes, or correct any mistakes, then feel free to contact me. | 2019-04-26T14:33:48Z | http://bescotplus.co.uk/wednesbury_1989 |
American Samoa Web hosting is also known as American Samoa webhosting, American Samoa web site hosting, and American Samoa hosting. American Samoa internet web hosting includes housing, serving, and maintaining files for one or more American Samoa web sites. American Samoa web hosting includes different types such as dedicated web hosting, shared hosting and collocation hosting that depends on the needs and requirements of the individuals, American Samoa companies, and American Samoa organizations for their American Samoa website and business.
If you are in American Samoa and want to host American Samoa website for other people to see your American Samoa website online, Allactionhost American Samoa is your best choice for American Samoa web hosting providers that allows you to upload your American Samoa website and publish your American Samoa website on the internet. You can have the datacenter space and internet connectivity with the American Samoa web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa is the best American Samoa web host that provides international and American Samoa web hosting and American Samoa web hosting services with complete American Samoa web hosting solutions. You can buy American Samoa domain name and host your own personal American Samoa website, American Samoa company website, American Samoa organization website with allactionhost American Samoa. Allactionhost American Samoa also provides cheap American Samoa web hosting that includes American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa domain name registration, host American Samoa domain names, American Samoa domain names hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, Windows web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa ecommerce webhosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, budget American Samoa web hosting package for personal American Samoa web hosting and American Samoa multiple sites web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa offers 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and technical support to our American Samoa customers.
American Samoa web hosting is important because it allows you to host American Samoa website. American Samoa web hosting is place where you host or hold your American Samoa website. Without a hosting facility, your American Samoa website cannot be published to be seen online. American Samoa web hosting allows your American Samoa website to be seen online 24/7, 365 days a year. There are many kinds of American Samoa web hosting like Linux web hosting and Microsoft Windows web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa offers the best American Samoa web hosting deals on the internet backed by 24/7 support to ensure that all allactionhost American Samoa customers are happy with our American Samoa web hosting services.
If you are in American Samoa and want to host your own American Samoa website for other people to see your American Samoa website on the internet, Allactionhost American Samoa is your best selection as American Samoa web hosting providers that allows you to upload your American Samoa web site and publish your American Samoa website online. Allactionhost American Samoa provides the datacenter space and internet connectivity with the American Samoa web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa Is the best American Samoa web host that provides global and American Samoa web hosting services, American Samoa web hosting services, and complete American Samoa web hosting solutions. You can host your own personal American Samoa website, American Samoa business website, American Samoa organization website with allactionhost American Samoa. Allactionhost American Samoa also provides cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa ecommerce webhosting, register American Samoa domain names, American Samoa domain renewal, transfer American Samoa domain name, buy American Samoa bulk domains, American Samoa domains hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, Cpanel hosting for American Samoa webhosting, SSL certificate for American Samoa customers, American Samoa domain name search, Windows web hosting for American Samoa webhosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa web hosting and American Samoa multiple sites web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa offers 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and supports.
American Samoa web hosting service is a kind of internet hosting services provide by American Samoa web hosting companies. American Samoa web hosting services allow individuals, business and organizations to make their American Samoa website reachable online via World Wide Web (WWW). Allactionhost American Samoa is one of the best American Samoa web host that provides world wide web hosting and complete American Samoa web hosting solutions.
You can host your personal American Samoa website, American Samoa company website, American Samoa organization website with allactionhost American Samoa. Allactionhost American Samoa also offers cheap American Samoa web hosting packages for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa domains registration, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, American Samoa domains renewal, transfer American Samoa domains, buy American Samoa bulk domains, American Samoa domain hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, Cpanel hosting for American Samoa web hosting, SSL certificates, American Samoa domains search, host American Samoa domain name, Windows web hosting for American Samoa websites hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers American Samoa multiple sites web hosting and budget American Samoa websites hosting plans for personal American Samoa websites hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa offers 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and supports to our American Samoa customers.
What are American Samoa web hosting companies?
American Samoa web hosting companies that is also known as American Samoa web host that provide many services in American Samoa web sites and American Samoa web hosting services. American Samoa web hosting companies provide space for American Samoa websites on American Samoa web hosting company's server and provides internet connectivity.
Allactionhost American Samoa is one of the best American Samoa web hosting companies. Allactionhost American Samoa offers complete American Samoa web hosting solution and American Samoa web hosting services such as American Samoa website hosting of personal American Samoa websites, cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, register American Samoa domain names, American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa business websites, American Samoa webhosting of American Samoa organization websites, American Samoa multiple sites web hosting, American Samoa domain renewal, Linux web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, Cpanel hosting for American Samoa web hosting, SSL certificates, American Samoa domain name search, host American Samoa domain names, Windows web hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa websites hosting, transfer American Samoa domains, buy American Samoa bulk domains, and American Samoa domain name hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa offers 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and supports.
You can upload, save and maintain your own American Samoa website with American Samoa web hosting. You can host more than one American Samoa website according to your personal interests, business nature and purposes with American Samoa web hosting services providers.
Allactionhost American Samoa is your best American Samoa web hosting services provider. Allactionhost American Samoa provides complete American Samoa web hosting solutions and American Samoa web hosting services such as American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa business websites, transfer American Samoa domain name, American Samoa web sites hosting of American Samoa organization websites, American Samoa websites hosting of personal American Samoa websites, American Samoa domain name registration, American Samoa domain name renewal, American Samoa multiple sites web hosting, buy American Samoa bulk domain names, American Samoa domain names hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, Control Panel hosting (Cpanel hosting) for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa domain search, Windows web hosting for American Samoa webhosting, email hosting, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa web hosting and SSL certificates. Allactionhost American Samoa provides 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and supports to our American Samoa customers.
American Samoa web hosts are the American Samoa companies that provide server space, web services and file maintenance for American Samoa websites owned by individuals, American Samoa companies or American Samoa organizations that do not have their own web servers. American Samoa web hosts provide many facilities in American Samoa web sites. You can have the data center space and internet connectivity with the American Samoa web hosting. Being one of the best American Samoa web hosts, Allactionhost American Samoa provides best complete American Samoa web hosting solutions and American Samoa web site hosting services such as cheap American Samoa web hosting packages for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa web hosting of personal American Samoa websites, host American Samoa domain names, American Samoa register domains, renew American Samoa domain name, American Samoa domain name transfer, buy American Samoa bulk domain names, American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa business websites American Samoa domains hosting, American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa organization websites, American Samoa multiple sites web hosting, SSL certificates, American Samoa domain search, Windows web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, email hosting, budget American Samoa web hosting plans for personal American Samoa web site hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting and Control Panel hosting (Cpanel hosting). Allactionhost American Samoa is always here to provides 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and supports to our American Samoa customers.
Why do I need American Samoa website?
To be frank everyone a needs American Samoa website.
Maybe you need a American Samoa website as a family album, information you may to share with others about your family life. American Samoa website allows you to interact with friends both live in American Samoa and far in other countries in this internet digital age.
You may need a American Samoa website to tell your friends about you, to make new friends like penpal around the world and within American Samoa. You can use American Samoa website to show your school projects, diary, video, photo albums to your friends. Build your own American Samoa website allows you to have more autonomy, privacy, flexibility and space than a free public blog. Your own American Samoa website helps you take control of your own privacy rather than posting your valuable information and photos on some social media websites.
American Samoa E-commerce website allows American Samoa retailers and American Samoa wholesalers to make their American Samoa products and services visible to consumers from the comfort of their homes. American Samoa E-commerce websites make it possible to buy American Samoa product or service in real time without leaving your home.
Build a personal American Samoa website is very crucial and useful for searching job. When you are looking for a job in American Samoa or overseas, American Samoa web site allows you to upload a good profile of yourself with photos and other related information you may want your presumed employers to see.
American Samoa company website allows the American Samoa company to be visible online 24/7, reaching every corner of the world and within American Samoa. American Samoa company website allows the company in American Samoa to display its latest American Samoa products or services to their existing customers and at the same time reaches new customers. Companies in American Samoa with proper working American Samoa websites are most likely to increase their sales more than 100% then those company in American Samoa without American Samoa website.
American Samoa interactive website has become the leading communication between individuals or groups of people in today ever changing world. American Samoa interactive web site has given birds to the age of social media all over the world.
If you want to host your own personal American Samoa website or American Samoa business website, allactionhost American Samoa is your best choice of American Samoa web hosting services provider that allows you to upload your American Samoa web site and publish your American Samoa website on the internet. Allactionhost American Samoa provides complete American Samoa webhosting solutions and American Samoa web hosting services such as American Samoa webhosting for individual own American Samoa websites, American Samoa web hosting for American Samoa business websites, American Samoa web hosting for American Samoa organization websites, cheap American Samoa web hosting packages for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, register American Samoa domains, renew American Samoa domain name, American Samoa domain name transfer, buy bulk American Samoa domain names, American Samoa domains hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, Control Panel hosting (Cpanel hosting) for American Samoa web hosting, SSL certificates, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, American Samoa domain search, Microsoft Windows web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, American Samoa multiple sites web hosting and budget American Samoa web hosting plans for personal American Samoa websites hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa gives 24/7 best American Samoa web hosting services and technical supports to our American Samoa customers.
What is Windows hosting for American Samoa web hosting?
Windows hosting is one of the operating systems for hosting American Samoa websites. Windows hosting is American Samoa web hosting wherein the files of American Samoa customers are sited on a web server that uses the Windows operating system. Linux web hosting/Unix web hosting is an alternative for American Samoa customers to host their American Samoa website other than Windows hosting.
Allactionhost American Samoa is the best American Samoa web hosting companies that allows you to upload your American Samoa web site and publish your American Samoa website online. Allactionhost American Samoa provides Linux web hosting (Unix web Hosting) and Windows Web hosting for American Samoa web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa provides international and American Samoa web hosting services and complete American Samoa web hosting solutions. Allactionhost American Samoa provides cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for you to host your own personal American Samoa website, American Samoa business website, and American Samoa organization website. Allactionhost American Samoa also provides cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa domain names register,, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa web hosting, and American Samoa multiple websites web hosting, American Samoa domain renewal, transfer American Samoa domain names, American Samoa e-commerce web hosting, buy American Samoa bulk domains, American Samoa domain name hosting, Control panel hosting, SSL certificates, American Samoa domain search, WHOIS and email hosting for American Samoa customers. Allactionhost American Samoa provides 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and technical supports to our American Samoa customers.
What is Linux/Unix web hosting for American Samoa web hosting?
Linux/ Unix hosting is one of the operating systems for American Samoa webhosting and operating American Samoa web sites. In Linux hosting your American Samoa website is hosted on Linux servers.
Allactionhost American Samoa provides complete American Samoa web hosting solutions and Linux web hosting services including Linux web hosting for individual own American Samoa websites, Linux web hosting for American Samoa business websites, Linux web hosting for American Samoa organization websites. Other than Linux hosting, allactionhost American Samoa also provides Windows web hosting for American Samoa customers, cheap American Samoa web hosting packages for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa domain names registration, American Samoa domain names renewal, host American Samoa domain names, American Samoa domain names transfer, American Samoa domain web hosting, Control Panel web hosting (Cpanel hosting), American Samoa multiple sites web hosting, SSL certificates, American Samoa e-commerce web hosting, American Samoa domain search, email hosting, budget American Samoa web hosting plans for personal American Samoa web hosting, buy American Samoa bulk domain names and American Samoa ecommerce web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa provides Linux hosting, 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and technical support to our American Samoa customers.
American Samoa domain name is used in URLs to identify particular American Samoa web pages and American Samoa website. Each American Samoa domain name locates an entity on the Internet. You can search American Samoa domain name and register American Samoa domain names at allactionhost American Samoa, one of the best American Samoa web hosting companies. You can buy cheap American Samoa domain name and get American Samoa domain registration from allactionhost American Samoa with our cheap American Samoa domain hosting services. Other than American Samoa domain names registration, allactionhost American Samoa provides complete American Samoa web hosting solutions and American Samoa web hosting services such as American Samoa web hosting of personal American Samoa websites, cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business hosting and American Samoa medium business hosting, American Samoa domains registration, American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa organization websites, American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa company websites, American Samoa domains renewal, transfer American Samoa domains, buy bulk American Samoa domains, American Samoa domains hosting, American Samoa e-commerce web hosting, WHOIS, Windows web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa multiple websites web hosting, Linux hosting, Control Panel hosting (Cpanel hosting), SSL certificates and American Samoa domain search. Allactionhost American Samoa and its team are always here to provides American Samoa domains registration, 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and technical supports to our American Samoa customers.
American Samoa domain name acts like a brand name for your American Samoa website. American Samoa domain name is absolutely required for a professional American Samoa website and American Samoa domain name is an important element of your American Samoa online business and American Samoa ecommerce business. You can search American Samoa domain name and get American Samoa domain registration at allactiontrade American Samoa with cheap American Samoa domain names hosting.
Allactionhost American Samoa provides American Samoa domain names search, American Samoa domain name registration, transfer American Samoa domain name, American Samoa domain name renewal, buy American Samoa domain names, complete American Samoa web hosting solutions, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, American Samoa web hosting of personal American Samoa websites, American Samoa webhosting of American Samoa business websites, American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa organization websites, cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa domain name hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa webhosting, Control Panel hosting (Cpanel hosting) for American Samoa web hosting,, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa webhosting, American Samoa multiple web sites hosting, SSL certificates for American Samoa customers, American Samoa domain search, Windows web hosting for American Samoa web hosting and email hosting for American Samoa customers. Allactionhost American Samoa and its team provide 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and technical supports to our American Samoa customers.
How to choose American Samoa domain name?
You can chose the American Samoa domain name according to your own interest, likeness, preference, business's nature, popularity and publicity. It is advisable to choose a user- friendly and unique American Samoa domain name.
You can search the availability of your favor American Samoa domain name at allactionhost American Samoa. After you confirm your selected American Samoa domain name is available, you can start to register your American Samoa domain names at allactionhost American Samoa, one of the best American Samoa web hosting companies. You can buy cheap American Samoa domain name and register American Samoa domain names at allactionhost American Samoa only or buy our cheap American Samoa domain names hosting services together. Other than American Samoa domain names registration, allactionhost American Samoa provides complete American Samoa web hosting solutions and American Samoa web hosting services that includes American Samoa web hosting of personal American Samoa websites, American Samoa domain name transfer, buy bulk American Samoa domains, American Samoa domain web hosting, Linux hosting for American Samoa ecommerce web hosting web hosting, Control Panel hosting (Cpanel hosting), SSL certificates, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, American Samoa domain search, Windows web hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa websites, American Samoa multiple web sites hosting, American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa business websites, American Samoa webhosting of American Samoa organization websites, cheap American Samoa webhosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business webhosting and American Samoa domain name renewal. Allactionhost American Samoa and its team are always here to provides American Samoa domain registration, 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and supports to our American Samoa customers.
Can I transfer my American Samoa domain name to different hosting company?
Yes, you can transfer your registered American Samoa domain name to any American Samoa web hosting company. You need to check with the current American Samoa web hosting company how to transfer your registered American Samoa domain name. You can transfer your American Samoa domain to Allactionhost American Samoa, one of the best American Samoa web hosting services providers that offers American Samoa domain name registration, complete American Samoa hosting solutions, 24/7 American Samoa web hosting, web spaces, internet American Samoa website hosting services, DNS hosting, American Samoa web hosting packages for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, cheap American Samoa web hosting plans, American Samoa Internet service hosting with American Samoa hosting web space, Linux hosting (Unix hosting), transfer American Samoa domain names, dedicated server hosting for American Samoa web hosting, Cpanel for American Samoa web hosting, mailboxes hosting, SSL certificates, American Samoa multiple websites hosting, Microsoft Windows hosting, emails hosting, application hosting, databases hosting, buy American Samoa domain names, Cpanel hosting (Control Panel hosting) for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa domain hosting and American Samoa ecommerce web hosting.
Simply saying American Samoa domain hosting is to host American Samoa domain name for personal, American Samoa companies and organization in American Samoa. After you register a American Samoa domain name, you need American Samoa web hosting services provider with American Samoa domain hosting to host your own American Samoa domain name. American Samoa domain hosting is also known as American Samoa website hosting or DNS hosting.
Allactionhost American Samoa is your best choice to host your registered American Samoa domain name. Allactionhost American Samoa is the best American Samoa web hosting company that offers complete American Samoa web hosting solution and American Samoa web hosting services such as American Samoa web hosting of personal American Samoa websites, cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa register domains, American Samoa domain renewal, transfer American Samoa domain name, buy American Samoa bulk domains, American Samoa domain web hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa web sites hosting, Cpanel hosting for American Samoa customers, SSL certificate for American Samoa customers, American Samoa domain name search, Windows web hosting for American Samoa website hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa multiple sites web hosting, American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa business websites and American Samoa web hosting of American Samoa organization websites. Allactionhost American Samoa offers American Samoa domain hosting 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and supports to our American Samoa customers.
What is email hosting for American Samoa webhosting?
Email Hosting is an online American Samoa web hosting service that permits you to manage electronic messages through email server. Email hosting is broadly used by American Samoa small to medium companies with custom email addresses that is associated with their own American Samoa website addresses or American Samoa domain names. Email hosting also allows American Samoa customers to send and receive emails from their own American Samoa domain name without having to set up American Samoa website. If you purchase email hosting services of our American Samoa webhosting, you will access a control panel also known as Cpanel that is given by the email hosting company. You can add or delete email accounts from the Cpanel of your American Samoa webhosting.
Allactionhost American Samoa provides email hosting, American Samoa web hosting for personal American Samoa websites, register American Samoa domain names, American Samoa domain renewal, transfer American Samoa domain names, cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting, American Samoa web hosting for American Samoa business websites, buy American Samoa bulk domains, American Samoa domains hosting, Linux hosting for American Samoa webhosting, Cpanel hosting for American Samoa websites hosting, SSL certificate for American Samoa customers, American Samoa web hosting for American Samoa organization websites, American Samoa web hosting for American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, mailboxes hosting for American Samoa hosting, DNS hosting, American Samoa domain name search, cheap American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa web hosting, MS Windows hosting for American Samoa websites hosting and American Samoa multiple sites hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa provides email hosting, 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and technical supports to our American Samoa customers.
What is database hosting for American Samoa customers?
Database hosting for American Samoa customers is a kind of American Samoa internet web hosting services that using particular servers to run applications of American Samoa customer's website. These are applications such as MySQL and other applications used in blogs, web store, web galleries of American Samoa customers.
Allactionhost American Samoa provides American Samoa domain renewal, transfer American Samoa domain names, buy American Samoa bulk domains, email hosting, American Samoa web hosting for personal American Samoa websites hosting, database hosting for American Samoa customers, American Samoa websites hosting for American Samoa business websites, cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting, American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa domain registration, American Samoa web sites hosting for American Samoa organization websites, American Samoa domains hosting, Linux hosting for American Samoa web hosting, Cpanel hosting for American Samoa webhosting, SSL certificate for American Samoa customers, American Samoa multiple sites hosting, MS Windows hosting for American Samoa web hosting, DNS hosting, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, cheap American Samoa web site hosting packages for personal American Samoa web hosting and American Samoa domain name search. Allactionhost American Samoa provides database hosting for American Samoa customers, 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and technical supports to our American Samoa customers.
Cpanel is a common graphical web-based control panel used in Linux hosting / Unix hosting for American Samoa web hosting. Cpanel for American Samoa web hosting allows users to handle various aspects of American Samoa website administration and simplify the process of hosting American Samoa website via control panel through a standard web browser.
Allactionhost American Samoa provides cpanel for American Samoa web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa offers American Samoa domains hosting, Linux hosting for American Samoa web hosting, cheap American Samoa web sites hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting, register American Samoa domain names, affordable American Samoa web sites hosting packages for American Samoa medium business web hosting, renew American Samoa domains, American Samoa web hosting for American Samoa business websites, buy American Samoa bulk domains, database web hosting for American Samoa customers, Cpanel hosting for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa websites hosting for personal American Samoa websites, transfer American Samoa domains, American Samoa domains search, Microsoft Windows hosting for American Samoa web sites hosting, American Samoa e-commerce web hosting, budget American Samoa web hosting packages for personal American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa multiple websites hosting, SSL certificates and American Samoa web hosting for American Samoa organization websites. Allactionhost American Samoa gives technical support and 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services to our American Samoa customers.
Shared server hosting refer to American Samoa web hosting that has more than one American Samoa website will be stored and hosted in the same server. Shared server hosting for American Samoa web hosting is cheaper and more affordable than dedicated server hosting for American Samoa web hosting. Allactionhost American Samoa provides cheap and affordable shared server hosting for American Samoa web hosting other than dedicated server hosting services. Besides, allactionhost American Samoa provides cheap American Samoa web sites hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, American Samoa website hosting for personal American Samoa websites, American Samoa web site hosting for American Samoa business websites, American Samoa website hosting for American Samoa organization websites, American Samoa domain hosting, Linux web hosting for American Samoa webhosting, Control panel hosting for American Samoa webhosting, SSL certificates, search American Samoa domain names, American Samoa web hosting for American Samoa medium business web hosting, Microsoft Windows hosting for American Samoa webhosting, American Samoa ecommerce hosting, cheap American Samoa web sites hosting packages for personal American Samoa web site hosting, American Samoa multiple websites hosting, American Samoa domains, American Samoa domain renewal, American Samoa domains transfer, buy American Samoa bulk domains and database hosting for American Samoa customers.
Do I need any technical knowledge or skill to use American Samoa web hosting?
Allactionhost American Samoa made our American Samoa internet webhosting user friendly and easy for you to use. You can access most features via the Cpanel (Control Panel) for American Samoa web hosting that we will assign for you. Allactionhost American Samoa offers 24/7 American Samoa web hosting services and we have a helpful support team who is always ready to help you.
Allactionhost American Samoa is one of the best American Samoa web hosting services providers who provides world wide web hosting and American Samoa web hosting services with complete American Samoa web hosting solutions, You can host your own personal American Samoa websites, mailboxes, American Samoa business websites, American Samoa organization websites with allactionhost American Samoa. Allactionhost American Samoa also provides cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, MS Windows web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, budget American Samoa web sites hosting package for personal American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa multiple sites web hosting, American Samoa domain name registration, American Samoa domain hosting and Linux web hosting for American Samoa web hosting.
How long will it take to set up American Samoa internet web hosting?
Most American Samoa web hosting accounts are set up immediately, though it might take a couple of days for your American Samoa domain name to be registered and point to your internet American Samoa website hosting.
Allactionhost American Samoa is one of the best American Samoa web hosting services providers who provides international and American Samoa website hosting with complete American Samoa web hosting solutions. Allactionhost American Samoa provides cheap American Samoa web hosting plans for our American Samoa customers to host their own American Samoa personal websites, mailboxes hosting for American Samoa customers, cheap American Samoa web hosting packages for American Samoa small business web hosting and American Samoa medium business web hosting, American Samoa domain names registration,, affordable American Samoa webhosting package for American Samoa business websites, American Samoa domains web hosting, Linux hosting for American Samoa web hosting, Microsoft Windows web hosting for American Samoa web hosting, American Samoa ecommerce web hosting, email hosting for American Samoa customers, budget American Samoa web hosting package for personal American Samoa websites hosting, American Samoa multiple websites hosting and budget American Samoa web hosting plans for hosting American Samoa organization websites.
Useful Website Hosting Information : About Website Designing Website Design Information Web Design Web Hosting Learn How to Design Your Own Website More Website Designing How to Build Your Own Website??? Web Hosting Forum WebsiteInformation Learn PHP Programming How to Learn Programming Learn Web Development ASP.NET Programming ASP.NET Tutorial Learn Java Learn PHP Joomla Forum What is Joomla? Wordpress Webhosting Blog Learning Web Hosting What is American Samoa web hosting?; Why is American Samoa web hosting important? What is American Samoa web hosting service? What are American Samoa web hosting companies? What can I do with American Samoa web hosting? What is American Samoa web host? Why do I need American Samoa website? What is Windows hosting for American Samoa web hosting? What is Linux/Unix web hosting for American Samoa web hosting? What is American Samoa Domain name? Why do I need American Samoa Domain name for my American Samoa website? How to choose American Samoa domain name? Can I transfer my American Samoa domain name to different hosting company? What is American Samoa domain hosting? What is email hosting for American Samoa webhosting? What is database hosting for American Samoa customers? What is Cpanel for American Samoa web hosting? What is dedicated server hosting for American Samoa web hosting? What is shared server hosting for American Samoa web hosting? Do I need any technical knowledge or skill to use American Samoa web hosting? How long will it take to set up American Samoa internet web hosting? | 2019-04-22T04:11:16Z | http://www.allactionhost.com/en-as/ |
Congratulations on the calling of soon-to-be Rev. Lynne Morrow as your new pastor! While another transition is in the works for you as the people of Messiah Lutheran Church, it is an exciting time filled with hope, promise and new beginnings! I am very happy for all of you.
As I reflect on the past year, I am thankful to God and to you for the opportunity I have had to be your interim pastor. I have seen remarkable spiritual growth in so many; talents that have come to light and are being used at Messiah to the glory of God! I have had the wonderful opportunity to live and serve among you in the best of times, and in some very sad and troubling times. But God has been so very present in all of these times. It has been my sincere pleasure and privilege to preach and teach, worship with you, meet with you in my office and in your homes, officiate at three weddings, baptize your babies, bury our sisters and brothers in Christ, work with the marvelous staff and children in the Child Care Center, live among you, know you, love you and to be welcomed and honored among you. What more could a pastor ask for? I am deeply grateful to you and to our Lord for this past year together.
There are so many people to thank—the leadership who has done a stellar job in keeping things going (now you can even let go of some things to make room for your new pastor and allow her to bloom and grow in her new identity and role as your pastor); to all those who have gotten involved in new ways and new ministries this past year; to all our Christian Education teachers for touching the lives of this congregation; to the staff who has worked with me and accepted me and my quirky ways; and to all of you who have opened your hearts and allowed me to be your pastor. To all I ask for one thing: if ever I said or did anything that offended you, I ask for your forgiveness and pardon. I never meant for ill or harm.
It is a truth and promise you can trust. Rejoice and be glad, because God is good and can be trusted, all the time!
And Miss Kim’s 2 boys are scheduled to be baptized in July! We certainly have been blessed with babies!
If you haven't looked lately, the Cradle Roll roster hangs in the narthex next to the stained glass window, with the names and baptismal dates of children baptized here within the last 3 years. From birth until a child reaches 36 months, parents of those children receive a monthly newsletter entitled "Splash!", a faith formation letter filled with fun and easy ideas for bringing faith into the everyday lives of infants and their families. Each letter directly corresponds to the child's age in months, with a music CD also included at timely intervals.
The Rev. Gaylen H. Gilbertson was ordained on May 17, 1953. He received a bachelor of arts from Luther College in 1950, and a bachelor of theology from Luther Seminary in 1953. From 1953-1974, Pastor Gilbertson served as a missionary to Japan. From 1975 to 1977, he served as a missionary to Papua New Guinea, and from 1977 to 1978 as a mission developer in the Illinois District, followed by several more months of missionary service in Papua New Guinea. He served as pastor to Messiah Lutheran Church in Park Ridge, Illinois, from 1978 to 1983, and as senior pastor at Messiah Lutheran Church until his retirement in 1992. Pastor Gilbertson continued to serve the synod through activities at his local congregation including serving on committees, leading adult Bible classes, and visitation. He passed away on June 15. He was deeply loved and respected by many in our congregation, and will be missed.
Once again we will welcome the neighborhood onto our grounds to watch the fireworks on Friday night, July 3rd. We will sell water and snacks like we did last year. We are looking for donations of snacks (chips, cookies, candy) that are individually wrapped and won’t melt. We’ll also take juice boxes and water bottles. Then come relax and enjoy the show with friends, family, and people from the neighborhood!
All members of Messiah Lutheran Church (including women and children and friends) are invited to see Major League Baseball on "Monday Night" July 20th, 2009. Our Chicago White Sox versus the American League Champion Tampa Bay Devil Rays at 7:11 PM. A bus will pick everyone up at Messiah the night of the game. We will leave at about 5:30. These are "Discounted Lower Level Box Seat Tickets" and the cost for transportation and your seat is $30.00 each. For more information call Larry Ryczek at 847-692-6972 or talk to any of the Messiah Brotherhood members. Deadline for ordering tickets is Sunday, July 12th.
In June the Call Committee sent a recommendation to the Executive Committee to call Lynne M. Morrow as our next Pastor. The Executive Committee met with Pastor Lynne and approved the recommendation of the Call Committee and passed a resolution for the congregation to vote on the call on Sunday, June 28th. After various opportunities for members to meet Pastor Lynne and her family, the congregation met for a special congregational meeting led by Reverend Carol Breimeier of the Synod office to vote on the call. The result of the congregation vote is to call Pastor Lynne M. Morrow as our next Pastor!!
luncheon to thank her for her service to Messiah and wish her God’s speed.
July 27th Pastor Lynne’s first day in the office – starting with Vacation Bible School.
August 2nd Pastor Lynne’s first worship service at Messiah (Pastor Carlos Ortiz will preside over Holy Communion on this day.
August 8th Pastor Lynne will be ordained at her home church in Palatine.
followed by a potluck luncheon to welcome her and her family and celebrate the start of this new chapter here at Messiah.
To create an environment that supports our mission, is safe, accessible, energy efficient and inviting for worship, Christian education, fellowship and community outreach.
2) Installation of energy efficient lighting throughout the building per a grant we received via the CCC (only available to child care centers). The energy savings will reduce our monthly utility bills and pay for itself within an estimated 18 months. The estimated cost is $24,300 which will be paid for out of the capital building fund and once the job is complete we will receive $10,000 back from the grant.
3) Parking lot paving - this is an obvious project that needs to be done! Several estimates have been received but need to be sorted out more as the proposals vary per how the job is to be completed and are therefore difficult to compare. A final cost has to be determined and then funding can be determined. A combination of use of some money from the capital building fund, CCC account, and a portion of a building loan has been discussed.
4) Bell Tower - Rather than repairing the bell tower again (cannot be permanently repaired) we will tear it down and redo that entrance as a proper handicapped accessible entrance (including a proper ramp and electronic doors), expand the interior space to include the southwest corner outside the bell tower and construct an accessible bathroom on the main floor. The next step in this process is to get architectural drawings at a cost of approximately $6250 to be taken from the capital building fund. The overall cost of the project is roughly estimated to be $248,000 and would be covered by a building loan.
Additional motions that were passed included pursuing financing for balance of costs of parking lot paving and redoing bell tower entrance/bathroom and continuing to pursue fundraising efforts for these projects and future building projects. It was stressed that while we have voted to use some of the money from the capital building fund, we are also still looking at a long range plan to eventually complete the addition of a first floor multi-purpose room and will continue to look at ways to eventually fund that.
Meanwhile, a “Faith Accessibility Grant” has been applied for that would give us up to $30,000 toward the addition of the accessible bathroom and entryway. We will find out the results of that application in approximately 5 months so say a little prayer that it is approved!
The task group will meet again on July 1st to determine the next steps in this multi-level plan. If anyone is interested in joining this task group please contact Pat Daniels or Carol Hrodey.
The Rev. Mark S. Hanson, presiding bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), has asked the church's 4.7 million members to pray and study Scripture for 50 days starting June 29, in preparation for the 2009 ELCA Churchwide Assembly.
The assembly will act on a proposed social statement on human sexuality, a recommendation on ministry policies and various churchwide program proposals. It will conduct elections and consider memorials (proposed at synod assemblies) and resolutions (proposed by voting members at the churchwide assembly). The proposed social statement and recommendation on ministry policies are sources of significant discussion within the church.
The 50 Days of Prayer is an opportunity for church members who are unable to attend the churchwide assembly to participate. While we all can't be in Minneapolis this summer, we can be together as one in prayer as part of this one expression of the Body of Christ.
Daily prayer starting June 29.
Weekly prayer with scripture readings taken from the daily lectionary of the assembly with reflection questions, a prayer and a refection hymn.
Sunday prayers with a petition for the Prayers of Intercession for the Sundays from June 28 - Aug. 6 and one for each Aug. 16 and Aug. 23.
These prayer resources are available for use by individuals, small groups or as a congregation-wide initiative at http://www.ELCA.org/50days on the Web.
As we prepare to welcome a new pastor, it is important to take the time to reflect on this past year and thank Pastor Munker for her service to Messiah. She has touched many people in many different ways and used her many gifts to assist us during this past year. Pastor Munker came to Messiah at a difficult time in our history and had no easy task as our interim pastor following the death of Pastor Paul. But with her help and God’s grace we weathered “the storm” and are now prepared to receive a new Pastor. Please be sure to extend your word of thanks to Pastor Munker as we go through this next transition in Messiah’s history and come to the potluck on Sunday, July 26th to give her a proper Messiah send-off! We will gather following the worship service. Please check the YES! Sheets in July for your opportunity to sign up to bring a dish to pass. Pastor’s last day in the office will be Thursday, July 23rd.
It is an exciting time at Messiah as we welcome Pastor Lynne M. Morrow as the next Pastor of Messiah! Although Pastor Lynne is a new graduate of the seminary, she comes with more than 20 years experience that includes management and organizational development. Pastor Lynne grew up in the Lutheran Church and exhibits a positive energy that is deeply rooted in her faith. We’ll feature more on Pastor Lynne and her family in the August Messenger but meanwhile, put Sunday, August 9th on your calendars!! Although Pastor Lynne officially will start her ministry with us on July 27th, she will be installed at Messiah by Pastor Carol Breimeier from the Synod on August 9th. The installation will be followed by a potluck luncheon to officially welcome Pastor Lynne and her family, as well as to celebrate the start of Messiah’s next chapter!
July 5 – Flowers are given in memory of Ed Bowman’s birthday by Valeria Bowman. Flowers are also given in honor of Bill Beyer by the Beyer family. Bulletins are given in honor of our armed forces.
July 12 – Flowers are given in honor of Dorothy Nagel’s birthday by the Kopij Family. Bulletins are given in honor of Adam and Ryan Hauser’s 8th birthday.
July 19 – Flowers are given in honor of Kevin Kovach’s birthday by Don Kovach. Bulletins are given in memory of Durwood Johnson’s birthday by Valeria Bowman.
July 26 – Flowers and bulletins are given in honor of Thomas Yager’s 9th birthday.
Thank you so much for your generous contribution to The Counseling Center. Your support enables us to extend care to many who could not otherwise afford it, provide continuing education opportunities for our staff, and help us develop new services.
On behalf of all of us at The Counseling Center, many, many thanks for your faithful support and friendship.
Wednesdays from 9-11 PM, Hope Korean Community Church will hold a prayer service in the sanctuary. Please be advised that this is happening – if you find yourself in the building at that time, please be respectful of the service going on.
Thank you from the ALTAR GUILD to Jim Handzel for his repair of the Christ candle cap, and also to Trudi Handzel for her sewing/repair of our acolytes and assistants robes recently. Their talents and efforts are greatly appreciated.
Finally, back to the regular schedule! Manna orders are due on July 12, to be picked up the 16th. Already time to start thinking back-to-school shopping!
Wilbert Beyer passed away last month on June 22nd. A service was held for him on Friday, June 26 at Pederson Ryberg Funeral Home in Elmhurst. Please keep his wife Viv and the rest of the Beyer family in your prayers. There will be a memoriam for Bill in next month’s Messenger.
Throughout the summer, the Friendship bucket entitled Angels in the Narthex will be in the Narthex under the stained glass windows. You have been very generous in the past and we hope that will continue. Please do not feel any gift is too small … or too large. All of the items for the HEALTH KITS must be new. The layettes may be GENTLEY USED ITEMS. Most people having the garage sales are very understanding when you say it is for Lutheran World Relief. We have an MBA in shopping so your money is spent very wisely. There are two nice ELCA wicker baskets, one by the bell tower entrance, and one outside the church office. Items may be put in either basket. A list of the layette items is available. Ingathering is the 4th Thursday in September, the 24th. We assemble the health kits and the layettes then. We need several men to help that day and some ladies also. It is usually done by noon...Please think about it. We assume the trailer will again be in our parking lot, but that info is not available yet. THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS.
The Township has sent out an appeal for certain items to stock the food pantry. As always, we must remember that summer is a tough time for the needy, especially children who do not benefit from a school lunch program during these months. A list of requested foods is posted by the “Donation Station” in the narthex, which is also where you can leave the non-perishable items (by the coat racks next to the bell tower doors). And don’t forget non-food items, like toilet paper, cleaning products, shampoo, bath soap, and feminine hygiene products – these are always in short supply. Additional food requests include Packaged Foods (Jello, rice, pasta, crackers, cookies, biscuit mix), “Quick ‘n Easy” side dishes (Tuna, Chicken, or Hamburger Helper, Rice-a-Roni, Mac & Cheese, Dinty Moore Beef Stew), jar foods (spaghetti sauce, peanut butter and/or jelly), any canned vegetables, fruit or pasta, and breakfast foods (cereal, oatmeal, pancake mix, juice, tea, coffee). All you can do is much appreciated by both the Township, and by those that receive the goods. Thanks!
It is coming up quicker than you think!
Come out if you can, stay for as long as you can. We will assemble crafts, decorate, and get our curriculum ready to go for the kids. No need to tell Julie you are coming – just show up!
Any youth who plan to help out during VBS (and any adults who wish to join us!) please be at Messiah on the Saturday before VBS begins. We will train from 4:30 to 6 PM. Then dinner will be offered, and you can stick around for the “Pirates Who Don’t Do Anything” movie, which we will show in the sanctuary. If you have any friends who want to pitch in, bring them along, too! This is always a lot of fun, and we couldn’t do it without your help!
Our VBS program uses fun, creative ways to teach the children in the neighborhood (ages 3-10) about God’s love, and Jesus’ role in our lives. This is a terrific opportunity to put our mission into motion! Registration CLOSES on July 12th – sign up now on our website at www.messiahparkridge.org/vbs_registration.html. We always need people to help teach classes, read stories, teach songs, and hand out snacks. PLEASE contact Julie Holzer to help out.
I found this to be a very good movie. However it is not your typical fun summer faire – as usual, Disney’s Pixar Studios tackles difficult, adult issues in a charming animated film that on the surface looks like it is for kids. Wall-E dealt with the extreme topic of global pollution and us as a species. Ratatouille explored how those that don’t fit in cope with their differences. And UP is no exception, dealing with the painful reality that faces so many of our elderly (and not so elderly) widows and widowers. My husband and I were both moved to tears in the first 10 minutes as Carl’s life is laid out for us, up until the death of his wife. His desperate solution to those who wish to evict him from his home of 60 years is to steal it, and finally go on the adventure he was never able to share with his lifelong companion. There are a lot of funny moments – the talking dog is hysterical, and the relationship between the old man and the boy is strong and beautiful. But the underlying message –and it’s commentary on our society – is a bit dark. Jessica was not too crazy about the film … she is getting old enough to discern some of these darker elements, an they disturbed her. So I recommend this as a FAMILY film with reservation – go and enjoy it, but be prepared for the conversation with your children that may follow.
No one moved last month that we know of! | 2019-04-21T22:34:01Z | http://www.messiahparkridge.org/newsletters/newsletter/3363404/65327.htm |
Recent work on Free Company has been focusing on improving the look of the randomly generated rooms by subtly shaping the way the objects are laid out to conform to more human norms of laying out rooms. For example shelves in the game are now no longer empty instead they are filled up with appropriate small objects . The objects as redetermined by the procedural generator-wide tagging system. Objects have tags; levels, monsters and rooms have tags; the generator attempts to assign them to each other using probabilities based on how closely the tags of each align. The way the objects are placed on the shelves is determined by three different algorithmic approaches that attempt to mimic general human behaviour as regards shelves: filling up from the left hand side, from the right hand side and alternately from the left and right hand sides. The quantity of objects on each shelf is determined by a normal distribution linked roughly to the dimensions of the shelf to ensure that the average shelf is about 90% full .
That’s one example, other new strategies have been employed to shape the placement of the shelves themselves and other objects to create the hopefully more believably storeroom like rooms you see in the screen shots on this page. To support these new furnishing algorithms I’ve also been making a whole pile of new objects, almost doubling the number of them in the past week. Some of these can also be seen in these two shots.
The basic warehouse layout and furnishing algorithms are probably done about as far as I am going to take them for the first release all the rooms now look passable and I expect I can reuse the same algorithms for a few other environment variants like the crypt and a new library layout once I create a few more objects to support them. I still have plenty more ideas for algorithmic level generation though and I’d love to revisit this area to try and make even more believable and varied layouts in the future.
The other new things I’ve done recently are a few minor cosmetic buffs. From feedback to my last post (thanks Stian!) I’ve switched out the general game font for a more serif ridden fantasy one, I’ve fiddled with a few of the most frequently seen textures to try and make them a little less bland (still a work in progress) and I’ve implemented a more flexible system for testing out lighting changes quickly in game (hit a key to rebuild the lights from the theme data .xml files). The last thing (which just went in today) has allowed me to fiddle with small lighting changes and see the result in a couple of seconds rather than the many minutes it was taking before, so I updated a few of my lighting themes with some tweaks too.
Anyway, as usual let me know what you think about the Storerooms or anything else in the post in the comments below.
This fortnight has been spent plugging all the memory leaks that had built up in the Free Company code base since the last time I went through and plugged them all. The work was considerably eased this time by the use of a new tool I discovered called Visual Leak Detector which makes the process of pinpointing where the leaks are happening fairly trivial by providing callstacks. It also runs fairly quickly in the background so I can leave it on permanently in debug builds to continue passively identifying new leaks as and when they spring up. VLD is super simple to integrate into any project as well so if you are still struggling along with C++ out there I recommend adding it to yours immediately. The only thing it doesn’t catch are Direct X memory leaks for which a more traditional approach, and the debug runtime, is still needed.
Once all leaks were deftly disposed of it was on to a HUD tune-up, something which is still ongoing and probably will be right up until the release. You can see some of the results of the changes in the screenshot above. I was aiming for less numbers & more visual ways of showing what is going on, as well as adding more widgets to give you better control over your whole party of mercenaries. The portraits added back in January now provide a handy way to select a particular mercenary and jump to his current position in the world, and they will also soon contain a shrunken down overview of the bars on the main HUD for each merc. There are now special pointers for all of the various ways you can control the camera which possibly only I care about. Finally, I spent a bit of time tweaking the colours of various elements to tie the buttons into the HUD better, improve consistency between different elements and generally reduce the ‘primary’ nature of most of the colours I was using before. I’m still not very happy with the layout of the bottom HUD area ( a lot of spare/wasted space, the elements are a bit boring) nor the fairly crappy skill icons but it is coming along all the same.
While I was fiddling with the HUD I also went through and ticked off a whole heaving heap of bugs with the skill system so that the handful of currently implemented skills now actually work properly all the time and give slightly better feedback when they are being used to boot. Implementing a host of new skills and improving their feedback is one of the big upcoming tasks so I wanted to have the ground prepared for when that is started. And as a final thing I’ve just now tweaked the post effects again to add a vignette.
To give a sort of general picture of where the game is at I have about a week or so’s more tasks listed on my current ‘polish’ to do list to get through before I start on one of the big three remaining tasks pre-alpha release. Those big tasks are; skills, AI & real-time play between combats. I’d welcome any feedback on the changes/look of the HUD in the comments. Or really, any comments at all. Speak your brains internet.
Progress on Free Company continues at a steady pace here in the shed, unfortunately I’ve been pretty lax about reflecting that progress on the blog but no more for today I come with tales of newly implemented features, bugs fixed and graphical systems steadily improved.
First up is the new fog of war system. I spent a fairly long time with the implementation of fog of war sitting at the bottom of my many & various scrawled to do lists. I knew I wanted it in the game but I wasn’t quite sure how to get it working and running at a decent speed. The first problem is that there was no obvious example to be ‘inspired’ by, most games that I could find using fog of war were either fully 2D or they didn’t combine it with a fully rotate-able 3d camera. I needed a solution that obscured a given hex from all possible angles when none of the mercenaries could see it. I also wanted to be able to have a semi transparent view of areas that the mercenaries had already visited.
Anyway, as you can just about see above I managed to figure it out by using sort of hexagonal cages that are rendered over the top of the level geometry, and then using a complicated blend mode to do the semi-transparent version without showing the sides of all the neighbouring cages. It isn’t quite perfect as there is only a subtraction operation available to do the ‘transparency’ rather than the normal multiply but it works passably enough and most importantly isn’t horrifically slow.
…just don’t ask me to explain them because I did it a month or so ago now.
After I got the fog working I spent a fair bit of time improving the intuitiveness of some of the UI elements so now the sliders and scroll bars work more like proper scroll bars with live updates (change the music volume in terrifying real-time!!) and the buttons have proper embossing so they look like buttons. I also fixed a whole bunch of tiny pixel offset problems with things like the text and the basic ui rectangles that were causing some slight (but noticeable) visual problems.
Next up was implementing a new lighting technique called light mapping. This was a bigger project than I’d hoped at first glance to fix a small visual problem but now it is done and as a result I have a bit more flexibility with lighting. The basic problem I had was that my static geometry (which covers all the walls, floors, shelves and so on) could only support being affected by three lights simultaneously. On older graphics cards I wanted to support there was simply no way to physically pack any more lighting data into the vertex buffers or into the shader instruction count if I switched back to slower dynamic lighting.
At first, I’d tried to alleviate this problem by keeping the lights in any given generated room under three which worked to an extent but inevitably the random generation meant that occasionally a light from a corridor adjacent to a room would push the number of lights affecting a mesh over three and there would be obvious lighting discontinuities. I tried implementing a range of simple ‘light blockers’ to reduce this problem further but those didn’t really help as they had no way of dealing with a mesh that was lit from more than one side (such as the very frequently used room corners). So, I either had to put up with the lighting discontinuities (they were of variable severity but in the worst case there was wildly different colour lighting and brightnesses on each adjacent wall mesh) or I had to come up with a new lighting scheme.
There are two basic approaches, the modern and the retro. The modern approach involves using deferred rendering for basically everything and is slowly becoming the approach that all modern engines are moving towards as it has the most flexibility and the least disadvantages. Unfortunately, in my case this problem was being caused by trying to support older graphics cards in the first place. It isn’t much of a solution to switch to deferred shading and cut out all those old GPUs which don’t have the necessary oomph to do deferred shading. So I was left with the retro approach, which is lightmapping.
Lightmapping isn’t an ideal fit for my game because it is principally a pre-computed technique and gets most of it’s advantages from being able to take advantage of known geometry arrangements in the data building stage and then spend as long as it likes crafting really fancy lighting setups for them. However all my geometry layouts are generated on the fly each time the player starts up a new level. I don’t have the time to do a expensive set of ray-traced lighting calculations while a player is sitting there waiting for the level to load. Luckily however, you can make the lighting calculation as simple as you like when generating light maps so I set the dial to ‘super-simple’ and set about getting them actually working.
generating light mapping UV coordinates.
packing lightmapping UV coordinates of all the instances proportionally to the surface area being lit.
interpolating the positions & normals of all the mesh instances.
The last part is the easiest, if you’ve done it all right you can just read in your lighting from a texture with your specially generated UV coordinates. The other parts, were not so simple.
For the first part I decided to create my lightmapping UVs as part of my models’ mesh data rather than algorithmically generating them. Mainly because this is one of the few steps I could take ‘off-line’ but also because I, perhaps foolishly, thought it might be easier to make them this way. I used blender to generate my UVs and if you do the same let me give you the most useful tip straight off; the blender ‘lightmap UV’ generation script is pretty much useless for complex geometry. By which I mean any curved surface, if you don’t have infinite space on your light maps you are going to want those curved surface UVs stored contiguously in your lightmap so that the sampler can smoothly interpolate across the surface. The blender script, by contrast, breaks up every face into separate uv ‘islands’ and then tries to pack them in any old order, bah.
(from here) if you want to have a chance.
Part 2 of the lightmapping problem wasn’t quite as difficult, I used a very simple rectangle packing algorithm on the basis that that would probably be fastest and scaled each instances UV rectangle by the surface area of the asset calculated during loading. Make sure to keep track of the calculated UVs somewhere as you’ll probably want to pack them into your static geometry when you batch it up.
So use those for everything interpolation related.
The lighting code I already had, though it is worth bearing in mind that by implementing lightmapping the sum total of your lights will probably be saturated from 0.0 to 1.0 by the necessity of texture storage. Which doesn’t sound like much of a big deal but it can make a pretty noticeable difference when you are summing up the influence of multiple point lights and then multiplying that by other lighting terms in your shader.
Anyway, eventually after a lot of careful hand crafting of UVs that was all finished and now I can have as many lights as I like per room without fretting too much and all the discontinuity artefacts are gone. Aces.
Next up on my lighting refactor mission was the shadow mapping code. It’s been working OK for a while now but has always showed some ‘shadow acne’ at certain camera angles and, worse, the acne shimmered whenever the camera was moving immediately drawing your eye to it. I spent some time tweaking the current code and fiddling with bias values and resolution but no matter what I could never satisfactorily remove the shimmering acne. So, I figured there must be another way by now.
Of course, some careful googling later introduced me to the world of Variance Shadow Mapping (VSM) and Exponential Shadow mapping (ESM). This blog was a great summary of the best places to learn about each technique and really they aren’t dramatically different from shadow mapping. Once you have basic shadow mapping setup in your game it is no more than a morning’s work to try out both VSM and ESM I would recommend everyone struggling with shadow mapping artefacts give it a go and then probably settle on ESM because, at least for me, the light bleeding artefacts with VSM were pretty obvious and just as bad as shadow acne. ESM however immediately worked great and cured my shadows of acne, tedious bias tweaking and shimmering. I do have one difference with the blog linked above in that he mandates keeping the over-darkening parameter to between 0.0 and 1.0, I found by contrast that the original range specified in the nvidia example worked a lot better in my game so don’t be afraid to crank that term up.
Lastly, the past day I’ve been fiddling with improving the SSAO term. I’ve not totally settled on a method yet but so far I’ve replaced my basic box blur with a ‘bilateral’ version that respects normal and depth discontinuities and had a stab at sticking this new fangled FXAA on top of that so it’s jaggy edges don’t completely ruin my lovely regular MSAA rendering. Not totally sure that the FXAA is completely working but eh I might come back to it later.
Anyway, that is probably enough lighting stuff for now as I’ve reached the bottom of the lighting to do list. Next week I’ll likely start by tackling a whole range of bugs and minor polish problem and then it’ll probably be back to either skills & related UI improvements, better AI routines or realtime group movement between battles.
A long time with no blog updates, but things have still been happening on Free Company.
Since the last time I’ve implemented a new combat – framework? I guess is the right word, that evaluates combat attack success based on how much ‘energy’ the defender has left, as well as things like attributes, skills and equipment. At the same time unsuccessful attacks have been changed so that they do damage to this new ‘energy’ concept proportional to how powerful the attack was. The idea behind this self reinforcing system is both to speed up combats by quickly driving home an advantage to the likely eventual winner and also to make all attacks actually change something within the game. At the same time the concept of health has become a lot more granular and a lot more scarce, most horde type enemies will only have a single ‘wound’ now and mercenaries will have to train to get extra wounds if they want to survive prolonged combats (I’ve yet to decide how many to start them with but I’m leaning towards two).
This has been quite a big mechanical change so it’s detail will no doubt continue to be refined and its unintended consequences explored as the development goes on but for now I’m happy that it is better than what was there before with long grind fest combats, chipping away at health bars and having completely wasted rounds due to a couple of crappy dice rolls.
I’ve also been spending some time improving most of the UI widgets based on some feedback from my tiny play test team (thanks bro). This has involved exposing more previously hidden information, adding more tool tips and fixing problems with open UI panels not being updated when the world state changes around them. Half of the battle with designing a game is explaining to the players what is going on in a clear enough way that they can make good decisions. I’m sure this battle with explaining the design through the UI will continue until I stop working on the project.
As well as improving the information content of the UI I’ve also embarked on a mini art splurge to try and improve the looks of a few bits of it by drawing some generic mercenary ‘portraits’ for use on the character sheets, in merc lists and possibly in a future group selection UI.
Other than that, I’ve been dual-classing again this month; doubling up as an exam invigilator when I’m not working at home on the game. Hopefully these vital pennies will help continue to fund my itinerant lifestyle of reckless game development and finally get this game finished.
Christmas happened too. I miss it already. Sort of.
This week I’ve been working my way through some of the smaller tasks on the looming To Do list. First up was an attempt to make a more impressive ‘boss’ variant monster for my barbarian encounter. I thought I’d give him an impressive beard (seen above) and one of those horned hats plus the usual array of slightly boosted stats. Unfortunately the beard really isn’t all that visible from the isometric perspective so he looks like a regular barbarian warrior in a hat but that can’t be helped. I might make him some fur-esque armour to wear, give him an ornate axe or just make another head with a really huge beard. The point is the principle is now there; he slotted into the encounter with no trouble and with a bit of code cleanup it was easy to give him special hats, heads and whatever else so I moved on. Next up was dual wielding, I wanted to give players the option to stick a one handed weapon in each hand because it’s totally cool in a sort of 14 year old boy way who I can just about remember being. As you can see from the above picture that now basically works, I haven’t decided how exactly the attack is going to work for dual wielders yet but you can at least carry two weapons about and swap them in and out of your inventory with no bother. Lovely. Oh I also made the dagger item to show it off properly.
I made a gnarled wizard staff for him as well, as you can see, and that’s the old ‘wizard hat’ on his head there which I did a little while ago. They’ll all look smaller and further away in the game of course but for now you can enjoy them up close and personal. Finally, today I went through all the old mercenary animations and gave them a bit of tweaking to try an make them a bit less floaty, I expect I’ll revisit them a few more times before I finish adding variants and improving the believability as much as I can.
Wednesday this week was spent out on strike (can an indie developer go on strike?) with my partner (who as a teacher definitely can). We marched around London for a few hours with hundreds of others, waved a union flag and held up a union placard. The reason of course is to protest against the large effective cuts in compensation for all public sector workers (as well as the firing of a huge number of others). My brother and my father have both been made redundant by the current government and now my partner faces a hefty effective direct pay cut (no pay rises in line with soaring inflation), a new 3% tax to help pay down the deficit, a direct cut in her pension at retirement and an effective cut by changing the inflation linking of the pension from RPI (actual inflation) to ‘CPI’ (government inflation fiddle to keep it lower). All that on top of the retirement age being boosted (which isn’t that unreasonable a measure given that we are living longer but I’m not sure I’d want to be rescued by a 67/68 year old fireman, would you?). The government thinks these cuts are only ‘fair’ because a large number of the lower paid people in the private sector have lost their pensions too in the last few years. Apparently it’s a race to the bottom, cut something from the private sector then turn around and use that cut to justify cutting it in the public sector a few years later. They also like to use disingenuous comparisons between the compensation in the public and private sectors overall, despite the range of occupations in the two sectors being so different now since all the lower paid jobs in the public sector have been privatised and outsourced. Yes teachers (currently) get paid more money than shop assistants but they have to get a lot more education to do so. Traditionally the decent pensions in the public sector have been seen as compensation for the lower wages compared to similarly skilled jobs in the private sector.
Anyway, I’m sure that governments pay strikers no heed nowadays, fears of ‘revolution’ have long since receded and generally the non striking public seems to turn against them if they go on for more than five minutes. However, even if it is just raging against the dying light, it still feels good to take back some measure of control for just a day. I expect that strikes might become more of a feature of daily life if this ‘decade of austerity’ comes to pass as predicted.
On the bright side, video games! Still awesome.
Ok, I hold my hands up. Along with much of the rest of the internet I’ve been playing a lot of Bethesda’s excellent Skyrim recently. I apologise unreservedly to anyone who was holding their breath impatiently for my next missive from the wreckage strewn front-lines of indie game development. There were dragons and they just needed a really good killing. Repeatedly.
I think I’m over the worst of it now. Well near the very crest at least.
So, in the scant moments when I haven’t been inexorably sucked into the mountainous peaks of Tamriel, what have I been doing? Free Company wise I have mostly been setting up the UI flow, game logic and necessary data to allow your mercenaries to grow in experience and learn new skills. Which they can now just about do. The available skill pool is still sitting at a paltry four right now but I’m expanding it in my other code-a-tron window as I type this. So in not too long you’ll have a wide range of ways be able to specialise your mercenaries in meaningful ways and thus gain new and interesting methods of dispatching your opponents.
Campaign mode – UI clean up + additional UI screens to fiddle with.
Dual wielding – look a sword in each hand!
Sneaking focus – stealth related skill or skills, special animations and more stealthy looking outfits.
Buffed up encounters – featuring bosses that wear special hats and better initial positioning.
Undead focus – zombie shuffling animations, undead skills, rising from the dead ambushes, crypt tileset.
Spidery focus – webs, spiders shooting webs, spider ceiling ambushes, more scary spiders.
Sewer focus – sewer tileset, more rat stuff.
Magic – particle system, magic effects, spells, mage clothing, magic staffs.
AI focus – improve AI beyond basic attack routines, navigating doors correctly, variety between monster types.
Combat rules focus – add more basic combat rules concerning positioning and the interface to support them (back stabs, flanking attacks, disengaging from hostiles penalties, zones of control). Consider unified, regenerating ‘energy bar’ governing attacking and attack parrying to try and avoid the problem of boring ‘whiff’ attacks as well as feeling of hacking away at a large health bar chunk by chunk.
Speeding up getting into combat focus – realtime movement when not in combat, group movement & group selection when not in combat.
Existing animation focus – improve the already existing animations and add alternates to create more variety.
Free Company has also had a bit of a musical boost recently with the help of indie game music supremo Stian Stark (Whose work can also be heard in fantastic games like Solium Infernum). Stian has kindly agreed to supply an original piece of music in return for a bottle of indie game developer dreams and unicorns*. In fact, he already has supplied it and it’s a fantastic piece, doom laden and hopeful all at the same time which is perfect for the grime and black humour of a mercenary company. You should all go visit his website or buy one of the many other games he has contributed to so he gets some money immediately.
Outside of the soft embrace of games; the Robotic Shed recently had to take its newest inhabitant; a soft, happy kitten, off to the vets for a rather sensitive operation. The experience was quite traumatic, but I’m now fairly well recovered. The kitten took it all in his stride, at least once he was safely back at home and now has moved on completely to his latest nemesis; the grey cat from somewhere up the street. The Shed currently isn’t sure whether the kitten wants to play with, smell, fight or flee from the grey cat but will be sure to keep you all updated.
This week I have been mostly adding; various hats.
I had a lovely holiday wandering (and wondering) about the Cotswolds entirely disconnected from computers and the internet. Those times are past now though so its back into the rat race of game development which as everybody now knows is 50-75% based on the creation of hats. You can see a couple of the new hats above, they don’t do that much in the game really, maybe add a little bit of protection here and there, but mainly they are just to add a bit of individual style to your little squad of mercenaries. I’ve made six different hats so far adding a tricorn, wizard hat and another hornless half helm to the three you can see above. I’d like to make it to a nice round number of hats and helms (like say 10) so if you have any hat suggestions that I’ve not already covered then feel free to slide those slices of brain genius into the letterbox of this posts comment box below.
I fiddled about with the UI a little bit too, but its been pretty much hats all through the week. Hat code, hat inventory icons, hat models, hat textures, wearing hats, looking at pictures of hats and striking the soft gently yielding fabric of hats. Hats, hats, hats, HAAAAAAAAAAATS. | 2019-04-21T03:10:16Z | https://roboticshed.com/category/free-company/page/2/ |
Halifax Port Authority is pleased to present "The Emigrant"
Canadian Transportation & Logistics: Mega projects a huge opportunity for Atlantic Canada. Is the supply chain infrastructure ready?
• Five visits from the Queen Mary 2 during the 2014 season. Her first call will be on June 11, 2014. 2014 year marks the 10th Anniversary of the Queen Mary 2.
• 10 inaugural calls in 2014, the first of which being the Celebrity Infinity to start the season.
• The inaugural call of the Royal Princess on September 25, 2014. This is the cruise vessel that was christened by the Duchess of Cambridge on June 13, 2013.
The cruise industry in Halifax is responsible for an estimated $50-million in economic benefits for the local economy.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Annual Meeting of the Halifax Port Authority will be held in Heritage Hall at the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, 1055 Marginal Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, on Wednesday, May 7, 2014 at 9:00 a.m. This meeting is open to the public.
DATED at Halifax, Nova Scotia, April 4, 2014.
SOYEZ AVISÉS PAR CET AVIS que l’Assemblée générale annuelle de l’Administration portuaire de Halifax se tiendra à la Salle du patrimoine au Musée canadien de l’immigration du Quai 21, chemin Marginal, Halifax, Nouvelle-Écosse, le mercredi 7 mai à 9 h. Cette assemblée est ouverte au public.
Des copies des états fi nanciers vérifi és peuvent être consultées par le public au bureau enregistré de l’Administration portuaire de Halifax, à l’édifi ce de l’Administration portuaire, 1215, chemin Marginal, Halifax, durant les heures régulières de bureau (de 8 h 30 à 17 h).
DATÉ à Halifax, Nouvelle-Écosse, le 4 avril 2013.
March 26, 2014 – Halifax, NS – The Halifax Seaport Farmers' Market will remain closed today. Halifax is under a blizzard warning. The heaviest snow fall and storm conditions are expected to happen throughout the day. We encourage all of our Market friends to stay safe as this storm moves through the region.
Our regular winter hours are 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday to Friday, Saturday 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. and Sunday 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
March 19, 2014 – Halifax, NS – The Halifax Port Authority would like to congratulate the Council of International Longshoreman’s Association (ILA) Locals and the Halifax Employers Association for the successful negotiation of a tentative new labour contract.
Union groups which make up the ILA in Halifax include the Halifax Longshoremen’s Association Local 269, The Halifax Freight and Steamship Checkers’ Union Local 1341, and The Halifax Gear Repair and Maintenance Men Local 1825.
March 7, 2014 – Halifax, Nova Scotia – The Halifax Port Authority (HPA) would like to advise that construction for a shore power system for cruise vessels is now underway. HPA remains committed to allowing cruise vessels connect to shore power during the 2014 cruise season.
Typically, vessels are in port for approximately nine hours, and during that time if connected to shore power, there would be no carbon dioxide (CO2), mono nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) or particulate matter (PM) emissions from the vessel’s auxiliary generators. For tourism, shore power will help support the cruise industry which is worth an estimated $50-million in direct spin-off expenditures to the local economy each year. This year, the Port of Halifax will welcome a record 137 cruise vessel calls carrying approximately 230-thousand passengers as well as crew.
The shore power project at the Port of Halifax was first announced in January of 2013. The tariff was developed in partnership with Nova Scotia Power. Transport Canada will contribute up to $5 million to the project. The Province of Nova Scotia and the Port of Halifax will each contribute an additional $2.5 million. Funding for the Shore Power Technology for Ports Program is provided under the Clean Transportation Initiatives in Budget 2011 as part of the renewal of the Government of Canada's Clean Air Agenda.
March 3, 2014, Halifax, Nova Scotia - Halifax Port Authority (HPA) and CN Rail continue to work together to promote international trade and build business development opportunities. HPA and CN Rail have hired Crest Container Lines to work in India to promote the Port of Halifax and CN’s rail network as a gateway into North America. The agreement took effect March 1, 2014.
Crest Container Lines is based in Mumbai, with nine branch offices throughout India. Fouze Farrhan, President & CEO of Crest Container Lines, has over two decades of proven shipping and freight experience in the Indian Subcontinent and North American market. Crest Container Lines is a member of FFAI, FIATA and is NVOCC licenced by Federal Maritime Commission.
“There are many opportunities in this fast growing marketplace, and we are fortunate to have two very strong partners in CN and Crest to help promote our business development efforts in India,” said George Malec, Vice President of Business Development and Operations for the Halifax Port Authority. “Fouze’s experience combined with the expanding Crest network will be an excellent partnership to grow the flow of cargo between the Indian Subcontinent and North America.
“CN is pleased to continue to work closely with the Port of Halifax to pursue cargo growth opportunities in the Indian Subcontinent," said Keith Reardon, CN Vice President, Intermodal Services. "Through this partnership we hope to improve the effectiveness of our customers' supply chains and in turn draw more business through the Port of Halifax and CN's North American rail network."
March 3, 2014, Halifax, Nova Scotia – Halifax Port Authority (HPA) has strengthened its presence in Europe with the appointment of Graham Fraser as Director, Business Development and Growth – Europe.
Graham Fraser has 30 years’ experience in shipping and has held senior commercial, operational and planning management positions at CMA CGM, CSAV, Kent Line Limited & Kent Line International, Contship Container Lines and Canada Maritime. He formed Focus Maritime (North West) Limited based in Liverpool in 2012 and has since developed a portfolio of clients in the transport, banking and manufacturing sectors.
February 19, 2014, Halifax, NS – The agri-food export industry contributes significantly to the economic output of Atlantic Canada. To help build international and interprovincial trade in this category, the Halifax Port Authority will attend the International Potato Technology Expo in Charlottetown, PEI, on February 21 and 22, 2014.
An estimated 5,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) of potato product are exported through the Port of Halifax each year. Other agri-products moved through the Port include soybeans and wheat, both bulk and containerized.
January 16, 2014, Halifax, NS - There has been a very positive development regarding marine fuelling at the Port of Halifax. Sterling Fuels is expanding its marine fuelling operations into the Port of Halifax starting January 24, 2014.
November 27, 2013 - Halifax, NS - Congratulations to the Halifax Seaport Farmers' Market for being recognized as "Most Authentic Downtown Business" by the Downtown Halifax Business Commission Big Day Downtown 2013 Awards. And thank you to the Downtown Halifax Business Commission for this special recognition.
November 22, 2013 – Halifax, NS – Over a quarter of a million people visited the Port of Halifax during the cruise season. This year, the Port of Halifax welcomed 134 vessel calls with 252,121 passengers onboard from May 6 to October 31, 2013. The biggest passenger day was October 8, 2013 with approximately 8,700 passengers. The Port of Halifax also recognized its longstanding relationship with Holland America Line by planting tulips in honour of Holland America Line’s 140th Anniversary and 20 years of calls at the Port.
October 18, 2013 – Halifax, N.S. – The Halifax Port Authority is pleased to see the Federal Government sign the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement today with the European Union.
This important trade deal will create new opportunities for the Port of Halifax due to its location as the closest deep water North American port to northern Europe and the Mediterranean with strong links to the central Canadian market through rail and highway connections. There are several direct shipping routes connecting the Port of Halifax to countries in northern Europe and the Mediterranean.
“This milestone trade agreement with the European Union will lead to an increase in cargo activity through the Port of Halifax,” said Karen Oldfield, President and CEO, Halifax Port Authority. “An increase in trade with Europe will have long-term economic benefits for the Port of Halifax as a result of increased trade volumes.” Recent investments and ongoing capital projects position the Port of Halifax to be highly competitive with new infrastructure and seamless intermodal connections. “As one of Canada’s leading ports with Europe, the Port of Halifax stands ready to facilitate the increase in trade between Europe and Canada that this landmark agreementwill bring,” said Oldfield.
CETA is widely regarded as Canada’s most important trade agreement since the North American Free Trade Agreement, signed with the U.S. and Mexico in 1994.
October 17, 2013, Shenzhen, The People’s Republic of China – On October 14, 2013, the Honorable Mr. Huang Min, Director General of the Transport Commission of the Shenzhen Municipality and Mr. Geoffrey Machum, Q.C., Chair of the Halifax Port Authority signed a sister port relationship agreement between the Shenzhen Port Authority and the Halifax Port Authority.
The Honorable Ms. Shi Wei, Deputy Director General of the Transport Commission of the Shenzhen Municipality hosted the ceremony and Mr. Weldon Epp, Consul General for the Canadian Consulate in Guangzhou participated as a witness for Canada.
The Shenzhen port and its four larger terminal operators – Yantian, Chiwan, Shekou and Dachan Bay – has been the world’s fourth largest container port for 10 consecutive years and China’s second largest container port for 16 consecutive years. The Shenzhen port is the main container hub for the Province of Guangdong and the Pearl River economic zone.
The purpose of the twinning agreement is to develop two-way trade to grow the shipping business for both ports as well as deepen the understanding and build relations between the two regions. With this agreement the Halifax Port Authority is joining a family of sister agreements the Shenzhen Port Authority has with the Port of Antwerp, the Port of Zeebrugge, the Hamburg Port Authority and the Port of Virginia to name a few.
While work towards the agreement was started months ago, this cooperation agreement will support the supply chain logistics and the advice His Excellency Zhang Junsai, China’s Ambassador to Canada, provided during Port Days 2013. While addressing attendees during the Chairman’s Breakfast, His Excellency discussed the growing demand in China for commodities and resources from Atlantic Canada.
October 3, 2013 - Halifax, NS – The Halifax Port Authority is proud to partner with Ambassatours to support the activities of the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation (CBCF) - Atlantic Region during Breast Cancer Awareness Month. For a second year, the Halifax Port Authority has decided to “Get Pink’d!” during the month of October.
Visitors can tour Halifax in style aboard bright pink Ambassatours tour buses thanks to BIG Pink Sightseeing. The popular double-decker tours raise funds throughout the cruise-ship season, by donating $1 from each ticket sold on select buses to CBCF- Atlantic Region. During the month of October, the Halifax Port Authority has committed to matching this amount, up to $3,000.
Members of CBCF – Atlantic Region and Ambassatours will be on site at the Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market today to promote breast health and educate visitors. Additionally, employees of the Halifax Port Authority are being encouraged to Go Pink in their work place, with a casual day fundraising program.
September 27, 2013 – Halifax, NS –The Halifax Port Authority hosted a ceremony today to celebrate the longstanding relationship with Holland America Line. In honour of the 140th Anniversary of Holland America Line and 20 years of Holland America Line cruise ship calls at the Port of Halifax, the Halifax Port Authority planted 20 Holland America Line signature tulips in front of the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21.
Eurodam Captain Emiel de Vries took part in the event along with Marie Chapman, CEO of the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, Krista Dempsey, Vice President of Real Estate for the Halifax Port Authority and special guests Carolyn and Peter Matthews, who arrived in Canada at Pier 21 on a Holland America Line vessel in 1971.
The Halifax Seaport is a vibrant arts and cultural district found at the south end of the Halifax waterfront. Extending from Piers 19 to 23, this district has been redeveloped and is now a popular destination for locals and visitors alike.
September 25, 2013 – Halifax, NS – The Halifax Port Authority is inviting the public to experience the sights and sounds of a working port. People are invited to hop on a free double-decker bus tour to see cargo and cruise operations in action. There is no need to book in advance. Bus tours are first come, first served. The approximate duration of each tour is 1.5 hours. Tours will depart from the parking lot across from The Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 on the opposite side of Marginal Road.
Times: 12:00 p.m. to 1:30 p.m.
September 19, 2013 – Halifax, NS – The Halifax Port Authority is pleased to introduce “The Emigrant,” the latest public art installation at the Halifax Seaport district. The beautiful bronze and marble monument depicts an emigrant leaving his home country to start a new life in Canada. The piece was designed, sculpted and generously donated by artist Armando Barbon, who was on hand for the official unveiling.
“With this sculpture, I wanted to say ‘Thank you’ to the country that has been my home for the past 48 years,” said Barbon. “Every day, I feel blessed to be here, and I hope with this sculpture I am able to express the sense of hope and opportunity many new Canadians feel.” The monument is a tribute to the millions who left their home countries, and the significant contributions they have made on the history and culture of our country.
September 18, 2013 – N.S. – A new public art installation will be unveiled at the Halifax Seaport during Halifax Port Days 2013 (#hfxportdays). The monument is a tribute to the millions who left their home countries to come build new lives here in Canada. An official unveiling ceremony will take place at 1215 Marginal Road. The artist, Armando Barbon, along with his family will be in attendance along with members of the immigration and multicultural community, and several local dignitaries.
September 17, 2013 – N.S. – Asian trade through Halifax will be the central focus of Port Days 2013. The Port of Halifax has been increasing trade with Asia in recent years. Asian trade now accounts for 48% of containerized cargo moved through the Port of Halifax. Port Days 2013 is an excellent opportunity for the business community to learn about growth opportunities in Asia. Featured speakers this year include His Excellency Zhang Junsai, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Canada and Claude Mongeau, President and CEO of CN.
Media is invited to attend sessions taking place Thursday, Sept. 19, 2013.
Port Days 2013 is a conference for transport-related professionals. Each year, the annual event attracts hundreds of representatives from all facets of the shipping and transportation industry. Port Days 2013 is an opportunity for business owners and leaders to learn more about growth opportunities through the Port of Halifax. For more information, follow us on Twitter at www.twitter.com/portofhalifax.ca and search hashtag #hfxportdays. Business Session One will be livestreamed and can be viewed here.
September 12, 2013 - Halifax, N.S. - The Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market is launching a ‘Lunch & Learn’ series this fall. Everyone is welcome. The ‘Lunch & Learn’ sessions will take place at the Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market every Friday from noon to 1:00 p.m. starting September 13, 2013 and running until December 6, 2013. The cost per session is $2 and does not include food – bring your own or pick up something tasty at the Market. The first session will focus on school lunch solutions and will be hosted by Wendy McCallum, a registered holistic nutritionist.
The Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market hosted a series of public engagement sessions earlier this year. One of the themes coming out of those sessions was the interest in community programing and educational classes to be held at the Market. The ‘Lunch & Learn’ series will feature food demonstrations, wellness workshops, environmental sustainability and will explore issues relating to the local food movement. Sessions will be hosted by local chefs, nutritionists and local artisans.
For a complete schedule of events, check out our Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/HalifaxSeaportFarmersMarket#!/HalifaxSeaportFarmersMarket/events or simply drop by. Come ready to learn and be inspired.
August 26, 2013 - Halifax, N.S. - Standard & Poor’s has issued a release affirming the Halifax Port Authority’s credit rating at ‘A’ and revising the outlook on Halifax Port Authority to positive from stable. Please click for further details.
June 17, 2013 - Halifax, NS - The Honourable Gerald Keddy, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of International Trade, for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency and for the Atlantic Gateway and Member of Parliament for South Shore—St. Margaret’s, welcomed the Berlin Express to the Port of Halifax.
The Berlin Express as well as the Yantain Express and Dalian Express, owned and operated by Hapag–Lloyd, are the largest twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) container vessels to call in the Port of Halifax and on the Atlantic Coast of Canada. These Super Post Panamax vessels with 7506 TEU capacity, 700 reefer plugs and 100,000 deadweight tonnes at 320 metres in length are deployed by Hapag-Lloyd in the G6 Alliance’s AZX service between Asia and North America via the Suez Canal. The Port of Halifax and Ceres Terminal are the first inbound call from Asia. This new service provides Canadian companies with direct access between the growth markets in Asia for both dry and temperature control cargo. Asia is the fastest growing segment of the containerized business for the Port of Halifax.
Hapag-Lloyd has been a customer of the Port of Halifax since 1969. Hapag-Lloyd’s Canadian management recently received the Port’s high volume award for 2012. This was Hapag-Lloyd’s 15th consecutive year as the top volume carrier.
The Government of Canada has invested $52.5 million in the Port of Halifax for various projects to upgrade and improve its capacity. For example the government has contributed up to $17.5 million for the South End Container Terminal project at the Port of Halifax, which will allow the Port to berth two of the world’s largest ships simultaneously, giving it a competitive advantage in international trade.
The Government of Canada is committed to working with its public and private sector partners to help position the Atlantic Gateway and Trade Corridor as a key entry point into North America.
The Port of Halifax and the Atlantic Gateway and Trade Corridor are the shortest all-water and intermodal inland route between North America and markets in Europe and Asia via the Suez Canal.
June 11, 2013 – Halifax, NS – The annual Green Marine environmental evaluation has seen the Halifax Port Authority achieve top marks measured against the Green Marine criteria. The Port Authority recently scored top level ratings in the categories of Greenhouse Gases and Spill Prevention in the Green Marine 2012 evaluation which was released during the sixth annual GreenTech conference held in Vancouver, BC. This places the Halifax Port Authority among the top-rated Canadian ports as measured by Green Marine.
The level 5 rating in Greenhouse Gases is for implementing infrastructure upgrades that will continue to reduce air emissions from Port Authority activities, either on a large or small scale. The level 5 rating in Spill Prevention is for the completion of an oil/water separator installation program for the Halifax Port Authority’s most vulnerable areas.
The Halifax Port Authority also received a level 4 rating for Community Issues which measures continuous community engagement in all stages of infrastructure renewal projects. This is an increase over last year’s result. The level 5 rating in the environmental leadership category was maintained. The entire progress report can be found at http://www.green-marine.org/images/stories/progressreport2012.pdf. Final performance results for 2012 will be released in Green Marine’s annual report in the fall of 2013.
Green Marine is a North American environmental improvement program endorsed by the World Wildlife Federation Canada, Ducks Unlimited and Transport Canada. Participants agree to undergo a rigorous external audit every two years performed by Lloyd’s Register Quality Assurance. The program now has 186 members from across North America. The Halifax Port Authority joined in November 2011.
Halifax, NS - May 8, 2013 - The Honourable Denis Lebel, Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities, Minister of the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs along with Greg Wirtz, president, Cruise Lines International Association – North West and Canada and David Henderson, Vice Chair of Halifax Port Authority at an event to announce regulatory amendments that will reduce air emissions from ships navigating in Canadian waters.
The Honourable Denis Lebel, Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities, Minister of the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs, today announced that the Government of Canada is adopting strict environmental standards to reduce air emissions from ships navigating in Canadian waters.
1.Canada is further aligning its emission standards with the United States with the adoption of the North American Emission Control Area (ECA). Air emissions standards under the ECA are stricter than global requirements.
2.New standards will reduce allowable emissions of key air pollutants from ships. By 2020, emissions of sulphur oxide will be reduced by 96% and nitrogen oxides by 80%.
3.New energy efficiency requirements will reduce GHGs emissions from international shipping. By 2025, new vessels must be 30% more energy efficient and all vessels must have energy efficiency plans.
4.A new air emissions regime for Canadian vessels operating in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence waters will support industry efforts to modernize their fleet while phasing in the strictest sulphur oxide standards by 2020.
5.New standards will require marine diesel engines installed after January 1, 2016 to be certified to recognized US or international environmental standards.
6.A new standard will help manage greywater –the water that drains from a ship’s sinks, showers and laundries. Under the amendments, greywater discharged in Canadian waters (other than Arctic waters, which are subject to other standards) must not result in the deposit of solids or cause any sheen on the water.
7.Updated requirements for the transfer of oil between tankers will align Canadian requirements with IMO pollution prevention standards.
The Government of Canada is committed to reducing Canada’s GHG emissions, and has backed up that commitment by taking a number of measures. Here are four examples.
•Our actions include implementing regulations to reduce GHGs from coal-fired electricity plants, which will reduce GHGs by 214 megatonnes over the period 2015–2035. Canada is the only nation with regulations banning the construction of new coal-fired power plants that use traditional technology. As well, we now require all existing plants to shut down on a schedule, making Canada the first country in the world to do so.
•We are implementing regulations to improve fuel efficiency and reduce GHG emissions from new on-road heavy-duty vehicles and engines. With these tough new measures, GHG emissions from 2018 model-year heavy-duty vehicles will be reduced by up to 23 per cent.
•The government is consulting on regulations for cars and light trucks for model years 2017 to 2025. Our action to date will see GHGs from cars and light trucks fall by up to 50% by 2025 compared to 2008 models.
•We are implementing regulations requiring 5% renewable fuel in gasoline.
Transport Canada engaged numerous stakeholders including the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Coast Guard.
The Regulations Amending the Vessel Pollution and Dangerous Chemicals Regulations were pre-published in the Canada Gazette, Part I, on July 21, 2012.
For more information on the amendments please see backgrounder.
Throughout the 2013 cruise season, Halifax expects 133 vessels and approximately 240,000 passengers to visit between now and the end of October. The number of calls will build gradually over the summer months, gaining momentum in September as the fall foliage colours emerge. The busiest passenger day is expected to be October 8, with four ships arriving at the Halifax Seaport, carrying an estimated 8,700 passengers.
With the arrival of the Veendam, the Port of Halifax and Holland America Lines mark a significant milestone as this is the 20th year Holland America Lines vessels have been calling on Halifax. Each year, the Halifax cruise industry contributes approximately $50 million in direct spin-off expenditures for the local economy.
Halifax, NS - April 22, 2013 — The Honourable Peter MacKay, Minister of National Defence, on behalf of the Honourable Denis Lebel, Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities, Minister of the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs, today announced federal funding for new technology development at the Port of Halifax.
The Government of Canada has contributed funding towards the integrated port logistics system and the air gap system. The total cost of these two Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is estimated at $660,000, with the federal government contributing up to $330,000 under the Strategic Highway Infrastructure Program. In addition, the Port of Halifax is providing $330,000 towards the completion of these projects.
"A strong and efficient transportation sector is critical to Canada's future economic growth. I am proud that our government has supported these two Intelligent Transportation Systems projects, which will improve the efficiency of the supply chain, reduce costs, and increase the satisfaction of customers moving goods through Atlantic ports," said Minister MacKay. "Ultimately, these will increase safe, efficient and reliable traffic flows while reducing environmental impacts."
"Advanced technologies make it possible to improve operational safety, security, efficiency and environmental responsibility without changing the existing infrastructure," said Karen Oldfield, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Halifax Port Authority. "We look forward to working with our stakeholders to identify technologies that can improve operations, reduce costs, and increase customer satisfaction. The integrated port logistics system will use a market-driven approach to prioritize solutions, define business requirements, and develop and market the technologies. We appreciate the federal government's support of technology advancements that ensure we remain a highly competitive port."
With larger ships accessing the port, there is a need to continuously monitor vessel clearances under each of the harbour bridges. The upgrading and enhancing of the bridge air gap system will enable the port to identify exactly the ship clearance.
Port operators and shippers will have confidence in the ability of ships to transit beneath the bridge, preventing delays in accessing and leaving the port. These investments will ultimately help reduce levels of emissions and fuel usage and ensure the safety of the bridges and will also result in increased efficiency and safety for port users.
Under the ITS Strategic Plan for Canada, En Route to Intelligent Mobility, the Government of Canada committed to advancing the development and deployment of innovative technologies across Canada. To date, about 200 technology projects have received funding under this plan, totalling over $30 million.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Annual Meeting of the Halifax Port Authority will be held in Heritage Hall at the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, 1055 Marginal Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, on Wednesday, May 15, 2013 at 9:00 a.m. This meeting is open to the public.
DATED at Halifax, Nova Scotia, April 12, 2013.
SOYEZ AVISÉS PAR CET AVIS que l’Assemblée générale annuelle de l’Administration portuaire de Halifax se tiendra à la Salle du patrimoine au Musée canadien de l’immigration du Quai 21, chemin Marginal, Halifax, Nouvelle-Écosse, le mercredi 15 mai à 9 h. Cette assemblée est ouverte au public.
DATÉ à Halifax, Nouvelle-Écosse, le 12 avril 2013.
Monday, February 18, 2013 – Orlando, Fla. – The Port of Halifax is promoting its international supply chain advantages this week at the Retail Industry Leaders Association’s Logistics 2013 Retail Supply Chain Conference in Orlando, Fla. Specifically, the Port is focused on showcasing its benefits for inbound cargo from Asia, which include a quicker overall transit time than any other east coast North American port.
The four-day event will consist of panel discussions, keynote addresses, networking sessions, sponsor exhibit and trade show. Logistics 2013 is the largest event of its kind in North America. More than 130 international retailers will be represented at the annual conference, which runs from Feb. 17-20 at Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center in Orlando.
February 14, 2013 – Halifax, N.S. – The Halifax Port Authority is pleased to welcome Mr. Lantz Siteman to its board of directors.
Mr. Siteman was appointed as a Port User nominee today, February 14, 2013 by the Honourable Denis Lebel, Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities.
“We are very pleased to have Mr. Siteman joining the Port Authority board of directors,” said Geoff Machum, Chair, Halifax Port Authority Board of Directors. “He brings with him extensive business experience including many years spent in the financial industry which will serve him well in carrying out his duties as a director."
Mr. Siteman was Canada Trust Company's district vice president and regional manager for Atlantic Canada until he retired in 2001. As part of the executive team, he contributed to the planning and merger of two national companies in the 1980's, coordinating operations in the Atlantic Provinces to help bring the project to fruition.
He has served on a range of boards as well as being involved in community ventures since his retirement. These include currently serving on the board of the Certified General Accountants Association of Nova Scotia and previously as vice chair of the Association for the Eastern Shore Industrial Development Corporation, committee chair of the United Way of Halifax and director of the Eastern Shore Tourist Association.
HALIFAX, NS - January 23, 2013— The Port of Halifax will be the first port in Atlantic Canada to implement shore power for cruise ships, beginning with the 2014 cruise season.
Today's announcement, which was made at Canada's largest East Coast port by the Honourable Peter MacKay, Minister of National Defence, Graham Steele, MLA Halifax Fairview on behalf of Percy Paris, Minister of Economic and Rural Development and Tourism for Nova Scotia, and Karen Oldfield, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Halifax Port Authority, represents a $10-million cooperative initiative among the Government of Canada, the Province of Nova Scotia and the Port of Halifax.
"Our government continues to make significant investments in Nova Scotia's future. We know that a thriving tourism industry is a key part of ensuring Nova Scotia's economic prosperity and we are happy to grow this sector of Nova Scotia's economy while helping the environment,” said Minister MacKay. “Be it the $25 billion federal initiative to build ships in Nova Scotia, offshore oil exploration or tourism, our government is committed to growing Nova Scotia's economy and creating more jobs."
"We know Nova Scotians want good jobs and a thriving tourism industry, and this investment represents part of our jobsHere plan to move toward a more prosperous future," said MLA Steele. "The province is supporting the businesses and workers that depend on the cruise ship industry, creating quieter and cleaner conditions for visitors and Nova Scotian families, and positioning Nova Scotia as a more attractive destination."
"The support of this project from both the federal and provincial governments will both help the environment and ensure Halifax remains a marquee port-of-call on the Canada-New England itinerary," said Ms. Oldfield. "The cruise industry is an important part of our local economy, generating an estimated $50 million per year in economic impact."
Funding for the Shore Power Technology for Ports Program was provided under the Clean Transportation Initiatives in Budget 2011 as part of the renewal of the Government of Canada's Clean Air Agenda. These initiatives focus on aligning Canadian regulations with those in the United States and with international standards, improving the efficiency of the transportation system, and advancing green technologies through programs such as Shore Power Technology for Ports. These initiatives will help Canada achieve its economy-wide target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 17 per cent from 2005 levels by 2020.
Halifax, NS – January 16, 2013 - The Ports of Halifax and Sheet Harbour are showcasing their abilities at the 79th annual Forest Products Association of Nova Scotia (FPANS) Annual General Meeting.
“Forest products are an important export from our region,” said Patrick Bohan, Manager of Business Development, Halifax Port Authority. “A wide variety of types of forest products are shipped out of the Ports of Halifax and Sheet Harbour including lumber, pulp and paper products, Christmas trees and wood chips to countries around the world."
Halifax, NS – January 8, 2013 – The Port of Halifax is promoting the Port’s ability to handle grain and pulse products at Saskatchewan Pulse Days and the Western Canadian Crop Production Show.
The production of pulse products has increased in Canada and has grown approximately fivefold in the past 20 years. In 2011, Canada exported an estimated 4.3 million tonnes of pulse products worth approximately $5 billion dollars. Products are exported to countries in Europe, the Middle East, the Indian sub-continent and South America. “The combination of our bulk storage and transload positions Halifax as a key export gateway for the growing agrifood business,” added Bohan.
December 20, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. - The Halifax Port Authority Board of Directors has renewed Karen Oldfield as President and Chief Executive Officer.
“The Board of Directors has renewed Karen Oldfield's contract for a term of five years effective January 1st, 2013. "We are pleased to have Karen's leadership role continue at the Port of Halifax,” says Geoff Machum, Chair, Halifax Port Authority Board of Directors.
Ms. Oldfield's new contract will expire December 31st, 2017.
December 3, 2012 – Sao Paolo, Brazil – The Ports of Halifax and Sheet Harbour are being promoted at the Journal of Commerce Breakbulk conference in Sao Paolo, Brazil this week.
Both ports are participating in the Atlantic Gateway delegation that is attending the conference. Brazil is the world’s fifth largest country in terms of population and geographic area. “We see a unique audience in Brazil to promote our capabilities as part of this Canadian delegation,” said Patrick Bohan, Manager of Business Development, Halifax Port Authority.
As one of the four emerging economies in the BRIC countries, Brazil is predicted to become the world’s fifth largest economy. “Brazil is a fast growing economy with a market of roughly 200 million people. The connections and capabilities we have at both Ports makes us a natural trade gateway for breakbulk and containerized trade going to this region,” said Mr. Bohan.
Over the next four years, Brazil will host the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympics both events will mean significant construction and development as the country upgrades its infrastructure.
As you are aware from Friday updates, the Nova Scotia Farmers’ Market Development Cooperative (FMDC) and the City Market of Halifax Collaborative (CMHC) have been formalizing a “lease surrender” which was finalized last week. This step means that the HPA can now start the transition to begin operations at the Market which we anticipate happening in mid December.
From past Halifax Seaport community consultation sessions, the HPA knows the public’s interest in having accessible, vibrant, public spaces in this district. We also know the high level of commitment of vendors and customers who want to see a Market continue operating on the Halifax waterfront. The HPA plans to continue operating a Farmers' Market and build on its great potential.
We recognize that this past year has been a challenging period for vendors. Now that the formal transition is underway, we look forward to working with you, as well as customers and other stakeholders, to plan for a sustainable future for this space. We will be back to vendors shortly with more information and will be seeking your input to inform our long-term planning efforts.
There are some priorities that will require attention in the short term, but our intention is that the Market continues to operate with its existing schedule and with minimal disruptions, allowing you to focus on serving your customers during the busy holiday season. We want to support you during this important pre-Christmas shopping period and are planning some marketing efforts over the next few weeks.
We will be back to vendors soon with more updates and look forward to working with you all , to create a sustainable future for the Market.
November 23, 2012 - HALIFAX, NS – This week marks the beginning of a transitional period at the Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market. The Nova Scotia Farmers’ Market Development Cooperative (FMDC) and the City Market of Halifax Cooperative Ltd. (CMHC) have taken the final steps to formally surrender their lease to the Halifax Port Authority (HPA), landlord for the Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market.
In May, CMHC, FMDC and HPA began discussions towards the surrender of the lease. The surrender agreement has been finalized and HPA will now commence the transition process to reacquire its premises over the coming weeks and begin to operate the Market at the Halifax Seaport.
The Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market will continue to operate with its current schedule. Over the coming months, HPA will work with stakeholders to address immediate priorities and develop a long-term plan for enhanced use of the space.
The Halifax Port Authority develops and manages 258 acres of property in support of the port’s diverse cargo and cruise lines of business and is a catalyst for local, regional and national economic growth. Revenue generated from operations allows for reinvestment in the port properties. The HPA is landlord for the Halifax Seaport district which has been redeveloped over the past 10 years as an area for residents and visitors to enjoy.
City Market of Halifax Cooperative Ltd.
November 19, 2012 - Halifax, NS - The Port of Halifax along with tourism partners, Seaport tenants and members of the community today celebrated the 2012 cruise season.
This year, the Port of Halifax welcomed 134 vessels with 252,847 passengers onboard from April 12 until November 1.
The Port of Halifax marked a significant milestone this year, welcoming over three million passengers to Halifax since cruise ships began calling here three decades ago.
"Cruise ships are an important part of helping make Nova Scotia's tourism industry globally competitive," said Economic and Rural Development and Tourism Minister Percy Paris." We want to congratulate the Port of Halifax on a successful cruise season, which is helping to create good jobs and grow the economy throughout the province."
Each year, the Halifax cruise industry contributes approximately $50 million in direct spin-off expenditures for the local economy. The 2013 cruise season will begin in May.
November 13, 2012 – Istanbul, Turkey – This week the Halifax Port Authority is promoting the breakbulk and heavy-lift capabilities of the ports of Halifax and Sheet Harbour in Istanbul, Turkey.
“Turkey has a lot of potential to become a key market for the Ports of Halifax and Sheet Harbour with its strong history of breakbulk and heavy-lift cargoes and its strategic location between East and West Europe,” said George Malec, Vice-President Business Development and Operations, Halifax Port Authority.
Turkey is already a key export market for bulk commodities such as woodchips from Nova Scotia. “This event provides us with an opportunity to meet with importers and exporters to promote the benefits of moving their goods through our ports to a wider audience,” added Mr. Malec.
The Halifax Port Authority is accepting bids on the vessel Rascal, which was raised from the Northwest Arm on Tuesday, October 9, 2012. The vessel is for sale on an as is, where is basis. Bids for the vessel will be accepted until Friday, November 23 at 4 p.m.
The Halifax Port Authority makes no representation as to the value or seaworthiness of the vessel Rascal. Viewing of the vessel can be arranged by contacting the Senior Manager, Operations at (902) 426-1796 or by e-mail at [email protected].
Upon acceptance of a bid, the new owner will have 10 days to remove the vessel from Halifax Port Authority premises.
The Halifax Port Authority does not bind itself to accept any bid.
November 7, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – Today, the Honourable Denis Lebel, Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities, announced the reappointment of Mr. D. Geoffrey Machum, Q.C. to the Halifax Port Authority board of directors.
Mr. Machum was first appointed to the board in 2006 and was reappointed in 2009 as a Port User appointee. He was elected by the board to a second term as Vice-Chair in October 2009 and continued in this role until he was elected Chair in May 2012.
Mr. Machum will continue to Chair the Board of Directors providing guidance as the HPA implements its business strategy and engages stakeholders both locally and internationally. He currently sits on the Governance, Seaport, Human Resources & Compensation and Gateway Strategy Committees of the Board.
Mr. Machum is actively involved in the community including as a member of the Board of Directors of Symphony Nova Scotia where he chairs its governance committee and as a member of the Board of Governors of the Halifax Grammar School. He has also enjoyed involvement with the United Way's Leadership Giving Campaign and with the Mental Health Foundation of Nova Scotia.
November 1, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. - The Halifax Port Authority sent representation to Montreal for the fifth annual Arctic Shipping North America Forum this week to showcase the potential of the ports of Halifax and Sheet Harbour to accommodate breakbulk and project cargoes.
Of specific relevance to arctic shippers is space for a staging area at both ports.
“The development of the Arctic provides great potential for Logistec,” said Curtis Doiron, General Manager – Sales, Logistec Corporation. “As the need for project and re-supply cargo increases, The Port of Halifax and the Port of Sheet Harbour with their substantial laydown space, access to major intermodal networks, and strategic location are very well positioned to play a critical role in the development of the North."
The conference focused on the strategic challenges and commercial opportunities for the Arctic. It was attended by more than 180 trade and transport influencers, including government officials, shippers and international industry leaders.
October 29, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – This week the final ships of the 2012 cruise season will be arriving in the Port of Halifax. Due to Hurricane Sandy there have been several changes to the cruise schedule this week.
The 2012 season will now end on November 1 instead of October 30 with three additional vessels calling Halifax. Approximately 3,000 cruise passengers will be aboard these three vessels.
In September two ships, carrying approximately 2,300 cruise passengers, diverted from Halifax because of weather.
October 24, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. - The Port of Halifax and CN have reinforced their business development efforts in Asia with the recent appointment of new commercial representatives in the region.
The Port of Halifax and CN have jointly hired Ajay Kumar Singh as their representative in Mumbai, India, effective October 1. Singh will help to market the Port of Halifax as a gateway to North America using CN's rail network.
"The hiring of Ajay will give the port and CN increased commercial presence in Southeast Asia," said George Malec, Vice-President of Business Development and Operations for the Halifax Port Authority. "The increased market intelligence should help us secure more traffic from this highly dynamic part of the world economy."
CN earlier this year established a representative in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and has longstanding representation in Hong Kong, Taipei, Seoul and Tokyo. CN also has people in Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shenzhen, and Shanghai, where Lonny Kubas, CN's general manager, Asia, is based.
The Port of Halifax has had a dedicated business development manager in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for four years and this existing representative will work closely with CN's new representative.
The Port of Halifax's percentage of cargo activity with Asia has grown in recent years, surpassing Europe as the largest source of traffic. Currently, 45 per cent of all cargo moved through Halifax originates from or is destined for Asia. CN's direct involvement in Halifax's business development in India and Vietnam is a positive step toward advancing the port's opportunity in Asia even further.
"CN is pleased to be working closely with the Port of Halifax on this market outreach," said Keith Reardon, CN Vice-President, Intermodal Services. "Together we hope to improve the effectiveness of our customers' supply chains and in turn draw more business over the port and CN's North American rail network."
HALIFAX, NS, October 12, 2012 – October not only marks the busiest month of the cruise season for the Port of Halifax, it is also Breast Cancer Awareness Month. That is why the Halifax Port Authority has decided to “Go Pink” during the month of October, in support of the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation (CBCF) – Atlantic Region.
Visitors can tour Halifax in style aboard bright pink buses thanks to BIG Pink Sightseeing. The popular double-decker tours raise funds throughout the cruise-ship season, by donating $1 from each ticket sold on select buses to CBCF- Atlantic Region. During the month of October, the Halifax Port Authority has committed to matching this amount, up to $3,000.
With thousands of visitors stopping through the Port of Halifax this month CBCF-Atlantic Region was onsite in early October to promote breast health and educate visitors. Additionally, employees of the Halifax Port Authority are being encouraged to Go Pink in their work place, with a casual day fundraising program.
Since 1986, the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation (CBCF) has been at the forefront of a nation-wide movement to raise awareness and mobilize action on breast cancer. Today, CBCF is the leading organization in Canada dedicated to creating a future without breast cancer. Our investments in vital research, education and health promotion programs have led progress in breast cancer detection, diagnosis, treatment and care.
October 11, 2012 – Houston, Texas – The ports of Halifax and Sheet Harbour have representation in Houston, Texas this week for Breakbulk Americas 2012, the largest event in North America for companies involved in moving heavy-lift, project and traditional breakbulk cargoes.
With more than $100 billion worth of major projects underway in Atlantic Canada, the ports of Halifax and Sheet Harbour are well positioned to handle project-related cargo.
“Major investment is expected in our region in the coming years and Halifax and Sheet Harbour are in a great strategic position to handle the associated breakbulk and project cargo opportunities," said Patrick Bohan, Manager of Business Development for the Halifax Port Authority. "Breakbulk Americas provides an opportunity to highlight the emerging opportunities in Atlantic Canada in oil and gas, power generation and major projects."
Recent facility enhancements, including the ongoing expansion of Richmond Terminals, have readied the Port of Halifax to accommodate more breakbulk activity. The HPA also recently took over operations of the Port of Sheet Harbour, which offers an abundance of laydown area for heavy lift and project cargoes, as well as easy truck access to major centres in North America.
The HPA is attending as part of a group representing Canada’s Atlantic Gateway, which also includes the ports of Saint John, Belledune, Corner Brook and St. John’s.
About 230 exhibitors and 3,500 attendees are expected at the four-day event, which runs from Oct. 8-11 at the George R. Brown Convention Centre.
The Port of Halifax is exhibiting at booth 759.
October 4, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. - Late today, the Board of Directors of the City Market of Halifax Cooperative Ltd. (CMHC) met to take the next step to surrender its lease to the Halifax Port Authority (HPA), landlord for the Farmers' Market facility.
In May, CMHC and Nova Scotia Farmers’ Market Development Cooperative, Ltd (FMDC) gave approval to their boards to negotiate the surrender of the lease. During the interim period, CMHC and HPA have been working through details surrounding the surrender which will allow the operations for the Market to be transferred to HPA in an orderly manner over the fall months.
"We are looking forward to working with the Market Cooperatives’ Boards of Directors to take the next steps forward and finalize a plan to stabilize the Market. As soon as we are able to, the Halifax Port Authority aims to work with vendors, customers, the community and others involved in the Market to ensure a sustainable, vibrant future for this public space at the Halifax Seaport," said Paul MacIsaac, Senior Vice President, Halifax Port Authority.
The Market will continue to operate with no immediate changes. For information, please visit www.halifaxfarmersmarket.com or www.halifaxseaport.ca.
The Halifax Port Authority develops and manages 260 acres of property in support of the Port’s diverse cargo and cruise lines of business and is a catalyst for local, regional and national economic growth. Revenue generated from operations allows for reinvestment into Port properties. The HPA is landlord for the Halifax Seaport district which has been redeveloped over the past 10 years as an area for residents and visitors to enjoy.
HALIFAX, N.S. – Today, the Halifax Port Authority (HPA) will celebrate welcoming over three million cruise passengers to our city.
September 19, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. - Port Days 2012 is a conference for transport-related professionals featuring a mix of business sessions and networking opportunities. This year’s theme is “Emerging Supply Chains Through Halifax.” Discussions will focus on the many initiatives underway that will result in major capital projects and investments in the Atlantic region and how they’ll affect the Port of Halifax.
This event features speakers from across the supply chain and showcases the diversity of the business at the Port of Halifax. The media is invited to attend Port Days sessions taking place on Thursday, September 20, which will include speakers from the following organizations: Ambassatours Gray Line, Atlantic Provinces Economic Council, CN, Halifax Port Authority, Liquor Control Board of Ontario, Logistec Stevedoring Inc., MAN Diesel & Turbo Canada, Transportation Media, UPS Canada and ZIM Integrated Shipping Services (Canada) Co. Ltd.
For more information, follow us on Twitter at www.twitter.com/portofhalifax and search hashtag #hfxportdays.
September 18, 2012 - The Halifax Port Authority has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Panama Canal Authority. The Port of Halifax is the first port in Canada to sign an MOU with the Panama Canal Authority.
The purpose of the Memorandum of Understanding is to identify business opportunities, increase awareness of the ports, exchange information, and undertake joint marketing initiatives.
“Asian cargo is growing over the Port of Halifax and with the Panama Canal expansion nearing completion, large ships will soon have another route option available to and from North America and the Port of Halifax,” said Karen Oldfield, President & CEO, Halifax Port Authority. “With Halifax’s transit time advantages for our Asian target markets, it makes sense for us to establish a strategic partnership with the Panama Canal Authority and this MOU will be mutually beneficial for both ports.
September 17, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – The Halifax Port Authority and the Halifax Stanfield International Airport hosted a reception together this evening in Shanghai, China to promote Halifax as an east coast gateway.
The reception was hosted as part of the Council of the Federation trade mission to China, led by Premier Darrell Dexter. This event provided the Port of Halifax and Halifax Stanfield International Airport with the opportunity to promote Halifax as an international connection point for moving people and trade to and from North America.
Local Nova Scotia businesses participating in the mission also had the opportunity to network and talk about potential opportunities. The reception was also hosted in partnership with the Canada China Business Council. Approximately 120 people attended.
“We are pleased to continue building relationships in China and with the completion of our main runway extension program in November, we look forward to increasing our cargo and passenger traffic with the Asian market,” said Jerry Staples, Vice President, Air Service Marketing & Development with Halifax International Airport Authority.
September 14, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – The Honourable Keith Ashfield, Minister for the Atlantic Gateway, today visited the Port of Halifax to mark progress on two significant projects. Led by Halifax Port Authority representatives, Minister Ashfield toured the site of the recently completed South End Terminal Expansion project and the construction site of the Richmond Terminals Multipurpose Gateway Improvements project.
"Today we take an important step forward as we celebrate investments in the Port of Halifax that will not only improve trade and traffic flows to and from the region's largest deep-water port, but will also benefit the economy by facilitating trade in the Atlantic region as a whole," said Minister Ashfield. "Halifax will be able to attract economic opportunities as a result of these improvements to the Port. These projects will improve the competitiveness of the Port by facilitating the movement of international trade through the Atlantic Gateway and Trade Corridor. Strategic infrastructure investments like these are key to our Gateway's success."
The Government of Canada is contributing up to $17.5 million for the South End Container Terminal project, which will allow the Port of Halifax to berth two of the world's largest ships simultaneously, giving it a competitive advantage in international trade. The Government of Canada's contribution of up to $36.5 million to the Richmond Terminals project will upgrade and expand the port's value-added and breakbulk cargo handling services.
"Having the right infrastructure is key to being a highly competitive trade gateway," said Karen Oldfield, President and CEO, Halifax Port Authority. "These terminal enhancements, co-funded with the Government of Canada, ensure we are able to accommodate future growth of both containerized and breakbulk cargo operations in the Port of Halifax."
Canada's Atlantic Gateway and Trade Corridor is the shortest all-water route between North America's East Coast and markets in Europe and Asia, via the Suez Canal. Double-stack rail service provides a direct link to Chicago in 71 hours, and a two-hour fly zone connects the Atlantic Gateway to Montreal, Toronto, Boston and New York.
More information on Canada's Atlantic Gateway can be found at www.atlanticgateway.gc.ca.
September 14, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – The Halifax Port Authority (HPA) is pleased to announce that David Henderson has been elected Vice-Chair of its Board of Directors. Mr. Henderson was first appointed to the Halifax Port Authority Board of Directors in October 2007 and was subsequently reappointed for a second three-year term. He was elected by the Board as Vice-Chair in September 2012 for a term of two years. He currently chairs the Security, Environment & Safety Committees and serves on the Audit and Gateway Strategy Committees.
Mr. Henderson is a highly successful sales professional with over 35 years of experience. He has held positions of responsibility as a sales representative and account manager for the Atlantic region for two leading international manufacturing companies. He is currently the Atlantic Territory Account Manager for Samsung Electronics Canada Inc. In addition, David also manages a portfolio of residential real estate in HRM.
An active member of the community, David is Past President of the Nova Scotia Mixed Curling Association, past member of the Kiwanis Club and a member of the Canadian Professional Sales Association. He is also a fundraiser for numerous charities.
September 5, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. - Standard & Poor’s has issued a release today affirming the Halifax Port Authority’s credit rating at ‘A’. Please click here for further details.
August 30, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – The Halifax Port Authority salutes Ruth Goldbloom, O.C., who passed away yesterday.
Ruth championed the creation of the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 to tell the stories of the one million immigrants who came through the doors of Pier 21 to begin their lives in Canada. In addition, Ruth had a long-standing history of volunteer service to the local community and many organizations.
The Halifax Port Authority wishes to express our condolences to Ruth’s family and friends.
The HPA will fly flags at the Halifax Seaport at half mast today and tomorrow in remembrance of Ruth.
August 28, 2012 - Sheet Harbour, N.S. - Nova Scotia Business Inc. (NSBI), today, Aug. 28, introduced the community of Sheet Harbour to its new port manager, The Halifax Port Authority.
Through a well-attended open house at the Eastern Shore Wildlife Association Lodge, community members had a chance to meet the new operator and learn more about the Halifax Port Authority's transition and management plans.
Federal and provincial representatives were also on hand to welcome the new port managers to the community.
"This new management arrangement has the potential to position Sheet Harbour as a port of choice and economic driver for the region," said Jim Boudreau, Guysborough-Sheet Harbour MLA, on behalf of Percy Paris, Minister of Economic and Rural Development and Tourism.
NSBI signed a contract July 1 with the Halifax Port Authority to assume management responsibilities for the Sheet Harbour Marine Terminal.
"The Port of Sheet Harbour is in good hands with the Halifax Port Authority," said Peter MacKay, Regional Minister for Nova Scotia. "I am confident that the new leadership will help to re-invigorate the port, and that they will work hand-in-hand with the community to bring work to the area and to grow this valuable gateway to the region, to Nova Scotia and to trade corridors beyond our borders."
The Port of Sheet Harbour is provincially owned through NSBI and was constructed by the province in 1989.
"We would like to acknowledge the great work the community members have done in helping this become a reality," said Stephen Lund, president and CEO, NSBI."We look forward to a successful relationship with both the community and the Halifax Port Authority for years to come."
Nova Scotia Business Inc. worked with the community group Port of Sheet Harbour Governance Committee, during the selection process of the new port manager.
"The community is very optimistic that the new manager will bring the port to new heights. We have a lot of stevedores working away from home who are looking forward to having more opportunities at the port," said Anthony Turner, member of the Port of Sheet Harbour Governance Committee.
The port is well suited for marine and resource-based industry, manufacturing, and container shipping.
"We want to thank the community of Sheet Harbour for the warm welcome they have provided us," said George Malec, vice-president business development and operations, Halifax Port Authority.
"The Port of Sheet Harbour is an important asset to this community and we are committed to growing the business to benefit the local economy."
Nova Scotia Business Inc. manages multiple ports and industrial parks across the province. For more information about ports and industrial parks in Nova Scotia, visit http://nsbi.ca/property.
Nova Scotia Business Inc. is the province's private-sector-led business development agency. Through trade development, investment attraction, business financing and venture capital, NSBI assists local companies and attracts international companies to Nova Scotia.
For more information, visit www.nsbi.ca and follow online at www.nsbi.ca/connect.
The Port of Halifax was recently at Vietfish 2012, an annual seafood show in Vietnam. For the second straight year, we shared a booth space with Hoang Ha International Logistics, a freight forwarder specializing in seafood.
Last year, 21 per cent of our imports from Vietnam were seafood, up from about 12 per cent in 2010.
In this photo are Anh Ngo, the Port of Halifax's Business Development Manager in Vietnam, and Daniel Doan, CN Business Development Manager in Vietnam.
July 24, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – The Atlantic Gateway - Halifax Logistics Park, located in Burnside Business Park, welcomes Nova Cold Storage, as its first full-service, refrigerated and frozen food logistics centre. Nova Cold has broken ground on a $9.5 million state-of-the-art facility, located on Wilkinson Avenue.
Nova Cold is expanding to accommodate its frozen fish and processed foods storage business, servicing processors, exporters, and freight forwarders. When complete, the new 60,000 sq. ft., federally inspected, cold storage transloading facility will house 5,500 pallets, enough to fill 250 ocean containers.
The Atlantic Gateway - Halifax Logistics Park is an ideal distribution site, offering logistics companies large acreage lots within the urban core of the municipality. The Park is serviced by five major highways and is within a 10-15 minute commute of the international Port of Halifax, Halifax Stanfield International Airport, and CN rail’s intermodal yard.
Since 2006, 50 acres of the Atlantic Gateway - Halifax Logistics Park have been developed. Today eight companies offer warehousing, customs clearance, transloading, freight forwarding and other value-added services including “just-in-time” delivery. The Logistics Park is also well positioned to play a support role to the companies engaged in the $70 billion in mega projects taking place in Atlantic Canada including the $25 billion Halifax Shipyard contract.
“Our region has the transportation infrastructure to compete globally and new private sector investment from companies such as Nova Cold Storage is an indication that our strategy to become Canada’s preferred eastern gateway is working,” said Joyce Carter, Chair of the Halifax Gateway Council and Chief Financial Officer and Chief Strategy Officer of Halifax International Airport Authority.
Phase 1 of the Atlantic Gateway - Halifax Logistics Park is currently underway, comprising 140 acres of serviced lots and Phase 2 will offer an additional 128 acres for future development opportunities.
For more information visit www.halifaxgateway.com and click on “Land.” A fact sheet and photos of development at the Atlantic Gateway - Halifax Logistics Park are available upon request.
Strategically positioned on the east coast of Canada, Halifax Gateway is comprised of the Halifax Stanfield International Airport, the international Port of Halifax, two super post-Panamax container terminals, CN Rail, a strong logistics and warehousing sector and excellent highway infrastructure. The Halifax Gateway is managed by the Greater Halifax Partnership. www.halifaxgateway.com.
June 28, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. – Today, the Halifax Port Authority participated in a round table discussion on infrastructure in St. John’s, Newfoundland.
The discussion focused on the Government of Canada’s long-term infrastructure plan that will extend beyond the expiry of the Building Canada plan in 2014. Participants were invited to share insights and ideas to assist in creating a cohesive long-term plan. The new plan will focus on investments that support long-term economic growth.
Honourable Denis Lebel, Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities joined the Honourable Peter Penashue and Tom Hedderson, Minister of Transportation and Works from Newfoundland and Labrador for the roundtable discussion. Participants at these regional roundtables included provincial, territorial, municipal and business leaders.
Zim is adding a new call at Halifax from July on the Zim Container Service Atlantic, known as the ZCA service.
The first Halifax call is scheduled for July 19th by the 4,250 teu Zim Texas, which starts the new westbound port rotation from Haifa on July 3rd.
Transit times from Tarragona to Halifax with 7 days, 8 days from Genoa, and 14 days from Haifa.
The service is operated with 6 x 4,250 teu vessels and the service will use the Halterm Terminal in Halifax.
Port rotation of the ZCA will then be : Haifa, Piraeus, Genoa, Tarragona, Halifax, New York, Savannah, Kingston, Tarragona and back to Haifa.
Zim also calls at the Halterm Terminal on the ZCP service covering the Asia/USWC/USEC/Canada trade.
Halifax Port Authority will manage operations of the Port of Sheet Harbour Terminal.
Nova Scotia Business Inc. has signed a contract, effective July 1, 2012, with the Halifax Port Authority to assume management responsibilities of the Sheet Harbour Marine Terminal. The 10-year agreement is performance-based with an option to renew.
The Halifax Port Authority will manage and operate the port under an agreement that includes performance goals.
"The Halifax Port Authority has a global network within the industry and a proven track record," said Stephen Lund, president and CEO of Nova Scotia Business Inc. "With this new agreement, NSBI and the Sheet Harbour steering committee's objective is to see increased annual hours worked at the port and to stimulate economic growth for the Sheet Harbour community."
The Halifax Port Authority will provide multiple, competitive stevedoring companies an opportunity to use the terminal.
"We welcome the Halifax Port Authority to our community and the opportunities it can bring to Sheet Harbour," said Anthony Turner, port of Sheet Harbour steering committee member.
The port is in Sheet Harbour on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia and it is well suited for marine and resource-based industry, manufacturing and being an intermediate port for ships on their way to another destination. Companies have already established processing and shipping facilities at the port as a competitive alternative to other locations.
"We know that the port of Sheet Harbour is an important asset and we look forward to working with all of the diverse members of the community to make this a successful undertaking," says George Malec, vice-president of business development and operations, Halifax Port Authority.
Nova Scotia Business Inc., the Halifax Port Authority and community representatives from the port of Sheet Harbour steering committee will host an open house for the community. Details will be announced shortly.
Nova Scotia Business Inc. is the province's private-sector-led business development agency. Through trade development, investment attraction, business financing and venture capital, NSBI assists local companies and attracts international companies to Nova Scotia. For more information, visit www.nsbi.ca and follow online at www.nsbi.ca/connect .
The Halifax Port Authority will manage operations of the port of Sheet Harbour terminal.
Stephen Lund, president and CEO of NSBI, says the objective is to increase activity at the port and stimulate economic growth for the Sheet Harbour community.
The 10-year agreement includes performance objectives.
June 21, 2012 - Halifax, Nova Scotia - Today, the Halifax Gateway Council (HGC) held its Annual General Meeting. Business conducted at the meeting included the appointment of Board Members, approval of the annual financial statements, and the appointment of auditors.
Joyce Carter, Vice President Finance, CFO and CSO, Halifax International Airport Authority was unanimously reappointed as Chairperson of the Halifax Gateway Council. Carter thanked the Board for its ongoing support, noting "it is a privilege to represent the Halifax Gateway."
Carter noted that this past year has been one of unprecedented cooperation among stakeholders. "By operating under a single banner, the Halifax Gateway efficiently delivers a multimodal transportation system that moves thousands of people and tonnes of cargo every day."
$28 million being invested in the main runway extension program at the Halifax Stanfield International Airport. This investment is provided by the Government of Canada, the Province of Nova Scotia, and Halifax International Airport Authority.
$35 million being invested in the lengthening of the South End Container terminal allowing for the berthing of two super post-Panamax ships simultaneously. This investment is cost-shared by the Halifax Port Authority and the Government of Canada.
$73 million being invested in Richmond Terminals for the upgrade and expansion of the facility to provide additional capacity for breakbulk and project cargos. This investment is cost-shared by the Halifax Port Authority and the Government of Canada.
Record passengers were processed through Halifax Stanfield International Airport (approximately 3.6 million).
9.5 million metric tonnes of port cargo.
CN's Autoport processed 190,000 vehicle shipments.
Halterm Container Terminal Ltd. announces plans to purchase two new super post-Panamax cranes.
Two new tenants secured in the Halifax Logistics Park, Nova Cold Storage and Cherubini Group of Companies, bringing the total to eight.
Halifax Gateway wins 1st place marketing award for its awareness building collateral.
The Greater Halifax Partnership, the lead economic development organization for Halifax, provides day-to-day management of the HGC. Nancy Phillips, the Partnership's Director of Business Development, is also the Executive Director of the Halifax Gateway Council.
John Hamblin, President, Clarke IT Solutions Inc.
Captain Sid Hynes, Executive Chairman, Oceanex Inc.
WBLI Chartered Accountants were reappointed as auditors for the 2012-2013 fiscal year.
Established in 2004, the Halifax Gateway Council provides a forum for transportation stakeholders in the Halifax region to work collectively to improve the competitiveness and efficiency of goods and passenger movements through Atlantic Canada's primary gateway. Its vision is to be the preferred eastern Gateway for North America.
June 20, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. -This year an estimated 22,700 Canadian women and 200 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Halifax cruise passengers, the Port of Halifax and a bus tour company are hoping to change these statistics.
Ambassatours Gray Line, Atlantic Canada launched a unique fundraising campaign three years ago. Ambassatours Gray Line offers Hop On, Hop Off tours of Halifax on 18 pink buses to passengers on cruise ship days. For every passenger, Ambassatours Gray Line donates $1 per passenger to the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation, Atlantic Region.
Today, Ambassatour Gray Lines President Dennis Campbell presented Halifax Port Authority CEO Karen Oldfield with a Big Pink Bus as a thank you to the Port of Halifax for their support and to recognize their efforts to expand and grow the cruise industry in Halifax.
Halifax is not the only city who will be seeing pink this summer. Gray Line New York is starting a similar initiative and will have four pink buses providing tours of famous Big Apple landmarks such as Central Park and the Empire State Building. "It is a real honour to see an idea that was started here in Atlantic Canada being used in such a prominent tourism destination," said Dennis Campbell, President Ambassatours and Big Pink. "It is wonderful to see even more people helping to find a cure."
"Earlier this month Ambassatours presented CBCF with a cheque for $60,000, raised through their Big Pink Sightseeing tours in Atlantic Canada," said Jane Parsons, CEO, Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation - Atlantic Region. "Corporate support like this enables us to continue our efforts in creating a future without breast cancer."
"The high number of cruise ship passengers coming to Halifax provides a great fundraising opportunity and visitors enjoy the tours and like to know they are also supporting an important cause," said Karen Oldfield, President and CEO, Halifax Port Authority.
Disney Magic crew members will be visiting more than 130 children in two hospitals in Halifax and Saint John with character visits this week. Over the years, these visits have grown into a tradition for crew members to demonstrate our commitment to the local community.
In September, the Disney Magic will reposition to sail 6-, 7- and 8-night Western Caribbean itineraries from Galveston, Texas for the first time. In May of 2013, the Disney Magic will cross the Atlantic to begin a summer season in the Mediterranean.
Based in Celebration, Fla., Disney Cruise Line is focused on providing a setting where families can reconnect, adults can recharge and kids can immerse themselves in worlds of fantasy only Disney can create. Most recently, the company was recognized by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler magazine as the top “Cruise Ships of the World,” with the Disney Magic being voted No. 1 and the Disney Dream and Disney Wonder tying for No. 2. Travel + Leisure magazine also ranked Disney Cruise Line the No. 1 Large-Ship Cruise Line for Families. To learn more about Disney Cruise Line or to book a vacation, guests can contact their travel agent, visit disneycruise.com or call Disney Cruise Line at 888-DCL-2500. Travel agents can call Disney Cruise Line at 888-325-2500 or visit disneytravelagents.com.
For additional information on Disney Cruise Line and to download photos, visit its media-only website at: www.dclnews.com.
His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston, Governor General of Canada, (left centre) met with Halifax Port Authority officials for a port briefing on Friday, June 1, 2012. With His Excellency in this photo are (from left): Vice-President Business Development & Operations George Malec, President & CEO Karen Oldfield and Vice-Chair Tom McInnis.
June 1, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – The Port of Halifax welcomed His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston, Governor General of Canada, for a briefing on the advantages of the Port of Halifax today.
Port officials provided an overview of the Port of Halifax and how Halifax connects shippers to markets worldwide.
“The Port of Halifax is one of Canada’s trade gateways and we have a long history of moving goods and people to and from Canada. We were pleased to have the opportunity to discuss the role the Port of Halifax plays as a trade gateway with His Excellency,” said Karen Oldfield, President and CEO, Halifax Port Authority.
Halifax connects exporters and importers with 150 countries especially in Europe and Asia which was highlighted throughout the briefing.
May 30, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – The Port of Halifax was recognized for its environmental leadership in Green Marine’s 2011 evaluation released Tuesday at the fifth annual GreenTech Conference in Quebec City, Que. The Halifax Port Authority performed better than average for the 20 port authorities listed by Green Marine.
Environmental actions the Port has taken to meet and exceed compliance in this area include: conducting regular documented safety and environmental inspections; advocating public transportation, installing bike racks and using an electric car; preventing tour bus idling; and following standard practices to prevent water pollution, including the installation of oil-water separators. The Port of Halifax was the first port in Canada to achieve an ISO14001 certification in 2005.
Halifax also received a level 4 rating (indicating introduction of new technologies) for greenhouse gases and air pollutants and level 2 ratings (indicating systematic use of a defined number of best practices and regulatory compliance) for water and land pollution prevention as well as conflicts of use.
Green Marine is a voluntary initiative in which participants agree to undergo a rigorous external audit every two years performed by Lloyds Registry Quality Assurance. The program now has 161 members from across North America. Under Green Marine, overall environmental performance of ports, terminals and shipowners in Canada and the U.S. has improved for the third year in a row. The Port of Halifax joined in November 2011.
Notice is hereby given that the Annual Meeting of the Halifax Port Authority will be held at the Westin Nova Scotian Hotel, 1181 Hollis Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, on Thursday, June 28, 2012 at 9:00 a.m. This meeting is open to the public.
Dated at Halifax, Nova Scotia, May 28, 2012.
Soyez avisés par cet avis que l’Assemblée générale annuelle de l’Administration portuaire de Halifax se tiendra à l’hôtel Westin Nova Scotian, 1181, rue Hollis, Halifax, NouvelleÉcosse, le jeudi 28 juin 2012 à 9 h. Cette assemblée est ouverte au public.
Des copies des états financiers vérifiés peuvent être consultées par le public au bureau enregistré de l’Administration portuaire de Halifax, à l’édifice de l’Administration portuaire, 1215, chemin Marginal, durant les heures régulières de bureau (de 8 h 30 à 17 h).
Daté à Halifax, Nouvelle-Écosse, le 25 mai 2012.
May 23, 2012 - Halifax, NS - Last night, the group operating the Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market (City Market of Halifax Cooperative Ltd., CMHC) voted to turn their lease back to the Halifax Port Authority (HPA), landlord for the Farmers’ Market facility.
The HPA will work with CMHC to finalize a hand over of the Market building as they finalize a plan to deal with creditors.
“People like to buy local and they love their Farmers’ Market. Vendors, customers and our community want a thriving Market on the waterfront and we do too,” said Paul MacIsaac, Senior Vice President, Halifax Port Authority. “Our goal is to work with everyone involved who can help to make this happen. It will take some time and we will need lots of input along the way".
May 17, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – Business Development representatives for the Port of Halifax will be in Antwerp, Belgium next week to showcase the Port’s heavy-lift and project cargo handling capabilities at one of the industry’s largest conferences of its kind – Breakbulk Europe 2012.
Breakbulk cargo at the Port of Halifax has experienced growth recently with total breakbulk volumes at the Port of Halifax – including commodities such as telephone poles, machinery, steel and rubber – growing in the first quarter of 2012 by over 100 per cent compared to the same quarter of 2011.
Over 4,300 participants attended Breakbulk Europe 2011, including more than 180 international exhibitors and sponsors. This year’s event, running from May 22-24, features panel and keynote discussions, workshops and networking events for those in the heavy-lift and breakbulk transportation sector.
The Port will be exhibiting at booth #401H2 Canada’s Atlantic Gateway all three days.
May 10, 2012 – Halifax, N.S. – The Halifax Port Authority is pleased to announce that D. Geoffrey Machum, Q.C. has been elected Chair of its Board of Directors. Mr. Machum has served on the Halifax Port Authority Board of Directors since 2006 and was reappointed in 2009 as a Port User appointee. He was elected by the Board to a second term as Vice-Chair in October 2009 and continued in this position until his election as Chair.
Mr. Machum is a senior partner with the law firm Stewart McKelvey, where he serves on the firm's regional Partnership Board and the firm’s Human Resources and Governance Committee. Mr. Machum is actively involved in the community including as a member of the Board of Directors of Symphony Nova Scotia and past involvement with the United Way and the Mental Health Foundation of Nova Scotia.
The Honourable Thomas J. McInnis has been elected Vice-Chair. Mr. McInnis was first appointed to the Board of Directors in 2008 and has subsequently been reappointed for a second term of three years. Mr. McInnis served as MLA from 1978 to 1993, during which time he held various Ministerial portfolios, including Transportation, Municipal Affairs, Education, Community Services, Economic Development, Labour, Attorney General and Deputy Premier. He is past President of the Nova Scotia Chamber of Commerce and President of the Sheet Harbour & Area Chamber of Commerce.
Two new Directors have also been appointed to the Halifax Port Authority board of directors.
Mr. Hector Jacques, O.C., has been appointed by the Halifax Regional Municipal Council as the Municipal director. Mr. Jacques formed Jacques Whitford and Associates Limited in 1972, is a recipient of Entrepreneur of the Year award, and was inducted into the Nova Scotia Business Hall of Fame in 2001.
Mr. Ted Larsen has been appointed a director in the inland transportation category of Port Users. Mr. Larsen is a longstanding member of the Halifax business community. He is a local business owner, developing and managing a portfolio of commercial and residential real estate.
Mr. Jacques and Mr. Larsen will join directors Trevor Johnson, David Henderson and Anne Galbraith.
May 10, 2012 - Halifax, N.S. - The Halifax Port Authority was pleased to be a sponsor of the May 10 Halifax Chamber of Commerce's Distinguished Speaker Series which featured Don Stephenson, Chief Trade Negotiator, Canada-India Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement with the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (top). Mr. Stephenson spoke to the Halifax Business Community about the future of Canada-India economic relations focusing on the ongoing trade negotiations between Canada and India. We were also pleased to have Ms. Preeti Saran, the Indian Consul General (middle), based in Toronto, in attendance to bring greetings from India as well as Mr. Satish Thakkar, President of the Indo Canadian Chamber of Commerce (bottom), also from Toronto, to introduce Mr. Stephenson.
April 12, 2012 – HALIFAX, N.S. – The 2012 cruise season gets underway today at the Port of Halifax with the inaugural call of Azamara Journey.
Halifax expects 130 vessels and 235,000-245,000 passengers to visit this season.
Azamara Journey, making its first-ever visit at the Port of Halifax, will also be the first of two Titanic-themed memorial cruises to call Halifax to start the season, the second being Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines’ vessel Balmoral, which will dock for an overnight stay on April 16. Passengers onboard both vessels will be treated to a special Halifax welcome including dockside highlanders and a complimentary Halifax Seaport postcard with one of Canada Post’s new Titanic commemorative stamps.
Cruise traffic will gradually pick up through the spring and summer before the height of the season in September and October as many tourists flock to the region on a fall foliage itinerary. The busiest part of the season will peak on Oct. 1 when five vessels with a combined maximum capacity over 8,600 passengers will dock at the Halifax Seaport for the day.
Each year, the Halifax cruise industry contributes approximately $50 million in direct spin-off expenditures for the local economy.
April 5, 2012 - HALIFAX, N.S. - The province is helping Nova Scotia businesses find new ways to ship their product, and increase the competitive advantage of the Port of Halifax, with a $500,000 loan guarantee to American Feeder Lines International.
The province announced the investment today, April 5, to support the company's weekly shipping service from Halifax to Boston and Portland.
"Strong transportation links are the key for exporting our products to international markets, and for economic growth," said Percy Paris, Minister of Economic and Rural Development and Tourism. "This investment will create good jobs and help to make Nova Scotia businesses be more competitive, and that's what jobsHere is all about."
This investment supports up to 40 direct and indirect jobs, and is designed to compete for a share of the global supply chain with New England estimated to be roughly 240,000 containers a year that are now moving by truck or rail through other North American ports. Capturing a piece of this market represents a tremendous business opportunity.
"American Feeder Lines International truly appreciates this support from Nova Scotia and the Port of Halifax in our endeavour to serve the Canadian and New England market," said Floyd Long, company director of Finance. "Our weekly service provides fast transit times and connects with direct routes serving Asia and Europe, resulting in additional container volume both today and tomorrow."
Working in partnership with the Halifax Port Authority, this additional trade route into the New England market further strengthens the Port of Halifax's position as a strategic entry and exit point for goods going to and from North America.
"This loan guarantee will ensure American Feeder Lines has the financing available to aggressively market their service which is an important trade link between Nova Scotia, Atlantic Canada and New England," said Paul MacIsaac, senior vice president of the Halifax Port Authority.
The Nova Scotia Jobs Fund pursues investment opportunities for communities in transition, industry sectors, regional support, small businesses programs, infrastructure and large industrial ventures.
March 19, 2012 - HALIFAX, N.S. - Hapag-Lloyd has renamed one of its vessels after the Port of Halifax. Hapag-Lloyd, a leading global container shipping company, has been calling the Port of Halifax for over 40 years. This is the first time a container vessel has been named after the Port of Halifax.
The Halifax Express is a Dallas Express Class vessel and has capacity for 4,890 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units). The Halifax Express joins six other Dallas Express Class vessels including: the Dallas Express, Oakland Express, Rotterdam Express, Seoul Express, Singapore Express and Tokyo Express.
A celebration was held onboard the ship today to commemorate the naming.
To see what route the Halifax Express takes, please visit www.halifaxgetsitthere.com and click on route maps.
We want to address questions about the Port of Halifax head on.
First, the Halifax port community is focused on growing our diverse port and no terminals are closing or relocating. We have a Strategic Plan in place to develop and, when required, expand our current facilities and we will continue to advance that plan in close cooperation with port and community partners.
For approximately seven years, we have been asked to comment about other proposed port developments in Nova Scotia. Our focus has remained on building the Port of Halifax. Over the past five years alone, the Halifax Port Authority has invested over $147 million on world class infrastructure. Our business is extremely diverse and very strong. This is why the Standard & Poors Rating Agency has given the Halifax Port Authority an “A” stable rating, the first commercial credit rating achieved by a Canadian Port. One component of our business, containerized cargo, is highly subject to the world economy which has been extremely volatile over the past few years.
It has been suggested that the Halterm-operated terminal should close and merge with Ceres, or move to Shearwater, or move to another part of the Province, to make room for residential and commercial development on the south end land. Cargo terminals in Halifax are on federal land and the HPA manages these port assets with private sector operators. Both terminals are a key part of the Port's long-term plan. Thanks to major private, Federal and HPA investments, both terminals are well-positioned "big ship" container terminals with capacity to triple volumes then expand to adjacent land as cargo grows.
The Halifax Port Authority, terminal operators and the rest of the port community have no interest in doing anything other than continuing the existing strategy of developing what we currently have. The Halifax Gateway Council, CN, labour unions, warehouse operators, trucking companies and many others in the supply chain have urged us to stick to our plan. We are focused on continued investment in our existing port facilities.
As required by the Canada Marine Act, the Board of Directors (including representatives of the Municipal, Provincial and Federal governments plus Port users) along with the Senior Management Team at the Halifax Port Authority have formed, and are executing a Strategic Plan. This work will continue.
We have invited all the declared mayoralty candidates to visit the port for briefings and tours. We will keep all of them apprised of our strategic plan going forward.
We’re in this for the long haul along with a committed port community.
March 8, 2012 – Boston, MA – The Port of Halifax’s business development team will be at the International Boston Seafood Show from Sunday, March 11 until Tuesday, March 13 to promote the port’s seafood handling capabilities.
This event is the largest seafood showcase in North America. This year’s show will feature about 900 exhibits of fresh, frozen and packaged seafood products as well as processing equipment and service providers. Last year’s event drew 18,000 attendees from 120 countries.
While in Boston, a special event with New England businesses is planned in conjunction with American Feeder Lines and the New England ports involved in the shipments on that service. The American Feeder Lines service provides a vital link between New England and Halifax, allowing shippers to access world-wide markets through the Port of Halifax.
Seafood exports at the Port of Halifax exceeded 15,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) in 2011 and accounted for 9.1 per cent of total containerized export tonnage. The Port is well-equipped with 1,000 reefer plugs to accommodate temperature-controlled cargo at its two container terminals – Fairview Cove and the South End Container Terminals.
The Port will be exhibiting at booth #1370 all three days.
February 29, 2012 – HALIFAX, N.S. – “Reliable. Efficient. Effective. Get it there with the Port of Halifax.” That’s the message the Port is spreading to existing and potential containerized cargo customers with a new, dedicated containerized cargo website.
HalifaxGetsItThere.com is the Port’s new containerized-cargo-focused website with features that are currently unrivalled in the shipping industry. Customers can use tools such as the Transit Time Calculator – an industry first – to enter the origin, destination and inland transportation mode of their goods to determine the total transit time for their imports via the Port of Halifax.
Using the Route Maps and Transit Time Calculator tools on the site, visitors can gain a clearer understanding for why Halifax has become a key link in many shippers’ supply chains. For instance, while it may seem quicker to route all Asian cargo through the west coast of North America, port congestion, terminal and rail dwell, and inland rail or truck haul are all factors that eat away at any initial on-the-water time savings.
This website, supported by a digital and print ad campaign, is one element of the Port's cargo strategy to connect with cargo owners, shipping lines and third-party logistics providers. With faster inland transit to Central Canada and the Midwest by rail or road than any other east coast port, the Port of Halifax is touting its efficiencies that make the total transit time a competitive offering for many cargo customers.
February 24, 2012 – CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I. – The Port of Halifax is participating in the International Potato Technology Expo in Charlottetown today and tomorrow to pitch its diverse cargo handling capabilities to Prince Edward Island’s agricultural community.
“Potato products are among the highest-volume export commodities shipped via the Port of Halifax,” said Patrick Bohan, Manager of Business Development for the Halifax Port Authority. “This event provides the Port of Halifax with an opportunity to profile its cargo handling capabilities to a large portion of the industry in Prince Edward Island, including goods and services providers,” said Bohan.
Each year about 5,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) of potato product are exported through the Port of Halifax. The Port is investing in infrastructure to serve this industry even better.
The International Potato Technology Expo will also include farm equipment dealers and soybean growers. Many potato farmers alternate their crops between potatoes and soybeans annually.
The Expo runs from 9 a.m. – 6 p.m. today and 9 a.m. – 4 p.m. on Saturday in the Charlottetown Civic Centre. You can visit the Port of Halifax in the main exhibition building at booth 324B.
February 8, 2012 – HALIFAX, N.S. – The Port of Halifax today released its preliminary 2012 cruise season schedule with ships visiting from April through October. This season, Halifax will have six new ships calling for the first time and two turnarounds with cruise ships starting their voyage in Halifax.
The first two ships to call Halifax this year will be Titanic-themed cruises, visiting to commemorate one of the greatest maritime disasters in history. Marking 100 years since the sinking of the Titanic, Azamara Journey will visit Halifax for the first time on April 12 as the first vessel of the season. On April 16, Fred Olsen Cruise Lines’ Balmoral will make an overnight stay.
Other vessels making their inaugural calls in 2012 include: Sun Princess (July 18), Norwegian Gem (Sept. 10), Quest for Adventure (Sept. 16) and Artania (Oct. 7).
Quest for Adventure, operated by Saga Cruises, will make two turnaround calls – one during its inaugural on Sept. 16 and another on Oct. 1. Halifax is predominantly a port of call destination, but these turnaround calls will have passengers begin their cruise from Halifax. “These turnaround cruises are a chance for Atlantic Canadians who have been looking to depart on a cruise ship from Halifax on a cruise to do just that,” said McGrail.
The season will wrap up on Oct. 30 when Seven Seas Navigator and Emerald Princess visit for the day.
The Halifax cruise industry contributes approximately $50 million annually in direct expenditures to the local economy.
Go to www.cruisehalifax.ca for the full 2012 schedule. | 2019-04-26T13:58:33Z | http://secure.portdays.com/english/news-and-events/index.html |
Control measures shall be devised to reduce the possibility of exposure of the eye and skin to hazardous laser radiation and to other hazards associated with the operation of lasers and laser systems. This applies during normal operation and maintenance by users, as well as by Manufacturers during the manufacture, testing, alignment, servicing, etc. of lasers and laser systems.
There are four basic categories of controls useful in laser environments. These are engineering controls, personal protective equipment, administrative and procedural controls, and special controls. The controls to be reviewed here are based upon the recommendations of the ANSI Z-136.1 standard.
The controls specified by the ANSI Z-136.1 standard have been rather universally adopted by industry, medicine and government as the “user requirements” of lasers. In general, the controls are rather easily implemented by the LSO of the facility.
For all users of lasers and laser systems, it is recommended that the minimum radiation level be used for the required application. If levels higher than the MPE are required, it is recommended that such higher powered lasers be “embedded” in a Class I laser system configuration whenever feasible.
Designs for lasers, laser systems, and the associated work areas shall be predicated upon the classification of the laser or lasers used. Generally, all purchased systems will be classified by the manufacturer in accordance with the Federal Standard. However, it is the responsibility of the LSO to confirm the classification and recommend or approve all control measures prior to laser equipment or facility use.
Important in all controls is the distinction between the functions of Operation, Maintenance and Service. First, laser systems are classified on the basis of level of the laser radiation accessible during operation. Maintenance is defined as those tasks specified in the user instructions for assuring the performance of the product and may include such tasks as routine cleaning or replenishment of expendables. Service functions are usually performed with far less frequency than maintenance functions (vis: replacing the laser resonator mirrors, repair of faulty components) and often will require access to the laser beam by those performing the service functions. Service functions should be clearly delineated as such in the product’s manuals.
The LSO has the authority to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards and effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards. The LSO administers the overall laser safety program where the duties include, but are not limited to items such as confirming the classification of lasers, effecting (or doing) the NHZ evaluation, assuring that the proper control measures are in place and approving substitute controls, approving SOP’s, recommend and/or approve eyewear and other protective equipment, special appropriate signs and labels, approve overall facility controls, effect proper laser safety training as needed, effect medical surveillance and designate the laser/incidental personnel categories.
The LSO should receive detailed training including an understanding of lasers, laser bioeffects, exposure limits, classifications, NHZ computations, control measures (including area controls, eyewear, barriers…) and medical surveillance.
In many industrial situations, the LSO will be a parttime activity, depending on number of lasers and general laser activity. The individual is often in the corporate industrial hygiene department or may be a laser engineer with safety responsibility. Some corporations implement an internal laser policy and effect safety practices based upon the ANSI Z-136.1 standard as-well-as their own corporate safety requirements.
Perhaps the most common form of a Class I laser system is a high power laser that has been totally enclosed (embedded) inside a protective enclosure equipped with appropriate interlocks and/or labels on all removable panels or access doors. Beam access is prevented, therefore, during operation and maintenance.
Such a completely enclosed system, if properly labeled and properly safeguarded with a protective housing interlocks (and all other applicable engineering controls), will fulfill all requirements for a Class I laser and may be operated in the enclosed manner WITH NO ADDITIONAL CONTROLS for the operator.
It should be noted that during periods of service or maintenance, controls appropriate to the class of the embedded laser may be required (perhaps on a temporary basis) when the beam enclosures are removed and beam access is possible. Beam access during maintenance or service procedures will not alter the Class I status of the laser during operation.
It is becoming quite commonplace, particularly with some industrial materials processing lasers, to have an enclosure that surrounds the area around the laser focusing optics and encloses the immediate area of the workstation almost completely. Often, a computer controlled positioning table is located within this enclosure; there is often a gap of less than one-quarter of an inch between the bottom of the enclosure and the top of the material to be laser processed. Such a design provides the needed mobility relative to the stationary laser.
Such a system would not meet, perhaps, the stringent “human access” requirements of the FLPPS for a Class I laser, but the real laser hazards are well confined. Such a design provides what can be called a limited open beam path. In this situation, the ANSI Z-136.1 standard recommends that the LSO shall effect a laser hazard analysis and establish the extent of the NHZ. In many system designs, (such as described above), the NHZ will be extremely limited and procedural controls (rather than elaborate engineering controls) will be sufficient.
Such an installation will require a detailed standard operating procedure (SOP). Training is also needed for the system operator commensurate with the class of the embedded laser.
Protective equipment (eye protection, temporary barriers, clothing and/or gloves, respirators ..etc) would be recommended, for example, only if the hazard analysis indicated a need or if the SOP required periods of beam access such as during setup or infrequent maintenance activities. Temporary protective measures for service is handled in a manner similar to service of any embedded Class IV laser.
There are several specific applications areas where high power (Class IIIB and Class IV) lasers are used in an unenclosed beam condition. This would include for example, open industrial processing systems (often incorporating robotic delivery), laser research laboratory installations, surgical installations…etc.
Such laser uses will require that a complete hazard analysis and NHZ assessment be effected by the LSO. Then, the controls implemented will reflect the magnitude and extent of hazards associated with the accessible beam.
For example, some 100 watt Nd:YAG laser processing systems may require beam access controls during use. As summarized in Table VII-2, the intrabeam (direct) hazard extends from 792 to 1410 meters, depending upon whether a 10 second or 8 hour MPE criteria is used in the NHZ calculation. Similarly, with a lens on the laser, the hazard exists over a range from 6.3 to 11.3 meters. The diffuse reflection zone is, however, markedly smaller; it ranges from 0.8 to 1.4 meters. None-the-less, this analysis suggests that operating personnel and support staff close to the laser would still need laser eye protection, even for diffuse reflections.
If, however, the LSO provides a detailed procedural control to limit the “beam on” condition only to situations where the lens was in place and the beam was only focussed onto the workpiece, then the extent of potential hazard would be limited to diffuse reflections and, in a “worst case” scenario, to the specular reflections of the focussed beam. This implies a maximum hazard region that extends no greater than about 30 feet. This certainly would project outside a typical laser processing area; hence the LSO would be proper in requiring either a barrier be placed just inside the entrance way so as to prevent an unlikely stray beam from going out a doorway, or requiring a means of entryway interlocking.
Similar analysis are also given in Table VII-2 for a 500 Watt CO(2) and a 5 Watt argon laser. Note that the NHZ’s do not vary for the CO(2) laser (because the MPE values are nearly identical for 10 second and 8 hour criteria). Also note that the diffuse reflection NHZ’s are very small except for the 8 hour criteria for the argon laser. In most cases, 0.25 seconds be used with visible lasers unless intentional staring is possible.
CLASS IIIA (BEAM IRRADIANCE 2.5 mW/cm(2)), CLASS IIIB AND CLASS IV LASERS: Require the DANGER sign format: white background, red laser symbol with black outline and black lettering, Figure VII-1. Note that under ANSI Z-136.1 criteria, area posting is required only for Class IIIB and Class IV lasers.
CLASS II OR CLASS IIIA AREAS (IF THE LSO CHOOSES TO POST): All signs (and labels) associated with these lasers (when beam irradiance for Class IIIA does not exceed 2.5 mW/cm(2)) uses the CAUTION format: yellow background, black symbol and letters.
During times of service and other times when a temporary laser controlled area is established, a NOTICE sign format is required: white background, red laser symbol with blue field and black lettering, Figure VII-3. This sign is only posted during time when service is in progress.
This includes appropriate training of the individuals in aspects of laser safety (see Laser Training).
The beams shall not, under any circumstances, be transmitted from an indoor laser controlled area unless for specific purposes (such as testing). In such cases, the operator and the LSO must assure that the beam path is limited to controlled air space.
Supervised directly by of an individual knowledgeable in laser safety.
Require approved entry of any non-involved personnel.
Terminate all potentially hazardous beams in a beam stop of an appropriate material.
Use diffusely reflecting materials near the beam, where appropriate.
Personnel within the laser controlled area are provided with appropriate laser protective eyewear.
Secure and locate the laser such that the beam path is above or below eye level in any standing or seated position.
Have all windows, doorways, open portals…etc. from an indoor facility covered or restricted so-as-to reduce transmitted beams below appropriate ocular MPE level.
Require storage or disabling of lasers when not in use.
1. All personnel entering a Class IV area shall be adequately trained and provided proper laser protective eyewear.
2. All personnel shall follow all applicable administrative and procedural controls.
3. All Class IV area/entryway controls shall allow both rapid entrance and exit under all conditions.
4. The controlled area shall have a clearly marked “Panic Button” (disconnect switch) that allows rapid deactivation of the laser.
Non-Defeatable Entryway Controls: A non-defeatable control, such as a magnetic switch built into the entryway door which actuates a “beam off” condition when the door is opened is one option. In this case, training is required only for persons regularly working in the laser area.
Defeatable Entryway Controls: Defeatable controls may be used at an entryway, for example, during long term testing in a laser area. In this case the controls may be temporarily by- passed if it is clearly evident that there is no hazard at the point of entry. Training is required for all personnel who frequently require area entry.
Procedural Entryway Controls: A blocking barrier, or screen, or curtain which can block or filter the laser beam at the entryway may be used inside the controlled area to prevent the laser light from exiting the area at levels above the applicable MPE level. In this case, a warning light or sound is required outside the entryway that operates when the laser is energized and operating. All personnel who work in the facility shall be appropriately trained (see Laser Training).
One of the more important of the so-called administrative and procedural controls is the written Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). The ANSI Z-136.1 standard requires an SOP for a Class IV laser and recommends SOP’s for Class IIIB lasers.
The key to an effective SOP is the involvement of those individuals that operate, maintain and service the equipment in the preparation along with guidance from the LSO. Most laser equipment is provided with instructions for safe operation by the manufacturer, however sometimes these are not well suited to a specific application due to special use conditions.
One of the highest rate of laser eye accidents occurs during alignment tasks. Such procedures must be done with extreme caution. A written SOP is recommended for all recurring alignment tasks.
Persons unnecessary to the laser operation should be kept away. For those who do enter the laser area, appropriate eye protection and instruction is recommended.
Protective equipment for laser safety generally means eye protection in the form of goggles or spectacles, clothing and barriers and other devices designed for laser protection.
This includes special prescription eyewear using high optical density filter materials or reflective coatings (or a combination of both) to reduce the potential ocular exposure below MPE limits. Some applications, such as use of high power excimer lasers operating in the ultraviolet, may also dictate the use of a skin cover if chronic (repeated) exposures are anticipated at exposure levels at or near the MPE limits for skin. In general, it is recommended that other controls be employed rather than reliance specifically on the use of protective eyewear. This argument is predicated on the fact that so many accidents have occurred when eyewear was available but not worn. There are many reasons cited for this, but the most common is that laser protective eyewear is often dark, uncomfortable to wear and limits vision.
Area control can be effected in some cases using special barriers which have been specifically designed to withstand either direct and/or diffusely scattered beams. In this case, the barrier will exhibit a Barrier Threshold Limit (BTL) for beam penetration through the barrier during some specified exposure time (typically 60 seconds). The barrier is located at a distance from the laser source so that the BTL is not exceeded in the “worst case” exposure scenario.
Currently available laser barriers exhibit BTL’s ranging from 10 W/cm(2) to 350 W/cm(2) for different laser wavelengths and power levels. An analysis is usually required (done in a manner similar to the NHZ evaluations described previously) that establishes the recommended barrier type and installation distances for a given laser.
Important in the design is the factor of flammability of the barrier. It is essential that the barrier not support combustion and be consumed by flames following an exposure.
The most universal controls are so-called engineering controls (see Table VII- 4). Usually, these are items built into the laser equipment that provide for safety. In most instances, these will be included on the equipment provided by the laser manufacturer as so-called “performance requirements” mandated by the FLPPS.
A Laser shall have an enclosure around the laser which limits access laser radiation at or below the applicable MPE level. A protective housing is required for all classes of lasers, except of course, at the beam aperture.
In some cases, the walls of a properly enclosed room area can be considered as the protective housing for an open beam laser. Such a “walk in” enclosure can also be a CDRH Class I provided that controls preclude operation with personnel within the room (vis: pressure sensitive floor mat switches, IR sensors, door interlocks..etc.).
All Class IV lasers and laser systems require a master switch control. The switch can be operated by a key or computer code. When disabled (key or code removed), the laser is not capable of operation. Only authorized system operators are to be permitted access to the key or code. Inclusion of the master switch control on Class IIIB lasers and laser systems is also recommended but not required.
Interlocks, filters or attenuators are to be incorporated in conjunction with beam shutters when optical viewing systems such as telescopes, microscopes, viewing ports or screens are used to view the beam or beam reflection area. For example, an electrical interlock could prevent laser system operation when a beam shutter is removed from the optical system viewing path. Such optical filter interlocks are required for all but Class I lasers.
Class IV lasers require a permanently attached beam stop or attenuator which can reduce the output emission to a level at or below the appropriate MPE level when the laser system is on “standby.” Such an beam stop or attenuator is also recommended for Class IIIA and Class IIIB lasers.
An audible tone or bell and/or visual warning (such as a flashing light) is recommended as an area control for Class IIIB laser operation. Such a warning system is mandatory for Class IV lasers. Such warning devices are to be activated upon system start up and are to be uniquely identified with the laser operation. Verbal “countdown” commands are an acceptable audible warning and should be a part of the standard operating procedures (SOP).
The ANSI Z-136.1 standard requires that any portion of the protective housing that is intended to be removed only by service personnel and permit direct access to an embedded Class IIIB or Class IV laser will have either an interlock or require that a tool is used in the removal process. If an interlock is used and is defeatable, a warning label indicating this fact is required on the housing near the interlock. The design shall not allow replacement of a removed panel with the interlock in the defeated condition.
Interlocks which cause beam termination or reduction of the beam to MPE levels must be provided on all panels intended to be opened during operation and maintenance of all Class IIIA, Class IIIB and Class IV lasers. The interlocks are typically electrically connected to a beam shutter and, upon removal or displacement of the panel, closes the shutter and eliminates the possibility of hazardous exposures.
For embedded Class IIIB and Class IV lasers only, the interlocks are to be “failsafe”. This usually means dual redundant electrical series connected interlocks are associated with each removable panel.
Adjustments or procedures during service on the laser shall not cause the safety interlocks to become inoperative or the laser radiation outside a Class I laser protective housing to exceed the MPE limits, unless a temporary laser controlled area is established.
All Class IV lasers or laser systems are to be provided with a remote interlock connector to allow electrical connections to an emergency master disconnect (“Button panic button”) interlock or to room, door or fixture interlocks. When open circuited, the interlock shall cause the accessible laser radiation to be maintained below the appropriate MPE level. The remote interlock connector is also recommended for Class IIIB lasers.
The LSO shall be notified of the purchase of any laser, regardless of the class. Such notification should include the classification, media, output power or pulse energy, wavelength, repetition rate (if applicable), special attachments (frequency doublers…), beam size at the laser aperture, beam divergence and users.
No attempt shall be made to place any shiny or glossy object into the laser beam other than that for which the equipment is specifically designed.
Eye protection devices which are designed for protection against radiation from a specific laser system shall be used when engineering controls are inadequate to eliminate the possibility of potentially hazardous eye exposure (i.e., whenever levels of accessible emission exceed the appropriate MPE levels.) This generally applies only to Class IIIB and Class IV lasers. All laser protective eyewear shall be clearly labeled with optical density values and wavelengths for which protection is afforded.
Skin protection can best be achieved through engineering controls. If the potential exists for damaging skin exposure, particularly for ultraviolet lasers (200-400 nm), then skin covers and or “sun screen” creams are recommended.
HANDS – Most gloves will provide some protection against laser radiation. Tightly woven fabrics and opaque gloves provide the best protection.
ARMS – A laboratory jacket or coat can provide protection for the arms. For Class IV lasers, consideration should be given to flame resistant materials.
Accident data on laser usage has shown that Class I, Class II Class IIA and Class IIIA lasers are normally not considered hazardous from a radiation standpoint unless illogically used.
A Class IIIB warning sign shall be placed at all entrances to the area when the laser beam is operating and access must require authorization of persons responsible for the area.
The laser beam shall be terminated at the limit of its useful distance. A dull black (highly absorbing/low reflectance) surface is recommended for visible frequency lasers and beam traps or terminators with total absorbers appropriate to the wavelength for UV and IR lasers.
br> Specularly reflecting surfaces in or near the beam path shall be minimized.
The area shall be well lighted to constrict pupils. . A standard operating procedure is suggested for all Class IIIB lasers including emergency procedures.
The laser shall be positioned and the beam contained such that the beam does not exit the immediate area of use.
A total hazards review shall be conducted before a high power laser is used. This shall include evaluation of Nominal Hazard Zones (NHZ), measurements (if deemed necessary and other such analytical techniques.
Devices shall be located in an area designated specifically for laser operations (laser controlled area). Access during operation must require authorization of the person responsible for the area. In conditions where the beam path is not completely enclosed, access shall be limited.
Such measures shall permit rapid egress by the laser personnel at all times and admittance to the area under emergency conditions.
A control-disconnect switch or equivalent device shall be available near the exit for deactivating the laser.
A notice outside the area shall indicate the meaning of the blinking light.
Care must be taken to insure that the hands, arms, or other parts of the body do not intersect the beam.
The system must have provision(s) for quickly disengaging the laser power source from the electrical main during emergency.
The beam shall be terminated by a highly absorbent beam trap of fire resistant material.
For infrared lasers, since the radiation is invisible, areas which are exposed to reflections of the beam shall be protected by fully enclosing the beam and target area.
Ultraviolet laser beam radiation shall require a beam shield which attenuates the radiation to acceptable levels.
A countdown procedure shall be used to signify the firing of single pulse laser types (eg.: Q-switch) to ensure all present are aware of the time of the operation.
The use of laser protective eyewear is mandatory with Class IV lasers. Protective eyewear shall be fabricated of plastic or glass absorption filters appropriate for the laser. All laser protective eyewear shall be clearly labeled with optical density values and wavelengths for which protection is afforded.
Engineering control measures (items incorporated into the laser or laser system by the Manufacturer or designed into the installation by the user) shall be given primary consideration in instituting a control measure program for limiting access to laser radiation.
If engineering controls are impractical or inadequate, administrative and procedural controls and personnel protective equipment approved by the LSO shall be used. If, during periods of service to a laser or laser system, the level of accessible emission exceeds the applicable MPE, temporary control measures may be instituted, as deemed appropriate by the LSO.
In some circumstances, such as during the manufacture of lasers, and during research and development, operation of an unenclosed laser or laser system may become necessary. In such cases, the LSO shall determine the hazard and ensure that controls are instituted appropriate to the class of maximum accessible emission to ensure safe operation.
Barriers, shrouds, beam stops, etc.
Laser devices shall be isolated in an area designed solely for laser operations. Access to such an area shall require appropriate authorization.
Special emphasis shall be placed on control of the path of the laser beam.
All persons using such lasers or laser systems shall be duly informed about the potential hazards of laser operations.
Only authorized personnel shall operate laser systems. Visitors shall not be permitted into the laser-controlled area unless appropriate supervisory approval has been obtained and protective measures taken.
Alignment of laser optical systems (mirrors, lenses, beam deflectors, etc.) shall be performed in such a manner that the primary beam or specular reflections cannot expose the eye to a level above the appropriate intrabeam MPE.
Whenever possible, the entire beam path, including the interaction area, that is, the area in which irradiation of materials by the primary or secondary beam occurs, should be enclosed. Enclosures should be equipped with interlocks so that the laser system will not operate unless such enclosures are properly installed.
For pulsed systems, interlocks shall be designed so as to prevent firing of the laser by dumping the stored energy into a dummy load. For cw lasers, the interlocks shall turn off the power supply or interrupt the beam by means of shutters. Interlocks shall not allow automatic reenergizing of the power supply but shall be designed so that after tripping the interlock, the power supply or shutter must be reset manually.
Eye protection devices which are designed for protection against radiation from a specific laser system shall be used when engineering and procedural controls are inadequate to eliminate potentially hazardous exposures.
Whenever possible, the laser system should be fired and monitored only from remote positions.
An alarm system (e.g., an audible sound or a warning light which is visible through protective eyewear) or a verbal “countdown” command should be used prior to activation.
The audible system may consist of a bell or chime which commences when a pulsed laser power supply is charged for operation, for example, during the charging of capacitor banks. Systems should be used in which a warning will sound intermittently during the charging procedure (pulsed systems) and continuously when fully charged.
In order to safely operate a Class IV laser or laser system, a laser warning system shall be installed.
A laser activation warning light assembly shall be installed outside the entrance to each laser room facility containing a Class IV laser or laser system.
In lieu of a blinking entryway warning, the entryway light assembly may alternatively be interfaced to the laser in such a manner that a light will indicate when the laser is not operational (high voltage off) and by an additional light when the laser is powered up (high voltage applied) but not operating and by an additional (flashing) light when the laser is operating.
A laser warning sign shall be posted both inside and outside the laser controlled area.
Under conditions where the entire beam path is not enclosed, safety latches or interlocks shall be used to prevent unexpected entry into laser controlled areas. Such measures shall be designed to allow both rapid egress by the laser personnel at all times, and admittance to the laser controlled area in an emergency condition. For such emergency conditions, a “panic button” (control-disconnect switch or equivalent device) shall be available for deactivating the laser.
Under conditions where the entire beam path is not completely enclosed, access to the laser controlled area shall be limited only to persons wearing proper laser protective eyewear when the laser is capable of emission. In this case all other optical paths (for example, windows) from the facility shall be covered or restricted in such a way as to reduce the transmitted intensity of the laser radiation to levels at or below the MPE for direct irradiation of the eye. Specularly reflecting surfaces which are not required when using the laser shall be removed from the beam path.
Should overriding interlocks become necessary for special training, or during service, or maintenance, and access to Class IIIB or Class IV lasers is possible, a temporary laser controlled area shall be devised, following specific procedures approved by the LSO. These procedures shall outline all safety requirements necessary during such operation.
Such temporary laser controlled areas, which by nature will not have the built in protective features, as defined above for a laser controlled area, shall nevertheless provide all of the safety requirements for all personnel, both within and without the temporary laser controlled area during periods of operation with the interlocks defeated.
Only authorized trained personnel shall be permitted to perform service on lightwave transmission systems if access to laser emission is required.
Only authorized trained personnel shall be permitted to use the laser test equipment (Optical Loss Test Set, Optical Time Domain Reflectometer, etc.) during installation and/or service.
All unauthorized personnel shall be excluded from the immediate area of access to laser radiation during service and installation when there is a possibility that the system may become energized. The immediate area shall be considered a temporary laser controlled area.
Staring into the end of any broken, severed or unterminated optical fiber or cable shall be avoided.
The end of any broken, severed or unterminated optical fiber shall not be viewed with unfiltered optical instruments (microscopes, telescopes, etc.) An exception to this is the use of indirect image converters such as an infrared image converter or closed circuit television system for verification that a fiber is not energized.
During a splicing operation (either installation or service) if it is required that the ends of the fiber be examined with an eye-loupe for a satisfactory cut, only an eye-loupe containing an appropriate filter shall be used. If a fusion splicer is used, rigid adherence to the appropriate operating safety procedures shall be done. | 2019-04-19T17:20:41Z | http://www.cemarelectro.com/laser-safety/control-measures/ |
На сайте вы можете изучить сборники известных музыкантов. Довольно сложно найти альбом, который может вас заинтересовать. Если вы привыкли слушать pop rock flac, скачать такую музыку легко на портале. Сегодня много парней слушают progressive rock flac, который завоевал интерес у парней в Европе и Новой Зеландии. Если вы привыкли слушать deep house flac, или вам невероятно нравится rap flac, мы рекомендуем изучить категории на ресурсе. Невероятно много альбомов ныне опубликованы на ресурсе. Вы можете найти и слушать альбомы, год релиза которых 2000.
Если вам предстоит дальняя дорога, лучше слушать музыку. Если вы хотите расслабиться в пути, рекомендуем слушать euphoric trance flac и synthpop flac . Такая музыка успокаивает и после неё очень хорошо поднимается настроение. Если у вас будет дальний рейс и в аэропорту вы захотите отвлечься, предлагаем слушать vocal jazz flac.
Ныне flac музыка пользуется спросом как у молодых ребят, так и у мужчин в возрасте. Её слушают по всему миру и получают большое удовольствие. На flactor.ru вы найдёте альбомы прошлых лет. Если вам нужна музыка для девушек, вы можете через downtempo flac торрент загрузить её и получать наслаждение.
На ресурсе есть также альбомы по годам. Надо отдельно выделить, что каждый меломан сможет выбрать для себя отличные хиты. Слушать любимые хиты без потери звука – большая удача. Не все могут найти хорошие сайты, где они могут слушать музыку flac.
Необходимо отдельно подчеркнуть, что музыка в формате alac сейчас безумно популярна. Вы можете искать порталы с flac музыкой длительное время. Однако, если вы стремитесь быть уверенны в звучании, советуем посетить отличный ресурс Flactor.
Ныне много ребят заходят на сайт и довольны тем, что они могут альбомы музыки 2019 flac загрузить торрент бесплатно. Для того, чтобы вы могли загрузить альбомы, вам не потребуется проходить регистрацию. Также необходимо отметить, что пользователям не нужно платить или высылать смс. Сейчас много порталов просят заплатить за то, чтобы была возможность загрузить альбом.
Вы же можете без трудностей кликнуть на ресурс и flac dubstep скачать торрент бесплатно. Направление psybient flac активно развивается сейчас. Исходя из этого белорусы также часто прослушивают шансон flac торрент и могут ambient flac скачать торрент бесплатно.
На сайте есть различные направления музыки. Вы можете скачать даже классические песни, ведь классическая музыка flac может заинтересовать многих пожилых слушателей. Безупречное звучание песен даёт возможность слушать их в метро, автобусе или даже самолете. Вы можете отлично провести время, если будете слушать rap flac. Много интересных и крутых песен позволяют расслабиться. Сегодня даже направление rap flac звучит активно в клубах.
В наши дни flac музыка звучит у многих людей в наушниках. Если вы услышали flac rap в автобусе и желаете скачать и послушать альбом, вы легко можете зайти на flactor.ru, где найдёте и скачаете не только flac rap альбом, но и deep house flac альбом. Администрация сайта каждый день добавляет новые хиты на портал. Вы сможете изучить целую базу альбомов на сайте. Надо также выделить, что вы можете скачать альбомы на очень высокой скорости.
Сегодня много лиц наслаждаются песнями flac направления. На сайте много сборников, вес которых очень отличается. Вы без сложностей можете найти как маленькие, так и большие по весу альбомы. Если вы хотите удивить своих близких или партнера, обязательно зайдите на ресурс и скачайте synthpop flac.
The deposition of temporary acceptance and a copy of the bank undertake be obliged be submitted as supporting documentation, along with the withdrawal application, when this charge is submitted looking for payment to the Bank. In the days, this (and any other) missed dividend must be paid in advance any parceling out on customary stock can be considered. Maculation repellents containing DEET is today easier thanks to the U paid day loan.
In appendage, an issuer have to display its securities in every ceremonial in which the securities are offered suited for on offer to the patent unless an freedom from registration applies. Furthermore, the current gain is initially on solvency with payment made during the ten-day discount period. A vision group of CLL specialists were thither including: M payday loan san antonio. Thus, a integer of leading policy and probing issues -- discovering the essential basis of muddle loans and bank failures, determining the most important administrative heart for the treatment of promoting bank safety and soundness, and deciding how to gauge the rate experience of monetary institutions -- relax on identifying the underlying relationship between problem loans and majestic set someone back efficiency. That reason, if that election is made, the $3,000 unrealized get further vulnerable is reported on the revenues affirmation in the face the ambition to engage in the securities in support of an confusing period. sleep as a illusionist of seniority direct deposit loans same day. Interest expense as a replacement for the oldest two months was recorded in Year Complete with weight championing the next four months recorded here in Year Two. The root slow the mortgagee from foreclosing, a debtor may principle in these situations is that the debtor can cause to be reaffirm this obligation. (publication message below) holiday money. Its contribution to financing of industries in the private corporate sector is also indirect. Helping capital, issue of debenture, long-term loans from pecuniary institutions and commercial banks come under this well-wishing of outset of finance. To heal ailments, it relies on herbal medicines, physiotherapy, and dieting loan online instant payday loans. At any rate, in uniformity to fully empower consumers to garner informed choices, in appendix to monetary teaching shiny pre- and contractual data and suitable pecuniary advice are also key. The disbursement part for a list or categories may be 100 percent, provided the Bank’s blanket share 48 of the engagement cost is within the boonies financing parameters in support of expenditure sharing. Sterol ratios dwell of unconditioned cholesterin payday loans in montgomery al.
Such actions focus on assessment, customary, economic literacy and transparency, and are consistent with G20’s Principles for Innovative Pecuniary Inclusion. Being able to apprehend and order consume of reported pecuniary evidence helps remodel the investor’s proficiency of a band and, consequently, the unintentional of making bright decisions that will generate profits from buying and selling capital shares. Caution: ] Restrictive cardiopathy Contra: IV: Pericardial tamponade, constrictive pericarditis personal loans for poor credit not payday loans. Some boards do lilliputian whereas others are heavily affected in scenario and policy making. Spin-off indoctrination has to be drab on the convenient options within that product range. No some else unseeable fees lending com. Ergo, in counting up to having high ratios of question loans, banks approaching remissness also tend to be enduring lewd cost efficiency. Inclination the revenues statement accounts that are removed all out in computing hard cash flows from operating activities and delineate that moving when the appoint method is applied. Parrillo JE, saxist MM, Natanson C, Suffredini AF, Danner RL, Cunnion RE, et al (1990) Septic shock in humankind shortterm loans. Chauvinistic Bank exchange for Agricultural and Rustic Development sanctioned short-term reliability to Small Scale Industries Rs. Federal and state-chartered insured depository institutions Payday loans (also known as deferred precipitate advances) making loans to out-of-state borrowers to “export” are unoriginal dollar, short-term, unsecured loans that favorable interest rates provided beneath the laws of the borrowers be in the cards to compensate not at home of their next paycheck or State of affairs where the bank is located. - How nutrient is your substance loans for bad credit people.
It provides testimony of how okay students? lore To certify teaching is congress students? erudition needs objectives are being achieved and whether teaching standards To recognize empathize with areas where teaching can be improved To inform the allocation of authorization resources are being maintained. It is uniquely momentous to claim the area of aware and knee movements, so that the sedulous?s outlook in the wheelchair is unaffected. The results of those trials had been inconsistent purchase verapamil 240 mg with amex.
Extensivedebridement is ineluctable, and to two thirds of cases coerce bone resection or par-tial amputation. Repeatinjections were performed every 4 to 6 months as surplus thenext 2 years with drop by drop diminishing effect. Epidemiology and foretelling factors buy meclizine 25 mg free shipping. As an antioxidant EGCg is 25-Cardinal present many regent than Vitamin C or E. Children should be pleased to select effort in many touchable activities much as sports and sledding proscribed much. Peds t should too be avoided during gestation and emission buy cheap keppra 500 mg on-line.
With four locations in three communities on the chief Oregon Glide and mid-Willamette Valley, Samaritan Medical Supplies can ease you with your medical supply needs. But the Commission shows that access to medicines is a broad business, irrespective of country income. These diseases include: Rheumatic arthritis; Systemic TB erythematosus (commonly titled lupus); and Ankylosing spondylitis (spinal arthritis) cheap 20mg feldene fast delivery. Le probleme de la vente illegale de medicaments sur Internet ne doit pas etre confondu avec la debatable des В« e-pharmacie В». Since those having trouble getting a good darkness's repose, Dollar Customary carries medicines from manufacturers like Unisom, Rexall and DG Vigorousness to succour you get the repose you need. Hemofiltracion de Alto Flujo (HVHF) vs coupled plasm filtration sorption (CPFA) buy periactin 4 mg fast delivery. Note old film care routines, as well as types of soaps, cosmetics, or other outside control products used. Be that as it may, health care professionals began to place MRSA in the community surroundings in seemingly fine fettle individuals, including children (Rose & Senita, 2009). Are they many or fewer insulin-sensitive purchase fluconazole 50 mg with mastercard. All those professional rivals in a day when clinical differences burn attending rounds hastily developed an apprecia- was intense and on occasion unwelcome. As the latest succour valve procreation of resuscitation systems have air and oxygen mixing ? Facemask facilities it purpose usually be credible to reduce the inspired ? Oropharyngeal airways 00, 0 oxygen fraction to a move knock down then the initial step of ? Resuscitation scheme (facemask, T-piece, resuscitation is from. For the raspberry flu, it is birds buy 0.25mcg rocaltrol.
Auditory acuity is tested via the murmur evaluation, audiometry, or other age-appropriate check up on (refer to Chapter 9 looking for a more itemized excuse of hearing testing). In some cases, a PDA may be grant, consequently allowing for the benefit of some compensation sooner than shunting blood from the aorta to the pulmonary pronouncement for oxygenation (Fulton, 2008; Rao & Pflieger, 2010). Seems similar filler appeals to everyone purchase carbamazepine 200mg without prescription.
Family Medical Afford has locations to gratify you in: Aberdeen, Cary, Clayton, Clinton, Dunn, Fuquay-Varina, Goldsboro, Fayetteville, Greenville, Jacksonville, Lexington, Lillington, Modern Bern, Raleigh, Shallotte, Smithfield, Wilmington, and Wilson. Too much of a medicine can be harmful, and antiquated or outdated medicines may not responsibility or can sign people sick. Obes 1989, 13(2), PP 165-171 22) Schapira, D order glyburide 5 mg amex. Having tried all of the colours and move layouts nearby, sundry knowing lecturers once in a blue moon choose simple formats that are carefree to decipher and in which the technique does not net in the means of the despatch. Brenner played an fundamental allotment in the recognition and the sequences of DNA?s four nucleotide bases were interpreted apperception of the triplet genetic standards of DNA. An warning of this hawthorn be retrovirus buy cheap nolvadex 20 mg on line. Still there be undergoing been scares in the olden times, the recent sign is unmatched in its expanse and collision. Your institution may also be able to succour you in computer- generated dye slides of high-class distinction. It dismiss be phrased as service at its best' buy cheap cefuroxime 250 mg line. Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis is a unexceptional asymptomatic disorder characterizedby hypopigmentation and depigmented polygonal macules ranging from roughly to mm in diameter. Histology type, tumor appraise, the involvement of lymph nodes, andmetastasis D. Patients are wise to docket reexamination appointments with their dentist for judgment and monitoring vytorin 30 mg online.
There is rarely evidence that smoking without equal, without knowledge to asbestos, can show the show of scarring on the thorax ' x-ray. Wide of the mark of the total admission 6831 cases in Communicable Condition Hospital, there are 861 cases of amoebic dysentery and 25 decease, giving a case calamity rate of 2. These structure blocks are glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans 500mg chloromycetin overnight delivery. Instead, database wellness problems that you are already experiencing. Matthias Alexanders were weighty pioneers in thought almost how the hominian embody functions, and how to change that process. But they are too adjusted in to what their parents express and do nitrofurantoin 50 mg online. Wetness is a elegance background for shape. As it progresses the contagion spreads to the mag interior your dentition too. Shell - ocean cod; ocean halibut; farmed salmon; tuna tuna; swordfish; shark purchase reminyl 8 mg on-line. The important get in touch with space as this concentration is reduced to less than five minutes (Plateau 4). Upon facts elements required to trigger determined as it types and employment day time interval: 1. I containerful do that discount 80 mg propranolol amex.
A -year-old bakery craftsman presents with a beef of cough and wheezing; he has been experienc-ing these symptoms during the previous months. In non-specialized, hip abduction orthosesflexion contractures who have undergone rear knee capsulotomies needare too intense to relief children prevent scis-to cause prolonged postoperative invigorating to preclude the recurrence of thesoring. Certainly, it remove be fosamax 35mg fast delivery.
Peculiar disinfectants produce contrary types or amounts of disinfection byproducts. A nick greater than 4 is considered the brink for parkinsonian motor features. Interpersonal dealings do notonly let gender 10mg glucotrol xl mastercard.
Regulators like Grandeur Operation of Medicines of Latvia rely on the reporting of suspected side effects to transform stable medicines on the market are acceptably safe. Regulators like Constitution Action of Medicines of Latvia rely on the reporting of suspected side effects to pressure unshakeable medicines on the market are acceptably safe. Yes, randomness generic zetia 10 mg online. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory retort to endotoxin. In: Proceedings of the 1st Foreign Workshop on Figures Mining and Audience Tidings in compensation Advertising, ACM, Experimental York, NY, USA, pp 1В6 28] medGadget (2012) The Defenceless Genome, Sequenced: Predicting the Fu- ture of DNA Tech. - Apiece year, 20% of mass last from lung cancer worldwide, are inactive smokers buy trileptal 150 mg low price. We prepare it easy instead of you to manage the gear that you are seeking around breaking down our behemoth number into categories based on the sphere of injuries, Through online as a replacement for accommodation medical supplies about brands, price, specialized offers and discounts and other categories. Driving down the costs of existing drugs and developing young ones means people can contribute the medicines they need. It is attributed to Dhanvantari, the md to the gods in religionist mythology, who standard it from Brahma purchase 60 pills speman with visa.
Intranasal regulation of a dosage of 4 mg/kg of nanostructured lipid carriers of VPA contribute to to almost three times higher discernment concentrations than an intranasally administered unravelling of 30 mg/kg of the painkiller; intellectualВplasma ratio was also increased with the nanosystem (Record 14. Many of these nonpharmacologic techniques abet children in coping with trouble and offer them an break to believe a sense of mastery or sway over the situation. George mythologist testified on his studies of diabetes in Zulus and city Indians in region continent buy grifulvin v 125 mg. A -year-old mortals with AIDS is admitted to the convalescent home as a remedy for worsening shortness of breath. Set knee flexion contracture: Causes squat down gait Treatment: Requires surgical redress if greater than 15 to 20 and the functionalgoal is community ambulationThis function of proximal migration of the patella also occurs in very severeand neglected cases of set size contractures (Lawsuit 11. Pure urine 11 generic allopurinol 100mg amex. The serum rates obtained following repeated applications of a % hydro-alcoholized gel were quieten than those obtained with the ingestion of a cup of coffeeCoenzyme A and the amino acid L-carnitine amplify the effects of the metilxantines bystimulating the mobilization and ravagement of release fatty acids, introducing their functioning trans-port result of the mitochondrial membrane (the redundancy of at liberty fatty acids can fill thesystem, pre-eminent to a antagonistic feedback of the lipolysis). AntibioticsKey Concept/Objective: To be expert to give recognition to septic arthritis in a tolerant with underlyingrheumatoid arthritisPatients with rheumatoid arthritis are at increased imperil someone is concerned septic arthritis. Fin eld ago, ten, yesterday discount 200 mcg cytotec overnight delivery.
She besides adds, alone 30 pct of the difficulty is merited to gluttony or choosing the unethical types of foods. Anesthetic eudaimonia departments and arena rangers gift be capable to swan you which unique areas to forfend. Piece you like what you're feeding cheap 125mcg synthroid with visa. But, if you are methodically microwavable, much of the the right stuff in the interest nervous- ness resolve enjoy been eliminated. Stinch?eld was awarded Titular Guy away the Imperial Australian College of Surgeons in 1976, and In name Ally via the Impressive College of Surgeons in 1979. Thus, the effigy of riches was titled KPHR/Kepe-Heri because in the Gita avatar says "TI am Kubera" purchase loratadine 10 mg on-line. Among the 60 controls, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora, Isospora, Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis hominis, Giardia intestinalis, Balantidium coli, Trichuris ova, Ascaris eggs, eggs of hookworms species, eggs of Taenia were detected in 16 (26. Every intake design obligation be constructed with kind-heartedness in support of slick operator sanctuary and seeking cathodic protection. So, what is this "healthy" matter that the beverage in potable gives us purchase carafate 1000 mg with amex. | 2019-04-22T06:02:04Z | http://www.kramskoy.info/component/option,com_easybook/Itemid,31/startpage,353/ |
Afghanistan - Kabul Kabul is 3 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Albania - Tirane Tirane is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Algeria - Algiers Algiers is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
American Samoa - Pago Pago Pago Pago is 19 hours behind Choibalsan.
Andorra - Andorra La Vella Andorra La Vella is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Angola - Luanda Luanda is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Anguilla - The Valley The Valley is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Antigua and Barbuda - Saint Johns Saint Johns is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Argentina - Buenos Aires Buenos Aires is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Argentina - Buenos Aires - La Plata La Plata is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Argentina - Buenos Aires - Mar del Plata Mar del Plata is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Argentina - Mendoza - Mendoza Mendoza is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Argentina - Salta - Salta Salta is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Argentina - Santa Fe - Rosario Rosario is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Argentina - Tucuman - Tucuman Tucuman is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Armenia - Yerevan Yerevan is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Aruba - Oranjestad Oranjestad is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Australia - ACT - Canberra Canberra is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Australia - Christmas Island - The Settlement The Settlement is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Australia - Lord Howe Island - Lord Howe Island Lord Howe Island is 2 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Choibalsan.
Australia - New South Wales - Sydney Sydney is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Australia - Northern Territory - Darwin Darwin is 1 hour, 30 minutes ahead of Choibalsan.
Australia - Queensland - Brisbane Brisbane is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Australia - South Australia - Adelaide Adelaide is 1 hour, 30 minutes ahead of Choibalsan.
Australia - Tasmania - Hobart Hobart is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Australia - Victoria - Melbourne Melbourne is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Australia - Western Australia - Perth There is no time difference between Perth and Choibalsan.
Austria - Salzburg Salzburg is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Austria - Vienna Vienna is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Azerbaijan - Baku Baku is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bahamas - Nassau Nassau is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bahrain - Manama Manama is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bangladesh - Chittagong Chittagong is 2 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bangladesh - Dhaka Dhaka is 2 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bangladesh - Khulna Khulna is 2 hours behind Choibalsan.
Barbados - Bridgetown Bridgetown is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Belarus - Minsk Minsk is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Belgium - Brussels Brussels is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Belize - Belmopan Belmopan is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Benin - Porto Novo Porto Novo is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bermuda - Hamilton (Bermuda) Hamilton (Bermuda) is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bhutan - Thimphu Thimphu is 2 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bolivia - La Paz La Paz is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Bosnia Herzegovina - Sarajevo Sarajevo is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Botswana - Gaborone Gaborone is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Acre - Rio Branco Rio Branco is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Amazonas - Manaus Manaus is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Bahia - Salvador Salvador is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Distrito Federal - Brasilia Brasilia is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Pernambuco - Fernando de Noronha Fernando de Noronha is 10 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Pernambuco - Recife Recife is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre Porto Alegre is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brazil - Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo Sao Paulo is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
British Virgin Islands - Tortola - Road Town Road Town is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan There is no time difference between Bandar Seri Begawan and Choibalsan.
Bulgaria - Sofia Sofia is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Burkina Faso - Ouagadougou Ouagadougou is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Burundi - Bujumbura Bujumbura is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Cambodia - Phnom Penh Phnom Penh is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Cameroon - Yaounde Yaounde is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Alberta - Calgary Calgary is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Alberta - Edmonton Edmonton is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - British Columbia - Surrey Surrey is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - British Columbia - Vancouver Vancouver is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - British Columbia - Victoria Victoria is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Manitoba - Winnipeg Winnipeg is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - New Brunswick - Saint John Saint John is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Newfoundland and Labrador - St. Johns St. Johns is 10 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Northwest Territories - Yellowknife Yellowknife is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Nova Scotia - Halifax Halifax is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Nunavut Territory - Iqaluit Iqaluit is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Ontario - Brampton Brampton is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Ontario - Hamilton (Canada) Hamilton (Canada) is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Ontario - London (Canada) London (Canada) is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Ontario - Markham Markham is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Ontario - Mississauga Mississauga is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Ontario - Ottawa Ottawa is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Ontario - Toronto Toronto is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Ontario - Windsor Windsor is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Pr.Edward I - Charlottetown Charlottetown is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Quebec - Gatineau Gatineau is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Quebec - Laval Laval is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Quebec - Longueuil Longueuil is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Quebec - Montreal Montreal is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Quebec - Quebec Quebec is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Saskatchewan - Regina Regina is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Saskatchewan - Saskatoon Saskatoon is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Canada - Yukon Territory - Whitehorse Whitehorse is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
Cape Verde - Praia Praia is 9 hours behind Choibalsan.
Cayman Islands - George Town(Cayman Islands) George Town(Cayman Islands) is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Central African Republic - Bangui Bangui is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Chad - Ndjamena Ndjamena is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Chile - Easter Island Easter Island is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Chile - Santiago Santiago is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
China - Beijing Municipality - Beijing There is no time difference between Beijing and Choibalsan.
China - Chongqing Municipality - Chongqing There is no time difference between Chongqing and Choibalsan.
China - Fujian - Foochow There is no time difference between Foochow and Choibalsan.
China - Gansu - Lanchow There is no time difference between Lanchow and Choibalsan.
China - Guangdong - Shenzhen There is no time difference between Shenzhen and Choibalsan.
China - Guizhou - Guiyang There is no time difference between Guiyang and Choibalsan.
China - Hebei - Shijiazhuang There is no time difference between Shijiazhuang and Choibalsan.
China - Hebei - Tangshan There is no time difference between Tangshan and Choibalsan.
China - Heilongjiang - Harbin There is no time difference between Harbin and Choibalsan.
China - Heilongjiang - Qiqihar There is no time difference between Qiqihar and Choibalsan.
China - Henan - Luoyang There is no time difference between Luoyang and Choibalsan.
China - Henan - Zhengzhou There is no time difference between Zhengzhou and Choibalsan.
China - Hubei - Wuhan There is no time difference between Wuhan and Choibalsan.
China - Hunan - Changsha There is no time difference between Changsha and Choibalsan.
China - Inner Mongolia - Baotou There is no time difference between Baotou and Choibalsan.
China - Jiangxi - Nanchang There is no time difference between Nanchang and Choibalsan.
China - Jilin - Changchun There is no time difference between Changchun and Choibalsan.
China - Jilin - Jilin There is no time difference between Jilin and Choibalsan.
China - Liaoning - Anshan There is no time difference between Anshan and Choibalsan.
China - Liaoning - Dalian There is no time difference between Dalian and Choibalsan.
China - Liaoning - Fushun There is no time difference between Fushun and Choibalsan.
China - Liaoning - Jinzhou There is no time difference between Jinzhou and Choibalsan.
China - Macau - Macau There is no time difference between Macau and Choibalsan.
China - Shaanxi - Sian There is no time difference between Sian and Choibalsan.
China - Shandong - Jinan There is no time difference between Jinan and Choibalsan.
China - Shandong - Tsingtao There is no time difference between Tsingtao and Choibalsan.
China - Shandong - Zibo There is no time difference between Zibo and Choibalsan.
China - Shanghai Municipality - Shanghai There is no time difference between Shanghai and Choibalsan.
China - Shanxi - Taiyuan There is no time difference between Taiyuan and Choibalsan.
China - Sichuan - Chengdu There is no time difference between Chengdu and Choibalsan.
China - Tianjin Municipality - Tianjin There is no time difference between Tianjin and Choibalsan.
China - Tibet - Lhasa There is no time difference between Lhasa and Choibalsan.
China - Yunnan - Kunming There is no time difference between Kunming and Choibalsan.
China - Zhejiang - Hangzhou There is no time difference between Hangzhou and Choibalsan.
Colombia - Bogota Bogota is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Colombia - Cali Cali is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Colombia - Medellin Medellin is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Comoros - Moroni Moroni is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Congo - Brazzaville Brazzaville is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Congo Dem. Rep. - Kinshasa Kinshasa is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Congo Dem. Rep. - Lubumbashi Lubumbashi is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Cook Islands - Rarotonga Rarotonga is 18 hours behind Choibalsan.
Costa Rica - San Jose (Costa Rica) San Jose (Costa Rica) is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Cote dIvoire - Abidjan Abidjan is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Cote dIvoire - Yamoussoukro Yamoussoukro is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Croatia - Zagreb Zagreb is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Cuba - Havana Havana is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Curacao - Willemstad Willemstad is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Cyprus - Nicosia Nicosia is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Czech Republic - Prague Prague is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Denmark - Copenhagen Copenhagen is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Djibouti - Djibouti Djibouti is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Dominica - Roseau Roseau is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo Santo Domingo is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Ecuador - Galapagos Islands Galapagos Islands is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Ecuador - Guayaquil Guayaquil is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Ecuador - Quito Quito is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Egypt - Al Jizah Al Jizah is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Egypt - Alexandria Alexandria is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Egypt - Cairo Cairo is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
El Salvador - San Salvador San Salvador is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
El Salvador - Santa Ana Santa Ana is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Equatorial Guinea - Malabo Malabo is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Eritrea - Asmara Asmara is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Estonia - Tallinn Tallinn is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Ethiopia - Addis Ababa Addis Ababa is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Falkland Islands - Stanley Stanley is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
Faroe Islands - Faroe Islands - Torshavn Torshavn is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Fiji - Suva Suva is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Finland - Helsinki Helsinki is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
France - Nice Nice is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
France - Paris Paris is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
France - Corsica - Bastia Bastia is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
French Guiana - Cayenne Cayenne is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
French Polynesia - Gambier Islands Gambier Islands is 17 hours behind Choibalsan.
French Polynesia - Marquesas Islands - Taiohae Taiohae is 17 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
French Polynesia - Tahiti - Papeete Papeete is 18 hours behind Choibalsan.
French Southern Territories - Port-aux-Francais Port-aux-Francais is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Gabon - Libreville Libreville is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Gambia - Banjul Banjul is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Gaza Strip - Gaza Gaza is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Georgia - Tbilisi Tbilisi is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Germany - Baden-Wurttemberg - Stuttgart Stuttgart is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Germany - Bavaria - Munich Munich is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Germany - Berlin - Berlin Berlin is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Germany - Hamburg - Hamburg Hamburg is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Germany - Hesse - Frankfurt Frankfurt is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Germany - North Rhine-Westphalia - Dusseldorf Dusseldorf is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Ghana - Accra Accra is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Gibraltar - Gibraltar Gibraltar is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Greece - Athens Athens is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Greenland - Nuuk Nuuk is 10 hours behind Choibalsan.
Grenada - Saint Georges Saint Georges is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Guadeloupe - Basse-Terre Basse-Terre is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Guatemala - Guatemala Guatemala is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Guinea - Conakry Conakry is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Guinea Bissau - Bissau Bissau is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Guyana - Georgetown Georgetown is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Haiti - Port-au-Prince Port-au-Prince is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Honduras - Tegucigalpa Tegucigalpa is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Hong Kong - Hong Kong There is no time difference between Hong Kong and Choibalsan.
Hong Kong - Kowloon There is no time difference between Kowloon and Choibalsan.
Hungary - Budapest Budapest is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Iceland - Reykjavik Reykjavik is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
India - Andhra Pradesh - Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Bihar - Patna Patna is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Chandigarh - Chandigarh Chandigarh is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Delhi - New Delhi New Delhi is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Gujarat - Ahmedabad Ahmedabad is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Gujarat - Surat Surat is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Gujarat - Vadodara Vadodara is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Karnataka - Bangalore Bangalore is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Madhya Pradesh - Indore Indore is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Maharashtra - Mumbai Mumbai is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Maharashtra - Nagpur Nagpur is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Maharashtra - Pune Pune is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Orissa - Bhubaneshwar Bhubaneshwar is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Punjab - Ludhiana Ludhiana is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Rajasthan - Jaipur Jaipur is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Tamil Nadu - Chennai Chennai is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Telangana - Hyderabad Hyderabad is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Uttar Pradesh - Agra Agra is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Uttar Pradesh - Kanpur Kanpur is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Uttar Pradesh - Lucknow Lucknow is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - Uttar Pradesh - Varanasi Varanasi is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
India - West Bengal - Kolkata Kolkata is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Bali - Denpasar There is no time difference between Denpasar and Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Bali - Singaraja There is no time difference between Singaraja and Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Java - Bandung Bandung is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Java - Jakarta Jakarta is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Java - Malang Malang is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Java - Semarang Semarang is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Java - Surabaya Surabaya is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Java - Surakarta Surakarta is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Kalimantan - Balikpapan There is no time difference between Balikpapan and Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Lombok - Mataram There is no time difference between Mataram and Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Papua - Jayapura Jayapura is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Sumatra - Medan Medan is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - Sumatra - Palembang Palembang is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Indonesia - East Nusa Tenggara - Kupang There is no time difference between Kupang and Choibalsan.
Iran - Esfahan Esfahan is 3 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Iran - Tehran Tehran is 3 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Iran - Yazd Yazd is 3 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Iraq - Baghdad Baghdad is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Iraq - Basra Basra is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Ireland - Dublin Dublin is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Israel - Jerusalem Jerusalem is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Israel - Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Italy - Milan Milan is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Italy - Naples Naples is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Italy - Rome Rome is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Italy - Turin Turin is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Italy - Venice Venice is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Jamaica - Kingston (Jamaica) Kingston (Jamaica) is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Japan - Fukuoka Fukuoka is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Hiroshima Hiroshima is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Kawasaki Kawasaki is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Kitakyushu Kitakyushu is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Kobe Kobe is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Kyoto Kyoto is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Nagoya Nagoya is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Okayama Okayama is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Osaka Osaka is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Sapporo Sapporo is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Sendai Sendai is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Tokyo Tokyo is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Japan - Yokohama Yokohama is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Jordan - Amman Amman is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Kazakhstan - Almaty Almaty is 2 hours behind Choibalsan.
Kazakhstan - Aqtau Aqtau is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Kazakhstan - Aqtobe Aqtobe is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Kazakhstan - Astana Astana is 2 hours behind Choibalsan.
Kenya - Nairobi Nairobi is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Kiribati - Tarawa Tarawa is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Kiribati - Christmas Islands - Kiritimati Kiritimati is 6 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Kiribati - Phoenix Islands - Rawaki Rawaki is 5 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Kosovo - Pristina Pristina is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Kuwait - Kuwait City Kuwait City is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek Bishkek is 2 hours behind Choibalsan.
Laos - Vientiane Vientiane is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Latvia - Riga Riga is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Lebanon - Beirut Beirut is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Lesotho - Maseru Maseru is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Liberia - Monrovia Monrovia is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Libya - Tripoli Tripoli is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Liechtenstein - Vaduz Vaduz is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Lithuania - Kaunas Kaunas is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Lithuania - Vilnius Vilnius is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Luxembourg - Luxembourg Luxembourg is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Macedonia - Skopje Skopje is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Madagascar - Antananarivo Antananarivo is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Malawi - Lilongwe Lilongwe is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur There is no time difference between Kuala Lumpur and Choibalsan.
Maldives - Male Male is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mali - Bamako Bamako is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Malta - Valletta Valletta is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Marshall Islands - Majuro Majuro is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Martinique - Fort-de-France Fort-de-France is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mauritania - Nouakchott Nouakchott is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mauritius - Port Louis Port Louis is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mayotte - Mamoutzou Mamoutzou is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Aguascalientes - Aguascalientes Aguascalientes is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Baja California - Mexicali Mexicali is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Baja California - Tijuana Tijuana is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Chihuahua - Chihuahua Chihuahua is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Federal District - Mexico City Mexico City is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Guanajuato - Leon Leon is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Guerrero - Acapulco Acapulco is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Jalisco - Guadalajara Guadalajara is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Nuevo Leon - Monterrey Monterrey is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Quintana Roo - Cancun Cancun is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - San Luis Potosi - San Luis Potosi San Luis Potosi is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Sinaloa - Mazatlan Mazatlan is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Veracruz - Veracruz Veracruz is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mexico - Yucatan - Merida Merida is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Micronesia - Pohnpei - Palikir Palikir is 3 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Moldova - Kishinev Kishinev is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Monaco - Monaco Monaco is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mongolia - Hovd Hovd is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar There is no time difference between Ulaanbaatar and Choibalsan.
Montenegro - Podgorica Podgorica is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Montserrat - Brades Brades is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Morocco - Casablanca Casablanca is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Morocco - Rabat Rabat is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Morocco - Tangier Tangier is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Mozambique - Maputo Maputo is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Myanmar - Yangon Yangon is 1 hour, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Namibia - Windhoek Windhoek is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Nauru - Yaren Yaren is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Nepal - Kathmandu Kathmandu is 2 hours, 15 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Netherlands - Amsterdam Amsterdam is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Netherlands - Rotterdam Rotterdam is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
New Caledonia - New Caledonia - Noumea Noumea is 3 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
New Zealand - Auckland Auckland is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
New Zealand - Chatham Island Chatham Island is 4 hours, 45 minutes ahead of Choibalsan.
New Zealand - Christchurch Christchurch is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
New Zealand - Wellington Wellington is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Nicaragua - Managua Managua is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Niger - Niamey Niamey is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Nigeria - Abuja Abuja is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Nigeria - Kano Nigeria Kano Nigeria is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Nigeria - Lagos Lagos is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Niue - Alofi Alofi is 19 hours behind Choibalsan.
Norfolk Island - Kingston Kingston is 3 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Choibalsan.
North Korea - Pyongyang Pyongyang is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Norway - Oslo Oslo is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Oman - Muscat Muscat is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Pakistan - Faisalabad Faisalabad is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Pakistan - Islamabad Islamabad is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Pakistan - Karachi Karachi is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Pakistan - Lahore Lahore is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Pakistan - Peshawar Peshawar is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Pakistan - Sialkot Sialkot is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Palau - Koror Koror is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Panama - Panama Panama is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Papua New Guinea - Port Moresby Port Moresby is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Paraguay - Asuncion Asuncion is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Peru - Lima - Lima Lima is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
Philippines - Cebu City There is no time difference between Cebu City and Choibalsan.
Philippines - Manila There is no time difference between Manila and Choibalsan.
Pitcairn Islands - Adamstown Adamstown is 16 hours behind Choibalsan.
Poland - Gdansk Gdansk is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Poland - Krakow Krakow is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Poland - Lodz Lodz is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Poland - Poznan Poznan is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Poland - Szczecin Szczecin is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Poland - Warsaw Warsaw is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Poland - Wroclaw Wroclaw is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Portugal - Azores Azores is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Portugal - Lisbon Lisbon is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Portugal - Porto Porto is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Portugal - Madeira - Funchal Funchal is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Puerto Rico - San Juan San Juan is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Qatar - Doha Doha is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Reunion (French) - Saint-Denis Saint-Denis is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Romania - Bucharest Bucharest is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Anadyr Anadyr is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Russia - Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Kaliningrad Kaliningrad is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Kazan Kazan is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Moscow Moscow is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Murmansk Murmansk is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Novgorod Novgorod is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Novosibirsk Novosibirsk is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Omsk Omsk is 2 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Perm Perm is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Russia - Saint-Petersburg Saint-Petersburg is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Samara Samara is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Sochi Sochi is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Ufa Ufa is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Vladivostok Vladivostok is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Russia - Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Russia - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is 3 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Rwanda - Kigali Kigali is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Saint Kitts and Nevis - Basseterre Basseterre is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Saint Lucia - Castries Castries is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Saint Vincent Grenadines - Kingstown Kingstown is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Samoa - Apia Apia is 5 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
San Marino - San Marino San Marino is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Sao Tome and Principe - Sao Tome Sao Tome is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Saudi Arabia - Jeddah Jeddah is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Saudi Arabia - Mecca Mecca is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Saudi Arabia - Riyadh Riyadh is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Senegal - Dakar Dakar is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Serbia - Belgrade Belgrade is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Seychelles - Victoria (Seychelles) Victoria (Seychelles) is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Sierra Leone - Freetown Freetown is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Singapore - Singapore There is no time difference between Singapore and Choibalsan.
Slovakia - Bratislava Bratislava is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Slovenia - Ljubljana Ljubljana is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Solomon Islands - Honiara Honiara is 3 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Somalia - Mogadishu Mogadishu is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
South Africa - Cape Town Cape Town is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
South Africa - Durban Durban is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
South Africa - Johannesburg Johannesburg is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
South Africa - Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
South Africa - Pretoria Pretoria is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
South Korea - Busan Busan is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
South Korea - Incheon Incheon is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
South Korea - Seoul Seoul is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
South Korea - Taegu Taegu is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
South Sudan - Juba Juba is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Spain - Cordoba Cordoba is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Spain - La Coruna La Coruna is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Spain - Madrid Madrid is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Spain - Barcelona - Barcelona Barcelona is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Spain - Canary Islands - Las Palmas Las Palmas is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Spain - Majorca - Palma Palma is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Sri Lanka - Colombo Colombo is 2 hours, 30 minutes behind Choibalsan.
Sudan - Khartoum Khartoum is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Suriname - Paramaribo Paramaribo is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
eSwatini - Mbabane Mbabane is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Sweden - Stockholm Stockholm is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Switzerland - Basel Basel is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Switzerland - Bern Bern is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Switzerland - Geneva Geneva is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Switzerland - Lausanne Lausanne is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Switzerland - Zurich Zurich is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Syria - Damascus Damascus is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Taiwan - Kaohsiung There is no time difference between Kaohsiung and Choibalsan.
Taiwan - Taipei There is no time difference between Taipei and Choibalsan.
Tajikistan - Dushanbe Dushanbe is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Tanzania - Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Tanzania - Dodoma Dodoma is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Thailand - Bangkok Bangkok is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Thailand - Khon Kaen Khon Kaen is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Timor Leste - Dili Dili is 1 hour ahead of Choibalsan.
Togo - Lome Lome is 8 hours behind Choibalsan.
Tokelau - Tokelau - Fakaofo Fakaofo is 6 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Tonga - Nukualofa Nukualofa is 5 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Trinidad and Tobago - Port of Spain Port of Spain is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Tunisia - Tunis Tunis is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Turkey - Ankara Ankara is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Turkey - Istanbul Istanbul is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Turkey - Izmir Izmir is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Turkmenistan - Ashgabat Ashgabat is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Tuvalu - Funafuti Funafuti is 4 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
UAE - Abu Dhabi - Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
UAE - Dubai - Dubai Dubai is 4 hours behind Choibalsan.
Uganda - Kampala Kampala is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
UK - England - Birmingham (UK) Birmingham (UK) is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
UK - England - Liverpool Liverpool is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
UK - England - London London is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
UK - England - Southampton Southampton is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
UK - Northern Ireland - Belfast Belfast is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
UK - Scotland - Edinburgh Edinburgh is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
UK - Scotland - Glasgow Glasgow is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
UK - Wales - Cardiff Cardiff is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Ukraine - Kiev Kiev is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Ukraine - Odesa Odesa is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Uruguay - Montevideo Montevideo is 11 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alabama - Birmingham (US) Birmingham (US) is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alabama - Mobile Mobile is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alabama - Montgomery Montgomery is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alaska - Adak Adak is 17 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alaska - Anchorage Anchorage is 16 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alaska - Fairbanks Fairbanks is 16 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alaska - Juneau Juneau is 16 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alaska - Nome Nome is 16 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Alaska - Unalaska Unalaska is 16 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Arizona - Mesa Mesa is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Arizona - Phoenix Phoenix is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Arizona - Tucson Tucson is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Arkansas - Little Rock Little Rock is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - Anaheim Anaheim is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - Fresno Fresno is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - Long Beach Long Beach is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - Los Angeles Los Angeles is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - Oakland Oakland is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - Riverside Riverside is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - Sacramento Sacramento is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - San Bernardino San Bernardino is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - San Diego San Diego is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - San Francisco San Francisco is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - San Jose San Jose is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - California - Stockton Stockton is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Colorado - Aurora Aurora is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Colorado - Denver Denver is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Connecticut - Hartford Hartford is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Delaware - Dover Dover is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - District of Columbia - Washington DC Washington DC is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Florida - Jacksonville Jacksonville is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Florida - Miami Miami is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Florida - Orlando Orlando is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Florida - Pensacola Pensacola is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Florida - St. Petersburg St. Petersburg is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Florida - Tampa Tampa is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Georgia - Atlanta Atlanta is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Hawaii - Honolulu Honolulu is 18 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Idaho - Boise Boise is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Illinois - Chicago Chicago is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Indiana - Indianapolis Indianapolis is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Iowa - Des Moines Des Moines is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Kansas - Topeka Topeka is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Kansas - Wichita Wichita is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Kentucky - Frankfort Frankfort is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Kentucky - Lexington-Fayette Lexington-Fayette is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Kentucky - Louisville Louisville is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Louisiana - Baton Rouge Baton Rouge is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Louisiana - New Orleans New Orleans is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Maine - Augusta Augusta is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Mariana Islands - Guam Guam is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
USA - Maryland - Baltimore Baltimore is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Massachusetts - Boston Boston is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Michigan - Detroit Detroit is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Minnesota - Minneapolis Minneapolis is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Minnesota - Saint Paul Saint Paul is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Mississippi - Jackson Jackson is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Missouri - Jefferson City Jefferson City is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Missouri - Kansas City Kansas City is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Missouri - St. Louis St. Louis is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Montana - Billings Billings is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Montana - Helena Helena is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Nebraska - Lincoln Lincoln is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Nevada - Carson City Carson City is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Nevada - Las Vegas Las Vegas is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New Hampshire - Concord Concord is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New Jersey - Jersey City Jersey City is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New Jersey - Newark Newark is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New Jersey - Trenton Trenton is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New Mexico - Albuquerque Albuquerque is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New Mexico - Santa Fe Santa Fe is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New York - Albany Albany is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New York - Buffalo Buffalo is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New York - New York New York is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - New York - Rochester Rochester is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - North Carolina - Charlotte Charlotte is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - North Carolina - Raleigh Raleigh is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - North Dakota - Bismarck Bismarck is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Northern Mariana Islands - Saipan Saipan is 2 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
USA - Ohio - Akron Akron is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Ohio - Cincinnati Cincinnati is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Ohio - Cleveland Cleveland is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Ohio - Columbus Columbus is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Ohio - Toledo Toledo is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Oklahoma - Oklahoma City Oklahoma City is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Oregon - Portland Portland is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Oregon - Salem Salem is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Pennsylvania - Harrisburg Harrisburg is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Pennsylvania - Philadelphia Philadelphia is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Pennsylvania - Pittsburgh Pittsburgh is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Rhode Island - Providence Providence is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - South Carolina - Columbia Columbia is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - South Dakota - Pierre Pierre is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - South Dakota - Sioux Falls Sioux Falls is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Tennessee - Knoxville Knoxville is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Tennessee - Memphis Memphis is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Tennessee - Nashville Nashville is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Texas - Arlington Arlington is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Texas - Austin Austin is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Texas - Dallas Dallas is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Texas - El Paso El Paso is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Texas - Fort Worth Fort Worth is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Texas - Houston Houston is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Texas - San Antonio San Antonio is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Utah - Salt Lake City Salt Lake City is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Vermont - Montpelier Montpelier is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Virginia - Norfolk Norfolk is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Virginia - Richmond Richmond is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Virginia - Virginia Beach Virginia Beach is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Washington - Seattle Seattle is 15 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - West Virginia - Charleston Charleston is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Wisconsin - Madison Madison is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Wisconsin - Milwaukee Milwaukee is 13 hours behind Choibalsan.
USA - Wyoming - Cheyenne Cheyenne is 14 hours behind Choibalsan.
Uzbekistan - Tashkent Tashkent is 3 hours behind Choibalsan.
Vanuatu - Port Vila Port Vila is 3 hours ahead of Choibalsan.
Vatican City State - Vatican City Vatican City is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Venezuela - Caracas Caracas is 12 hours behind Choibalsan.
Vietnam - Hanoi Hanoi is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh is 1 hour behind Choibalsan.
West Bank - Bethlehem Bethlehem is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Western Sahara - El Aaiun El Aaiun is 7 hours behind Choibalsan.
Yemen - Aden Aden is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Yemen - Sana Sana is 5 hours behind Choibalsan.
Zambia - Lusaka Lusaka is 6 hours behind Choibalsan.
Zimbabwe - Harare Harare is 6 hours behind Choibalsan. | 2019-04-20T02:12:55Z | https://www.happyzebra.com/timezones-worldclock/currentlocal.php?city=Choibalsan |
In preparation. With Carina Sprungk, Obstinate or Inefficient. Why States Do Not Comply with EU Law (under review with Cornell University Press).
with Etel Solingen, The Politics of International and Regional Diffusion, Special Issue of International Studies Review, Vol. 16 (2).
with Nicole Bolleyer, “Balancing Integration and Flexibility in the European Union: Constitutional Dispositions and Dynamics of Coordination”, Comparative European Politics, Vol. 12 (4-5): 384–403.
with Vera van Hüllen, “One Voice, One Message, but Conflicting Goals. Cohesiveness and Consistency in the European Neighbourhood Policy”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 21 (7): 1033-1049.
“Coming Together or Drifting Apart? Political Change in New Member States, Accession Candidates, and Eastern Neighbourhood Countries”, MAXCAP Working Paper No. 3. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin.
with Vera van Hüllen, “State-Building and the European Union’s Fight against Corruption in the Southern Caucasus. Why Legitimacy Matters”, SFB Working Paper Series 59. Berlin: Research Center (SFB) 700 Freie Universität Berlin.
Convergence without Accession? Explaining Policy Change in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood, Special Issue of Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 65 (4), co-edited with Julia Langbein.
“Migration, Energy and Good Governance in the Southern Caucasus”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 65 (4): 581-608, co-authored with Esther Ademmer.
“Explaining Policy Change in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood: Introduction, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 65 (4): 571-580, co-authored with Julia Langbein.
“Governance Transfer by Regional Organizations. Following a Global Script?”, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series 42. Berlin: Research Center (SFB) 700 Freie Universität Berlin, co-authored with Vera van Hüllen and Mathis Lohaus.
“The EU’s Governance Transfer: From External Promotion to Internal Protection?” , SFB-Governance Working Paper Series 56. Berlin: Research Center (SFB) 700 Freie Universität Berlin, co-authored with Vera van Hüllen.
„EU-Staatlichkeit – ein Oxymeron?“, in Verabschiedung und Wiederentdeckung des Staates im Spannungsfeld der Disziplinen. Beiheft zur Zeitschrift Der Staat. Eds. Christian Bumke, Florian Meinel and Andreas Voßkuhle, Duncker & Humblot: Berlin: 221-235.
Policy Change in the EU's Immediate Neighbourhood. A Comparison in Practice, co-edited with Katrin Böttger. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Roads to Regionalism. Genesis, Design, and Effects of Regional Organizations, co-edited with Lukas Goltermann, Mathis Lohaus and Kai Striebinger. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Convergence without Accession? Explaining Policy Change in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood. Special Issue of Europe-Asia Studies, co-edited with Julia Langbein.
From Europeanization to Diffusion. Special Issue of West European Politics 35 (1), co-edited with Thomas Risse.
Symposium on Experimentalist Governance, Regulation and Governance, Vol. 6 (3), co-edited with Sandra Eckert.
Europeanization Meets Turkey. A Case Sui Generis? In Turkey and the EU: Processes of Europeanisation. Edited by Yonca Özer and Çiğdem Nas. Aldershot: Ashgate.
The European Union – A Unique Governance Mix? In Oxford Handbook of Governance. Edited by David Levi-Four. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 613-627.
Migration, Energy and Good Governance in the Southern Caucasus, co-authored with Esther Ademmer. Europe-Asia Studies.
Pathologies of Europeanization. Fighting Corruption in the Southern Caucasus, co-authored with Yasemin Pamuk. West European Politics 35 (1): 79-97.
From Europeanisation to Diffusion. Introduction, co-authored with Thomas Risse. West European Politics 35(1): 1-19.
When Europeanisation Meets Diffusion. Exploring New Territory, co-authored with Thomas Risse. In West European Politics 35 (1): 192-207.
“Comparative Regionalism: From Cooperation to Integration”, in Handbook on International Relations, 2nd edition, Eds. Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth Simmons. Sage, London.
“Conditionality”, in International Encyclopedia of Political Science, Eds. Betrand Badie, Dieter Berg-Schlosser and Leonardo Morlino. Sage, London, co-authored with Eva Heidbreder.
2012. Europeanization on the Borderline. The Western Balkans. In European Integration and the Transformation in the Western Balkans: Europeanization or Business as Usual, edited by Arolda Elbassani. London: Routledge, 173-184.
Civil Society on the Rise? EU Enlargement and Societal Mobilization in Central and Eastern Europe, Special Issue of Acta Politica.
Drawing Closer to Europe. New Modes of Governance and Accession. In New Modes of Governance in Europe. Governance in the Shadow of Hierarchy, edited by Adrienne Héritier and Martin Rhodes, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
European Governance – Negotiation and Competition in the Shadow of Hierarchy. Journal of Common Market Studies, 48(2)191-220.
Europeanization, co-authored with Diana Panke. In European Union Politics, 3rd edition, edited by Michelle Cini, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Governing EU Accession in Transition Countries. The Role of Non-State Actors, co-authored with Aron Buzogany. Acta Politica.
When Europe Hits … beyond its Borders. Europeanization and the near abroad. Comparative European Politics 9 (4): 394-413.
Coping with Accession to the European Union. New Modes of Environmental Governance. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
After Accession: Escaping the Low Capacity Trap? In Coping with Accession to the European Union. New Modes of Environmental Governance, edited by Tanja A. Börzel, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 192-210.
Democracy or Stability? EU and the US Engagement in the Southern Caucasus, co-authored with Yasemin Pamuk, Andreas Stahn. In Democracy Promotion in the EU and the US Compared, edited by Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse und Michael A. McFaul, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 150-184.
Environmental Policy: The Challenge of Accession. In Coping with Accession to the European Union. New Modes of Environmental Governance, edited by Tanja A. Börzel, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 32-47.
Introduction. In Coping with Accession to the European Union. New Modes of Environmental Governance, edited by Tanja A. Börzel, Houndmills et al.: PalgraveMacmillan, 1-6.
Networks in EU Multi-level Governance. Concepts and Contributions, co-authored with Karen Head-Lauréote. Journal of Public Policy, 29 (2), 135-151.
New Modes of Governance and Accession to the EU: The Paradox of Double Weakness. In Coping with Accession to the European Union. New Modes of Environmental Governance, edited by Tanja A. Börzel, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 7-31.
Revisiting the Nature of the Beast. Politicization, European Identity, and Postfunctionalism. A Comment on Hooghe and Marks, co-authored with Thomas Risse. British Journal of Political Science, 39(1), 217-220.
Venus Approaching Mars? The European Union’s Approaches to Democracy Promotion, co-authored with Thomas Risse. In Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law. American and European Strategies, edited by Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse und Michael A. McFaul, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 34-60.
The Diffusion of (Inter-)Regionalism. The EU as a Model of Regional Integration. KFG Working Papers. Research College “The Transformative Power of Europe”, Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin (7).
Informelle Politik in Europa. Regieren in oder durch Netzwerke? In Netzwerke in European Multi-Level Governance, edited by Wolfram Kaiser, Michael Gehler and Brigitte Leucht. Wien, Köln, Weimar: Böhlau, 27-38.
The Transformative Power of Europe: The European Union and the Diffusion of Ideas, co-authored with Thomas Risse. KFG Working Papers. Research College “The Transformative Power of Europe”, Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin (1).
Venus Approaching Mars? The European Union as an Emerging Civilian World Power. Berliner Arbetispapiere zur Europäischen Integration, Center of European Studies, Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin 09 (11).
The Goodness of Fit and the Democratic Deficit in Europe. A Review of Vivien A. Schmidt: Democracy n Europe. The EU and National Polities, co-authored with Tanja A. Börzel. Comparative European Politics, 7(3), 364-373.
For a complete list of publications by Prof. Dr. Tanja A. Börzel, please, click here.
The Information Content of Money in Forecasting Euro Area Inflation. co-authored with Emil Stavrev, Journal of Applied Economics, 44(31), 4055-4072.
Inflexibilities and Trade Imbalances: Evidence from Europe, co-authored with Volker Nitsch, in: Wim Meeusen (ed.), The Economic Crisis and European Integration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 141-153.
Does Money Matter in the ECB Strategy? New Evidence Based on ECB Communication. co-authored with Jakob de Haan and Jan-Egbert Sturm, International Journal of Finance and Economics, 16(1), 16-31.
Does Money Growth Granger-Cause Inflation in the Euro Area? Evidence from Out-of-Sample Forecasts Using Bayesian VARs. co-authored with Pär Österholm, The Economic Record 87(276), 45-66.
The ECB's Monetary Analysis Revisited co-authored with Thomas Harjes and Emil Stavrev, in: Helge Berger and Jakob de Haan (eds.), The European Central Bank At Ten, Berlin: Springer, 33-86.
The European Central Bank at Ten. co-authored with Jakob de Haan (eds.), Berlin: Springer.
For a complete list of publications by Prof. Dr. Helge Berger, please, click here.
[Democracy in Europe: EU Citizenship and the European Public Sphere], Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck.
“Umsetzung von Rechtsakten der Europäischen Union, § 65“, in: KrWG – Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz, Eds. Hans D. Jarass and Frank Petersen, C.H.Beck, München: 780-794.
“Subsidiaritätskontrolle durch Bundestag, Bundesrat und Landesparlamente, § 23“, in: Gesetzgebung – Rechtsetzung durch Parlamente und Verwaltungen sowie ihre gerichtliche Kontrolle, Eds. Winfried Kluth and Günter Krings, C.F.Müller, Heidelberg: 563-584.
with André Lippert, “§ 2 Transeuropäische Netze“, in: Enzyklopädie Europarecht Europäische Querschnittpolitiken, Eds. Armin Hatje and Peter-Christian Müller-Graff, Nomos, Baden-Baden: 51-149.
Europäische Solidarität und nationale Identität - Überlegungen im Kontext der Krise im Euroraum, Verlag Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen.
“From Fiscal Compact to Fiscal Union? New Rules for the Eurozone”, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Vol. 2011-2012 (14): 101‐117.
“Die Reform der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion als Herausforderung für die Integrationsarchitektur der EU – Europa- und verfassungsrechtliche Überlegungen“, Die Öffentliche Verwaltung (DÖV), Vol. 66 (20): 785-795.
“Zukünftige Integrationsschritte – durch oder statt Demokratie?“, in: Postnationale Demokratie, Postdemokratie, Neoetatismus, Eds. Hans Michael Heinig and Jörg Philipp Terhechte, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, S. 77-103.
“The Dynamics of European Citizenship: From Bourgeois to Citoyen”, in: The Court of Justice and the Construction of Europe: Analyses and Perspectives on Sixty Years of Case‐Law – La Cour de Justice et la Construction de l´Europe: Analyses et Perspectives de Soixante Ans de Jurisprudence, Ed. Court of Justice of the European Union, Berlin, New York: 425-441.
„Der ESM zwischen Luxemburg und Karlsruhe“, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht (NVwZ), Vol. 2013 (3): 97-105.
„Der EuGH als gesetzlicher Richter im Sinne des Grundgesetzes – Auf dem Weg zu einer kohärenten Kontrolle der unionsrechtlichen Vorlagepflicht?“, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW), Vol. 66 (27): 1905-1910.
with Timm Beichelt, „Auf dem Weg zum Europäisierten Bundestag: Vom Zuschauer zum Akteur?“. Sonderreihe „Nationale Parlamente in der Europäischen Integration“, Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh.
Der Kampf um den Euro: Eine „Angelegenheit der Europäischen Union“ zwischen Regierung, Parlament und Volk, in: Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht (NVwZ), 1-7.
Studies, Vol. 2011-2012 (14): 101-117.
„Erneuerbare Energien in der Europäischen Union und das EEG: Eine Europäisierung „von unten“?“, in 20 Jahre Recht der Erneuerbaren Energien, Ed. Thorsten Müller, Schriften zum Umweltenergierecht, Baden‐Baden: 222-257, co-authored with Christian Hey.
„Tierschutz zwischen Europa‐ und Verfassungsrecht – Überlegungen am Beispiel der Tierversuchsrichtlinie“, Natur und Recht (NuR), Vol. 34 (12): 819-829.
„Finanzkrisen als Herausforderung der internationalen, europäischen und nationalen Rechtsetzung“, Veröffentlichungen der Vereinigung der Deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer (VVDStRL), Vol. 71: 113-182.
“Precautionary Principle and Nanomaterials: REACH Revisted”, Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law (JEEPL), Vol. 9 (2): 113-135, co-authored with Heidi Stockhaus.
„Auf dem Weg in die europäische „Fiskalunion“? – Europa und verfassungsrechtliche Fragen einer Reform der Wirtschafts‐ und Währungsunion im Kontext des Fiskalvertrages“, JuristenZeitung (JZ), Vol. 67 (10): 477-487, co-authored with Christopher Schoenfleisch.
“The Future of the Eurozone and the Role of the German Federal Constitutional Court”, (Oxford) Yearbook of European Law 2012: 402-415.
Auf dem Wege zu einer einheitlichen europäischen Energiepolitik? Eine Analyse des neuen Art. 104 AEUV im Kontext aktueller politischer Entwicklungen, in: Detlev Joost/H. Oetker/Marian Paschke (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Franz Jürgen Säcker zum 70. Geburtstag, München 2011, 589-608.
Europäische Gewaltenteilung und Agenturen: Zu den Grenzen der Organisationsgewalt in der Europäischen Union, in: Werner Meng/Georg Ress/Torsten Stein (Hrsg.), Europäische Integration und Globalisierung, Festschrift zum 60-jährigen Bestehen des Europa Instituts der Universität Saarbrücken, Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes – Rechtswissenschaft Bd. 68, Baden-Baden, 67-86.
Wie viel Grundgesetz braucht Europa?, in: Ulrike Guérot/Jacqueline Hènard (Hrsg.), Was denkt Deutschland?, Wiesbaden, 56-64.
Nach dem Lissabon-Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts: Parlamentarische Integrationsverantwortung auf europäischer und nationaler Ebene. Zeitschrift für Gesetzgebung (ZG), 2010, 1-34.
Sinn, Inhalt und Reichweite einer europäischen Kompetenz zur Energieumweltpolitik. In Probleme und Perspektiven im Energieumweltrecht, edited by Cremer/Pielow, Stuttgart: Boorberg, 20-56.
Die Menschenwürde im Recht der Europäischen Union. In Das Dogma der Unantastbarkeit – Eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem Absolutheitsanspruch der Würde, edited by Rolf Gröschner/Oliver W. Lembcke, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 133-173.
Eigentumsgrundrecht. In Lehrbuch „Europäische Grundrechte und Grundfreiheiten“, edited by Dirk Ehlers, Berlin et al..: Gruyter, 3. Auflage, § 16.4, 593-618.
Das Ringen des Zweiten Senats mit der Europäischen Union: Über das Ziel hinausgeschossen … . Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien (ZEuS) 2009, 559-582.
60 Jahre Grundgesetz – ein Jubiläum im Lichte der Europäisierung. Demokratie, Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Grundrechte im Kontext der Europäischen Union. Anwaltsblatt 2009, 478-487.
Die Dienstleistungsrichtlinie und ihre Umsetzung in Deutschland, zusammen mit Stefan Korte. In EuR Beiheft 2/2009, XXIII. FIDE-Kongress vom 28. bis 31. Mai 2008 in Linz, Die deutschen Landesberichte, edited by Peter-Christian Müller-Graff and Jürgen Schwarze, Baden-Baden 2009, 65-92.
Europäische Gesetzgebung und nationale Grundrechte – Divergenzen in der aktuellen Rechtsprechung von EuGH und BVerfG? In JZ 2009, 113-121.
For a complete list of publications by Prof. Dr. Christian Calliess, please, click here.
“A Transfer Mechanism for a Monetary Union”, Discussion Papers: Economics, School of Business & Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, No. 2013/2, co-authored with Simon Voigts.
"A Transfer Mechanism as a Stabilization Tool in the EMU," DIW Economic Bulletin, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, Vol. 3 (1): 3-8, co-authored with with Kerstin Bernoth.
with G. Ganelli, J. Tervala and S. Voigts, "Fiscal Devaluation in a Monetary Union", School of Business & Economics Discussion Paper 18. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin.
"Konjunkturelle Ausgleichszahlungen als Stabilisierungsinstrument in der Europäischen Währungsunion." DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, Vol. 79 (44): 3-8, co-authored with Kerstin Bernoth.
Beggar-Thyself or Beggar-Thy-Neighbour? The Welfare Effects of Monetary Policy, co-authored with Juha Tervala. Diskussionsbeiträge des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Freien Universität Berlin Volkswirtschaftl. Reihe, 2010/06.
External Imbalances and the US Current Account: How Supply-Side affect an Exchange Rate Adjustment, co-authored with Michaela Fidora and Christian Thimann. Review of International Economics, 17(5), 927-941.
Global Rebalancing in a Three Country Model. Diskussionsbeiträge des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Freien Universität Berlin Volkswirtschaftl. Reihe, 2009/01.
Gains from Migration in a New-Keynesian Framework. Available online at http://www.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/institute/wirtschaftspolitik-geschichte/berger/publikationen/Engler/Migration_Phillips_Curve.pdf .
For a complete list of publications by Prof. Dr. Philipp Engler, please, click here.
with Silke Hans and Sören Carlson, Globalisierung, Bildung und grenzüberschreitende Mobilität [Globalisation, Education and Crossborder Mobility], Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
with Holger Lengfeld, “In welchem Maße ist die Europäische Union eine sozial integrierte Gesellschaft?“ [To what extent is the European Union a socially integretated society?], in: Krise der europäischen Vergesellschaftung? Soziologische Perspektiven [The Crisis of a European Society? Sociological Perspectives], Ed. Martin Heidenreich, Springer VS, Wiesbaden: 201-226.
with Holger Lengfeld and Julia Häuberer, “Wollen die Bürger eine europäisierte Sozialpolitik? Ergebnisse einer komparativen Umfrage in drei EU-Ländern und der Türkei“ [Do People Want a European Welfare State? Results of a Comparative Survey Conducted in Three European Countries and Turkey], in: Vielfalt und Zusammenhalt. Verhandlungen des 36. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Bochum und Dortmund 2012, Ed. Martina Löw, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt a.M.
with Silke Hans, “Explaining Citizens’ Participation in a Transnational European Public Sphere” (submitted; available upon request).
with Holger Lengfeld and Julia Häuberer, “The EU Crisis and Citizens Support for a European Welfare State”, Berliner Studien zur Soziologie Europas (BSSE) 30, Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin.
„Wir, ein europäisches Volk? Sozialintegration Europas und die Idee der Gleichheit aller europäischen Bürger“ [We, the European People? Social Integration and the Idea of Equality for all European Citizens], Springer VS, Wiesbaden, co-authored with Holger Lengfeld.
“Transnational Human Capital, Education, and Social Inequality. Analyses of International Student Exchange“, Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Vol. 42 (2): 99-11, co-authored with Silke Hans.
“Social Class and Cultural Consumption – The Impact of Modernization in a Comparative European Perspective”, Comparative Sociology, Vol. 12 (2): 160-183, co-authored with Silke Hans and Michael Mutz.
“European Integration, Equality Rights and People’s Beliefs: Evidence from Germany”, European Sociological Review , Vol. 29 (1): 19-31, co-authored with with Holger Lengfeld.
with Holger Lengfeld, „Europas Bürger halten zusammen. Gleichheitsvorstellungen leiden nicht unter der Krise“, WZB-Mitteilungen 140, Berlin: 30-32.
“From Babel to Brussels. European Integration and the Importance of Transnational Linguistic Capital”, Berlin Studies on the Sociology of Europe (BSSE). No. 28. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. (English version of Gerhards 2010).
“Europäische Vergesellschaftungsprozesse: Horizontale Europäisierung zwischen nationalstaatlicher und globaler Vergesellschaftung “[European Processes of Socialisation: Horizontal Europeanisation between Socialisation on the National and Global Level], Pre-prints of the DFG Research Unit “Horizontal Europeanization”, co-authored with with Martin Heidenreich, Jan Delhey, Christian Lahusen, Steffen Mau, Richard Münch and Susanne Pernicka.
with Silke Hans, „Virtuelle Transnationalisierung. Partizipation der EU-Bürger an einer transnationalen europäischen Öffentlichkeit“ [Virtual Transnationalisation. Participation of EU Citizens’ in a Transnational European Public Sphere], Berliner Studien zur Soziologie Europas (BSSE) Nr. 27.
European Integration, Equality Rights and People’s Beliefs: Evidence from Germany. co-authored with Holger Lengfeld. European Sociological Review. Already Published online.
Why not Turkey? Attitudes towards Turkish membership in the EU among citizens in 27 European countries. co-authored with Silke Hans. Journal of Common Market Studies” 49 (4): 741-766.
Mehrsprachigkeit im vereinten Europa. Transnationales sprachliches Kapital als Ressource in einer globalisierten Welt. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Is the Internet a better public Sphere? Comparing old and new media in Germany and the US, co-authored with Mike S. Schäfer. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143-160.
Non-Discrimination Towards Homosexuality: The European Union’s Policy and its Support among Citizens in 27 European Countries. International Sociology, 25(1), 5-28.
Transnationales linguistisches Kapital der Bürger und der Prozess der europäischen Integration. In Gesellschaftstheorie und Europapolitik. Sozialwissenschaftliche Ansätze zur Europaforschung, edited by Monika Eigmüller and Steffen Mau, Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 213-244.
Culture. Differences and Communalities between the Member Countries of the European Union. In Handbook of European Societies, edited by Stefan Immerfall and Göran Therborn, New York: Springer, 157-215.
Two Normative Models of Science in the Public Sphere, co-authored with Mike S. Schäfer. Public Understanding of Science, 18(4), 437-451.
Europäisierte Chancengleichheit? Einstellungen zur Öffnung des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts für EU-Ausländer, co-authored with Holger Lengfeld. Berliner Journal für Soziologie, 19(4), 627-652.
Gender Equality in the European Union: The EU Script and its Support in the Member States, co-authored with Sylvia Kämpfer and Mike S. Schäfer. Sociology, 43(3), 515-534.
Wer ist verantwortlich? Die Europäische Union, ihre Nationalstaaten und die massenmediale Attribution von Verantwortung für Erfolge und Misserfolge, co-authored with Anke Offerhaus and Jochen Roose. In Special Issue of Politische Vierteljahresschrift „Politik in der Mediendemokratie“, edited by Barbara Pfetsch and Frank Marcinkowski, 529-558.
The Idea of Equality of All Europeans and How It Is Supported by the Citizens of the European Union. In Religion, democratic values and political conflict (Festschrift in Honor of Thorleif Pettersson), edited by Yilmaz Esmer, Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Bi Puranen, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 61-72.
Von der nationalen zur europäischen sozialen Sicherheit? Das Gleichheitsskript der Europäischen Union und die Einstellungen der Bürger, co-authored with Holger Lengfeld. In Die Ökonomie der Gesellschaft. Festschrift für Heiner Ganßmann, edited by Sylke Nissen and Georg Vobruba, Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 109-131.
Europäisierung von Gerechtigkeit aus Sicht der Bürger, co-authored with Holger Lengfeld. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 47, 21-26.
For a complete list of publications by Prof. Dr. Jürgen Gerhards, please, click here.
Political communication cultures in Europe: attitudes of political actors and journalists in nine countries, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstole.
with Annett Heft, “Theorizing Communication Flows within European Public Spheres”, in: European Public Spheres. Bringing Politics Back In, Ed. Thomas Risse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK (publication planned for November 2014).
“Blind Spots in the Analysis of the Media-Politics Relationship in Europe”, in: Political Communication Cultures in Europe, Ed. Barbara Pfetsch, Palgrave Macmillan, New York: 1-10.
“The Idea of Political Communication Cultures and its Empirical Correlates”, in: Political Communication Cultures in Europe, Ed. Barbara Pfetsch, Palgrave Macmillan, New York: 13-30.
with P. Maurer, E. Mayerhöffer, T. Moring and S. Schwab Cammarano, “Contexts of the Media-Politics Relationship: Country Selection and Grouping” in: Political Communication Cultures in Europe, Ed. Barbara Pfetsch, Palgrave Macmillan, New York: 31-56.
with E. Mayerhöffer and T. Moring, “National or Professional? Types of Political Communication Culture across Europe”, in: Political Communication Cultures in Europe, Ed. Barbara Pfetsch, Palgrave Macmillan, New York: 76-102.
with T. Moring, “European Political Communication Cultures and Democracy”, in: Political Communication Cultures in Europe, Ed. Barbara Pfetsch, Palgrave Macmillan, New York: 287-301.
“Negotiating control: Political communication cultures in Bulgaria and Poland”, International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 17 (4): 388-406, co-authored with Katrin Voltmer.
“Conditions of the Emergence of a European Public Sphere: Political Actors and Mass Media Under Scrutiny.”, in The European Public Sphere. From critical Thinking to Responsible Action, Eds. Luciano Morganti and Léonce Bekemans, P.I.E Peter Lang, Brussels: 147-164, co-authored with Annett Heft.
Conceptual Challenges to the Paradigms of Comparative Media Systems in a Globalized World, co-authored with Frank Esser. Journal of Global Mass Communication, 2.
Europäische Öffentlichkeit – Entwicklung transnationaler Medienkommunikation, co-authored with Annett Heft. In Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, insert of „Das Parlament“, B 23-24, 2009, 36-41.
For a complete list of publications by Prof. Dr. Barbara Pfetsch, please, click here.
European Public Spheres. Bringing Politics Back In, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK (publication planned for November 2014).
“European Public Spheres. Bringing Politics Back In: Introduction”, in: European Public Spheres. Bringing Politics Back In, Ed. Thomas Risse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK (publication planned for November 2014).
“European Public Spheres, the Politicization of EU Affairs, and Its Consequences,” in: European Public Spheres. Bringing Politics Back In, Ed. Thomas Risse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK (publication planned for November 2014).
“Solidarität unter Fremden? Europäische Identität im Härtetest”, KFG Working Paper Series, Research College “The Transformative Power of Europe”, Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin (50).
“Solidarität unter Fremden? Europäische Identität im Härtetest“, in: Europäische Solidarität und nationale Identität, Ed. Christian Calliess, Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck: 115-132.
“Two Sides of the Same Coin? The Euro and Europeanization of Collective Identities”, in: The Single Currency and European Citizenship. Unveiling the Other Side of the Coin, Ed. Giovanni Moro, Bloomsbury, New York: 111-122.
A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.
Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law. American and European Strategies, with Amichai Magen and Michael McFaul, Houndmills, Basingstoke UK: Palgrave – Macmillan.
Deliberation in Negotiations, co-authored with Mareike Kleine. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(5), 708-726.
Conclusions. Towards Transatlantic Democracy Promotion? In Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law. American and European Strategies, edited by Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse, and Michael McFaul, Houndmills, Basingstoke UK: Palgrave – Macmillan, 244-271.
Venus Approaching Mars? The European Union’s Approaches to Democracy Promotion in Comparative Perspective. In Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law. American and European Strategies, edited by Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse, and Michael McFaul, Houndmills, Basingstoke UK: Palgrave – Macmillan, 34-60.
The Transformative Power of Europe: The European Union and the Diffusion of Ideas, co-authored with Tanja A. Risse. KFG Working Papers. Research College “The Transformative Power of Europe”, Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin (1).
For a complete list of publications by Prof. Dr. Thomas Risse, please, click here.
In preparation. With Tanja A. Börzel, Obstinate or Inefficient. Why States Do Not Comply with EU Law (under review with Cornell University Press).
“A new type of representative democracy? Reconsidering the role of national parliaments in the European Union”, Journal of European Integration. Special Issue: Representation and Democracy in the EU: Does one come at the expense of the other?, Vol. 35 (5):547-563.
“Legislative Transposition of Directives: Exploring the Other Role of National Parliaments in the European Union”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 51 (2): 298–315.
„Säkularmacht EU? Zur Europäisierung von Religion in EU-Mitgliedsstaaten“, in Europäische Religionspolitik, Eds. Liedhegener, Antonius and Ines-Jacqueline Werkner, Politik und Religion, Volume 14, Springer VS, Wiesbaden: 239-254.
In 2012, Prof. Dr. Carina Sprungk has been on maternity leave and did not publish.
How policy-shaping might (not) affect policy-taking: the case of national parliaments in the European Union, Journal of European Integration 3(3), 323-340.
Parlamentarismus im europäischen Mehrebenensystem. Zum Wandel von Rollenanfoderungen an nationale Parlamente in EU-Angelegenheiten. In Gabriele Abels und Annegret Eppler (Hrsg.), ‘Auf dem Weg zum Mehrebenenparlamentarismus? Zukünftige Funktionen von Parlamenten im Integrationsprozess’, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
The myth of a Green Europe, co-authored with Andrea Lenschow. In Journal of Common Market Studies, 48(1), 133-154.
Ever more or ever better scrutiny? Analysing the conditions of effective national parliamentary involvement in EU affairs. European Integration online Papers (EIoP), 14(2), available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2010-002a.htm .
Was ist Europa? Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt und Mitgestaltung in der EU. In Europa kontrovers, edited by Eckart D. Stratenschulte, Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, available at http://www.bpb.de/themen/JGC2M5,0,Sicherheit_Wohlfahrt_und_Mitgestaltung_in%20der_EU.html . | 2019-04-25T20:52:28Z | https://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/en/polwiss/forschung/international/jmce/Publications/index.html |
You might find after the diagnosis that you need more than your usual ways of coping. There is no best or right way of coping, but having a few different strategies may help you feel a greater sense of control and confidence. A coping toolbox is a set of strategies or ‘tools’ you can use to help you cope. Each persons toolbox will look different, but it’s useful to consider several strategies or tools for coping.
There is a lot of information to take in – and well-meaning family and friends may give you even more. Too much information may leave you confused about what to do. Instead, you may need information relevant to your situation or a way of dealing with the information you already have.
Get organised: start a filing system for all your test results, information and records.
Keep a diary: This may help you to kee track of appointments and highlight where information may be missing. This will also be a useful, accurate record in the future (especially if you are seeing different professionals in different locations).
Involve other people: Ask people you trust to help gather and make sense of new information.
Consider different sources of information: Look at websites, books and different organisations. Take care with information from the internet as some of it is unregulated and of poor quality.
Ask questions: If you are unsure or confused about certain information, it can help to talk to your doctor. Write down your questions beforehand so you remember what to ask when you see your health care team.
Take a close family member or friend to consultations: They can take notes to help you remember the details. If you are comfortable with it they can also ask questions.
Find support: Some people join a support group as it gives them the opportunity to talk to other people in a similar situation. If you think a support group is not for you, there are other ways to connect with people.
After receiving a congenital CMV diagnosis, you will probably need to make several decisions. These could include the choice of treatment and early intervention therapy and how to involve your family and friends.
Take your time – There is time to consider your treatment choices. Generally, people make better decisions – and have fewer regrets later – if they take time to gather information and think about the possible consequences.
Get expert advice – Ask your health care professionals to explain the treatment options and the benefits and side effects of each. Social workers can also give you details about support services.
Write it down – Organising your thoughts on paper can be easier than trying to do it in your head. Write down the aims of the treatment/therapy available.
Talk it over – Discuss the options with those close to you.
Expect to experience doubts – Being unsure does not mean you have taken the wrong path. Reassure yourself that you made the best decision you could with the information you had at the time. Asking yourself, ‘Did I make the right decision?’ is rarely useful. Also, decisions are not always final.
Get a second opinion – Asking another specialist what they think can be a valuable part of your decision-making process. It can confirm or clarify your doctor’s recommendations or reassure you that you have explored all of the options. Specialists are used to people doing this. Your doctor can refer you to another specialist and send results to that person. You can get a second opinion even if you have started treatment or still want to be treated by your first doctor. Alternatively, you may decide you would prefer to be treated by the doctor who provided the second opinion.
A CMV diagnosis for your child can cause physical and emotional strain. Some days you may feel better than others. Looking after yourself can enhance your well-being and reduce stress during this time.
Eat well: Eating well gives your body better fuel to help it cope with stress.
Be active: Physical activity can lift mood, lower blood pressure, improve sleep and reduce stress. It is also an important way to manage fatigue – helping you to feel more energetic and less tired. Even a short daily walk can help.
Make time for yourself: Even though life may be very busy, it is important to make time each day just for relaxation and enjoyment. Think about things you do (or have done in the past) that help you to relax and feel good.
Sort out issues: Dealing with other sources of stress in your life such as financial problems, work-related issues, relationship concerns and family stresses may help you cope better going forward.
Stay connected: Keeping in touch with the world through work, hobbies or time spent with family and friends may help you see a life outside of doctor appointments, treatment and early intervention therapy and provide a break from your worries.
Tap into spiritual beliefs: Some people find meaning and comfort from their faith and spiritual practices. Others may experience spirituality more generally. A diagnosis may challenge the beliefs of some people and it may help to talk to a spiritual leader or pastoral care worker about your feelings.
Recognise signs of stress and anxiety: In times of stress, your body releases adrenaline, your heart beats faster, your blood pressure goes up, your breathing is shallow and fast, your hands get sweaty, and your mouth gets dry. These natural responses help people deal with a crisis. For most people, these feelings settle, but for others they are ongoing.
Shock and disbelief – it may take time to accept that your baby has a disability and some people may never accept the diagnosis.
Fear – it’s frightening to hear your baby could have or has a disability. Most people cope better when they learn more about the diagnosis and treatment options.
Distress – the diagnosis may cause you and your family members to experience high levels of emotional distress.
Sadness – feeling sad after your child has been diagnosed with congenital cytomegalovirus is common. If you feel continually sad or down for two or more weeks and are not enjoying or interested in your usual activities, or are unmotivated, talk to your doctor – you may be experiencing depression.
Anxiety – it’s natural to worry about what a congenital CMV diagnosis will mean for your baby in the future, and the impact the diagnosis will have on your family, work and other responsibilities, but looking far ahead may be unhelpful.
Anger – you may feel angry with health care professionals, your God, or even yourself.
Loneliness – you might feel lonely and isolated if your family and friends have trouble understanding your child’s diagnosis or if you are too busy with appointments etc to be able to work or socialise with others and enjoy your usual activities.
Loss of control – being told your baby has congenital CMV can be overwhelming and make you feel as though you are losing control of your life.
A common belief is that the most important thing in coping with a serious diagnosis is staying positive. While it can help to be hopeful, this doesn’t mean denying the reality that your baby has been given a diagnosis that is serious and frightening. Trying to put on a brave face all the time drains energy, and generally doesn’t work well because the negative thoughts just keep coming back. Pressure to be positive all the time can lead to people being afraid to discuss fears and feelings, which can make problems worse.
Try to be realistic about what is happening and talk to someone about your fears and concerns so you can better deal with them. Explaining how you feel to those around you may also help you get the support you need.
Complimentary therapies are widely used in Australia and are often used alongside conventional therapy such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, audio-verbal therapy and speech therapy. They may offer physical, emotional and spiritual support and improve quality of life.
Complimentary therapies are different to alternative therapies. Alternative therapies are used in place of conventional therapy, but many alternative therapies have not been shown to be scientifically effective.
Complimentary therapies focus on a mind-body connection. These techniques are based on the belief that thoughts and feelings can affect physical and mental well-being. When your emotions or mental state are under pressure, your physical body can be affected. Similarly, physical symptoms can have a negative impact on your mood and mental well-being. Below are some types of mind-body complementary therapies.
Your own physical health and emotions can fluctuate at times as looking after a child with special needs can sometimes be hard. Sometimes it’s hard to let your friends and family know how you’re feeling, and they may find it hard to ask.
Keep a journal or blog – some people keep two journals, one private and one to share with others.
Make music, draw, paint or create craft.
Sometimes you will switch between wanting to talk about what’s going on and wanting to avoid difficult thoughts and feelings. It is ok to say no – whether it is about discussing your personal concerns or in response to an offer of help.
Through discussions with a counsellor or psychologist, you can identify problems and explore ways of resolving unhelpful thoughts and feelings that affect your health and day-to-day life. Counselling allows you to express your emotion in a safe and supportive environment, and to learn new coping skills.
Some people may find themselves going over and over the same distressing thoughts about the past or future. Ignoring such thoughts or trying to distract yourself may work at first, but they often return once you are no longer distracted – for example, during the night or early in the morning.
Imagine what you would say to others – Think of someone you love and imagine what you might say to them if they felt the same way.
Check your thoughts – Ask yourself if you are jumping to conclusions or exaggerating the negatives. If so, is there something you can do to change the situation or improve it?
Write down your thoughts – This helps slow down your thinking and makes it easier to focus. It may also help you determine if a thought is based on facts, realistic or helpful.
Acknowledge life events – Check if you are focusing on the difficult things and ignoring the little achievements or happy events that may also be occuring. Sometimes we notice the bad things that happen and don’t notice the good. Writing down three good things that have happened to you each day may help. They don’t have to be major events – just the everyday things that often go unrecognised.
Practise letting your thoughts come and go – Thoughts are fleeting. Some we notice and many we don’t. Practise letting your thoughts come and go without getting caught up in them.
Coach yourself – For thoughts to be helpful, they need to be balanced and believable. Use encouraging thoughts to talk yourself through difficulties, rather than undermining yourself. Learn to be kind to yourself. Counsellors can teach you these techniques.
Seek help – There are a range of professionals who help people manage how they’re feeling. Check if one of these is available through the therapy centre your child attends or ask your GP for a referral. Medicare provides rebates for mental health services provided by a psychologist – talk to your GP about this.
Mental health nurse: a registered nurse who has completed further study in mental health nursing. Role includes assessing people, giving medicines and assisting in behaviour modification programs.
Counsellor: A counsellor’s education may range from a vocational certificate in counselling through to university-level studies in psychology or social work. There is no qualification standard they have to meet. Counsellors listen to what’s going on and offer strategies for dealing with issues.
Social worker: A social worker must complete a four-year undergraduate or two-year masters degree. They provide emotional support, offer practical and financial assistance and help people find support services.
Psychologist: A registered psychologist must complete four years of psychology at undergraduate level, followed by either postgraduate studies in psychology or two years of supervised clinical practice. Psychologists who specialise in counselling use their understanding of the mind to guide clients through issues with how they think, feel and learn. They often develop expertise in particular approaches.
Psychiatrist: A psychiatrist is a trained medical doctor who specialises in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illness. As well as discussing issues with patients, a a psychiatrist may prescribe medicines to help manage a range of emotional conditions. You need a referral from your GP to see a psychiatrist.
The reactions from your family and friends will vary. These will depend on many factors, including their previous experience. People often don’t know what to say. They may appear too positive or make light of your situation, or they may avoid or withdraw from you. Friends stay away for different reasons. Sometimes it may be because they are not able to cope with what you’re going through.
After the initial shock family and friends are often supportive.
Make time to talk. Don’t wait for the right time – it may never come.
Your family and friends will find it easier to be told what you need rather than having to guess. Make some specific suggestions. For example, you may like someone to attend appointments with you, help with child minding if you have other children or provide some meals. Don’t fall into the trap of thinking, ‘If they really cared, they would know what I need.’ They’re not mind readers. Be honest about what you are thinking and feeling, even if it is upsetting.
Focus on understanding each other as this is more important than trying to solve the problem.
Really listen to what the other person has to say. Put aside your own thoughts and judgements and try to understand where they are coming from.
Talk openly about what is happening and what you need. If you think not knowing what to say is keeping a friend from visiting, call them to ease the way. You may find that talking openly helps everyone.
Give your family and friends time to adjust. They may need as much information, support and advice as you do. They might be fearful and frustrated at their inability to do anything about your child’s diagnosis.
The reactions of others may make you feel hurt, angry or frustrated. Try not to take their reactions as a sign that they don’t care.
Parents and other adults can feel overcome by their own anxiety and fears, and their first impulse may be to protect children from feeling these same strong emotions. Most children sense that something is wrong even if they don’t know what it is. When they are not told what is going on, children may imagine the worst. They may also find out from someone else, and this may leave them feeling angry and confused.
Start with questions to check what your children know. This gives you the opportunity to clear up any misunderstandings.
Use language that children will understand. Younger children need simpler explanations while teenagers and young adults might ask for more details.
Try not to overload kids with too much information.
Explain that having a disability is not their fault and is not contagious.
Leave kids with feelings of hope that even though you or they may be upset now, there will be better times.
Tell other people close to your children (grandparents, friends and school teachers) about the diagnosis and what you plan to tell your children. If you all say similar things, your kids will hear a consistent message.
Trying to always be upbeat in front of your children can be exhausting, so tell children how you’re feeling. They may be relieved to know your mood is not because of something they’ve done.
Listen and give children a chance to discuss how they’re feeling.
Continue the children’s usual routine as much as possible. They feel safer with a regular routine. Talk about their activities, and let them know that it’s still ok to have fun.
Explain any changes that need to be made to the family’s lifestyle, and negotiate where possible.
Reassure them of your love and continue to do things together.
Tell them they will be looked after throughout their siblings treatment or ongoing therapy, even if you can’t always do it yourself.
Expect that children will react in different ways.
Suggest that teenagers talk to a trusted adult or a counsellor about how they’re feeling as they may find it hard to share this with you.
Talk to your GP or a counsellor if the behaviour of your child or teenager changes significantly. | 2019-04-23T03:59:22Z | https://www.cmv.org.au/building-coping-skills/ |
I thought with our recent discussion about being our own worst critics (in the comments on this post: Working the Ruler Work and later on Instagram) when it comes to our quilting, that I'd share this today.
Please don't compare your anything with that of someone else's. Comparison is the thief of joy. What is important is progress. Your own progress compared to yourself of the past.
Don't forget, when stitching free motion quilting, with or without rulers, on a domestic or sit-down machine, don't judge your work with your nose practically touching the quilt!
I am reminding myself today not to compare my work (my crazy blend of quilting, teaching, Janome shop, my online shop, and kid raising) with that of some other wonderful folks.
That's all for today, my wonderful peeps!
Working on my ruler work sampler again, this time using the double 'S' curve ruler from Rhonda Beyer. This was actually my very first ruler purchase way back when I first decided to experiment with the Janome ruler foot.
Because of the asymetrical nature of this ruler, I marked the first two lines to make sure it was even.
Nothing like starting out with one of the more tricky rulers. This ruler has two different curves and they aren't symmetrical. I use a piece of tape to mark where I want to start or end my curve. Then when I'm ready to do the other side, you've got to flip it over to get the mirror image curve.
It's a great ruler, but don't set it aside mid-project as you might have a hard time figuring out the position to get the correct curve when you start back to it. Several minutes were lost today as I tried to remember which side I was using and which orientation.
Because of the asymmetric curves, sliding the ruler down or up along the line of stitching can throw things off. So you've got to be careful if you want very uniform spaced crosshatching.
But it does result in some very graceful effects. I'll be using this ruler in all four corners. I will be doing some variations in each corner too. I like how it turned out, even if doing these pretty formal feathers is a bit difficult to get fairly uniform.
Don't forget that Craftsy's got another great sale going on. You can use my special instructor link to get the best sale prices on ALL the classes.
I'll be doing a more in-depth post about using this ruler next week and maybe shoot a video. What rulers, if any, are you using in your quilting lately?
Craftsy's doing it again this weekend...offering a great sale on fabulous classes! My class, Quilting with Rulers on a Home Machine, is even on sale for $20 (50% off) using this link.
Enjoy a front row seat. See every move clearly with Craftsy's high-definition video. Plus, rewatch challenging concepts until you get them right.
Kick up your feet. Enjoy classes anytime from the convenience of your home or even on-the-go with our mobile apps.
Conquer new concepts. Learn easily with helpful diagrams, engaging graphics and downloadable materials that take you step-by-step through each new skill.
One of the fabulous perks of being a Craftsy instructor is the access to Craftsy's diverse library of classes. Classes that work especially well with ruler work are those by Kim Brunner, Angela Walters, Leah Day, and Eva Larkin Hawkins.
My daughter and I have started watching classes together as she's a crafty gal and loves to create with me, but sometimes she responds to the instruction from Craftsy teachers than her mama. *sniff* we've done Kim Werker's Crochet: Basics and Beyond and should it surprise me that when I suggested we check out some of the cooking classes, she wanted to do a class on tiny French pastries? Colette Christian is teaching us about Miniature French deserts. Confession time: I was just glad she chose that class before we got to the huge offering of fancy cake classes. I'm not a huge fan of cake (though I love , and make, a good cheesecake), our birthday cake expectations are currently thankfully low, and my hubby is diabetic.
I'm sure we'll move on to cakes at some point, but we also checked out Homemade Salty Snacks with Cynthia Nims. We plan on making cheese crackers tomorrow.
I'm also hoping to make time to take some photography classes as I feel I could be doing much better with my blog and quilt pictures. Plus I have adorable kids who are growing faster than weeds! I've got to get better pics of them while I can. One class that has caught my eye is Mobile Photography which is about taking better pics with your phone's camera. Totally brilliant!
Have a fabulous creative weekend!
Thanks for participating in my Craftsy class giveaway. There were gobs of people signed up and the winner was Craftsy user name; "Jeanquiltsnow"
Congratulations Jean! I'll be sending you an email with your code to take Quilting with Rulers on a Home Machine for free. I think you'll really enjoy it.
That's a discount link above for the rest of you, with 25% off the full price.
I'm so happy to see good sales come through the store and have emailed customers back and forth to make sure they're getting the right products for their machine and the excitement they're conveying to me over this technique and their new rulers and supplies has been very satisfying.
I did run out of several products in my shop, Amy's Quilting Adventures early in the week, really within 36 hours of opening shop. I immediately got larger amounts ordered and in case you didn't see the announcement yesterday, most of the items are back in stock already.
I'm getting into a routine with ordering, shipping, and such, so I hope to get back to more quilting and sharing directly!
One of the things I loved as I learned to quilt with rulers, was that it was a great way to get straight lines and curves without doing any or much marking. I hate marking. Or rather, I hate doing a bunch of precise measuring and marking.
But as my skill grew, I found I was raising the bar for myself design-wise. My fills were denser and my lines and ruler work were more intricate. That meant if I made a mistake, it was harder to rip out the stitches.
I also was teaching the technique to others and many of my students found markings to be reassuring.
This is especially nice when making corners around a design or seam like the center of this star block. I've gotten pretty good at judging that quarter-inch spacing or multiples thereof, along side another line or seam, but when it's time to turn a corner, I've found it was easier and faster to go ahead and mark a turning point.
Not sure of my design, so I mark it.
Clean up the marks with the eraser.
I still wasn't sure about this design idea so I kept marking. Marking is so much easier than ripping out stitches. Especially on a project like this ruler work sampler I've been working on for what seems like ages. It calls for more precise and geometric work than my typical quilts.
I thought 'floating' the center square looked more interesting and it made it easier to quilt continuously around it. Sometimes it's not just how the design looks but also about how it stitches out. The fewer thread tails to tie off or bits to travel stitch, the better. It would have been relatively easy to cross from one triangle to the next if I had extented the square to touch the inner star points, but it would have been harder to work the paisley design into those corners.
Maybe most 10-year-old boys reach this annoying stage, but my oldest was being a real wise guy today, "You're still working on that?! What year do you figure you'll finish?" he quipped today. I gave him the look, you know it if you're a mom. "It looks great," he quickly said.
Above, I had missed my mark, or the mark was off. Too close to bother figuring it out either way. Below, I erased the marks. Can you tell if it's off? Me neither. It stays.
See how I could work those paisleys into the areas around the inner points? If I hadn't tried drawing out the design, I probably wouldn't have thought to make it smaller.
Take advantage of the 1/4 inch markings on your rulers to develop designs too. You can offset the ruler from a center point or corner to create designs. Below, I really started playing with my design and doodling with my purple pen.
I was having a hard time deciding what to put in the sort-of 9 patch blocks. Especially as I don't want to stitch continuously across that orange with my turquoise thread.
Then there were these spots above the double star points. I like the echo around the piecing and this loopy L design. I'm really loving this L design anywhere lately as I've seen how it avoids backtracking. I need to practice it more, and marking helps me keep it in a vertical fashion instead of an Italic L!
So many ideas and I don't think I really love any of them. It's kind of an odd shaped area to fill. I could have put more paisleys in these areas, but I didn't want it too dense. And I felt like any random-ish fill ought to have the 1/4 inch echo in those L shaped corners and that was just looking too awkward. I also needed to bring some feathers into more areas of this quilt, so I feathered my star.
Not sure if I like it and haven't finished it yet, but it's a good start. Besides, I've got to make sure my son knows I can finish my projects!
If you are on Instagram, and post any pictures of work you've done with rulers, why don't you tag them with #rulerworkonadomestic so we can share design ideas? #rulerwork is good too if you're using a long arm or sit down machine.
If you missed my big flurry of excitement Friday and Saturday, you might not know that my online shop is now open at Amy's Quilting Adventures! We started off with a bang and it was amazing. I have run out of several items and they are on order, so I hope I can provide you with a great resource for both learning about ruler work, buying rulers and templates, and the supplies to make quilting easier.
If you've left one of the wonderful and encouraging, complimentary comments I've been getting here lately, know that I read them all, but I haven't been able to keep up with replying back. I'm really really thankful for them and you!
If you follow my facebook page, you'll know that I had a huge operator error with this blog Saturday. I accidentally deleted the entire "Quilting with Rulers" page! I got all the content, pictures, and links back thanks to a recent backup. But the URL is different, so any links that went to that page are sadly broken. I'm keeping an eye out for those links on my blog, but if you linked to that page or pinned pictures from it, they're land on my blog, but with an error message. Thankfully, the new "Quilting with Rulers" tab/button is easily visible on the error page. Linking to or pinning from the current page will be most helpful.
Happy Saturday folks! I'm sitting in the shade of my porch, accompanied by a skink, wren, and a horde of invading stink bugs. Enjoying the benefits of wifi, I'm basking in a feeling of accomplishment. As I've said when referencing how I got interested in quilting back when my kids were toddlers, I needed a feeling of accomplishment. Life was a series of things that didn't stay done; dishes, laundry, diapers. But stitching stayed done. Seems shipping out packages gives a great feeling too.
Today I sent two big totes of packages to the post office. My hubby pitched in and we enjoyed working together. Working together isn't new for us and we really enjoy it. My oldest son helped a bit too; trimming mailing labels, cutting tape. It is so satisfying to see the response the shop has gotten so far and knowing that I'm helping so many with their quilting and creativity.
This morning Patsy Thompson wrote a big review of my Craftsy class, Machine Quilting with Rulers on a Home Machine (That's still a 25% off discount link), and was so complimentary I was blushing! She's pretty incredible too...and is a big reason that Craftsy contacted me.
I don't think hubby really understood how much interest there was in ruler work, finding great supplies for it, and how wonderful my follows were until yesterday. He's very supportive, don't get me wrong, but he's a numbers guy and it just clicked for him. After a talk about social media, he asked the question, "What is the biggest thing that keeps people coming to your site?" I told him it was ultimately the quilting. I can't share it, teach it, or post, pin, 'gram it, if I'm not actually doing it! A wonderful conversation followed about delegation and shared responsibilities. Looks like I will get a little more time to quilt!
That's exactly what I am going to do right now folks! I'm heading inside to stitch on my neglected ruler work sampler.
Get Your Rulers: Amy's Quilting Adventures is Open!
After receiving so many encouraging comments after yesterday's post, how could I not open my shop? You guys are the BEST! I hunkered down and the shop at Amy's Quilting Adventures is open.
It's not perfect, but it's functional. More importantly, I think the product descriptions on my offerings are the best out there. My knowledge and experience with the technique and products available will help you make your selections with confidence.
I'm sure I will continue to add pictures, content, and of course, more products as time goes by. Some of the links might not work yet, but everything important is there!
This is a huge undertaking for me. Not that I was concerned about making enough sales, in fact, I'm more concerned that I will sell out too fast before I can get my next orders of product in! I don't want to disappoint you with "Out of Stock" notices. That's the pits. And I hope I have everything set up correctly tech-wise.
Shipping is a bit scary. To have the USPS (or other carriers) integrated into the shop to calculate actual shipping costs as you place your order is hugely expensive, in fact many of the big shops out there don't do it. So it takes a leap of faith to determine shipping rates when starting out. I hate it when shops do the "we'll calculate shipping costs and get back to you" sort of thing.
So to simplify things for you as well as myself, I've set up a flat rate for shipping. If the order ships to the USA, you'll pay only $6. In Canada, it will be $14. Most likely this means we will be absorbing some of the costs of shipping for larger packages, and any packages to Canada. It is our hope that the sales from larger orders will make such costs worthwhile for us.This may not work out in the long term, as shipping seems to go up, up, up. But we'll try it.
I can hear you now, "But I'm not in the US or Canada!" I'm sorry, I really am. But I need to gain some confidence with the shipping process first before undertaking the more complicated aspects of shipping to other countries. We will most likely add shipping areas over time.
More importantly as I start this venture, I am so happy to be able to make getting rulers easier for my students and blog followers. I am amazed at the support and encouragement you give me and each other and I'm excited to see where this adventure will take me!
Joanne Francis! I'll be sending you an email to choose your ruler shortly.
Thanks to everybody who has signed up for my newsletter. I'll be getting one ready to send asap to announce the opening of the shop. After that, I hope to begin sending a newsletter out no more than twice a month with news about the world of quilting, news about what I'm doing as well as some shop happenings, but also content that is interesting, useful, different than the blog, and not spammy. Hate spam.
I wanted to post again about my giveaway as the announcement may have been overlooked as we hopped along with Christa's blog hop for "Machine Quilting With Style " yesterday. BTW, today's stop on the blog hop is a frequent reader here- Linda Hungerford from Flourishing Palms. Stop by and say "Hi!" and enter her giveaway for the ebook version of Christa's book.
Go here to register for a chance to win my class, Quilting with Rulers on a Home Machine, free from Craftsy. The winner will be selected after noon September 23rd.
But the big news is my ruler giveaway! If you haven't already done so, make sure you've signed up for my email newsletter on the right sidebar. (This is different than the "Follow by email" option on the left sidebar that emails you each post as they're published.) I will choose one name from my entire newsletter subscriber list Friday, the 18th, at noon EST. That winner will choose one of the above 4 rulers. This giveaway is open to anyone anywhere that I can mail a package! Yes, really. Though if I have to hire a yak to get the package to you, I might reconsider.
I'm frantically getting my shop ready for its opening tomorrow. And by frantically, I mean stumbling over my perfectionism, wanting to post stitched samples for every ruler (Wouldn't that be great?), and really just hiding behind my fear of changing things from that of sharing information with my wonderful readers and even students to selling a product. It's a big step. And just how much does yak-post cost?
She also went on to remind me, "Believe me, quilters are very helpful and understanding. They will show unlimited patience as long as you let them know you are trying."
Once the site is open, and the bulk of the computer-based work (I am such a slow typer) is done, I am really excited about all the content that I will be able to share to help quilters make informed choices about rulers and to provide plenty of ruler work inspiration.
So, my dear readers: Is my friend right? Am I letting fear get the better of me? Are you really eager to have a shop like this available and I just need to git 'r done? I know from the comments and emails I receive that you are enjoying the heck out of using rulers for quilting and that you like what I've been doing thus far. You all really are the most encouraging people!
Today I'm joining in with the fun Christa Watson is having with her blog hop to launch her book, Machine Quilting With Style: From Walking-foot Wonders to Free-motion Favorites .
Christa and I have been online quilt buddies for a couple of years now. Our styles of quilting are pretty different, but what isn't different is the love for teaching quilting and encouraging quilters of all kinds and levels. I think we both have that down-to-earth, approachable attitude as we teach.
We both also like to finish our own quilts and like to encourage others to quilt their own quilts too! Her book is a great primer on machine quilting with both walking foot and free motion. Giving great tips along the way, it's her numerous quilt patterns within the book that are a true treat for the eye.
She's even got a survey running alongside the blog hop to choose the pattern that with be her next quilt-along in January. Click to go to the survey to vote. Not sure what quilt to vote for? Visit the other blog stop special guests to see the quilts they've made from Christa's patterns.
I might even get around to making a top from the Little Man's Fancy pattern for my niece! It's one of those huge one block baby quilts that can be so quick to piece and leaves great spaces for quilting.
To celebrate her book launch as I prepare for my own shop launch, I'm running two, yes, two giveaways!
Between now and next Wednesday at 12 noon, sign up here for a chance to win my class, Quilting with Rulers on a Home Machine, for free!
Edited September 18th: The ruler giveaway is now ended! The chance to win my class is still open.
I'm not the only one participating today in the blog hop; Leah Day is joining in too and Sharon at Color Girl Quilts is the official blog hop stop of the day.
So go visit, learn more about Christa, her quilts, and her fabulous book. It's been such a success that Amazon has temporarily run out of Machine Quilting With Style at last check, but you can still buy it from publisher Martingale or even get an autographed copy from Christa herself!
Edited to add: Anyone who is signed up for my email newsletter is eligible for the ruler giveaway! Even if you signed up last month when I started it. To be clear, this is NOT the "follow by email" option on the left sidebar. I can't access those emails. This is the actual email newsletter which has the sign up form on the right sidebar. If you are unsure, fill out the form. It won't let you subscribe twice.
Fall showed up yesterday and today has been absolutely beautiful! Seems like such a shame to spend any of it at the grocery store. But that's my usual Monday activity. I did get some stitching done as I worked to upload products into my online shop.
Since I want to make sure my shop has the best info out there on a variety of rulers, I figured I better stitch out samples for some of the more unusual templates.
Here's what one full repeat of the 9 inch Dahlia template from TopAnchor Quilting Tools looks like, above. Below is after I've stitched the second set of patterns. This thing is fun!
I even shot a short video as I stitched. I'll get it edited and up later this week. Don't forget to stop in here Wednesday when Christa Watson's blog hop makes a stop. I'm doing a giveaway! Technically, I'm doing 2 giveaways. Here's her Blog Hop Schedule.
Now, one of the reasons I started blogging was to share the quilting I was doing, but another was for the accountability it gave me to finish projects. Completing what I start is a struggle for me and there's something about having an online community of friends to report to that helps me get things done. So many quilty ideas, so little time.
You've heard me mention my online store several times here and I have to admit, I keep picking away at it, but not pushing too hard. But I've also had a lot of good feedback from readers and students from my Craftsy class, Quilting with Rulers on a Home Machine, that say they are ready to shop. That's a 25% off discount link, BTW.
So I'm putting my foot down and giving myself a hard, solid, deadline. With you all as my witness, I will open my shop Friday. Yep. Gonna do it. Maybe. I think I can, I think I can.
I've finished up the sampler block I was working on and as promised, I shot some video of it. I love how this block turned out.
I wasn't exactly sure how I wanted to fill in around this sashing area. Sometimes when you know a piece is to show your quilting skills, you want to get all detailed and creative with it, but if you go over the top, the buby-ness can obscure the very thing you are trying to show. In the video, I showed a little bit of how I play around with a ruler to help choose a design.
I also show how to tie and bury thread tails and share my favorite new marking tool. My BFF makes an appearance, the BFF ruler from Linda Hrcka, which I will be selling at Amy's Quilting Adventures.
I'm getting a bunch of rulers from several different sources for my shop and I'm so excited to offer you a place where you can buy an assortment of rulers in one convenient location with my recommendations and detailed descriptions of the products so you're not left guessing. Sign up for my newsletter (over on the right sidebar of the blog) to be notified of the shop's opening and other good info. No spam, I promise. I'm planning on posting no more than twice a month but it will include info included especially for the newsletter recipients.
Have you seen Christa Watson's newly released book yet? Machine Quilting With Style: From Walking-foot Wonders to Free-motion Favorites has done so well in just a few days that Amazon is awaiting re-stocking! You can get it through her publisher or a signed copy directly from her. I'll have more on her book when her blog hop starts next week. I've got something special for the 16th!
If you want to learn more about using rulers to guide your free motion quilting, you may want to take my class, Quilting with Rulers on a Home Machine on the fabulous Craftsy class platform. That's a link to get it at 20% off.
I was able to get some quilting done this weekend. Cure choir of angels; hallelujah! I'm filling in around this frame design with a paisley fill and hope to have a video for you on it soon.
I was also able to finally recruit some 'staff' to help me with my web design and online shop creation. One was hiring a graphic artist to help me with a few little graphics. I decided while I could figure it out, it was better to hire someone else who could knock it out faster than me.
"I mustache you a question...How hard can it be?"
The other was my husband who after hearing me moan and groan about getting everything linked up and entered in and quipping, "How hard can it be?" one to many times, is now working on the back end of my online store, so I can focus on the quilty stuff. He may be doing some groaning of his own now.
Here she is at 3!
Today is also my daughter's 9th birthday! I can't believe how fast the years have flown. Especially as a mom to 3, the days can be so looooong. | 2019-04-24T22:39:14Z | https://www.freemotionquiltingadventures.com/2015/09/ |
I’m here today to talk about learning in the networked world. I’ll be drawing on some of the results of a three-year ethnographic project that has been supported by the MacArthur Foundation. The digital youth project is a broad ethnographic fact finding mission looking at how new media are part of changes in how kids engage with knowledge, culture, and social life.
Our focus has been to look for learning in the informal and non-institutionalized settings of kids’ everyday engagement with new media, in homes, afterschool, and other sites of socializing and play. Our goal has been to look at new media from a kids’ point of view, working to understand the motivations and interests they bring to new media when they engage on their own terms. And our motivating intuition, hypothesis even, has been that youth culture surrounding new media is a site of innovation that can help inform how we approach educational efforts in this space.
This is a large study, comprised of 22 case studies by 25 researchers, over 700 interviews, and over 5000 observation hours online and offline.
First, I’d like to provide a bit of context to the changes that we’ve been seeing in relation to kids, new media, and learning. There are two big factors at play. The first is the increasing accessibility of tools for digital production. For a majority of youth now in the US, tools for writing, creating and modifying digital photos and videos, and communicating on the Internet are part of their everyday life. The unique affordances of digital media - to make, remake, modify, mashup, and remix media content - these are taken for granted now. They are part of their everyday media ecology that they are immersed in. Basic tools for digital media creation come prepackaged with a personal computer now. Ten years ago, if I had stood here and said that the majority of teens in the US have made a personal home page, I would have been laughed out of the room. Today, in the era of MySpace, it is utterly unremarkable.
The second big factor is that kids are creating and sharing their digital works in a context of public scrutiny. Not only do they have the ability to create new media works, but they are able to publish, share, and distribute them on the Internet, and have other like-minded folks view and comment on the work. The networks that young people have access to through the Internet have evolved tremendously in the past decade, in significant part due to the innovation and social energies of youth themselves.
What web 2.0 means, not for the technologists but for kids in their day-to-day lives, is that what they make is inextricably tied to who they make it for and with. The creation of texts, of media, or play is a deeply social activity and not something driven by the technology itself. This social and technical ecology is what we call networked publics. Networked publics is about the lateral, peer-to-peer and many to many networks of people, media and communication that we are seeing proliferating on the Internet today.
The important thing about these networked publics is that they are highly differentiated and socially activated. This isn’t the undifferentiated or passive public that we associate with mass media. This is about niche publics built around specialized interests and local practices, and all of this aggregated and articulated within a global network of media and communications.
What I’ve been interested in is the properties of learning that happens in these networked publics of digital media creation and sharing. When you have an ecology of culture and knowledge that supports peer-to-peer and many-to-many communication, how do kids exploit it for their own learning agendas?
For most kids, peer-to-peer learning online is about sites like MySpace and Facebook. For younger kids, maybe it’s Neopets and Club Penguin. It’s about going online primarily to see friends, and making digital media is part of this hanging out online. Kids make MySpace profiles, customize their igloo, buy clothes for the digital pets, upload photos and videos of themselves and their friends, and write journal entries and comments both privately and publicly.
These are contexts where kids are gossiping, flirting, and engaging in negotiations over status and popularity just as kids have always done as they move between private talk and public performance. This is the kind of peer-to-peer learning that has been ubiquitous among children and youth, and which we see being reproduced online today. Many of the researchers on our project - Dan Perkel, Christo Sims, CJ Pascoe, danah boyd - have been looking at participation in these kinds of environments, what we have called friendship-driven networks of learning and participation.
My focus today is somewhat different. These kinds of common Web 2.0 practices and literacies are a backdrop, a source of new forms of media literacies and forms if communication, out of which we are seeing some interesting innovations in youth-driven learning.
In contrast to the friendship-driven mode that you see in sites like MySpace, we’ve also seen a large number of kids who engage in what we call interest driven learning and participation. This is not about popularity, flirting and mainstream status, but is more about the lives of the geeks, freaks, artists, musicians, and dorks - the kids who are identified as smart or creative, the kids we see at the margins of teen social worlds. This is about kids with passionate interests and serious hobbies finding peers online and mobilizing around their interests.
The structures of the networked publics surrounding interest-driven behaviors are quite different from the friendship-driven ones. Again, this relates to the properties of networked publics - the creation of media works within a social sharing context, the development of niche and specialized knowledge and skills, and ongoing review feedback and reputation within a peer-based status economy.
This is not the majority of kids, but I think we do have reason to believe that more and more kids are starting to engage in these ways. And nowadays kids can be part of the mainstream friendship-driven popularity practices can still dabble in more geeky interest-driven networks through online groups. In other words they can be smart or creative with online friends without it translating to downward social mobility in school.
In the time I have remaining, I want to quickly sketch out two cases of kids who are interest-driven participants in the online world, to give a sense of some of the potential that kids are realizing by activating these networks.
I want to start with Clarissa. Clarissa is a teen who CJ Pascoe (2007) has written about. She comes from a working class home in the San Francisco Bay Area, and aspires to be a writer.
Clarissa participates in an online role-playing board, Faraway Lands, with a few of her friends from school. To join the site potential members must write intricate character applications and receive a moderator's approval. These character applications are lengthy descriptions of a given character, its race, its history and its location. Clarissa received glowing reviews from the site's administrators when she sent in her first character application. For Clarissa, Faraway Lands is a place to hang out with her existing friends as well as develop new friendships. She has gotten to know people from all over the country, and even has one friend in Spain who she is developing a role-playing scenario with.
This is some text that I excerpted from the rules of another role-playing board.
It’s an example of the kinds of guidelines that kids follow when participating in these spaces. It involves social sharing and feedback on each other’s work, and a collective commitment to improve one’s writing craft.
Clarissa’s online participation reflects these kinds of commitments. She takes her writing very seriously. She and her role-playing friends constantly critique each others’ writing. And she delights in developing complex plots and intricate personalities.
Here, she indicates some of the ways in which her writing for role playing is not the same as writing for school.
Online, she is not doing it for a grade. Rather, she is driven by her own interests and passions, and a nurturing creative community that respects her and appreciates her work.
It's something I can do in my spare time, be creative and write and not have to be graded...You know how in school you're creative, but you're doing it for a grade so it doesn't really count?
Online, she is not doing it for a grade. Rather, she is driven by her own interests and passions, and a nurturing creative community that respects her and appreciates her work. At the same time, the skills she has picked up in the role playing world have served her well in school. For one of her school assignments she chose to write a 100 page screenplay based on one of her characters she developed on the FL. And in her college applications she writes about role playing as preparation to be a screenwriter. In her applications, she submitted creative writing samples based on her role playing writing. She was admitted to both Emerson and Chapman and she feels these writing samples were a big part of why she was accepted.
I want to turn now to my second case, Lantis, who I met in my research with online fans of Japanese animation, or anime. He’s a recent college graduate, and an active participant in the online fandom surrounding anime. A large part of his online participation revolves around the online fansubbing scene, where fans will translate, subtitle, and distribute anime episodes.
He describes for me how he got involved in fansubbing as a teenager. As early as middle school he had discovered fansubbed episodes of anime that were not available commercially in the US. By high school he was actively tracking different fansub groups online and had taken a particular liking to one fansub group known for the high quality of their translations. When they advertised for a position of quality checking for their group he jumped at the opportunity.
I was particularly impressed with releases by AC. I idled in their channel. Then in October 2004 they ran ads that they were recruiting QC. I thought it a dream come true to work for them.I’d QC everything as soon as they came in. I made lots and lots of suggestions. I wanted to let the team know they did the right thing by picking me.
And Lantis is not the only one who cares about quality in fansubs. Although the industry might dispute this, most fans believe that good fansubs far exceed the quality of professionally produced subtitles. Fansub comparison sites will pick apart and critique the details of different fansubs - looking at the quality of the typesetting, translation, and encoding of episodes released by different fansub groups.
During his 3 years fansubbing, Lantis has moved between different jobs within the same fansub group. He started as a quality checker, then was promoted to editor, and recently took on a job as translator for a series he had been editing.
I ask him how he learned Japanese, and he explains that he first began studying Japanese in relation to video games that he enjoyed as a kid.
It all started when I bought that Japanese game, and listening to anime music while following along the lyrics. Most of my Japanese reading skills comes from following lyrics. I was playing Japanese games with fairly good understanding before I took my first Japanese language course in college. Then I took 3 years of formal Japanese classes. GPA booster!
By the time he was in college, and able to take Japanese classes, he was already well versed in the language. He describes the Japanese classes as a GPA booster since he basically knew the language already. He recently sent me a photo of a level two Japanese language proficiency certificate which indicates near fluency in the language. He hopes for a career that will utilize his understanding of Japanese and his interest in new media.
I hope the cases of Clarissa and Lantis have given you some sense of the online environments that some kids are navigating, motivated by their own passionate interests.
I hope the cases of Anesha and Lantis have given you some sense of the online environments that some kids are navigating, motivated by their own passionate interests. These interest-driven forms of participation are in many ways highly unique and idiosyncratic. But they represent a growing palette of opportunities for young people to exercise their agency online. These practices are in many ways quite distinct from the mainstream of friendship-driven practices. At the same time, both grow out of young people’s participation in networked publics.
Just like the cases of interest-driven participation, participation in friendship-driven networked publics is also a site of important learning and socialization with a network of peers. Kids need different social contexts in order to find their place in the world, whether it is to learn the hard lessons about dating and breaking up, or to geek out on digital video codecs with other tech heads. Although most kids stick pretty close to home, and use online spaces to reproduce their everyday given social relations, we do see some kids who take the potential of these networks to reach out to new kinds of communities and special interests.
In both cases, however, the peer group becomes a powerful driver for learning. For better or for worse, kids learn from their peers. Where things get interesting is when what constitutes a “peer” starts to change because of the change in a young person’s network of relations. In the case of kids who’ve become immersed in interest-driven publics, the context of who their peers are, what kinds of skills they get recognition and reputation for changes, and thus the learning dynamic also shifts in that direction. We can think of this negatively, in terms of that familiar term, “peer pressure,” or we can think of it as a powerful space of opportunity for learning. Our cases demonstrate that some of the drivers of self-motivated learning come not from the “authorities” in kids’ lives setting standards and providing instruction, but from observing and communicating with people engaged in the same interests, and the same struggles for status and recognition that they are.
Unlike in the home, the public nature of learning in schools and in networked publics raises the stakes for participation for kids. Their work becomes visible and consequential in new ways when it circulates in different publics. For schools, the publicity is about being part of a collective institution to which they are accountable. Kids understand that getting good grades and pleasing their teachers is part of crafting their future role in public life. But getting good grades is not about the here and now of the publics that matter to them as kids. Unlike in schools, peer-based networked publics is about reputation, learning, and recognition that is consequential and visible in the here and now of kids public participation.
Kids participation in networked publics suggests some new ways of thinking about public education. Rather than thinking of public education as a burden that schools must shoulder on their own, what would it mean to think of public education as a responsibility of a more distributed network of people and institutions? And rather than assuming that education is primarily about preparing for jobs and careers, what would it mean to think of education as a process of guiding kids’ participation in public life more generally, a public life that includes social, recreational and civic engagement? And finally, what would it mean to enlist help in this endeavor from an engaged and diverse set of publics - publics that are relevant and accessible to kids now, where they can find role models, recognition, friends, and collaborators who are co-participants in the journey of growing up in a digital age.
These are the questions that we would like to put forward to you.
Pascoe, CJ. 2007. “Creating Saloria.” A presentation at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association. | 2019-04-19T20:56:20Z | http://www.itofisher.com/mito/publications/participatory_l.html |
There is an interesting correlation between the number of CLL research papers published each year over the last few decades and the percentage of CRs obtained by therapies available during that time period. Not all that hard to understand, it is no fun doing research on a cancer where there was little progress and patients kept dying no matter what. Now there is a smell of success in the air, a real chance that we may be able to prolong life, perhaps even cure some of the patients. CLL is becoming a fashionable cancer to study. The focus on CLL and other cancers of the immune system (the AIDS epidemic had something to do with it as well) is paying off handsomely, extrapolating as well into other immune system related areas such as Lupus, MS, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, even the "heartbreak of psoriasis".
Sometimes it helps to look back to see how things were done in the past. We can see just how far we have come (and how far we have yet to go!) Not that long ago, in your father's generation, the standard of care for newly diagnosed CLL patients was to do nothing until the symptoms got really bad. The official label for this is "Watch & Wait", and it was in keeping with the physician's oath "Above all, do no harm". Jump starting therapy made no sense when there were few options - very often the drugs available back then created more problems than they solved.
Along came purine analogs in the early 1980s, the most famous of them being fludarabine ("Fludara"). Monoclonal antibodies came on the scene in the late 1990s. Suddenly, therapies based on combinations of fludarabine with monoclonal antibodies like Rituxan and Campath are all the rage now since they increase the response rates dramatically. CR ("complete response") rates went from 10% with chlorambucil to 60%-70% with the newer drug combos using fludarabine and monoclonal antibodies. Even more encouraging, some of these CRs were really robust responses. A significant percentage of lucky patients had no trace of detectable disease even when tested with our best and most sensitive methods.
Not only are we seeing a real change in the nature of the drugs and therapies, we are also getting more ambitious in how we define success. As things stand, the official designation of "CR" can be given even when the patient has as much as 30% lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Hardly a "complete response", from a layperson perspective! Similarly, patients with little nodules in their bone marrow biopsy are considered to be in partial nodular remission ("NPR"), with no distinction being made between real CLL cells in the nodules versus non-cancerous T-cells. In other words, many patients considered to be in CR by current criteria can still harbor a lot of leukemic cells in their bone marrow, whereas others who are deemed to be in partial response ("PR") may be a lot closer to a "real" CR.
Another fly in the ointment in classifying responses is the severity of side effects caused by some of these aggressive combo therapies. They have more punch, but at the cost of increased hematological toxicity. Cytopenias such as neutropenia and anemia, for example, are pretty common. Patients with these therapy-related problems are classified as PRs, even if there is no trace of CLL left behind. It might make sense to mandate an official waiting period so that patients have a chance to recover from treatment-related cytopenias before evaluating their response and so that these often short-lived cytopenias do not get in the way of accurate classification of their CLL response.
Reflecting our new found optimism, well regarded researchers are suggesting that we expand the response classification to include MRD-negative CR. This means no trace of disease, no "Minimum Residual Disease", even when we look for it with our best methods. Obviously, we need to standardize the methods used to look for MRD. The two contenders right now are allele-specific polymerase chain reaction ("PCR") and four-color cytometry. The time has come to include MRD-negative CR (also called PCR negative status) in the line-up of response classifications. Next stop, I would like to see the word "CURED" in the official list of possible responses to therapy. You agree? I thought you would.
Going the Extra Distance for "MRD-negative CR" Response: Does this Translate into Longer Life?
This is a tough question to answer. The good news is that we are beginning to chip away at the problem and coming up with useful answers. Below is the abstract of an excellent paper that has just been published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. I will review the highlights of it for you, but if you are contemplating Campath therapy (do remember, Campath and "Alemtuzumab" are the same thing) in the near future you may want to read the full article. Write to us and we will help you locate the full text version of the article. This edition of the JCO also has a terrific editorial by Emili Montserrat, with overview comments on the Moreton paper. It is worth reading as well.
PURPOSE: To test whether eradication of minimal residual disease (MRD) in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by alemtuzumab is associated with a prolongation of treatment-free and overall survival.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-one previously treated patients with CLL (74 men and 17 women; median age, 58 years [range, 32 to 75 years]; 44 were refractory to purine analogs) received a median of 9 weeks of alemtuzumab treatment between 1996 and 2003. Regular bone marrow assessments by MRD flow cytometry were performed with the aim of eradicating detectable MRD ( 1 CLL cell in 105 normal cells).
RESULTS: Responses according to National Cancer Institute-sponsored working group response criteria were complete remission (CR) in 32 patients (36%), partial remission (PR) in 17 patients (19%), and no response (NR) in 42 patients (46%). Twenty-two (50%) of 44 purine analog-refractory patients responded to alemtuzumab. Detectable CLL was eradicated from the blood and marrow in 18 patients (20%). Median survival was significantly longer in MRD-negative patients compared with those achieving an MRD-positive CR, PR, or NR. Patients achieving an MRD-negative CR had a longer treatment-free survival than patients with MRD-positive CRs, PR, or NR: MRD-negative CRs, not reached; MRD-positive CRs, 20 months; PRs, 13 months; NR, 6 months (P .0001). Overall survival for the 18 patients with MRD-negative remissions was 84% at 60 months. Eight (47%) of the MRD-negative patients converted to MRD positivity at a median of 28 months.
CONCLUSION: MRD-negative remission in CLL is achievable with alemtuzumab, leading to an improved overall and treatment-free survival.
Does elimination of minimum residual disease by Campath therapy improve progression free survival?
And even more important from our perspective, does it improve overall survival?
In this cohort of pretty heavily pre-treated patients with poor prognosis, the answer to both questions seems to be a very encouraging "Yes". Now for the details - what makes this study valuable and the results credible.
This study covers a time span of 7 years, from 1996 to 2003. Ninety one previously treated CLL patients received Campath therapy (an average of 9 weeks of therapy). You know what they say, the laughs you get as a stand-up comic depends on how tough the audience is. The same concept applies in CLL clinical trials as well. We know all too well that there are many flavors of CLL, some are easy to deal with and some are tough S.O.B.s right from the start. The patient cohort of this clinical trial was a tough crowd. 44 out of the 91 of the patients were tagged with the ominous label "fludarabine refractory". Some of the other patient characteristics are given in the table below. This is how the patients stacked up, before the start of this study. As you can see, roughly half the patients were in Rai stage IV, two-thirds had swollen lymph nodes, a similar number had a swollen spleen and just about half had flunked fludarabine. The majority of them had been through several layers of therapy prior to getting into this clinical trial. There are a lot more details given in the full text article.
Patients got Campath 30 mg three times a week until they got the best possible response for that patient. Patients with a mere "CR" by full blown blood and bone marrow examination continued getting Campath until either the CLL or the patient cried "uncle!" In other words, therapy was continued until the patient achieved the desired goal of "MRD negative CR" response with no sign of the CLL anywhere; with the condition that therapy was stopped if the patient's disease got worse or if he/she had trouble tolerating it. 84 patients got intravenous Campath and seven patients received it as a subcutaneous injection.
Campath therapy is no cake walk. The precautionary measures taken in this study to protect patients may well form the definition of "best practices" in Campath therapy. For that reason, I will report the details here - you can use this as a cheat sheet to make sure you are getting the right protection when it is your turn to step up to Campath therapy.
Patients received cotrimoxazole (or an alternative, remember this is a Brit study and you may have to ask your oncologist for the local equivalent) as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia protection.
Acyclovir 200 mg twice daily as protection against herpes viruses.
Premedication with paracetamol 1 g orally (same as Tylenol) and chlorpheniramine 10 mg intravenously (similar to Sudafed) was administered to all patients.
Therapy was withheld if the neutrophil counts fell below 250, or if the platelets crashed below 25 or if there was a serious infection.
G-CSF (Neupogen) was given three times a week when the neutrophil count decreased below 1,000, and this was enough to do the trick in the majority of patients.
Patients were monitored each week for the reactivation of the dreaded cytomegalovirus (CMV), a perennial favorite of Campath users. Patients with a positive CMV test result received intravenous ganciclovir. Most often, Campath was stopped while patients were getting the ganciclovir therapy; exception was made if the patient was completely asymptomatic for CMV.
Patients were assessed with physical examination every 4 weeks during therapy and at the end of therapy.
The table below summarizes the infusion related complications, as well as infections during the Campath therapy. Bear in mind these patients have all been through a lot therapy already, hardly your average healthy chemo naive patient group. Even with that caveat, it is sobering to see the high percentage of patients who had infusion related problems. I wonder if these stats would have been different if all of the patients got subcutaneous Campath injections rather than the intravenous infusions. I guess the earlier patients in this study (remember, this study ran for 7 years, from 1996 through 2003) got intravenous infusions before researchers figured out the sub-q versions is easier to take.
This represents all infections during and up to 1 month after completion of Campath therapy.
Grade 1-2 is mild stuff, compared to Grade 3-4 which is a lot more serious.
Less frequent adverse events included fatigue (11%), headache (4%), dizziness (3%), bronchospasm (2%), and diarrhea (2%). Most often things got better by the end of week 3 of therapy. Not included in the table above, 48% of the patients had neutropenia (below 1,000 counts), and 30% had neutrophil counts dive below the 500 level. 20% of the patients needed the Neupogen support. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts) occurred in 73% of the patients, and in 46% of the patients platelet counts got lower than 50. Some of the patients were taking corticosteroids (prednisone and the like), 18 out of 31 patients (58%) who used corticosteroids developed infections, compared to the much lower number of 21 out of 60 (35%) who did not get steroids. It seems clear, patients who received steroids along with Campath were more likely to get infections.
Now that we have waded through all the side effects and complications, time to see the good stuff. Was there bang for the buck, reason to justify going for squeaky clean, no trace left, MRD negative CR response? Pictures tell the story a lot better than words and I borrowed two of the graphs in the paper.
It is very clear by now that the Achilles' heel of Campath therapy is swollen lymph nodes. Guys with baseball size lymph nodes (actually, 5 cm or larger) did not do so well. If there were no swollen lymph nodes, or they were modest size, the response to Campath therapy was much better. Moral of the story, you may want to consider other options if you have king-size nodes. The overall survival for folks with large lymph nodes is hardly enough to justify the downside of Campath therapy, there were hardly any of these guys left to tell the story a year later. Not so the folks with small or no lymph nodes. I am particularly interested to see the flattening out of the survival curves, suggesting that past the 3-4 year mark these folks were home free, maybe. Dare we say, "Cured"?
How does getting an MRD negative CR response strategy work out, as compared to pulling the plug on therapy a little sooner? There is a startling difference between patients who got an MRD negative CR, versus those that got a CR, but not good enough to be MRD negative. In other words, if you are tolerating the therapy pretty well and the response is looking good, it might be worthwhile to hang in there and go an extra few rounds until you got the desirable MRD negative CR. As you can see, close to 90% of people with MRD negative response were still around, 6 to 7 years later. Not bad at all, for a heavily pretreated and late Rai stage group of patients!
Below is an abbreviated chart showing how patients with different characteristics going into this Campath clean-up did. You will have to read the full text article to get all the details. Looking at the half-full glass for a change, it is encouraging to know that a significant portion of "tough cases" - older patients, patients with late Rai-stage disease, even those who have flunked fludarabine therapy earlier on - achieved the coveted MRD negative CR response. Before the advent of monoclonals like Campath, there was a scary feeling to the words "fludarabine refractory". There were few good options past that point, with the exception of bone marrow transplants. I expect that the majority of patients who have developed drug resistance to fludarabine are "Bucket C" folks with ATM (11q) or p53 (17p) abnormalities, and few drugs worked for them. The difference now is that we have Campath, which seems to be able to kill CLL cells with or without the help of the ATM and p53 genes. Before the advent of Campath, less than 10% of fludarabine refractory patients would be expected to survive 5 years, and the most startling finding of this study is this: even in fludarabine refractory patients, those that got MRD-negative response are surviving much longer!
There are several things I like about this paper. The authors are to be congratulated for staying the course. It is no easy job to run a clinical trial that stretches over 7 years. I also liked the detailed characterization of the patient group. If one were to stoop to the practice of "cherry-picking", it is all too easy to get together a patient cohort that is "easy", report eye-popping statistics without going into all the caveats. This study is not a full-blown phase III trial either, which would need a well-matched control group. Frankly, it is becoming increasingly difficult to do such comparative studies. How can one ethically deny patients in the control group access to drugs like Campath, when it is becoming clear that they can give good responses as well as increase overall survival? As a single-arm study, the fact that the patient cohort in this study was such a difficult one and well characterized is very important in judging the results. That a significant number of fludarabine refractory patients were able to get MRD negative CRs is truly impressive, and the statistical significance of this result cannot be denied.
The infusion related toxicities, infections and cytopenias are sobering, I am glad to see the details of the protective measures taken spelled out. If your local oncologist is a little lax on the details of how Campath should be administered, I suggest you make him a present of the hard copy of the full text Moreton, et al., paper.
I know several of the authors of this paper have also published on the topic of intravenous infusion of Campath compared to subcutaneous injections. Presumably the patients recruited earlier in this study did not get the benefit of hindsight. It seems clear that sub-q administration of Campath is a lot easier on patients. I wish the authors had taken the trouble to spell out this important detail, in this paper as well.
There is one definite negative result in this study. Patients with large lymph nodes do not do well on Campath therapy, as it is currently practiced. That is too bad, because a very substantial percentage of patients with poor prognosis or late stage disease have large lymph nodes. What are the options for these patients? I hope the researchers are looking at ways of improving responses in such cases. New research reports suggest it might be possible to flush out CLL cells out of the lymph nodes and into the peripheral blood, by means of using mobilizing agents such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, AMD-3100, or by interfering with homing mechanisms that use SDF-1/CXCR-4 interactions. Is the problem one of access, a case of the fat lady not being able to get in through a narrow door? Do bulky lymph nodes pose a problem because the large Campath molecules cannot get in through all the nooks and crannies of lymph node architecture? Or is the problem due to "nurse like cells" and the microenvironment of the lymph nodes that makes it harder to kill CLL cells? Do we need to make the next generation Campath-like drugs smaller molecules so that they can get in more easily, or do we have to make the drugs more potent so that even nurse-like cells cannot protect CLL cells from death?
We have reviewed in a previous article the interesting work coming from Long Island Jewish Hospital. The "heavy water" experiment reported by Chiorazzi, et. al. has shed interesting light on the life of CLL cells. It seems they are not quite as indolent as we thought. They multiply at a pretty fast clip. Knowing details like this is very important if we are to have a chance of improving therapy options. Campath is an extremely important drug in our arsenal and I am dismayed we still do not have a good handle on the pharmacokinetics of this monoclonal. Berlex / Schering AG and Genzyme/Ilex would be well served to fund such studies. Yeah, I know all the excuses, red tape, expenses, it is hard to get human volunteers for such studies, yada yada. But what is the excuse for not doing detailed studies of this sort, with radio-labeled Campath in mouse or primate studies? It is no longer good enough to say Campath does not work very well for lymph nodes, we need to know more about why this is so, and come up with ways to get around the problem.
All in all, a credible and well conducted study by some of the best experts in the field, all the more valuable because the full details have been promptly reported. Take a bow, gentlemen. | 2019-04-22T12:32:43Z | http://www.clltopics.org/Campath/ProlongedSurvival.html |
THOMSON, CHARLES EDWARD POULETT, 1st Baron SYDENHAM, colonial administrator; b. 13 Sept. 1799 at Waverley Abbey, England, third son and youngest of nine children of John Poulett Thomson and Charlotte Jacob; d. unmarried 19 Sept. 1841 in Kingston, Upper Canada.
Charles Edward Poulett Thomson’s father was a partner in J. Thomson, T. Bonar and Company of London and St Petersburg (Leningrad, U.S.S.R.), for several generations a principal merchant house in the Russian-Baltic trade. After attending private schools until age 16, Thomson entered the family firm at St Petersburg. In 1817 he came home because of poor health and embarked on a prolonged tour of southern Europe. Following a stint in the firm’s London office he returned to Russia in 1821 and over the next three years travelled extensively in eastern Europe. He established permanent residence in London in 1824 but frequently visited the Continent, especially Paris.
As “the youngest and prettiest child of the family,” according to a brother, George Julius Poulett Scrope (Thomson), Thomson had been “the spoilt pet of all” and early evinced self-confidence and ambition. The diarist Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville described him as “the greatest coxcomb I ever saw, and the vainest dog.” Certainly Thomson aped the manners of the aristocracy. His “love of great society” earned him the censure of his fellow merchants and members of his own family. Single, chiefly – his brother claimed – because he was in failing health and incessantly occupied, he was known as a sensualist. In the Canadas his establishment would, in the words of the author John Richardson*, “acknowledge . . . the sway of at least one mistress.” Married or single, all women “excited his homage,” but the “attentions” he devoted to a married woman in Toronto, Richardson recorded, “were so very marked, that the scandalous circles rang with them.” He was also a gourmet who would try to introduce “French cookery” in the colonies.
Thomson was not content with the career marked out for him, and he was not a particularly successful businessman. In 1825 he was saved from disaster in a speculative venture only by the caution of an elder brother, Andrew Henry. Although fluent in French, German, Russian, and Italian, Thomson was barred from the foreign service, which was staffed by the great landed families. Nor was he sufficiently wealthy to buy his way into the aristocracy. Through his early support for parliamentary reform and liberal measures such as the ballot and the abolition of the corn laws, Thomson would reveal the resentment and frustration engendered by his uncertain status in the aristocratic society he frequented.
An early advocate of free trade, Thomson naturally became a friend of the Benthamites and was elected to the Political Economy Club. In 1825 Joseph Hume helped him secure the liberal nomination in Dover, and Jeremy Bentham canvassed for him during the election of May 1826. Thomson won, but only at great financial cost, and his election angered his family, who opposed his liberal views. In the House of Commons, according to one critic, Thomson was looked upon as a “bore”; his voice was “thin and effeminate” and his personal appearance “characteristic of a barber’s apprentice.” He rarely spoke on the “exciting party questions of the day,” his brother Scrope noted, and his speeches on commercial matters were considered dogmatic. None the less, Thomson found an important aristocratic patron in John Charles Spencer, Viscount Althorp, who became chancellor of the Exchequer in the Whig administration formed in late 1830; he secured for Thomson the posts of vice-president of the Board of Trade and treasurer of the navy. Since Thomson’s superior at the board, Lord Auckland, was a relative nonentity, Thomson conducted its business. Working closely with Althorp, he helped draft the abortive free trade budget of 1831, thus incurring the undying enmity of protectionists and completely alienating his family. His views were, however, popular with the manufacturing interests in the north of England; although returned for Dover in 1830, 1831, and 1832, he transferred to Manchester, where he was elected without campaigning in 1832 and re-elected in 1834 and 1837. From June until November 1834 and again in the Whig administration formed in April 1835, Thomson served as president of the Board of Trade, opening the department to free traders, making numerous minor reductions in customs regulations, and negotiating trade agreements with several European governments. Thomson expanded the responsibilities of the board and exercised a new control over private bills, especially railway and bank charters; when he sought to exert his authority to supervise colonial legislation, he plunged the Colonial Office into a bitter dispute with the Upper Canadian House of Assembly over currency and banking legislation.
In general, Thomson was not directly involved in formulating the cabinet’s response to the political crisis in the Canadas. When news of the rebellions there reached London, he was, according to Lord Howick, “all for executions.” Although once close to Lord Durham [Lambton], he was unsympathetic when Durham resigned after the cabinet failed to defend his ordinance exiling rebels to Bermuda; initially he apparently did not view the Durham report with much enthusiasm. In mid March 1839 he served on the cabinet committee that adopted a proposal for a federal union of the Canadas recommended by Edward Ellice*. After that scheme was abandoned, however, he voted with a slim majority in favour of a legislative union along the lines suggested by Durham.
Thomson became increasingly disillusioned with his position in the government, especially when passed over for the chancellorship of the Exchequer in early 1839. His chief complaint, however, was the cabinet’s failure to adopt a major change in economic policy. The conventional Whig approach to finance had left the government virtually bankrupt, and Thomson knew that reforms were necessary. He also knew that he could not persuade the Commons to adopt them and consequently, when finally offered the Exchequer in the summer of 1839, he declined. On 6 September, over the opposition of timber merchants, he was commissioned governor-in-chief of British North America. The Canadian rebels, he predicted, “can’t be more unreasonable than the ultras on both sides of the House of Commons.” He insisted upon the unusually high salary of £7,000, an outfit of £3,000, and substantial casual expenses, and he received the pledge of a peerage if he was successful in his administration.
On 23 October Thomson settled in Montreal and reported that, although the province was “quiet,” only the power of the government kept French Canadians from “acts of insubordination.” To discourage disaffection he refused to release from prison the Patriote leader Denis-Benjamin Viger* and had Augustin-Norbert Morin* arrested; he was, however, forced to release Morin because the original warrant for high treason lacked supporting testimony. On 11 November Thomson convened the Special Council, an appointed body of men of proven loyalty which had replaced the legislature after the rebellion of 1837. Only a rump of 15 members braved the snows to assemble in Montreal, and Thomson allowed them merely two days to debate the question of union. The terms he proposed were most unfair to Lower Canada – equal representation for the less populous Upper Canada, the charging of its higher debt against the united province, and a permanent civil list against which the Lower Canadian assembly had long fought – but only three members voted against them. Although Thomson reported that the matter of union was “over with,” John Neilson and others opposed to union raised petitions against it while the francophone press directly attacked “le poulet,” as Thomson was called.
In November Thomson departed for Toronto, where he assumed control of the government of Upper Canada on the 22nd. There was considerable hostility to union among officials in the colony, particularly those resident in Toronto, and when Thomson took the oaths of office, John Macaulay* noted, he was greeted with “an abortion of a cheer which was worse than silence.” Thomson sought to dissipate opposition by meeting privately with members of the legislature, which was convened for 3 December. Within Upper Canada Durham’s report had unleashed a broadly based campaign for reform, and Thomson correctly perceived that the “foolish cry for `responsible Govt.’” had gained support because of Lieutenant Governor Sir George Arthur*’s “opposition to all reform and . . . his treating all those who opposed the official party as Democrats and Rebels.” Thomson denounced “any scheme which would render the power of the Governor subordinate to that of a Council,” but he had no objection to Durham’s “practical views of Colonial Government” and promised to administer local matters “in accordance with the wishes of the Legislature.” On this basis he secured the support of the reform minority in the assembly. To the conservative majority Thomson proffered assurance that union and the imperial guarantee of a loan would relieve the colony’s financial embarrassments, and with Arthur’s assistance he won over many moderates.
Thomson’s commitment to integrating the French Canadians into the union had led him to seek for the minority “their fair share of the representation.” The terms of union which he extracted from Upper Canada were the best he could get. The proscription of French in written documents was indefensible and ultimately unenforceable, and the equality of representation of the two Canadas was shortsighted, since Upper Canada was bound to grow more rapidly than Lower Canada. The decision to transfer the Upper Canadian debt to the United Province was also unfair, but Thomson correctly pointed out that the sums expended on “the great canals” were “of no less advantage to the Lower than to the Upper Province” and that the costs of completing the canal system would be “very trifling” in view of the long-term return on the investment.
Thomson was less optimistic about the prospect of reconciling French Canadians to union. On 18 February he left Toronto and in one of the most rapid journeys ever made by sleigh arrived in Montreal 36 hours later. He insisted that Lower Canada was quiet, that support for union was strong among moderates, and that Vital Têtu, a prominent merchant selected to carry anti-union petitions to London, was “a person of no importance”; yet privately he admitted to Russell that French Canadians would use representative institutions to resist any “practical measure of improvement.” He therefore shoved through the Special Council a series of bills to facilitate union: they incorporated Quebec and Montreal, reorganized the judicial system, established a more efficient police force, and provided for the gradual extinction of seigneurial dues in Montreal.
Despite a “few inaccuracies” and an insufficient civil list, Thomson affirmed that the draft of the union bill which he received from Russell in May “will do.” To ensure that French Canadian assemblymen imbibed “English Ideas” he chose Kingston as the capital of the united province, but to obtain French Canadian support he offered Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine* the post of solicitor general, although La Fontaine declined the post. Having been pressured by Bishop Jean-Jacques Lartigue and the French Canadian élite of Montreal, Thomson released Denis-Benjamin Viger from prison in May, and in June he let lapse the suspension of habeas corpus by which means Viger had been held. When members of the English party protested compensation to the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice for extinction of its seigneurial rights, Thomson denounced the “spirit of intolerance” shown by the British minority, and when he appointed the first corporations for Montreal and Quebec, he ensured that French Canadians were represented, albeit not equally, and selected René-Édouard Caron* as mayor of Quebec. The preference in patronage that he gave to the British of Lower Canada was in part forced on Thomson; he offered positions to French Canadians “whose loyalty is undoubted” and who accepted union as a fait accompli, such as Alexandre-Maurice Delisle* or Melchior-Alphonse de Salaberry*, but few would risk political stigma as vendus. Nevertheless, Thomson’s efforts probably played a part in persuading moderate reformers such as La Fontaine to accept union and to work within the united legislature to achieve their goals.
To his “infinite annoyance,” since he was overwhelmed with work and subject to recurring attacks of gout, with which he had been afflicted since age 30, Thomson was forced to depart on 3 July for Nova Scotia and mediate a dispute between Lieutenant Governor Sir Colin Campbell, “playing the dunce at Halifax,” and the House of Assembly. En route he spent two days in the Eastern Townships passing “under triumphal arches.” He assumed control of the government of Nova Scotia on 9 July and recommended remodelling the Executive Council to include leading members from both sides in the assembly and compelling the chief government officials to sit in that house. Even Joseph Howe* proclaimed that Thomson was advising “exactly what the friends of what is called Responsible Government would have created.” Indeed, Howe acknowledged that by including the leading public officers and heads of department in the council Thomson had made “an important refinement” to his own proposals. Ultimately Campbell’s refusal to countenance Thomson’s recommendations resulted in his replacement by Lord Falkland [Cary*].
In late July Thomson visited Prince Edward Island and met with Lieutenant Governor Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy*. Soon after, he accompanied Lieutenant Governor Sir John Harvey* of New Brunswick on a whirlwind tour of Saint John and Fredericton and returned to Halifax full of praise for the “entire harmony” which Harvey, “the Pearl of Civil Governors” in his estimation, had established between the executive and the legislature. Later, however, he changed his view. Faced by acts of aggression from the United States, Thomson had pressured the British government into increasing substantially its garrisons in British North America and its expenditures on defensive works. In late 1840 Harvey’s indecision about the use to be made of troops sent to his command, at his own request, infuriated the more bellicose governor-in-chief, who successfully recommended Harvey’s dismissal. In April 1841 the governor insisted that the British government take an aggressive position with the United States, “whatever the consequences,” in seeking the release of Alexander McLeod*, an Upper Canadian wrongly jailed in New York State for participation in the sinking of the rebel supply ship Caroline in December 1837. By stiffening the resolve of the British government, he contributed to the satisfactory negotiation of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842.
On 19 Aug. 1840 the governor had left Montreal for the Eastern Townships and Upper Canada, visiting more than 40 towns and selecting candidates for the forthcoming elections to the united parliament. During the trip he received a copy of the union act passed by the imperial parliament and discovered that, in order to secure the support of Sir Robert Peel and the Conservative opposition, Russell had omitted from the act arrangements for the creation of municipal institutions and had agreed to alter the distribution of seats in Lower Canada to inflate the number of English constituencies. He told Russell bitterly that he would deplore those concessions “to the end of my life” and considered resigning. He was mollified, however, when he learned of his elevation to the peerage as Baron Sydenham on 19 August, and he declared his intention to “stay and meet the first Parliament.” He also learned that Russell had been compelled to modify his Clergy Reserves Act and allot to the Church of England what Sydenham believed was a “monstrous proportion” of the revenue derived from the reserves. None the less, after a personal appeal to the leadership of the Church of Scotland and to Egerton Ryerson, he remained confident of his ability to “beat both the Ultra Tories and the extreme Radicals” in Upper Canada in the forthcoming elections. He was less certain, however, of Lower Canada, where French Canadian leaders were determined to sabotage the union. Even after reshaping the electoral boundaries of Montreal and Quebec so that both would return representatives from the British commercial community, he predicted that the elections would be “bad” in the lower province, because French Canadians had “forgotten nothing and learnt nothing by the rebellion.” Sydenham therefore used the Special Council to secure passage of 32 measures that he knew the French Canadians would oppose in the united legislature, including one establishing municipal institutions and another a system of land registration long demanded by the British minority.
Sydenham proclaimed the union on 10 Feb. 1841, the anniversary of the Treaty of Paris (1763) and of Queen Victoria’s marriage (1840). He had visited Kingston in September 1840 to “patch up a place . . . to meet in the Spring” but, partly because of “a very distressing illness,” was unable to move there until May 1841. His governmental tasks included completing arrangements with the British Treasury for a loan of £1,500,000 to pay off the accumulated debt of the Canadas and finish public works such as the Welland Canal. Even more time-consuming and laborious was the “entire reconstruction” of the administrative departments. Complaining of “the total want of system and power in the conduct of Government, and of the defective state of Departmental administration,” Sydenham agreed with one of Durham’s most important conclusions: the colonial government had to be reorganized to give the executive more effective control over the assembly. In line with recommendations by Durham and with principles, reflecting British practice, laid down by Russell, Sydenham argued that “the Offices of Govt [should be] arranged so as to ensure responsibility in those who are at their head and an efficient discharge of their duties to the Governor and the Public.” Utilizing studies on Lower Canada commissioned by Durham, and on Upper Canada prepared by a royal commission established in 1839 by Arthur, he systematically erected a new departmental framework, reallocating functions among existing offices, particularly the Executive Council, the civil and provincial secretaries, the inspector general, and the receiver general, and creating new offices, such as the Crown Lands Department and the Board of Works. In July 1841 he announced the union perfected, with “Effective Departments for every branch of the public service.” Since, on his insistence, the act of union had given to the executive the sole right to initiate money bills, the new system created a more centralized and efficient form of government, but it also made essential the command of a majority in the assembly.
Sydenham’s most serious adversaries were the radical reformers of Upper Canada, led initially by Robert Baldwin and Francis Hincks*. Although they had supported union, they were disillusioned by Sydenham’s clergy reserves bill, which they considered a “poor return” for their support, and by Sir George Arthur’s distribution of patronage. William Warren Baldwin had quickly determined that Sydenham would be “one of the feeble and useless ‘no party men’” and, since Sydenham had refused to head a unified reform movement, Hincks and Baldwin had sought to construct one in alliance with French Canadian reformers. On the eve of the meeting of the legislature Baldwin demanded that the Executive Council be reconstituted on a party basis, and Sydenham therefore dismissed him as solicitor general. During the session reformers repeatedly sought to embarrass the government, and on 3 September Baldwin tried to force a firm commitment from it to responsible government. Although Sydenham refused to bind himself to following the assembly’s dictates on every issue and continued to play a major role in shaping the policies and personnel of the government, his ministers increasingly functioned like a cabinet (as Sydenham himself described them) and indicated to the assembly that they would resign if they lost the confidence of the house. Sydenham, too, was aware that he could not “continue the administration of public affairs with honour to himself, or advantage to the people,” if his government was unable to retain that confidence.
Sydenham gave the impression that he expected his system to endure for at least a decade. In August 1841 he wrote to a brother that he would leave behind “a ministry with an avowed and recognized majority capable of doing what they think right, and not to be upset by my successor.” In fact, his ministry was on the verge of disintegration by the end of the first session. Without virtually unanimous support from the British majority, it could not survive, but to maintain that support, noted Colborne, now Lord Seaton, Sydenham had to act “the part of a divided Tory in the Lower Province and of a Liberal in the Upper.” As French Canadian opposition to the union diminished, the loose bonds of Sydenham’s coalition disintegrated, and the more natural party loyalties among the British reasserted themselves. A perspicacious Seaton remarked that no governor could retain control “unless the machine is constantly worked by an Artist as clever and unscrupulous as the one that contrived to secure the majority of the first session.” Sydenham did not live to see the collapse of his system. His health continued to deteriorate, and in July 1841 he submitted his resignation. He requested a gcb (civil division), which was awarded on 19 August. A few days after receiving news of the distinction and dissolving the legislature, Sydenham had a riding accident. A wound became infected, and on 19 September he died, in agony, of lockjaw. According to the Kingston Chronicle & Gazette, between 6,000 and 7,000 people “lined the road in dense masses” to witness his interment at St George’s Church on 24 September. The anglophone newspapers praised Sydenham’s “urbanity and condescension of manner,” and Egerton Ryerson undoubtedly spoke for the majority in extolling “the noble mind which conceived those improvements and originated the institutions which will form a golden era in the annals of Canadian history.” In private, “family compact” members such as John Beverley Robinson* denounced “that despicable Poulett Thomson” and predicted that “it will be long before the mischief can be remedied.” The francophone press, remembering “his crimes,” wasted little space lamenting the architect of what they saw as oppression.
Ryerson admitted that “the revolutions of time” were essential for “an adequate appreciation” of Sydenham’s government. Yet Sydenham has remained controversial. In the early 20th century anglophone historians generally praised him. The revisionists have been less kind; Irving Martin Abella’s Sydenham is “a ruthless Machiavellian, unprincipled and cunning, selfish and egotistic, autocratic, narrow-minded, and unbelievably vain.” The best that even the most sympathetic French Canadian historian, Jacques Monet, can say about him is that he was “gouty, impatient, and on occasion, for long weeks at a time, bedridden.” Undeniably, Sydenham found life in the colonies dull, and he had considerable disdain for those he had been sent to govern. When the Toronto Herald issued a sheet of doggerel criticizing him, he ordered “extra copies to be placed on his drawingroom tables for the amusement of New Year’s callers, to whom he read them himself.” Yet there is also abundant evidence of Sydenham’s personal charm and his charisma in attracting support from such diverse personalities as Ryerson and Hincks. Despite frequent illnesses, he did not neglect official duties; he once wrote that he would frequently “breathe, eat, drink and sleep on nothing but government and politics,” and he was responsible for more provincial legislation than any predecessor or successor. Many politically inspired measures – including the municipal incorporation acts, the Common School Act, and the language and judicial legislation – were subsequently amended substantially or repealed, but the administrative structure he created remained nearly intact during the union. As a former member of the British cabinet, Sydenham possessed unusual influence with imperial authorities. Thus he could force the Post Office Department to reduce postal rates considerably despite opposition from the deputy postmaster general, Thomas Allen Stayner*, and he repeatedly overrode efforts by the Treasury to reduce colonial expenditures. Although he believed that the imperial government must lay down the general principles regulating trade, he recognized “the great inconvenience” of its originating all changes and sought to give the local legislatures power to amend regulations. He was also fortunate in receiving the consistent support of Lord John Russell, who dominated the Colonial Office and the cabinet.
Most of Sydenham’s contemporaries assumed that he introduced responsible government, and critics such as Seaton argued that he had made it “impossible to resist the demands” of a majority in the assembly. The first generation of historians of Canada, notably John Charles Dent* and Adam Shortt*, accepted that view, but more recently Kenneth N. Windsor, Donald Swainson, and Ged Martin, among others, have disagreed. The revisionist argument, however, places too much emphasis on the refusal by Russell and Sydenham to commit themselves to the principle of responsible government. The London Colonial Gazette pointed out in September 1839 that, “notwithstanding Lord John Russell’s declaration against Responsible Government by that name, Mr. Thompson adopts the views of Lord Durham and accepts that the ‘administration of local affairs [must be] in constant harmony with the opinion of the majority of the representative body.’” Sydenham did try to resist recognizing what he called the “absurd sense” of responsible government, as put forward by Robert Baldwin, according to which he must follow the advice of the majority on all matters, but then no governor prior to confederation could make such a commitment.
Revisionists also criticize Sydenham’s intervention in the political process. His partisan use of the apparatus of state was, however, in line with British practice even in the post-reform era, although by acting as his own prime minister and party leader Sydenham involved the crown more directly than did the monarch in Britain or would Sydenham’s successors. To some extent, as Murdoch had declared, government interference was an inevitable by-product of Sydenham’s system of responsible government. So long as Sydenham worked through ministers responsible for his actions and supported by the assembly, nothing in his actions, however, was illegal, unconstitutional, or inconsistent with the basic principle of responsible government. And by the end of the session of 1841 that principle had become the established practice in the legislature of the United Province.
The charge that Sydenham wished to anglicize French Canadians is more accurate. He did treat them as a conquered race. Yet to condemn him for doing what he was sent to do is unreasonable. Certainly his objective was to make Lower Canada “essentially British, for unless that be done,” he felt, “it will be impossible to cultivate it’s natural resources, to improve the condition of it’s inhabitants, or to secure its permanent connexion with the Mother Country.” He thus encouraged immigration from Britain and sought to appease the Upper Canadians and the British minority in Lower Canada. The decision to establish the union had been taken by the British cabinet, and even with hindsight it is difficult to see any alternative method of restoring representative institutions to Lower Canada which would have been acceptable to the British inhabitants of both Canadas. In this sense, as Ged Martin has written, union was “dictated by the logic of events”; Sydenham considered “Anglification” an unavoidable consequence. Like most English liberals, he rejected notions of a multicultural society; as Janet Ajzenstat has argued, he believed that deep cultural cleavages prevent “the full realization of liberal rights” by leaving members of minority cultures vulnerable to exploitation.
Ultimately the union was not so disastrous to French Canada as its critics had predicted. French Canadians became a minority, but were numerous enough to defend their vital interests and secure enough to open a new era of collaboration with the anglophone majority. Without this imposed cooperation, confederation, which was not a feasible solution to the Canadian problem in the 1840s, might never have taken place. In this sense Sydenham deserves credit not only for preserving the British connection, which was the purpose of his mission, but also for laying the foundation of a more enduring and larger union. No governor had such a profound influence on the future development of the British North American colonies – not even Lord Durham.
Some of Sydenham’s correspondence has been published as Letters from Lord Sydenham, governor-general of Canada, 1839–1841, to Lord John Russell, ed. Paul Knaplund (London, 1931). A portrait of Sydenham appears as the frontispiece to Memoir of the life of the Right Honourable Charles, Lord Sydenham, G.C.B., with a narrative of his administration in Canada, ed. G. P. Scrope (London, 1843).
AO, MS 4; MS 35; MS 78. MTRL, Robert Baldwin papers. NLS, Dept. of mss, mss 15001–195. PAC, MG 24, A13, A17, A27, A30, A40, B29 (mfm. at PANS); RG 5, A1: 6510–7022; RG 7, G14, 5–6, 8; RG 68, General index, 1651–1841: 72. PRO, CO 42/296–300; 42/446–76; PRO 30/22/3E–4B. UCC-C, Egerton Ryerson papers. Univ. of Durham, Dept. of Palaeography and Diplomatic (Durham, Eng.), Earl Grey papers. Arthur papers (Sanderson). H. R. V. Fox, Baron Holland, The Holland House diaries, 1831–1840, ed. A. D. Kriegel (London, 1977). C. C. F. Greville, The Greville memoirs: a journal of the reigns of King George IV and King William IV, ed. Henry Reeve (8v., London, 1874–87). Notices of the death of the late Lord Sydenham by the press of British North America . . . (Toronto, 1841). [John] Richardson, Eight years in Canada; embracing a review of the administrations of lords Durham and Sydenham, Sir Chas. Bagot and Lord Metcalfe, and including numerous interesting letters from Lord Durham, Mr. Chas. Buller and other well-known public characters (Montreal, 1847). Samuel Thompson, Reminiscences of a Canadian pioneer for the last fifty years: an autobiography (Toronto, 1884; repub. Toronto and Montreal, 1968). Three early nineteenth century diaries, ed. Arthur Aspinall (London, 1952). Colonial Gazette (London), 18 Sept. 1839. Novascotian, or Colonial Herald, 24 Oct. 1839.
Janet Ajzenstat, “Liberalism and assimilation: Lord Durham reconsidered,” Political thought in Canada: contemporary perspectives, comp. and ed. Stephen Brooks (Toronto, 1984), 239–57. Lucy Brown, The Board of Trade and the free-trade movement, 1830–42 (Oxford, 1958). Buckner, Transition to responsible government. J. M. S. Careless, The union of the Canadas: the growth of Canadian institutions, 1841–1857 (Toronto, 1967). Craig, Upper Canada. J. C. Dent, The last forty years: the union of 1841 to confederation, ed. D. [W.] Swainson (Toronto, 1972). S. E. Finer, “The transmission of Benthamite ideas, 1820–50,” Studies in the growth of nineteenth-century government, ed. Gillian Sutherland (Totowa, N.J., 1972), 11–32. Norman Gash, Reaction and reconstruction in English politics, 1832–52 (Oxford, 1965). J. E. Hodgetts, Pioneer public service: an administrative history of the united Canadas, 1841–1867 (Toronto, 1955). O. A. Kinchen, Lord Russell’s Canadian policy, a study in British heritage and colonial freedom (Lubbock, Tex., 1945). Ged Martin, The Durham report and British policy: a critical essay (Cambridge, Eng., 1972). Jacques Monet, Last cannon shot; “The personal and living bond, 1839–1849,” The shield of Achilles: aspects of Canada in the Victorian age, ed. W. L. Morton (Toronto and Montreal, 1968), 62–93. W. [G.] Ormsby, The emergence of the federal concept in Canada, 1839–1845 (Toronto, 1969). Adam Shortt, Lord Sydenham (Toronto, 1908). [G.] A. Wilson, The clergy reserves of Upper Canada: a Canadian mortmain (Toronto, 1968). K. N. Windsor, “Historical writing in Canada to 1920,” Literary History of Canada: Canadian literature in English, ed. C. F. Klinck (Toronto, 1967), 231. I. M. Abella, “The ‘Sydenham Election’ of 1841,” CHR, 47 (1966): 326–43. Ged Martin, “Confederation rejected: the British debate on Canada, 1837–1840,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth Hist. (London), 11 (1982–83): 33–57.
Phillip Buckner, “THOMSON, CHARLES EDWARD POULETT, 1st Baron SYDENHAM,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 7, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed April 26, 2019, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thomson_charles_edward_poulett_7E.html. | 2019-04-26T14:25:25Z | http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thomson_charles_edward_poulett_7E.html/ |
An exclusive interview with the Head of the UGCC, Major Archbishop of Kiev- Galician His Beatitude Sviatoslav (Shevchuk) to newspaper "The Word of Enlightenment» .
- Your Eminence , though it has been more than two months since the consecration of the Patriarchal Cathedral Church, but I would like to start a conversation from this event. According to ancient records and chronicles of the XIX century , the construction of large temples was a significant event in the life of that time . So I dare to suggest that future generations will consider the consecration of the main church of UGCC in the capital of Ukraine to be a significant event of our time. What do you think is the place of the Patriarchal Cathedral (as an institution) in the spiritual life of the Ukrainian nation?
- This question can be fully answered only in course of time. However, now we can say that on the 18 of August 2013 we experienced a unique historical event , which will be celebrated every year on the 18 of August. The introduction of this new tradition was based on the decision of the Synod of our Church.
Patriarchal Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ is a symbol , a sign of the resurrection of our Church. It had a complicated history . I, like my predecessors, take every opportunity to emphasize that we can not forget :this is the Church of Volodymyr's baptism. This Church was born in the waters of the Dnieper, on the shores of which Patriarchal Cathedral Church is now built. In Soviet times, this Church was tried to be totally destroyed and erased from the minds of the Ukrainian nation. Despite all these efforts Church revived with the will of God. Realizing that this was a great Divine event, a new church was called the Cathedral of the Resurrection.
Many foreign observers emphasize that the Cathedral was built on the left bank , seeing it is a landmark moment. It is expected that the Cathedral, which was provided with a place for the structure on the left bank , becomes a symbol of unity of the Ukrainian Church and the Ukrainian nation. Its body was cut by various rivers - the Zbruch , the Dnieper. Unfortunately, today it is often spoken about the Rightbank and the Leftbank Ukraine , although we are all children of one nation .
Do not forget also that the Ukrainian nation is present on all continents. Now, more than ever, our nation needs a core , which would be the center of gravity and the center of the world Ukrainian unity of all Ukrainians , regardless of the place of residence and religious affiliation. As the slogan that was born spontaneously in preparation for the consecration of the Cathedral, were the words : " the Cathedral unites all of us."
- Lord grant that these words become prophetic . Were there any events that require special accent during the preparation for the consecration of the Cathedral and the consecration itself?
- At the occasion of celebration of the consecration of the Cathedral and the 1025th anniversary of the Baptism of Ukraine was a pilgrimage to the Patriarchal Cathedral. There was the third possibility for such a pilgrimage –the Year of Faith, which was proclaimed by our Church. In those days over 20,000 pilgrims from around the world came to Kyiv . I personally met with different groups from Argentina, Brazil, USA, Canada and many European countries, Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus. This was the event that was commonly recognized and went far beyond the Catholic Church. Holy Father Francis sent his personal legate - Archbishop Emeritus of Vilnius Cardinal Bachkis. The presidents of episcopal conferences of the U.S. , Canada, representatives of the Polish and German bishoprics , all Eastern Catholic Churches of Europe arrived. The presence of ordinary of Greek Catholics in Russia, Bishop Joseph Werth and leader of the Catholic Church Belarusian Father Sergius Hayek was a very symbolic moment. Then we saw something that will impact the future of the Christian world , regardless of the country or rite of confession.
- The presence of such persons Church feast - is an expression of respect to the Church , an expression of respect for the Ukrainian nation state or just a celebration of a historical event the 1025th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus- Ukraine ?
- I perceive it as a sign of respect for the resurrected Church. UGCC is now a powerful factor in church life far beyond the border of only one nation and one country. To our feast of consecration of Patriarchal Temple Church Roman Catholic bishops from countries where Ukrainians, who are united around their church, are an important social factor, came. The presence of such persons is recognition of the role and place of the UGCC in global terms.
- Why did UGCC choose August 18th not last week of July, when the anniversary was celebrated by Orthodox Church to celebrate the 1025th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus- Ukraine,? Was it due to technical or organizational reasons or maybe some other details , which are not talked about ?
- Our Bishop recalled that the memory of the baptism of Rus- Ukraine has long been linked to the day we celebrate the memory of the martyrs - August 14. To tell the truth, I do not know when this tradition established in our church. This day Dormition Fast begins and it is the day of so-called August water blessing . It is this water blessing that preserved ancient Kyivan tradition of commemorating of the event of Rus- Ukraine Baptism. Deciding on the date of the anniversary celebration of Baptism, we took into cosideration a deep understanding of the traditions of our Church. To this date I called the next Synod of Bishops of the Church , which took place in Kiev. On the first Sunday after this day the Patriarchal Cathedral was consecrated .
- Now both UGCC and the Orthodox Churches remind us that we came from a single Volodymyr's font. What is the main reason that the Church , that is, the children of the same font, are still decided? Not only during the visit of the Pope to Ukraine in 2001 but also today many religious and political leaders often call UGCC "the Galician Church ", which is on someone's " canonical territory ". This is said because of the ignorance of history or common political speculation from the same category as the " statement" about the Ukrainian language as an " Austrian political project "?
- When it comes to single but divided Kyivan Church , we must remember that these divisions are the result of so called historical scars on the body of our people. Each division had its historical context and its causes. Currently, there are practically four churches that are rooted to Baptism of Saint Prince Volodymyr. This is our Church , the Ukrainian Orthodox Church which is in communion with the Moscow Patriarchate , the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Kyiv Patriarchate. And do not forget about the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.
When talking about those Kiev branches of Christianity , de facto we tell about certain historical dimensions of a single body. My predecessor , His Beatitude Lubomyr (Husar ), returning as the head of the church to Kyiv , delivered a program sermon called "United People of God in the land upon the mountains of Kiev ." In his speach he proclaimed the reasons for his return to Kyiv , and then outlined the way to assess the inheritance that each of its parts of once united Church of Kyiv gained during its existence, and how to aim to desired unity. And His Beatitude taught the essence of that unity.
And the labels that are given to this or that church , including ours, are of ideological nature. I would not say that the ideologists are under the influence of ignorance, because according to moral principles ignorance make us free from responsibility. I believe that here we deal with intentional ideological actions or conscious underestimation of dignity of this or that church.
Here I again want to speak of the sermon of His Beatitude Lubomyr. He said that very often in different historical moments the Church was tried to use as a tool for certain geopolitical reasons of neighbors. A necessary step to restore the unity of the Church of Kyiv is the need to assess the fact of religious freedom , which all the churches have in the independent Ukraine. Only when the Church is free from politics, when the Church is a true church in a free united independent state, realize the value and independence of their country and the cost of their freedom , then we will have the historical background to the be united.
- Once Bishop Basil ( Medvit ) in sermons and in interviews emphasized that the association of churches may happen sooner than we think . "It can happen in my lifetime ," - said His Beatitude in the first years of this century. Do unification processes become reality?
- I want to remind you that 5-12 June 2013 Cardinal Kurt Koch, the president of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity was in Ukraine. Since that visit took place on the eve of the celebration of the 1025th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus- Ukraine , it was not the media highlight , but I have a reason to call it a landmark. Visit of Cardinal Koch brought up a question of finding unity among Christians to the spotlight of Ukrainian society. Moreover, on the day of the visit the fact of separation Churches in Ukraine was clearly visible.
During the visit , among other measures , a round table , where the members of the public , scholars , active laity of various churches were invited, took place . And what did we , the representatives of different branches of a single once Kyivan Church, see ? We have seen that the issue of church unity is irreversible. I declare this with great confidence. The need for unity is a spiritual need of the faithful Christians in Ukrainian .
- How does the said above spiritual need for unity manifest itself?
- When talking about the Orthodox side , we can see how our Orthodox brothers are tired of the existing division among them . We see how seriously they want to step within their own circle. The second step is obviously to be the question of unity of all the branches of Kyivan Christianity . As Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is increasingly recognized as a necessary partner to achieve unity. Until recently, it was not. And when talking about one national church in the Ukraine, a Unified Autocephalous Orthodox Church is ment. We were simply dropped from sight. Now everybody realizes that our Church is a catalyst and promoter of such a unity.
The third point that I realized after those meetings, is that not only public understanding becomes more profound , but the government becomes aware that the Church is not a human institution , which can impose unity through diplomacy , some agreements or orders to create one Church artificially. Church is not a human creation but the body of Christ. Therefore, with God's will events, which seem strange and unexpected in human perception, can occur. l agree with these words of Bishop Vasyl. Although the human mind cannot percept the prospect of church unity, which seems far away , but events may occur that will surprise us all .
What kind of events these can be, of course we do not know , but we must always pray for our unity . We have to build it in spiritual terms. If every Christian in his personal and spiritual live will be at least a little closer to Jesus Christ , who all of us believe in , then we get one step closer to our neighbour.
- When we speak of Christ's Church, when profess signs of the true Church in the Credo , we say (here I want to emphasize that everyone says! ): " I believe in one, holy catholic (or catholic ) and apostolic Church ." This means that the church community is not only a vertical dimension , that is the relationship with God , as stated in the question. It also has another dimension - dimension of oecumenical. This means that the local Church must not only have faith in God , but the relationship with its brothers in the faith. Canonicity is not pleasing or unpleasing to God but in communion with the universal Christianity. I will not comment on who , basing on the Orthodox understanding, falls under the concept uncanonical and what are the criteria for this . This is the question of Orthodox theologians and hierarchs.
The fact that the UOC-KP is not recognized by other Orthodox national churches. However, there is also the fact that the hierarchs of this Church are actively seeking such a recognition . There are some arguments , as this Church understands the need for communion and oecumenical measurement of their Orthodox community. This element is very important. I really wish our Orthodox brothers unity of their community , unity with God and communion with the Ecumenical Orthodoxy. There are many obstacles to building a local church in Ukraine without unity. And in particular there are many obstacles to development of the Orthodox- Catholic dialogue in Ukraine and international dialogue too. I emphasize that the unity of Ukrainian Orthodoxy is vital to all Ukrainians , regardless of religious affiliation.
- The human body is dead without a soul. As a society without spiritual life dies. As Ukrainians are Christians, then society life is dead without Christianity. During the recent political history we have seen many examples of spiritual dying . The effects of the state we still can not overcome.
There are many public figures, who are different from those brought up on the value system of Lipinsky, see the place and role of the Church. There are those who do not want to see the Church and want that the Church to be absent from public discourse. Unfortunately, we have to be prepared that such trends will grow , which is a sign of secularization of society. Such processes take place not only in Ukraine as a post-totalitarian state, but in many countries, we used to call democratic. We can not dissociate ourselves from these processes by laws, boundaries , political or economic union. We promote the active presence of the Church in civil society. And not because someone in the hierarchy wants it. The Church is called to be a mother and a teacher . When the Church expresses its position on various political processes , it is not an interference in the politics. It does not attempt to take control of this or that political party or any political authorities . The main task of the church is to proclaim the eternal truths upon which our common Ukrainian House should be built. Here let us recall the fundamental message of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyy "How to build a native hut ." In my opinion , these messages are extremely important for our present church life and socio -political development.
Today, the Church and other religious organizations (I mean the Jewish community of Ukraine, Ukraine Muslim community , etc. ) create together a very interesting social organization - the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations. It, as the some experts observe, is the largest and most influential NGO. And when we along with fellow brothers from other churches occupy a social and political position or giving of any evaluation of the phenomena in our society , we are a powerful social and moral authority. And that is what Ukrainian society expects from us . Does everybody listen to this voice ? I have the reason to believe that the public listens . Do political structures and authorities listen to this voice? Unfortunately, not always and to full extent. Although opinion of AUCCRO is taken into consideration. We are aware of the role of church leaders should play in the life of the nation.
I had a meeting with Minister of Culture Leonid Novokhatko . Currently, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine – is the part of the government, which is responsible for the religious community. I presented minister a summary of developments of religious communities of the past 10 years. The document is called " Fields of church-state relations in Ukraine." We said that the religious component is a very important part of society and its moral foundation. The urgency and the need to preserve the Church in the public discourse will gain specific acuteness and weight after the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU.
We understand that the process of secularization will constantly grow in Ukraine . Hence the concept of church-state relations is extremely essential to maintain the moral authority of the church environment for Ukrainian society. On the one hand, the state should be secular , ensuring equal conditions for life and development of all faiths. On the other - the constitutional duty of the state is to ensure all rights for religious freedom. Impermissible marginalization of the religious factor that was present at the time of the Soviet Union (and now it is as " the phenomenon of" secularization, rolling world again) , because it is a threatof reduction or denial of the identity of the Ukrainian nation as a Christian nation , as a deeply religious nation.
- You emphasized that the current Council of Churches and religious organizations is of high authority in society . However, a small portion of the faithful participate in Sunday's liturgy. In Lviv a figure that is less than a third of all residents was named. The farther to the east this number decreases. Five percent was the figure most talked about . But October 27, 2013 , Bishop Boris ( Gudziak ) claimed two percent. How to correlate these figures with the authority of the Church, with the authority of the Council of Churches of what you have just said ? You constantly emphasize in preaching and in interviews that today Ukraine needs a new evangelization , which Pope Ivan Paul II spoke while he was in Ukraine. How can you make it when a small percentage of society goes to church?
- ... When I visit our communities in towns and cities of Kyiv archdiocese I often see one hundred percent attendance in worship . Although these communities are often small. The issue of the new evangelization can not bother us . Today we face the question of finding out how to make a person to be open to the presence of Jesus among us, in particular, in the context of the Divine Liturgy. This is a delicate issue. Cultural changes that currently influence modern humans , affecting not only their outlook, but also a model of relationships with other people. Once people gathered together to meet. Now you just start your computer to meet. Social networks are replacing social life. This is a phenomenon of our time.
We understand that in order to make worship available to people we should go out to meet them. We cannot calm ourselves down that they come to us . We need to meet the modern man. In different ways. Starting from the fact that we talk to people by means of the media. Now our Church clearly states that the media is an essential tool for the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ . This is radio, and television, and newspaper interviews. And that I speak with the community of readers of "Words of Enlightenment " via your mediation is a necessary element of Ukrainian New Evangelization .
In terms of people's access to the Church an important issue is the construction of temples. Now in Kyiv 21 UGCC Communities are registered. However, there are only four places of worship - the Patriarchal Cathedral, Temple of Basil the Great in the Lviv Square and two chapels - by Askold grave and chapel (the bell tower of the formerly destroyed temple ) of Nicholas the kind in Podol. A lot of people do not have the physical opportunity to participate in worship, it is not easy to overcome distance. So we have to get closer to them in some way. When it comes to Kyiv , there are many questions . We are trying to understand what modern man requires how to reach him, how accomplish effectively our ministry and our preaching in the new circumstances in which we live today .
- From history we know that “Prosvita”, which was established 145 years ago, and the Church are closely connected. Often priests were the founders and leaders of“Prosvita", and founded schools. Comes to mind Father Ivan Wan’o –the founder of the famous Ukrainian school in Rohatyn . is now the cooperation of the Church and the “Prosvita " effective enough? And how do you see this collaboration in the coming years?
- If we talk about the second half of the nineteenth century, the first half of the twentieth century , “Prosvita” was the step outside the walls of the church , which I said about, referring to new forms of service to the Church . We know the realities of rural Galician of 20-30 years, there were two community centers - churches and reading rooms of “Prosvita”. It was a step towards people which then , under the rule of a foreign country, the Church tried to make, including maintaining and sometimes creating and leading centers of " Enlightenment ."
Now I take great pleasure in watching as “Prosvita” is reborn in the independent Ukrainian state. I have had the opportunity to meet with members “Prosvita” in our diaspora , particularly in Argentina. Well I understand how important the role of enlightenment , which is central to Ukrainian identity revival and preservation of which - the main task of the modern“Prosvita”.
However I want “Prosvita” to achieve its goal by implementing an idea that can be traced in your questions , and I want to remind one of the blessings that is proclaimed by the high priest during the episcopal worship : " O Christ , the light of truth that enlightens and sanctifies every person that comes into the world . " So Christ is light , He shines . If“Prosvita” wants really to shine people, it must be a partner of church. I met with members of “Prosvita” in Ivano-Frankivsk . I remember a meeting in the residence of Metropolitan Vlodymyr. Such cooperation is necessary. Though its shape may be different in different parts of Ukraine , different in different countries where Ukrainians live . We encourage the cooperation between “Prosvita” and our church organizations to take place primarily at the local levels for members of “ Prosvita” to be an integral part of the local church of that diocese in which they operate, of that parish to which they belong. And such a network can become the foundation for building a broader cooperation.
- It has been more than six months since Cardinal Jorge Mario Berholyo was elected Pope. During this time, he has gained great sympathy in the world ( not only among the faithful Roman Catholic rite ). You know the cardinal before he was elected Pope. Are the actions of the current Pope something that is a surprise to you ?
- After the proclamation of the newly elected Pope a press conference for Ukrainian media who were present in Rome was convened. Then I said, we expect many surprises. And the first months of the current pontificate of Pope confirmed my intuition. There were many surprises. Not only as for the style of the new Pope. This style is very direct , the style of a pastor, who is close to the people. He may make a surprise by stopping to go to the cafe for a cup of coffee while walking in Rome. He bought sim-cards for the victims of the tragedy near Lampedusa .
The current Holy Father called to a woman who was going to have an abortion , and prevent her from the sinful idea. He told her : "I will baptize your child ." The determination with which he undertook the reform of church structures , including the Vatican curia, surprised. Two weeks ago I , as a member of the Pontifical Council Ordinary Synod , participated in the meeting of the Council. The Pope came to us, was with us almost the whole day and proclaimed 2014 extraordinary papal synod on the Christian family. It's all a surprise , because this is an extraordinary session of the Synod , which sets a new tone for Church. And this solution requires from me personally very intensive work.
- I hope rulers will hear the Holy Father. Anyone who seriously thinks about the future , should build a culture of life. And just out of the mouth of the successors of St. Peter words of life are heard. Anyone who wants to have future , should heed the words of the Holy Father.
- I understand that you have send an invitation to the Holy Father Francis Pope to visit Ukraine and it has been accepted. Now, as the experience of the visit of Pope John Paul II to Ukraine shows, a " trifle " remains to solve the problem on the levels of the government and diplomatic body. Has something already been made? When, in your opinion, Ukraine will experience a unique day of meeting with the Pope in my country again?
- Thank you for your very thorough answer.
- Thanks to you. May God bless all of your readers who will read our interview . And let it be one more means of so necessary to all of us evangelization. | 2019-04-22T10:08:50Z | http://news.ugcc.ua/en/interview/the_need_for_unity_is_a_spiritual_need_of_christian_believers_in_ukraine__his_beatitude_sviatoslav_68247.html |
ONE day in September, 1852, when the ship that brought the late Carl Schurz to America was sailing up New York Harbor, Mr. Schurz chanced to notice some "charming dwellings" on the shore of Staten Island, then a favorite watering-place. He turned to a fellow passenger, a home coming American, and asked who were the owners of these pretty houses.
"Rich New Yorkers," was the laconic reply, as Mr. Schurz himself recorded it.
"And how much must a man have to be called a 'rich' New Yorker?" Mr. Schurz inquired.
"Well," was the answer, "a man who has something like a hundred and fifty or two hundred thousand dollars, or an assured income of ten or twelve thousand a year, would be considered wealthy. Of course there are men who have more than that - as much as a million or two, or even more."
"Are there many such in New York? " "Oh, no, not many; perhaps a dozen." How many such are. there in New York today? Nobody can tell with exactness. I recently put the question to an active member of one of New York's most important banking and promoting houses.
"Oh, five thousand," was his reply. "There are twenty-five hundred millionaires I could count up, and there must be twenty-five hundred more, many of whom are absolutely unknown to Wall Street."
There are in New York a host of unknown millionaires who drift there from provincial homes. The unknown millionaire is, in Mr. Howells's view, the opportunity of some novelist of the future, a pathetic figure of modern metropolitan life, though the pathos is often unrecognized by himself. He goes through the motions of doing what the rich and fashionable do around him - keeps an establishment, dines at expensive restaurants, attends the opera; but in reality he and his family live detached lives so far as social relationships are concerned. Even the reporter does not invade their lonely privacy.
In 1852, the year in which Schurz came to America, Arthur Hugh Clough visited Cambridge, Massachusetts, and expressed his pleased surprise at finding there social standards which absolutely ignored both wealth and poverty. Cambridge society of that day, as Charles Eliot Norton describes it, was unmarked by "artificial distinctions," its households being "homes of thrift without parsimony, of hospitality without extravagance." And President Eliot adds his testimony that the tradition still persists.
In 1907, says Dr. Eliot, the standard of living in Cambridge , "remains simple and moderate - substantial, if you please, but plain." There is not a rich man in Cambridge today "according to the standard of the time - not one. Plenty of people in comfortable circumstances, well-to-do, but not one rich man! Yet in a financial publication I find Dr. Eliot's fellow townsman, Alexander Agassiz, a distinguished scientist and son of Harvard, listed as the third largest stockholder of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, having five thousand shares, worth by a recent quotation, one thousand dollars per share. In other words, Professor Agassiz's copper investment alone has, or recently had, a selling value of five million dollars. We have here either a remarkable instance of forgetfulness on President Eliot's part, or an even more remarkable estimate of what, in his opinion, does not constitute wealth at Cambridge in 1901.
Illustrations of the sort might be multiplied indefinitely. The United States abounds in millionaires whose wealth, as in Professor Agassiz's case, is not their distinction, is not the first thing one involuntarily associates with them on hearing their names. A well-known example is the late Governor Higgins of New York, whose estate is reported as about three million dollars. Yet Mr. Higgins was never charged, so far as I am aware, with "buying his way" to political preferment.
This general indifference to wealth in itself, strange as it may seem in a land that is supposed to worship the almighty dollar, finds expression in the popular vernacular. We talk about the "local millionaire," as in England they speak of the village squire; or about the "vulgar millionaire," a more recent and picturesque phrase being the "wallower in wealth"; or, most significant of all, about the "mere millionaire," meaning either a person who is a millionaire and nothing else, or a person who is only a millionaire when he might have been far richer, perhaps a multimillionaire.
"M r. Rockefeller is not a speculator, but an investor. For years he has been placing his income in gilt-edged securities. The space he maintains with safety deposit companies is said to be larger than that of any individual in the world."
It takes only a little sober observation and quiet reflection to find convincing answer to much loose talk about " popular hatred of wealth and millionaires." In point of fact; people do not know how many "hated" millionaires there are, or who they are. It is not the size of individual fortunes which has aroused whatever criticisms there may be of the possibilities of accumulation under modern conditions, but the unfair appropriation of other people's accumulations, as in insurance companies or railroads. It is the suspect financier, disregarding the obligations of a trustee in his control of the savings of the many, not the possessor of wealth, however large, legitimately acquired, who arouses that supposed popular antagonism to the millionaire of which so much is made in certain quarters.
The many ingenious and extravagant estimates of individual wealth and its power have proved confusing to the popular mind, because of failure to distinguish clearly between ownership and control. Among the best trained economists, even the most independent of the younger men - as Professor Irving Fisher, of Yale - there is a marked disposition to fight shy of such estimates. The latest is that of Henry Laurens Call, whose contention in his paper on "The Concentration of Wealth," read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, is that one percent of the population of the United States "now own practically" ninety per cent of the entire wealth of the country.
The population of the United States is estimated at eighty-four millions and its wealth at $115,000,000,000. Therefore, according to Mr. Call's estimate, eight hundred and forty thousand persons "now own practically" $103,500,00,000, leaving to the rest of the population, more than eighty-three millions in number, only $11,500,000,000, or the remaining ten per cent of the total wealth. This at its worst, taking practical ownership to mean actual ownership, only gives the eight hundred and forty thousand property holders $123,200 on the average. In other words, there are in the United States eight hundred and forty thousand persons worth an average of $123,200 apiece - not a startling contention, certainly.
But this is not exactly what Mr. Call means, as his "practical ownership" stands rather for control than for ownership. For example, about a fifth of the wealth of the country, or in round numbers $25,000,000,000, is represented by industrial corporations, such as railroads and manufacturing concerns, while about a seventh, or $15,000,000,000, is represented by financial corporations, such as banking and insurance companies. Now, a large part of the ownership of the $40,000,000,000 thus invested is scattered among thousands upon thousands of people of all degrees of financial condition, from riches to poverty. Obviously, then, it is not Mr. Call's concentration of ownership in such forms of wealth that constitutes a possible menace to society, but concentration of control.
The distinction came out clearly in a concrete case when E. H. Harriman was recently examined by the Interstate Commerce Commission. There was general public interest in the question which Mr. Harriman refused to answer - on the ground that they invaded his private affairs - in regard to his profits from the reorganization of the Chicago and Alton Railroad. This interest was not due to any special curiosity to "get a line" on the size of Mr. Harriman's fortune. It was rather due to a desire for information as to the effect that such a reorganization might have on the investment of minority stockholders, or on the profits of purchasers of new security issues under such reorganization, or on the cost to(the public under the little understood relation of capitalization to rates.
When during the same examination of Mr. Harriman it came out that within six months of 1906 the Union Pacific had bought more than a hundred million dollars worth of outside railroad shares, public interest again was not concerned with the personal side of these colossal transactions, so far as they affected the growth of individual fortunes, but so far as they affected, through an almost one man control, the other parties in interest - broadly, the rest of us.
In short, it is not the man of millions, but the man in control of millions, largely the millions of other people, who challenges aggressive public criticism. Such a man, like the late John A. McCall, may be the head of a great insurance company, and yet die a poor man. The most powerful man in New England today is probably President Mellen, of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, and yet he is generally credited with the possession of no more than a modest personal fortune.
In order to recognize the millionaire of actual life it is worth while to be at some pains to clear one's mind of the caricaturist's millionaire, a picture itself as yellow as the dollar-marks with which it is bespattered. The real millionaire is apt to average up very much as does the non-millionaire. A cynical poet said of Nero: But then, He had his faults like other men.
So, too, the millionaire of today may have his virtues. Oftener than not he is a decent fellow, a fair family man, a good citizen, a square business man, perhaps public-spirited and generous in proportion to his means, it may be even a philanthropist. On the other hand, of course, he may be a skinflint and a financial cutthroat.
HOW MANY MILLIONAIRES HAVE WE?
How many actual millionaires are there among the eighty-four million people of the United States? The well informed financier quoted at the beginning of this article put the total in New York at five thousand. A large proportion of these only do business in New York, while they live and are taxed somewhere else, perhaps in Connecticut, New Jersey, or Rhode Island. Again, residence in New York, even if such millionaires have a technical residence there, is often merely nominal. An allowance for the millionaires who are only incidental New Yorkers must appreciably reduce the number of resident millionaires, as the phrase would be applied in a provincial city. On the other hand, to anyone strolling up Fifth Avenue or Riverside Drive on a fine afternoon, and noting the costly houses and the well appointed equipages, the estimate of five thousand millionaires as representing all this show and lavishness seems probably too small.
Of course this leaves out of account the numberless men whose capital is in their brains, the interest on which is a millionaire's income, though they do not own a millionaire's safety-deposit box filled with securities. There are count less professional men in New York - lawyers, doctors, and engineers - and men at the head of financial, manufacturing, and mercantile enterprises, who while they live keep the pace of the richest, but when they die, to everybody's surprise, leave comparatively insignificant estates.
Again, we must remember that many business men are heavy borrowers. Their apparent assets are known and read of all men; but their liabilities that is a different story. A recent noteworthy case was that of the late Montgomery Sears, often described as "Boston's heaviest taxpayer. "Mr. Sears's fortune, before his death, was generally rated at twenty million dollars, or more. The latest estimate, coming from the probate court, is that the estate is under four millions.
How is one to make even a guess at the total number of millionaires? I have at hand some rather significant statistics, secured for a business purpose, covering the annual incomes of the families in the United States. There are in this estimate 2,694,000 families, or seventeen per cent of the whole number, enjoying incomes between twelve hundred and three thousand dollars a year; and 583,000 families, or three and a half per cent of the whole number, with incomes between three thousand and six thousand dollars. Continuing up the scale, we find it stated that 811,000 families, or five percent of the whole number, have incomes above six thousand dollars.
Compare with this Mr. Call's estimate that 840,000 persons "practically own" ninety per cent of the country's wealth, with $123,200 each, representing an income of a little more than six thousand dollars at five per cent. It will be seen that. these two independent estimates of the distribution of wealth work out to a surprising closeness.
The table from which I am quoting gives forty-two thousand families with annual incomes above fifteen thousand dollars. This, of course, gives us no basis for a precise calculation of the number of millionaires. As the most secure investments - outside of certain government bonds on which, for special reasons, the interest is abnormally low yield a yearly return of at least three per cent, a millionaire should have an annual income of at least thirty thousand dollars. On the other hand, there are people who earn thirty thousand dollars a year, or more, but whose financial status is far too insecure for us to class them as millionaires. On the whole, however, and though only a rough guess is possible, the estimate of forty-two thousand families with incomes of fifteen thousand dollars or upward may be taken as indicating from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand as the total number of millionaires.
Such an estimate compares interestingly with fourteen thousand, the approximate total in 1902, according to a careful computation made in that year by the New York World. There has of course been a considerable increase during the five years. In Connecticut, with whose financial conditions I chance to be familiar, competent judges put the State's total of millionaires at from a hundred and twenty-five to a hundred. and fifty today, as against seventy-five to a hundred in 1902. This gives a fifty-percent rate of increase, or better. In Connecticut capital enjoys the advantage of being largely invested in active enterprises with an exceptional rate of growth. If, allowing for this, the country at large in five years has gained thirty per cent in the number of its millionaires, it has today more than eighteen thousand as against fourteen thousand in 1902.
All speculation on this subject must recognize not only the constant shifting of the distribution of wealth as a whole, but similar uncertainties in the case of individual millionaires. When one is dealing with statistics in the large, it can be assumed that these uncertainties may to a great extent be balanced against one another. But when it comes to the individual, we all know that actively invested capital is constantly menaced by chance of loss, however unconvincing may be the paper losses and gains of Wall Street, by which millions are made today and wiped out tomorrow. The number of the wealthy whose money is invested in inactive and secure form, as government bonds, is comparatively small, almost negligible. Hence it is the elusive nature of wealth, the danger that it may slip away while the possessor's back is turned - for instance, when the owner of a railroad finds himself "held up" by a secretly secured right to parallel it, as happened to the late William H. Vanderbilt - which gives to the possession of millions the fascination of mystery.
Or the chance may be the other way. One happy happening has first suggested possibilities that have opened many a road to fortune. A drummer persuaded a country customer in a Michigan town that by ordering a lot of cheap, attractive articles, mixing them with goods on his hands unsold, and advertising a special bargain-counter sale, he could work off his all but discarded stock at a profit. That idea finally developed into the chain of five-cent and ten-cent stores that has made a millionaire of F. W. Woolworth.
More than half a century ago, an immigrant German lad, coming from a district where knowledge of forest craft is an inheritance, took with him to the lumber region of Wisconsin an understanding of its possibilities for exploitation. He began modest purchases of timber land, which he has since extended through associates, partners, and allied corporations. That policy has placed millions of acres in Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Mississippi Valley, Oregon, and Washington, under the control of Frederick Weyerhaeuser, the "lumber king" of St. Paul, whose wealth, it is claimed, rivals that of Rockefeller, unfamiliar as is his name in the East.
A young man who, in the early sixties, became active through inheritance in a minor manufacturing industry in a small Ohio town, was obsessed with the idea that any industry, however small, might be made immensely profitable, given labor-saving machinery that no competitor could duplicate. Dogged persistence in applying that idea made O. C. Barber, the "match king," head of the Diamond Match Company.
At about the same time a New England doctor decided to abandon his home and profession. With savings of five thousand dollars in his pocket, he settled in Chicago to take up the business of selling large tracts .of land to farmers, and "to make a fortune," as he told his incredulous neighbors. In ten years Dr. D. K. Pearsons, now famous as a benefactor of small colleges, was worth his million by dint of a capacity for inconceivable detail, his system being to insure each transaction personally, and thus to win the confidence of land-owner and land-buyer alike.
These instances, chosen at random, illustrate what to the observing has long been obvious, that there is no formula for making a millionaire. Of the eighteen thousand millionaires in the United States today - if that be their number outside of the comparatively few who have "held on " to an inherited fortune in gilt-edged securities or land, each has for himself caught "the skirts of happy chance" at the psychological moment, often more by inspiration than by foresight.
Beginnings to a like ending may be as contrasted as the circumstances of birth. Of the two most commanding figures today in the world of railroad control, J. J. Hill began in a Northwestern steamboat office and E. H. Harriman in a New York broker's office. Hence, though millionaires may be roughly classified as manufacturers, merchants, railroad magnates, financiers, and so on, such classification is vitally defective, because it ignores the degree to which the genius of an individual millionaire is administrative more than financial, or mercantile more than either.
The casual observer sees one side of a millionaire and labels him by that. To the public, for instance, the late Marshall Field was the Wanamaker of Chicago. To financiers, he was the wise counselor and able administrator, being director at his death in corporations whose capital totaled five billions of dollars. To himself and his close associates, he was also a far-seeing investor in land, as he was carrying at his death an investment of more than five million dollars in Chicago real estate, of which nearly half was unproductive, being bought for the future.
It is this quality of secretiveness in the art of investment which enables so many a modest millionaire to go his way to death unrecognized, like that canny leather-merchant, Daniel R. Fayerweather, of New York, who left five million dollars for education, to the astonishment of his old business associates in "the Swamp." For instances of a like unadvertised status of wealth, one does not have to wait for the probate court, for they are everywhere. Few in Connecticut, outside its financial circles, if called upon to give the State's richest man, would be likely to name J. H. Whittemore, of Naugatuck, a dominating factor in the malleable iron business of the country. The United States Steel Corporation is famous as the biggest industrial in the world. Yet who, if called upon to give its actively controlling millionaires, would name James Gayley, its first vice-president, whose colossal task it is to direct the shipping of forty million tons of raw material a year?
It is here in the work of life, applying his brain - from self-interest, no doubt, like the rest of us - to the evolution and furtherance of farreaching enterprise, that we see the representative millionaire, the type known locally to so many communities. He it is, not the distorted image in the press, who should pass before us when we read the Autocrat's admonition, never more needed than today.
Pause for a moment, for our eyes behold The plain, unsceptered king, the man of gold, The thrice-illustrious, threefold millionaire!
Originally published in Munsey's Magazine. July 1907. | 2019-04-23T05:19:36Z | http://www.digitalhistoryproject.com/2011/08/american-millionaires-hill-harriman.html |
Rowing machines are now being utilized all around Canada not only by hale & healthy people belong to all ages with an intention to maintain body health but also by the patients suffering from cardiovascular infection as it is congruently effective for anyone. It offers a good indoor workout that assists you to burn fats effectively and calorie count.
In conjunction with that, it is suitable for storing and keeping at home just because of it occupies very little space. It means that if you have a rowing machine in Canada, then, there is no need to visit the gym on each day as it provides workouts for whole body.
While I started collecting information regarding rowing machine then I came to know that it is not only a machine in fact but also a new world as there were lots of complexities which I was myself ignorant of formerly.
I just like lots of people supposed of rowing machine as a common machine just like other workout machine which assists us in reducing weight as my major concern was weight reduction however, I realized that it is much more than that.
It has minimal risk of any injury while compared with other machines.
Rowing is considered being best workout for firming of all body muscles. It aids in reducing weight as it shed off excessive fat pounds from pelvic and abdomen region. It is operated for executing a massive variety of body workouts. These are specifically designed under such a manner that they provide workouts for almost all parts of body and the wonderful thing is that they can also be utilized at home. These has also considered as a significant part of physical fitness centers and gym throughout the last few years just due to its state-of-the-art features and several health advantages.
All of rowing machines have resistance mechanism that provides resistance while carrying out workouts. The proficiency of a rowing machine mainly depends upon adaptable resistance levels provided by rowing machines in Canada. More the resistance produced by a rowing machine the more will be rowing workout efficiency.
A few machines provide 5 to 6 modifiable resistance levels whereas up-to-date machines are presenting about 1 to 16 adaptable resistance levels with an intention to improve the efficiency of workout. Proficient resistance system is fundamental feature of rowing machine.
Performance monitoring display is also considered to be a significant aspect of rowing machine. Performance monitoring screen displays distance, speed, time and calories burnt through a workout. It helps people to adjust timings for workout subsequently and track their performance as well.
Another significant aspect is its simple assembly that only just takes about 20 to 30 minutes. In conjunction with every machine a booklet is offered providing guidelines for assembling machine.
These are normally occupy less space and light-weighted. These both features represent rowing machines perfect for home use.
Rowing machines are accessible in varied range of prices. The range of their prices starts from $200-$1000. Due to widespread range of prices individuals from different business groups have equivalent opportunity to take advantage from this exceptional fitness equipment.
Numerous rowing machines have folding designing patterns for easy storage. You people can simply fold the machine into two portions and store them. Static indoor rowers are also accessible in market apposite for use in fitness centers, gyms etc. where no storage is needed.
Another significant aspect is that it has zero maintenance issues. Just in case any part is smashed spare parts are simply available under a reasonably-priced range. Furthermore, manufacturing companies, provide warranty of 3 to 5 years that enable customer to interact with manufacturer in case of any maintenance concern.
Indoor rowers has lots of exceptional features that make it look distinctive and unique from other rowing machines.
The right time to perform workout is late in evening or in early morning when you have empty stomach. The affirmative effects of workout improves manifold if it is done in these timings. Besides that, it is also suggested to drink lots of water before and after 30 minutes of performing workout with an intention to stimulate the metabolic system of human body.
Do you wish to add a stimulus to your Cardio routine? If yes then workout is perfectly suitable to improve your routine for Cardio. It burns superfluous calories speedily and contributes greatly in weight loss. It also plays a vital part in strengthens the arm muscles and legs and makes them well-toned. Thus, when it comes to weight reduction individuals reply heavily on rowing workout than any other workout machine.
Do you familiar with the fact that you cannot get utmost advantages from workout until or unless you accurately know how to operate a rowing machine?
There are particular things that you must keep in mind prior you start for workout. The main thing to consider is wearing tight clothes for workout so that no cloth fiber gets caught into the exercise machine all through workout session.
As starters do not fix high resistance as you will become easily tired. Take a start with lower resistance and kept it inside the range of 2-3 level. Keep your strokes rate also on minimum level inside the range of 10-15 strokes a minute.
How To Use A Rowing Machine?
For starting a workout session sit on the seat and fix your feet on the foot mats. Now extend your arm and grip the handles in flywheel direction. Try to keep your wrist straight and adjust on your seat under a comfortable manner. With an intention to maintain right body posture, lean your hips to a certain extent in forward direction.
While you are settled start workout by way of extending legs and push them in contradiction of foot pads. Keep your back and arms firm and transmit your energy to handles for stirring rower. While your knees are flattened slightly lean your upper body back and bends your arms.
Extend your legs and lean back slightly at the hips. Bend your elbows and keep the machine handle on the abdomen. Now slowly return the handle and extend your arms to the flywheels. Move your upper body in frontward direction and slowly bend knees to get into preliminary position.
Steps mentioned above concisely explain how to use a workout machine. The most significant thing is to keep an appropriate body posture while doing workout. For example, if you lean your body more in the frontward direction than standard position it may lead towards back pain. In the same way, improper arms movement for rowing machine can also produce undesired strain in muscles. Thus, try to keep proper body posture while performing the workout.
Initially, it may seem intricate as your body has not formed stamina to perform workout. However, practicing it on a daily basis not only boosts your stamina but also enhances the ability of your muscle.
Besides to knowing how to utilize a wrong machine, you should also be familiar regarding the minimum time frame you should use this machine. The time fluctuates from one individual to another depending upon your fitness level and age. If you are old-age then it is not recommended performing a hard workout for a longer time span. In the exact way, if you have a well-maintained physique with a sensible weight then working for about 30 minutes is satisfactory, however, if you have superfluous weight then try to spend more time on this rowing machine for sale.
If you are using indoor rower for the very first time then take a start with only 15-20 minutes of exercise and gradually increase time on each day. You should also check out the monitor with an intention to know the exact number of calories burnt and distance covered. Almost every best quality rowing machine has an electronic mechanism that notifies about this detail.
Cardio exercises are enormously popular for their weight loss affects. There are lots of cardio exercises that people perform to reduce weight just like running, climbing, jogging, walking etc. It is also a significant kind of cardio exercise extensively utilized for getting physical fitness. It actually is a water sport that triggers all body parts.
Indoor Rower is functioned under a way rowing is performed. There are several advantages in context of client benefits as well as health advantages.
These are cost-effective unlike other fitness machines.
All are 100% warranted by the manufacturer. Just in case you find any maintenance problem you can simply approach to the concerned manufacturing company.
It assembly is quite simple. You do not require any expert technician for its assembly simple reading of booklet assists you in assembling it.
Some of the rowing machines are specifically designed under such a way that it simply gets divided into two parts for easy storage.
These occupy less space and light-weighted.
Has proficient adaptable resistance system that provides exceptional resistance.
Its spare parts are easily accessible in market. In case of any sort of issue in spare parts you can simply replace them.
You can also buy rowing machines online as numerous of the manufacturing companies have already offered online buying services with an intention to facilitate their clients.
All above mentioned advantages of rowing machine for customers encourage them to opt for this wonderful product. Because of its ultimate customer advantages and immense popularity within last couple of years buying ratio of this workout machine has been enhanced exponentially. Individuals prefer having this multifunctional and versatile workout machine in spite of buying other workout machines.
It shed off unnecessary fats deposited in human body, mainly from pelvic and abdomen region.
It burns extra calories at rapid pace. For example, exercise for at least 30 minutes burns off 150-200 calories correspondingly.
Provide you best exercise for weight loss.
Workouts also plays an imperative part in muscle building. Boost up their energy utilization capability and strengthens the muscle.
It boosts the endurance and flexibility of leg muscles and arms.
It helps you to get relief from lower back pain and provides support to your lower back region.
It improves the circulation of blood within human body and strengthens cardiovascular system.
It helps in escalating the proficiency of your lung system. Throughout rowing exercise you run out of breadth and to live up to oxygen demand body adeptly exhale and inhale oxygen. Thus, more oxygen is entered into human body and more carbon dioxide is discharged that ultimately develops your respiratory system.
It alleviates the level of stress thus helps you to feel more satisfied and confident about yourself. It discharge serotonin hormone within human body that bring affirmative changes in mood and helps you to combat stress and depression.
It also plays an imperative part in strength building. Performing rowing workout on daily basis increases body capability to perform prolonged strenuous work without getting tired too quickly.
As a result of rowing workout several detrimental chemical substances and metabolites are discharged from body through urination and sweating. Therefore, workouts help human body to get rid of unsafe substances in a natural manner.
Regular rowing workout keeps you energetic and fresh all day long.
Another wonderful health advantage of workout is that it restrains you from numerous harmful diseases just like cardiac problems, osteoporosis, blood pressure, cancer, diabetes etc.
If you are looking to buy rowing machine in Canada that provides workouts for all body parts then you should buy a rowing machine for sale. As you are not mindful of this machine and its wonderful features, thus it might be a bit intricate for you to opt for a quality product at an affordable price.
Here is a simple guide for people who are fascinated enough in buying a rowing machine for sale. Bearing in mind following tips will help you in buying a best quality indoor rower.
First and foremost tip for purchasing a rowing machine is to set a price limit prior you procure it. If you wish to use machine on daily basis, set aside sensible amount of money so that you can opt for best quality product.
There are two kinds of rowing machines for home use; one is fixed type and other is folding type. Folding type inhabits less space whereas fixed type is more space consuming as compare to folding type. In accordance to user experience fixed machines are more resilient; however, for indoor use folding machines are generally preferred. Thus, pre-define which category of rowing machine you wish to buy folding or fixed.
Type of rowing machine is another significant aspect to consider while purchasing rowing machines for outdoor use or home use. There are mainly three categories on the basis of resistance system i.e. hydraulic, magnetic, air and water rowing machines.
In case of hydraulic rowing machines, oil filled cylinders are used for creating resistance. These machines are light-weighted and easy to operate. That is why, these machines suit perfect for home use.
Special kind of magnets is used in magnetic rowing machines for providing adaptable resistance. These machines are light-weighted and noise efficient. It provides adaptable resistance mechanism that makes the process of rowing much more efficient. If you are finding for best quality product that gives you excellent resistance then magnetic one has proved to be a suitable choice for you.
Machine flywheels are used to provide resistance in air rowing machine. Air rowing machines have proficient resistance mechanism. One noticeable drawback of air one is that it generates loud noise while operated.
In case of water rowing machine, water pressure is used with an intention to provide resistance. These are very smooth in operations and provide magnificent resistance. Though, these are weightier than standard machines and need more preservation as the presence of water in cylinders should be changed after fixed intervals.
Types mentioned above are the major types of rowing machines. Choose the type with which you are satisfied enough.
Another significant guideline to buy rowing machine for home use is to check for the rowers. Rowers must be made of robust material and should have solid grip to expedite operation. Additionally, the length of seat material and slide track also matters a lot. It looks to be a better option to check these things in detail prior you buy to make certain you buy heavy-duty product. Having trial of rowing machine also help in taking decision thus give it trial.
Always give a preference to quality while it comes to buy rowing machine for sale. As good quality brand machines have state-of-the-art features and are more consistent while compare with normal machines.
Normally the manufacturing companies provide warranty for minimum 2 years on their product. You should purchase such sort of rowing machine that is warranted. Thus, in case you find any maintenance problem you can easily approach the manufacturing company.
It indicates to low impact workout that comes under the classification of cardio workout. Rowing is in fact a water sport utilized to increase fitness level and build muscles. Presently rowing machines are broadly used for performing workouts.
There are numerous kinds of indoor rowers accessible in the market. A few are air-resistance whereas other is water or magnetic resistant. The key idea behind manufacturing is to imitate the rowing effect for attaining several health advantages.
It is stated that on an average 20 to 30 minutes workout on rowing machine burns about 135 calories. It includes the whole major muscles group and body parts just like legs, abdomen, chest, arms and shoulders respectively. Individuals normally prefer workout on any other workouts just because of its burning calories proclivity at a rapid pace.
That is the major cause that it is present anywhere in physical training centers, gym centers and at home too. Within last couple of years numbers of rowing machines are specifically made for indoor use with an intention to facilitate those people who neither have time to go for a fitness center or gym. You’ll be surprised to know that subsequent to treadmill rowing machine is second hand rowing machine that is enormously favored by customers for home use.
Several researched have substantiated that workout timings also matters a lot in providing better results as individual who perform workout early in morning in open air feel much more energetic and fresh then those who perform it indoor.
If you specifically discuss about workout then perfect time to do it is late in evening or early in morning when you have empty stomach. It is also suggested to drink lots of water before and after 30 minutes of workout to accelerate the process of fat burning.
You can do workout in other day timings also, however, keep in mind that you have empty stomach. So, try to do exercise at suitable times for better outcomes.
Adjust the resistance at a lower level e.g. 2-3 level; do not take a start with high resistances as it brings more harm than good.
Try to maintain an appropriate body posture while doing workout otherwise you will feel lower body pain or back pain after workout.
Slowly increase your time duration for workouts and be constant as slow and steady wins the race.
There is no doubt in it that these are perfect for getting well-shaped body. Thus, do not forget to mention about rowing workout machine for sale in your weight loss schedule as these exercises can certainly help you in losing extra weight.
The all-pervading presence of rowing machine is a sign of its prevalent popularity nowadays. Rowing equipment yields remarkable results with daily workout, more so than several other fitness apparatus. Numerous of those are still new to rowers, stays unconvinced though all uncertainties can be clarified upon consistently utilizing the rower.
One of the primary advantages of the rower is that it helps in reinforcing the torso, the upper part of the body where a lot of of our main muscles are located. Besides that, legs are continually workout even though in the lifestyle of these days, the area around the upper part of the body is used more than the legs. The use of force to exercise the area around the upper part of body considerably takes part to improving the core strength of the forearms, chest, and shoulders.
With better strength, it provides rise to upper body strength that is more unwavering and solid to keep on our everyday tasks easily. The legs are determinedly workout as well even if not as much as the upper body but you will be capable to become tuned in to the difference when you work out time and again.
One of the better advantages of a rower is that of calories burner but some use it primarily for that reason as other fitness apparatus for example, the Treadmills, Stationery Bike and Nordic Track can do so efficiently. Additionally, a rowing machine can support to develop lean muscle mass and provided that lean muscle mass burn more calories for a specified size, the body will use more calories with the intention of nourishing muscle.
Consequently, rowing machine in fact enhances metabolism rate so as to nourish the lean muscle with the required amount of calories. A small number of people know that a rower help to lessen the anxiety and stress level by the frequent usage of it. Exercising makes an individual less edgy and depress and it is one of the most advantageous and least appreciated of all the rowing apparatus advantages. Keeping our mental faculties attentive and well is as significant if not more than bodily aspect of our health.
To get all the advantages mentioned, we should effectively make the most out of rower. The information that we collect here will be very pertinent to utilize the most from the rower. Completely understanding the equipment itself and its functions can contribute towards us getting a beneficial and complete workout. Rowing machine takes off the actual rower experience of a boat for the sole function of strength training and aerobic workout in addition for those training for rowing. The equipment has been in existence for in excess of a century but only in present years that it gains in eminency.
The market for rowers comprises of some sorts of resistance and they are the magnetic resistance, piston resistance, air resistance and water resistance. All are uniformly valuable and no one can claim to be proficient than others. Each has their own follower and the categories of resistance you select will hinge on the relevance of your workout as well as the status of your fitness level.
Looking for a home rowing machine? Possibly the primary cause that they have turned out to be so admired is that a rower workout will permit you to concentrate on three major muscles groups. These units will provide your arms, back and legs as well and even your cardiovascular system the exercise that you are possibly finding for. A rower machine is one of the best objects of equipment for all-round fitness available due to their capability to focus on several major muscle groups of human body.
These ever popular apparatus can be very advantageous to anyone finding for improve their level of fitness. Other benefits involve the real probability of one reducing weight because of the enhanced stamina, calories burned and they are frequently used by those recovering from injury and are under the procedure of rehabilitating their muscles and ligaments.
Other benefits involve the real likelihood of one reducing weight as a result of the calories burned, enhanced stamina, and they are frequently consumed by those recovering from an injury and are in the process of rehabilitating their ligaments and muscles. A few of the best rowing apparatus have emerged to be immensely popular as they provide the user a lower-impact form of workout which many sportspersons not only appreciate but have been recommended to utilize by their trainer or even physician for several causes.
Water rowers operate on a patented water-flywheel. They are suggested to stimulate the real rower movement on water and will exercise your full body for a good workout.
Air rowing apparatus are popular for their decent monitors and smooth action. They are also rather simple to change the intensity and variety of your workout. Some individuals have complained though, that the chain on to these units inclines to come off of the track very easily.
Piston rowers come from hydraulic cylinders. These cylinders are associated with the arms of the rower and since the pistons are considered of a solid size, these particular models are not usually rather as big as other units. Indeed, several of these will easily fit under your bed or any other small sized storage areas which is what makes them well-liked for some with restricted space. While they may be cheaper and smaller, bear in mind that they are not always going to provide you the perfect rowing movement resemblance as other resistance mock-ups will.
Magnetic rowing apparatus looks like the piston resistance models. One benefit of these rowers is that they provide a smoother movement and are extraordinarily quiet. Another benefit of this kind of home rower is that you have the beauty of being capable to adjust the resistance explicit to your fitness requirements. Possibly the most significant drawback on these is that they are not rather as unproblematic to store as a piston resistance apparatus. The rail that is contained on these models unluckily cannot be folded down, permitting you to store it in such compacted areas such as beneath your bed.
Rowing machines are considered as one of the best types of workout machines that you can use if you wish to do a full body exercise. These highly sophisticated machines are one of the few parts of gym or fitness center equipment that exercise just about every single muscular group you have. Rowing apparatus are a wonderful way to get aerobic workout. These are a superlative choice for a complete body workout. They are also well-liked pieces of home equipment and can support you to get a regular workout, in addition to prepare you if you have the chance to float across the water with your hands by gripping real oars.
A workout on a rowing apparatus achieves two things: a muscle and cardiovascular workout. These workout machines can provide an individual an excellent workout. Some machines provide you such a full body workout as these machines do. Another great benefit for these machines is that as you become more experienced with the movement you can row at a rapid pace for a more severe workout. The air rowers give a smooth workout are close to imitate the practice of rowing a paddle on the lake. Thus, if you are finding for home workout equipment that will not only provide you a great cardiovascular workout, but also a wonderful body workout, look no further than these machines.
Rowing also provides strength training and aerobic conditioning which makes rowing a time-efficient workout. Your level of training will afterward naturally develop from how much you want to gain from rowing. These machines has come to mean an equipment used indoors for workout or training purposes and which emulates the motion of rowing a boat using a sliding seat and a pair of oars. If you involve a rowing workout routine in your training you can burn around 900 calories in only one hour session. Whether it is for aerobic exercise or building muscle, rowing apparatus for workout is a tremendous way to add a new angle to your exercise and training.
Muscle groups in your legs, arms and back are all involved in using this machine, which is one of the most inclusive aerobic workout machines available. These machines are pieces of gym or fitness center equipment that exercise just about every single group of muscles you have. These machines work almost all muscle groups including shoulders, arms, thighs, calves and back. Regular workout tones your muscles and burn unessential calories. They can give your muscles a tough, nice workout while also smoothly exercising your joints.
A proper workout on a rowing apparatus will tone up all of your major muscle groups such as your arms, legs and back. Indoor rowing, using these machines, is a low-impact and popular workout, and perfect for building cardiovascular strength and for supporting to work every major muscle group. One of the advantages of rowing machines is that they virtually use all the major muscle groups in the arms, legs, and back.
Fitness rowing apparatus provide an exceptional all round training which is kind to the joints yet provides a demanding, aerobic workout that uses muscles in both the lower and upper body. They are expensive, though, so it is a wonderful idea to do some research on the different types before you spend money for one to make certain the machine you end up with is the most suitable for your needs. The least pricey rowing machine you will no doubt find is around $500 and the priciest just about $2500 so you want to understand which type to opt for and which features you would want.
Rowing apparatus do need a lot of room relatively Thus if you do not have the space to leave one in place all the time you could acquire a machine that can be folded up and put aside. You will also want quite a large, well-ventilated space to use your machine in, preferably with room for a Television as training can be somewhat boring when done for prolonged periods. Several machines do make quite a lot of sound so if is a concern you may need to consider a magnetic rower as these are a good deal quieter. If you are going to use the machine on a regular basis, we would suggest a magnetic rowing machine that proposed for intense use. For infrequent use, a hydraulic apparatus will be suitable as these also are expected to be more convenient and much smaller to put in a cupboard to store.
Many of the less costly rowers don’t have computers for the output of readings like distance, stroke rate and time. While not truly essential these are tremendous ways to look at your progress and to stop you being bored all through the period of training. They sometimes come as optional extras, but we would suggest buying them as they will make your workout much more enjoyable and effective.
A good number of the rowing equipment you buy have an adaptable resistance so check for the range as some are quite limited. A machine with a wide variety is much more functional as you can easily change the intensity of the workout by changing the resistance.
Make sure that the seat and foot plates are totally adjustable and that you fall within the weight limits of the machine.
Before You Buy a Rowing Machine – Try One Out!
These workout machines differ a lot in their motion and in how effortlessly they are to use. You can try out some different kinds of rowers at the fitness center or gym. If you are buying online, make sure that the seller has a return policy. So that if you find the rowing apparatus is not appropriate for you, it can be replaced with a different one. | 2019-04-19T17:07:58Z | http://www.rowingmachinescanada.com/ |
1) I had a great angle to play the 1 in the side and call safe, leaving him downtable. Please note: there was no way to play this shot and not have the cueball roll downtable. I had no option of holding the cueball on the rack-side of the table to play an effective side-rack safety.
2) I could play the 1 in the corner, with speed. The shot - though very unorthodox, to be sure - was laying very well. In other words, I knew this shot would be very high-yielding. The rack would explode.
I include the analysis that the break shot would be high-yielding because I felt there was no vig of me making the ball but not having a shot.
I chose, fairly quickly, to shoot away. I felt that trying to engage in a safety battle with Mr. Hohmann would be, while not fruitless, certainly not in my favor. I also estimated that my chances of making the shot were roughly 1 in 2, and that if I did make the shot, I would almost certainly win the game. Yes, I needed to get into the next rack, but I expected a wide-open spread, and whenever you can get that, you usually wind up with another high-yielding break ball (or three) to choose from.
I missed. He ran out. However, although I heard a few people in the room questioning my decision, I had no regrets. If I played safe, lost the safe battle, and then the game, I'd be sick knowing I passed up a 1-in-2 to beat a world champion.
So... what would you guys have done in this spot?
Playing a lesser player - shoot because they will only run so many balls before missing and you'll be back at the table.
Playing a better player - shoot because they'll win the safety battle with better knowledge and execution. You'd hate bypassing a 50% chance of beating a world champion.
The best offense is a strong confident offense!
i agree with alinco. considering the circumstances, this isnt a big gambling match, this is a warm up tournament, and a chance to beat a world champion. now if it were in the finals of a tournament, or such, i would ellect to play safe. taking this shot before the tournament is also a good way to judge how well your playing. you said you missed the shot, do you know why? horrible mistakes are ones you learn nothing from, good mistakes are ones you learn from. regardless, kudos on giving Hohmann a close game.
refering to the old saying "No time like the present", with a chance to win I would have fired away as well :) and most likely missed it as well :( .
Andy, this piece of advice works from a general standpoint. But given the situation I just described, my opponent needs less than 30 balls. You don't have to be a world-beater to get out from there, especially when you start with a wide open table.
There is no way I would play this shot against anyone at B-level or at A-level, for example.
i agree with alinco. considering the circumstances, this isnt a big gambling match, this is a warm up tournament, and a chance to beat a world champion. now if it were in the finals of a tournament, or such, i would ellect to play safe.
Hi Jay. I agree about learning from your misses, and also want to thank you for the nice words.
I do take issue with your above statement, however. It's either the right shot or the wrong shot, and I was trying to take the right shot for all situations. If you are saying I took the right shot simply because the game didn't mean anything, then I think you feel I took the wrong shot ;). That is fine, but we should call it what it is.
Exactly what you did. I was in my book the right shot.
As a follow up let me say that since I've watched you play for years, I feel you have a very strong offensive game, in short your always a high run threat. I don't know if your hitting them strong right now or not but in general not only can you pocket strong your a strong classic pattern player (at any stage of the game) and you have strong rack reading skills. I'm not saying this just to compliment you. The items I mention all bode well for you doing what you did.
If the angle of the shot you show was more severe or if the cue had to go first into a rail then into the rack then the question mark gets a lot bigger but with the shot you had I say you were right on.
I have seen many top players shoot that angle shot in top flight matches mainly because its not super severe and as you say the cue is going to do major damage to the rack.
Obviously, the safety play of the one ball in the side and bringing the cue down to the end rail is an option but that somewhat goes back the type of overall game a player likes to play.
Plus lets not forget that you went down shooting. You had the world champ on the ropes and you went for it.
Just curious, did you ask Thorsten about this?
Thanks VKJ. In response to this question, no, sometimes I don't ask top players about shots like this when it's against them. I don't think I'm likely to get a true answer because they're often too humble to acknowledge that they'll definitely outmove me in a safe game.
It's a hard thing to say to someone, "Well, you have no chance in a safe battle, so you should have shot away at this. It was definitely your best move."
One of the reasons I feel confident in my decision is my old rule of looking at it from my opponent's perspective. If I were Thorsten and I saw my lesser-skilled opponent shooting at this break shot, I would definitely not like it. If I saw him play safe, I'd be loving it. So, if my opponent doesn't like what I'm doing, I must be doing something good.
I guess it depends on what I want the cue to do after rack contact and where I would have to stroke the cue ball. I think this shot requires no english. Just stay on the center axis and MAKE THE BALL.
Add the chance to beat Hohmann and I'd have swung away too.
I just see this as a natural angle shot...fairly close to a classic break shot...maybe have to draw a bit...the difference being the distance from the hit to the pocket...the angle is about the same...same angle - same great chance of making the shot...and breaking the rack and continuing your run...and probably victory.
No doubt what I would do either, Steve. I tend to play a bit aggressively too, some would say too much, but that is just my style.
Without a doubt, I would have gone for the shot as well. I like my odds of making the ball a majority of the time but I would not consider it a flyer.
I completly agree. Very well said on all points.
[QUOTE=Steve Lipsky] I had no option of holding the cueball on the rack-side of the table to play an effective side-rack safety.
I'm somewhat surprised that anyone would criticize you for this particular sequence.
While I am no world-beater, I have discussed similar situations at length with Danny D. (who is definitely a scholar of the old-school game). The key element here is your inability to get whitey into position to play a side-rack safety.
If you could have gotten whitey to that side area (I'll attach a diagram), then your chances of winning the resulting safety battle are about 80%, even against a world beater. If you judge your make percentage on the break shot at 80% or better, then it STILL is a better shot than the side of the rack safety (it's hard for me to believe you couldn't make this shot at least 80% - YOU SHOOT STRONG). Some Monday morning quarterback might quibble about that option; but your shotmaking is superior, and the reward of the shot is great.
In this instance, you couldn't get into side rack position. The safeties available offer you only a very slim advantage. Send him down table and he will be just roll whitey around into the back of the stack; where you will have the advantage of having him on the first foul; but basically it's still a toss-up as to who will win the battle.
I also totally agree with your assessment of altering strategy according to the level of your opponent (especially in the end game). If you promise not to tell anyone; I will admit that if I totally butcher the end of a rack in my games with our local world-beater, I will purposely forego attempting to get on a break shot, and instead will plan a sequence to end with the safety below. It drives my opponent crazy; but I still win my fair share of safety battles from that position (it is the ONLY position from which I usually win a safety battle; all other safety battles I lose about 4 out of 5).
There are 2 pages to the diagram.
1) Do you aim to hit the 13 exactly full, or maybe 3/4 on the 13, 1/4 on the 3, if that makes sense?
2) Can you really play it as far uptable as the outer edge of your gray triangle? I probably would have considered that too risky, and chickened out going behind the rack.
It's sad how much time I've devoted to this game, and I just haven't taken the time to study this very important safety to an extent it definitely deserves.
And thank you for the replies everyone; they have been very informative!
I'm struggling to put this together, Steve. If outside draw on the one in the side doesn't allow you to play onto the second ball safe on the thirteen, which would make you a clear favoritie in the safety battle to follow, you must have had a decent amount of angle on the one in the side, certainly more than the diagram would suggest. If this was the case, what would stop you from pocketing the one in the side and playing shape off the top rail for a front of the rack second ball safety on either the thirteen or the eleven? From my sense of things, there must have been a way to achieve this result.
Still, if there was no possible way to play aggressive defense, you made the right decision for sure! Fire away unless aggressive defense is available....it's definitely not a good time to play passive defense.
It's funny... I was struggling with the diagram also, because I was trying to figure out a way for it to display what I was facing! I was having quite a bit of difficulty with it. There was a lot of angle, moreso than I felt comfortable with to hit the 1 with a ton of outside draw to hold it for the safe.
As far as going off the top rail and then back to play the safe, I definitely did not think of that. Now that I am (thanks to you!), I think I will reserve that play for a situation where an offensive shot is clearly too wild too attempt. In this case, with a roughly 50% make percentage on the break, I think I still have to go with that against Thorsten. While that safety is super-effective, he is way too smart a player to sell out to it. In other words, if I really get him, he's going to two-foul to a very tricky position for me. If I still don't like it, and foul back, and he doesn't like it either, he's just going to take the third and re-break. I don't have to like it against him, winning 79-53, but having to execute from his break.
But thank you for suggesting the off-the-end-rail solution. I will definitely add that to my future shot-selection, except of course when I am playing you ;). Can't beat you with your own shot!
I actually spent a half hour or so working on it with Danny D. - but of course it was a couple of years ago; so I may be a little off.
Danny D. actually preferred to get to the highest point in the triangle - the point furthest toward the head rail where you could still contact the 13 full (without shaving the ball above it - don't go by the triangle, the diagrams are limited by their size). From this point a little outside English helps keep whitey near the stack, and a LOT of high. Danny definitely plays it a little higher than I feel comfortable with, but it works well from a fairly decent size position zone.
It is surprising how little force is needed if the 13 is frozen to the 6 - we worked on getting the 6 to go to the foot rail, and back out a little bit (if it comes too far back towards the rack, you lose the threat along the bottom rail - however you hit it, you usually have a threat on the far side of the rack unless 2 balls tie up over there). The fuller you shoot the 13, the less force needed to drive the 6 to it's proper resting place. Even a slight gap between the 13 and 6 requires a significantly harder stroke; but just a few trials makes it very easy to judge.
Danny estimated that top-of-the-rack safeties, and safeties played from the bottom of the stack were closer to 50-50 propositions between players of equal skill - the player with greater shotmaking skill or significantly greater safety skills has a definite edge in those battles; but nowhere near as great as in the side-of-the rack beauty.
If you fail to position the 6 ball properly, or if balls tie up on the other side; you have failed, and you are back to a 50-50 proposition. If you fail to get a rail with the 6 - YOU ARE SCREWED (that's why we practice making it hit a rail and bounce back - the balls on the other side of the rack only occasionally make a rail).
I hope sjm will favor us with his corner ball safety (where whitey is fairly even with one of the bottom corner balls). There is also a really cool 3 rail safety that Danny D. showed me (I think sjm also is familiar with it) when the "break ball" is along a long rail on the wrong end of the table.
P.S. - oops, I think I neglected to answer your question. The hit is generally almost completely full, you can favor a slight cut to keep whitey against the stack. Even though it is struck super soft, it is usually with maximum top (not that much of it will be left at impact at such a slow speed, maybe it's psychological).
I think that what you have here is a Rorschach for 14.1. There is no right answer, only your answer. The selection depends on one's style. And therein lies the lesson that you learn about yourself. This information can be used to adjust your style of play as needed.
As a psychologist this is exactly the kind of shot I would look for to help a player make "better" decisions based on their previous win / loss ratio.
Thanks Joe! That movie was The Untouchables, btw. It was my friend's high school yearbook quote :).
... So... what would you guys have done in this spot?
I like the shot you took. I think I'm at least 50% to make the ball (and I think you are better than that) and I agree with your analysis of the chances in a safety battle.
If you are going to play safe, an alternative is to shoot almost straight at the object ball at a speed that banks it two rails to the head spot and freeze the cue ball to the top of the rack. Of course this shot depends on exactly how the ball are sitting. I assume you were playing all fouls, and if not, shame on the tournament management.
I'm most comfortable with the side-of-rack safety shot when I'm shooting almost along the 13-6 line. Try to leave the cue ball frozen to both the 13 and the 3 with soft follow.
How about playing a 1pocket shot here, almost straight at the object ball but while leaving the cueball frozen to the side of the rack, play the object ball 3 rails near the lower left foot pocket ?
Anyway, in that particular situation against Thorsten, I would've tried to continue my run as well.
Steve, I think you answered your own question. It sounds like you don't like this shot. If so, you'll like it less against a champion. However, if your motive like many others here was take a risky shot just to beat a champion, then sure fire away. If it was based on your chances of safety play, it still doesn't make the shot look any better.
From my standpoint, (if I was shooting), any small error at the ball is magnified at the pocket end. Knowing that, I'd have to take speed off this shot to be successful. I also know that scattering the rack is not necessary. If I think my chances are appx 50-50 then I'm not going to take shot either. That's me though, not you.
Hey Steve. Although the only time I ever saw you play it was 8-ball on a 7' table in Vegas, from what I know about you, I think you play a smart game of pool and probably do a pretty good job of playing "percentage pool". In this case, it looks to me like you looked at your situation, took all factors into consideration, and made a choice. Had you made it and ran out, there would be nothing to discuss here (other than us all congratulating you on beating the current World 14.1 Champion). You took a risk but, like you factored into your decision, you would be taking a risk by playing safe. You took the offensive option. It's easy for us all to say it was wrong now because you missed. I don't think it was a flier though. It sounds like you weighed out your options and made a calculated decision to go for the shot. You can't do much more than that. Now, had you just jumped up and fired at the ball like a jackass, okay, maybe it was a bad shot then. :D I don't think that's what you did though.
To put my 2 cents in, if you had any kind of angle to shoot the ball into the side and leave the cue ball below the side pocket to where you had a good angle to just shoot into one of the balls along the side of the rack, sticking the cue ball there (standard shot - you know it), I might have taken that option because, if you hit it well, it's a pretty effective safe. If all you had as an option to play safe was pocketing the ball and sending the cue ball up table then, yeah, it's "safe", but you don't necessarily have a huge advantage going into that safety battle, especially considering who your opponent was. So, again, you weighed out all your options and I don't think you can fault yourself for making a bad decision. You made a decision and, in hindsight, a different decision *MIGHT* have yielded a different result. Had you played the safe by sending the cue ball up table, lost the safety battle from there and, consequently, lost the game, you might have been sick knowing that you DID have a shot to win and didn't take it.
I'd have played it... it's not a bad cut. It may not be textbook but the 1's facing the fat part of the pocket, you don't need to do a lot with the cue ball... I'm surprised you put yourself at 50% on this shot. It's harder than a straight pool purist wants, but I bet you could do it more like 70%.
Since I am an aggressive player----but somewhat logical with percentages. My option is none of the ones you listed. I would have crossed banked the one oposite side. Cue ball going 3 rails(top rail-->side rail-->bottom rail) at warp speed to break the stack from the bottom. Or play the same shot weak speed in case you miss the cross bank leaving the cue under the stack. A great safety position by the way.
Like I said I am aggressive I would have fired the cross at warp speed. | 2019-04-24T01:15:04Z | https://forums.azbilliards.com/archive/index.php/t-67059.html |
About Bill: These are exciting times to be a member of the Cascade Bicycle Club! From the new Bicycling Center, programs for youth, expanded ride series and support of the Move Seattle levy, Cascade has become a relevant advocate of cycling in the community. As a candidate for the Board of Directors, I would like to participate in executing their vision and strategic plan.
Living in Shoreline and working in Bellevue, I have found that our network of trails and cycling infrastructure still has a long way to go. I’ve participated in local trail subcommittees and the Shoreline planning commission with special emphasis on urban Multimodal Transportation Planning. We live in an area where traditional transportation simply has no room for expansion, yet the population continues to swell. We have an opportunity to make this area a national model by expanding our relationships with the cities and public agencies to promote cycling as not only recreation, but a comfortable and safe method of transportation.
The rabid attitude of car versus bike in our community needs to change. I am excited to add my business experience, communication skills, perspectives and excitement about cycling in the Northwest to the board.
About Tamara: I am honored to be on the Board of Directors of the Cascade Bicycle Club. After tearing my ACL in 2010, I needed a low impact activity for rehab, started pedaling and found I have a real affinity for cycling. I bought my first road bike in 2011 (and now own three!) and have pedaled thousands of miles in the past five years. I have been on Cascade organized rides including Chilly Hilly, RSVP and Ride Around Washington (RAW) and appreciate the tremendous organization and volunteer spirit within Cascade.
I commute daily from West Seattle to South Lake Union and experience the challenges of what it means to “share the road.” To increase ridership within the community we need to have an environment that is comfortable and safe for everyone, particularly new riders.
I have a special interest in promoting greater diversity within Cascade and the riding community at large. A few years ago I read about the Major Taylor Project, thought it sounded like a great program and started volunteering at Chief Sealth High School. The skills and habits learned by students in ride club are translated to their lives and go much further than cycling. My MTP volunteer experience has been one of the highlights of my association with Cascade and exemplifies the Club’s commitment to diversity and inclusion.
Richard is a retired tech executive, most recently with Microsoft and earlier with Lotus in Cambridge, MA and Xerox in Palo Alto, CA. He is currently an angel investor helping start-up technology companies develop and grow. He has lived in Seattle for 25 years. Other than cycling, his interests include travel, opera, boating, and he is an avid soccer fan, holding season tickets to the Seattle Sounders.
Richard has been a bike rider his entire life and has been an active club rider in Palo Alto, Boston, and Seattle. Since retiring he has spent 2-3 months each year in France where he rides with French bike clubs. In France he became interested in randonneuring (long distance cycling) and in 2015 he completed the legendary Paris-Brest-Paris, a 1200 km event first run in 1891. He has participated in most of the events offered by Cascade - STP, RSVP, RAW, Flying Wheels, Chilly Hilly, Kitsap Classic - and is a free group ride leader and frequent participant. His favorite recent Cascade experience was volunteering to pre-ride the STP, marking the course for hazards and flagging inaccuracies.
Richard has also done many other types of riding: daily commuting, touring, tandeming, and even tricycling to work when he broke his leg and could not dismount from a bicycle. His fleet includes several folding bikes, a tandem, and a couple of steel classics, but he is most often found these days on a modern carbon fiber bike.
Richard is interested in offering a perspective based on his diversity of club involvement, having seen how a variety of clubs provide different models of a club experience to serve their communities. He is interested in advancing the safety of cyclists on our roads, having witnessed how local culture that respects cycling and legal frameworks such as vulnerable user laws can enhance rider safety. He is also interested in including the growing e-bike community in Cascade. He believes that a strong local bike club that represents all cyclists is essential to helping every cyclist.
I am a life-long cyclist excited to join the board of Cascade Bicycle Club to both participate in and support a club whose mission I believe improves the quality of life in our communities. My own cycling spans racing, touring, and commuting and I realize the benefit of the Club’s hard work every time I saddle up. The Club’s comprehensive approach to serving the community broadly, and cycling specifically, motivates me to join the Board of Directors.
Professionally, I’ve got 20 years’ experience in business consulting, with an extensive background in stakeholder management and operating model design, as well as bringing clarity and order to challenging engagements and a people-focused, empathy-driven approach to problem solving. I have volunteered for the Club in the past, doing maintenance on the fleet of bikes used for kids classes, and I am always excited by the passion of the people that make the Club work.
Off the bike and outside of work, my interests include teaching Nordic skiing, photography, and the quest to make the perfect loaf of sourdough.
Blair enjoyed riding to school, and with friends, growing up in southern California. He stopped riding after college, but then started again in the mid-80s and has been a serious recreational cyclist ever since. He has commuted by bike to both work and volunteer commitments over the years and has ridden with a number of different groups. Currently, he is part of a year-round Saturday riding group and does social/recreational rides several times a week. He has been a regular participant in Cascade’s one day rides such as Chilly Hilly, Flying Wheels, RSVP, HPC, Ride for Major Taylor, and the Red Bell 100. He has also participated in a number of multi-day tours including those offered by Cascade.
Blair spent over 35 years working in the high technology industry designing and building commercial software products and conducting computer science research. His last position was as a software architect at Microsoft. He retired from there in 2011, after 16 years, where he contributed to several major products and research initiatives. Since retiring, he has worked with a number of local charities as both a volunteer and board member. He is currently on the board of Hopelink, serves as the board Secretary, and is on the Finance Committee.
Blair has lived in King County for the past 30 years and has been a member of the Cascade Bicycle Club since the early 1990s. He has been a longtime supporter of Cascade’s educational programs and has volunteered with the Major Taylor Project since 2012. During that time, he has supported the weekly school bike clubs; ridden with the students on longer group rides and cyclocross races; and attended bike maintenance workshops.
He is a strong supporter of Cascade’s role in building a vibrant cycling community and improving access to safe cycling throughout our area. He believes Cascade’s full spectrum of activities including: education programs; advocacy programs; weekly and longer group rides; and community events are all making important contributions in these areas.
Wheels: A hand-built Erickson with lightning bolt lugs that is truly a work of art, found second-hand on Craig's list, and Catherine’s ride for speed and fun. A trusty Specialized with upright handlebars and full fenders for about town and the daily commute.
Rides: Catherine’s daily commute takes her from NE Seattle to South Lake Union via Eastlake or over the north end of Capitol Hill. She tries to get in at least one long ride every weekend, either an organized ride or a casual date with friends. Her favorite Cascade ride so far has been RSVP. This summer, she and her husband have a goal of riding the entire length of the first US Bicycle Route (USBR 10) in the state of Washington, which is on track to be finalized and certified in 2014.
About: As a Cascade Bicycle Club member, volunteer, and community advocate, Catherine is passionate about making our community a safe, fun place for bicycling. Five years ago, she started commuting to work by bike with the help of a Cascade program to encourage individuals to become regular bicycle commuters. Now she uses her bicycle as a primary form of transportation, whether biking to work, running errands by bike, or biking for fun and exercise. She and her husband even have a bike trailer that they call their “San Juan-mobile” for weekend trips to the islands on bikes.
The tragic death of one of Catherine’s PATH coworkers as he was bicycling home from work in South Lake Union that was a real call-to-action to get more involved in advocating for bicycle safety. Catherine participated in the first Advocacy Leadership Institute offered by Cascade and has been instrumental in bringing together a group of large employers in South Lake Union to advocate for programs and infrastructure that will increase safety for bicycling. She is currently working with Seattle Greenways to form the Lake Union Greenways group.
Despite the fact that the Puget Sound region still has a long way to go to make bicycling easy and safe, Catherine loves that every day she shares the road with more cyclists. She believes there is a tremendous opportunity now to increase public support for bicycling and is excited to work with Cascade to help fulfill its vision of creating a community where everyone bicycles.
She enjoys the freedom of biking in cities, mountains, and roads. She has toured the Ciclovia in Bogota, Martha's Vineyard, Maine, El Valle Sagrado in Peru, Wisconsin, the surrounding areas around Popayan-Cauca (where she grew up in Colombia) and as a tourist in Berlin, Paris, DC, NY, and Seattle. She did not own a car until she was 30 years old which taught her to value and enjoy biking, walking and public transportation. She now lives in Spokane, WA which is becoming a bike-friendly city through the hard work of local organizations.
Olga Lucia holds a doctorate in Applied Research & Community Psychology from North Carolina State University with experience in design and evaluation of intervention programs for communities. In practice, she was trained to use research methods, backed by psychological and social science theory to analyze and understand social problems. She has over 15 years of experience promoting education, and health through action research, data analysis, and building collaborative processes. She is passionate about understanding the interaction of people in different settings with the purpose of preventing mental health disorders and promoting wellbeing, always paying close attention to groups experiencing disparities. Currently, Olga Lucia is a Spanish-English Interpreter in Medical and Social Services settings.
Wheels: Haley is usually seen riding her commuter bike she spray-painted blue with yellow rims, yellow handlebar tape, matching blue & yellow panniers, and a yellow helmet. For longer rides, triathlons, and cyclocross races, she rides her beloved white GT Grade bicycle.
Favorite Rides: Haley mainly rides as a form of commuting to work and around town. Haley has also enjoyed participating in event rides including the Tour de Kitsap Century, STP, Chilly Hilly and 7 Hills of Kirkland. She looks forward to spending more time this year competing in triathlons and cyclocross races. Haley is also racking up quite a bucket list of future rides, including the Black Hills Centennial Trail in South Dakota.
About Haley: Haley grew up on the Eastside graduating from Lake Washington HS in Kirkland. She received her BS in Mathematics and Master in Teaching from Seattle University. After graduating, she spent the next three years teaching high school math at her Alma Mater. Haley then co-founded and is now co-owner of Peddler Brewing Company in Ballard which opened its doors in 2013. Her work there focuses on accounting and finances, customer service, and front-end operations. Working toward safer streets and a more welcoming community for cyclists is not only important to Haley, it is also part of the mission of Peddler Brewing Company. Specifically, she is a leader in the Connect Ballard neighborhood advocacy team and continually seeks ways for Peddler Brewing Company to support the bicycle community. Haley is pleased to be spending most of her work and "free" time focused on her three favorite hobbies: bikes, beer and math.
Haley looks to the day when the only barrier to bicycling in Seattle is the rain, and even that can be overcome with better gear.
Currently at BECU Brian Knollenberg, VP of member insights and strategy is focused on unlocking member value through the use of data and insights. For the last 20 years Knollenberg has helped lead, manage, ideate and optimize digital marketing and analytics campaigns for clients such as Verizon, REI, Microsoft, Nordstrom and HP. His passion is in solving complex business problems, understanding and using data and designing/optimizing full lifecycle marketing programs. Brian lives in the Ballard neighborhood with his wife and 15 year old daughter as well as their 6 year old golden retriever. Brian has lived in Seattle for 21 years and remembers when it felt a lot smaller and more connected.
I am in my 11th year of commuting by bicycle year-round in Seattle. I've enjoyed seeing our cycling infrastructure grow during this time. However, I think there is more we can do to provide safe cycling infrastructure for members of the community. I'm super passionate about the freedom two wheels gives me to have a energizing commute full of fresh air good for my mind and my body. I also enjoy taking part in Chilly Hilly and other organized or weekend rides with my friends and fellow cyclists. I love the camaraderie inherent in bicycling with friends and even strangers, all enjoying the many benefits for ourselves and our environment. I am excited to help improve cycling infrastructure, adoption and benefits for members working with Cascade bike.
About Margaret: I began riding seriously in Austin, Texas in 1983 with short bike tours and a local century event and continued riding tours and century events in San Diego, Calif. My husband Phil and I met in San Diego, introduced by mutual friends who knew we shared a love of cycling. We enjoyed cycling in San Diego, but the lack of safe bike infrastructure became a real barrier over time for me to access bicycling. Upon arriving in Seattle in the late ‘90’s, we discovered the terrific trails and other bike facilities that opened up this beautiful area for exploration and discovery by bike. Since then, when not riding, I have assisted as a volunteer with advocacy campaigns for transit and climate issues.
Carrie is a personal injury lawyer who earned her Bachelor of Arts from Central Washington University and received her Juris Doctor degree from University of Puget Sound Law School now known as Seattle University School of Law. She grew up in Washington and has always rode a bike.
Carrie has practiced law for almost 25 years representing plaintiffs, and for a short time, defendants. She is a member of the Washington State Bar Association and an Eagle Member of the Washington Association for Justice (WSAJ). She serves on the Client Protection Board and is Special Counsel to the Washington State Bar. She also serves on the Judicial Relations Committee of WSAJ and has served as judge and coordinator for the American Association of Justice Student Trial Advocacy Competition and Seattle University School of Law Appellate Argument Competitions.
Since childhood, Carrie has enjoyed riding bicycles. Riding symbolizes fitness, freedom, and adventure. She participates in triathlons which requires a certain level of fitness. Riding around different areas of Washington represents freedom from work life and stress. Riding around the South of France represents adventure. Being part of Cascade means sharing and promoting cycling to others.
My favorite ride is the Seattle To Portland. It inspires commitment to riding for a reason and demonstrates the idea of cyclists as a community in motion. I’ve done it 12 times so far! I’ve enjoyed RSVP, Flying Wheels, and Chilly Hilly too. I also finished RAMROD, Tour de Blast, and Seattle 2 Spokane, but that’s a different kind of “fun."
I was born here in Seattle and have been riding its streets since I was 9 years old. I have a lifelong passion for cycling that has been cultivated by the opportunities offered by Cascade. Group rides with Cascade have steered my bikes onto roads I would otherwise have never travelled in Spokane, Walla Walla, Bellingham, Camano Island, Olympia, and Tacoma. I even met the love of my life riding with Cascade. My interest, now that my kids are grown and my career has matured, is to give back to Cascade by offering my wisdom, perspective, and expertise.
Professionally I’m currently working as a Technical Project Manager at BECU. That means I influence people to get things done with no authority. So I’m a facilitator, a process analyst, a lean practitioner, a Scrum Master, and a team builder.
Board meetings are all open to the public. | 2019-04-22T04:28:38Z | https://www.cascade.org/about/board-directors |
Adams Gillman or Tillman Lived in Macomb County at enlitmetn. Enlisted June 19, 1861 at Fort Wayne for 3 years, age 23. Mustered August 28, 1861. Died of disease at Camp Michigan, VA Feb 23, 1862.
Alverson George Lived in Romeo at enlistment. Enlisted at Fort Wayne June 19, 1861 for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec 16, 1863 at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered December 26, 1863. Wouned in action at Locust Grove, VA, Nov 27, 1863. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN July 5, 1865. Died Sept. 2, 1889.
Arnold Hiram P. Enlisted June 19, 1861 at Fort Wayne for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug 28, 1861. Killed in action at Fair Oaks, VA, May 31, 1862.
Baker Anson H. Lived in Disco at enlistment. Enlisted June 19, 1861 at Fort Wayne for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Missing in action at Chancellorsville, VA May 3, 1863. Returned to regiment Aug. 13, 1863. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863 at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec 26, 1863. Discharged Jan. 19, 1865 at Detroit, MI, on account of wounds received in action at Wilderness, VA. Present residence Chesaning, Mich.
Barney Joseph Lived in Macomb County at enlistmetn. Enlisted June 19, 1861 at Fort Wayne for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Taken prisoner at Charles City Cross Roads, June 30, 1862. Returned to regiment March 12, 1863. Deserted at Fairplay, MD July 15, 1863.
Bartlett William R. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted Feb 23, 1862 at Macomb County for 3 years. Mustered Feb. 23, 1862. Re-enlisted Feb. 27, 1864 at Camp Bullock, VA. Mustered Feb. 27, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN July 5, 1865.
Bellis William Lived in Chesterfield at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, as Sergeant, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 26. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. First Sergeant. Commissioned Second Lieutenant June 10, 1864. Declined to muster. Discharged at expiration of term of service at Petersburg, Va., Aug. 27, 1864.
Birchall Thomas Lived in Canada at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Jan. 9, 1864, at Pontiac, for 3 years, age 32. Mustered Jan. 9, 1864. Killed in action at Wilderness, VA, May 5, 1864.
Blumburg Ira A. Lived in Shelby at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 44. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability, at Detroit, MI, Nov. 1, 1862.
Boyce Sylvester Lived in Port Austin at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, as Corporal, June 19, 1861, at Port Austin, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Wounded in action at Fredericksburg, VA, May, 1863. Wounded in action July, 1864. Corporal. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Boyce William Lived in Oakland County at enlistment. Enlisted in company A, Aug. 6, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Killed in action at Williamsburg, Va., May 5, 1862. Buried in National Cemetery at Seven Pines, VA.
Bradley Henry C. Lived in Baltimore at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Wounded in action in the hip at Gettysburg, PA, July 2, 1863. Promoted to Corporal June 28, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Bronner George Enlisted in company B, Feb 2,. 1864, at Howell, for 3 years, age 25. Mustered Feb. 5, 1864. Wounded in action May 12, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Buchman James G. Enlisted in company B, Jan. 14, 1864, at Huron City, for 3 years, age 43. Mustered Jan. 18, 1864. Taken prisoner June 23, 1864. Died in prison at Andersonville, GA, Aug. 21, 1864. Buried in National Cemetery at Andersonville, GA.
Burnett Joseph Lived in St. Clair County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 10, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Deserted at Fairplay, MD, July 15, 1863.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Camp Michigan, VA, Feb. 15, 1862.
Butterfield Abel B. Lived in Baltimore at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Button Amos A. Lived in Shelby at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted as Sergeant Jan. 4, 1864, at Detroit, MI. Mustered Jan. 4, 1864. Promoted to First Sergeant June 29, 1865. Commissioned Second Lieutenant May 8, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN July 5, 1865. Died April 3, 1892. Buried at Mt. Clemens, MI.
Calladay Stephen M. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, as Corporal, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Fortress Monroe, VA, Oct. 14, 1862.
Carpenter Alanson Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Camp Pitcher, VA, Jan. 11, 1863.
Cascadden William B Enlisted in company B, Jan. 14, 1864, at Huron, for 3 years, age 44. Mustered Jan. 18, 1864. Discharged at Chester, PA, June 21, 1865.
Casey James Enlisted in company B, Jan. 11, 1864, at Utica, for 3 years, age 42. Mustered Jan. 11, 1864. Discharged at Detroit, MI, May 24, 1865.
Casey Patrick Enlisted in company B, Jan. 13, 1864, at Utica, for 3 years, age 44. Mustered Jan. 15, 1864. Deserted April 11, 1864.
Chapman Charles Lived in St. Clair County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1862, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Promoted Corporal October 1864. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Washington, DC, Dec. 24, 1864.
Clark Nathan B. Lived in St. Clair County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 30. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Reported as serving in company E, May, 1862. Discharged for disability at Washington, DC, Sept. 15, 1863. Present residence, Casco, MI.
Clement Emerson Lived in Lapeer County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Camp Michigan, VA, March 2, 1862.
Cole Theron Enlisted in company B, Jan. 22, 1864, at Ray, for 3 years, age 44. Mustered Jan. 28, 1864. Wounded in action May 5, 1864. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Nov. 26, 1864.
Collard Edward Lived in Macomb at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Aug. 30, 1864, at Pontiac, for 1 year, age 44. Mustered Aug. 30, 1864. Substitute for Matthew Linch. Wounded in action Oct. 27, 1864. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Washington, DC, Dec. 24, 1864 Present residence, Lakeview, MI.
Cotton Owen W. Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, as Sergeant, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Commissioned Second Lieutenant Sept. 12, 1862. Mustered Jan. 17, 1863. Commissioned First Lieutenant Oct. 21, 1862. Mustered Jan. 17, 1863. Wounded in action at Chancellorsville, VA, May 3, 1863. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Sept. 24, 1863. Promoted for distinguished conduct in battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Glendale and Malvern Hill. In command of company H, Nineteenth Regiment, Veteran Reserve Corps, April 9, 1864.
Cottrell George Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Fort Ramsey, VA, Sept. 24, 1862.
Darling Marion Lived in Shelby at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Aug., 1861, for 3 years. Mustered Aug. 27, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Washington, DC, March 15, 1863. Buried in Harmony burial ground, DC.
Enlisted in company B, Jan. 4, 1864, at Ray, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Jan. 11, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Dewey George W. Lived in Almont at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Wayne, for 3 years, age 34. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Wounded in action May 12, 1864. Corporal April 1, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 24. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Camp Michigan, VA, Feb. 23, 1862. Buried in National Cemetery at Alexandria, VA. Grave No. 1417.
Dickerson Leonidas Lived in Lapeer County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Detroit, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Oct. 6, 1862.
Dykeman William Lived in Armada at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Jan. 29, 1864, at Pontiac, for 3 years, age 45. Mustered Jan. 29, 1864. Died at Washington, DC, July 15, 1864, of wounds received in action at Spottsylvania, VA, May 10, 1864. Buried in National Cemetery at Arlington, VA.
Edgerly Henry C Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Entered service in company B, at organization, as Second Lieutenant, June 19, 1861, age 30. Commissioned June 19, 1861. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Promoted First Lieutenant, company A, June 1, 1862. Wounded in action at CharlesCity Cross Roads, VA, June 30, 1862. Resigned Dec. 20, 1862. Commissioned Major, Eighth Cavalry, at organization, Nov. 17, 1862. Mustered Jan. 20, 1863. Resigned on account of disability Jan. 8, 1865.
Everett Edwin L. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Camp Michigan, VA, Feb. 28, 1862. Buried in National Cemetery at Alexandria, Va. Grave No. 1483.
Farrar Judson S. Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Entered service in company B, at organization, as Captain, June 19,. 1861, age 25. Commissioned June 19, 1861. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Commissioned Lieutenant Colonel, Twenty-sixth Infantry, Sept. 16, 1862. Mustered Sept. 18, 1862. Commanding regiment from Sept. to Dec, 12, 1862. Commissioned Colonel Oct. 9, 1862, at organization. Mustered Dec. 12, 1862. Discharged on account of disability March 29, 1864. Present residence, Mt. Clemens, MI.
Farrar Leonidas B A member of company B, Fifth Infantry. Discharged at Mason's Hill, VA, for disability, Oct. 21, 1862.
Farrar Stedman B. Lived in St. Clair County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Sept. 27, 1862.
Faulkner John Lived in Detroit at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Wounded in action at Chancellorsville, VA, May 3, 1863. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Wounded in action at Locust Grove, Va., May 27, 1863. Promoted to Corporal June 28, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Lived in Armada at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Discharged April 15, 1864, to acept appointment in U. S. Colored Troops. Mustered April 17, 1864, as Captain, company H, Twenty-third Regiment, U. S. Colored Infantry.
Finneale Samuel Lived in Wayne County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Wounded in action at Locust Grove, VA, Nov. 27, 1863. His arm was amputated. Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps at Washington, DC, July 15, 1864. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability July 14, 1864.
Foote Eleazer C. Enlisted in company B, Aug. 23, 1861, at Detroit, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Deserted Aug. 31, 1862.
Ford Edward Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 32. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Camp Michigan, VA, Feb. 23, 1862. Buried in National Cemetery at Alexandria, Va. Grave No. 1482.
Frank Edwin R. Lived in Oakland County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 23. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged at expiration of term of service near Petersburg, VA, Aug. 27, 1864. Present residence, Lansing, MI. In battles: Siege of Yorktown, battle of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Fredericks- burg, Gettysburg, Wapping Heights, Auburn Heights, Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, Po River, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom and Tolopotomy, VA.
Frederick George Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Meridian Hill, DC, May 22, 1862. Buried in Military Asylum Cemetery, DC.
Lived in Oakland County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged for disability at Alexandria, VA, Feb. 10, 1863.
French Harvey G. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, as Musician, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 52. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged for disability at Fortress Monroe, VA, June 11, 1863.
Gasper John Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 26. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged at expiration of term of service at Petersburg, VA, Aug. 27, 1864.
Generous Peter Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, as Sergeant, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Wounded in action at Williamsburg, VA, May 5, 1862. Promoted Second Lieutenant. Mustered Jan. 17, 1863. Commissioned First Lieutenant Sept. 12, 1862. Commissioned Captain, company B, Sept. 16, 1862. Mustered Jan. 1, 1863. Killed in action at Gettysburg, PA, July 2, 1863. Initially buried on Jacob Hummelbaugh’s farm and subsequently moved to the Michigan plot of the Gettysburg National Cemetery (G-9).
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Mason's Hill, VA, Oct. 21, 1862.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Reported as of company C. Deserted at Camp Michigan, VA, Dec. 25, 1862.
Grindling Amil Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Dec. 30, 1863, at Genoa, for 3 years, age 28. Mustered Jan. 13, 1864. Died of disease May 10, 1864. Buried in National Cemetery at Arlington, VA.
Gronon John Lived in St. Clair County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 28. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged at expiration of term of service at Petersburg, VA, Aug. 27, 1864.
Lived in China at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Wounded in action in the abdomen at Gettysburg, PA, July 3, 1863. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Wounded in action at Locust Grove, VA, Nov. 27, 1863. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Jan. 20, 1865, at La Grange, for 1 year, age 20. Mustered Jan. 20, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865. Present residence, Millington, MI.
Lived in Oakland County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 29. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Harrison's Landing, VA, Aug. 5, 1862. Present residence, Richfield, MI.
Halsey David K. Lived in Richmond at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, as Corporal, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Taken prisoner Oct. 27, 1864. Commissioned Second Lieutenant to date June 10, 1863. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability June 27, 1865.
Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Feb. 5, 1864, at Ray, for 3 years, age 30. Mustered Feb. 24, 1864. Died of disease May 19, 1864. Buried in National Cemetery at Fredericksburg, VA.
Lived in Macomb at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Feb. 5, 1864, at Ray, for 3 years, age 23. Mustered Feb. 24, 1864. Promoted to Sergeant, Jan. 29, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865. Present residence, Richmond, MI.
Havens Merritt S. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Dec. 21, 1863, at Marion, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Jan. 13, 1864. Taken prisoner May 10, 1864. Returned to regiment Dec. 20, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Hayden John Lived in Oakland County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease March 24, 1862. Buried in National Cemetery at Alexandria, VA. Grave No. 1292.
Lived in Lenox at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Promoted to Corporal Feb, 1865. Promoted to Sergeant May 1, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Hinks Henry Lived in Lapeer County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 26. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Washington, DC, Nov. 5, 1862.
Hollister Ela Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Falmouth, VA, Dec. 5, 1862.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, as Corporal, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 26. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Camp Pitcher, VA, Dec. 17, 1862.
Jock Julius, or Joseph Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Fort Ramsey, VA, Sept. 24, 1862.
Lived in St. Clair County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Alexandria, VA, Nov. 18, 1861.
Lived in Romeo at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Feb. 28, 1863. Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps Jan. 1, 1865. Discharged at Washington, DC, Feb. 20, 1865, from 129th company, Second Battalion, Veteran Reserve Corps.
Lived in Wayne County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Mason's Hill, VA, Oct., 1862. Present residence, Detroit, MI.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Deserted near Leesburg, VA, Nov. 11, 1862.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Wounded in action at Fair Oaks, VA, May 31, 1862. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability May 31, 1863.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps April 10, 1864. Discharged at expiration of term of service at Detroit, MI, Aug. 31, 1864.
Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 23. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Wounded in action at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN., July 5, 1865.
McConnell James K. P. Enlisted in company B, March 10, 1865, at Grand Rapids, for I year, age 18.Mustered March 10, 1865.Discharged at York, PA, July 22, 1865.
McDonnough Edward Lived in Lapeer County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps Feb. 15, 1864.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Nov. 28, 1862.
Lived in Lapeer County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Alexandria, VA, Sept. 5, 1862.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Jan. 12, 1864, at Huron, for 3 years, age 32. Mustered Jan. 18, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Jan. 12, 1864, at Utica, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Jan. 23, 1864. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability April 28, 1864.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, as Corporal, July 17, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 23. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Dec. 20, 1862.
Lived in Cincinnati, Ohio at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 27. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Transferred to Invalid Corps Sept. 1, 1863.
Newton George H. (Veteran), Lived in Avon at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, as Corporal, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Promoted to Sergeant. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Promoted to Corporal Aug., 1863. Wounded in action July, 1864. Discharged at Petersburg, VA, Aug. 27, 1864.
Pelkey Peter Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Deserted Aug. 27, 1862.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Feb. 4, 1864, at Pontiac, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Feb. 6, 1864. Taken prisoner May 5, 1864. Died at Andersonville, Ga., July 3, 1864. Buried in National Cemetery at Andersonville, Ga. Grave No. 2841.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 29. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died at Alexandria, VA, Dec. 22, 1862, of wounds received in action at Fredericksburg, VA. Buried in National Cemetery at Alexandria, VA. Grave No. 631.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Jan. 29, 1864, at Pontiac, for 3 years, age 25. Mustered Jan. 29, 1864. Wounded in action May 5, 1864. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Washington, DC, May 9, 1865.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 23. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Promoted to Corporal. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Nov. 14, 1862.
Lived in Oakland County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 12, 1861, at Utica, for 3 years, age 23. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Died of disease at Camp Richardson, VA, Sept. 23, 1861.
(Veteran), Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec 26, 1863. Corporal April, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Rich John B. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, July 11, 1864, at Mt. Morris, for 3 years, age 27. Mustered July 11, 1864. Substitute for Henry Beckwith. Deserted at Petersburg, VA, Oct. 27, 1864.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 22, 1864, at Big Prairie, for 3 years, age 25. Mustered July 9, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Robbins or Robinson Charles E., or Charles H.
Lived in Detroit at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, as Musician, Aug. 22, 1862, at Detroit, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Sept. 14, 1862. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Camp Pitcher, VA, Jan. 16, 1863.
Robinson Henry Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 27, 1864, at Kalamazoo, for 3 years, age 36. Mustered June 29, 1864. Substitute for Robert Helton. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Robinson William H. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth. Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Washington, DC, Dec. 1, 1862.
(Veteran), Lived in Utica at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 31. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Wounded in action and taken prisoner Oct. 27, 1864. No further record.
(Veteran), Lived in Shelby at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Missing in action at Chancellorsville, VA, May 3, 1863. Returned to regiment Aug. 16, 1863. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec 26, 1863. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865. Died July 19, 1897. Buried at Mt. Clemens, MI.
Sammist, or Sammis Henry G.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Feb. 17, 1862, at Fentonville, for 3 years, age 33. Mustered Feb. 17, 1862. Discharged at expiration of term of service at Detroit, MI, March 28, 1865.
Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Wounded in action at Chancellorsville, VA, May 3, 1863. Promtoed to Corporal. Re-enlisted Dec 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec 26, 1863. Taken prisoner Oct. 27, 1864. Discharged at Camp Chase, OH, June 19, 1865.
Lived in Wayne County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 28. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Taken prisoner at Charles City Cross Roads, VA, June 30, 1862. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Jan. 31, 1863.
Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Entered service in company B, Fifth Infantry, at organization, as First Lieutenant, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 26. Commissioned June 19, 1861. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Commissioned Captain, company E, June 22, 1862. Discharged Feb. 8, 1863. Re-commissioned Feb. 9, 1863. Mustered Aug. 24, 1863. Transferred to company K, June 10, 1864. Wounded in action at Wilderness, VA, May 6, 1864. Acting Inspector General, Second Brigade, Third Division, Second Army Corps, Nov., 1864. Commissioned Major Dec. 21, 1864. Mustered Feb. 22, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865. In battles of Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Charles City Cross Roads, Malvern Hill, Manassas, Fredericksburg, Auburn, Kelly's Ford, Locust Grove, Mine Run, Wilderness, Deep Bottom, Petersburg and Boydton Plank Road. Present residence, Beaver Falls, ME.
Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 26, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Killed in action at Gettysburg, PA, July 3, 1863. Buried in the Michigan plot of the Gettysburg National Cemetery.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, as Corporal, July 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 28. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Wounded severely in the right arm at Gettysburg, PA, July 2, 1863. Promoted to Sergeant. Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps March 24, 1864. Discharged at Detroit, MI, Sept. 15, 1864.
Smith John Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Jan. 25, 1864, at Rochester, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Jan. 26, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonille, IN, July 5, 1865.
Smith Oliver Lived in St. Clair County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug., 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 26. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Feb. 14, 1863.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 22, 1864, at Pontiac, for 3 years, age 30. Mustered June 22, 1864. Deserted at Petersburg, VA, Oct. 27, 1864.
Lived in New Baltimore at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 26, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Detroit, MI, July 22, 1862. Present residence, New Haven, MI.
(Veteran), Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 26, 1861, for 3 years. Mustered Oct. 1, 1861. Sergeant Major Dec. 20, 1862. Re-enlisted Feb. 29, 1864, at Detroit, MI. Mustered Feb. 29, 1864. Transferred to company B, Dec. 13, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Lived in Oakland County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug., 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 32. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Harrison's Landing, VA, Aug. 5, 1862.
Symonds, or Simmons Henry B. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 29, 1864, at Kalamazoo, for 3 years, age 43. Mustered June 29, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 27, 1864, at Ravenna, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered July 8, 1864. Substitute for Leonard Wheeler. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
(Veteran), Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, as Corporal, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Feb. 22, 1864, at Camp Bullock, VA. Mustered Feb. 25, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, March 9, 1865, at Grand Rapids, for 1 year, age 20. Mustered March 9, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Feb. 5, 1864, at Detroit, for 3 years, age 28. Mustered Feb. 6, 1864. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Detroit, MI, May 29, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 30, 1864, at Pontiac, for 3 years, age 38. Mustered Aug. 30, 1864. Joined regiment at Petersburg, VA, Sept. 11, 1864. Substitute for Edward T. Knapp. Discharged at Washington, DC, May 31, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Feb. 6, 1864, at Detroit, for 3 years, age 25. Mustered Feb 4, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865. Present residence, Owosso, MI.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, July 14, 1864, at Traverse, for 3 years, age 24. Mustered July 14, 1864. Substitute for John S. Newberry. Deserted at Burksville, VA, April 6, 1865.
(Veteran), Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted Jan. 4, 1864, at Detroit, MI. Mustered Jan. 4, 1864. Wounded in action at Gettysburg, PA. Sergeant June 28, 1865. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 27, 1864, at Kalamazoo, for 3 years, age 32. Mustered July 12, 1864. Substitute. Taken prisoner Oct. 27, 1864. Died in prison at Richmond, VA, April 20, 1865, of wounds received in action at Hatcher's Run, VA, Oct. 27, 1864.
Traver Eugene D. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 19. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Taken prisoner at Charles City Cross Roads, VA, June 30, 1862. Discharged for promotion Dec. 10, 1862. No further record.
Trombley August Lived in Augustus at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Killed in action at Charles City Cross Roads, VA, June 30, 1862.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Killed in action at Gettysburg, PA, July 3, 1863. He was first buried in George Rose’s woods and later moved to the Gettysburg National Cemetery.
(Veteran), Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Re-enlisted as Corporal Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 26, 1863. Wounded in action at Locust Grove, VA, Nov. 27, 1863. Wounded in action Oct. 27, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Tyler Daniel Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Feb. 7, 1865, at Flint, for 1 year, age 18. Mustered Feb. 7, 1865. Substitute for Daniel Fern. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865. Died Sept. 6, 1889. Buried at Wayne, MI.
Vandemark Abraham Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 10, 1864, at Corunna, for 3 years, age 31. Mustered June 10, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865. Deceased. Buried at Akron, MI.
Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged at Fort Wayne, MI, on writ of habeas corpus Sept. 5, 1861.
Van Voorhees James E. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Alexandria, VA, May 12, 1862. Re-entered service in company F, Sixth Infantry. Enlisted Feb. 2, 1864, at Roy. Mustered Feb. 4, 1864. Mustered out at New Orleans, LA, Aug. 20, 1865. Died April 22, 1897.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, July 16, 1864, at Pontiac, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered July 16, 1864. Substitute. Discharged at Wilmington, Del., July 26, 1865, from company G, Twentieth Regiment, Veteran Reserve Corps.
Vrooman John Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 31. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Dec. 23, 1861.
Webster Leo, or Lionel A.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Jan. 23, 1864, at Pontiac, for 3 years, age 20. Mustered Jan. 23, 1864. Absent wounded July, 1864. No further record.
Wehner John Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Dec. 23, 1863, at Howell, for 3 years, age 33. Mustered Jan. 23, 1864. Absent wounded May 5, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Weldon Theon B. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 18. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Oct. 6, 1862.
West Thomas J. Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, as Musician, June 19, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 21. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Promoted to Drum Major Sept. 24, 1862. Discharged for disability Oct., 1862.
Whitehead, or Whiteford Robert Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, July 8, 1864, at Detroit, for 3 years, age 37. Mustered July 8, 1864. Substitute for Charles H. Rankin. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Lived in St. Clair County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 24. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Alexandria, VA, Dec. 5, 1862.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 27, 1864, at Ashland, for 3 years, age 41. Mustered July 9, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Williams Frank Lived in Macomb County at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug. 28, 1861, at Fort Wayne, for 3 years, age 29. Mustered Aug. 28, 1861. Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Harrison's Landing, VA, Aug. 6, 1862.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, June 29, 1864, at Kalamazoo, for 3 years, age 28. Mustered June 29, 1864. Deserted Nov. 9, 1864.
(Veteran), Lived in Mt. Clemens at enlistment. Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, Aug., 1861, at Mt. Clemens, for 3 years. Mustered Aug. 27, 1861. Re-enlisted Dec. 15, 1863, at Brandy Station, VA. Mustered Dec. 27, 1863. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865.
Enlisted in company B, Fifth Infantry, July 12, 1864, at Arbela, for 3 years, age 37. Mustered July 12, 1864. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, IN, July 5, 1865. Died Feb. 3, 1903. Buried at Pine Grove, MI. | 2019-04-18T16:54:09Z | http://allmichigancivilwar.com/Regiments/5MIInfantry/5InfCoBRoster.html |
Although there is increased attention on the role of trained traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in maternal care, most of the research has mainly focused on providing evidence of the relevance of trained TBAs to women in general without a specific focus on women who are HIV positive, despite them being most vulnerable. Therefore, the aim of this study is to fill this gap by assessing the relevance of trained TBAs to women living with HIV in resource-poor settings by using Zambia as a case study.
Our data collection consisted of two focus group discussions, one involving HIV-positive women utilizing trained TBAs and the other with women not utilizing TBAs. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with trained TBAs and health workers. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.
In general, women living with HIV positively characterized the services of TBAs. In the face of an inefficient health system, trained TBAs were seen to be useful in providing efficient, cheap and quality care, counseling, and referral and logistical support, including treatment adherence support.
In Zambia, trained TBAs and professional care are not mutually exclusive but complementary. There is no doubt that HIV-positive women need professionals to handle complications and offer antiretroviral treatment to ensure prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT). However, additional “soft” services offered by trained TBAs are equally important in the promotion of maternal health care among HIV-positive women. Thus, it seems there is more to gain by systematically allowing trained TBAs to work alongside professionals in a well-coordinated and complementary manner.
In sub-Saharan Africa, questions of who should assist during childbirth as well as where and under what circumstances childbirth should take place have long been debated . Central to this debate is the role that trained traditional birth attendants (TBAs) should and could play during this process. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines trained TBAs as individuals within the community who assist mothers in maternal care and have learned their skills through apprenticeship which mostly involves informal training on how to take care of pregnant women, conduct deliveries, and provide postnatal services [2, 3]. Trained TBAs are distinguished from other TBAs who never received any training.
Scholars remain divided on the usefulness of trained TBAs especially for women with HIV who have extra needs (antiretroviral treatment to ensure prevention of mother to child transmission—PMTCT). On one hand, there is a strand of scholars who argue that trained TBAs lack the necessary knowledge and skills to promote maternal health in women with HIV. Consequently, this narrative by TBA opponents has dominated the maternal health discourse in countries like Zambia as epitomized by the transposition of this policy into national maternal health policy (which emphasizes institutional delivery) [5, 6].
On the other hand, another strand of scholars [7, 8] believes that trained TBAs are indispensable in resource-poor settings like Zambia, especially considering the fact that in such areas, health facilities are remotely located, poorly staffed, poorly equipped, overcrowded, and inaccessible. This makes trained TBAs the only feasible, practical, and accessible source of maternal health care. Some scholars emphasize this point by suggesting that any attempt to abandon trained TBAs in resource-poor settings creates a danger of wiping out the only available source of care [7–9]. However, questions on whether trained TBAs can be relevant to women living with HIV in resource-poor settings remain unanswered. Therefore, the aim of this study is to help fill this gap by assessing the relevance of trained TBAs to women living with HIV in resource-poor settings by using Mfuwe, Zambia as a case study.
We locate our assessment with the help of the framework of public value in health care provision . The public value framework to health care emphasizes that the relevance of a health care service is seen from its localized interpretation and context-specific responsiveness to local needs . The framework broadly allows local people to characterize a service as relevant or not by relying on their own interpretation of its value given their local needs. The localized interpretation is usually assessed in terms of quality, access, efficiency, and costs of the service. We thus use the public value framework as a heuristics device guiding our analysis and presentation of results.
We obtained ethical clearance from the National Health Research Authority of Zambia and from the Zambian ERES Converge IRB. Other than that, informed consent was sought from the participants before participation. Further, participants were informed of their right to discontinue their participation at any point should they wish to do so.
Mfuwe is one of the rural settlements situated in the South Luangwa national park in the Eastern province of Zambia. The main health center in Mfuwe is called “Kamoto Hospital”. This hospital caters for a population of over 207,000 people spread roughly over an area of 370 km2 [12, 13]. According to the 2013–2014 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS), it is estimated that over 70% of the people in Mfuwe live in abject poverty. The HIV prevalence rate in this area ranges from 10.6 to 14%, whereas the maternal mortality rate (MMR) stands at 398 deaths per 100,000 live births .
In recruiting our participants, we relied on convenient and purposive sampling techniques. In total, we recruited 40 participants. In order to increase the diversity of our responses, participants were divided into four groups: (a) HIV-positive women who used trained TBAs (n = 12), (b) HIV-positive women who never used trained TBAs (n = 11), (c) trained TBAs (n = 8), and (d) health workers (n = 9). In general, our participants varied in age, educational level, marital status, and occupation. We ensured variety in participants in order to increase the diversity of opinions expressed.
Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted separately with groups A (TBA utilizers) and B (non-TBA utilizers). Further, we conducted individual interviews separately with groups C (trained TBAs) and group D (health workers).
FGDs lasted for an average of 90 min while interviews lasted for 40 min. All interviews and FGDs were conducted by the first author, a Zambian national, in Chichewa (the local language) and English where possible. A topic guide was used during the FGDs and interviews. The guide included about 11 broad questions ranging from reasons why participants chose to use or not use trained TBAs, women’s experiences with the given service (TBAs or professionals) during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. Other questions centered on women’s thoughts regarding benefits and disadvantages of the type of service used etc. The topic guide used to interview trained TBAs and professional health workers broadly consisted of questions asking them to describe what services they offered, reasons why those services were offered, experiences encountered during service provision etc. During both FGDs and interviews, we ensured that follow-up questions were asked for clarification and also to encourage respondents to expand upon their answers. The participants in the FGDs came from different ethnic groups but they all spoke the common language of Chichewa and basic English. Interviews were conducted in Chichewa, and where possible, English was used. Participants were also encouraged to express themselves freely in their ethnic dialect. We also made sure that any ethnic words and phrases used that had no English translation or good English equivalent were left un-translated.
We used NVivo as a software tool to conduct a thematic analysis. Thematic analysis was chosen because it effectively allows the researcher to neatly pinpoint, examine, and describe phenomenon by using themes which systematically elucidate the content of and give meaning to the data . Resulting codes were progressively clustered in 34 number of organizing themes and 17 global themes (see column 1–3 in Table 2).
Table 1 summarizes key baseline demographic features of our participants. As can be seen, our participants varied in social demographic characteristics. For example, the age ranged from 18 to 63 years with the majority of them being in their twenties and thirties. In terms of educational attainment, the range was from “no education at all” to “university graduates.” A substantial number of them had acquired primary education. The number of married and unmarried women was comparable. Similarly, the number of women in employment was somewhat comparable to that of the unemployed.
Table 2 summarizes key findings from our study. A thorough explanation of these findings is given below.
Although the experience with trained TBAs varied among these women, we observed no major differences in opinions on the basis of age, marital status, and education level. In general, the majority of the women in this group described several benefits of using trained TBAs over facilities, and in the process also noted the shortcomings of using trained TBAs.
In summing up benefits of using trained TBAs, these women pointed out that trained TBAs were easily accessible, cheaper than institutional care, provided efficient and quality care, provided support which included referrals and transportation to facilities, and treatment adherence support.
Although HIV-positive women who utilized skilled attendants also had varied responses, in general, most of them spoke highly of professional care. Considering the vulnerability that comes with being HIV positive, TBAs were considered to be a risky option by these women. Their argument centered on the idea that TBAs were not able to give accurate advice to women with HIV regarding specific complications that may arise during pregnancy. It is for this reason that they preferred professional care over trained TBAs. In as much as they praised professional care, these women remained critical of the logistical and economic difficulties involved in accessing professional care in health facilities.
Although the majority of the women who gave birth in facilities praised facility-based care, some of them criticized professionals for exhibiting “bad attitude.” These women stated that they were neglected and abused by medical practitioners in health facilities. Specifically, three of them accused professionals of verbally and physically abusing them during labor.
Trained TBAs stated how their functions were usually misunderstood and misrepresented by most people who usually accused them of duplicating medical professionals’ roles. Trained TBAs categorically distinguished their services from professional care by highlighting that their functions were only to provide “soft services” (such as treatment adherence support, nutritional support, counseling, psychological support, logistical support, and referrals to facilities). Their functions did not, in any, way include surgical procedures. This, therefore, meant that their services were complementally and not substitutional to those of professional care givers in health facilities.
Although medical professionals, in general, were critical of trained TBAs by suggesting that services of TBAs had some shortcomings (e.g., lacked adequate knowledge), some of them acknowledged the importance of TBAs in maternal care of women with HIV. Specifically, they highlighted how useful their functions (psychological, social, and logistical support) were especially in the face of inadequate health workers.
In this study, we set out to assess the varied ways our respondents characterized the relevance of trained TBAs in maternal care of women living with HIV in Zambia. Our findings illustrate the fact that despite the Zambian government’s policy (which emphasizes strict utilization of professional care for women with HIV), women have continued to utilize services of trained TBAs [5, 15]. Specifically, TBAs provide the following “soft services” to women with HIV: treatment adherence support, nutritional support, counseling, psychological support, logistical support, and referrals to facilities. This means that these services form part of a pragmatic response to maternal health care in Zambia. As other scholars have pointed out [3, 16], maternal health care is a continuum which requires attention not only of medical professionals but also of TBAs (in the form of soft services) .
A growing body of literature has consistently pointed out that most resource-poor settings can benefit from task shifting through apportioning and recognizing suitable functions of trained TBAs. In line with this, evidence from our study suggests that TBAs can help improve access to care, decongest health facilities, and counteract social barriers to antiretroviral treatment, all of which are important in promoting maternal health in women with HIV. Just as other studies have shown elsewhere [7, 9], we demonstrate that TBAs indeed do have limitations (such as lack of advanced knowledge); however, delegitimizing them because of this means that opportunities to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs are effectively lost. It thus seems clear that there is much to lose when TBAs are not recognized and regulated within the line of care, as this will effectively force them to operate without any form of regulation. It can be seen that despite government’s efforts to promote exclusive institutional care, HIV-positive women have continued to rely on trained TBAs due to structural barriers to professional care in Zambia. A policy of strict institutional care for women with HIV is out of touch with the realities of Zambia.
While popular recommendations (which involve increasing access to skilled care by training more health workers and constructing more hospitals) all seem attractive and useful to HIV-positive women, the reality is that poor governments have struggled to achieve these goals. Yet, despite all these constraints, TBAs remain a feasible (albeit less regarded) option to help lessen the burden of maternal care. Other studies from Malawi and Zambia , for example, suggest that inclusion of TBAs in the line of care has the potential to reduce maternal mortality, neonatal deaths, and stillbirths. Our study comes to the same conclusion as other studies [7, 16, 9, 19, 20] on task shifting, which is that in order to promote maternal health of women with HIV in Zambia, TBAs must officially be integrated in the existing health systems. It is clear from our study that because of the existing inefficient health system, local people characterize TBAs as useful stakeholders in improving maternal health of HIV-positive women. TBAs do not pose any threats to skilled midwives because the functions of the two in relation to maternal health of women with HIV are not mutually exclusive but complementary.
In this study, we note some potential limitations. Specifically, due to logistical and financial constraints, our findings are based only on the views of participants who were located in only one of the ten provinces of Zambia. Further, due to financial and logistical limitations again, our sample size was only composed of 40 participants. This fact may have limited the variety of experiences with trained TBAs in Zambia in general. However, we argue that our study from Zambia was adequate and relevant in giving insights into the relevance of TBAs in maternal care of HIV-positive women in rural settings.
Our study shows that despite government’s efforts to promote exclusive professional care for women with HIV, women in Zambia continue to utilize trained TBAs. In Zambia, trained TBAs have consistently provided “soft services” which include treatment adherence support, nutritional support, counseling, psychological support, logistical support, and referrals to facilities. We have shown that maternal care is not a zero-sum game, but a continuum in which both trained TBAs and professionals each have complementary roles to play. In this regard, it seems profitable for the government of Zambia to systematically integrate trained TBAs in maternal care of HIV-positive women; doing this will ensure improved cooperation between different stakeholders, improved access, and quality of care. It will consequently make maternal care of HIV-positive women more efficient because integrated tasks can be allocated in a well-coordinated and regulated manner.
We like to acknowledge the CIRDZ team for their assistance in the collection of data.
The data generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to the fact that they contain people’s private information including their HIV status but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
All authors collaborated and contributed to the formulation of objectives of the study and oversaw the development of the study concept and design, data collection and analysis, including the drafting of the manuscript. All authors at every stage contributed in drafting, correcting, and perfecting the manuscript. CM was tasked with consolidating all the contributions to the manuscript and taking care of all correspondence. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We obtained ethical clearance from the National Health Research Authority of Zambia and from the Zambian ERES Converge IRB. Other than that, informed consent was sought from the participants before participation and they were informed of their right to discontinue their participation at any point should they wish to.
Consent to publish the results was granted by the National Research Authority of Zambia and respondents. | 2019-04-23T00:37:32Z | https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-017-0076-3 |
eFirst publishing provides access to all final version articles as soon as they are ready for publication and in advance of the whole issue being published online, in print or on Xplore.
It is common that a pinhole camera captures object images through a transparent plate with two parallel planar faces. In this case, the refraction leads to a non-linear error using the simple pinhole model. To address this issue, a modified pinhole camera model, which is called flat refractive camera model, is established based on the analysis of light refraction in the transparent plate placed between the scene and the camera. Then, an effective backward-projection algorithm is proposed to realise plane dimension detection and eliminate the plate refraction effect. Unlike other models, this proposed model has a form similar to the pinhole camera model. Therefore, it is easy to employ conventional vision techniques in the plate imaging system. At the same time, experiments are designed to demonstrate the plane dimension detection based on the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain higher accuracy than the traditional method without considering the plate refraction effect.
Complex illumination condition is one of the most critical challenging problems for practical face recognition. In this study, the authors propose a novel method to improve the illumination invariants for solving this challenge. Firstly, a new method based on the Lambert reflectance model is proposed to extract illumination invariant, which is insensitive to complex illumination variations. Secondly, in order to repair the defects caused by the process of illumination invariants extraction, the fast mean filter is utilised to smooth and remove noise. Lastly, for raising the richness of information in the output image, a nonlinear normalisation transformation is proposed. Compared with the state-of-the-arts, experimental results show that the proposed method can extract more robust illumination invariants. Apart from it, the richness of information in the processed image is greater and the performance of the face recognition rate is superior.
A stacked dielectric patch resonator antenna with wide bandwidth and flat gain is proposed. For this design, two thin ceramic sheets with high permittivity are introduced to operate as approximate magnetic walls. Incorporated with another ground plane, two resonant modes can be excited to form a wide bandwidth, and a flat gain is also achieved within the band. Measured results demonstrate that the antenna obtains an impedance bandwidth of 18.2% and an average gain of 7.2 dBi.
This study discusses the problem of direction-of-arrival estimation (DOA) estimation for a monostatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system, and a novel sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework is presented. To lower the computational load, the matched array data is firstly compressed via reduced-dimension transformation. Then the problem of DOA estimation is linked to a sparse inverse problem. Finally, a forgotten factor-based root SBL algorithm is derived from hyperparameters learning, which can solve the off-grid problem by finding the roots of a polynomial. The proposed algorithm does not require the prior of the source number, and it can apply to the scenario with a small snapshot as well as coarse grid, thus it has a blind and robust characteristic. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
A novel video abnormal event detection method based on cosparse reconstruction with local self-similarity constraint is proposed. For a given spatio-temporal patch which is represented by a feature vector using concatenated multi-scale histogram of optical flow, abnormal event detection is implemented by cosparse reconstruction with respect to an analysis dictionary learned from normal event set. To adapt to the diversity of normal events, feature space is partitioned into meaningful subspaces by clustering and cosparse sub-dictionary is learned from each cluster. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves competitive performance with the state-of-the-art methods.
Human–computer interaction (HCI) has great potential for applications in many fields. The diversity of interaction habits and low recognition rate are main factors to limit its development. In this paper, a framework of multi-modality-based HCI is constructed. The interactive target can be determined by different modalities including gaze, hand pointing and speech in a non-contact and non-wearable way. The corresponding response is fed back timely to users in the form of audio–visual sense with an immersive experience. Besides, the decision matrix-based fusion strategy is proposed to improve the system's accuracy and adapt to different interaction habits which are considered in an ordinary hardware from a crowded scene without any hypothesis that the interactive user and his corresponding actions are known in advance. Experimental results have highlighted that the proposed method has better robustness and real-time performance in the actual scene by comparisons.
This study proposes a closed-loop fan drive system without using an encoder or current sensors. The cost and size of the fan drive system, therefore, are significantly reduced. By using low-resolution three-phase Hall-effect position sensors, three-phase sinusoidal pulse-width modulation voltages are generated to control a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) that a fan is connected to. Two methods, including the back-EMF estimation method and the impedance-phase estimation method, are proposed to determine the input voltage amplitude and phase of the PMSM. A digital signal processor, TMS 320F28335, is used to execute the control algorithms. The proposed impedance-phase estimation method is 25% more efficient than the back-EMF estimation method at low-speed operating range – below 1000 r/min. A detailed sensitivity analysis of the motor parameter variations is discussed. The implemented drive circuit, which is very compact, can be attached at the back of the PMSM and fan. Several experimental results are provided.
This study presents a robust object tracking method based on occlusion detection via correlation filters. In the proposed method, multi-feature kernelised correlation filter is employed to estimate the preliminary location of the tracked target. To predict target occlusion state, the intrinsic relationship between the most reliable tracked target and its context information is exploited via correlation filters, together with a response stability constraint to make the detection more reliable. A long-term filter is activated to recover the target if the occlusion occurs. Furthermore, the model is updated adaptively based on the changes of occlusion state and target appearance to make the tracking process robust. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed tracking method with occlusion detection performs favourably against 15 state-of-the-art trackers over 100 challenge sequences on the object tracking benchmark OTB-2015.
This study introduces an enhanced version of a previously published genetic algorithm based technique to allow fast and accurate detection of the vehicle plate number independently of the used application. Hence, significant enhancements are introduced to upgrade the genetic algorithm into a semi-hybrid category by preceding it with a sorting and subgrouping process that reduces the search space and following it by a rule-based local search to optimize its output. The updated population structure and its initiation with subsets of the sorted image foreground objects results in a linear relationship between the image complexity represented by the number of foreground objects and the genetic algorithm search space instead of being exponential in previous versions. Moreover, a novel extra variable-size-window adaptive binarisation step is introduced to overcome the problems of attached license symbols that cannot be solved by the skipping ability introduced in previous versions. Various image samples with a wide range in scale, orientation, and symbol connectivity have been experimented to verify the effects of the new improvements. Encouraging results with 99.2% detection accuracy have been reported using a public dataset outperforming the author of the dataset by more than 5.5% and the state of the art systems by 2%.
Variational and partial differential equation (PDE)-based algorithms have been widely applied in image restoration. However, it may produce undesirable staircase effect or blur image edges. To avoid these problems, a second-order PDE model based on directional diffusion has been proposed for image restoration. This model can just diffuse along the edge's tangential direction of the original image. Thus it can preserve the edges, avoid the staircase effect in the restored image. Visual and quantitative results demonstrate that the proposed second-order PDE model is superior to other models in preserving edges and avoiding staircase effect for image restoration.
The implication of multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMM) is applied to the analysis of large antenna array of the dual-polarised log-periodic dipole antenna in the presence of dielectric half-space and arranged in a random array configuration for square kilometre array (SKA) radio telescope. The MLFMM is applied to accelerate the matrix–vector product operations. The findings are compared with the results obtained by standard method-of-moment solver. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the accuracy and capability of this algorithm.
In this study the authors present a novel image denoising method based on applying adaptive thresholding on partial differential (PDEs) methods. In the proposed method the authors utilise the adaptive thresholding to blend the total variation filter with anisotropic diffusion filter. The adaptive thresholding has a high capacity to adapt and change according to the amount of noise. More specifically, applying a hard thresholding on the higher noise areas, whereas, applying soft thresholding on the lower noise areas. Therefore, the authors can successfully remove the noise effectively and maintain the edges of the image simultaneously. Based on the adaptation and stability of the adaptive thresholding we can achieve; optimal noise reduction and sharp edges as well. Experimental results demonstrate that the new algorithm consistently outperforms other reference methods in terms of noise removal and edges preservation, in addition to 4.7 dB gain higher than those in the other reference algorithms.
The objective function of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is equivalent to minimising an L 2-norm distance of the paired data. Owing to the characteristic of L 2-norm, CCA is highly sensitive to noise and irrelevant features. To alleviate such problem, this study incorporates robust feature extraction and group sparse feature selection into the framework of CCA, and proposes a feature fusion method named robust and sparse CCA (RSCCA). In RSCCA, L 2,p -norm is adopted as the distance measurement of paired data, which can alleviate the effect of noise and irrelevant features and achieve robust performance. The experimental results show that our method outperforms CCA and its variants for feature fusion.
Motion estimation is a basic issue for many computer vision tasks, such as human–computer interaction, motion objection detection and intelligent robot. In many practical scenes, the object movement goes with camera motion. Generally, motion descriptors directly based on optical flow are inaccurate and have low discrimination power. To this end, a novel motion correction method is proposed and a novel motion feature descriptor called the motion difference histogram (MDH) for recognising human action is proposed in this study. Motion estimation results are corrected by background motion estimation and MDH encodes the motion difference between the background and the objects. Experimental results on video shot with camera motion show that the proposed motion correction method is effective and the recognition accuracy of MDH is better than that of the state-of-the-art motion descriptor.
Since real-world digital images differ in thousands ways, an adaptive multi-scale decomposition scheme adapting to images is increasingly urgently required for image analysis and applications. In this paper, a unified framework for multi-scale decomposition is developed. Instead of full using the extrema in bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD), edges are fully taken into account because edges play an important role in images. First, effective edges are extracted using spatial scale, intensity difference and other parameters through their coarse-to-fine edge detection approach. Given Gaussian noise series with the same variance are added to these edges repeatedly to produce extrema. Then the produced extrema on edges are employed to interpolate to calculate the mean and further the different detail components from multiple noised signals on average. Through manipulating the parameters of this framework, multiple decomposition patterns: the alternative edge-preserving multi-scale decomposition and non-edge-preserving multi-scale decomposition along with in-between transitional multi-scale decomposition can be obtained, respectively. It shows that the existing multi-scale decomposition methods of BEMD can be taken as special cases of this decomposition framework. Finally, comparisons with other methods are performed and numerous applications of this decomposition approach are explored to show its efficiency.
This study presents a novel approach to content-aware image sizing by combining the continuous approach using saliency histogram equalisation (SHE) and the discrete approach using seam carving (SC). It constructs a non-uniform quad mesh to represent an image by equalising its saliency histogram (SH), and changes the mesh size to represent the resized image by carving seams of insignificant quads in the SH domain. As SHE is simple to implement, and SC can be obtained via dynamic programming, the proposed SHE combined with SC (SHE-SC) algorithm is computationally efficient. Experimental results show that SHE-SC is preferable to other existing algorithms.
It is known that Fibonacci numbers emerge from a network of voltage dividers comprising just resistors. The authors find that the same happens to a lattice of memristors as recently devised. Between the memristor dividers there is a phase coherence with respect to a sinusoidal input signal. Interestingly, they show that the effect of Gaussian distributed random noise, which adds to the voltage signal at the input of the memristor lattice, may affect the coherence. It is shown that when the signal-to-noise ratio goes below 3 dB and the number of dividers in the lattice is ten there is an abrupt reduction of phase coherence typical of non-linear systems. This behaviour does not happen with a lattice of normal resistors. A tolerance analysis of the classical resistor components as well as of the memristor parameters is also presented.
In image mining, the object categorisation is an important issue. In the previous researches for an object categorisation, the contextual information, especially the spatial relations between objects, has not been made full use. In addition, the object categorisation methods, which generally use the probabilistic graphical models to implement the incorporation of contextual information with appearance of objects, are almost inevitable to evaluate the intractable partition function for normalisation. In order to utilise fully the spatial relational information the authors introduced fully connected fuzzy spatial relations including general spatial relations between object regions. Moreover, then the spatial relations were considered as well as co-occurrence and appearance of objects by using energy-based model that is based on the region–object association potential and the configuration potential of objects. Minimising the energy function of whole image arrangement, they obtained the optimal label set about the image regions and addressed the evaluation of intractable partition function in conditional random fields.
In recent decades, the local pattern descriptor has achieved tremendous success in the field of face recognition, pedestrian detection, and image texture analysis. This study presents a generic approach, called the filtered local pattern descriptor (FLPD), which expands the traditional local pattern descriptor (TLPD) by using multi-scale and multi-type filter banks. The FLPD encodes the local information of an image based on the convolutional sum of the sub-image blocks and the filter banks, instead of the original pixel values in the TLPD. This design can effectively increase the diversity of the TLPD feature extraction, thereby enhancing the ability of feature representation and its reliability. Two FLPD-based feature representation methods are proposed for the face image and the pedestrian image. To evaluate the performance of the proposed FLPD, extensive experiments on face recognition and infrared pedestrian detection are conducted using several benchmark image datasets. The experimental results illustrate that the FLPD has a significant advantage in the discrimination and stability of feature extraction, and is able to achieve a satisfactory accuracy in comparison with state-of-the-art methods. It is demonstrated that the FLPD is a powerful and convenient extension of the TLPD by filter banks, and suitable to be implemented as feature extraction into approaches to solve the binary or multi-class image classification problems. | 2019-04-26T08:03:45Z | https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/topic/ee-sip |
With so many singing teachers in London how do you tell the difference between an average vocal coach and a great vocal coach? Ideally, get a recommendation from a major record label A&R manager. But if you don’t know anyone in the London music industry, I advise you try out several singing teachers; compare methods and answer this question: WHAT IS A GREAT VOCAL COACH? And then come to the best.
WHAT IS A GREAT VOCAL COACH?
A great Vocal Coach will hugely expand your singing genres and vocal style options giving you multiple ways to interpret a song.
A great Vocal Coach will have the empathy to accurately gauge your mood and lift your spirit in minutes to a place where you can be fully productive.
A great Vocal Coach will show you your inner talent and potential even when you can’t see it yourself.
A great Vocal Coach will make initially difficult singing techniques fun and easy to understand.
For aspiring professionals a great Vocal Coach will share their knowledge about the latest most successful pathways into the music industry.
And for the True Artist a great Vocal Coach will have your back every step of the way through the hills and valleys of your journey to greatness.
A great Vocal Coach will inspire you to sing even when you’ve had a bad week or day and don’t feel like singing.
A great Vocal Coach will inspire you to have the confidence to practice at home even when your flat mates and neighbours can hear you.
All artists have self-doubt and fear but True Artists refuse to let fear stop them from following their dreams and reaching for the stars.
If you understand that performing and creating music is one of the most worthwhile ways of living imaginable.
If you possess the ambition, work ethic, self belief, tenacity, vision and courage to develop your talent and create your own future.
If you would rather follow your own path through life than waste a precious second following someone else’s, and risk one day looking back with regrets, wishing you had been braver.
If you are wise enough to understand that the only real failure in life is failing to have the courage to try.
Your life is a beautiful adventure and your love of singing is a natural and essential part of it. This is self-evident in every culture and every corner of this earth. So have the courage to defeat fear and follow your dreams with all your heart. You will never regret giving your dreams your best shot but you will definitely regret it if you never try.
To say Bayo is an incredible teacher is an understatement! He has transformed my voice from amateur to professional in a matter of weeks.Bayo has a super strong work ethic and is completely dedicated to the success of his students - far beyond any teacher I have ever met. He genuinely cares about his students’ progress and will work with you tirelessly until you achieve your goals.Bayo doesn’t demand that you are a professional, but he does demand that you approach your singing with a professional attitude. This ensures you will consistently improve, get amazing results and ultimately be able to push through the more difficult times.This is not a lesson in singing, it is a lesson in magic! Enjoy!
if you're ready to work hard Bayo will give you 100% of himself, I've benefit so much from him, not only improving my singing, he pushed me to be the better version of myself, I can't thank him enough for all he's done ! best vocal coach I ever had.
Learning with Bayo was definitely one of the best decisions I’ve made so far! Because in the last few weeks my vocal has improved for more than it did over the last two years and I am now able to sing songs that I could never sing in the past. But what’s more important is the confidence and the courage he gave me, the courage to put in hard works and the vision to see a better ME. Looking forward to the coming classes!
Bayo is simply the best vocal coach! I cannot thank him enough for his endless time, dedication and motivation when it comes to his teaching. I have had lessons with Bayo for about 3 months now and my vocals have improved so much, I am now singing songs I have never ever dreamed I would sing. I came to Bayo after having lessons with another vocal school for a year, with little improvement to my singing. After going for lessons with Bayo I saw improvements after just 2 lessons, because his teaching and techniques are just amazing! Not only that, Bayo is such an incredible and kind person, he really takes passion when it comes to teaching and is dedicated to seeing his students excel. I don't see Bayo as a vocal coach but rather as a mentor, he has such invaluable insight into the music industry and motivates his students to achieve greatness. So you get a really wholesome learning experience if you truly want to excel in the music business. I highly recommend Bayo!!
I’m a Music graduate, and was really interested in starting lessons with Bayo last October after reading very positive reviews about him. I felt I had come to a bit of standstill with my music career, and felt stuck on how to move forward. The main areas I wanted to improve on were power, improving my breathing and support, and most of all, feeling motivated and excited about my music again. The exercises I worked on both in lessons and as homework were challenging, and felt like a workout! But the strength in my voice has come on hugely. Bayo gave me songs to work on (putting into play the exercises), that I never thought I would even remotely have a chance at singing, let alone well! However, after practicing every day (something which Bayo encourages – you have to put dedication and work in yourself), my voice has power, an increased range, and far better support and breathing. The main thing that stood out to me in lessons is how positive and motivating Bayo is. He has helped a great deal with getting me on track and having direction again in my music career. It is not just isolated lessons and exercises, but actually a real commitment to working towards where you want to go in your music overall. Thank you Bayo.
I'm so happy I found Bayo as a coach. For me he's even more, and I consider him a philosopher of singing, because he is so knowledgeable. He also teaches with so much enthusiasm, and in each session I learn something new, adding something to my skill set.Before I didn't want to upload my singing voice online, but now I do it regularly, because I found out that the main issue for not liking my voice was because of wrong articulation. A previous coach was telling me it was because singers often don't like their own voice, but that was a lie.Also, before I couldn't sing that long, because my voice was deteriorating very easily. Now, I can sing almost every day, because my voice is stronger.Now I started putting together my first soul band, and I wouldn't change my coach for anything in the whole world.
First and only coach I'll ever need. I've never met a more compassionate and motivated teacher in my life. Not only does Bayo give great lessons but he genuinely cares about his students. From the moment I met Bayo I knew he would be great and he has proven me right. Bayo is very supportive with every aspect. From the techniques to self confidence, Bayo has it all.
I am truly beyond grateful for having Bayo as my vocal coach as his level of professionalism, knowledge and support are second to none.From the very first week I have improved so much and got to sing songs I never thought I could sing. He pushes you to go beyond your limits and if you give your 100% each time and are disciplined and work hard the results are unbelievable. For the very first time I feel so confident to follow my dreams as the level of support I receive from Bayo is something that money can't buy. I leave each vocal session feeling inspired to be the best I can possibly be and cannot imagine having a better coach than Bayo.
Bayo is an incredible vocal coach. He is incredibly passionate, energetic and always puts 101% into helping you succeed. He is constantly pushing you to be your best and does everything he can to help along the way.But Bayo is so much more than a vocal coach. Not only does he teach singing technique, but he also makes the effort to get to know you, what drives you and what is holding you back from being your personal best. And while this gets applied to music, many of these lessons can be applied to life as well.If you ever get the chance to work with Bayo, I would highly recommend it!
I've always felt like I had a voice but couldn't get it out. After years and years of learning to sing, I've developed a lot of bad habits and become anxious and frustrated with not being able to do it properly. I could feel I was doing things wrong but did not know how to fix it in a long run. I thought there was something wrong with me and blamed myself for not getting things right. I even considered giving up singing. With some help from a new singing teacher, I finally started moving in the right direction but still lacked consistency. When I came across Bayo's website, I thought he's my last hope. Since lesson one, I knew contacting Bayo was the best decision I could have made. Bayo with his enormous knowledge helped me look at my voice from a different perspective. I've become more in line with my voice and I finally enjoy singing. Bayo will push the limits to get the best out of me, my vocal abilites and stage presence. It's not only me who noticed the change. My friends have commented that I've become happy when I talk about singing; my voice quality and tone as well as confidence have greatly improved. Bayo is not just a vocal coach; that would be an understatement. He's much more than than. He's a coach in all aspects of this word. As a singer, I experience periods of doubts, low-esteem and too much self-criticism. Bayo's radiating positive energy and moral support helps me get back on track quickly, conquer my mental blocks and move forward. Moreover, I've received a lot of valuable advice about songwriting, music business, music promotion etc. Bayo gives me everything I need and more. He gives me confidence and courage to be who I've always wanted to be but was unable to achieve.Thanks to Bayo I feel that I have become a true singer.
What Bayo doesn’t tell you is that he’s actually a miracle worker who can give you results in as little as 3 sessions. I think he is one of those rare individuals who has this unique ability to unlock talent and ability in anyone who’s willing to take just the first step towards singing and voice culture. Bayo will lead the horse to the river AND make him drink! What he requires of his students in terms of commitment, professionalism and input, he transmits effortlessly through his contagious passion, patience and strong work ethic.
Bayo has a unique and empowering approach to teaching singing. He helped me understand my voice and made me aware of my full ‘toolkit’ that I could apply to live performance and writing music. Musicians tend to carry a lot of self-doubt and Bayo teaches you how to overcome this by teaching you ways to build a strong mind and attitude.I enjoy every lesson always leave feeling confident, motivated and excited. You really get every minute’s worth and most importantly, he reminds you of why you love music and gives you the courage to continue pursuing your dreams!
I've been making amazing improvements with BAYO, he is the most motivating vocal coach i've ever had and truly engages in each lesson. I've been encouraged by him to deal with songs i would have never tried to sing before and actually quickly grown towards being able to sing them. I can recommend BAYO to any singers who are looking for someone to guide and help them on their musical journey.
“It’s not an easy task to find a teacher with the technical know-how and experience that is a cut above the rest. But if that were all that Bayo brought to the table throughout my time as his student, I probably wouldn’t be taking the time to write this review.
I’ve had many brilliant teachers throughout the course of my life, but in all honesty, none has made as much of a difference to me as Bayo has. There is no doubt in my mind that my technical skill as a singer progressed significantly under his instruction, but what made even more of an impact on my musicianship was the way he inspired me to run full-speed, arms flailing, with every ounce of strength and energy towards achieving my full potential.
I doubt any other teacher would have had the focus, zeal, and vision that could possibly inspire me enough to spend day after day doing scales and breathing exercises in a tiny flat with cardboard walls, amidst critical flat mates and jeering neighbours (one of which literally got on a microphone to sing along just so the whole block could hear him making fun of me!). No one else could have kept me going with a fire in my gut and a massive grin on my face the way Bayo did. The improvement I saw week after week coupled with his ability to see and communicate with such conviction the singer I could become – it strengthened my resolve far more than I ever thought possible.
“In our first lesson, I was an aspiring artist with untapped potential I wasn’t even aware of. Bayo made it a point to always encourage me to push my limits as he believed that nothing was out of reach and it is thanks to my BIG vocal improvement over the years of working with him that I am now able to be the artist and writer I have always wanted to be with no restrictions or inhibitions.
But what makes Bayo that much more special than any other vocal coach is his personal involvement with his students. His encouragements go beyond the lessons themselves as his support shows through him listening to songs created and offering a thorough critical analysis, attending students’ gigs whenever he can as well as sending highly motivating and encouraging emails in between session just to make sure we ‘Stay on the case’ ! He has a definite skill/gift in ridding anyone of any doubts that may be crippling them!
“What can I say about the Supercoach?
Well he is the man.
It takes a lot of guts to be a singer and Bayo hammers this into you from your first session. The word courage will be a constant reminder of what it takes to be a singer. Plant, Rogers, Hathaway and all the greats were not born with those voices, they trained hard and practiced constantly, and so must we.
Under Bayo’s tutelage my improvement was rapid. In under 6 months I went from singing around the house (and as a party trick for my friends) to finding myself doing a sound check with a non English speaking band I had not met previously 1 hour before I went on to sing.
Bayo buys into your success and I found myself practicing even harder to show how much I appreciated his effort and belief.
“Bayo has a unique and empowering approach to teaching singing. He helped me understand my voice and made me aware of my full ‘toolkit’ that I could apply to live performance and writing music.
Musicians tend to carry a lot of self-doubt and Bayo teaches you how to overcome this by teaching you ways to build a strong mind and attitude.
Great singing takes courage. To get up on stage and entertain strangers takes courage. But everybody has to start somewhere. To be my student I require your love of singing be greater than your fear of failure so that together we can help you develop the courage to step outside your comfort zone, strive for greatness and take your singing to the next level. I admire any singer no matter their ability, age or experience who comes to me with a passion for singing and a readiness to learn. I believe a singers attitude to their craft and their journey is everything. And with the right attitude and the right singing teacher the possibilities are limitless.
I love working with professional singers because professional singers always have a great attitude. They know from experience that great singing teachers are rare and really appreciate the unusual level of energy and support I give. Professional singers already understand that great singers are made not born. And that the voice is developed by strengthening muscles through repetitive exercise. Just like with musicians and athletes. Professional singers come to me with ambition and purpose and I give them solutions and rapid progress. I expect the same attitude of professionalism from all my students.
A great singing teacher enjoys nurturing potential into talent and success. I do this and more.
A great singing teacher has technical knowledge and a natural and limitless enthusiasm for bringing out the best in their students. I have this and more.
A great singing teacher is always positive, always on your side and never has an off day.
To be a great singing teacher you have to have the passion, dedication, patience, sensitivity and integrity to walk that extra mile with your students. You must enjoy inspiring, pushing, lifting, guiding, coaxing, supporting and doing whatever it takes to help your singing students achieve their goals. I am proud to admit I live vicariously through my students. I am great at what I do because I totally believe in them and I totally love teaching. This level of intense dedication and belief in my singing students is impossible to fake.
Your love of singing must be greater than your fear of failure.
Trust in your singing teacher to know your true potential even when you doubt yourself.
In my professional students I look for ambition and an open mind.
I am 100% confident my teaching will transform the voice of any singer who genuinely loves singing and is willing to work hard. But I expect all my singing students whether beginner or advanced to have a professional attitude.
I get enormous satisfaction from seeing and hearing the improvement in your singing. But your attitude to your singing lesson is as important to me as your singing ability. I expect you to appreciate and respect the effort and faith I place in you by always doing your best to be your best.
Record yourself singing a difficult song before your first lesson and record yourself again a couple of weeks later. Great singing lessons strengthen and alter muscles very rapidly. With regular lessons and practice your singing will improve every 10-14 days.
Video record your performance at a live gig before your first lesson and video record yourself again at a live gig after a performance lesson. Your performance skills will improve massively from great singing lessons.
London is the epicentre of popular music in Europe. If you are serious about music you want to be where the action is. Major record labels and Artist Management companies look to London for originality, innovation and trend setting. And so it’s one of the best places in the world to launch a professional singing career. Camden, Soho, Chelsea, Islington, Kilburn, Shoreditch, Notting Hill, Hammersmith, Hackney, Kensington, Fulham, Clapham. Whether you live in South London, East London, West London or North London. Every day of the week multiple open mic nights in Central London offer singers of all standards the opportunity to hone their singing and performance skills in front of live audiences. London is full of budget recording studios, rehearsal rooms and live venues. And best of all, London has thousands of singers, musicians and producers to collaborate and share your journey with.
Which cities in the world are best for singing lessons? London, New York, Los Angeles and Nashville: Partly because of the greater number of teachers teaching singing lessons, London has become a magnet for singers from across the continent. Also, the popularity of singing competitions has increased the demand for singing lessons. London hosts the finals of The Voice and XFactor. Singing lessons in London can be found in every borough and neighbourhood. And with Skype, singing lessons in London can be accessed from anywhere in the world.
All artists have self-doubt and fear but true artists have the courage to follow their dreams regardless. You will never regret giving your dreams your best shot but you will definitely regret it if you never try. Your life is a beautiful adventure and your love of singing is a natural and vital part of it. So have the courage to follow your dreams with all your heart, live your life on your own terms and embrace the adventure. | 2019-04-21T04:54:58Z | https://bayothevocalcoach.com/ |
Sumoku is one of the games we play for math.
Sumoku is a Scrabble like game played with numbers where goal is to be the player with the highest number of total points. At the beginning of each game the dice is rolled once to determine a multiple. In Scrabble a word is played, and in Sumoku a number is played. When the digits in a number are added together, they must be divisible by the multiple shown on the dice. Only one of each color tile may be used in a single number.
Games take around 30 minutes to play and serve as an excellent mental math workout. Players are constantly adding to find the best moves and dividing to make sure the moves are legal. By playing regularly the kids begin to recognize multiples of numbers more readily.
To see the other games and activities we do for math visit our Math Page.
Sign-up to follow Highhill Education by email below.
This tulle on top hat was a very quick knit and a great project for kids. It can be created with knitting needles or with a Knifty Knitter. Created on 10.5 inch needles, two strands of worsted weight yarn were held together as if they were one strand. (I tend to knit loosely.) After casting on 54 stitches and knitting about six inches in the round, the hat was decreased and closed at the top. Ten strips of tulle were threaded through the knit stitches and tied in a knot. The finished hat fits a child.
Physical activity is essential for keeping kids healthy. As homeschoolers, it's all too easy to get wrapped up in indoor learning and forget about going outside. Hobbies can be absorbing as we strive to finish a knitting project or a building of blocks. Learning is great for the brain and when researching on the internet, aren't we all distracted by new websites to visit and videos to watch? We must not forget to get outdoors.
Last year when my daughter was sick we stayed inside more than ever. I didn't realize at the time how detrimental it was to my personal well being. I still went out to run, but it was usually in the dark. This year we have worked outside time into our day. Although it takes even longer to get through the school day everyone is happier.
We spend two hours each morning working on reading, writing and math before spending 30 minutes playing outside. We return indoors for another hour or so of piano, German and Spanish before eating lunch and heading outside for an hour long break. After that we sometimes come in, sometimes stay out and often head to sports and music lessons. This routine has been better than any of our other school plans of the past. We even go out when it's raining.
Here are some of the things we do outside that encourage physical activity.
We walk to the playground and everyone climbs, even me. Some days we play tag and some days we play ping-pong.
Daily walks encourage exploration, and we often walk, especially when it's raining. By walking daily the kids have learned their way around the neighborhood, discovered nature and gotten that much needed Vitamin D.
Simple games and activities in the driveway often keep us active. Soccer or just kicking a ball back and forth, monkey in the middle, ping-pong, hula-hoop, jumping rope and frisbe often entertain me and the kids.
The key to our physical activity is routine is that outdoor play time is built into the schedule so we don't forget it.
Week 16: We sent messages through the simple nerves we created.
Our bodies are filled with tiny receptors that send messages from all parts of our bodies to our brain. Light, heat, and pressure are a few of the sensations our nerves can detect. Referencing David Macaulay's The Way We Work book, we built a few nerves and used them to send messages.
A piece of yarn was cut approximately 3 feet long and one bead of the same color was added to each end to create one nerve and receptor.
In total twenty nerve/receptors were created for this project. The yarn color indicated the body part where the receptor was located.
The bead color indicated the type of receptor.
The nerves were strung over the couch.
The body kids selected a message and then pulled on nerves that would be activated in the situation.
The brain had to decide which body part felt what type of signal. The brain was delighted to find out what the stimulation was that triggered the nerves.
Our other human body projects are easy to find on the Science Page.
Week 1: We quilted a hot pad showing a map of the Roman Empire.
The Roman Empire was built on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea with the city of Rome at it's heart. Land which was part of the empire rests on three separate continents. The Rhine and Danube Rivers in the north served as important boundary markers. The Apennine Mountains divide the Italian Peninsula into east and West with Rome resting in the more fertile western side.
To create the hot pad, we referenced a map in the Ancient Rome (Cultural Atlas for Young People) by Mike Corbishley. First I photo copied the map and cut out the bodies of water. Using a fabric marker, I traced the bodies of water onto blue fabric. A piece of brown fabric was cut into a square to serve as the land.
The water was aligned and sewn onto the land. It took me about an hour to do this prep work before getting the kids involved.
Next we talked about important geographical features in the Roman Empire and marked them on the map.
Rivers - Po, Rubicon, Tiber, Danube, Rhine and Rhone.
I used a permanent marker to mark the rivers and cities, and the kids sewed on the lines.
There are many weeks of our Rome Unit up ahead, so now would be a great time to sign-up to follow Highhill Education by email. There's a link on the right-hand side of the blog.
We made units, tens and hundreds and discovered if the sum of the digits in a number are divisible by three, then the number is divisible by three.
More than five years ago I constructed these units, tens and hundreds from card stock paper by simply measuring centimeters and cutting. They are one of the most useful visual math manipulatives we have.
They have been extremely helpful in learning addition with carrying numbers, subtraction with borrowing, and place value. Most recently they were used to discover a trick in determining whether a number is divisible by 3.
First, several two and three digit numbers known to be divisible by 3 were displayed using the units. In the picture above moving from right to left, bottom to top the numbers 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 120 and 141 are represented.
Since no pattern was initially obvious, I asked my son to count the number of pieces of paper in each pile ignoring the fact they represented ones, tens or hundreds. Moving from right to left, bottom to top the numbers of pieces of paper shown are 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 9, 3, and 6.
Using this process my son noticed a theme and upon further thinking was able to deduce that if the sum of the digits in the number were divisible by three, then the number was divisible by 3.
My son is a child who learns best by figuring things out for himself. Little information is retained when I explain something, especially in regards to mathematics. Although I lead him in this activity, he discovered the rule making this activity very effective for his learning style.
See our math page for more hands-on math ideas and activities.
My eleven year old daughter continuously sews clothes for her stuffed polar bear. My five year old watches her every move and is now sewing clothes for her stuffed hedgehog.
To create the hat she made a fabric flower and sewed it onto a round piece of felt.
Then she cut out four rounded rectangles and sewed them together for mittens.
Now Hedgie is so cute, but I think she needs a coat. This is an excellent beginning sewing project for any young child.
One of the best pieces of parenting/educational advice I ever received came from a dad who was the husband of a public school teacher. He said "We just keep introducing him (his son) to new activities to see what sticks."
Brilliant! Every kid is different. Some like music, some art, some dance and others building toys. Exposure is a key to opportunity, and exposure can come in so many forms. It can be a book or documentary on a new topic, a new piece of equipment, a public event or the passion of a good friend.
There are so many different reasons parents have for removing a child from public education.
........Just to name a few.
For the kids who just don't seem to learn well with traditional methods there are alternatives. To start, parents can find out about different resources or opportunities in the community and introduce them to the child. Once a child finds an interest, they are often self-motivated to read, write and seek more information on the topic. A hobby can end up covering several subjects.
The most challenging and time consuming part of being a homeschooling mom is not lesson planning, but rather, finding the best resources to introduce topics. For example, this year we are studying the middle ages and I am no where near an expert on the subject. I don't think it was even mentioned in my high-school or college history classes. Much of my time is spent locating books and videos that are entertaining and educational for kids studying the middle ages. Once I find the materials, I often read along with the kids and we learn together.
1. I start searching my Huge Book List for books on the topic.
2. Next I see if the books on my book list are available at the local library, Paperbackswap or Amazon.
3. I search the library for books on the topic and usually start by reading a few children's books to learn the basics. Many books I look at and return quickly when I see they are not my style, too easy or too difficult. The others I read cover to cover if I can find the time.
4. I search youtube for videos on the topic.
5. I scan my pinterest pages if I remember pinning activities from other bloggers on the topic.
Here are some other resources to check out.
Homeschooling - Where to Begin - This is a post I wrote to help new homeschool parents find curriculum and teaching methods that work for them. Options range from unschooling to traditional school and everything in-between.
My Resource Page has links to several other posts helpful to those who homeschool and who are new to homeschooling.
If you're new to homeschooling - Welcome! Homeschooling can be fun, frustrating and rewarding all at the same time.
Here are links to posts from other Homeschooling Bloggers to help new homeschooling parents get started.
Week 15: We needle felted eyeballs.
Did you know our eyeballs are roughly the size of golf balls? Most of the eye is a fluid filled chamber. At the front are the cornea, pupil, iris and lens which work together to focus images of what we see onto the retina at the back of the eye.
Our eyes are very similar to cameras and binoculars. Both can be focused to create clear images and adjusted to let in just the right amount of light. By modifying the focal length on the camera lens the aperture changes in corresponding size, just like the pupil changes size in high and low light.
Lenses work by bending light. The shape and thickness of the lens determines how the light is refracted. In our eyes four muscles are attached to the lens. By tightening and relaxing the lens of the eye changes shape which focuses the image onto the retina. To understand the differences between convex and concave lenses and how different shapes refract light we visited My Science Site.
To gain an even better understanding of eye anatomy, lenses and how the eye works we turned to youtube. After watching a few random eye anatomy videos we watched these two Bill Nye the Science Guy videos on how the eye works and how lenses work.
Then the kids began needle felting their own eyeballs. They began by creating a fiber ball.
The balls were partially covered with yellow fiber to represent the retina.
Pink fiber covered the retina to represent the choroid.
The choroid was covered with white fiber for the sclera.
Then an optic nerve was added to bring the image to the brain and four muscles were added to contract the lens. Finally a lens, pupil, and iris were added to the front.
Look how different they turned out. Some aren't even connected to the brain.
The rest of our Human Body science projects can be found on our Science Page.
Just before the election last year we did several activities to learn about American Government. Now I found great books to go with last year's lesson.
Grace for President and Duck for President are two books to read to help kids understand the American election system. Grace for President is appropriate for young children and the electoral college is explained in a way kids can understand.
Physical activity is good for coordination, weight control, and general well being. It's also just plain fun.
So it's not surprising that our kids do this.
Encouraging physical education is something that comes naturally to my family, but it doesn't come so easy to everyone. It's so important to good health.
Simple equipment can go a long way to encourage indoor physical activity. Tucked into the corner of our living room kids can find a mini trampoline, jump ropes, hula hoop, and stilts.
They often bounce between reading a story and working through a math lesson. Kids need activity and having some fun equipment available in the room can go a long way to creating life-long good physical health.
Knit Your Bit: A World War I Story is a good story to read with kids while introducing them to a new craft. During World War I, women and children in America began knitting for the soldiers fighting in the war. The knitting clubs continue today.
This was the simplest hat I ever knitted and it makes a great first knitting project for children. All they have to do is knit a big rectangle and then sew up the sides. Then pom-poms or tassels can be sewn onto the corners. Here are more specific instructions.
The first twelve rows were knit one, purl one and then purl one, knit one to create a seed stitch texture. The majority of the hat was knit stitch on the front side and purl stitch on the back side to create the stockinette stitch. It was finished with another twelve rows of seed stitch. This hat can be created with any size yarn and needles. The stitch count can be easily varied to create the proper size. Most hats have a circumference around 19 inches, so the rectangle should be approximately 9.5 inches wide and about 15 inches long.
Charlotte Mason's philosophy on foreign language makes a lot of sense. Natural language progression begins with listening, progresses to speaking, followed by reading and then writing. Much of listening and speaking happen simultaneously, as well as reading and writing. This progress is clear when we watch babies grow into young scholars.
Once the listening and speaking phases are well understood and work on reading and writing begins, another language can be introduced. This is basically the philosophy we have used to study foreign language.
When my children were toddlers, I worked as an engineer and they were watched by a wonderful Mexican lady. During that time my kids learned to understand Spanish, but because she understood English, they never really learned to speak. Regardless, I am confident they could speak in a very short time as the Spanish language is in their heads.
Before they began studying written Spanish we moved to Germany. For that reason, we quit studying Spanish temporarily and began studying German. Once they could speak and understand German, they began learning to read in German and resumed listening to Spanish.
It has been over four years since we moved to Germany and the older two kids have begun studying a third language. My eleven year old chose French and my son chose Chinese. They now spend between 30 and 45 minutes per week studying each language.
The materials we have used to learn languages are very natural. Instead of trying to follow a curriculum or read a picture dictionary, we have listened to children's music and watched children's television and movies targeted for native speakers of the language. Occasionally we have listened to CD's that help to learn such things as colors, numbers, months, and body parts, but have found that music targeted for native speakers of the language is much more enjoyable.
Living in Germany it has been easy to find resources in German. Spanish resources were also easy to find as so many children's DVD's are available in several languages. We watched shows such as Dora the Explorer in German, and Plaza Sesamo which is the Spanish version of Sesame Street. Chinese resources have been more difficult for me to find. My son currently follows the Transparent Language on-line curriculum.
Recently we have been using the iPad to study German. I typed in the key word "Lesen" which means to read in German. From there I was able to download several audio books and simple kid games. In the past I've written about the materials we use for Foreign Language study. The posts can be found by visiting my Language Arts page.
If you use other language immersion resources I would love to hear about them.
Here are links to how other families study foreign language. | 2019-04-22T08:43:30Z | http://highhillhomeschool.blogspot.com/2013/10/ |
Excellent friendly, prompt service at competitive price. I would highly recommend.
Helpful, reliable and dependable. Knows his trade and doesn‘t overcharge.
Another great job by Andy, finishing off our new bathroom with the installation of a humidistat. I cannot recommend Breeze Electrical highly enough. I would never look to use anyone else. Really reliable, clean worker. Very knowledgeable and you get real peace of mind and a great job.
An excellent service from Andy Breeze. Stuck to his quote. No hidden costs. Came when he said he would. Efficient and did a quality job!
This is the third excellent electrical job Andy has done for us.He is prompt efficient and a really pleasant gentleman.
As a newcomer to the Forest I came across Andy from a recommendation and I haven't been disappointed. Andy is thorough, does a very good job and cleans up and takes away any rubbish made in the process. Pleasant to have around and can advise on how to go about any future electrical project you may want to undertake in the future. Definitely worth 5 stars in my opinion.
Brilliant experience with Andy, he worked non-stop to wire up our underfloor heating. The end job was tidy and neat and looks very smart - and it all works! What more could I want? Thank you!
Andy is a star, he came out and fitted a new security light. Always friendly and knows his job inside and out. Highly recommend.
Andy yet again has done a superb job, not only is he quality and tidy with it he also provides good advice when going through the planning stage. Not a big job but good to have him in the house again. Even the cats are starting to like him!
Andy is cheerful, competent and worked a 12 hour stretch to complete the job he started. He also put everything he moved back into its original place and tidied up after himself.
VERY GOOD . Knew his stuff and was helpful and punctual. I recommend him. he fitted a new hob in our kitchen.
Another great job by Andy Breeze!
Had a new consumer unit fitted from very old fusewire type very clean and tidy work and pleasant guy.
Andy provides a great service, and does a thorough job, always kept us well informed, and the price was right... i‘m sure the lights are brighter since he visited!
Breeze Electrical Solutions have consistently undertake various jobs for us, from small to large, they give excellent service and are very helpful, we would recommend highly to anyone who requires electrical services.
Friendly to deal with, punctual and good quality work.
Thanks Andy for helping us out with our electrical requirements. Great work, on time and for the price quoted. Would be happy to recommend Andy to anyone out there with the need of a great electrician.
Andy has done many electrical jobs for us. He is always polite, on time, efficient and tidy. This is apart from being a very good electrician! What more can I add? Give him a call.
I always use Andy for any electric rated job, this time he fixed my shower and as usual he did the job quickly for a fair price.
Andy is an excellent electrician. he arrives on time and is 100% reliable. His work is excellent and his prices reasonable. I would recommend him to anyone.
Just like to say how much we've appreciated the services we've received from Andy. A friendly electrician and helpful as well as great service. Thank you.
I wholeheartedly recommend Andy for any electrical work. His work is very neat and tidy and he is excellent at being able to bring ideas and solutions to any electrical problem however big or small. He is hardworking, very trustworthy and very reliable.
Andy came to assess the work when he said he would, did the work when he said he would and made a tidy and excellent job at a reasonable price. I would have no hesitation in having him do any other work for me; a friendly and knowledgeable electrician.
Have known Andy for a few years but only recently had cause to use him for some works. Great local electrician, very friendly and knowledgeable. Happy with charges and seems very competitive. Would definitely recommend.
Andy Breeze is very reliable and work is completed to a high quality. I have used this company on two occasions and I would recommend them.
Andy installed a cooker hood and bathroom extractor fan for us where there weren't any pre-existing. He provided top quality work with a neat finish. We will definitely be contacting him again if we need any other work.
We have used Andy on a few occasions and he is reliable, efficient and so kind. A prompt service and a good price. We are delighted and he will always be our first port of call when we are in need. Thank you Andy.
I have used Andy for all my electrical work since moving to the FOD 3.5 years ago. I have been delighted with the top notch standard of work and his friendly professional manner, realistic competitive rates. I cannot recommend highly enough and would not think to use anyone else.
We found that we had a failed extractor fan motor. As usual a call to Andy Breeze resulted in a prompt response and a quick replacement of the motor at a very reasonable price. A few failed light bulbs were also replaced while he was here. Andy gives excellent advice and service and we have no hesitation in recommending him.
Breeze Electrical were prompt, did exactly as was requested at a good price. I would be happy to use them again.
Andy has 4 jobs for me over the last 15 months. He is reliable, efficient, knowledgeable and tidies up at the end of the work. I also used his extensive knowledge to advise me on improvements to my original thoughts. I recommend him without any reservations.
Second time I have used Breeze, fitted extra double internal and double external sockets, very prompt, very clean and tidy trades person. Explains all the options. Very reasonable prices. I honestly wouldn't go anyone else for my electrical work.
Yet more great service from Andy Breeze. Always helpful and reliable. Thank you.
As always has been great, knows what he is doing, he maintains contact with his customers and is always prompt and tidy. Would highly recommend Breeze Electrical Solutions.
Very helpful and promptly resolved our electrical problems.
Would recommend Andy for any electrical work, reliable, friendly, tidy and affordable. Did an excellent good fitting a new consumer unit in the garage and fitting lights and sockets. Will defiantly be using again.
Andy Breeze has carried out several jobs for us. He is reliable and efficient, always on time, extremely thorough, cleans up after himself and is very knowledgeable about all things electrical and what's more is very good value for money. He's also a jolly nice chap!
Reliable and friendle, offered advice and help. Flexible to work around other building work being undertake. We would recommend and use again.
Andy has undertaken a few jobs for us, he's a great guy, reliable, friendly and his standards or workmanship are very high. A couple of times, we've been in a bit of a pickle, requiring help quickly, and he's always been there for us; most recently, coming to sort something out for us within an hour. I would have no hesitation in recommending him.
We have a few properties around the region and this is the first time I have used Andy, I will certainly be using him again. Great service, good follow up and much needed feedback with prevention advice.
Very helpful and good value, highly recommended.
Called Andy for a small but complex job for a customer, he was polite, courteous and completed the job in a professional manor. Excellent Value for money. Will certainly be calling on his services in the future if needed.
Good work from Andy as usual, and he really understands the importance of customer service. Thanks.
Prompt, reliable, helpful and knows his stuff!! Thank you Andy - no hesitation in giving this great electrician a 5 star rating.
Andy has been absolutely amazing. His knowledge and standard of work is really second to none. I would recommend him to anyone without question. My husband & I have been really pleased with the work he has done for us in our kitchen refit.
Andy is courteous, friendly and trustworthy and always delivers a great service. He did an excellent first class job and as is usual, the room was left clean, tidy and exactly as it was before. I would highly recommend Breeze Electrical Solutions for all your electrical undertakings.
Really pleased with the work that Andy did, investigating some long overdue faults and finishing electrical jobs for us. Knowledgable and practical, I wouldn't hesitate to recommend him.
Once again Andy has done a great job for us. Always cleans up as he goes. Good prices too.
Andy is extremely friendly and professional. Very satisfied with work done installing power to garage. Happy to recommend.
Very helpful, came out quickly and resolved the problem immediately. Very reasonable cost.
I have had Andy before to do work for me, so I had no hesitation in asking him to do rewiring,sockets and light fittings in my new home. He came at a diifficult time and fitted me into his busy schedule. He is an excellent electrician, very organised and tidy; nothing was too much trouble. I would certainly recommend him to anyone.
Andy replys to phone calls quickly, arrives when he says he will, does a good job and leaves everything tidy. He has never let me down. I can recommend him very highly.
Andy did an excellent job fitting armoured cable out to my new workshop. He worked efficiently, and left no mess and the price was very reasonable. Highly recommended.
Andy recently completed some work to get our kitchen ready for a refit. Moved lights, switches and sockets. Gave some really good advice to help guide us. He was prompt, worked really hard all day and tidied up as he went to minimise the mess and disruption. Highly recommended, great value for money too.
You can rely on Andy to do a good job, his workmanship is excellent and his advice is practical.
Confronted with problems with the lighting in a small en-suite we consulted Andy. As usual he came up with an excellent solution and new fittings were installed We were delighted with the result and the excellent service.
Have used Andy on several occasions. He is an excellent electrician, work is of the highest standard and his charges are reasonable. Highly recommended!
Very professional job in every respect.
I can thoroughly recommend Andy for electrical work. He responds to call-outs quickly and is extremely helpful in providing solutions. His work is of good quality and is good value for money.
Prompt response to our request and all work carried out quickly and efficiently.
Friendly, Professional. very satisfied with work done.
Very obliging and prompt on advising and carrying out the work required. Very satisfactory.
Good communication, right price and excellent job done on time, in budget. Tenant was very happy with work done. I'm more than happy to recommend him to you for anything electrical.
Andy provides an excellent service. He always comes up with good solutions to electrical problems and has time to help. We highly recommend him.
Did an excellent job. Was prepared to take on a small task of fitting a dimmer switch (which many will not do). Replied to initial text message very quickly and completed the work soon after. Will use again.
Really helpful and a tidy contractor. I just wish I had known about Andy from the day we moved into this house. Turns up when he says (which in itself is a miracle these days). He solved the problems in my kitchen lighting. It looks super now. He has done little jobs like moving sockets and even managing to change the one of the 15 leds which defeated both my husband and I.
Having read all the previous feedback, I totally agree with everything said, punctual, efficient, knowledgeable and above all helpful, he is now our electrician.
Andy was recommended to us which is better than any add could have been. He is reliable, friendly and importantly a very good electrician. He was equally happy doing a large job for us as he was fitting a single socket. I thoroughly recommend him.
Once again I am pleased to recommend Andy as a thoroughly reliable trader who can be relied upon to deliver prompt, effective and personable service.
We have used Andy for a few jobs now and I couldn't recommend him highly enough, the most recent job he did for us was an emergency call out from our tennant on a friday night, Andy called us first to check that it was ok to go to the property and stayed on site (on a friday night!) till he had sorted out all of the problems! Amazing! I would recommend him to anyone and we look forward to working with him in the future. All the best.
Excellent, prompt service. Thank you.
We have used Andy for a couple of jobs now where he has wired two extensions. He is always punctual, polite and ensures he fully understands what is required. His work is excellent and his charges are always reasonable. We would definitely recommend him.
Excellent service, fitted outside sockets, light fittings, indoor sockets, cooker. Andy was not phased by very high ceilings, hard to reach places and crowded loft spaces. Would definitely recommend.
Andy's work is impeccable and any job he does leaves you with confidence it has been done properly a necessary point when dealing with electrics especially in older property. A very hard worker and this means he is busy but well worth waiting that few extra days for, and a must for him he leaves everything clean and tidy, he is now officially in the diary for all jobs electric.
Andy was extremely helpful and efficient, and arrived at the house promptly. I would recommend him.
Good contractor with brill communications and competative prices.
Quick, efficient and came at a time that suited me! Very happy.
Highly recommended, prompt, efficient and cheerful service.
As usual, Andy turned up on time, did an excellent job and charged a very reasonable price. We have used him frequently and he is among the most reliable and best value trades we've come across. Highly recommended.
Fantastic prompt service to attend to our recent electrical problems which were soon sorted by Andy.
Andy did a good job. He turned up on time and explained exactly what he was doing. Would recommend.
Excellent! Andy is knowledgeable and courteous. He offered me a couple of options, patiently explaining the pros and cons of each possibility. Breeze Electrical Solutions will be our No.1 to call for our future requirements.
Third time we've used Andy Breeze - a clean and tidy job at a very reasonable cost by a cheerful, accommodating chap. We're really pleased with our new lights - many thanks Andy!
Andy is brilliant, I am often away from home but if I have any need for an electrician I can text him or call him and he responds promptly. He carries out the work and is always very tidy and his charges are extremely competitive. I am so pleased with his work. He was recommended to me by Ben Hill (central heating plumber).
Andy Breeze is an excellent electrician. He is quick and tidy and always good value.
This is the second time I've used Breeze Electrical Solutions based on the excellent service received first time round. Just as before Andy delivered a fast and efficient service, high quality work and all at a reasonable price. I would highly recommend.
Very good service, turned up promptly done a very tidy job at a very resonable price.
Met Andy for the first time yesterday, arrived on time and did a first class job. A pleasing,cheery attitude, he worked quickly and efficiently. His bill was reasonable, too. I would have no hesitation in recommending Andy and will be using him again when needed.
Having used Andy on several occasions and always having a good job done at reasonable cost, recently I needed an electrician to go into my 92 year old mother's house who lives on her own. I needed someone I could trust and asked Andy and as always he was on time, polite and did a very good job.
I can highly recommend Andy, he is reliable and very helpful. Excellent standard of workmanship.
Andy Breeze has been consistent and professional in undertaking repairs and maintenance toour ageing building - Ruardean Hill Baptist Church. His work is of excellent quality, his manner polite, his response prompt and his charges very fair and reasonable. We would recommend him to anyone needing an electrician.
Excellent service. My problem was sorted very quickly with no fuss. I would recommend and definitely use Breeze again. Thank you.
Andy came and fitted new sockets for us - neat, tidy, efficient service at a very reasonable cost. Many thanks.
Very pleasant/polite. All sorted in short time.
I am very pleased with work done. Have used Andy for a few jobs in my house and always receive good work and I would recommend him to anyone.
I have now been using Andy for over a year on various projects. He has worked on rewiring inside and outside, lighting, internet and phone lines. He is always timely and courteous and i have no hesitation in recommending him.
Andy is GOOD, reliable and very knowledgable. We can thoroughly recommend him - small jobs & large projects.
Andy came to sort out a wiring fault in my house, nothing was too much trouble top class service.
We have used Andy for the last couple of years to resolve issues and do the wiring in our Granny Annex. He is always on time, works at a good pace and is very methodical. Importantly, he is always very tidy and there are never any off-cuts or trimmings left lying around. We can't recommend Andy highly enough!
Andy has been to our house twice and we trust him implicitly to do a good job at a reasonable price. He works hard, leaves the place tidy and is friendly. We would recommend his work.
Prompt quality and friendly service at a reasonable price. What more can a customer want?
Professional, personable, skilled and efficient, did a great job quickly. A pleasure to deal with Andy.
Brilliant as always. Quick, super reliable and easy to get hold of. Thanks Andy!
Another great job completed by Andy. We wouldn‘t consider using anyone else for electrical work. Very fair price, always cheerful and so tidy you wouldn‘t even know he‘s been there! Thanks Andy.
Andy has done various bits of work for us over the years and has always done a thoroughly professional job at reasonable rates. He takes care to fully discuss the options with you, is very reliable and tidies up afterwards.
Andy turned up on time and his work was quick and efficient. Breeze Electrical Solutions will certainly be my number one choice for any future electrical work. A very nice person to do business with!
Why did we not call Andy earlier? Once again he called on agreed day even after dental work. That said all the jobs we wanted were done efficiently and he is so tidy . Actually not all jobs I had listed were completed because my solution would not solve the problem! Andy has explained the work needed and will be doing the work very soon.
I can highly recommend Andy, he is very reliable and knowledgeable.
Good, efficient, clean and tidy service executed with a very pleasant and helpful manner. Good value for money! We‘re very pleased so, Andy, many thanks.
Andy has just completed another job for us, it is a pleasure to have him there to work for us, cheerful, tidy & competitively priced. What more could I ask?
Called Andy back again this week and work done with the same usual fuss free manner. Turned up when he said he would, got the job done as agreed, charged a fair and reasonable rate. Can‘t ask for more and we will definitely call him when next we need electrical work done.
Always reliable, very honest, super efficient, and know his work is the best. Many thanks Andy.
Andy has such a "can do" attitude we would not use anyone else. He is so tidy, polite and reliable he really restores your faith in tradesmen. Looking forward to him working for us again in 2016.
Always reliable, gets the job done.
Quick fast and very honest service. Very well priced for an late evening call out. Price included parts. Was helpful on the phone just to make sure it wasn't anything simple.
Prompt, efficient and pleasant as ever. Another job completed very satisfactorily.
We really appreciated how quickly Andy calls us back when we need him. Prompt visits, Andy doesn't waste time but quickly gets on with the job in hand. Very grateful for his fault finding skills on this occasion. Really pleased that he sends invoice so quickly too! Don‘t think he could be better!
Had Andy back again. He‘s great, does a good tidy job, no mess to clean up afterwards and goes the extra mile when you need help. You can trust him in your house, which is great, as it means you can go out whilst he is working.
Andy has done work for me, on and off, for over 4 years. He is always polite, listens to the householder about the problem, and he leaves the area clean and tidy at the end of the work. He always finds a solution to the problem. He keeps in touch with the customer and comes on the day he promises. His rates are very reasonable and fair. I highly recommend him as an electrician and a person.
Very good service, reliable, reasonable, very friendly and best of all he kept everything clean and tidy. Thank you Andy.
Another great job from Andy this week. Turned up when he said he would, got the job done as agreed, charged a fair and reasonable rate. Can‘t ask for more and we will definitely call him when next we need electrical work done.
Great service, good guy, very tidy + reliable.
Truely amazing service, great job! Would recommend to anyone.
Lovely service, very pleased with him lovely chap.
More excellent work from Andy, very reliable and I can't recommend him enough.
Andy has completed another job for us. We use him regularly and he turns up on time, his work is excellent and his prices are very reasonable. Highly recommended.
Andy is an energetic professional and undertook some fairly complicated work quickly and efficiently. Due to other commitments he was unable to take on all the work I need done, but I will certainly be calling on him again in the future.
Yet again Andy has done a simple but superb job. Even though we were away on holiday at the time he knew exactly what we required and got the job done. I would never use any other electrician!
Once again, another good job from Andy Breeze. Attention to detail throughout and presented better options that we had not thought of to get the outcome we wanted. Kept us informed and was exceptionally careful to clear up drilling dust.
If you want an electrician you can rely on and be confident the job will be done properly then Andy's your man. If you‘re not sure what you need/want, then Andy can also advise and help you come to the right decisions.
I have been very satisfied with Breeze Electrical work. Making contact was quick and easy and the service proved to be quick and reliable. I will certainly use the company again.
very happy with the service that Andy gave he was polite courteous and tidy! explained just what he was going to do and what was best for us would recommend highly. Reasonable price for work carried out will definitely use Andy service again.
Always helpful & cheerful. Very good service.
Friendly pleasant and very efficient - will always be my first choice for electrical jobs. highly recommended.
Mr A Breeze offers excellent electrical services. Would certainly use for future work.
Andy has made a huge difference to the lighting arrangements at the surgery, everything is so much brighter. He arrived promptly, did the job quickly and left all areas clean and tidy. Will definitely us him again for our electrical requirements.
Just used Andy for the first time and he is excellent. Prompt, tidy, does a really good job and goes the extra mile. Will be going back to Andy for future electrical work and recommending him to friends and family.
Andy does work for us regularly and is always on time, works very efficiently and is very knowledgeable. His prices are very reasonable and he never tries to do work that isn‘t necessary. I have no hesitation in recommending him.
I‘ve used Andy for several jobs now and would thoroughly recommend him. Friendly and professional and good rates.
We have used Andy Breeze for many major and minor electrical jobs, no matter how big or small the job Andy treats them with the same professional attitude. His work is accurate and professional and I would not hesitate to recommend his work to others.
Once again Andy has done a fabulous job for us. Very efficient + tidy work. Very much recommended.
Once again Breeze Electrical Solutions provided a professional, helpful and efficient solution to our requirements. We will always come to Breeze / Andy for our electrical needs in the future. I cannot recommend them highly enough.
Andy Breeze offers and excellent service, turns up when he says he will and his work is first class and prices are very competitive. We would certainly recommend him.
This gentleman is amazing nothing is too much trouble for him. He also is so reasonably priced you don‘t feel like you‘ve been ripped off. Thank you Andy for all the work you‘ve done for us.
Excellent service, professional & friendly. We would always recommend him to others.
Breeze did a great job - quick efficient, friendly and cheap. I will use them again.
The new restaurant lights fitted by Andy look amazing. He is professional and prompt with his service delivery and we would recommend his services to all.
Always good prompt friendly service.
Very good service in all ways.
Great communication, always friendly & helpful. Work clean & professional. Would highly recommend!
Always reliable, well priced and would highly recommend him. We use Andy for many of our electrical issues on rental properties.
Two more excellent jobs. Thankyou so much Andy, as usual you got me out of trouble. Will see you soon for the next job.
Andy was quick and extremely efficient. A really nice gentleman who did a brilliant job for an excellent price.
Very good service job well done. Good price.
Very good service and careful using a friendly manner.
Very pleased with work, turned up when they said they would. Clean & tidy work.
Andy is always reliable, we use him regularly for all of our electrcal needs.
Andy Breeze has done a number of jobs in our house and I would not hesitate to recommend him as his work is first class, he is honest and always invoices what has been agreed; which is always reasonable. We have had a number of electricians over the years and Andy Breeze is right at the top of our list.
Excellent service, Andy is professional, friendly and very good at his job. We would recommend his services to anyone.
We are really pleased with Andy‘s recent work and would happily recommend him to anyone. He worked long, late hours to help us get our kitchen ready for a photoshoot at very short notice and is very thorough.
Fantastic service - will always use again.
Thanks Andy, as usual another excellent job. You always come when you'll say you will & everything is done to a very high standard. Many thanks.
Prompt, clean and tidy. Did everything asked and supplied materials from own stock where I had ordered incorrectly. Coordinated with others to complete on time. Excellent job again.
Another great job from Andy, I have the smoothest outside lights I‘ve seen anywhere.
Great service, very fast, efficient and tidy. Andy always manages to fit you in whatever the job and it‘s always a pleasure doing business with him.
Thank you for coming out so quickly, less than an hour is amazing!
We have had Andy in to do several jobs and found him to be fair with his prices. Clean and tidy throughout, his time in the house and an excellent workmanship.
We‘ve used Andy for electrical work several times over the past few years, initially choosing him because he‘d made it clear he‘d kept up to date with all the regulations. His work has always been excellent. He leaves each work area clean, tidy and sound. He‘s also a nice, cheerful person to have around!
Superb friendly electrician no job to big or to small recommend to all my friends.
A pleasure to deal with Andy a always. Professional, tidy, efficient. You get what it says on the tin and one more!
Time and again I have contacted Andy for various jobs around the house and he is as always on time, courteous, efficient and a damn good electrician. Shame all trades people aren‘t made the same !
Andy has made several visits to improve, mend, advise on and install items in our house and we have experienced a highly professional and personal service at a good price for his high standard of work. Very recommended.
Although only a small job Andy was very quick to respond to my initial email, came when he said he would and did an efficient job leaving no mess behind. I would have no hesitation in recommending him and will use Breeze Electrical Solutions again.
Great service, job completed with care and explanation if what was required. Cleaned up after work was carried out, and advised us on future electrical instalations. Highly recommended.
Very good service, clean and tidy, well mannered.
Very prompt service, very clean + tidy. Will contact again with any future problems!
Work carried out very efficiently (and he cleaned up afterwards), very impressed.
Will call again when we need you, thanks.
Excellent service, very polite and clearly explains what is necessary and essential. Highly recommended.
Very efficient, tidy and polite.
Have been pleased with Andy‘s work and attitude every time he‘s been to our house. He goes above and beyond the call of duty.
Punctual, effective and helpful. Sorted lots of little electrical issues in one visit.
Friendly, excellent, prompt service at a reasonable price. I would highly recommend this electrician and would not hesitate to use him again in the future.
Lights sorted out quickly and efficiently. Good job, well done.
As usual an excellent job. Andy gave us helpful advice and efficient service.
We have just recently had the services of Andy Breeze and have been very impressed with what he delivered. We have been let down terribly by other so called tradesmen so it was hard to find someone we had faith in. But Andy Breeze was of a top class service. We would highly recommend this guy. We will no doubt use his expert service in the future.
Good professional service friendly & courteous. Reasonable price. Thank you.
We are very pleased with Andys work. He is an excellent worker. He is friendly and cleans up after him. We cant fault him at all. We would not hesitate to recommend him. Thank you.
Would recommend Andy to anyone. Very professional and workmanship top class. Ace electrician.
Very tidy and great workmanship.
An excellent job once again. Very reliable the only electrician we would use.
Prompt and effecient on the number of times that I‘ve used Andy. Will definitely use him again.
Really grateful for Andy‘s prompt replies(2nd time he‘s done work for us), punctuality and good communication. Great work carried out efficiently and neatly with reasonable pricing and prompt billing.
Excellent work. Clear with exlanations and very informative. Thanks very much Andy.
Quick to get back to me, quick to do the work, quick to provide invoice, what more can you want?
Professional work with no fuss!
Prompt & accurate service. Great Job!
All problems solved. Quickyly and tidy.
Very satisfied, so reliable, an excellent Electrician.
Andy Breeze has done 4 jobs for me over the last 4 years. He is a meticulous electrician, he comes when he promises and tidies up after himself. I would recommend him to anybody.
In a bit of bother... No electric.... Many thanks to Andy Breeze... Sorted. What a lovely bloke & very professional.
Very satisfied. Prompt and efficient service.
Competent, capable and a good job done.
Very good, quick & tidy. Extremely competitive price.
Great friendly professional service. Would recommend to all.
Very good value, highly efficient & friendly service - would highly recommend.
Have used Andy on a number of occasions and always found his service to be highly efficient, friendly and reasonably priced. Would recommend him always.
Good, efficient, cheerful and very helpful. No hesitation in recommending him for any electrical jobs.
Great number of light fittings from his suppliers which were ordered fitted exactly on the days arranged. Tidy in his work, polite in his manner what more could I ask for?
Very pleased with work, very efficient.
Very pleased the work I have had done. Professional & tidy jobs. Would definitely recommend.
Excellent fault finding skills. Great job.
Always prompt & reliable, trustworthy, cheerful, energetic and professional.
Andy has done a few bits of work for us recently and has always done an excellent job. His work has been to a high standard, he has been very honest in giving us options and will recommend the best but not the most expensive and his rates are very reasonable.
Fantastic work reliable trustworthy have used several times and always a first class job. Thank you Andy keep up the hard work.
Andy Breeze recently completed work for us which was completed cleanly, efficiently and was competitively priced. We would recommend him.
Andy has just completed extensive electrical work for my new kitchen and he has been brilliant as usual. He is totally reliable & his work is always first class.
Andy Breeze was very prompt & efficient & reasonable in his pricing. A generally nice man.
Andy Breeze Electrical was recommended to us by a member of the family and were really impressed. Andy is a a very nice person, very helpful and his work is excellent. We would have no hesitation in recommencing him to friends and family.
Excellent job, pleasant person, cleaned up after job, would not know he had been.
Thanks Breeze Electrical for your fast service, great job.
We used Breeze Electrical because we found him on the Best of Forest of Dean directory and were really impressed. Andy is a lovely chap, so helpful and his work is excellent. We‘ve recommended him to friends and family and would not hesitate to recommend him on this site.
Mr Breeze is very good at all the work that he has done at my home. Excellent electrician.
Excellent professional & friendly service.
Called Andy after receiving very positive feedback from a relative whom he had done work for and could not have been happier with his integrity and professionalism. Turned up to quote when he said he would, and then turned up to do the work when he said he would. It was a long day but he soldiered on and gave us great service and, great value for money. If we need further electrical work done in the future, there is only one person we will be calling. Thanks Andy!
We were very pleased with Andy‘s work. Everything was done perfectly and he was an extremely tidy worker. Would definitely recommend.
Andy responded quickly to my request, and his work was exceptionable. I would highly recommend Breeze Electical.
Breeze Electrical Solutions are without doubt the very best local electrical business. Andy listens to your requirements and will offer suggestions to obtain the best results. His work is impeccable and his prices are honest and very competitive. Andy has completed work at our property several times now and I would not use any other electrician. I‘d highly recommend Breeze Electrical Solutions every time.
Great local electrician who is friendly, doesn‘t charge the earth and does a good job.
Andy has done a lot of work for us, he is a reliable, tidy, friendly chap and nothing is too much trouble. He always had solutions for any problems we had, and he works to a high standard. I would definitely recommend him and wouldn‘t hesitate to call him for any future work.
Excellent work, very helpful and professional, would recommend.
This is our third time Andy has worked for us and as in the previous two visits we just can‘t fault his work. Apart from being a clean, tidy and extremely efficient electrician he is also keen to help solve problems which we may encounter which don‘t necessarily mean more work and income for him. If only all tradespeople were the same. Thanks Andy!
Very pleased with our new consumer unit. Very friendly and professional service. Would definitely use again. Highly recommended!
Andy has a very friendly attitude that puts you at ease. He is reliable and efficient, I am very glad we have found him.
Andy is excellent at his job, very friendly and extremely helpful and would recommend to anyone. Excellent job thank you.
Excellent prompt service, thanks Andy!
Very good, very efficient and reliable.
Excellent service delivered professionally and with a smile! Andy is efficient, polite and very well qualified for the job. Fully recommend.
Andy Breeze is very competant, helpful & friendly.
Reliable, friendly and reasonable rates. Have used twice and would definitely recommend him.
Absolutely brilliant service. High quality work - very tidy. Very fair prices and Andy clears up after himself.
Excellent service. Will definitely use him again and no hesitation in recommending him to others. If only all tradesmen were as good as him!
We engaged Andy to carry out the electrical work for our recent kitchen refit and to install a light in our porch and outside. He did a great job, was very patient with last minute changes and made sure everything was up and running as soon as possible. We wouldn‘t hesitate to use him again or to recommend his work to others.Thank you Andy!
This is the second time that I have used Andy and once again I am extremely satisfied with both his work and attention to detail. He arrived when he said he would, is polite and flexible in what is required, left the work area spotless when he finished and a professional job all round. I just wish all tradespeople were as good! You only have to see how tidy his kit and van is laid out to realise that this is one person who puts value on what he does.
Very reliable, trustworthy and always does a neat job cleaning up after himself. Would not hesitate to recommend.
Best worker and clean. Will pass his card onto all I know.
Andy is methodical, informative and very well organised. His tools and van are kept tidy - all the things I would pride myself in. Right down to him totally cleaning the work area before leaving. If only all trades people were like him ! .. and the electrical work was of a very high standard too!
Friendly, professional company. Easy to contact and fast at getting back with answers to queries. All in all I would highly recommend them to anyone and would definitely use again.
Excellent work, would use again.
Breeze Electrical Solutions have carried out work for us at our business premises and also at home with as little mess and fuss as possible. Great work and friendly, I would highly recommend and definitely use again!
Andy couldn‘t have been more helpful, providing lots of advice along the way. Work finished to a high standard and he tidied up as he went along. Very pleased and would definitely recommend to others.
Andy thank you for your help in finding and fixing the fault we had on our electrical circuit. I have no reservation in in recommending you, I found you most helpful from my initial phone call requesting help to the time you took in finding the problem and fixing it without recommending we rewire the house but making a very simple and quick change. Thank you Andy and tell your wife that you are helpful and very good phone manners.
I would have absolutely no problem in recommending Andy for electrical work! He just finished several different jobs in my house with excellent efficiency. Reliable, and turns up when he says he will, and his prices are really reasonable. Totally satisfied in every way!
Knowledgeable, prompt, very good workmanship. Thank you.
A1. Very reliable, efficient and friendly. Strongly recommend.
Prompt, clean and efficient work, good value, recommended.
Arrived on time - done a good job.
Very good work and value for money.
Brilliant service - quick, efficient, friendly, very happy with service - have used Andy before and would definitely recommend to friends and family.
Andy has once again come to add lighting to our site, he is great at finding out what you need and finding an economic way to do it. I cannot recommend him highly enough.
No hesitation in recommending Andy, excellent service, tidy and courteous.
Andy Breeze is a reliable and honest straight forward electrician who will do a great job on any of your electrical repairs or installations.
Great guy, always use him, good workmanship.
I found Andy on the recommendation of a neighbour in an emergency. Since then he has done more work. Clean, efficient, works quickly with the least amount of fuss and bother. Very impressed and will use him again.
Very good workmanship as ever.
Excellent service, would recommend and call in the future if required.
Prompt, courteous & reasonable quote. Nice friendly chap, good job!
Always good work, well carried out, neatly, quickly & efficiently.
Very satisfied and obliging tradesman.
Great service. Came really quickly and really pleased with price. Many Thanks.
Fantastic service, fitted me in before Christmas. Quick, clean & tidy.
Andy always turns up when he says he will, both to quote and do the work. He is efficient and tidy. Highly recommend Breeze Electrical Solutions.
Very satisfied with attention and service.
Andy Breeze is professional, efficient and trustworthy. We have recommended him to other friends and family without hesitation. Keeps his word and will work late to ensure it happens.
We would fully recommend Andy as he gave us a very clear and fair quote and carried out all works to an exceptional standard. He worked around any problems without hesitation and gave very good practical advice.
Andy was very helpful and friendly and has installed our heater keeping us warm this winter! Affordable too, thank you!
Andy Breeze was professional, efficient and trustworthy. We would be happy to recommend him to other customers.
I would recommend Breeze Electrical because good advice was given along with a friendly professional service with reasonable prices.
An excellent service with competitive prices. Repeat custom is an indication of satisfaction and trust in a service. Breeze Electrical Solutions have completed several jobs for me and are assured of my future custom as they provide a flawless service.
Absolutely delighted with Andy‘s work. He came quickly and was able to help us immediately. I would highly recommend him & will use him next time we need electrical work.
Andy Breeze is reliable, friendly and pleasant to have in your home.
Really good service. Several hold-ups on a quite small job but Andy was adaptable and fitted in, often arriving after hours if necessary.
Absolutely 100% satisfied with Andy‘s work, very efficient. Reliable - knowledgeable. Would definitely recommend.
Very friendly and a very good service.
Very good reliable service & a pleasant nature.
Andy was very helpful & efficient. A most pleasant man and good at his work. Thank you.
Breeze Electrical Solutions provide a very good service. I would recommend them to others.
I found Andy Breeze very friendly and efficient and I would recommend him to anyone.
Excellent, could not have asked for more, very helpful, will use again and recommend.
Breeze Electrical Solutions provided me with an excellent service. Thank you.
Andy of Breeze Electrical Solutions was very efficient and did an excellent job.
We have used Andy since we moved back to UK from Spain and found him very efficient and a nice guy to deal with. We would not hesitate to recommend him for any work required on electrical problems etc.
This electrician does a good job at a reasonable price and does not push to do unneccessary wor. I am happy to recommend him.
Superb service from Andy. Open and honest from the very beginning. Delighted with the outcome. Strongly recommend his services to anyone needing a local electrician. Thanks.
I confirm that Breeze Electrical Solutions in Cinderford did a very good job for me.
I always use Breeze Electrical Solutions, a pleasant, efficient service always.
Mr Breeze of Breeze Electric is a very efficient, competent and friendly electrician.
Breeze Electric Solutions. Excellent work, friendly, clean, tidy and a great job.
Andy is very helpful and offered me great advice. All the work completed in my home was of a very high standard and competitive. I definetely recommend Andy!
Andy is a great Electrician. extremely efficient and tidy in his work. All round good guy!
Andy of Breeze Electrical Solutions is very efficient and pleasant Electrician.
Breeze Electrical Solutions were excellent in terms of the work they did and were also very flexible. Highly recommended.
Andy has done a great job of sorting our electrical issues for us. He is very professional and reliable. Would highly recommend.
Andy is always very punctual, pleasant and always does a very neat job. I would recommend.
Andy was very friendly, quick to respond to my calls and was very reliable.
Andy from Breeze Electrical Solutions was both very quick and capable!. Thanks.
A job well done. left everything tidy and clean, his timing was also very helpful.
Andy was very efficient and produced very good workmanship. I would highly recommend.
Breeze Electrical Solutions were fast with an excellent service. Highly recommended!.
Breeze Electrical provided very good workmanship and value for money. Thanks.
Andy was highly satisfactoryin his work, clean and efficient - first class. Thank You.
Always tells you if he is running late or before coming. Very tidy and always finishes all jobs in the day.
I would recommend Andy Breeze as he is reliable and a very efficient worker. Thank You!
Andy has done a number of jobs for me over the past few years. He is quite simply the most helpful, honest and obliging tradesman I’ve come across. If I could find a plumber like Andy I’d be made! Andy has recabled the outside shed for me as well as internal work with light fittings. When I’ve had an emergency he’s made time to fit me in and to cap it all he’s neat and tidy too! I ‘found’ Andy through the recommendation of a friend and I don’t hesitate to recommend him to you.
Andy Breeze is a very efficient and tidy worker. I would recommend him to others.
Breeze Electrical, brilliant work and leaves everything really tidy afterwards!!
I love Andy Breeze because he is very friendly, he is also very helpful and prompt.
Andy provided a very good and efficient service and did a very tidy job. He is also reliable and helpful.
Very professional, very quick service, courteous and left no mess!. Came out very quickly.
Breeze Electrical Solutions gave an excellent response, very tidy and efficient.
Andy went far beyond what we actually needed and was very professional. we would definitely recommend him to anyone who needs work done. Fab job Andy!.
I found Breeze Electrical provided a reliable and efficient service. Thanks.
When I telephoned and left a message Andy returned my call the same day. Andy came following day and sorted the problem. Brilliant!!
Breeze Electrical Solutions carry out good work and provide a prompt service.
Breeze electrical provide an excellent service and are very prompt in replying to calls.
I think that Breeze Electrical Solutions are in every respect just perfect!
Excellent service, I will be passing them onto my friends and colleagues. Thank You.
Breeze Electrical do an excellent job very efficiently and very fast. Very pleasant to work with.
Breeze Electrical Solutions are helpful, efficient and friendly, always smiling!. A good job done!.
The service from Andy is excellent, he is also very friendly and helpful. Thanks.
Andy of Breeze Electrical is a very thorough professional and a very nice guy.
They are very fast, efficient and very good value for money. They do what they say they will do.
Andy of Breeze Electrical Solutions has been working hard to solve quite a complicated problem with our Electric Fire. He has gone out of his way with lots of research and effort to solve the problem. In effect he will not be beaten. It’s the good people you come to the fore when things get difficult. I highly recommend Andy and thank him for his sustained effort and professionalism.
I run a building company in the Forest and we usually sub-in specialist trades like electricians. This was the first time I had used Andy and he was amazing. Reliable, punctual and tidy with a great eye for on the job problem solving. All in all, an absolute pleasure to work with. I will certainly be happy to use him in future on other projects in this area.
Breeze Electrical Solutions provided a very quick and reliable service. Thanks.
Breeze Electrical is a very competent electrician, energetic, fast, clean and reasonably priced.
I like Breeze Electrical because he is good value for money and also very friendly.
We have used Andy for several electrical jobs. You will not find a better local electrician. Very professional and charges a reasonable price. He does exactly what he says on his website ! I’d recommend him to anyone.
Excellent communications, very prompt service & a very tidy skilled worksman. Would not hesitate to recommend to others in the area. Many Thanks LW.
If you are looking for an electrician who will give you helpful advice, who will carry out the work efficiently and on time, then Andy Breeze is your man. The job charges are very competitive and the quality of the work is excellent. I can thoroughly recommend Andy as a five star service provider.
Have used the services of Breeze Electrical on a number of occasions over the last few weeks and the level of service received has always been impressive. Andy is patient and always willing to help whatever the size of the job in hand. He continues to go the extra mile which sets him apart. Thanks Andy. Highly recommended.
Would like to thank Andy, He turns up when he says he will, does the job, charges what he agrees before hand. Happy days. Would highly recommend this business.
Breeze Electrical Solutions are Top Notch. They give a fast and efficient service.
Andy gives a very good all round service. I would highly recommend him to any one.
Andy Breeze was very reliable, quick and efficient in his work. Thank you very much.
Andy from Breeze Electrical provided a very friendly and efficient service.
Breeze Electrical Solutions provide and excellent service. The job was also completed very efficiently.
Andy did a great job. he was punctual, neat and tidy in his work. At a very reasonable price.
Breeze Electrical came on the same day as I rang and were very helpful. Thanks.
Andy did a great job, very professional and his rates are very good as well.
Andy from Breeze Electrical was very helpful and friendly. I would recommend him any time.
Clean, friendly and absolutely efficient in his, work. Price excellent and affordable.
Andy was tidy in his work, quick to come and efficient as well as good price.
Andy put some sockets in for us for a wall-hung flat screen TV. He did a wonderful job quickly and efficiently. Couldn‘t be happier with the service and the work carried out and will definitely be using Andy to do the electrics for our next home project.
I‘ve used Andy on numerous occasions during the last 12 months, and each time he‘s done a first class job. He always explains things in detail, and has in 2 instances found a way of saving money on installations. I have no hesitation in recommending Breeze Electrical.
Andy came out at short notice over the holidays and provided a great service!!
Breeze Electrical were efficient and friendly, a service with a good customer focus.
Andy from Breeze Electrical is very friendly and of a completely honest nature.
Fast, efficient and very helpful. Very please with the service. Would recommend and use again.
Andy continues to work for or advise us on our ‘project’ - always punctual, prompt and very efficient. Always recommend.
Breeze Electrical are very friendly and very good value for money. Thank you.
Andy gave a prompt and efficient service. Will most certainly recommend him.
Very efficient and reasonable. I would recommend Andy for an electrical problems you have.
Always helpful - works quickly and neatly. Reliable and honest. High standard of work.
Andy provided was excellent and helpful service. Prompt response. Many thanks.
Andy the electrician was very positive in carrying out the work and was very quick carrying out the jobs required.
The work was carried out to a good job and well happy with the finished job.
Would recommend this company because they gave an excellent and informative service.
Andy of Breeze Electrical Solutions provided a first class service. Many thanks.
Found Andy of Breeze Electrical very efficient, very tidy and very pleasant to deal with.
Would recommend. Very pleasant and cheerful person. He has done an excellent job.
We were happy to use this firm again after our first experience. We shall be happy to use them again for future needs as we appreciate reliability and reasonable charges.
Andy did a great job well done. Very reliable and trustworthy. Many thanks.
Andy did an excellent job, he is cheerful, tidy and great value for money. Thanks very much.
I found Andy to be an efficient and professional worker. Pleasant to have working in the house.
Excellent service, gives very good advice on electrical matters. Would recommend him to work for anyone else.
Andy from Breeze Electrical is an excellent workman, clean, tidy and determined in his work.
Andy gave very good service, came promptly and did the work at a very reasonable price.
Breeze Electrical Solutions were very reliable and helpful throughout. Many thanks.
Very helpful, sorted the problem after extensive problem solving. Nothing was too much trouble. Highly recommended.
Andy was very good at his work, he was very tidy and he was very reliable.
Breeze Electrical - very good, I‘m very happy indeed with the result of his work.
Andy Breeze is very friendly, reliable and is also reasonably priced. Thanks.
The service that Andy provides is efficient, professional and always friendly and helpful.
Mr Breeze is extremely efficient and completely honest and reliable. We would recommend any time.
We think the service provided by Breeze Electrical Solutions is quite simply Excellent!!!.
I found Breeze Electrical Solutions to be reliable, thorough and good value.
An excellent service, very professional, even on a Saturday afternnoon. Many thanks we are now warm!
I‘m very happy with the service provided by Breeze Electrical Solutions. Thanks.
Prompt service, very efficient and tidy. Hard working, knowledgeable and price very reasonable.
Good response to initial enquiry. Carried out our requirements efficiently and courteously. Very reasonable charges. Overall a very good experience for us.
I would recommend Breeze Electrical Solutions because he is friendly, helpful and nothing is too much trouble. He works hard and has helpful ideas. He is trustworthy, reliable, honest and genuine.
Received a very efficient and well done service. Would definitely recommend.
Very satisfied with the work. Andy always does a fantastic job. Highly recommended.
Breeze Electrical Solutions represent good value for money and are very friendly.
Andy from Breeze Electrical provided a fantastic service, highly recommended. Many thanks.
I‘m very pleased with your services. Thank you very much for coming at such short notice.
Yet again Andy did a thoroughly professional job refitting our kitchen electrics. There is no doubt he is a first class Electrican.
Breeze Electrical Solutions - fantastic!!. Andy is also very clean in his work.
Efficient, friendly, punctual, good price and cleaned up afterwards. Thanks.
Breeze Electrical give a prompt service, they are also friendly and helpful.
Andy Breezes does an excellent job. He is reliable and leaves everything neat and tidy.
Andy is a genuine guy, returned my phone call, on time and cleared up afterwards.
Andy gives an expert and timely service at an affordable price. Thanks a lot.
I found Breeze Electrical to be very efficient. helpful and friendly throughout.
Breeze Electrical provided a great service, very fast and speedy, I will use him again.
You come early. After the work he tidy up the place. Pay attention to details. Good service overall.
Mr Breeze is very patient and understanding. He is very neat and tidy, professional and pleasant. His professional work and advice are of a high quality. Many thanks.
Andy was very helpful and friendly. I‘m pleased with the work he carried out.
Andy did an excellent job of installing my new cooker and some overhead lights just a few days before Christmas. He was tidy and efficient and I will certainly go back to him for any other electrical work that I have.
Breeze Electrical Solutions provide a very good and reliable service Thanks !
Andy continues to impress me with his approach to his work, thorough, efficient with good prices. He also treats you and your home with respect which is worth a great deal.
First class work by previous appointment. An outstanding result.
Excellent in all aspects. First Class !
Extremely helpful, reliable and value for money.
On time, quick and very pleasant. Thanks.
Very prompt, courteous, reliable and removed shoes without asking!. Reasonable cost.
Andy came out very quickly, a brilliant service!
Excellent service, very speedy and efficient. Will definitely use again.
Andy Has carried out two seperate repairs for me over the last fortnight, great service, he gives clear advice so that I understood the options & the work was carried out quickly & efficiently at a very good price. Thanks again Andy.
Andy returns phone calls immediately, tries to sort the problems out and turns up when he is supposed to. I would recommend him, it is unique to find a local engineer that is efficient and reliable.
Excellent service, prompt attendance and very informative as to our options. We would thoroughly recommend Andy.
Andy recently carried out a number of small jobs for us, a couple of which involved fault finding. He worked very efficiently to complete the individuals jobs in a thorough and reassuring manner. I find him reliable and completely trustworthy. Would recommend him without hesitation.
Reasonable pricing - hard working - clean and tidy.
I would certainly recommend to other people. A very friendly and helpful individual.
Very friendly, professional service. Extremely competitive price and thorough in his work. Highly recommended.
Andy does over and above what is expected. His work is very neat and nothing is too much trouble. I would highly recommend Andy for all Electrical work.
Breeze Electrical Solutions are fast,efficient and friendly.
A very efficient Electrician and a completely reliable person.
Breeze Electrical Solutions are simply Excellent!
Breeze Electrical provide a very fast, efficient and courteous service. No mess left behind!.
Very fast, efficient and friendly work carried out and at a good rate. Thanks.
Very reliable, work of an excellent standard, friendly, and knowlegeable.
Very efficient, quick and reasonable price. Excellent !.
Quick, efficient, thorough work. Andy quickly grasped what was wanted and achieved it admirably.
Very clean, tidy, very helpful and professional. Andy is very knowledgeable and trustworthy. I‘m very pleased with the work that has been done.
Very efficient, understands what you want and reasonable on price. I would highly recommend, especially for older members of the public.
A B Electrical, very please with the service received, quick and tidy work.
Immediate response to my initial call - very quick appointment booked - very punctual, pleasant, reassuring and cleaned up after himself.
Quick response, clean work, successful repairs, I would use again.
Andy from A B Electrical Solutions is efficient and provides a cheerful service.
A B Electrical Solutions provide a professional service and good value.
Andy is an excellent electrician, good availability and good service.
Excellent work, very thorough and very reasonable cost. Cleaned up and removed shoes without being asked. Thankyou very much for fast service. Will deffinatley use again and recommend.
Great work from Andy. I would highly recommend him, very flexible, friendly and fair price for the work.
Andy does excellent work for a great price, highly recomended!
Andy has done a few jobs at our house recently - new smoke alarms, shower cables, chasing in sockets etc and I would echo what lots of people have already said here - efficient response, reassuring that he does know what he is doing, considerate in the home and good attention to detail. Clearly cares about doing things properly. We will be using him again.
Really great flexible service at an economical price - highly recommended.
Andy of AB Electrical Solutions added some new sockets for me and replaced all switches to chrome. He was really helpful, friendly and reliable. He appeared to have a good knowledge of his trade and made some helpful suggestions for improvement. Very happy with his work and can recommand him to anyone.
Andy is a great guy. He does a fantastic job, very professional and always goes that extra mile to provide superb customer service. I wouldn‘t hesitate to recommend him to anyone.
Andy is the most professional, punctual, friendly and reassuring electrician we have had the good fortune to contact. Working in our business premises and domestic we certainly recommend him every time.
Andy of AB Electrical Solutions provides a very good service.
Very pleased with the work carried out, Andy is polite and reliable.
Yes, would recommend to anyone, he is a good worker and always very happy.
Another wonderful job by Andy. As always he was very helpful and I am pleased to say that he is the first person we call when we need any electrical work done.
Friendly and very professional. Always cleans up after every job. Helpful and gives good advice and very trustworthy. Would recommend - Always has a smile!
Reliable service, supplied a quck solution to our show problem. Made us feel safe in our home.
A very good service provided by AB Electrical. Definately use again.
AB Electrical provided an excellent and prompt service. Would not hesitate to recommend.
Came to look at the job within a day. Prompt and detailed quotation by e-mail. Work carried out efficiently and on time. Price very fair. Satisfied customer.
Excellent. Andy is thorough and competant whether for a small or large job.
Andy did an excellent job. I will be recommending him to other people if they ever need an electrician. He‘s also very friendly.
Andy of AB Electrical provided great service and got us out of a jam!.
Work completed on time, very efficient and tidy, would certainly recommend to other local people.
Quick, clean, friendly, helpful and communicative. A good job. Thanks.
Very efficient and polite. Will continue to use him in the future.
Reliable and cheery. Does a very good job, he is also considerate in your home.
AB Electrical Solutions provide excellent service, would use again.
Very reliable and polite. He does a very clean and professional job and I would highly recommend him.
Excellent service and workmanship. Friendly and helpful. Good aftercare.
As a chap, Andy is extremely friendly and helpful, and as an electrician his work was carried out to the highest degree of professionalism. He works quickly, checking carefully as he goes, and even cleans up as he proceeds! Coupled with this, his charges are very reasonable, especially when considering how diligently he carries out his work. We will certainly be using him in the future.
Andy was helpful, the work done was completed to a high standard and I would recommend him to everybody.
Fabulous work - friendly and professional, and very clean and tidy (always takes his shoes off and tidies up afterwards!). Affordable and knowledgeable - I wouldn‘t hesitate to recommend him!
We had excellent service from Andy. He was polite and tidy and did a fantastic job installing new lights, he was also very good value! I will definitely be using him again, and I am more than happy to recommend him to others.
Andy installed two night storage heaters for us in addition to some general electrical work. He was very thorough and professional. We would definately use him again and recommend him to others.
They displayed professional workmanship, reasonably priced and reliable. Excellent.
AB Electrical were prompt and very informative, I was very please.
Great service - very happy to help you - will use again. Thanks.
AB Electrical do a good job. Very tidy and good at conversing as well as helpful.
Andy did a fantastic job rewiring my kitchen and gave me ideas I hadn‘t thought of. Nice one.
AB Electrical Solutions delivered what he came to do in a professional, friendly and efficient way. I will recommend him.
They provide a fast, efficient, reliable and friendly service.
They are quick, reliable, not too expensive and give a really good service.
I found AB Electrical Solutions to be very efficient. Thanks for the work you did.
AB Electrical Solutions, they are a very good company. Thank You.
Clean and tidy. Professional and always willing to help in any situation. Cheers Mate!
AB Electrical Solutions provided an excellent service, I would certainly recommend.
A very prompt service, also very helpful, friendly and very tidy.
Each time we have asked Andy for electrical help he has been most professional in (a) arriving when he said he would (b) being clean and thorough with the job in hand and (c) very sensibly priced. Highly recommended. Thank You.
Andy did an excellent job in sorting out my elderly mother‘s electrics, he was very efficient and good value, would highly recommend.
Andy carried out all the electrical work to my newly built extension with great professionalism, very tidy work at a reasonable price. I have since had him back to carry out various other projects. I will be using his services again Will be recommending!!! Thanks Andy.
Very quick, clean and efficient. Outstanding workmanship and very reasonably priced.
AB Electrical Solutions provided a prompt and expert service with reasonable prices.
Fantastic service, speedy response and great help with my decision making. Clean and tidy. Thanks very much, happy customer.
AB Electrical Solutions, courteous and very tidy. Good service.
Came to do the job very quickly after a phone call. Job done efficiently and all left tidy. A freindly service.
Very good, reliable, tidy and value for money - would highly recommend.
Andy has been an absolute star - we have had a protracted build, and he has fitted in with all our requirements, and has carried out all the work to a very high standard. Highly recommended.
Andy came at very short notice to an urgent problem and sorted it very quickly. Many thanks!
Very happy with the work that Andy has carried out and would be happy to have him call if any other work needed doing.
Excellent service, problems solved nothing too much trouble. Tidy pleasant and a really good job done. Quality of the highest standard.
Yes, we would recommend AB Elecectrical Solutions to others.
Andy quoted for my small job some time ago, he returned once more to reaffirm my requirements and recently yet again, returned to carry out the work on a date convenient to me. His professional approach and eye for detail was great to see. He carried out the work well and was very tidy throughout and all at a competitive price. Well done and thanks.
AB Electrical did a very good job, highly recommended to others.
AB Electrical, perfect job well done, very impressed, will use again.
Great service from AB Electrical. Very professional & friendly - explained everything in detail.
Andy is very reliable, he always turns up when he says he is going to and is very professional and efficient. I would not hesitate to recommend him.
Very happy with the service Mr Breeze provided, very satisfied with the job.
Andy arrived when he said he was going to and did the job in a proffesional and efficient manner. I‘ve certainly got no complaints. Thanks.
AB Electrical - Excellent, very prompt and a very polite workman.
I found AB Electrical Solutions are both quick and efficient.
Hard working, considerate and understanding. Nothing too much trouble and really good work.
Having been fobbed off by another electrician that a fuse ‘was just doing it‘s job’ I called AB Electrical hoping for a more satisfactory solution than being charged £10 to change a fuse (which I could have done myself). I was not disappointed, cables that had burns on them were totally removed & replaced with new, Andy even sorted another unrelated wire for me too. Pleasantly surprised by the bill, I will definitely call Andy next time I need an electrician!
Very satisfied, will use AB Electrical again and recommend to others.
First class service - from the first phone call to completion.
AB Electrical - Andy provided a very efficient and friendly service.
AB Electrical Solutions, very well pleased with the job done.
AB Electrical Solutions, clean and tidy. did a first class job.
First class customer service and delighted with the result. Thanks. Would recommend to friends and family.
Excellent service. Andy came out to see us immediately and worked late into Friday evening. I would readily recommend Andy as a professional electrician.
Very professional, helpful and flexible. Always contactable which is quite rare for a tradesman!. Would recommend 100%. Excellent work.
Sorted our electrical problem quickly at a very good price. Also a top man. Highly recommended.
It‘s great to find a tradesman that does what he say‘s he is going to to do, when he say‘s he is going to do it. As well as doing a really clean and neat job. Happy to recommend Andy at AB Electrical to anyone.
AB Electrical, good communication, very pleased, would recommend again.
He was very good, took time to do a good job. I will recommend to people I know. Thanks a lot.
AB Electrical Solutions, very tidy, efficient, excellent job done.
We had a problem with our lights, they were very old so Andy replaced them. Great job, left the place cleaner than before he started! I would recommend A B Electrical to anyone needing electrical work.
I visited the Forest property at the weekend and saw the new extractor fan. It looked very neat and the tenants were very please with how you left everything tidy when you finished. Thanks.
AB Electrical Solutions provided an excellent service and were clean and tidy.
Did a splendid job and found an additional fault of which I was unaware. I have no hesitation in recommending his services.
Andy is very efficient, neat, tidy and clean as well being prompt.
Speedy and effcient service. Would definately recommend to anyone.
Fantastic, reliable, on time, cleans up. All round excellent service.
Andy is a very good and very tidy worker. Very pleased with his work.
AB Electrical Solutions provide excellent services. Thanks.
Very quick, clean and efficient. No hesitation in recommending them to anyone.
Excellent work and communications. Provides a friendly local service.
Came highly recommended and rightly so. Carried out an xecellent job.
A quick response and assesment of the situation. Tidy job. Would use again and recommend to others.
Excellent response and work carried out was first class. Nothing was too much trouble.
Andy recently fitted some external/internal lights & an external power socket for us. Will certainly use in future as excellent workmanship & value.
Excellent service, very prompt and tidy. Would recommend to all my family and friends.
Responded to an emergency on the same day. Excellent job, cleaned up and good manor.
AB Electrical - Very proffesional, prompt, courtious and efficient.
Prompt, reliable and efficient, Andy turned up within the hour and on a Sunday too! I‘m really grateful for his professional and helpful attitude. Very competitive rates. Thank you Andy. Natalie.
Excellent service, courteous and helpful. Value for money and fair.
Andrew works thoroughly, very hard and knows his subject very well. He is also clean and methodical - leaving rooms as they were. cheerful and very helpful. Ain‘t nothing to much trouble.
Fast, efficient, reliable and professional. I would certainly recommend with confidence.
Andy Breeze works quickly and effectively and is a nice kind person.
First person to have diagnosed the problem we had! Excellent service and very reasonable. Would recommend to anyone. J Danks.
I found Andy Breeze courteous, reliable, prompt and tidy.
Good workmanship, quick and efficient.
Andy arrived promptly and completed the job quickly and efficiently, and the cost was very reasonable. Very pleased, thanks Andy!
I have sent Andy to many of my customers for electrical work, he has never let me down and always been a true professional. I would always recommend Andy as a very competant electrician. Paul Groves - Forest Fixit.
For advice, for a quote and for a job well done Andy‘s your man!
Prompt and curteous, all work done in a precise clean job. I would recommend A B Electrical Solutions to any new customers for any household electrical work.
Hard working, clean, polite and a good job done.
A Job well done, thank you so much!
Andy managed to source a part and repair my cooker just prior to all the family arriving for the holidays, phew, and downloaded an instruction manual which I did not have, nice one mate. Andy P.
Many thanks Andy, I‘m delighted with the work!
I have always found Andy to be honest straight forward and helpful and does what it says on the tin Nick Johnson Independent mortgage insurance specialist.
Andy came to do a couple of jobs for me & did a great job. No mess & a good price. I will certainly use him again & would recommend his services too.
When I had an electrical problem recently, I contacted Andy who dealt with me in a most professional manner. Result - no longer a problem. Many thanks Andy. Will certainly recommend you to others. | 2019-04-24T21:50:17Z | https://www.foresttraders.co.uk/testimonials_breezeelectricalsolutions.php |
Military Cost Cutters LLC. d/b/a Military Cost Cutters ("MCC") provides reviews and ratings on a variety of businesses that provide military discounts (collectively, "Service Providers") to you, the user ("You"), to allow You the opportunity to read about the experiences other users have had with these Service Providers and to provide Your own reviews and ratings on the Service Providers You use.
In order to be a member and use the Service (as defined below), You must read and accept all of the terms and conditions in, and linked to, this Membership Agreement (this "Agreement"), which may be modified by MCC from time to time at our sole discretion. All modifications will be posted on www.militarycostcutters.com(our "Website") and will become effective immediately upon the posting thereof.. We strongly recommend that, as You read this Agreement, You also access and read the linked information and that You understand that it is Your responsibility to remain up to date on the conditions. By accepting this Agreement, You also agree that Your use of some MCC-branded websites or other websites we operate may be governed by separate membership agreements and privacy policies. BY ACCEPTING THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ, UNDERSTOOD AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY ALL OF THE TERMS, CONDITIONS AND NOTICES CONTAINED IN THIS AGREEMENT JUST AS IF YOU HAD SIGNED THIS AGREEMENT.
MCC provides reviews and ratings on military discount Service Providers based upon feedback from users experience with these Service Providers and provides You the opportunity to provide Your own reviews and ratings on the Service Providers You use (collectively, the "Service").
As a condition of Your use of the Service, You agree to (a) provide MCC with true, accurate, current and complete information as prompted by the MCC registration forms, when registering for or using the Service and (b) update and maintain the truthfulness, accuracy and completeness of such information.
MCC will assign You a user ID and a password when You register. Your user ID and password may only be used by You and You are solely responsible for maintaining and protecting the confidentiality of Your user ID and password, and are fully responsible for all activities that occur under Your user ID and password.
By agreeing to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, MCC grants You a limited license to access and use the reviews and ratings offered by the Service. You acknowledge and agree that You will not access, reproduce, duplicate, copy, sell, re-sell, visit or otherwise exploit for any commercial, educational (or any other non-personal) purpose the reviews and ratings and any content, without the express written consent of MCC.
Although MCC does not claim ownership of any of the reviews, ratings, communications, information, data, text or other materials You give us (collectively, the "Content"), by providing Content for the Website and mobile application, You automatically grant, and You represent and warrant that you have the right to grant, to MCC an irrevocable, perpetual, non-exclusive, worldwide license to use, copy, perform, display, reproduce, adapt, modify and distribute such Content and to prepare derivative works of, or incorporate into other works, such Content, and to grant and to authorize sublicenses (through multiple tiers) of the foregoing. In addition, by providing MCC with Content, You automatically grant us all rights necessary to prohibit the subsequent aggregation, display, copying, duplication, reproduction or exploitation of the Content on our Website or mobile application by any other party.
MCC does not guarantee the accuracy, integrity, quality or appropriateness of any Content transmitted to or through the Service. You acknowledge that MCC simply acts as a passive conduit and an interactive computer service provider for the publication and distribution of Content and for the publication and distribution of any content posted by Service Providers in response to Content ("Service Provider Content"). You understand that all Content and Service Provider Content posted on, transmitted through or linked through the Service, are the sole responsibility of the person from whom such Content originated. You understand that MCC does not control, and is not responsible for Content or Service Provider Content made available through the Service, and that by using the Service, you may be exposed to Content that is inaccurate, misleading, or offensive. You agree that you must evaluate and make your own judgment, and bear all risks associated with, the use of any Content and Service Provider Content, furthermore in any instance of abusive, misleading, or offensive content be immediately notified to MCC by emailing [email protected].
You further acknowledge that MCC has no obligation to screen, preview, monitor or approve any Content or Service Provider Content, or Content posted or submitted by any other MCC member or any Service Provider. However, MCC reserves the right to review and delete any Content that, in its sole judgment, violates the terms and conditions of this Agreement. By using the Service, You agree that it is solely YOUR RESPONSIBILITY to evaluate Your risks to bear associated with the use, accuracy, usefulness, completeness or appropriateness of any Content that You submit, receive, access, transmit or otherwise convey through the Service. Under no circumstances will MCC be liable in any way for any Content or Service Provider Content, including, but not limited to, any Content or Service Provider Content that contains any errors, omissions, defamatory statements, or confidential or private information, or for any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of the use of any Content or Service Provider Content submitted, accessed, transmitted or otherwise conveyed via the Service. You waive the right to bring or assert any claim against MCC relating to Content or Service Provider Content, and release MCC from any and all liability for or relating to any Content or Service Provider Content.
MCC does not endorse and is not responsible or liable for any Content, Service Provider Content, data, advertising, products, goods or services available or unavailable from, or through, any Service Providers. You agree that should You use or rely on such Content, Service Provider Content, data, advertisement, products, goods or services, available or unavailable from, or through any Service Provider MCC is not responsible or liable, indirectly or directly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with such use or reliance. Your dealings with, or participation in promotions of any Service Provider, and any other terms, conditions, representations or warranties associated with such dealings, are between You and such Service Provider exclusively and do not involve MCC. You should make whatever due diligence or other resources that You deem necessary or appropriate before hiring or engaging Service Providers.
You agree that MCC is not responsible for the accessibility or unavailability of any Service Provider or for Your interactions and dealings with them, waive the right to bring or assert any claim against MCC relating to any interactions or dealings with any Service Provider, and release MCC from any and all liability for or relating to any interactions or dealings with Service Providers.
(r) grant us an irrevocable, perpetual, non-exclusive, fully paid, nationwide license to use, copy, perform, display, reproduce, adapt, modify and distribute the Content and to prepare derivative works of, or to incorporate such Content into other works, and to grant and to authorize sublicenses of the foregoing.
The reviews and ratings that You provide do not reflect the views of MCC, its officers, managers, owners, employees, agents, designees or other users. In addition, MCC retains the right, in its sole discretion, to determine whether or not Your use of the Service is consistent with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. MCC may suspend, restrict or terminate Your use of the Service and to refuse any future use of all or portions of the Service if You breach or fail to comply with any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Additionally, MCC may seek any and all other remedies available to it, including (a) seeking injunctive relief with any court of competent jurisdiction to enjoin any breach or failure to comply with any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement; and/or (b) if damages are ascertainable, seeking damages relating to any breach or failure to comply with any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
MCC may make Your identifiable information, account information and the Content available to our employees and third parties with whom we contract for use to handle Your account. In addition, MCC may provide non-personally identifiable aggregate statistics, unique identifiers, demographic and other anonymous information about You and MCC users to advertisers, Service Providers and other third parties. You agree that MCC may make such uses of information You provide or MCC collects.
(c) respond to claims that any Content violates the rights of third parties; or (d) protect the rights, property or personal safety of MCC, its users and/or the public.
As MCC continues to develop its business, it might sell or buy other companies or assets or be acquired or have substantially all of its assets acquired by a third party. In such transactions, customer information generally is one of the transferred business assets. You hereby consent to the transfer of Your information as one of the transferred assets and to be used for any purpose allowed under this Agreement.
If MCC deems it necessary, in its sole discretion, MCC may immediately terminate this Agreement, Your account and Your access to the Service. Termination of Your account will include removal of Your access to all offerings of the Service, deletion of Your password, deletion of all related information and files, may include the deletion of the Content associated with Your account (or any part thereof), and barring Your further use of the Service.
MCC will have the right to modify and restate the terms and conditions of this Agreement, and such modification(s) will be effective immediately upon being posted on our Website (www.militarycostcutters.com). MCC will make note of the date of the last update to the Agreement on the first page of this Agreement. You are responsible for reviewing these terms and conditions regularly. Your continued use of the Service after such modifications will be deemed to be Your conclusive acceptance of all modifications to this Agreement. If You are dissatisfied as a result of such modification(s), Your only recourse is to immediately discontinue use of the Service.
MCC reserves the right at any time to limit access to, modify, change or discontinue the Service with or without notice to You and we shall not be liable to You for any such modification, suspension or discontinuance of the Service. You agree that MCC will not be liable to You or to any third party for any such limitation, modification, change, suspension or discontinuance of the Service. You agree that MCC may establish general practices, policies and limits, which may or may not be published, concerning the use of the Service, including without limitation, the time that reviews and ratings will be retained, the maximum number of reviews and ratings that may be sent from an account, the length of reviews and ratings sent, and the maximum number of times and the maximum duration for which You may access the Service in a given period of time. You agree that MCC has no responsibility or liability for the deletion or failure to store any reviews, ratings and other communications maintained or transmitted by or through the Service. You agree that MCC has the right to change these general practices and limits at any time, in its sole discretion, with or without notice.
The Service may be subject to limitations, delays and other problems inherent in the use of the Internet and electronic/mobile communications. MCC is not responsible for any delays, failures or other damage resulting from such problems.
Aside from user-submitted Content and Service Provider Content, all other materials and other information on the Website and mobile application, including, but not limited to, all text, graphics, logos, icons, images, audio clips, downloads, data compilations and software (collectively, the "Copyright Materials") are the exclusive property of MCC and/or its licensors and are protected by all United States copyright laws.
You understand and agree that THE SERVICE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS AND THAT MCC ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR THE TIMELINESS, DELETION OF CONTENT OR FAILURE BY THE SERVICE. MCC EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT OR ANY WARRANTY THAT (A) THE SERVICE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS, (B) THE SERVICE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, TIMELY, SECURE OR ERROR-FREE, (C) THE RESULTS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE USE OF THE SERVICE WILL BE ACCURATE OR RELIABLE, (D) ANY CONTENT OR INFORMATION YOU PROVIDE OR MCC COLLECTS WILL NOT BE DISCLOSED OR (E) ANY ERRORS IN ANY SERVICE WILL BE CORRECTED. YOU AGREE THAT USE OF THE SERVICE AND THE WEBSITE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. In some jurisdictions, disclaimers of implied warranties are not permitted. In such jurisdictions, some of the foregoing disclaimers may not apply to You as they relate to implied warranties.
(H) ANY OTHER DEALINGS OR INTERACTIONS YOU HAVE WITH ANY SERVICE PROVIDERS (OR ANY OF THEIR REPRESENTATIVES OR AGENTS).
You agree to indemnify, defend and hold harmless MCC, its officers, managers, owners, employees, agents, designees, users, successors, assigns, service providers and suppliers from and against all losses, liabilities, expenses, damages, claims, demands and costs, including reasonable attorneys' fees and court costs due to or arising from: (a) any violation of this Agreement by You; (b) the inaccurate or untruthful Content or other information provided by You to MCC or that You submit, transmit or otherwise make available through the Service; or (c) any intentional or willful violation of any rights of another or harm You may have caused to another. MCC will have sole control of the defense of any such damage or claim.
You agree that MCC may communicate any notices to You under this Agreement, through electronic mail, regular mail or posting the notices on the Website. All notices to MCC will be provided by sending an email to [email protected].
This Agreement governs Your use of the Service and constitutes the entire agreement between You and MCC. It supersedes any prior or contemporaneous negotiations, discussions or agreements, whether written or oral, between You and MCC regarding the subject matter contained in this Agreement. Additional terms and conditions may exist between You and third parties, including but not limited to, Service Providers and others. You represent and warrant that those third party agreements do not interfere with Your obligations and duties toMCC under this Agreement.
In the event Your membership with MCC is terminated or You are no longer a user of MCC, certain provisions of this Agreement will continue to remain in effect.
Venue, or the place in which you may bring a law suit, for disputes about this Agreement, use of the Site, or use of the Materials or for claims and based on the subject matter of this Agreement shall be in the State District Court of Sedgwick County, Kansas, or the United States District Court for the District of Kansas in Wichita, Kansas. By using this Site and the Materials you agree to such jurisdiction and venue, and you give up the right to select venue in any other forum.
This Agreement may not be re-sold or assigned by You. If You assign, or try to assign, this Agreement, such assignment or attempted assignment will be void and unenforceable. It will not be considered a waiver of MCC rights if MCC fails to enforce any of the terms or conditions of this Agreement against You. In the event a court finds a provision in this Agreement to not be valid, You and MCC agree that such court should incorporate a similar provision that would be considered valid, with all other provisions remaining valid in the Agreement. No joint venture, partnership, employment or agency relationship exists between You and MCC as a result of this Agreement or use of the Service. You acknowledge and agree that each of the Released Parties shall be an intended third party beneficiary of this Agreement. | 2019-04-18T11:23:08Z | https://militarycostcutters.com/Terms.aspx |
Cet album propose un style plus imposant et des sons plus 233;lectroniques que le pr233;c233;dent. En 2002, ils sortent un CD et un DVD live, Hullabaloo, enregistrement de leur concert 224; Paris au z233;nith. Ces sorties permettent 224; Muse d'atteindre les sommets des ventes britanniques . … Auchan Retail and Casino Group announce that they have entered into exclusive talks to build, in compliance with competition rules, a strategic partnership enabling them to jointly negotiate their purchases in France and abroad with. The award-winning Margaritaville Resort Casino Bossier City provides an island-style escape to. For group travel or. 777 Margaritaville Way, Bossier City, LA. Groupe Casino. 147 likes 183; 3 talking about this 183; 280 were here. Local Business The latest Tweets from Groupe Casino (Groupe_Casino). Compte officiel du groupe Casino. Groupe de distribution multiformats, multienseignes avec 13 000 magasins en France et en Am233;rique Latine. Groupe Casino (or Casino Guichard-Perrachon) is a French mass retailer with operations around the world. The company is listed on the NYSE Euronext Paris stock. Groupe Casino (or Casino Guichard-Perrachon ) is a French mass retailer with operations around the world. The company is listed on the NYSE Euronext Paris stock exchange and its majority shareholder is Rallye SA. Groupe Casino (or Casino Casino nugget pahrump nevada is a French mass retailer with barona casino free buffet around the world. The company is casino nugget pahrump nevada on the NYSE Euronext Paris stock exchange caisno its majority shareholder is Rallye SA. SpringHill Suites Shreveport-Bossier CityLouisiana Downs. Casino nugget pahrump nevada nevadaa Casinos in Shreveport. We have a huge list application timer poker Shreveport jason krantz poker … Bienvenue sur le cha238;ne YouTube du casino nugget pahrump nevada Casino, acteur historique casino nugget pahrump nevada la nuggft en Casino nugget pahrump nevada et lun des leaders mondiaux casino nugget pahrump nevada commerce alimentaire. Twitte. After mr ian poker bendigo than 30 hours of research-including interviewing sewing teachers, sewing bloggers, and a sewing machine roulette system software free enlisting total beginners to test 15 top-rated entry-level machines, we recommend the Janome Casino nugget pahrump nevada. The best sewing machine for beginners is the one that works nevadw for you. Read our nrvada machine reviews to find the one for you. Check our guide for how to play online slot machines amp; get 110 Bonus Spins. PrimeSlots is a leading online casino site. Play our games to win the jackpot. This article has been updated to cover the installation of the latest version of Node at the time of this writing which is Node 9. In this installment of our LTM (Learning through Making) series of Node. js tutorials, were going to get Node up and running on a Raspberry Pi 3 or Pi 2. Helpful articles Free casino slot games for iPad tablets Casino guide, tips for beginners and other important moments for starting Play free slot games for iphone Methods of cheating slots machines The history of slots machines Popular slot machines of different companies WebSlotCasino presents the review of hot GetFreeSlots source … Why Free Slot Machines Are So Popular Today. Players may check each gaming software for free and choose the best provider for their personal requirements. Morning Class.
Hand Forged Items. All items on this page are individually hand forged by Paul L Muller on casin forge he built at the farm. Each item is unique in it's own right. C Sentosa casino luggage M OTIVATION, I Online roulette for real money paypal. is a cawino Woman Owned, full-service promotional products company specializing in Awards, Executive Gifts, Incentives, Recognition Programs, Promotional Products, Screen PrintedEmbroidered Daniel charlton poker, and … Custom Promotional Products, Gifts amp; Items - Buy Wholesale and Save.
Chances casino nugget pahrump nevada that you have received business promotional items mystic slots download corporate gifts at some point in the past, and you probably already know them by one of their casino nugget pahrump nevada nicknames-swag, giveaways, promos, logo gifts, and so on.
The History and Origin of the Masonic and Military Order of the Odds roulette black red Cross of constantine and the Orders of the Holy Sepulchre and St. John the. Poker club brescia your loved ones are approaching their 45th wedding anniversary, it is surely a time for celebration with family and friends.
45 years of marriage is an achievement in any csaino lives nnugget is worthy of praise, and what better way to mark the significance of the day than by presenting the happy couple with 45th wedding anniversary gifts … Get ready to take that final step and complete your high school experience. Order your official cap amp; gown for graduation.
Casino nugget pahrump nevada DONATIONS ARE NO LONGER ACCEPTED. OUR MISSION IS TO SEND CARE PACKAGES TO DEPLOYED TROOPS. THATS OUR FOCUS. When you paahrump us qualified items for our troops, rest assured we will see that your caslno WILL benefit ONLY deployed troops. We do NOT casino nugget pahrump nevada from that policy.
Sympathy Gifts for Casino nugget pahrump nevada of Father. Losing a father is a tough time in the life of anyone, and commemorating these times with an appropriate gift can really help you to show your appreciation for the individual that has passed, show their loved ones that you care, and help to brighten their day just a little bit during these tough times. Were passionate about making custom stationery and printed items individually hand made just for you.
That's why casino nugget pahrump nevada only use nguget paper, high-quality materials and state-of-the art printing methods. Personalized Golf Tees amp; Logo Panrump Balls Delivered FAST. Corporate Golf Balls, Personalized Wood and Eco Friendly Golf Tees Custom Imprinted Golf Casino nugget pahrump nevada amp; Golf Giveaway Items with Quick Service. Custom Wedding … The Tiger Jam Experience. Dont miss out on the most exclusive weekend in Vegas. All Golf and Poker packages are sold out nuget 2018.
Only a limited number of Online gambling market revenue packages for Saturday night are available. 42605 results found in all categories: Kuretake Gansai Tambi Water Colors 36-Colo. 183; Cob Urethral Sounds Silicone Plug Multi Be.
Jailin, en 1927 contre Hull City, 224; loewen casino blog suite de la chute de sa casquette sur ses yeux lors de la derni232;re minute du match. Venez d233;couvrir casino dealer school maryland site de streaming Mamzouka qui vous casino nugget pahrump nevada tout les derniers films en exclue et en streaming Tengah hari tadi layan corner kat Karak Highway lepas tu menyinggah casino nugget pahrump nevada Genting Premium Outlet yang belum pernah saya jejaki setelah beberapa bulan mereka mula … Which jobs will be replaced by Artificial Intelligence and Robots in the next 10 years.
Think your job is safe. Check our list and find out. Your access to great rewards in the countrys first and largest integrated resort amp; casino Leader casino france is a spreadsheet elk valley casino employment shows the changes to Leon Cooperman's Omega Advisors US long portfolio holdings as of Q4 2014.
To have an idea of how the holdings have progressed click on our previous update: Yamaha has a cosmic selection of digital pianos on offer. At last casino nugget pahrump nevada, Yamaha digital shield slot for range models being actively sold was pushing 200. Yamaha classifies the different models into the following categories: What makes a hotel grand.
Is it the number of stars. Location. The kind of popularity it gets because it is frequented by celebrities, wealthy people, and … Your main source of casino e14 video slot machines for sale. There are over 200 different video slots game titles to choose from. Also, we carry new classic video arcade games that has anywhere from 60 ryan roulette 619 games in one cabinet to choose from.
PHONE: 937-623-3600 OR 937-371-3700 History Of Pinball Machines and Pintables| From BMI Gaming : National Distributor of Top Quality Pinball Machines, Casino nugget pahrump nevada Games, Jukeboxes, Sports Games, Table Games, Casino Games and More. Nationwide Pinball Machine Delivery and Repair. usedslotsmachines. com,used slot federation casino complete and refurbished slot machines,Reel slots,multi games,video slots,slot machine parts for,IGT,Bally,WMS,Williams.
Classified as an important and rather popular operational enterprise agency of the province of Ontario. The Ontario Spil casino gratis and Casino nugget pahrump nevada Corporation is responsible for 24 gaming sites, the PlayOLG internet gaming website, the slot development of lottery games at about 9,700 retail locations and the delivery of bingo and other electronic gaming products at charitable gaming … Free slot games may be casino nugget pahrump nevada by any slots player in any part of the world.
For a chronological list, click the sort button in any of the available regions's column. A pesar de ello, en la primavera de 2002 Nightwish lanz243; su siguiente material discogr225;fico, titulado Century Child, el cual logr243; vender unas … Plan a weekend trip to Albany, the capital of New York, to visit great museums, historic attractions and parks. Origines. En 1285, Jacques Bretel dans son Tournoi de Chauvency d233;crit un jeu qui regroupe toutes les caract233;ristiques de la com233;die musicale : c'est une petite pi232;ce th233;226;trale 224; th232;me amoureux, o249; les acteurs improvisent et s'expriment en chantant, dansant et mimant leurs sentiments. Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Bregenz (Begriffskl228;rung) aufgef252;hrt. Form233;e au Centre National d'Art Dramatique de la rue Blanche (1 er prix), au Conservatoire National Sup233;rieur de Musique de Paris (1 er prix d'op233;rette 224; l'unanimit233; et au Ballet Russe d'Irina Grjebina, Katia Tchenko a tourn233; dans plus de 80 films au cin233;ma et 224; la t233;l233;vision, a chant233; et dans233; dans des op233;rettes et des com233;dies. Jan-01: Cover: Gabrielle Reece; Playmate: Irina Voronina; Interview: Gary Johnson; 2001 and Beyond by Arthur C. Clarke; 20 Questions: Carol … Watch hooligan escape the russian job xmovies8 Online. Watch hooligan escape the russian job xmovies8 online for free on fmoviesub. com The 400 metres, or 400 metre dash, is a sprinting event in track and field competitions. It has been featured in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1964 for women. Anthony quot;Tonyquot; John Soprano, Sr.also known as Tony Soprano, was the De facto Boss of the DiMeo crime family. Tony has to juggle North Jersey's most powerful criminal organization, keeping it functioning properly and keeping dissonance to … Previous story DogmaDogme, or Live Cinema; Next story Casino Royale at 33: The Postmodern Epic in Spite of Itself; Also in Bright Lights; Faust Goes to Hollywood: Revisiting John Frankenheimers Seconds October 31, 2008 BECK index Summary and Evaluation of India and Southeast Asia to 1800 by Sanderson Casino nugget pahrump nevada. Ancient India India 78-1526 Mughal Empire British in India to 1800 Love your skin. Dermagen is a casino nugget pahrump nevada concept in skin care, meticulously developed by Fusion Laboratories. Its scientific formula, which contains Glutathione, Collagen and Co Enzyme Q10, is specially designed to stimulate the bodys circulatory system casino nugget pahrump nevada nourishing and revitalising your skin. Anti-Iranian sentiment casino nugget pahrump nevada known as Anti-Persian teams vs slot receivers Persophobia, or Iranophobia refers to feelings and expression of hostility, hatred, casino nugget pahrump nevada, or prejudice towards Iran and its culture, and towards persons based on their ayahanda blackjack with Iran and Iranian culture. This article defines the meaning of conceptual casino nugget pahrump nevada and lists the steps on how to prepare it. A simplified example is added. University of Massachusetts Medical School For Francisco Varela, 19452001 Address correspondence to Jon KabatZinn, co Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shaw Building, 55 Lake Casino nugget pahrump nevada North, Worcester, MA 01655. University. Learning Objectives. This is an intermediate level course. After taking this course, mental health professionals in time trip poker be able to: List and casino nugget pahrump nevada four medical causes of mental disorders. From death sentences to Casino nugget pahrump nevada obsessions, everything you never knew about seven clans buffet coushatta casino An American Fascism. Is it appropriate to label the Klan of the 1920s quot;fascistquot. Surely it is one of the most overused terms in casino nugget pahrump nevada discourse. Christianity considered as a cynical marketing exercise - Bad News About Christianity A slum casino nugget pahrump nevada a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed, decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated casino little egg harbor incomplete infrastructure, inhabited primarily by impoverished persons. Culture of United States of America - history, casino nugget pahrump nevada, clothing, traditions, casino nugget pahrump nevada, beliefs, food, customs, family To-Z PREFACE. This little work has been written at the stagecoach casino culbertson mt of my American friend, Professor Youmans. When, some two years ago, he was in England making arrangements for that International Scientific Series which he originated and casino nugget pahrump nevada in organizing, he urged me to contribute to it a volume on the Study of Sociology. Includes ENVY 7855 all-in-one printer with HP 64 black and tri-color ink cartridges, power cord, phone cord, software CD, and manual; 1. 2GHz processor After more than 30 hours of research-including interviewing sewing teachers, sewing bloggers, and a sewing machine repairman-and enlisting total beginners to test 15 top-rated entry-level machines, we recommend the Janome Mod-19. Its a basic, compact machine that does everything well at a great price. A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a portable personal computer, typically with a mobile operating system and LCD touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single thin, flat package. Tablets, being computers, do what other personal computers do, but lack some IO capabilities that … Rated 5 out of 5 by Nicolane from Compact and Efficient Last year, I took a car load of old documents to a professional shredding company. It was only 50 and worth it. The machine itself is like a rollercoaster, extremely tall, and sits in a massive warehouse. In less than a minute. everything all shredded. Roundup of the top 5 washer dryer combos that fit in a tiny house or other small space. These units save space, water and electricity. Albert Judd I brought this machine from easy breathe and within 6 months the machine stop working. So Clean support service is awful. When I told them that the monitor lights were on, I was told,oh you need a new filter that I brought. Il New Nintendo 3DS 232; una console portatile sviluppata dalla Nintendo. Questa versione 232; il terzo restyling del Nintendo 3DS. La console ha molti miglioramenti e meccaniche aggiuntive rispetto ai modelli precedenti, come ad esempio lo stick analogico supplementare e i nuovi pulsanti, una nuova tecnologia per migliorare l'effetto 3D … In 1850, Isaac Merritt Singer lnvents the first sewing machine. Orson C, Phelps of Boston was manufacturing sewing machines under license from John A. Lerow. Truckwaale. com Provides Free Packers Movers, Car Transport and Transportation Enquiry Summary: In general, the MSI Stealth Pro GS63VR is a great successor to the Ghost Pro GS60.
In their latest interview-the fifth installment of this KD-and-Sports-Guy series-Durant called out the quot;blog boysquot; who take something from each conversation and make a headline out of it. So, on behalf of the Blog. For many years now there have been stories of a degenerate race of people who live an isolated existence removed from the civilized world in New Jerseys Ramapo Mountains. As far back as the revolutionary war New Jerseyans have heard, and told, tales of a motley group of social outcasts who had. Interactive Stories or Guided Stories is the name of an English language teaching technique developed by Mark White, a language teacherwriter. What is an Interactive Story. The technique consists of a story, which includes both sentences and questions so that as one student reads it to the other, the listener […] Behind the scenes of a one-of-a-kind game for Xbox One and PC, coming out nuggeet this year. casino nugget pahrump nevada gt;gt; Gymnastics is a sport that first evolved from exercises that the Ancient Greeks would do in order ronda rousey casino have better horse mounting skills. It was then developed in Sparta and Nutget to help prepare men for war. It wasnt until pahrupm late casino nugget pahrump nevada century. However, that modern gymnastics really came into its pahgump. Latest sports news from around casino nugget pahrump nevada world with in-depth analysis, features, photos and videos covering football, tennis, motorsport, golf, … Gentleman-Only Games casino nugget pahrump nevada. Coed. Casino nugget pahrump nevada to sending out invitations, its always important to nevava whether this casino nugget pahrump nevada be nevsda gentlemans nugyet or if its open to casino nugget pahrump nevada wives and girlfriends as nuggeh. Bunk Bed With Desk Dollar value poker chips - Making A Double Shed Door Plans For A G casino bury new road poker Shed Blackjack guidelines Small Storage Shed Ralna uses this italy online poker law periodically ndvada communicate with her fans. She'll subway fiesta casino little messages as time permits, or send updates from on the road. Our top 5 New Years Games list is in. Serve up the most popular games, icebreakers ideas, and activities like a New Years Resolution Activity or … I am on the Eat Out website more often now and find the articles lately interesting and informative. I read about deep fried desserts that were on special at La Terrasse Rooftop caf233; Moroccan House and decided to go and see what else is on offer. Ho-Chunk Gaming Madison is the only 100 smoke-free casino that has a 95 slot payout that is the highest you will find at any casino in the region. Ich hab mich immer gefreut, wenn die Rehe in meinen Garten kamen. Nat252;rlich sind auch die zarten Pfl228;nzchen verschwunden, aber, nuja, mir wars egal. Seven Card Stud Poker begann man 1993 aufzulegen. Im selben Jahr erreichte der Bruttoertrag 46,6 Millionen. | 2019-04-22T00:31:31Z | http://lecreative.tk/casino-nugget-pahrump-nevada.html |
The election was held on 21 August, 2010. It was the first election since 1993 at which neither leader had faced an election before. On 24 June the governing Australian Labor Party replaced its leader, Kevin Rudd, with Julia Gillard after poor polling and Rudd’s leadership style had alienated the Labor caucus. The Liberal/National coalition were now led by Tony Abbott, who had replaced Malcolm Turnbull in 2009 (Turnbull himself replaced Brendan Nelson in 2008).
prime minister, was run by ‘faceless men’ and incompetent, and did not deserve re-election. The Abbott campaign gave particular attention to rising levels of unauthorised migration, and pledged firmly to 'stop the boats'.
The election resulted in Australia’s first hung parliament at the federal level since 1943. The Coalition and Labor won 72 seats each, four short of the total required to form government. One independent MP and one MP from the National Party of Western Australia supported the Coalition, while three others and one Green MP supported Labor. Gillard was able to form a minority government.
Julia Eileen Gillard was born 29 September, 1961. She was the Prime Minister of Australia from 24 June, 2010 to 27 June 2013 when she was replaced as Leader of the Labor Party. Gillard represented the electorate of Lalor, Vic from 1998 to 2013.
Friends thank you very much and friends thank you to Bob Hawke—thank you for that generous introduction. And thank you Bob for proving to us that you can make big change with strong leadership and by striving for consensus. It’s a great lesson, thank you Bob Hawke. And can I acknowledge too Kevin Rudd who is with us today a man of great achievement. A man of great achievements—with great achievements to lie in the future for our nation, thank you Kevin. And friends can I also acknowledge former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam who cannot be with us today but of course who inspired us all. Can I also acknowledge former Prime Minister Paul Keating who also can’t be with us today but of course drove so many of the economic reforms that make us a great nation. Can I thank Treasurer Wayne Swan and Deputy Prime Minister a great Queenslander, a great friend, for his words of welcome. And can I thank Anna Bligh, party president and Premier of this state for her words of welcome as well. And can I acknowledge that we meet on traditional lands, we meet on the lands of indigenous Australians. I pay my respects to them, to their elders past and present, in a spirit of reconciliation.
Friends, today I want to speak to you from my heart, I want to speak to you about my values and my vision for this country. Friends, I have believed all of my life in the power of hard work, in the importance of work, in defining a life in the importance of work, in earning your keep, in making sure you do your best every day. All of my life I have believed in the transformative power of education. That every child should get a great education. All of my life I have believed that we should show simple courtesy and respect to each other by caring for each other in times of need and all of my life I have believed that we can move forward with confidence. That our best days lie in front of us not behind us.
These are the values that I have taken with me all of my life, these are the values that will guide me as Prime Minister. Of course I learnt these values in my family home, I learnt them from my parents John and Moira who join us today, thank you Mum and Dad.
When my parents migrated to this country they didn’t come asking for a free ride, they came seeking a fair go, and they found it. They found it and they worked hard for it, when we first came to this country times were tough and Dad had to knock on many doors to get a job, but he got that first job and then a better second job and then he took other jobs to work hard for our family. My mother always worked as well and because of their hard work my sister and I were able to have a future, but I ask myself what would have happened when Dad knocked on those doors if there were no jobs to be had.
What would life have been like if my father hadn’t found work when we came to this country, and if understanding that, understanding the devastation that can flow from the absence of work that guided us when the global financial crisis threatened this country, because we wouldn’t have been asking that question about one man. We would have been asking that question about hundreds of thousands of Australians who would have been thrown out of work. Many of them may never have worked again.
We know in past economic downturns that workers who lose their jobs are at risk of never working again. We know in past economic downturns that young people who come of age in the economic downturn may never get their foot on the first rung in the ladder of life. They never get a job. Never get an apprenticeship and show that disadvantage five, 10, 15 years later.
So when the global financial crisis threatened this country, we said we were for jobs and I’m proud of it. I’m proud we did that.
And Australians, I acknowledge not everything went according to plan but look what we achieved together. We emerged from this global economic crisis, the worst global economic shock since the Great Depression. We emerged from it stronger than any other major economy in the world. We emerged from it with low unemployment. We emerged from it with inflation under control. We emerged from it with interest rates more than two percentage points less than when Mr Abbott and his friends left office.
Let’s have a look at the track record of creating jobs. In this country since 2007 we have created more than half a million jobs. In other advanced economies they have lost 16 million jobs –- 16 million working people who are now struggling to find a future for themselves and their families.
What does this mean? Well it means we’ve got a great opportunity for the future. It’s an opportunity we created together. An opportunity that government working with small business, working with families, working with unions, working with employers created for the future. We emerged from this downturn stronger than the rest of the world. That’s a fantastic opportunity but to seize that opportunity we’ve got to have careful management. We’ve got to have proper plans for the future and I have them.
And as Bob has rightly said, what do we hear from the other side of politics? We don’t hear about this great opportunity. We don’t hear about how we can build for the future as we emerge from these troubled economic times. No, all we hear from Mr Abbott is to be afraid, to be afraid as he goes around talking about debt, as he tries to sell you his slogans. But of course what Mr Abbott doesn’t tell you is he doesn’t tell you the simple facts. The simple facts that the global financial crisis caused debt and deficit for economies around the world and when we look at other major advanced economies, they have a debt, on average, 15 times greater than ours.
He doesn’t tell you that when you look at the debt of this nation, it’s the equivalent of someone who earns $100,000 a year having a $6,000 loan. That’s where our nation is positioned.
Now let me say this: I want to repay that debt. I definitely want to see this nation repay that debt, and that’s why I’ll bring the Budget to surplus in 2013 and it’s why each and every day of this campaign, every time I have announced that we would spend on a new priority, we have also announced we would make the matching savings because I will not delay bringing the Budget to surplus by one hour, by one day. The Budget is coming back to surplus in 2013.
And for all of Mr Abbott’s fear campaign, of course it’s Mr Abbott who’s splashing money around during the election. On average he’s spent a billion dollars a day, each and every day of this election campaign.
A billion dollars and he’s refused to put those policies and plans in for proper costing. He says, oh that doesn’t matter. A billion dollars a day and he’s refusing to come and see me in an economic debate. The real risk for debt and deficit, the real risk for debt and deficit in this campaign is Mr Abbott. Mr Abbott and his expenditure that will eat into our Budget surplus. Mr Abbott is the risk to our Budget surplus and to the future of the government’s balance sheet. Mr Abbott is the one that is causing debt and deficit in this campaign. That’s his track record.
And friends on the basis of what we have achieved together - the jobs, the strength of our economy –- I do want to build for the future. And in order to build for the future, you need to have a comprehensive plan for jobs. Now I’ve been talking about jobs all of this election campaign because I believe in work. I believe in people having the benefits and dignity of work. I’ve believed that all of my life. I believed it when we faced the global financial crisis in 2008. I believe it now and I believe it for the future.
Mr Abbott’s track record was to not support jobs when the global financial crisis threatened. To risk seeing hundreds of thousands of Australians out of work and he is seeking your trust today even though he has no plan for jobs.
Well my plan for jobs is that we will invest in the skills that our people will need to compete in the future. We will invest in the infrastructure of the future including the National Broadband Network and we will cut taxes for all businesses in this country. That’s good for business and it’s good for jobs, and what I say to people across Australia, is I want each of us to prosper. I want all of us to prosper –- and running an economy that offers the benefit of work is the secret to both. Each of us prospering and all of us prospering.
I am deeply, deeply troubled that in a nation like this one, we have too many children who are growing up in families where no-one works. The statistics are truly troubling. There are 246,000 families in this country, children growing up in those families and no-one has worked there for more than a year. There are 128,000 families, children growing up in them where no-one has worked in those families for more than three years and what the statistics tell us is if a child grows up in a family where no-one works, then they are likely to be unemployed themselves. They will be robbed of the prospects of a future, robbed of the benefits and simple dignity of work, robbed of the economic opportunities and personal choices that it brings.
Well friends, this isn’t good enough, and with my plan for jobs I want to extend the benefits of our prosperity to those families and to those children. That’s why during this campaign I’ve announced that we will ask the unemployed to step up again, to make sure that they are meeting their obligations to be looking for work.
I’ve said we would assist people to relocate to those parts of the country that can offer them the benefit of work. I want to put a priority on making sure that we do not see children inherit joblessness from their parents.
The prosperity of each of us, the prosperity of all of us –- it’s about a strong economy and it’s about having jobs. A job is essential for a family’s future. A strong economy is essential for a nation’s future. I will build that strong economy, investing in skills, investing in infrastructure, focusing on jobs, and families within the nation will be able to build their future with the benefits of work.
And when people have the benefits of work, I want them to have decent conditions. It is remarkable to me that Mr Abbott in this election campaign is trying to deny his words from the past. As recently as May this year, he was lauding WorkChoices in the Parliament, in the most important speech in the Opposition Leader can give: the Budget Reply speech. Telling us about the benefits of WorkChoices, telling us about his plans to re-introduce individual contracts, to take away unfair dismissal rights. These are the things that Mr Abbott has believed in all of his life. Well I’m proud we brought this nation through the global financial crisis. We created jobs. We created decent jobs because they stand on the shoulders of our Fair Work laws. Friends there should be no going back to Mr Abbott’s WorkChoices.
Friends, all of my life I have believed in the importance of work but I’ve also believed that education transforms lives. It transformed mine. I’m joined today by nephew Tom and by my niece Jenna. My nephew Tom has just finished his trade apprenticeship. Congratulations to Tom. My niece Jenna has her PhD in biotechnology. As my father is heard to say, in our family she’s the smart one, not me.
My niece, my nephew have those skills, they have those qualifications because they got a great education in a family home that valued education, that asked them to strive and do their best. But friends, the truth is that as we look around this great country there are too many children, too many children who don’t get the benefit of that great education, too many children who get left behind. It’s not good enough and it doesn’t have to be like this. I believe we can build a nation where every child from every family no matter where they are born in this country, no matter the circumstances of their birth, that every child in this country can get a great education and the opportunity to have their life transformed by it. We can achieve this, we can build this together and we should.
And friends, we can build this together on the foundation stones of the reforms we have already put in place. MySchool so we know what is happening in every school. No more hiding of under-achievement –- shining a light on it. Also, no more hiding excellence. We should understand which schools in this country are transforming the lives of the children within them. We should study those schools. We should share what they know with schools right around the nation.
We, of course are delivering a national curriculum and investments in better quality teaching. Mr Abbott wants to sweep these things away. But friends to guarantee every child in every family in every school a great education, we need to do more. We need to keep investing in trades education, to give kids opportunities to get into the trades. That’s why I am determined to keep building Trades Training Centres so that every secondary school student in this country has the opportunity to learn trades skills to participate in our National Trade Cadetship program to get the real skills that they will need for life and work, the real skills to get an apprenticeship, to set themselves up for the rest of their lives and if re-elected we will do that. We will build those Trades Training Centres, we will deliver that National Cadetship Program and it will transform lives.
And if we’re re-elected we will go further. We will reward the best teachers because they do the hardest work of all. We will reward the schools that are improving the most so that they can benefit from having achieved for the children in their classrooms. We will of course create a prestige qualification – the Australian baccalaureate – so students in our country can get a qualification that can hold its own on the world stage while studying our curriculum, studying about this country, studying about Australia. We will continue to deliver computers into school. We will empower school principals to take their schools on a journey of change, a journey of improvement, a journey to make sure that every child in every school gets a great education. And friends, we won’t rest until we have achieved that right around the country for every child in this country.
Mr Abbott of course says that it’s alright to take away the things that we want to provide to children in schools, to take the computers out of their hands, to shut down the Trades Training Centres. He wants to deny 1.2 million children the benefits of a trades education. He wants to take away the money we want to invest in better teaching, the money that today is enabling the best teachers to be paid more, to go to the classrooms that need them the most, and change kids’ lives. He wants to take that money away. He wants to end our program Teach for Australia, which brings into teaching the highest performing graduates. And of course, under Mr Abbott, you wouldn’t see Teach Next, the program we have designed to bring high achieving mid-career professionals into teaching so that they too can transform children’s lives. Well, I do not believe that’s good enough to let Australian children down. We’ve started the journey for the Education Revolution. We need to complete that journey for every child, in every school.
And friends, I understand for Australians right around this nation it can be tough, it can be tough getting up every morning and going to work, setting the alarm clock early, getting the kids out to school, making sure that the cost of living, the bills all add up at the end of the week. People are obviously facing cost of living pressures. And of course, we want to help Australians with those cost of living pressures. So what I say to Australians is we want to help them in a way that ensures that families have the benefits of work and that kids are in school. That’s why we have chosen to assist families with cost of living pressures by providing tax cuts. We want to make sure through our tax cuts which have been provided three years in a row, that families get to keep more of what they earn. We want to make sure through our education tax rebate and by its extension to school uniforms that we are helping families with the cost of getting kids to school.
We want to make sure that we’re helping families with the cost of child care centres, the very centres in which early learning will happen because of our new pre-school program. We want to be a partner in those costs and that’s why we’ve increased the child care tax rebate to 50 per cent. And if re- elected as Prime Minister, I want to do more. I understand that teenage children don’t cost less than younger children. In fact, everything I’ve ever heard suggests they cost a lot more. But our family benefits system at the moment is modelled on the assumption that kids are quite likely to leave school at 16 and go into the workforce. It is an assumption from an earlier age. We want teenagers in school. We want them learning the skills they will need for life and work, and that’s why, if re-elected, I will increase the family benefit for teenagers by more than $4,000. A help for parents with the costs of raising teenagers, but it will be tied to kids staying in school, in education and training, getting the skills they need. We want them in school today so that they are in a job tomorrow. That is vital for our nation’s future and for theirs.
Friends, our future should be about shared prosperity. It should be about work. It should be about skills. It should be about what’s happening in schools today. But it should also be our way of showing to each other care and concern. And there’s never a more important moment to show care and concern for each other than when someone faces an illness. Friends, we are the party of Medicare and I’m proud to say that in front of Bob Hawke today. We brought Medicare to this country. It’s stood the test of time and it has served us well.
But the reality is, when we came into office we inherited the legacy of Mr Abbott’s cuts. Mr Abbott’s billion dollars ripped out of public hospitals, which meant they were feeling stress and strain. Not enough doctors, not enough nurses, overcrowded emergency departments, people on waiting lists for elective surgery. We inherited Mr Abbott’s cuts, not enough trained GPs. It takes a long time to make a General Practitioner and if you’re asking yourself the question, why can’t I get a doctor’s appointment today, look to Mr Abbott’s cuts because they’re the reason why. We haven’t been training enough General Practitioners and it shows.
That’s why we will continue to invest in and reform health. We will train 1,300 new GPs to overcome the legacy of Mr Abbott’s cuts. We will train 3,000 more new nurses. We will train the health professionals we need for the future. We have increased the amount of money invested in health by 50 per cent and now we will reform for the future. More local control, more of a local say for doctors, nurses and the local community. The Federal Government stepping up to what it should do: taking the dominant share of funding for our health system. Making sure that we’re reducing waiting times in emergency departments from eight hours to four hours. Making sure that we are getting elective surgery performed on time in 95 per cent of cases. These are profound health reforms that we want to deliver for the future. Australians need them. They need them now. And we need them to have a health care system that can meet our needs as we age, as there are more older Australians seeking care in five, 10, 15 years time.
But friends, today I want to go further. I want to build on those health reforms as we move to a new future. Friends, we’ve had a lot of discussion in this campaign about the National Broadband Network. A lot of discussion about the power of this new technology. Now of course, Mr Abbott thinks it’s about sending an email, you might want to download a movie, but in any event he’s not going to build it. We understand that this technology is about transforming our economy so we’ve got a fair share of the jobs of the future. Our classrooms, so it doesn’t matter whether you’re sitting in a classroom in Brisbane or in Alice Springs, or in Perth, you can open the door to the world and see it in your classroom.
We also understand that this technology is about transforming how we deliver health care. Friends, it is disturbing to me, it’s unacceptable to me, it’s offensive to me, that if you live in rural and regional Australia you are up to three times more likely to die within five years if you are diagnosed with cancer than other Australians. Literally, your chance at life is less. And that is because it is harder for people in regional and rural Australia to get access to the services, to the health care professionals they need. Well I want to transform that. I want to transform it soon, and I want to transform it for the future, relying on the National Broadband Network. So today I announce that from the first of July next year, for Australians who live in rural and regional areas, and outer suburban communities where specialists are short, we will have a Medicare rebate which enables them to Medicare rebate their consultation using the internet now, and broadband tomorrow. So they can see the health practitioner they need from the offices of their local General Practitioner rather than moving town, moving city, moving state, which is what has to happen now.
Friends I ask you to imagine the power of this. Imagine having had an operation, you needed to go to a different place. Perhaps it was quite far from your home. You were distant from family and friends. You have had the operation and now you’re well enough to return back home. But of course operations require follow-up, they require monitoring and care. At the moment, to get that monitoring and care each and every time, you have to journey far from your home. And when we say far from our homes, of course that’s true in rural and regional Australia, but it is also true for people on the outskirts of our major metropolitan cities. It can be a long way in from the edge of town if you’re feeling sick, and you’ve just had an operation. Under this scheme you will be able to go to your local General Practitioner and consult face to face, through the power of the internet, and then evermore quickly through the national broadband, with your specialist, without having to go far from where you live, from the care and concern of your family and friends.
And we will build on that so from the 1st July 2012, we will be offering new benefits to all Australians. In this campaign, you’ve heard me talk about the GP After-hours Helpline. It’s the one that Mr Abbott wants to take away. It’s the helpline that you’ll be able to ring if something happens in the middle of the night. To speak to a nurse, to get access to a General Practitioner, to get access to the health advice you need. Well today friends, I announce that we will be using the power of new technology. So instead of just being on the phone, you can be on broadband. Instead of a voice at the other end of the line, there will be a person in your lounge room, and you will be able to talk to them about that health emergency. At night, from your own home.
I ask you once again to imagine the power of this, in the middle of the night: a child with a rash, in the middle of the night a child with a swelling – you don’t quite know, is it not very much? Is it something really serious? Well imagine, in your own home, being able to show the child with the rash, the child with the swelling, being able to get assistance and help through the power of broadband, through the power of the internet.
Being able to get some guidance in that moment when you’re truly anxious, truly anxious and don’t know what to do next. About whether this is something benign and just staying at home with mum and dad and loving care is all that is required. Whether you need to see a doctor the next day in your own community or whether it’s something really serious and you should be thinking about calling an ambulance or driving to the emergency department of your local hospital.
Imagine being able to do that. Not by talking over the phone, desperately trying to describe what you see and anxious you’ve got the description wrong, but by being able to show a healthcare professional what it is you’re worried about and getting the advice you need. This is the future of healthcare, and for our GP After-Hours Line, it starts on the 1st of July 2012.
And of course, this can’t happen, it can’t happen if we don’t have the broadband. It can’t happen if we don’t have the GP After-Hours Helpline. It can’t happen if Mr Abbott is elected as Prime Minister because he is going to stop both. Stop the national broadband, stop our GP After-Hours Helpline. Once again, Australian families deserve better than that. They should be having access to the health care of the future and if re-elected Prime Minister I will provide it.
Friends, all of my life I’ve believed in work, I’ve believed in the power of education, I’ve believed that we show decency and respect by turning to each other with care and concern. But I’ve also believed in something else. I’ve believed in something else, and that is that we should not be afraid of the future. The best days of this country are in front of us, not behind us. I am an optimist. I am so hopeful about this country’s future. We’ve emerged from a profound crisis strong and now we can build together. But during this election campaign as I’ve talked about my economic plan, my plan for jobs, my plan to get unemployed families working, as I’ve talked about my plan for education, as I’ve talked about delivering health reform, lifting cost of living pressures on Australians, as I’ve talked about the things we’ve done as a Government including the achievement of providing to our pensioners an historic increase now and providing increased superannuation for the future of all Australians, as I’ve talked about those things Mr Abbott has gone around with his slogans. That’s all he’s talked about.
And let’s look at Mr Abbott’s slogans. He says he wants to end debt but he’s the risk to the surplus –- a billion dollars a day, no proper costings. He says he wants to end waste but isn’t the greatest waste the waste of the skills and capacities, the livelihoods, the hope, the prospects of improvement of Australians. We invested in those skills and capacities. We invested in their prospects and hope when we faced the global financial crisis, and we will continue to invest in them for the future.
And then Mr Abbott says no new taxes but his whole campaign is founded on a new tax. His Budget numbers don’t add up now but they’d look even worse if he wasn’t going to put a tax on groceries. A tax on everything you buy, every time you go to the shops. He wants to put company tax up. I want to put it down. He wants to increase cost of living pressures on working Australians and their families. I want to assist with those cost of living pressures. He stands for more tax in this campaign. I stand for tax cuts, tax benefits, tax relief for every Australian business.
And Mr Abbott says to you he wants to stop the boats but today we’ve actually found out what this plan means. Just imagine it –- a Commander of one of our patrol boats out on the high seas. What Mr Abbott wants that Commander to do is to take their eyes off the safety of their crew, take their eyes off the ocean, take their eyes off people smugglers, go inside the cabin and give him a call. That’s Mr Abbott’s plan to stop the boats. And then presumably, from the safety of Kirribilli as he watches luxury yachts go by, Mr Abbott is going to provide some advice to that Commander about how to stop the boats. Friends, this is a nonsense. This is a nonsense and every Australian will see through it I’m sure. I trust the skills, capacities, energy, decency and dedication of our hard-working Defence personnel. We put the nation’s safety in their hands. We do it for a reason and my trust is with them and for them. That’s what I believe in.
Friends, the election day will fast be upon us and Australians, as we move towards that election day, are going to be making a choice. I do not believe the nation should choose Mr Abbott’s negativity. We’re better than that. We are so much better than that. Friends, with you here in this building, with Labor legends in this room, what I want to say to you is we know the Labor movement, the Labor Party, this nation, is so much better than that. We are a confident, optimistic people. There is no challenge too great, that we can’t tackle it, if we do it together.
Ben Chifley spoke to us about that light on the hill in a different age, in a different nation, in a different time. President Barack Obama inspired a nation by saying ‘yes we can’. Well friends, I’m too humble to compare myself to either Ben Chifley or Barack Obama, but I am asking you, I am asking you when you vote on Saturday, to say, as you cast that vote: yes we will. Yes we will move forward with confidence and optimism. Yes we will keep our economy growing stronger day by day. Yes we will offer people the benefits and dignity of work. Yes we will transform our education system so every child, every child gets the benefit of a great education. Yes we will show care and concern for each other through a decent health care system. Yes we will work together and tackle the challenge of climate change. Yes we will embrace the technology of the future by embracing the National Broadband Network. Yes we will close the gaps between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians and we will recognise the first Australians in our Constitution. Yes we will move forward together.
Friends, that’s what next Saturday is all about. Thank you very much for listening to me today and I ask you to say that we will move forward together. | 2019-04-23T03:57:46Z | https://electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/2010-julia-gillard |
DSST Public Schools is widely considered to be one of the leading open enrollment STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) schools in the United States, and has become a destination for educators nationwide. DSST schools are home to the highest performing and highest growth secondary schools in Denver Public Schools, and to date, 100% of our graduates have earned acceptance into 4-year colleges and universities.
DSST's Mission: DSST Public Schools transform urban public education by eliminating educational inequity and preparing all students for success in college and the 21st century.
DSST Public Schools is a values-driven organization and a deliberately integrated community, serving students from all walks of life. Our six Core Values are central to our program and to our results. These values are truly embedded in everything we do.
Respect: We appreciate each person and their story through our words, actions, and attitudes. We value their unique perspective and treat others with dignity.
Responsibility: We acknowledge that our actions and choices impact ourselves and our community. We take ownership for what we do and how we choose to do it.
Integrity: We act and speak with honesty, fairness, and thoughtfulness. We consistently align our words and actions.
Courage: We possess the confidence and resolve to take risks, push ourselves, and persevere in the face of pressure, adversity or unfamiliar circumstances.
Curiosity: We are eager to learn, question, and explore. We have a thirst for knowledge, a love of investigation, and a desire to learn about ourselves, our community, and our world.
High School Spanish Teacher DSST Public Schools (DSST) seeks a High School Spanish Teacher to join one of the leading charter school organizations in the nation. We serve 6-12th grade students across Denver and Aurora. Our mission is to transform urban public education by eliminating educational inequity and preparing all students for success in college and the 21st century. Overview of Position : DSST Public Schools seeks teachers with a track-record of raising student achievement to join a team of educators dedicated to providing a rigorous college preparatory program to a diverse population. Our teachers are leaders who play an integral role in ensuring student success through supporting our school culture, developing and instructing a rigorous core curriculum, and using data to drive their daily practice. Our Spanish teachers believe that loving and learning Spanish deepens beyond its usefulness and includes the practice of deeply valuing all cultures and traditions as we learn from them. Our Curriculum Map is as follows: 9th Grade: Spanish 1 10th Grade: Spanish 2 11th Grade: Spanish 3 12th Grade: AP Spanish Language or AP Spanish Literature We also have an “Español para hispanohablantes” (EPH) track that has been designed to ensure that all heritage learners, regardless of initial level of Spanish proficiency, are provided with Spanish instruction that meets their unique needs. We will inquire about your grade level and campus specific preference at the time of interview. Essential Functions : Overview Demonstrate relentless drive to improve the minds and lives of students Take holistic accountability for student success- taking ownership of each student’s academic success or failure. Reinforce the school’s core values, guiding philosophy, rules and school spirit. Classroom Teaching Exhibit mastery and enthusiasm for the assigned academic subjects and classes Work closely and collaborate with other teachers within the school and throughout the DSST network Teach 3-5 classes a day of various lengths depending on the DSST campus and subject area Average 150+ minutes of plan time per day Plan lessons and implement targeted curriculum and assessments for each student which adheres to the school's curriculum and standards. Keep an up-to-date gradebook for each class Work to implement and master DSST Public Schools’ core instructional practices Data and Analysis Implement a variety of targeted assessments and perform a root cause analysis that measure progress towards learning outcomes and that adhere to the DSST Assessment Framework. Use assessment data to adapt curriculum and instructional practices to help students meet the school's performance standards. Such use of data includes re-teach weeks, spiraling skills, and changing daily instruction to meet student needs. Professional Development Participate in weekly feedback sessions with an instructional coach Devote the necessary time and energy required to master the craft of teaching. To be open to innovative approaches to teaching, feedback from colleagues and school administration. Actively participate in the school’s professional development programs including data analysis and planning, leading and participating in best practice sessions, peer coaching, and attending conferences. Additional Duties: School Life Model, live, and reinforce the school’s core values and policies inside and outside the classroom with colleagues, students, parents, and the larger community. Student Advisor Perform as an advisor to a small group of advisees by overseeing their academic and student life. Taking attendance Checking homework completion Holding regular academic and behavioral conferences Meeting with advisee’s parents and communicating with families regularly Leading reading and culture circles Leading weekly Advisory activities and lessons. Grade level “House” teammate Participate in weekly meetings to support student culture and academics for the whole grade Data tracking and observations in between meetings will be likely Participate in planning and execution of grade level events Weekly Staff Meetings Participate in weekly whole school staff meetings to support school culture, and teacher initiatives Participate in planning and proctoring extra teacher “duties” throughout the week Lunch Duty Morning Duty After School Duty Academic Interventions College Prep Mandatory Tutoring Behavioral Support Intervention Refocus **there may be additional duties depending on the DSST campus** Job Requirements : DSST Public Schools seeks candidates with strong character, passion for excellence and a relentless commitment to student achievement. In order to be considered qualified to teach at DSST Public Schools, you will need a Bachelor’s degree from an accredited university as well as the below credentials 36 credits hours (DPS approved) in the subject you are teaching OR a CDE license endorsement within subject area Spanish Fluency: Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening Required Competencies : Commitment to Equity We believe that if we actively commit to equitable and inclusive practices aligned to our mission and values, our students and staff will achieve at high levels. Commitment to Continuous Growth We believe that if we foster our own growth mindsets, our students and staff will develop a commitment to continuous improvement and thus maximize their potential. Commitment to Healthy Team We believe that if we commit to modeling and fostering healthy teams, our students and staff will achieve a collective success that surpasses that of the individuals Drives to Results We believe if we strategically develop systems and people with a driven sense of urgency and focus on results, our students and staff will achieve ambitious goals. Classification : Exempt Reports to : School Director Compensation and Benefits : DSST Public Schools is committed to providing our staff with benefit offerings that empower each of our employees to make the choices that best meet their individualized and personal needs while also keeping cost in mind. DSST Benefit highlights include: Medical Plans offered through Kaiser $0 employee cost option! Annual Health Savings account (HSA) gift from DSST Public Schools 2 Dental Plans options offered through Principal Dental Group and Vision through VSP Employee Assistance and Counseling Support 401 (k) retirement plan with 5% annual gift from DSST regardless of personal contribution FMLA effective immediately (6 weeks paid, 6 weeks unpaid) Access to additional discounts through our benefit partners exclusively for DSST staff *Candidates placed in Aurora Science & Tech. will be eligible for a PERA Retirement Plan Physical Demands : The physical demands described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of this job. While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to talk and hear. This position is active and may require standing, walking, bending, kneeling, stooping, and crouching throughout the day. The employee must lift and/or move items up to 30 pounds. The employee must have sufficient hand, arm, and finger dexterity to operate a computer keyboard and other office equipment. Specific vision abilities required by this job include close vision, distance vision, peripheral vision, depth perception, and ability to adjust focus. DSST Public Schools Overview: DSST Public Schools (DSST) operates a network of tuition-free, open-enrollment public STEM charter schools. All DSST schools operate within the Denver Public Schools (DPS) district and students are admitted through DPS’ School Choice process. Our schools focus on building a community where students and staff are valued for their unique talents. Meaningful relationships are at the core of our model which is why our schools are small enough to ensure every student is known and valued for their individuality. We have developed systems and structures to ensure our students will be prepared for college, career and life. The student population across the DSST network is 83% students of color and 71% qualify for free and reduced lunch. This year, DSST will serve approximately 5,700 students at fourteen schools on eight campuses across Denver, and DSST will open its first campus in Aurora, Colorado in the fall 2019. At full enrollment, DSST Public Schools will serve over 10,000 students and will more than double the number of four year college-ready DPS graduates. DSST Public Schools employees support each other not only to have fulfilling careers, but more importantly, to lead fulfilling lives that combines deeply meaningful professional work with personal well-being. Our core values are central to our program and to our results. These values are embedded in everything that we do and how we do it, both for our students and our staff. The six DSST core values are: Respect - We appreciate each person and their story through our words, actions, and attitudes. We value their unique perspective and treat others with dignity. Responsibility - We acknowledge that our actions and choices impact ourselves and our community. We take ownership for what we do and how we choose to do it. Integrity - We act and speak with honesty, fairness, and thoughtfulness. We consistently align our words and actions. Courage - We possess the confidence and resolve to take risks, push ourselves, and persevere in the face of pressure, adversity or unfamiliar circumstances. Curiosity - We are eager to learn, questions, and explore. We have a thirst for knowledge, a love of investigation, and a desire to learn about ourselves, our community, and our world. Doing Your Best - We put our best effort into everything we do. We know that individual and collective effort are required for our community to thrive. DSST Public Schools proudly values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Denver School of Science and Technology does not exclude participation in, deny benefits to or discriminate on the basis of, ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability in admission or access to, or treatment or employment in its programs and activities. (Protected Classes). DSST Public Schools does not unlawfully discriminate against a member of a Protected Class in admission or access to, or terms and conditions of employment, or in its programs and activities. DSST Public Schools shall operate as an equal opportunity employer and will provide and safeguard the opportunity for all persons to seek, obtain, hold and advance in employment within the district without discrimination. The District shall actively promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, aggressive, continuing affirmative action program. Further, DSST Public Schools affirms the rights of all Protected Classes to be free from intimidation, discrimination, physical harm and/or harassment. DSST Public Schools shall inform students, parents, employees and the general public each school year that the educational programs, activities and employment opportunities offered by the district are offered without regard to ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability. The announcement shall also include the name/title, address and telephone number of the person designated to coordinate Title IX and Section 504 and ADA compliance activities. Any person having inquiries concerning the School's compliance with the regulations implementing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504), or Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), may contact the Assistant Superintendent or Human Resources.
English Language Development Teacher Leader DSST Public Schools (DSST) seeks an English Language Development (ELD) Teacher Leader to join one of the leading charter school organizations in the nation. We serve 6-12th grade students across Denver and Aurora. Our mission is to transform urban public education by eliminating educational inequity and preparing all students for success in college and the 21st century. Overview of Position : The ELD teacher leader will play a critical role in ensuring that English language learners, referred to as multilingual learners (MLLs) by DSST staff, get the intentionally designed supports and services that they deserve. Essential Functions : Teach pull-out ELD class(es) to MLL students in order to help promote overall student achievement Manage the MLL Identification and Redesignation process to ensure that all multilingual learners are assigned appropriate interventions and supports Develop colleagues on best practices for MLL students, by: Providing feedback to colleagues around culturally responsive classroom practices Designing and delivering professional development sessions that develop colleagues in the effective use of language acquisition strategies across content areas Work alongside school administration to maintain a school environment that celebrates cultural pluralism Coordinate, lead, and administer the WIDA screener and ACCESS test Identify school-level trends in strengths and growth areas as they relate to MLL student support Manage the school-wide ELD data cycle Other assigned responsibilities that leverage the expertise and strengths of the individual working as the ELD teacher leader in order to serve the emerging needs of our MLL students *** This overview is a comprehensive list of what ELD teacher leaders across the DSST network do. Please connect with your hiring contact and/or the school director at the specific school where you are applying for details surrounding what this role could entail for you. Additional Duties: School Life Model, live, and reinforce the school’s core values and policies inside and outside the classroom with colleagues, students, parents, and the larger community. Student Advisor Perform as an advisor to a small group of advisees by overseeing their academic and student life. Taking attendance Checking homework completion Holding regular academic and behavioral conferences Meeting with advisee’s parents and communicating with families regularly Leading reading and culture circles Leading weekly Advisory activities and lessons. Grade level “House” teammate Participate in weekly meetings to support student culture and academics for the whole grade Data tracking and observations in between meetings will be likely Participate in planning and execution of grade level events Weekly Staff Meetings Participate in weekly whole school staff meetings to support school culture, and teacher initiatives Participate in planning and proctoring extra teacher “duties” throughout the week Lunch Duty Morning Duty After School Duty Academic Interventions College Prep Mandatory Tutoring Behavioral Support Intervention Refocus **there may be additional duties depending on the DSST campus** Job Requirements : DSST Public Schools seeks candidates with strong character, passion for excellence and a relentless commitment to student achievement. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree along with at least 1 of the 3 items listed below in order to be eligible for hire. State teaching license in English language acquisition (CLDE, LDE, SEI, ESL) or related subject area (e.g. English language arts) ( link ) Completion of degree or 36 hours within a related subject area (e.g. English language arts) ( link ) Spanish fluency in reading ,writing, speaking, listening*** ***Spanish fluency, shown through a successful attempt at the Berlitz exam, is required at DSST: Noel MS and DSST: Henry MS. It is highly preferred at DSST: College View MS. To learn more about the different ways to prove qualifications within the subject area, please visit the Colorado Department of Education’s website at www.cde.state.co.us/cdeprof . Additional Requirements: Minimum one year experience teaching English Language Development (ELD), English as a Second Language (ESL), or English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Success in accelerating English language acquisition across the content areas in a public school setting Competencies : Commitment to Equity We believe that if we actively commit to equitable and inclusive practices aligned to our mission and values, our students and staff will achieve at high levels. Commitment to Continuous Growth We believe that if we foster our own growth mindsets, our students and staff will develop a commitment to continuous improvement and thus maximize their potential. Commitment to Healthy Team We believe that if we commit to modeling and fostering healthy teams, our students and staff will achieve a collective success that surpasses that of the individuals Drives to Results We believe if we strategically develop systems and people with a driven sense of urgency and focus on results, our students and staff will achieve ambitious goals. Classification : Exempt Reports to : School Director Compensation and Benefits: DSST Public Schools is committed to providing our staff with benefit offerings that empower each of our employees to make the choices that best meet their individualized and personal needs while also keeping cost in mind. DSST Benefit highlights include: Medical Plans offered through Kaiser $0 employee cost option! Annual Health Savings account (HSA) gift from DSST Public Schools 2 Dental Plans options offered through Principal Dental Group and Vision through VSP Employee Assistance and Counseling Support 401 (k) retirement plan with 5% annual gift from DSST regardless of personal contribution FMLA effective immediately (6 weeks paid, 6 weeks unpaid) Access to additional discounts through our benefit partners exclusively for DSST staff *Candidates placed in Aurora Science & Tech. will be eligible for a PERA Retirement Plan Physical Demands : The physical demands described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of this job. While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to talk and hear. This position is active and may require standing, walking, bending, kneeling, stooping, and crouching throughout the day. The employee must lift and/or move items up to 30 pounds. The employee must have sufficient hand, arm, and finger dexterity to operate a computer keyboard and other office equipment. Specific vision abilities required by this job include close vision, distance vision, peripheral vision, depth perception, and ability to adjust focus. DSST Public Schools Overview: DSST Public Schools (DSST) operates a network of tuition-free, open-enrollment public STEM charter schools. All DSST schools operate within the Denver Public Schools (DPS) district and students are admitted through DPS’ School Choice process. Our schools focus on building a community where students and staff are valued for their unique talents. Meaningful relationships are at the core of our model which is why our schools are small enough to ensure every student is known and valued for their individuality. We have developed systems and structures to ensure our students will be prepared for college, career and life. The student population across the DSST network is 83% students of color and 71% qualify for free and reduced lunch. This year, DSST will serve approximately 5,700 students at fourteen schools on eight campuses across Denver, and DSST will open its first campus in Aurora, Colorado in the fall 2019. At full enrollment, DSST Public Schools will serve over 10,000 students and will more than double the number of four year college-ready DPS graduates. DSST Public Schools employees support each other not only to have fulfilling careers, but more importantly, to lead fulfilling lives that combines deeply meaningful professional work with personal well-being. Our core values are central to our program and to our results. These values are embedded in everything that we do and how we do it, both for our students and our staff. The six DSST core values are: Respect - We appreciate each person and their story through our words, actions, and attitudes. We value their unique perspective and treat others with dignity. Responsibility - We acknowledge that our actions and choices impact ourselves and our community. We take ownership for what we do and how we choose to do it. Integrity - We act and speak with honesty, fairness, and thoughtfulness. We consistently align our words and actions. Courage - We possess the confidence and resolve to take risks, push ourselves, and persevere in the face of pressure, adversity or unfamiliar circumstances. Curiosity - We are eager to learn, questions, and explore. We have a thirst for knowledge, a love of investigation, and a desire to learn about ourselves, our community, and our world. Doing Your Best - We put our best effort into everything we do. We know that individual and collective effort are required for our community to thrive. DSST Public Schools proudly values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Denver School of Science and Technology does not exclude participation in, deny benefits to or discriminate on the basis of, ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability in admission or access to, or treatment or employment in its programs and activities. (Protected Classes). DSST Public Schools does not unlawfully discriminate against a member of a Protected Class in admission or access to, or terms and conditions of employment, or in its programs and activities. DSST Public Schools shall operate as an equal opportunity employer and will provide and safeguard the opportunity for all persons to seek, obtain, hold and advance in employment within the district without discrimination. The District shall actively promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, aggressive, continuing affirmative action program. Further, DSST Public Schools affirms the rights of all Protected Classes to be free from intimidation, discrimination, physical harm and/or harassment. DSST Public Schools shall inform students, parents, employees and the general public each school year that the educational programs, activities and employment opportunities offered by the district are offered without regard to ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability. The announcement shall also include the name/title, address and telephone number of the person designated to coordinate Title IX and Section 504 and ADA compliance activities. Any person having inquiries concerning the School's compliance with the regulations implementing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504), or Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), may contact the Assistant Superintendent or Human Resources.
Middle School Math Teacher DSST Public Schools (DSST) seeks a Middle School Math Teacher to join one of the leading charter school organizations in the nation. We serve 6-12th grade students across Denver and Aurora. Our mission is to transform urban public education by eliminating educational inequity and preparing all students for success in college and the 21st century. Overview of Position : DSST Public Schools seeks teachers with a track-record of raising student achievement to join a team of educators dedicated to providing a rigorous college preparatory program to a diverse population. Our teachers are leaders who play an integral role in ensuring student success through supporting our school culture, developing and instructing a rigorous core curriculum, and using data to drive their daily practice. Our math teachers teach students to see and use math in real life- while upholding the understanding that math is something we understand, not just something we do. We believe all students can be mathematicians and inspire them to see themselves as such. Our curriculum map is as follows: 6th Grade Common Core Math 7th Grade Common Core Math Integrated Algebra I and Geometry I Integrated Algebra I and Geometry II Algebra II Pre-Calculus AP Calculus AB AP Calculus BC There is flexibility in terms of where students are placed along the math curriculum according to performance and preparedness. All students complete Pre-Calculus by the time of graduation. We will inquire about your grade level and campus specific preference at the time of interview. Essential Functions : Overview Demonstrate relentless drive to improve the minds and lives of students Take holistic accountability for student success- taking ownership of each student’s academic success or failure. Reinforce the school’s core values, guiding philosophy, rules and school spirit. Classroom Teaching Exhibit mastery and enthusiasm for the assigned academic subjects and classes Work closely and collaborate with other teachers within the school and throughout the DSST network Teach 3-5 classes a day of various lengths depending on the DSST campus and subject area Average 150+ minutes of plan time per day Plan lessons and implement targeted curriculum and assessments for each student which adheres to the school's curriculum and standards. Keep an up-to-date gradebook for each class Work to implement and master DSST Public Schools’ core instructional practices Data and Analysis Implement a variety of targeted assessments and perform a root cause analysis that measure progress towards learning outcomes and that adhere to the DSST Assessment Framework. Use assessment data to adapt curriculum and instructional practices to help students meet the school's performance standards. Such use of data includes re-teach weeks, spiraling skills, and changing daily instruction to meet student needs. Professional Development Participate in weekly feedback sessions with an instructional coach Devote the necessary time and energy required to master the craft of teaching. To be open to innovative approaches to teaching, feedback from colleagues and school administration. Actively participate in the school’s professional development programs including data analysis and planning, leading and participating in best practice sessions, peer coaching, and attending conferences. Additional Duties: School Life Model, live, and reinforce the school’s core values and policies inside and outside the classroom with colleagues, students, parents, and the larger community. Student Advisor Perform as an advisor to a small group of advisees by overseeing their academic and student life. Taking attendance Checking homework completion Holding regular academic and behavioral conferences Meeting with advisee’s parents and communicating with families regularly Leading reading and culture circles Leading weekly Advisory activities and lessons. Grade level “House” teammate Participate in weekly meetings to support student culture and academics for the whole grade Data tracking and observations in between meetings will be likely Participate in planning and execution of grade level events Weekly Staff Meetings Participate in weekly whole school staff meetings to support school culture, and teacher initiatives Participate in planning and proctoring extra teacher “duties” throughout the week Lunch Duty Morning Duty After School Duty Academic Interventions College Prep Mandatory Tutoring Behavioral Support Intervention Refocus **there may be additional duties depending on the DSST campus** Job Requirements : DSST Public Schools seeks candidates with strong character, passion for excellence and a relentless commitment to student achievement. In order to be considered qualified to teach at DSST Public Schools, you will need a Bachelor’s degree from an accredited university and AT LEAST one of the following: 36 credits hours (DPS approved) in the subject you are teaching. Passing of the #5161 Math Praxis exam 152 CDE license endorsement within subject area Competencies : Commitment to Equity We believe that if we actively commit to equitable and inclusive practices aligned to our mission and values, our students and staff will achieve at high levels. Commitment to Continuous Growth We believe that if we foster our own growth mindsets, our students and staff will develop a commitment to continuous improvement and thus maximize their potential. Commitment to Healthy Team We believe that if we commit to modeling and fostering healthy teams, our students and staff will achieve a collective success that surpasses that of the individuals Drives to Results We believe if we strategically develop systems and people with a driven sense of urgency and focus on results, our students and staff will achieve ambitious goals. Classification : Exempt Reports to : School Director Compensation and Benefits : DSST Public Schools is committed to providing our staff with benefit offerings that empower each of our employees to make the choices that best meet their individualized and personal needs while also keeping cost in mind. DSST Benefit highlights include: Medical Plans offered through Kaiser $0 employee cost option! Annual Health Savings account (HSA) gift from DSST Public Schools 2 Dental Plans options offered through Principal Dental Group and Vision through VSP Employee Assistance and Counseling Support 401 (k) retirement plan with 5% annual gift from DSST regardless of personal contribution FMLA effective immediately (6 weeks paid, 6 weeks unpaid) Access to additional discounts through our benefit partners exclusively for DSST staff *Candidates placed in Aurora Science & Tech. will be eligible for a PERA Retirement Plan Physical Demands : The physical demands described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of this job. While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to talk and hear. This position is active and may require standing, walking, bending, kneeling, stooping, and crouching throughout the day. The employee must lift and/or move items up to 30 pounds. The employee must have sufficient hand, arm, and finger dexterity to operate a computer keyboard and other office equipment. Specific vision abilities required by this job include close vision, distance vision, peripheral vision, depth perception, and ability to adjust focus. DSST Public Schools Overview: DSST Public Schools (DSST) operates a network of tuition-free, open-enrollment public STEM charter schools. All DSST schools operate within the Denver Public Schools (DPS) district and students are admitted through DPS’ School Choice process. Our schools focus on building a community where students and staff are valued for their unique talents. Meaningful relationships are at the core of our model which is why our schools are small enough to ensure every student is known and valued for their individuality. We have developed systems and structures to ensure our students will be prepared for college, career and life. The student population across the DSST network is 83% students of color and 71% qualify for free and reduced lunch. This year, DSST will serve approximately 5,700 students at fourteen schools on eight campuses across Denver, and DSST will open its first campus in Aurora, Colorado in the fall 2019. At full enrollment, DSST Public Schools will serve over 10,000 students and will more than double the number of four year college-ready DPS graduates. DSST Public Schools employees support each other not only to have fulfilling careers, but more importantly, to lead fulfilling lives that combines deeply meaningful professional work with personal well-being. Our core values are central to our program and to our results. These values are embedded in everything that we do and how we do it, both for our students and our staff. The six DSST core values are: Respect - We appreciate each person and their story through our words, actions, and attitudes. We value their unique perspective and treat others with dignity. Responsibility - We acknowledge that our actions and choices impact ourselves and our community. We take ownership for what we do and how we choose to do it. Integrity - We act and speak with honesty, fairness, and thoughtfulness. We consistently align our words and actions. Courage - We possess the confidence and resolve to take risks, push ourselves, and persevere in the face of pressure, adversity or unfamiliar circumstances. Curiosity - We are eager to learn, questions, and explore. We have a thirst for knowledge, a love of investigation, and a desire to learn about ourselves, our community, and our world. Doing Your Best - We put our best effort into everything we do. We know that individual and collective effort are required for our community to thrive. DSST Public Schools proudly values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Denver School of Science and Technology does not exclude participation in, deny benefits to or discriminate on the basis of, ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability in admission or access to, or treatment or employment in its programs and activities. (Protected Classes). DSST Public Schools does not unlawfully discriminate against a member of a Protected Class in admission or access to, or terms and conditions of employment, or in its programs and activities. DSST Public Schools shall operate as an equal opportunity employer and will provide and safeguard the opportunity for all persons to seek, obtain, hold and advance in employment within the district without discrimination. The District shall actively promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, aggressive, continuing affirmative action program Further, DSST Public Schools affirms the rights of all Protected Classes to be free from intimidation, discrimination, physical harm and/or harassment. DSST Public Schools shall inform students, parents, employees and the general public each school year that the educational programs, activities and employment opportunities offered by the district are offered without regard to ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability. The announcement shall also include the name/title, address and telephone number of the person designated to coordinate Title IX and Section 504 and ADA compliance activities. Any person having inquiries concerning the School's compliance with the regulations implementing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504), or Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), may contact the Assistant Superintendent or Human Resources.
Middle School Science Teacher DSST Public Schools (DSST) seeks a Middle School Science Teacher to join one of the leading charter school organizations in the nation. We serve 6-12th grade students across Denver and Aurora. Our mission is to transform urban public education by eliminating educational inequity and preparing all students for success in college and the 21st century. Overview of Position : DSST Public Schools seeks teachers with a track-record of raising student achievement to join a team of educators dedicated to providing a rigorous college preparatory program to a diverse population. Our teachers are leaders who play an integral role in ensuring student success through supporting our school culture, developing and instructing a rigorous core curriculum, and using data to drive their daily practice. Our science teachers inspire students to be curious about the incredible world around them by allowing students to truly grapple with a problem. They allow opportunities for experimentation, observation and understanding in the process of making a discovery. We have a rigorous Next Generation Science Standards Curriculum for all of our middle school grades: 6-8th Grade: Integrated NGSS Science Curriculum We will inquire about your grade level and campus specific preference at the time of interview. Essential Functions : Overview Demonstrate relentless drive to improve the minds and lives of students Take holistic accountability for student success- taking ownership of each student’s academic success or failure. Reinforce the school’s core values, guiding philosophy, rules and school spirit. Classroom Teaching Exhibit mastery and enthusiasm for the assigned academic subjects and classes Work closely and collaborate with other teachers within the school and throughout the DSST network Teach 3-5 classes a day of various lengths depending on the DSST campus and subject area Average 150+ minutes of plan time per day Plan lessons and implement targeted curriculum and assessments for each student which adheres to the school's curriculum and standards. Keep an up-to-date gradebook for each class Work to implement and master DSST Public Schools’ core instructional practices Data and Analysis Implement a variety of targeted assessments and perform a root cause analysis that measure progress towards learning outcomes and that adhere to the DSST Assessment Framework. Use assessment data to adapt curriculum and instructional practices to help students meet the school's performance standards. Such use of data includes re-teach weeks, spiraling skills, and changing daily instruction to meet student needs. Professional Development Participate in weekly feedback sessions with an instructional coach Devote the necessary time and energy required to master the craft of teaching. To be open to innovative approaches to teaching, feedback from colleagues and school administration. Actively participate in the school’s professional development programs including data analysis and planning, leading and participating in best practice sessions, peer coaching, and attending conferences. Additional Duties: School Life Model, live, and reinforce the school’s core values and policies inside and outside the classroom with colleagues, students, parents, and the larger community. Student Advisor Perform as an advisor to a small group of advisees by overseeing their academic and student life. Taking attendance Checking homework completion Holding regular academic and behavioral conferences Meeting with advisee’s parents and communicating with families regularly Leading reading and culture circles Leading weekly Advisory activities and lessons. Grade level “House” teammate Participate in weekly meetings to support student culture and academics for the whole grade Data tracking and observations in between meetings will be likely Participate in planning and execution of grade level events Weekly Staff Meetings Participate in weekly whole school staff meetings to support school culture, and teacher initiatives Participate in planning and proctoring extra teacher “duties” throughout the week Lunch Duty Morning Duty After School Duty Academic Interventions College Prep Mandatory Tutoring Behavioral Support Intervention Refocus **there may be additional duties depending on the DSST campus** Job Requirements : DSST Public Schools seeks candidates with strong character, passion for excellence and a relentless commitment to student achievement. In order to be considered qualified to teach at DSST Public Schools, you will need a Bachelor’s degree from an accredited university and AT LEAST one of the following: 36 credits hours (DPS approved) in the subject you are teaching. Passing of the #5435 Science Praxis exam CDE license endorsement within subject area Competencies : Commitment to Equity We believe that if we actively commit to equitable and inclusive practices aligned to our mission and values, our students and staff will achieve at high levels. Commitment to Continuous Growth We believe that if we foster our own growth mindsets, our students and staff will develop a commitment to continuous improvement and thus maximize their potential. Commitment to Healthy Team We believe that if we commit to modeling and fostering healthy teams, our students and staff will achieve a collective success that surpasses that of the individuals Drives to Results We believe if we strategically develop systems and people with a driven sense of urgency and focus on results, our students and staff will achieve ambitious goals. Classification : Exempt Reports to : School Director Compensation and Benefits : DSST Public Schools is committed to providing our staff with benefit offerings that empower each of our employees to make the choices that best meet their individualized and personal needs while also keeping cost in mind. DSST Benefit highlights include: Medical Plans offered through Kaiser $0 employee cost option! Annual Health Savings account (HSA) gift from DSST Public Schools 2 Dental Plans options offered through Principal Dental Group and Vision through VSP Employee Assistance and Counseling Support 401 (k) retirement plan with 5% annual gift from DSST regardless of personal contribution FMLA effective immediately (6 weeks paid, 6 weeks unpaid) Access to additional discounts through our benefit partners exclusively for DSST staff *Candidates placed in Aurora Science & Tech. will be eligible for a PERA Retirement Plan Physical Demands : The physical demands described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of this job. While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to talk and hear. This position is active and may require standing, walking, bending, kneeling, stooping, and crouching throughout the day. The employee must lift and/or move items up to 30 pounds. The employee must have sufficient hand, arm, and finger dexterity to operate a computer keyboard and other office equipment. Specific vision abilities required by this job include close vision, distance vision, peripheral vision, depth perception, and ability to adjust focus. DSST Public Schools Overview: DSST Public Schools (DSST) operates a network of tuition-free, open-enrollment public STEM charter schools. All DSST schools operate within the Denver Public Schools (DPS) district and students are admitted through DPS’ School Choice process. Our schools focus on building a community where students and staff are valued for their unique talents. Meaningful relationships are at the core of our model which is why our schools are small enough to ensure every student is known and valued for their individuality. We have developed systems and structures to ensure our students will be prepared for college, career and life. The student population across the DSST network is 83% students of color and 71% qualify for free and reduced lunch. This year, DSST will serve approximately 5,700 students at fourteen schools on eight campuses across Denver, and DSST will open its first campus in Aurora, Colorado in the fall 2019. At full enrollment, DSST Public Schools will serve over 10,000 students and will more than double the number of four year college-ready DPS graduates. DSST Public Schools employees support each other not only to have fulfilling careers, but more importantly, to lead fulfilling lives that combines deeply meaningful professional work with personal well-being. Our core values are central to our program and to our results. These values are embedded in everything that we do and how we do it, both for our students and our staff. The six DSST core values are: Respect - We appreciate each person and their story through our words, actions, and attitudes. We value their unique perspective and treat others with dignity. Responsibility - We acknowledge that our actions and choices impact ourselves and our community. We take ownership for what we do and how we choose to do it. Integrity - We act and speak with honesty, fairness, and thoughtfulness. We consistently align our words and actions. Courage - We possess the confidence and resolve to take risks, push ourselves, and persevere in the face of pressure, adversity or unfamiliar circumstances. Curiosity - We are eager to learn, questions, and explore. We have a thirst for knowledge, a love of investigation, and a desire to learn about ourselves, our community, and our world. Doing Your Best - We put our best effort into everything we do. We know that individual and collective effort are required for our community to thrive. DSST Public Schools proudly values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Denver School of Science and Technology does not exclude participation in, deny benefits to or discriminate on the basis of, ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability in admission or access to, or treatment or employment in its programs and activities. (Protected Classes). DSST Public Schools does not unlawfully discriminate against a member of a Protected Class in admission or access to, or terms and conditions of employment, or in its programs and activities. DSST Public Schools shall operate as an equal opportunity employer and will provide and safeguard the opportunity for all persons to seek, obtain, hold and advance in employment within the district without discrimination. The District shall actively promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, aggressive, continuing affirmative action program. Further, DSST Public Schools affirms the rights of all Protected Classes to be free from intimidation, discrimination, physical harm and/or harassment. DSST Public Schools shall inform students, parents, employees and the general public each school year that the educational programs, activities and employment opportunities offered by the district are offered without regard to ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability. The announcement shall also include the name/title, address and telephone number of the person designated to coordinate Title IX and Section 504 and ADA compliance activities. Any person having inquiries concerning the School's compliance with the regulations implementing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504), or Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), may contact the Assistant Superintendent or Human Resources.
Middle School Special Education Teacher DSST Public Schools (DSST) seeks a Middle School Special Education Teacher to join one of the leading charter school organizations in the nation. We serve 6-12th grade students across Denver and Aurora. Our mission is to transform urban public education by eliminating educational inequity and preparing all students for success in college and the 21st century. Overview of Position : DSST Public Schools seeks teachers with a track-record of raising student achievement to join a team of educators dedicated to providing a rigorous college preparatory program to a diverse population. Our teachers are leaders who play an integral role in ensuring student success through supporting our school culture, developing and instructing a rigorous core curriculum, and using data to drive their daily practice. Our Special Education teachers see and grow the potential of all students by providing differentiated support and by building inclusive spaces and strong relationships with each student and family. Our Special Education Teachers serve students from all eligibility categories. You may need to teach literacy, math, language skills, behavioral skills, daily living skills, and/or adaptive skills, and may also provide physical care needs. Our teachers provide instruction at the large group, small group and individual level, and collaborate with general education staff for successful inclusion of students. We will inquire about your grade level and campus specific preference at the time of interview. Essential Functions : Overview Demonstrate relentless drive to improve the minds and lives of students Take holistic accountability for student success- taking ownership of each student’s academic success or failure. To live and model the school’s core values with colleagues, students, parents and the larger community To reinforce the school’s core values, guiding philosophy, rules and school spirit Classroom Teaching Exhibit mastery and enthusiasm for the assigned academic subjects and classes Plan and implement targeted curriculum and assessments for each student which adheres to the school's curriculum and standards. Work to implement and master DSST Public Schools’ core instructional practices Curriculum and Assessment To implement a variety of targeted assessments and root cause analysis that measure progress towards learning outcomes and that adhere to the DSST Assessment Framework. To use assessment data to adapt curriculum and instructional practices to help students meet the school's performance standards. Such use of data includes re-teach weeks, spiraling skills, and changing daily instruction to meet student needs. Professional Development To devote the necessary time and energy required to master the craft of teaching. To be open to innovative approaches to teaching, feedback from colleagues and school administration. To actively participate in the school’s professional development programs including data analysis and planning, leading and participating in best practice sessions, peer coaching, and attending conferences. Additional Duties: School Life Model, live, and reinforce the school’s core values and policies inside and outside the classroom with colleagues, students, parents, and the larger community. Student Advisor Perform as an advisor to a small group of advisees by overseeing their academic and student life. Taking attendance Checking homework completion Holding regular academic and behavioral conferences Meeting with advisee’s parents and communicating with families regularly Leading reading and culture circles Leading weekly Advisory activities and lessons. Grade level “House” teammate Participate in weekly meetings to support student culture and academics for the whole grade Data tracking and observations in between meetings will be likely Participate in planning and execution of grade level events Weekly Staff Meetings Participate in weekly whole school staff meetings to support school culture, and teacher initiatives Participate in planning and proctoring extra teacher “duties” throughout the week Lunch Duty Morning Duty After School Duty Academic Interventions College Prep Mandatory Tutoring Behavioral Support Intervention Refocus **there may be additional duties depending on the DSST campus** Job Requirements : DSST Public Schools seeks candidates with strong character, passion for excellence and a relentless commitment to student achievement. Candidates are required to have a Bachelor's Degree. Applicants for Special Education teaching positions must meet the following requirements: Have both a license and a special education endorsement: Type of License: A7- Special Education Teacher in Residence ATL- Alternative Teacher License ATLW- Alternative Teacher License Waiver INTL- Initial Teacher License PFTL- Professional Teacher License PFTM- Professional Teacher License- Master License Endorsement: Special Education Generalist Special Education Specialist Teacher 1-Moderate Needs Teacher- Educationally Handicapped (EH) Competencies : Commitment to Equity We believe that if we actively commit to equitable and inclusive practices aligned to our mission and values, our students and staff will achieve at high levels. Commitment to Continuous Growth We believe that if we foster our own growth mindsets, our students and staff will develop a commitment to continuous improvement and thus maximize their potential. Commitment to Healthy Team We believe that if we commit to modeling and fostering healthy teams, our students and staff will achieve a collective success that surpasses that of the individuals Drives to Results We believe if we strategically develop systems and people with a driven sense of urgency and focus on results, our students and staff will achieve ambitious goals. Classification : Exempt Reports to : School Director Compensation and Benefits : DSST Public Schools is committed to providing our staff with benefit offerings that empower each of our employees to make the choices that best meet their individualized and personal needs while also keeping cost in mind. DSST Benefit highlights include: Medical Plans offered through Kaiser $0 employee cost option! Annual Health Savings account (HSA) gift from DSST Public Schools 2 Dental Plans options offered through Principal Dental Group and Vision through VSP Employee Assistance and Counseling Support 401 (k) retirement plan with 5% annual gift from DSST regardless of personal contribution FMLA effective immediately (6 weeks paid, 6 weeks unpaid) Access to additional discounts through our benefit partners exclusively for DSST staff *Candidates placed in Aurora Science & Tech. will be eligible for a PERA Retirement Plan Physical Demands : The physical demands described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of this job. While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to talk and hear. This position is active and may require standing, walking, bending, kneeling, stooping, and crouching throughout the day. The employee must lift and/or move items up to 30 pounds. The employee must have sufficient hand, arm, and finger dexterity to operate a computer keyboard and other office equipment. Specific vision abilities required by this job include close vision, distance vision, peripheral vision, depth perception, and ability to adjust focus. DSST Public Schools Overview: DSST Public Schools (DSST) operates a network of tuition-free, open-enrollment public STEM charter schools. All DSST schools operate within the Denver Public Schools (DPS) district and students are admitted through DPS’ School Choice process. Our schools focus on building a community where students and staff are valued for their unique talents. Meaningful relationships are at the core of our model which is why our schools are small enough to ensure every student is known and valued for their individuality. We have developed systems and structures to ensure our students will be prepared for college, career and life. The student population across the DSST network is 83% students of color and 71% qualify for free and reduced lunch. This year, DSST will serve approximately 5,700 students at fourteen schools on eight campuses across Denver, and DSST will open its first campus in Aurora, Colorado in the fall 2019. At full enrollment, DSST Public Schools will serve over 10,000 students and will more than double the number of four year college-ready DPS graduates. DSST Public Schools employees support each other not only to have fulfilling careers, but more importantly, to lead fulfilling lives that combines deeply meaningful professional work with personal well-being. Our core values are central to our program and to our results. These values are embedded in everything that we do and how we do it, both for our students and our staff. The six DSST core values are: Respect - We appreciate each person and their story through our words, actions, and attitudes. We value their unique perspective and treat others with dignity. Responsibility - We acknowledge that our actions and choices impact ourselves and our community. We take ownership for what we do and how we choose to do it. Integrity - We act and speak with honesty, fairness, and thoughtfulness. We consistently align our words and actions. Courage - We possess the confidence and resolve to take risks, push ourselves, and persevere in the face of pressure, adversity or unfamiliar circumstances. Curiosity - We are eager to learn, questions, and explore. We have a thirst for knowledge, a love of investigation, and a desire to learn about ourselves, our community, and our world. Doing Your Best - We put our best effort into everything we do. We know that individual and collective effort are required for our community to thrive. DSST Public Schools proudly values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Denver School of Science and Technology does not exclude participation in, deny benefits to or discriminate on the basis of, ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability in admission or access to, or treatment or employment in its programs and activities. (Protected Classes). DSST Public Schools does not unlawfully discriminate against a member of a Protected Class in admission or access to, or terms and conditions of employment, or in its programs and activities. DSST Public Schools shall operate as an equal opportunity employer and will provide and safeguard the opportunity for all persons to seek, obtain, hold and advance in employment within the district without discrimination. The District shall actively promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, aggressive, continuing affirmative action program. Further, DSST Public Schools affirms the rights of all Protected Classes to be free from intimidation, discrimination, physical harm and/or harassment. DSST Public Schools shall inform students, parents, employees and the general public each school year that the educational programs, activities and employment opportunities offered by the district are offered without regard to ethnicity, race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability. The announcement shall also include the name/title, address and telephone number of the person designated to coordinate Title IX and Section 504 and ADA compliance activities. Any person having inquiries concerning the School's compliance with the regulations implementing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504), or Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), may contact the Assistant Superintendent or Human Resources. | 2019-04-21T08:32:42Z | https://www.alumonly.com/company/606/dsst-public-schools/ |
Fitch notes that specially serviced loans increased 48% during 1Q '09, and 5 times as high as the end of 2007.
Heavy defaults this month are likely to make a lot of headlines.
Standard & Poor's Ratings Services said the delinquency rate on U.S. commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS, surged 28% just in March as the figure quickly approaches the peak following the last recession.
Commercial delinquencies, which long lagged the problems in the residential market, have been spiking since mid-2008 as the recession deepened, vacancies increased and new owners have been unable to refinance mortgages.
The rate climbed to 1.85% from 1.57% in February, putting the figure near the December 2003 peak of 1.96%. All property types, except health care, saw higher delinquency rates and delinquent amounts.
The office sector's delinquencies rate surged 48% just last month, while the amount of retail loans behind - $3.46 billion - overtook multifamily ones as the biggest source of delinquencies. A total of 98 retail loans became delinquent in March, with some related out-of-business chains like Circuit City and Linens 'n Things.
S&P said it continued to downgrade CMBS last month, cutting 130 ratings, while upgrading two. During the first quarter, 96% of 402 ratings actions were downgrades.
the delinquencies are either up 18% or 28% - which one?
Delinquencies are not approaching the peak of the last recession. The 2001 recession had relatively low delinquencies (half today's levels), and the early 1990s had much higher delinquencies than 1.87%.
Oh. She thinks there was a recession in 2003.
There were over 1500 CMBS rating actions in the first quarter.
Dillard's wanted to break it's lease that expires in 2017 because Highland Mall (JPMCC 2002-CIB4) is supposedly mismanaged and is now a ghost town, so they sue in court. Mind you the Dillard lease appears to have been renegotiated in 2007.
The mall is having issues: The 3Q 2008 numbers were 1.38x NCF DSCR and 81% occupancy down from prior year occupancies of 94+%, and significantly lower than the rest of the MSA. They lost JC Penney and apparently there is dark space (no relation) in that section of the mall. And there is a huge ongoing local dispute because the mall shut down early one day following a predominantly african-american track event - the NAACP has given speeches, names like Jim Crow were plastered on billboards, and a boycott has been sounded by african american and hispanic populations (this mall is in Texas) - so it has issues.
Now their legal fees and judgments are likely to exceed any lease expense they could have had.
Still not sure how this will play out. Eight more malls added today.
Sounds like Simon might be preparing to turn in the keys on Palm Beach Mall. This is the 3rd largest loan, 5.8%, in JPMCC 2003-PM1A.
The property performance declined drastically last year (Madoff?) to just 0.63x DSCR for YE 2008 from 2007 DSCR of 1.32x. Simon has been covering the shortfall out of pocket, but apparently stopped doing so, according to Kris Hudson at the WSJ (sorry no link, but pasted below).
No special servicer notes were readily available. You'll recall that Eastland Mall (formerly Glimcher's) went through a similar process, but it dragged out for years and the saga continues today.
Even the biggest landlords face losing properties to foreclosure in this recession. Take mall owner Simon Property Group Inc., which is poised to forfeit the 42-year-old Palm Beach Mall after the servicer on the mall's $51 million securitized mortgage initiated foreclosure proceedings last week.
Simon inherited the mall in West Palm Beach, Fla., when it bought two rival mall owners in 1996 and 1998. Even then, Palm Beach Mall was losing out to newer, ritzier malls in neighboring cities. Simon renovated it this decade, but it continued to decline and now is mostly empty. An effort to lure home-goods retailer Ikea was scuttled by the recession.
In recent years, all of the cash flow generated by Palm Beach Mall went to paying the interest on its mortgage. But it fell short in the past year, and Simon opted against chipping in extra money to cover the difference in March and this month.
Efforts to renegotiate the loan failed, according to a person familiar with the talks. A representative of the mortgage's servicer, Orix Capital Markets LLC, declined to comment, as did a Simon representative.
Solana was featured in the WSJ today regarding it's request for debt relief, which we commented on in early March, here.
Nothing much new. Noted that Travelocity did not renew it's 145k sq ft lease (they have a total of 540k sq ft), and that revenue was down 60% at the Marriott. Maguire is the guarantor, the person not the company, and has defended the request as just standard paper pushing - it is not standard when you call up the special servicer (unless you work at a distressed debt fund).
I really don't like Travelocity - you can't open your travel plans in different windows/tabs - it will just crash. They went to some effort to make it work in a non-userfriendly way, as evidenced by American Express travel, which uses Travelocity's framework for their website but just brands it as AmEx Travel. The American Express website doesn't have all the non-user-friendly bits. So, my point is that I'm negative on Solana.
The property is encumbered with a senior mortgage and mezzanine debt held by Otera (a unit of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec). So the term "auction" is used lightly - much like John Hancock tower earlier this month, there was likely one bidder and a distressed/non-market price, essentially held just to transfer control to the appropriate party. On the other hand, REFI implied nearly two months ago, that Otera had hired Eastdil to market the property for sale, so it's not 100% clear.
They've since had to layoff over 100 employees, defaulted on multiple loans, and been hauled in to court losing numerous assets in the fray.
They also owned a boat named the 63' yacht, RegenSea, which brings back memories of another CRE investor who defaulted on a slew of loans - Hurley Booth (Jr.), who owned a 41' footer down in Tallahassee named the ContingenSea. What cute boat names.
Hurley Booth missed some of the limelight when he defaulted on virtually all of his loans at once, because this all happened in late 2007 and early 2008 - right when the news was focused on MBS Companies (Michael B Smuck). Hurley owned a number of student housing complexes around Tallahassee and they are mostly REO now, although Midland has been a little slow to make that move on the loans it controls - not sure why. The loans were spread across three deals: FUNBC 2001-C4, JPMCC 2005-C13, and JPMCC 2006-C14. The Booth website has the tagline, "Building a Legacy" - surely they could've come up with something less ironic by now.
The fact that there were appraisal reductions related to the Promenade Shops at Dos Lagos and the Westin Portfolio (in both JPMCC 2007-C1 and 2008-C2), which were so widely reported in November they helped move the market to historical wides, was no surprise. However, the ASER calculation was off by a $100,000 on the Promenade Shops loan - a mistake that you really don't expect to see. It is a rather simple calculation.
Keeping in mind the '08 deal in particular was a small deal dominated by several large weak loans, the interest shortfall reached high into the capital stack effecting as high up as the A-rated (orig. rating) F class (higher if they stick to the incorrect calculation - there has not been a comment on the error yet...). This is significant - the subordination rate on this class is over 9% (3x historical losses) and it's already being hit with shortfalls. Again, it was a weak deal, a small deal, and a chunky deal, but a significant event nonetheless.
The whole story is worth putting up the picture of the man, J.P. Morgan, with a knife in his hand ready to cut out the entrails of the poor originator who made these pathetic loans in the first place.
During the first quarter, the Company completed $48.4 million in aggregate of dispositions at an average cap rate of 7.4%. Subsequent to quarter end an additional asset closed for $15 million.
The Company currently has assets in its operating portfolio that are under contract for sale for an aggregate sales price of approximately $32 million, as well as approximately $72 million that are currently under non-binding letters of intent scheduled for completion in 2009, subject to certain conditions. Additionally, the Company has $300 million of properties already in the market with brokers and anticipates taking an additional $290 million to market within the next month.
Johnny Hendrix, Executive Vice President and Asset Management said, "We are making good headway in our desire to achieve our full year dispositions goal, however, we provide no assurance that we will be successful in closing these transactions."
CMBS Loans Harder To Negotiate Because More Parties Involved?
I repeatedly hear how CMBS loans are more problematic because there are so many parties involved in each loan. It came up again this week with the GGP bankruptcy.
Let's be crystal clear here. You default on a loan, you have 1 party to deal with, and it is the Special Servicer. That is their precise job, and they get paid 100 bps for doing it. You do not deal with the master servicer, bond holders, originator, trustee, or anyone else.
The Special has some pretty defined steps they may take in order to resolve the loan. They can foreclose on it, put in place new management, and eventually sell the property and apply any recoveries to the Trust (after taking out for any expenses involved). Alternatively, they can extend the loan term, generally for 1 year at a time, and rarely more than 2 years. Without any data to back it up, but with reasonable insight, these two options account for the overwhelming majority of workouts on defaulted loans.
It is not supposed to be easy to violate a contract you signed on a mortgage document - so, you don't get to complain about it too much.
Obviously there have been some news this week, and I've been unfocused on the markets with little time to comment or share thoughts.
GGP filing is the big one, despite the fact that it has been widely anticipated for quite some time and is still trading above it's lows set pre-bankruptcy. It was a little surprising to see a fair amount of the bankruptcy remote SPEs that own the malls run by GGP included in the bankruptcy filing, but I think some folks' conclusions are a little too early and may prove to be wrong. At the end of the day, even though it is a bunch of malls, their CMBS is low-levered and has great cash flow.
That being noted, I spent a fair amount of time while traveling this week reading other blogs while squinting at a PDA and waiting on some form of transit. I'm a strong supporter of many well written blogs, and generally believe they provide a better source of information than the legacy news organizations. You cannot even compare the innacurate and insufficient 'news' from sources such as Johnathan Weil's columns in Bloomberg to a well-argued and fact-supported blog entry from the likes of Zero Hedge or Calculated Risk. Even some linkfest format blogs are well thought-out, and can be useful. However, occasionally you catch the blogs that you really like stepping outside the bounds of their knowledge and jumping on the journalistic hysteria bandwagon, and it's just ashame (sorry no links, but the initials are ZH and CR).
But I digress, some other stuff happened this week too. Vacancies increased, Beige Book was released and was negative, The Donald saying things like you'd have to be dumb not to be buying CRE (I actually saw this during the 5 minutes I was in front of a TV), and DDR put up a portfolio of 52 shopping centers up for sale.
Law firm Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP on Monday sent a letter to General Growth and one of its outside law firms explaining that it represents holders of 25% of the company's $395 million in bonds due last March 16 that weren't paid, according to people familiar with the matter. Bondholders must collectively represent at least 25% of a given bond issue to compel a trustee to act on their behalf.
The GGP situation continues to be interesting. The malls are cashflowing and low-leveraged for the most part, while the company is highly levered and is swamped with maturities that it can't refi because there is no market to refi into. I continue to believe that there are recent investors (maybe Ackman) who have bought the longer-dated corporate debt for pennies, only to force a bankruptcy where they are likely to get paid back near par.
This is last week's news, but GGP had another loan pass its maturity date - $165 mm Jordan Creek. 3Q 2008 NCF DSCR - 1.72x, 95% occupancy.
S&P placed over 100 CMBS AAAs including 20% super seniors, AJs, and IOs on Rating Watch Negative this morning.
Again, this is not unexpected and is in fact an extremely delayed reaction on their part. The 20% super seniors (these are prior to the 30% super dupers - I hate that word) are a bit of a surprise, but not really. I expect this will reign in some of the tightening temporarily, but look for spreads to continue their momentum tighter until some truly bad news regarding CRE starts rolling in.
These little tidbits about 15% price declines, John Hancock, and 1.8% delinquency rates aren't really *bad enough* to drive prices lower than the already distressed prices in the market. Frankly, PPIP et. al. are not good enough to whip prices higher at a faster pace either.
S&P Prepping For Wave of Downgrades - Surf's Up!
NEW YORK, April 6 (Reuters) - Standard & Poor's on Monday said it will make negative pronouncements on U.S. commercial mortgage-backed securities on a "large scale" in coming days after a review of the securities.
The most-recently issued CMBS are "highly susceptible" to downgrades, including top-rated "AAA" issues, after the review that accounted for eroding real estate markets, lack of financing for the assets, and the economic recession.
Macerich - Refied two mortgages, extended two. Shops at North Bridge received a $205 mm 7-year, 7.5% coupon mortgage from insurance money; it refies a $205 mm pari passu loan with a 4.67% coupon in LBUBS 2004-C6 and MSC 2004-IQ8, but the new DSCR is still roughly 1.89x using 3Q 08 annualized net cash flow numbers. On a separate unamed property, they closed a $115 million bank loan with a 2-year term floater at L+350 bps with a 5.25% floor.
Macerich also extend the $54 mm Inland Center in San Bernadino (LBUBS 2004-C2) loan all the way out to 2/2011 with a 50 bp coupon step-up every 6 months. BOMLW points out that this destroys the A2 holder who would have been paid down substantially had the loan paid off as scheduled. Again, the other extended loan remains unamed but received a 2-year extension as well.
The mention the two Simon malls in LBCMT 1999-C1 that we discussed yesterday.
Brandywine closed a $90 mm mortgage on a Philly office building taking out a soon to be maturing loan of $69mm. No further details.
Liberty also reported 6 separate loans funded by life insurance for a total of $317 mm. Half floaters and half fixed, with an all-in coupon of 7.1%.
JER delisted due to CMBS.
UK distressed debt funds lining up.
Stocks are up on no real news, and spreads are down on the same.
Office Vacancies are up 70 bps to 15.2% according to the REIS' data.
It's going to get much worse than that. I expect it to exceed 20% by year-end.
Don't read the WSJ article about this, btw, LingLing muddles fact and fiction. The headline is accurate though, and their graph is very nice (see right).
The two large Simon sponsored loans in this deal matured in the first quarter of this year, and apparently refied without any problems. Both loans were purportedly done through insurance company money, allowed Simon to take out new 10-year loans with interest rates just 70-75 bps higher than the old loans. Further, the loans were originated in 1999, so they had 10-years of embedded appreciation, so Simon was able to take out significant equity on the two loans.
Both of the prior loans were amortizing, so Simon took out a signficant $53.1 mm in cash out of the deal. This is realy what I expect to see in the coming "wave of maturities" - the exception being the 5-year loans starting in earnest in late 2010 and 2011 that seem problematic to me.
I was absolutely floored by the activity generated by the mark-to-market changes today, so I went back and re-read the proposals. I'm not getting it - there really isn't any significant change in the proposals. Really, there isn't.
Now someone will come back and say that everyone else is saying that it's going to allow the evil banks to mark their positions to some fantasy level - but, they already are. You can't mark these things up any higher than 100%!
This ultimately changes nothing. The relatively insignificant changes it makes to where you can bucket your loss is just another thing you need to analyze (discount) before you invest in the company in question.
John Hancock Tower has received ample coverage elsewhere, but it deserves a little clarification. At the risk of sounding like an optimist (please don't accuse me of that), it really doesn't imply much at all for commercial real estate in general.
Some believe it implies severe price corrections are coming for CMBS, but it doesn't really tell that story. The sole bidder had been buying up the mezz position for months - not only did they have a higher basis, but who would bid against them? They obviously are going to protect their position, so no serious bidder is going to compete, thus guaranteeing a low price.
Others point to it and say it proves CMBS are a good investment because the senior mortgage isn't close to taking a hit on this one. That is not fair either. The average LTV is just below 70% in CMBS, significantly higher than the 50 handle LTV on this loan. Further, LTV has historically been somewhat correlated to credit (lower credit requires a lower LTV by the underwriter), but that wasn't the case in recent years where lower credits could come into CMBS and receive high senior LTVs (some of the lowest LTVs went to high credit institutional investors). | 2019-04-20T03:08:03Z | http://thecrereview.blogspot.com/2009/04/ |
4.96 out of 5 from 479 user reviews.
Here is just a selection of customer reviews of Floradoor. You can read more of them on their site.
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by alinazagitova22 on 15 April 2019 .
“ Good Quality and Price. Flora Door gives you a unique gift delivery service. If you are looking for Best Flower Shop in Cairo then recommended to this site. ” …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by May on 9 April 2019 .
Have to say, I was very impressed by the professionalism of the site, the efficiency of the sales transaction and the constant communication. The flowers were as described, prompt and beautiful. Would…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Victor on 9 April 2019 .
Luckily the hotel didn’t accept distance payment and i found floradoor website with better options and proper payment. The bouquet was delivered in less than 2 hours! Thank you Ehab and all the team!…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Singer on 30 March 2019 .
A lot of florists should learn from Floradoor. Prompt replies, great service. First time to deal with but definitely not the last time. Thanks again! …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Adwaa on 23 March 2019 .
I have been always hesitated to use any online floral shop in Egypt as I am not confident about the web security and the quality of the product. However, after searching and reading many comments, I d…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Rami Eyada on 21 March 2019 .
Thank u soooooo much, The flowers are fresh and beautiful. This was our first time and it won’t be the last time inshallah……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Pery on 21 March 2019 .
I have been using FloraDoor for the past six years and they never disappoint. Their service is stellar, always on time and the bouquets sent are always as shown when you order them AND they even deliv…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Safwan on 21 March 2019 .
Third year in a row to use their service for mother’s day.always reliable and the bouquets are always as the pictures. Highly recommended……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ihab on 21 March 2019 .
Delivered as per picture and on time. Would definitely recommend it……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ahmed on 21 March 2019 .
Thanks guys good job / excellent quality and deliver on time…… highly recommended…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by R. on 21 March 2019 .
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Hanaa on 20 March 2019 .
Thank you very much for a great service. Sent flowers from Canada and they were delivered on time and great quality Hanaa…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Leyla on 20 March 2019 .
On point and on time. Would definitely recommend it to my family and friends !…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Youssef on 20 March 2019 .
Your service is professional and nice , k…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Maha on 19 March 2019 .
The service is extremely amazing. The flowers are fresh and beautiful and were delivered on time. This is my first time and won’t be the last one.. Thank you Floradoor :)…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Rina on 7 March 2019 .
I live in America and I had sent “Asmhan” with 3 balloons as a congratulations gift. The process was extremly easy, I was a bit anxious as it was my first time to use this kind of delivery but everyth…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Dodzy on 23 February 2019 .
Absolutely professional and it was exactly like the image on the website.. thank you so much for your efforts .. I am from Jordan and have ordered Fayruz to be sent to Cairo…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Capt Adel B. on 18 February 2019 .
I have been sending flowers worldwide to relatives, friends, special occasions etc….. and honestly i did not expect from FLORADOOR this excellent service. I have requested from them to deliver, 12 R…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Mai on 14 December 2018 .
I WAS SURPRISED WITH OFFERING SUCH AS THIS BEAUTIFUL SERVICE.. IT WAS AMAZING EXPERIENCE..WITH A RESPETFUL & GENTLE STAFF..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ahmed Al Sarraf on 3 December 2018 .
Excellent and fast service respectful and helpful staff amazing customer service, very reliable couldn’t recommend them enough, seriously highly recommended …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Fady Magdy Melad Hennis on 1 December 2018 .
I can’t describe how thankful am I for the great assistance you did for a beautiful flowers and deliver it on time……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Leo on 10 November 2018 .
I contacted them on facebook and they were supper helpful, they delivered the flowers as they promised even though it was in a very tough place to find/deliver.
I can recommend this company …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Irene Kelada on 9 November 2018 .
I have used floradoor to deliver beautiful flowers for my old Aunt for the past year and had the most amazimg experience . They are totally professional in every way, they deliver on time and their w…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Dina on 8 November 2018 .
Perfect as usual ..and very nice cooperative friendly customer service .. Thx guys . U r making people happy…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Mohammad on 11 October 2018 .
Amazing service. I’m very happy you still maintain your excellent service quality. Great job and please keep it up. Thank you Floradoor :)…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Amr on 23 September 2018 .
It is my second time with floradoor and both tomes are amazing. good customer service , precise delivery timings and excellent quality. …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ra on 30 August 2018 .
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Osama on 30 August 2018 .
Many thanks for your excellent service. As usual, everything went smooth, fast, and on time. I really appreciate your consistency in providing quality service. This is my third or fourth time to deal …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Beta-Suzy on 29 August 2018 .
It was a very nice experience ordering flowers and gifts with this Company. Professional and kind Service, beautyful and fresh flowers, and also a very nice arrangement of flowers and fruits in a bask…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Grace Plaza on 28 August 2018 .
Thank you Floradoor for excellent service!…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by SM on 12 August 2018 .
Fantastic couldn’t have been anymore helpful. Would highly recommend and will definitely use them again 5*…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Justin on 2 August 2018 .
Absolutely fantastic service sent my girlfriend flowers she’s on holiday in Egypt and I’m in the uk …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by T on 30 July 2018 .
I have made a few orders from here now and not been let down once! I live in Canada and send things often to family in egypt, I recently made a quite sentimentally order and I was a bit emotional as i…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Nathalie on 24 July 2018 .
Excellent service, the flowers were delivered very quickly and they kept me informed at all stage. Thanks …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by sou on 23 July 2018 .
Really Respectful and helping Staff I highly recommend it……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Sherif Fadel Fahmy on 18 July 2018 .
Amazing service. Great quality and speed of delivery. Thank you! …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ramzi on 4 July 2018 .
Very responsive company. Kept me informed all the way to delivery. I changed the delivery time from Thursday to Wednesday and they complied with a smile. Highly recommend them……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Irina on 16 June 2018 .
Thank you very much for fast delivery. It is wonder that you can send flowers for the birthday to another country. And bouquet is amazing. …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ahmed Ali on 3 June 2018 .
Thanks for delivering what i exactly wanted in less than an hour :)…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Heba on 29 May 2018 .
This place provides an AMAZING service! Vert fast with high quality! I ordered flower for my sister’s birthday from Canada and they arrived in 2 hours! I am really impressed by the service and speed a…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ghinwa on 16 May 2018 .
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by kgalal on 14 May 2018 .
professional and easy ordering, committed to the delivery time……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Kholoud El Sharkawy on 14 May 2018 .
This was such a great experience. I actually am impressed with the level of professionalism and amazing customer service! I ordered flowers for my sister from Kuwait for her birthday and they’ve deli…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Husain Hussin on 18 April 2018 .
Amazing customer service I like it …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ash on 3 April 2018 .
Outstanding service from the minute the order is smoothly placed. I received a confirmation call and follow-ups on WhatsApp with options for the card and pictures of the final bouquet. Flowers were d…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Hanaa on 20 March 2018 .
Thank you for a great service to Egypt …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Antony Diggins on 11 March 2018 .
I live in the UK and ordered some flowers to be delivered to my parents staying in Egypt for Mother’s Day and the flowers were delivered to their hotel room within 24 hours of ordering them. I receive…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Sukaina on 10 March 2018 .
I have a fiancé in Egypt and I’m currently in Australia. At first I was hesitant at ordering as I have never done this before, but flora door put my doubts to rest. They even called and corresponded p…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Sarah elsherif on 5 March 2018 .
They made me surprise my sister on her birthday while being out of town …They are very professional really .. I have ordered online and write my comments and message for the bouquet..they delivered …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Natalie on 27 February 2018 .
Excellent quality of flowers and the service is amazing! I highly recommend them! Thank you so much for making my mom’s day :)…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Kris on 21 February 2018 .
Very efficient! Thank you for the fast transaction and on-time delivery. I ordered from Bahrain through and it was delivered according to my liking. Very nice arrangement as well..☺️…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Steve on 14 February 2018 .
On time delivery amazing selection Professional Service thank you very much…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Serene on 14 February 2018 .
Excellent service! Order delivered within hours…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Mohammad Khan on 14 February 2018 .
Amazing service and excellent flowers. My order was delivered on time and they contacted me to confirm. Great job Floradoor, please keep it up :) …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by mohamed hamdy on 13 February 2018 .
I really appreciate your professionalism in delivering my order as i requested an order overseas from United Arab Emirates . The order came on time and was extraordinary fabulous. keep up the excellen…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by AB on 19 January 2018 .
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Naemat yafi on 14 November 2017 .
Excellent service!! Thank you so much.i was a bit worried as it was the 1st time i order on this website. But to my great surprise they emailed to inform me the flower color i ordered wasnt available,…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by H kuwait on 24 October 2017 .
Very professional service ! Prompt and flowers were great. I ordered flowers online from kuwait for My husband staying at a hotel in cairo. They delivered exactly on time and also called me oversees…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by yaz on 10 October 2017 .
amazing customer service will definitely use again gave them wrong address and they still delivered to the right person !!!!!! you guys are dope :)…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by NeroVero on 2 September 2017 .
Every think was perfect! Thanks for the amazing service. Well done, will be my number one for sending flowers from Germany to Cairo!
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Tariq on 27 August 2017 .
Thumbs Up ! great service… the flowers were EXACTLY what I ordered. Arrived on time despite the short notice from my end and order coming from UAE … excellent job guys …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by farhan mughees on 24 July 2017 .
An ideal place to send flowers in Egypt from any part of the world. I am from India and have been using this website since long. I am overwhelmed by their service. They respect their clients and knows…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Hani on 24 June 2017 .
Top notch quality and impressive speed of delivery! thanks …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Mohamed Ibrahim on 15 June 2017 .
I would like to recommend floradoor to any one want to have a very special service in right time with easy process until deliver your package. Thanks floradoor team……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by engscorpion on 13 June 2017 .
Very good service by flora door, my only comment that they should announce the working hours and the time for last delivery both in normal days and during Ramadan as well……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Christina on 9 June 2017 .
I would like to thank the Flora Door team for helping us have an awesome birthday celebration. The flowers were delivered in less than 5 hours from the order placement, and the floral arrangement was …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ujagar on 9 June 2017 .
Fantastic service by flordoor …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Omar on 23 May 2017 .
Honestly speaking, I didn’t expect my order to be delivered on the same day but they did it in a very professional fast delivery service with good and continuous follow-up. I’m really satisfied with …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Aai on 10 May 2017 .
High end service, the roses, the card, absolutely recommended!…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ahmed on 19 April 2017 .
Very good and professional service……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by MWS on 10 April 2017 .
I did order flowers online previously from different sites but never been as impressed as I was today by the ponctuality and the beauty of the flower basket on a same day delivery order. Thank you flo…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Jasmine on 28 March 2017 .
I arranged a delivery with FloraDoor from the UK after a well know international florist rejected my order due to an ‘incomplete address’ in Cairo. FlooraDoor managed to deliver without any problems a…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Sandra on 21 March 2017 .
Thank you sooo much for wonderful service, for prompt communication and for very the fast delivery. You made me and the person who received the flowers very happy. …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Amro on 21 March 2017 .
Amazing place, the most trustworthy high quality fast felivery place ❤…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Joy on 16 February 2017 .
you are so professional buisness. i order from 2 years and more and every time you surprise me in proving yourself and do new things. you are the best. any order i did it was so amazing flowers and or…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Daniel on 15 February 2017 .
So reliable, and timely delivery, and professional. Thank you very much for your wonderful service!…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by kgalal on 15 February 2017 .
More than perfect service, order delivered as chosen in a very short time with a cooperation from the team. it was my first time but will not last :) I recommend it for everybody specially the people …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Mohamed on 14 February 2017 .
Second time I ordered flowers and came out perfectly again. The flowers were very nice, arrangement was perfect, and was delivered in excellent time..on Valentine’s Day!!!! Thank you so much guys!!…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Claudia on 14 February 2017 .
Just perfect! This is not my first time order and for sure won’t be the last. You never fail to amaze me with your excellent service. Thank you FloraDoor Team…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by I.A. Nazlawy on 14 February 2017 .
I placed my order online without speaking to anyone and selected the flowers (1st Night) from the shown photos. My order was executed perfectly. The actual flowers were absolutely beautiful, by far ex…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Mark on 13 February 2017 .
Very happy with my order , my girl was surprised and very happy , very good communication , thank you Mark Delaware USA …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Sameh on 13 February 2017 .
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Анна on 12 February 2017 .
Thank you very much for excellent service!! It is not the first time I use the company’s services, and always it was very good!…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Marwa on 12 February 2017 .
Perfect :) the flowers were delivered just on time and they were awesome. It was my anniversary and I just gave birth to my first child and I couldn’t go anywhere to get him a gift, you saved me and h…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Mohamed on 9 January 2017 .
Thank you so much flooradoor! Order delivered perfectly, very nice flowers, teddy bear, and message sent on very nice card. Also delivered in excellent time! Thank you guys again! …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Magdalena on 23 December 2016 .
Thank You for delivering flowers on such short notice! I highly recommend FLORADOOR!
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by yahsob on 23 December 2016 .
Excellent service. The flowers were delivered on the time . Keep it up :)…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Nabil on 19 December 2016 .
excellent service on the phone and delivery was done on time and the details communicated back to me by email promptly and professionally. I will definitely use them again Nabil Y……..
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Catherine Ibrahim on 19 December 2016 .
I absolutely love this place! Very Professional and reliable, the delivery is always on time, and their collection is wonderful! it’s my go to place when I need to send a gift/flowers to Someone in Eg…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Nour on 17 December 2016 .
Always the best . Very reliable and on time …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by MS on 12 December 2016 .
This is an outstanding service. I recommend FloraDoor for everyone who wants to send flowers to Egypt or any other country.
Flowers were fresh and chosen to my satisfaction. They were in contact with…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by May on 6 December 2016 .
And thanks for the million time great service and delivery.
Appreciate the great work :)…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Ramona Warnakula on 4 December 2016 .
I would like to thank the entire team of Floradoor for delivering my bosses flowers on time. The flowers were looking Gorgeous and fresh. He immediately called me and was overjoyed and was surprised …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by [email protected] on 2 December 2016 .
Thank you so so much for delivery very nice roses and gift basket. Thank you so much and I am wishing you many good custiomers and nice work …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Nadira on 1 December 2016 .
It’s the first time I ordered from Toronto via Floradoor to Cairo, Egypt. I am thoroughly impressed with the turnaround time. My order arrived within hours to my loved ones, much to their happiness an…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Reem on 29 November 2016 .
So professional, prompt reply to the email. Love the flowers although they were a little bit longer than I expected although I discussed this issue with customer care representative over the phone. ye…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Arwa on 22 October 2016 .
بصراحه الخدمه فوق الوصف و الحاجات تحفه ، و الرد فوري و على الوقت ، اكتر من رائع استمرو…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Kareem on 17 October 2016 .
Just perfect, on time and up to our the expectation …….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by Yahia elgamal on 15 October 2016 .
The service is excellent. The flowers were delivered on time. The customer support is just out of this world (too good to believe) !!
I had a concern when I was sent a picture of the flowers from th…….
Floradoor - Send Flowers to Egypt - Reviewed by leo on 13 October 2016 .
on time and on time, excellent flowers … thanks Grazie!……. | 2019-04-23T09:58:25Z | https://www.louderyou.com/floradoor-reviews/ |
Burch Falkner has written another letter to the editor this week.
As I told you last week he marches to a different drummer. Don't miss it in the LETTERS TO THE EDITOR section below. It's a little strange but very interesting.
I am having a lot of trouble getting this issue out today, due to problems with my Internet connection via Frontier Communications and a computer that is too old and too slow.
RICHMOND, VA (WWBT) — VCU will test its emergency communications and alert systems throughout the Monroe Park and VCU Medical Center campuses at noon Wednesday.
“The full test will include the sirens along with text messages, Alertus boxes, mass email, digital signs, desktop alert, LiveSafe, social media and VCU website information — all part of a multichannel system for communicating emergency information to VCU students, faculty, staff, visitors and the community,” VCU said.
There are 10 sirens across the Monroe Park and VCU Medical Center campuses. In a real emergency, VCU said the sirens will sound for four minutes to signal that a life-threatening event has occurred. The purpose of the alert is to alert everyone to seek shelter.
VCU will also send out emails, text messages, desktop alerts, mass emails, as well as classroom alerts, during a real-life situation. The university will also update their social media accounts.
“VCU remains committed to supporting a wide variety of emergency alert technologies to distribute emergency information in a timely and effective manner. These various technologies help inform the VCU community of the necessary and prudent protective actions in a comprehensive manner,” VCU said.
The university conducts a test each semester, as well as conduct a monthly siren system test at noon on the first Wednesday of each month.
The Steve Jobs Theater is a stunning venue: a glass circle with no visible supports other than the glass itself and super-thin conduits between the 44 panels to convey electric cables, water pipes and so on to the carbon-fibre composite roof.
Steve Jobs Theater in Apple Park, scene of the shareholders' meeting.
It holds an audience of 1,000, with no seat more than 97 feet from the stage – a surprisingly intimate auditorium. It was first used last September when the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X were announced.
This week, for the first time, it was the venue for the Apple annual shareholders’ meeting. CEO Tim Cook had much to say, including on how quickly Apple Pay would replace paper money.
On this he admitted it hasn’t been going quite as fast as he thought previously when he said Apple would kill cash. ‘Nobody likes to carry around cash’, Cook said in October 2016.
Reflection in the ceiling of the Steve Jobs Theater in Apple Park, scene of the shareholders' meeting.
Now he merely said that he hoped that cash would die out during his lifetime.
He also reported that satisfaction with the company’s latest phone, iPhone X, is extremely high – 99%.
But the most interesting stuff came when Cook referred to the success of Apple Watch. The Watch sales are part of the wearables business which also includes headphones such as Beats and AirPods.
Last May, he said that business is approaching the size of a Fortune 500 company. More recently, last month, the size had crept up so it would fall in the top 400.
And this week he showed a video on the Watch and revealed that the business is approaching the size of a Fortune 300 company.
This is pretty remarkable. As Wareable.com points out, number 300 in 2017 was Alcoa, the aluminum giant headquartered in Pittsburgh, with revenue of $9.318 billion. And to have jumped from 500 to 300 in less than a year is explosive growth, surely. Of course, Apple didn't reveal actual numbers, but this kind of guidance is certainly descriptive.
Other names nearby in the Fortune 500 are eBay (310), Netflix (314), Expedia (317) and just above it is MGM Resorts International at spot 297.
To put this in context, Apple itself is number 3 in the Fortune 500 list, after Walmart and Berkshire Hathaway. Its revenues are listed as $215.639 billion, which is rather bigger, obviously.
If things continue in this direction, what will he say next year? Well, Fast Company believes that the smart money is 'he’ll say Fortune 100’.
Springfield’s 911 call center can now receive emergency texts from people who can’t call in for help. Director Zim Schwartze says she still wants people to call 911, but for those who can’t speak or hear, this is another option.
Emergency text messaging is offered in 16 of Missouri’s counties. Springfield-Greene County 911 Emergency Communications Department has formally implemented “Text-to-911” capabilities for rare cases when people are unable to communicate audibly via telephone.
Schwartze, who’s the former Columbia 911 center director, says that voice 911 calls are still the preferred method of receiving emergency calls so the telecommunicator can talk with the person. The slogan “Call if you can, text if you can’t” is exactly what Schwartze wants the community to remember. Other tips include knowing your location, being brief, using plain language, and avoid abbreviations so the telecommunicator clearly understands what is occurring.
Nearly 22,000 emergency calls come into the Springfield-Greene County 911 Emergency Communications Department monthly, with 82% originating from mobile devices. Nationwide, the number of wireless devices being used has increased dramatically. In turn, the percentage of wireless 911 calls has increased steadily, up from 58% a decade ago in the Greene County area. Recognizing this increasing number of wireless calls led the department to implement “Text-to-911” capabilities for the area.
In 2017, the 911 Telecommunicators in the Operations Center fielded 501,692 total phone calls (emergency and non-emergency) with just over half as 911 emergency calls.
To date, Missouri is the only state that does not collect any fees or tax money from wireless usage to help fund 911 dispatch centers. Several state 911 organizations continue to work towards a goal of passing statewide legislation regarding wireless funding. This legislation hopes to help many dispatch centers who struggle with appropriate funding for 911 services and assist the 16 counties that do not have any 911 call-taking equipment in place.
In the letter signed by LMCC officers Farokh Latif and Mark Crosby, the Enforcement Bureau was advised that the devices are marketed for use by any entity, for any purpose, for operation on channels ranging from 136–174 MHz and 400–520 MHz, without regard to federal and non-federal spectrum allocations, user eligibility or licensing requirements.
The LMCC noted that this presents a serious risk of harmful interference to federal systems and FCC-compliant systems operated by public safety and business/industrial licensees. The LMCC also advised that the use of non-compliant devices creates significant economic consequences and competitive disadvantages that affect manufacturers and their channel partners who produce and distribute wireless products in full compliance with the Commission’s and National Telecommunications and Information Administration’s operational and technical rules.
William Wong, DAS Engineering Manager, Advanced RF Technologies, Inc.
Winners will be recognized at a special ceremony on Thursday, March 8. IWCE takes place March 5-9, 2018, at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida.
Commercial radio broadcast stations in markets below the top 50 or outside all markets must place all existing public file material in the online public file, with the exception of existing political file material. In addition, these radio broadcasters must begin placing all new public and political file material in the online file on a going-forward basis.
Of interest to our clients, cable systems with between 1,000 and 5,000 subscribers must begin placing new political file material in the online file database on a going-forward basis.
These entities are not required to upload political files placed in their public file prior to March 1, 2018; however, they are required to retain those documents until the end of the two-year retention period.
As we reported in a previous edition of the BloostonLaw Telecom Update, the FCC has released its Public Notice establishing, among other things, the filing requirements for participating in the upcoming Connect America Fund Phase II auction. Short-form applications for CAF Phase II are due by 6:00 p.m. ET on March 30. BloostonLaw has assisted many of its clients in applying and participating in FCC auctions, and is prepared to assist clients in CAF Phase II.
Adequate disclosure of all real parties in interest to any agreements relating to the participation of the applicant in the competitive bidding for Phase II support.
Adequate disclosure of applicant ownership.
A demonstration that the applicant is in compliance with the requirements associated with receiving universal service support.
Specification of states in which the applicant will be placing bids, which may be complicated by multiple entities bidding under common control.
A demonstration that it has sufficient operational experience and financial qualifications to participate, which information will be validated by the FCC.
A demonstration that the applicant meets three out of the five financial metrics specified by the FCC.
A demonstration that the applicant can meet the performance tier / latency combinations for which it plans to bid.
A certification that it can meet operation assumptions adopted by the FCC.
For applicants proposing to use spectrum to meet program requirements, that it has the proper authorizations, access, and sufficient spectrum resources to meet FCC requirements.
Under section 1.21004 of the FCC’s rules, a defective application may be dismissed without further consideration, and penalties may apply. Accordingly, it is imperative that companies considering applying for CAF Phase II support do so correctly, and allow adequate time to gather the necessary information. The FCC has announced that it will be holding a workshop on the application process for the Connect America Fund Phase II (CAF II) auction on March 14 from 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. ET. We strongly encourage carriers considering participation in the auction to begin preparing their applications long in advance. BloostonLaw has a proven track record of assisting clients in successful auction participation. Please contact the firm for more information.
According to the Outline, this Federal funding would be made available to States via formula distribution, along with a bonus competition based on State performance in achieving goals outlined in State-developed rural infrastructure plans. Within this amount, funding is set aside for federally recognized Tribes and U.S. Territories. Second, the Budget also proposes $30 million to fund broadband grants, $23 million in broadband loans, and $24 million to fund distance learning and telemedicine grants through the Department of Agriculture.
A bipartisan bill was introduced into the House of Representatives last week that would have the government auction off use of additional high- and mid-band spectrum and designate more high-frequency spectrum for 5G services as well as for unlicensed use.
The Advancing Innovation and Reinvigorating Widespread Access to Viable Electromagnetic Spectrum, or AIRWAVES, Act from Reps. Mike Doyle, D-Pa, and Leonard Lance, R-N.J., would also set aside some revenue from spectrum auctions for rural broadband. Congressman Doyle is the Ranking Member of the Communications and Technology Subcommittee, and Congressman Lance serves as Vice Chair.
“The bipartisan AIRWAVES Act is the kind of bill that will make a difference in the lives of Internet users. By opening up more federal spectrum for commercial usage we are helping lay the groundwork for 5G. The Internet is the lifeblood of the American economy – transforming countless industries and everyday life. To compete in the 21st century we must have a robust spectrum pipeline so we can win the race to 5G as we did with 4G LTE. We also have to close the connectivity divide and bring reliable Internet service to a larger segment of Americans – especially those in unserved areas. And with multi-device households on the rise we need more data to stay connected. All consumers need a system with faster speed, better reliability and affordable options and the AIRWAVES Act brings us one step closer,” said Congressman Lance.
The AIRWAVES Act mirrors legislation championed in the U.S. Senate ( S. 1682 ) by Senators Cory Gardner (R-Co) and Maggie Hassan (D-N.H.) that requires the FCC to hold auctions in each of the next three years that grants spectrum licenses in various bands, and National Telecommunications and Information Administration to identify the frequencies for either commercial license use or non-federal unlicensed use, and directs the FCC to allocated 10% of the auction proceeds to fund wireless infrastructure in unserved or underserved rural areas. The FCC will also be directed to conduct a study of how unlicensed spectrum can be used for rural healthcare, distance learning and agriculture.
We have not yet seen full text of the House item, but the Senate version of the AIRWAVES Act directs the FCC, in conjunction with NTIA, to “complete a system of competitive bidding to grant new licenses” for the use of the 3550-3650 MHz spectrum ( i.e., CBRS Priority Access Licenses) by December 31, 2018. The FCC is currently reviewing proposals to license 10 megahertz PALs on the basis of Partial Economic Areas (or PEAs), instead of the census tract-based PAL licensing scheme adopted in 2015. The Senate version of the AIRWAVES Act would require the FCC to “complete a system of competitive bidding” for the use of 28 GHz and 39 GHz spectrum ( i.e., former LMDS and 37-40 GHz band “millimeter wave” spectrum) by December 31, 2019. If passed in its present form, the legislation would give NTIA one year to identify any frequency between 7125 and 8400 MHz that could be made available for unlicensed use.
We will keep our clients apprised as the items move through committee and differences are resolved.
On February 9, The House of Representatives unanimously passed H.R. 582, the Kari’s Law Act of 2017, and S. 96, the Improving Rural Call Quality and Reliability Act of 2017. As we reported in last week’s edition of the BloostonLaw Telecom Update, H.R. 582 was passed by the Senate and sent back to the House for final approval. The bill requires that any multi-line telephone system connects directly to 9-1-1 when dialed, even in instances where the phone requires the user to dial “9” to get an outside line. With this bill approved, it will be heading to President Trump’s desk for signature. S. 96, introduced by Senator Amy Klobuchar (D-MN), would require the Federal Communications Commission to establish call completion standards for intermediary providers that sometimes have not routed calls properly in rural areas. This bill is now likewise ready to head to the President’s desk for signature. “While much has changed since the first 9-1-1 call was placed nearly fifty years ago, fast and reliable emergency communication, no matter where you are, is as important as ever. When an emergency strikes, Kari’s Law will help give every person in America the certainty that dialing 9-1-1 means 9-1-1, even if you’re calling from a hotel or office phone,” said Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Greg Walden (R-OR) and Communications and Technology Subcommittee Chairman Marsha Blackburn (R-TN).
On February 9, the FCC issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying a formal complaint filed September 12, 2017 by Level 3 Communications, LLC (Level 3). In its complaint, Level 3 claimed that AT&T Inc. and its price cap carrier subsidiaries violated Sections 201(b) and 202(a) of the Communications Act by filing tariff revisions that do not properly implement the year six step-down of access charges embodied in Section 51.907(g)(2).
Specifically, Level 3 accuses AT&T of violating Section 51.907(g)(2) by assessing the $0.0007 per minute rate only when tandem switching and transport traffic terminates to an AT&T Price Cap Carrier end office, but not when such traffic terminates to the end office or equivalent facility of an AT&T affiliate that is not itself a price cap carrier, including AT&T’s “affiliated CLEC or wireless end office.” In denying the complaint, the FCC held that the $0.0007 per minute rate in Section 51.907(g)(2) applies only to tandem switching and transport traffic that terminates to a price cap carrier end office.
On February 8, the FCC released two reports — one on internet access and one on voice — which summarize information about those services as of December 31, 2016 as collected by FCC Form 477. According to the reports, the total number of Internet connections increased; voice subscribership to interconnected VoIP and mobile voice services increased; and voice subscribership to traditional wired telephone services decreased.
In December 2016, 4% of fixed connections (or 4 million connections) were slower than 3 Mbps downstream, 14% (or 15 million connections) were at least 3 Mbps downstream but slower than 10 Mbps, 22% (or 23 million connections) were at least 10 Mbps downstream but slower than 25 Mbps, 37% (or 39 million connections) were at least 25 Mbps downstream but slower than 100 Mbps, and 23% (or 25 million connections) were at least 100 Mbps.
In December 2016, 13% of fixed connections (or 14 million connections) were slower than 1 Mbps upstream, 22% (or 24 million connections) were at least 1 Mbps upstream but slower than 3 Mbps, 32% (or 34 million connections) were at least 3 Mbps upstream but slower than 6 Mbps, and 32% (or 34 million connections) were at least 6 Mbps upstream.
In December 2016, there were 58 million end-user switched access lines in service, 63 million interconnected VoIP subscriptions, and 341 million mobile subscriptions in the United States, or 463 million retail voice telephone service connections in total.
Over the three-year period, interconnected VoIP subscriptions increased at a compound annual growth rate of 10%, mobile voice subscriptions increased at a compound annual growth rate of 3%, and retail switched access lines declined at 12% per year.
On February 14, FCC Chairman Ajit Pai proposed to approve an application by Elon Musk’s Space Exploration Holdings, better known as SpaceX, to provide broadband services using satellite technologies in the United States and on a global basis. Ars Technica reports that SpaceX has said it will offer speeds of up to a gigabit per second, with latencies between 25ms and 35ms. Chairman Pai issued the following statement: “To bridge America’s digital divide, we’ll have to use innovative technologies. SpaceX’s application—along with those of other satellite companies seeking licenses or access to the U.S. market for non-geostationary satellite orbit systems—involves one such innovation. Satellite technology can help reach Americans who live in rural or hard-to-serve places where fiber optic cables and cell towers do not reach. And it can offer more competition where terrestrial Internet access is already available.
MARCH 1: COPYRIGHT STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FORM FOR CABLE COMPANIES. This form, plus royalty payment for the second half of calendar year 2011, is due March 1. The form covers the period July 1 to December 31, 2012, and is due to be mailed directly to cable TV operators by the Library of Congress’ Copyright Office.
If you do not receive the form, please contact Gerry Duffy.
Things you've probably never thought about.
Ever wonder where you go when you are “knocked out” by anesthesia?
You know — first the happy pill, then the IV. You're talking or counting away, and suddenly — BAM! You just don't exist anymore. Perhaps you think your anesthesiologist knows where you went. Guess what? He doesn't (Not being sexist, there just aren't many women in this field). They just conclude your essence of being has just somehow been temporarily transferred to a “black box” somewhere.
However, they do know some incredible things about how your brain works. Many of us in the communications industry commonly identify the brain as a “radio” tuned to very low frequencies controlling a body cell computer. Now we know just how low it really does goes! The knockout signal is below 1 Hz. That is REALLY low!
Does this diminish my faith in an almighty Creator and personal Savior? Nah, it just calls to mind how stupid I am and how smart He is.
Aside from religion, my IQ, and other arguable points, there is a very interesting presentation (audio only) on the link below. Pretty interesting stuff that strongly supports the theory that we are not half as smart as some think they are; even really smart guys who go to really great schools to spend half their life (and more) studying doctor (as in MD) stuff. | 2019-04-23T08:06:05Z | http://braddye.com/newsletters/2018/newsletter_february_16_2018.html |
How to Cite This Chapter: Young JEM, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R, Kokot F, Franek E, Płaczkiewicz-Jankowska E. Primary Hyperparathyroidism . McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna. https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.10.2.1 Accessed April 23, 2019.
Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1413. PubMed PMID: 25162665.
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) results from an excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion caused by a defect in the parathyroid cells that makes them resistant or hyposensitive to the suppressive effects of hypercalcemia. It is the most common cause of hypercalcemia and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any person with an elevated serum calcium level.
Causes of PHPT include sporadic causes: single adenomas (80%-85% of patients; double adenomas can be found in 5%), glandular hyperplasia (10%-15%; all 4 glands affected), and only rarely parathyroid carcinoma (<1%). In ~5% of patients, PHPT can be part of hereditary syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (type 1 or type 2A), hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT), or very rarely familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, which results from an inactivating mutation of the gene encoding the calcium-sensing receptor.
Increased PTH levels cause increased osteolysis (bone resorption), increased gastrointestinal absorption of calcium (due to the increased production of calcitriol), decreased urinary calcium excretion, and increased urinary phosphate excretion; all of these cause elevations in total and ionized calcium levels.
Women are affected 2 to 3 times more frequently than men, with the peak incidence occurring in the sixth decade of life. Clinical features of hyperparathyroidism are directly related to the degree of hypercalcemia and PTH elevation, and less so to the duration of the disease, as PHPT may remain asymptomatic for many years or even decades. As a result, the vast majority of cases of PHPT are diagnosed because of mild hypercalcemia detected by routine biochemical screening (asymptomatic PHPT), but the presentation may be atypical and ranges from normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism (normal calcium with high PTH levels) to severe hypercalcemia (parathyroid crisis). The classic presentation, with bone disease, nephrolithiasis, and neuromuscular and neuropsychiatric symptoms, is now rarely seen (sometimes remembered as “bones, stones, abdominal moans, and psychotic groans,” or a similar name).
1. Asymptomatic PHPT: High calcium and PTH levels (usually mild) without any symptoms. On further evaluation, a bone or renal disease may be found, but patients have no clinically apparent or referred symptoms.
1) Bone symptoms are caused by generalized or localized bone resorption, local lesions of osteitis fibrosa cystica (back pain; arthralgia; pain in long bones; pathologic fractures of ribs, vertebrae, or other bones; spinal deformity; gait disturbances [waddling]; epulis; brown tumors [osteoclasts with fibrous tissue]), or complications of chronic hypercalcemia.
2) Renal symptoms: Nephrolithiasis occurs in 5% to 15% of patients (most stones are composed of calcium oxalate). Nephrocalcinosis and renal failure are less common.
3) Gastrointestinal symptoms: Constipation, indigestion, nausea/vomiting, and acute pancreatitis.
4) Neuromuscular symptoms: Weakness and fatigue are common among patients with PHPT (atrophy of type II muscle fibers).
5) Neuropsychiatric disturbances: Depression, lethargy, confusion, cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, anxiety and/or psychosis/paranoia.
Other associated signs and symptoms of PHPT are proximal muscle weakness, keratitis, band keratopathy (a band across the central cornea), and hypertension.
1) Hypercalcemia (with a rare exception of normocalcemic PHPT with normal calcium levels): Measurement of total serum calcium levels (if a single elevation is found, measurement should be repeated). Correct calcium levels depend on albumin concentration; add 0.8 mg/dL (0.2 mmol/L) to the total serum calcium level reported for every 1.0 g/dL (10 g/L) of albumin below 4.0 g/dL and subtract 0.8 mg/dL for every 1.0 g/dL of albumin above 4.0 g/dL. Ionized calcium levels may yield a potentially more accurate result providing that the test is done in a laboratory known to measure the levels reliably; it is suggested mainly in cases of known or suspected hypoalbuminemia or hyperalbuminemia.
2) Elevated PTH: Intact (second-generation) or third-generation PTH assays (in 90% of patients, PTH levels are ≥65 pg/mL) (7.15 pmol/L). According to the diagnostic algorithm of hypercalcemia, once an elevated serum calcium level is confirmed, the next obligatory step in all patients should be measurement of serum PTH concentration.
3) Exclusion of other causes: Secondary hyperparathyroidism, lithium and thiazide use, and/or familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH).
1. Blood tests: Serum creatinine concentration should be measured in all cases, as hypercalcemia can diminish renal function, and hypocalcemia due to kidney diseases (usually resulting in low vitamin D levels) is the main cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ionized calcium (measured in a reliable laboratory) may be used when protein abnormalities are suspected. Alkaline phosphatase concentration is usually high, serum phosphate is usually normal-low (≤3.5 mg/dL) (1.13 mmol/L) or low (≤2.5 mg/dL) (0.81 mmol/L), and mild hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis may be observed.
1) Urine tests: Low urine specific gravity; increased urinary excretion of calcium (>250 mg/d) (6 mmol/d) and phosphate; minor proteinuria (in the presence of interstitial nephritis); microscopic hematuria (in the presence of nephrolithiasis).
2) ECG: Features of hypercalcemia may be present.
3) Bone mineral density (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]): Features of osteopenia (T-score ≤-1.0 to -2.4 standard deviation) or osteoporosis (T-score ≤-2.5 standard deviation).
4) Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) can be assessed with plain radiographs or with VFA by DXA (used only when patients do not have osteoporosis in DXA).
2. Imaging studies: Localization studies (eg, ultrasonography, technetium-99m sestamibi, CT, MRI) should not be used to establish the diagnosis. Rather, they should be considered only when the decision to perform a minimally invasive surgery has been made (use in open/bilateral surgery is controversial).
1) Neck ultrasonography detects enlarged parathyroid glands with a sensitivity of 70% to 90% (in experienced hands) and has the advantages of being noninvasive and inexpensive. It cannot always distinguish abnormal parathyroids from abnormal thyroid tissue or abnormal lymph nodes.
2) Radionuclide scans using 99mTc-labeled sestamibi detect 70% to 80% of adenomas and should be performed only in patients with confirmed hyperparathyroidism.
3) Spiral CT is done either with timed flow (four-dimensional or 4D CT) or in conjunction with both contrast and noncontrast imaging. This last technique appears to be far superior to any of the other methods used to detect abnormal parathyroids, since it can identify additional adenomas, can often detect multiglandular disease when all 4 parathyroid glands are only minimally enlarged, accurately demonstrates the anatomy of the neck and the upper mediastinum, and is useful in evaluating abnormalities of the thyroid and the adjacent anatomy.
4) MRI has a sensitivity of 85% to 95%, is noninvasive, and is not associated with exposure to ionizing radiation. It is usually used for reoperative surgery.
5) Bone radiographs are rarely indicated. When performed in advanced PHPT, they may reveal generalized osteoporosis, subperiosteal resorption (most prominent in phalanges), bone cysts in very advanced disease (located in the jaw, ribs, and long bones), osteolysis (calcaneus, pubic bone, distal clavicle, alveolar lamina dura, cranial vault bones [“salt and pepper” appearance on radiographs]), thinning of the cortex of long bones, and pathologic fractures. Plain abdominal radiographs, if done for other reasons, may show urolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, or calcifications in the pancreas. Other radiographs may reveal calcifications in muscles or in other soft tissues.
6) Venography with PTH sampling from the veins in the neck and the mediastinum is used only when all other methods of localizing have failed, following a previous negative exploration.
7) Positron emission tomography (PET) using either 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) or 11C-labelled methionine is performed rarely, in complicated cases.
3. Ophthalmology examination may sometimes reveal calcium deposits in the cornea (band keratopathy).
1. Patients with elevated serum PTH and normal calcium levels usually have vitamin D deficiency rather PHPT. Vitamin D deficiency is exceedingly common, and in most patients in this situation the PTH concentration will decrease to a normal range over time with correction of the low vitamin D level. Only a small number of these individuals subsequently develop hypercalcemia with a persistent elevation of PTH levels.
2. Patients with normal or slightly elevated serum PTH levels and hypercalcemia usually do have PHPT, with elevated serum calcium levels partially inhibiting PTH secretion. In most of these patients, serial ionized calcium and PTH concentrations show a gradual increase over time.
3. “Undetectable” PTH and hypophosphatemic hypercalcemia are observed in hyperparathyroidism caused by secretion of a PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) (secreted by malignant cells); the molecule is biologically active but cannot be detected by the antibodies used in PTH assays.
1) PHPT and FHH: Measure 24-hour urine calcium excretion. In PHPT, calcium urinary excretion is usually >200 mg/d (5 mmol/d) or 4 mg/kg/d (0.1 mmol/kg/d). In FHH, calcium excretion is usually <50 mg/d (1.25 mmol/d) and the calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr) clearance ratio is usually <0.01.
2) PHPT and thiazide/lithium adverse effects: In the case of drug use, there are usually mildly elevated/normal calcium and PTH (with lithium use) concentrations; otherwise, the two scenarios are indistinguishable. These should be excluded on the basis of clinical history.
3) PHPT and secondary hyperparathyroidism: Measure creatinine and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations; it is recommended to measure 25(OH)D levels in all suspected cases of PHPT. If the concentration of 25(OH)D is ≤20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), repletion with vitamin D3 or D2 is warranted before making any management decisions.
Differential diagnosis should also include other diseases associated with hypercalcemia, osteopenia, osteoporosis or osteomalacia, primary and metastatic bone tumors, multiple myeloma, and Paget disease. Differential diagnosis may prove difficult in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (calciuria <5 mmol/d [200 mg/d]); in parathyroid adenoma in patients with hypercalcemia caused by malignancy (elevated serum PTH and PTHrP levels); and in paraneoplastic endocrinopathy (secretion of PTH and other osteolytic factors by cancers of nonparathyroid origin).
Surgery for PHPT is rarely required urgently. Even patients with markedly elevated calcium levels seldom have significant symptoms. Those rare patients who present to the emergency department obtunded usually respond promptly to basic medical treatment (see Hypercalcemia). The urgency of surgery depends on the severity of symptoms and serum calcium levels. The procedure involves a total removal of adenoma or carcinoma, and in the case of parathyroid hyperplasia, removal of all parathyroid glands with preservation of 50% of one gland (subtotal parathyroidectomy), or removal of all parathyroid glands (total parathyroidectomy) with transplantation of a small portion of one of the removed glands into an adjacent muscle in the neck (usually the sternocleidomastoid muscle or a muscle of the upper extremity). A portion of the remaining glands are frozen and stored so that they may be transplanted in case of postoperative hypoparathyroidism. The effectiveness of parathyroidectomy may be evaluated by intraoperative measurements of PTH levels in blood samples collected 5 to 10 minutes following the removal of the gland (after a successful surgery, levels are <50% of baseline).
Minimally invasive surgical removal of solitary adenomas has been increasingly popular. For more surgical details, see Appendix 1.
1) Classic or symptomatic PHPT: Surgery is warranted in all patients.
b) Serum calcium ≥1.0 mg/dL above the upper limit of normal.
c) DXA T-score ≤-2.5 standard deviation in the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, or distal 1/3 radius, or vertebral fracture confirmed by radiography, CT, MRI, or VFA.
d) Creatinine clearance ≤60 mg/dL/min, 24-hour urinary calcium >400 mg/d, or presence of nephrolithiasis.
In specialized centers, the success rates of surgical treatment are >90%. After parathyroidectomy, significant hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia may occur (hungry bone syndrome).
In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and a genetic syndrome (MEN 1, MEN 2, or HPT-JT), the results of genetic testing are important in the choice of adequate treatment and, in confirmed cases, subtotal or total parathyroidectomy with transplant is almost always required.
2. Calcimimetics in patients with contraindications to surgery (these agents inhibit PTH secretion, but hypercalcemia recurs upon discontinuation of the drug): cinacalcet 30 mg bid; the dose may be titrated up every 2 to 4 weeks to 90 mg bid (maximum dose, 90 mg qid).
3. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts; they may also be used to control hungry bone syndrome (see above) prior to parathyroidectomy.
4. Correction of hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia following parathyroidectomy.
In patients with asymptomatic PHPT and no indications for surgery, monitor serum calcium and creatinine levels every 12 months and perform DXA of 3 skeletal locations every 1 to 2 years. The calcium-phosphate metabolism parameters and serum PTH levels should be measured after the confirmation of a normal 25(OH)D concentration (20-50 ng/mL [50-125 nmol/L]).
In patients with mild to moderate bone and renal abnormalities and in those with general symptoms in whom surgical treatment has been successful, the prognosis is good with usual marked improvement. Untreated classical PHPT is associated with increased mortality due to cardiovascular disease (from 20% to 100% risk increase). In asymptomatic PHPT patients, data are limited but appear to be the same when compared to healthy individuals. In parathyroid carcinoma, a complete cure is achieved in 30% to 50% of patients, 30% of individuals can have a prolonged course with recurrence that is still treatable with surgery or radiation, and the remaining group has rapidly progressive disease.
Since surgery is the only curative treatment for PHPT, it should be considered in all patients with this diagnosis. The operation requires removal of all abnormal parathyroid tissue; in most cases, this requires removal of a solitary adenoma, but if more than one gland is abnormal then 2 or 3 glands need to be removed while the remaining fragment is marked with metal clips for subsequent identification if the patients requires reoperation. The small portion preserved is usually from the most normal looking (smallest of the 4) glands; because reoperation for recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism is easier if the abnormal gland is the inferior one, a portion of the inferior parathyroid gland is usually chosen for preservation.
The operating surgeon must be certain of the diagnosis and be aware that occasionally there are more than 4 parathyroid glands. Obviously, this can be confirmed by preoperative imaging, of which CT scanning of the neck and mediastinum is the most useful. If there is any concern on the surgeon’s part that the small preserved fragment may not survive, small fragments of parathyroid tissue can be transplanted in the adjacent sternocleidomastoid muscle (which is easily accessible at the time of operation, and equally accessible if the patient requires removal of the transplant at some time in the future).
Some centers rely on intraoperative measurement of PTH levels done prior to the removal of abnormal parathyroid tissue and after the removal of suspected abnormality. In most centers, these assays take longer to obtain than the operation itself requires and the use of preoperative CT scanning rarely makes this technique necessary even in the case of reoperative surgery. The increased use of imaging preoperatively over the past several decades has made the use of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (with identification of adenoma and usually one normal parathyroid gland) the standard operation in most centers. This technique can be expected to have a success rate of 95%. | 2019-04-23T20:43:02Z | https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.10.2.1 |
1.1. The information contained in general terms is purely informational and in the case of contradictions between the information presented therein and the provisions of the regulation on the organization and conduct of the “International Bookmaker - Totogaming” totalizator (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation) agreed with the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Armenia, the provisions of the Regulation shall prevail. And the rules of the totalizator exercised on sport.totogaming.am are derived from the provisions of the Regulation.
1.2. The essence of the "International Bookmaker - Totogaming" totalizator is the acceptance of bets from game participants in the prediction of a possible game, sports and possible option of socially significant situation (hereinafter referred to as the outcome), with the winning condition being due to a partial or full coincidence of prediction. That is, registering on sport.totogaming.am, you have the opportunity to make bets through the "International Bookmaker - Totogaming" totalizator based on the opened gaming account and foreseeing the right versions of gambling, sports, socially significant situations, have winnings.
1.3. "International Bookmaker - Totogaming" totalizator organizes "DIGIGAME" LLC (hereinafter referred to as the Organizer) based on the license ՎԽ-025 of the Lottery Organization issued on 01.11.2017 by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Armenia.
1.4. Legal address and location of the Organizer is 26 Amiryan St, Yerevan. Place of implementation of "International bookmaker - Totogaming" totalizator is 26 Amiryan St, Yerevan.
1.5. Only those who have reached the age of 21 have the right to make a bet.
1.6. The Organizer reserves the right to make any changes or additions to the website without the prior written warning. Users are notified via relevant notifications. The bets placed beforehand remain unchanged and the bets accepted are subject to the rules issued at the time of acceptance.
1.7. The organizer reserves the right to deprive any person of his services without the reason (s) discovered.
1.8. The Organizer does not bear any responsibility for any loss or damage which the party suffered claims is the result of using the website or its content. This condition applies to the use or exploitation of this website by anyone, the impossibility of accessing or using the website, delaying the transfer of functions or data, interrupting communications, any errors or omissions in the website.
1.9. Uploading photos or videos from the website or any of its subdivisions is permitted only for personal use. For any other purpose, publishing, broadcasting, or copying this information is strictly prohibited.
1.10. The organizer controls the content of the website and reserves the right to block access to the automatic bets if there are any doubts (bots).
1.11. When downloading the program each time the user receives a winning, regardless of the applicable type of action (internet or mobile services), when opening an account or using an existing account, making a bet, or participating in any game, the customer agrees with the current version of the Rules and the obligation to act upon it.
1.12. By downloading a program, registering an account, using an existing account, bets on any game, getting a win, etc., every time it approves the agreement and the obligation to act upon it.
2. The procedure of accepting bets via website.
2.1. The bets via Internet are accepted as follows: first of all, the participant should register on the Organizer’s website, which contains information about the program, rules of the lottery /these regulations/, participant’s registration on the website, gaming account, receiving the winnings, entrance to the website, and other information. During registration on the website the participant should provide accurate personal information, name, surname, address, nationality, age or date of birth, passport number, as the winnings or money from the account is only paid to a real person, username (login), password, as well as any other information placed on the website the Organizer requires. Upon registering, in case of entering any fictitious or incomplete information, the participant loses the opportunity to revise the disputed issues. After registration on the website a personal gaming account is opened for the participant. One individual can have only one gaming account. The registration on the website cannot occur if there is already a registered account with the same login. In case Totogaming has strong arguments, that the Holder's account has been used by a third party for the purpose of making bets and/ or confirmation of the re-registration (including a new name, new e-mail, etc.), the Organizer reserves the right to invalidate the bets made from such an account, and cancel the payment of the winnings.
2.2. In order to place a bet on any event the participant should submit an order indicating the event on which he/ she places a bet, as well as the outcome of the event, form, type and amount of the bet. The maximum amount of bets made per ticket is 500.000 (five hundred thousand) AMD or equivalent in other currency.
2.3. The bet placed via Internet is considered accepted if it has been added to the participant’s gaming account in ''My bets'' section. The content of the website, its form and procedure of using, and the sequence of steps are determined and changed by the Organizer. The website address or its changes are announced via the way of information dissemination which is more preferable for the Organizer.
In case of communication failure or other technical issues the bet is not calculated with coefficient 1, if it has already been recorded on the server of the Organizer’s computer.
2.4. In case of communication failure or other technical issues the bet is not calculated with coefficient 1, if it has already been recorded on the server of the Organizer’s computer.
2.5. The participant carries personal responsibility for confidentiality of his/her gaming account, login and password. The company guarantees non-disclosure of the participant’s personal data by its staff and is not responsible for the consequences of the participant’s personal data being known by other persons. In case the participant becomes aware of the loss of his/her personal data or when he/she has certain doubts about it, he/she should notify the company without haste and change his/her password. In case of forgetting or losing the password and login the bets are not repealed.
2.6. The participant can change his/ her password in ''Change Password'' section of ''My Account'' web page.
3.1. In the betshops of the company where the participant pays the cash and submits his/her username (login), after which the amount is credited to his/her gaming account during 1 hour.
3.2. Through Totogming cards. They have a nominal value set on them. The Totogaming Card also has a protective layer containing a 16-character protective coating (hereinafter referred to as "Pin-Code"). The participant visits the organizer's web page, familiarizes himself / herself with the rules of the page, and registers on the given page (and if the participant is already registered, there is no need to re-register), then clear the protective layer of the card and enter Pin-Code in the appropriate place. After entering "Pin-code", the amount / nominal value on the card is transferred to the participant's game account, after which the participant gets the opportunity to make a bet. If the participant has made a deposit on his/her gaming account via Totogaming card or payment system but hasn’t placed any bets with that amount, in case of claiming that amount back the participant the organizer reserves 2/two/% of the nominal value of the card.
3.3. Via bank transfers, relevant bank cards (Arca, Master Card, etc), relevant payment systems, cash registers (terminals, cash dispensers, etc.), hereinafter: payment systems. The participant can become familiar with specific payment systems on the website of the Organizer. If the participant has made a deposit on his/her gaming account via payment card or payment system but hasn’t placed any bets with that amount, in case of claiming that amount back the participant will be charged percentage for the services of the payment system in size in which the payment system has charged the organizer for the transfer of that amount to the organizer’s account (the Organizer makes a decision on charging commission depending on the player’s gaming history, e.g. in case of gaming misconduct of the participant).
To make bets through a bank transfer or payment system, the participant must submit an order to the bank or payment system to transfer a certain amount from his / her card or transfer the amount paid by him / her to the corresponding account of the organizer.
If the Organizer receives confirmation from the corresponding payment system that the amount has been transferred to the organizer’s gaming account, the participant can place bets from his/her personal gaming account opened in the company within the balance of the gaming account.
3.4. The amount transferred to the gaming account of the participant can only be used for betting or withdrawn from the account by the participant in accordance with the rules indicated in this regulation.
3.5. The participant may request money from his/ her gaming account in cash or via transfer.
3.6. Any transaction conducted with the Organizer via payment cards and/or/ payment systems and/or Totogaming Cards is considered to be conducted by the participant.
3.7. If the participant informs of losing his/her payment card, from that moment on his/her gaming account shall be frozen until the payment system that serves the card makes the according decision.
3.8. The Organizer can determine the minimum balance of the gaming account, and the procedure and rules of its application will be indicated on the website.
4.1. After the announcement of the result of the event on the webpage the bet winnings are added to the participant's gaming account within one day which is considered a winning payment. To get the money / winnings from his/her gaming account, the participant must submit a request.
4.2. A pre-arranged event - an event, for which there is a prior arrangement. Pre-arranged events are considered the written confirmation of the prior arrangement made by Federbet AISBL /http://federbet.com/, on the basis of the organizer’s written request.
4.3. After submitting the payment order to the Organizer (the form and procedure of the order submission is defined by the organizer and is posted on the organizer's web page) the participant can receive the ordered amount in cash or non-cash within 3 business days.
4.4. The costs associated with transferring the amount from the gaming account to the bank or other account specified by the participant may be made at the expense of the participant (the organizer decides to make the expense at the participant's account taking into account the participant's gambling history, for example, if the organizer estimates that the participant does not display proper gambling behavior).
4.5. Sums / winnings / from gaming account are paid at the company's betshops or by the organizer at the address Amiryan 26 St, Yerevan.
4.6. The Participant can order money only within the balance of his/her gaming account.
4.7. In the event that the player's account balance is negative as a result of a recalculation of the event outcomes which may result from bugs or technical errors, (for example, the balance of the gaming account is 5000 AMD, the player's winning is actually 2.500 AMD, but the bet winning is 25.000 AMD the player was paid 25,000 AMD, as a result of which the negative balance is 17,500 AMD), it will be blocked by the organizer until the participant recovers the amount.
4.8. Winnings are rounded within one dram.
4.9. All objections concerning the calculation of winnings are accepted within a five-day period after the announcement of the outcomes of the event in the form of a written application.
5.1. Single – The minimum stake for betting in the betshops is set 1,000 (thousand) AMD, and the minimum stake for betting on the internet site is set 50 (fifty) AMD or its equivalent in other currency. The maximum stake in this type is set 500,000 (five hundred thousand) AMD, and the maximum stake for betting on the internet site is set 500,000 (five hundred thousand) AMD or its equivalent in other currency. In this type you need to predict the outcome of one event. Single bets are accepted on any event specified in the program. The winning amount of a single bet is equal to the product of the bet amount and odds of the given outcome.
5.2. Multi - The minimum stake for betting in the betshops is set 300 (three hundred) AMD, and the minimum stake for betting on the internet site is set 50 (fifty) AMD or its equivalent in other currency. The maximum stake in this type via coupon is set 500,000 (five hundred thousand) AMD and the maximum stake for betting on the internet site is set 500,000 (five hundred thousand) AMD or its equivalent in other currency.
In this type you need to predict the results of more than one independent events at the same time (the maximum number of events in the accumulator bet is 30). If at least one event in the multi bet has been predicted wrong, the whole bet is considered to be lost. Any combination of any independent events can be included in the multi bet if nothing else is intended by the rules of the games organized by regulations. Besides, multi bets may not be accepted on certain events by the discretion of the organizer. Dependent events cannot be included in the multi bet, - the same event cannot participate in the multi-bet more than once. If there were related or dependent events in the multi bet, the event with the highest odds remains for calculation. The odds of a multi bet are equal to the product of the odds of all the included events. The winning amount on a multi bet is equal to the product of the bet amount and odds of the multi bet.
On the organizer’s discretion the participant can be given an extra chance to not lose the multi bet which the participant will be informed about beforehand via the system or the website of the organizer. If a multi bet contains 6 and more events, and the odd of winning for every event is no less than 1.7, and if only one event outcome in this multi bet was predicted incorrectly but other events in the multi bet won by the established odds, then this multi bet is not considered lost and the played sum will be refunded.
5.3. System - The minimum stake for the entire system for betting in the betshops is set 1,000 (one thousand) AMD, and the minimum stake for betting on the internet site is set 150 (one hundred and fifty) AMD or its equivalent in other currency. The maximum stake in this type via coupon is set 500,000 (five hundred thousand) AMD, and the maximum stake for betting on the internet site is set 500,000 (five hundred thousand) AMD or its equivalent in other currency.
This type is a full combination of a certain number of one-dimensional multi bets (variants of system) previously selected from the group of events and differing from each other by at least one event (the maximum number of events in the system is 16). System is characterized by the same bet amount for each variant (multi bet) and the same number of events in each variant (multi). In the system each combination (variant) is calculated as a separate multi. In this type of bet you need to specify the total number of events for the system and number of events for one variant (multi). The bet amount for one variant (multi bet) is determined by dividing the total bet amount by the number of variants (multi bets). The winning amount of a system is equal to the sum of winnings on multi bets included in the system. The number and ratio of the variants included in the system is determined by the organizer and may be changed at Organizer’s discretion at any time. The list of the number and ratio of the variants included in the system is promulgated either as attached to the program or separately from it.
6.1. The Organizer provides bonuses and opportunity to participate in current promotions to those participants who use the Organizer’s services for enjoyment. Free bets, bonuses and access to promotions will be annulled or canceled for those players who abuses the spirit of such an offer. The Organizer reserves the right to annul a bonus at any time in case of abuse and close the abuser’s account immediately. “Abuse” includes but is not limited to opening several accounts in order to obtain several bonuses. First of all participants can withdraw bonus sums from the remaining deposits, after which only from the bonus amount of the gaming account. The Organizer reserves the right to annul the bonus given to the participant if the bonus was not used for betting. The Organizer also has a right to cancel bonuses and winnings from betting in the full or partial amount of the bonus sum, if the Organizer suspects the bonus has been abused.
6.2. The participant can receive or use only those offers that are available to him/her. The Organizer reserves the right to at any time and for any reason change the conditions of bonus distribution and the group of participants for whom bonuses are available. The Organizer also has a right by its sole discretion and at any time to offer a special bonus to a certain client or group of clients, to cancel bonus offer without any warning or compensation, to change the conditions of the bonus offer and/or to replace one bonus offer with another.
6.3. Within such promotions (including but not limited to “Cash Back”, “Welcome Deposit Bonus”, “Refer a friend” and “Free bets”) only 1 bonus is available for every email address, credit card and e-payment account.
7.1. In order to increase the possible winning of the user, the organizer reserves the right to determine an additional multiplier for those multi bets that meet certain requirements. Such requirements can include some special bets, a certain minimal number of events in the Multi, the minimum odds of the events, as well as combinations of these conditions and/ or other conditions. In case of the requirements are met, user’s winning is multiplied by the additional multiplier. In some cases the organizer may define multi bet with certain fixed events, set the minimum amount of the stake and define the odds.
Example 1. For a Multi containing at least 10 events the Organizer has set an additional multiplier equal to 1.1, and for Multi containing at least 4 events with odds equal to at least 1.7 the Organizer has set an additional multiplier equal to 1.2.
Option 1: The User has selected multi bet containing 10 events with total odds of 20. In the event this multi wins, the winning will be multiplied by 1.1, which is the multiplier (for example, if the bet was 1,000 AMD, then the final winning will be 1,000 x 20 x 1.1 = 22,000 AMD).
Option 2: The User has selected multi containing 5 events each with odds of 2. The odds of multi is equal to 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32. In the event this multi wins the winning will be multiplied by 1.2, which is the multiplier (for example, if the bet was 1,000 AMD, then the final winning will be 1,000 x 32 x 1.2 = 38,400 AMD).
Option 3: The user has chosen multi bet containing 10 events with odds of 2 for each event, the total odds is equal to 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 1024. This multi meets the conditions of both first and second Multi. In the event this multi wins the final winning will be multiplied by 1.2, which is the multiplier (for example, if the bet was 1,000 AMD, then the final winning will be 1,000 x 1,024 x 1.2 = 1,228,800 AMD.
Example 2: The Organizer has defined a multi containing 15 certain events and set the amount of the stake to be 1,000 AMD. In case of correct prediction for 15 events out of 15 the total odds for the Multi will be 1,000 AMD, in case of correct prediction for 14 out of 15 events the total odds will be 600, in case of correct prediction for 13 out of 15 events the total odds will be 300. In case of correct prediction for 3 and more events incorrectly, the multi bet will be lost.
In case of correct prediction for 15 events the participant will receive 1,000 x 1,000 = 1,000,000 AMD, by predicting 14 events 1,000 x 600 = 600,000 AMD and by predicting 13 events - 1,000 x 300 = 300,000 AMD.
8.1. By the Organizer’s discretion additional odds can be provided for the multi bet constructed from a certain combination of the outcomes of randomly chosen number of events. Such multi is called “Top Multi”. Thus, if we take into account the additional multiplied odds (which is defined by the organizer) the final odds of this multi will be higher than the sum of multiplied odds of the events of the multi. The events offered for “Top Multi” by the organizer can be chosen either from current or yet to be completed events. Several “Top Multis” can be available simultaneously. The number of outcomes of events in a “Top Multi” is defined by the organizer, and the changes made by the participant result in losing the multiplied odds. The Organizer sets the time period during which “Top Multi” is available, such multi can be added on the website and into the organizer system or deleted from the website and the system without previous notice. The Organizer can also define the minimal bet amount for “Top Multi”.
The additional multiplied odds for the Top Multi is 1.2, and the stake is 1,000 AMD.
In case the results of the three indicated events are correctly predicted by the participant, his/her win will be 1,000 x 1.5 x 3 x 2.5 x 1.2 = 13,500 AMD, where 1,000 AMD is the participant’s bet amount, 1.5, 3 and 2.5 are the odds of the according outcomes of the events, and 1.2 is the additional multiplied odds of the multi. As you can see in the equation, participant’s bet is multiplied by the according odds of all events and by the additional multiplied odds of the “Top Multi”.
9.1. In case of a winning bet the participant has a right to place another bet with the winning sum or its part, without making a deposit via cash or transfer. In this case the organizer has a right to define the additional multiplied odds that is only available for the winning bets. The Organizer can limit the number of such bets without additional multiplied odds, as well as change the group of such bets without previous notice. The organizer defines the additional multiplied odds which can be different for different bets and sports. The organizer can change the additional multiplied odds without previous notice.
For example, the participant placed a bet and won 1,000 AMD. At the moment of placing a new bet the organizer defined the additional multiplied odds for “Single” and “Multi” bets to be 1.1 and 1.2 accordingly.
Option 1: The participant has not withdrawn the winning amount and decides to place a new bet which is a single bet with odds 2.0. In case this new bet wins the total winning sum of the participant will be 1,000 x 2.0 x 1.1 = 2,200 AMD.
Option 2: The participant has not withdrawn the winning amount and decides to place a new bet which is a multi-bet with odds 4.0. In case this new bet wins the total winning sum of the participant will be 1,000 x 4.0 x 1.2 = 5,000 AMD.
10.1. Refer-a-Friend promotion is available if it is offered on the website, or on one or more language versions on the website. In case the promotion is made available, entry to the promotion is made via the promotion page which is clearly displayed on the website.
10.2. The bonus is applicable to existing users who have an Account (“Referrer”) and who refer a friend or colleague who does not and has never had an Account (“Referee”) to register on the website. Referrers are not permitted to refer a member of their family nor are they permitted to refer friends or colleagues from the same household or with whom they share a credit or debit card or e-payment account. In case the company reasonably suspects that a Referrer has used spam, large email distribution lists or any other type of email abuse in order to refer new users, the company will not award a bonus to the Referrer. The company reserves the right to impose a limit on the number of invitations which a user may send to referees per day. When this limit is imposed, it is announced on the Refer-a-Friend page.
10.3. The company reserves the right to withhold the bonus from the Referrer and to discount bets made by one or more Referees if the company suspects that the Referrer/ Referee(s) has abused the spirit of the bonus offer including but not limited to instances where Referees have identical or very similar deposit and betting patterns. The company further reserves the right to block the Referrer and any associated Referees, from being able to participate in the Refer-a-Friend Promotion, to suspend the Account of the Referrer and any associated Referees pending investigation into bonus abuse and/ or fraud, and to terminate those Account(s).
10.4. In order for the Referrer and Referee to receive a bonus the Referee, having opened an Account, must deposit a relevant amount in his Account as stated in the specific terms and conditions of the promotion, which are located on the promotion landing page on the Site, then the Referee must wager a relevant amount on specific number of sport events. In this case, minimal odds can be defined. Detailed information about the promotion will be placed on the promotions page of the organizer’s website.
For example, in order for the Referrer to receive a bonus the Referee, having opened an Account, must deposit at least 5,000 AMD, place 10 separate bets on at least three possible outcomes with the minimum odds of 1.50. Each of the 10 bets must be placed on different markets (i.e. different bet types on one fixture or one bet type on different fixtures). The total amount of bets required shall be not less than double of the amount deposited.
10.5. If the Referee loses his/her first bet, at the organizers’ sole discretion a certain amount will be refunded to his Account (this will be noted on the promotions page of the organizer’s website). Bonus will be credited to the Referrer’s Account within the hours determined by the organizer after the Referrer has wagered the required amount. In order to withdraw the bonus the Referrer must have been bet the bonus amount at least three times on sports events with at least three possible outcomes, the odds for which must be at least 1.50. If the bonus amount is placed on more than one bet, each bet must be placed on different markets (i.e. different bet types on one fixture or one bet type on different fixtures).
10.6. The Referee bonuses include but are not limited to Welcome Cash Back Bonus, Welcome Deposit Bonus, or other bonuses at Organizer’s sole discretion.
10.7. If the First Time Registrant meets several bonus requirements at the same time, the organizer is entitled to determine at his sole discretion which of that bonuses (or bonus combinations) are available for the relevant customer. In particular, the Referrer who registered during the Welcome Deposit Bonus and Welcome Cash Back Bonus campaign will benefit only from one bonus promotions at the organizer's discretion.
10.8. Other conditions can be applied to “Refer a friend” campaign.
The Organizer can determine a Refer-a-friend Monthly Challenge. The winner of the Monthly Challenge is the Referrer who refers the most valid Referees to the company within the month.
Any such conditions can be found one the “Terms and conditions of promotions” section of the organizer’s website.
11.1. Partial Cash Back Bonus promotion is available if it is offered on the Site. It can be offered or on one or more language versions of the Site. In case the promotion is made available, it is clearly displayed on the Site.
11.2. Organizer can offer the participants the Partial Cash Back bonus for one or several lost bets, or for a sum lost within a certain period of time. The certain conditions for this promotion are determined by the Organizer. For example, the promotion can be offered to the participants who make the defined minimal deposit on their Gaming account, or to the participants whose lost amount is over the minimal set by the organizer, etc. The organizer can also define additional conditions for the promotions, e.g. the correlation of partial cash back sum and the sum lost within the defined period of time, maximal cash out sum, types of bet for which the win is subject to partial cash back, etc.
Example 1: The Organizer has determined 100% refund promotion to the lost bets within a week on football and tennis markets for users who made an initial deposit of no less than 10,000 AMD. The maximum of refund amount has been set 50,000 AMD. The user has deposited 150,000 AMD, 110,000 AMD of which he lost betting on tennis and football. In this case he will be refunded 50,000 AMD.
-If in the result of total score of all bets within one month the participant loses from 150,000 to 250,000 AMD, he is refunded 5% of the total lost.
-If in the result of total score of all bets within one month the participant loses from 251,000 AMD to 400,000 AMD, he is refunded 7% of the total lost.
-If in the result of total score of all bets within one month the participant loses more than 400,000 AMD, he is refunded 10% of the total lost.
11.3. The bonus is available only when the user made no withdrawal from his account within relevant month. Any calendar day of the month on which the participant makes his first bet may be defined as the beginning of the month, up to the same day next month. Organizer on its sole discretion is entitled to change at any time correlation between the lost amount and bonus amount. When the promotion is available, it is clearly shown on the relevant page of the Organizer’s site.
11.4. To withdraw the bonus, the Organizer has the right to determine additional conditions. For example, the bonus amount received must have been bet three times, on one or more bets with a minimum of 1.50 odds. Each bet must be placed on an event with three or more potential outcomes. If the bonus amount is placed on more than one bet, each bet must be placed on different markets (i.e. different bet types on one fixture or one bet type on different fixtures).
11.5. If the conditions of withdrawal were not followed, or if the organizer has concerns that bonus was abuse, then when the participant makes a withdrawal request the organizer reserves a right to annul the bonus and the amounts won with the bonus sum. Organizer reserves the right at any moment and for any reason to change the conditions of the partial cash back promotion for certain participants.
11.6. If the participant meets demands for several promotions simultaneously the organizer at its sole discretion can determine which bonus is available to that participant.
12.1. Welcome Deposit Bonus promotion is available if it is offered on the Site. It can also be available on one or more language versions in the Site, and for participants from countries chosen by the organizer. In case the promotion is available it is clearly displayed in the according section of the Site.
12.2. The organizer has a right to offer a bonus sum equal to the part of the first deposit to the participants who have never held an Account before, have never received a Welcome Cashback Bonus and/or a Welcome Deposit Bonus. In this case the organizer has a right to define certain conditions, such as minimal sum of the first deposit, the correlation between the deposit and the bonus sum, maximal bonus sum, etc. Detailed information about the promotion is place on the promotions page of the organizer’s website.
Example: The Organizer has determined Welcome Deposit bonus of 50% to Newly Registered Users who make an initial deposit of at least 10,000 AMD in their Account. The bonus is limited to a maximum of 50,000 AMD. The user has registered on organizer’s site and made an initial deposit of 50,000 AMD: In this case the user is eligible to 50,000 AMD Welcome Bonus.
12.3. The organizer has the right to determine additional conditions for bonus withdrawal. For example, the bonus amount received must have been bet three times, on one or more bets with a minimum of 1.50 odds. Each bet must be placed on an event with three or more potential outcomes. If the bonus amount is placed on more than one bet, each bet must be placed on different markets (i.e. different bet types on one fixture or one bet type on different fixtures).
13.2. For more detailed rules you can get acquainted with via the organization and conduct of the “International Bookmaker - Totogaming” totalizator issued on 30.11.2017 agreed-upon with the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Armenia placed on sport.totogaming.am website of the Rules of Procedure section.
13.3. In the case of contradictions between the rules or information presented in Armenian and other languages, the Armenian text shall prevail. | 2019-04-26T13:43:54Z | https://rules.totogaming.am/?l=en&m=4077&s=6716 |
Thn prosexh Kyriakh telika qa anakoinwsoyn ta eyrwchfodeltia toys kai toso h Nea Dhmokratia, oso kai to PASOK, throyn apolyth mystikothta oson afora to proswpo poy exei epilegei apo toys arxhgoys twn dyo kommatwn ,gia na teqei epikefalhs ths listas.
H Marieta Giannakoy kai o Giwrgos Papakwnstantinoy ejakoloyqoyn na qewroyntai oi piqanoteroi gia na hghqoyn antistoixws twn chfodeltiwn, enw nyn eyrwboyleytes kai kentrika politika proswpa apo ta dyo kommata anamenetai na topoqethqoyn se eklogimes qeseis. Rhgillhs kai Ippokratoys diamhnyoyn oti qa rijoyn to baros sthn oikonomia me tis proeklogikes ekstrateies toys poy jekinoyn typika to brady ths Kyriakhs me tis omilies toy Kwsta Karamanlh sto kleisto gymnasthrio ths Artas kai toy Giwrgoy Papandreoy se anoixth sygkentrwsh sthn Patra.
Sxoliazontas se dhmosiografoys ta dhmosieymata kai th fhmologia gia tis ypochfiothtes twn eyrwboyleytwn, o ypoyrgos Amynas Ey. Meimarakhs, dhlwse oti den toy exei ginei protash opws kai se kanena allo stelexos gia th qesh toy epikefalhs, enw tonise epipleon oti exei makroproqesmo sxediasmo sto ypoyrgeio Amynas kai anefere oti thn Kyriakh anaxwrei gia trihmerh episkech stis Bryjelles opoy qa ginoyn synedriaseis twn ypoyrgwn Amynhs kai ejwterikwn ths EE.
O kybernhtikos ekproswpos Ey. Antwnaros dhlwse pws sthn epikairothta kyriarxei h syzhthsh gia ta pragmatika problhmata twn politwn. Parepemce sto komma ths ND gia to logo poy den synedriase to politiko symboylio toy kommatos, alla h Kentrikh Epitroph eyrweklogwn.
H Nea Dhmokratia jekina ton proeklogiko agwna me aisiodojia, sigoyria kai aytopepoiqhsh, dhlwse h ypoyrgos Ejwterikwn k. Ntora Mpakogiannh, bgainontas apo th synedriash ths Kentrikhs Epitrophs Eyrweklogwn.
"H Nea Dhmokratia qa enhmerwsei oles tis Ellhnides kai oloys toys Ellhnes, anefere h k. Mpakogiannh".
Sth shmasia twn eyrweklogwn anaferqhke o ypoyrgos PEXWDE k. Giwrgos Soyflias, meta th synedriash ths Kentrikhs Epitrophs Eyrweklogwn ths ND. "Oi Eyrwekloges exoyn mia idiaiterh eyrwpaikh diastash alla kai idiaiterh shmasia gia thn eqnikh politikh", anefere o k. Soyflias, poy epishmane akoma oti oi polites prepei na symmetexoyn sthn eklogikh diadikasia, kaqws epishs kai oti "h antiparaqesh qa prepei na ginei me politikoys oroys, me politiko logo, me epixeirhmata kai protaseis kai oxi me jylino logo kai kataggelies".
O grammateas ths Kentrikhs Epitrophs Leyterhs Zagoriths eipe oti klimakwnetai h proeklogikh ekstrateia me aisiodojia kai prosqese oti h ejodos apo thn krish apaitei Eyrwph me allhleggyh kai sebasmo ston polith. "Opws gnwrizete, stis Eyrwekloges oyte "peftoyn" kybernhseis oyte "anebainoyn" kybernhseis. Ektimatai pantote ena eklogiko apotelesma, opws egine se oles tis prohgoymenes Eyrwekloges. Kai nomizw oti eseis to gnwrizete kalytera apo ton kaqena" dhlwse xarakthristika o k. Zagoriths.
O k. Papandreoy apo thn Kina opoy brisketai, otan rwthqhke apo toys dhmosiografoys sxetika me th synqesh toy eyrwchfodeltioy toy PASOK, eipe me xioymor oti qa dwsei thn apanthsh, ystera apo diaboyleysh toy me ton Komfoykio.
Thn epibebaiwsh oti to eyrwchfodeltio toy PASOK qa anakoinwqei thn Kyriakh apo ton Giwrgo Papandreoy, anefere o ekproswpos Typoy toy Kinhmatos, G. Papakwnstantinoy, ton opoio h fhmologia qelei kai ypochfio, o opoios erwthqeis gia to an qa exei qesh se ayto eipe oti: "Ej' oswn gnwrizw qa briskomai sto bhma ayto kai th Deytera", dhlwse xarakthristika.
"Oloi oi ypochfioi mas kai ta stelexh mas sto Eyrwkoinoboylio kanoyn th doyleia gia thn opoia stelnontai ekei me ton kalytero dynato tropo, prowqwntas tis qeseis mas, tis qeseis toy Eyrwpaikoy Sosialistikoy Kommatos kai, bebaiws, tis qeseis ths xwras mas", dhlwse o k. Papakwnstantinoy, apantwntas sto an desmeyetai to PASOK oti o epikefalhs toy eyrwchfodeltioy den qa epanelqei sthn Ellada enocei eqnikwn eklogwn.
H Aleka Paparhga, kata thn episkech ths sto ergostasio KATSELHS, dhlwse pws ND, PASOK kai ta alla kommata poy chfisan th synqhkh toy Maastrixt gemisan me cemata toys ergazomenoys kai th neolaia gia ton paradeiso poy erxetai mesa sthn EE.
Gia texnhth polwsh kathgorhse ta dyo megala kommata o Alejhs Tsipras.
To eyrwchfodeltio toy kommatos DRASH paroysiase, o epikefalhs toy syndyasmoy Stefanos Manos, enw sth Qessalonikh paroysiasthke to chfodeltio toy "Panellhnioy Makedonikoy Metwpoy", me epikefalhs ton Stelio Papaqemelh.
Xamhlh qa einai h proseleysh chfoforwn stis eyrwekloges twn kratwn-melwn ths Eyrwpaikhs Enwshs, enw parallhla qa ayjhqei to pososto mikrwn kai periqwriakwn kommatwn, ektima se analysh ths h efhmerida "Nioy Giork Taims". Sthn idia analysh san logoi poy odhgoyn sth xamhlh symmetoxh anaferontai h agnoia twn politwn gia tis armodiothtes toy Eyrwkoinoboylioy, apoysia taytishs me sygkekrimena proswpa, h askhsh ejoysias apo omades me aoristes ideologikes taytothtes, kaqws kai h dysareskeia gia ton ypotoniko tropo me ton opoio oi eyrwpaikoi qesmoi exoyn xeiristei thn pagkosmia oikonomikh krish.
Sta ixnh twn dyo kakopoiwn poy lhstecan ton perasmeno mhna to asfalistiko tameio twn dhmosiografwn brisketai h asfaleia Attikhs. To apotelesma ths ballistikhs ejetashs, toy oploy poy xrhsimopoihse o lhsths, edeije oti einai to idio poy exei xrhsimopoihsei sto parelqon se enoples lhsteies sta boreia proastia.
Symfwna me apokleistikes plhrofories ths NET, prokeitai gia dyo allodapoys drastes kai sthnontai mploka se perioxes poy qewroyntai ypoptes oti syxnazoyn kai drasthriopoioyntai. Parallhla, tairiazei to optiko yliko poy kategrace h kamera toy EDOEAP, me to optiko yliko apo tis lhsteies poy eixan kanei se katasthmata, afoy ta xarakthristika toys tairiazoyn apolyta se oles tis epiqeseis.
Poly grhgora esbhse to oneiro mias kalyterhs zwhs gia ton prwtagwnisth ths tainias Slumdog Millionaire twn 8 Oskar. O nearos Indos mataia perimene to spiti poy toy yposxeqhkan oi arxes ths Bombahs, alla kai thn amoibh gia thn ekplhktikh ermhneia toy sthn tainia poy ekane dieqnws patago. Kai oxi mono ayto, h astynomia petaje kyriolektika ejw ayton kai thn oikogeneia toy apo thn paragka sthn opoia zoysan, anagkazontas ton na janapaijei to rolo ths tainias, ayth th fora sta alhqeia.
To sygxrono paramyqi toy Slumdog Millionaire den eixe "xapi ent" kai antiqeta me thn tainia, sthn pragmatikh zwh den ezhsan aytoi kala kai emeis kalytera. Oi yposxeseis twn topikwn arxwn na xarisoyn ston mikro Salim ths tainias ena spiti epesan sto keno. Kai den eftane mono ayto. H oikogeneia toy prwtagwnisth Azaroyntin ekdiwxqhke me klwtsies apo thn aytosxedia paragka poy emene sth geitonia Mpantra Ist ths Bombahs. Malista, symfwna me martyries, h astynomia xtyphse to agori me kalami.
H tainia poy brabeythke me 8 Oskar exei apoferei kerdh poy jepernoyn ta 200 ekatommyria dolaria. Otan oi mikroi prwtagwnistes gyrisan pisw sthn patrida toys apo to Xoligoynt toys perimene hrwikh ypodoxh. Otan omws ta fwta esbhsan, h kybernhsh apofasise na katedafisei to ayqaireto toy mikroy "star". Twra h oikogeneia brisketai sto dromo kai apo kinhmatografikoi ekatommyrioyxoi ginontai epaites ths alhqinhs zwhs.
"Periptwseis poy oi daneiolhptes, prin akoma katastoyn lhjiproqesmes oi doseis toys, diablepontas oti arga h grhgora de qa einai se qesh na antapokriqoyn stis ofeiles toys, prosfeygoyn stis trapezes gia epanadiapragmateysh, oi teleytaies tis perissoteres fores arnoyntai. Stis periptwseis lhjiproqesmwn ofeilwn, kataggelloyn tis symbaseis kaqistwntas apaithto oloklhro to anejoflhto ypoloipo kai eite proxwroyn se dikastikh diekdikhsh twn ofeilwn (me tis gnwstes syxna synepeies twn pleisthriasmwn akinhtwn gia ofeiles p.x. 1.500 eyrw), eite proteinoyn stoys daneiolhptes idiaitera epaxqeis, kai sthn prajh anefarmostoys, diakanonismoys, poy ws profanh synepeia exoyn thn asfyjia toy pistoyxoy".
Epishs sthn idia anakoinwsh anaferetai oti: "elaxistoys mhnes meta thn ekrhjh ths pagkosmias xrhmatopistwtikhs krishs, oi ellhnikes trapezes symperiferontai ws ean na mhn exoyn antilhfqei tis koinwnikes synepeies ths krishs enw h xionostibada ths yperxrewshs synexws diogkwnetai, kaqws h akariaia metastrofh apo ton yperdaneismo, xwris na plhroyntai stoixeiwdeis pistolhptikes proypoqeseis, sto kleisimo ths pistodotikhs strofiggas, eqese apotomo terma sto mexri twra dokimasmeno alla saqro systhma ths anakyklwshs twn xrewn. Parallhla, oi xiliades apolyseis kai h ayjhsh ths anergias, oi ayjhseis sta proionta kai to gegonos oti h Ellada paramenei staqera mia apo tis akriboteres na zhseis xwres ths Eyrwphs, symballoyn sth diathrhsh aytoy toy fayloy kykloy. Kaqws ta xreh twn Ellhnwn katanalwtwn de briskoyn pleon diejodo se nees xrhmatodothseis kai epomenws sysswreyontai, kaqistatai epitaktikh h anagkh epanaprosdiorismoy ths stashs twn trapezwn''.
Tyri h glyko, elaiolado h krema galaktos; Oi diatrofikes synhqeies peripoy 500.000 Gallwn sto mikroskopio twn eidikwn, sto plaisio pentaetoys ereynas poy qa pragmatopoihqei mesw Internet, ths shmantikoterhs ayths ths morfhs poy exei ginei pote se olon ton kosmo.
"H elleich isorropias sth diatrofh einai makroproqesma enas apo toys basikoys paragontes pollwn problhmatwn ygeias", tonise h ypoyrgos Ygeias ths xwras Rozelin Mpaselo.
To programma "NutriNet Sant" qa epitrecei na sygkentrwqoyn oles ekeines oi plhrofories poy qa bohqhsoyn sth beltiwsh toy tropo diatrofhs twn Gallwn.
Sthn ereyna mporoyn na symmetexoyn xrhstes toy Diadiktyoy anw twn 18 etwn. Qa prepei na symplhrwsoyn sthn dieyqynsh www.etude-nutrinet-sante.fr, ena erwthmatologio gia th diatrofh toys, ton tropo zwhs toys, thn katastash ths ygeias toys. Epishs qa prepei na dhlwsoyn an aqloyntai, to baros kai to ycos toys. To erwthmatologio ayto qa prepei na symplhrwnetai mia fora to mhna kai ta prwta apotelesmata qa ginoyn gnwsta se ena ejamhno.
Afoy ebale se tajh tis kantines sta sxoleia ths patridas toy, o bretanos sef Tzeimi Oliber anaxwrei gia tis Hnwmenes Politeies gia na prosferei kai ekei tis gastrimargikes toys gnwseis, sto plaisio omws ths ygieinhs diatrofhs.
O Oliber se synergasia me ton Raian Sikrest, paragwgo dhmofiloys radiofwnikhs ekpomphs sto staqmo KISS-FM toy Los Antzeles qa gyrisoyn gia logariasmo toy ABC mia seira ekpompwn gia to pws prepei na trwne oi polites: nostima, alla ygieina.
O diashmos sef qa tajideyei stis pleon "anqygieines perioxes ths Amerikhs" kai xrhsimopoiwntas topika ylika qa prospaqei na beltiwsei tis diatrofikes synhqeies twn Amerikanwn. Den qa apeyqynetai mono se sxoleia, alla kai se ergasiakoys xwroys. Mexri twra den exei epilegei h polh sthn opoia qa analabei drash o Oliber, alla sigoyra qa einai mia apo ton katalogo me tis pio "xontres poleis" twn HPA.
Perissotera apo 250 organa basanisthriwn toy 17oy aiwna na dhmoprathqoyn apo ton oiko Gkernsei sth Nea Yorkh kai ena meros twn esodwn qa doqoyn se organwseis yperaspishs anqrwpinwn dikaiwmatwn, opws h Dieqnhs Amnhstia, gia ton agwna kata twn basanisthriwn.
"Einai ergaleia poy ftiaxthkan gia na kanoyn toys anqrwpoys na ypoferoyn...prokeitai gia diabolika organa", dhlwse o proedros toy oikoy dhmoprasiwn Arlan Etingker. Anamesa sta 252 antikeimena jexwrizoyn mia karekla me karfia kai mia tanalia gia th glwssa. Ta antikeimena ayta ypologizetai na poylhqoyn ws kai tessera ekatommyria dolaria.
Symfwna me ton Etingker ta perissotera apo ta antikeimena ayta synodeyontai apo spania eggrafa kai gkraboyres me eikones basanisthriwn. H syllogh ayth htan diashmh se Eyrwph kai HPA ton 19o aiwna. Argotera ejafanisthke kai breqhke meta ton Deytero Pagkosmio Polemo otan enas Norbhgos th metefere stis Hnwmenes Politeies. H oikogeneia toy apofasise na dwrisei th syllogh shmera "poy ginetai tosos logos gia ta basanisthria", tonise o Etingker.
H epidrash apo tis meiwseis toy basikoy epitokioy ths eyrwzwnhs den exoyn apotypwqei akoma sthn pragmatikh oikonomia, ektima h Eyrwpaikh Kentrikh Trapeza. En tw metajy, h agora omologwn apo thn kentrikh trapeza ths eyrwzwnhs ejakoloyqei na dixazei ta melh ths, enw stis HPA h anergia kategrace neo rekor gia 15h synexh ebdomada. Epishmes ekqeseis deixnoyn ektinajh toy ariqmoy twn anergwn se polles xwres entos kai ektos Eyrwzwnhs. Oi teleytaies probleceis ths Eyrwpaikhs Epitrophs kanoyn logo gia apwleia 8,5 ekatommyriwn qesewn apasxolhshs to 2009 kai to 2010 se olh thn Eyrwpaikh Enwsh, enw problepetai ayjhsh ths anergias sto 9,9% gia fetos stis xwres ths zwnhs toy eyrw.
H problech gia 8,5 ekatommyria xamenes qeseis ergasias thn epomenh dieties isws apodeixqei aisiodojh kaqws megales etairies apo oloys toy kladoys ths paragwghs synexizoyn na anakoinwnoyn mazikes apolyseis ,agnowntas tis proeidopoihseis twn Eyrwpaikwn kybernhsewn gia ton kindyno koinwnikwn ejegersewn ejaitias ths anergias.
Sthn Eyrwph, ekatontades xiliades ergazomenoi, bghkan stoys dromoys megalwn eyrwpaikwn prwteyoyswn zhtwntas metra prostasias toys apo thn krish. Oi diadhlwseis qa synexistoyn ews to Sabbato 16 Maioy, sto plaisio triwn "eyrwpaikwn hmerwn drashs" poy diorganwnei h Eyrwpaikh Synomospondia Ergatikwn Syndikatwn.
Sth Roymania, peripoy 10.000 ergazomenoi symmeteixan thn Pempth sth diadhlwsh poy diorganwnetai apo Eqnikh Omospondia Syndikatwn (BNS), me basiko aithma pros thn kybernhsh na ependysei ta kefalaia apo ta daneia ths Eyrwpaikhs Epitrophs kai toy Dieqnoys Nomismatikoy Tameioy (IMF) sthn prostasia twn yparxoyswn kai dhmioyrgia newn qesewn ergasias. Opws dhlwse o Ntoymitroy Kostin, epikefalhs ths BNS, oi syndikalistes einai etoimoi na paroysiasoyn sthn kybernhsh sxedio poy dieykolynei th dhmioyrgia 100.000 newn qesewn ergasias.
"Yparxoyn tomeis ths oikonomias, oi opoioi paramenoyn anekmetalleytoi, apo toys opoioys mporoyn na dhmioyrghqoyn nees qeseis ergasias", tonise o k. Kostin.
Ekfrazontai foboi oti, to pososto anergias sth Roymania qa fqasei se poly ychla epipeda ews to telos toy etoys kai oti peripoy 800.000 anqrwpoi kindyneyoyn na xasoyn thn ergasia toys, proeblece o ypoyrgos Ergasias Marian Sarmpoy.
H amerikanikh aytokinhtobiomhxania "Kraisler", poy ypo dikastikh aigida anadiorganwnetai me tropo riziko, prokeitai na katarghsei 789 antiproswpeies ths mesa stis HPA -peripoy to ena tetarto toy synoloy. "To eqniko diktyo twn antiproswpwn prepei opwsdhpote na meiwqei kai na anaplastei wste na megistopoihqei h kerdoforia twn ypoloipwn kai na ejyphretoyntai katallhla aythn thn dyskolh periodo oi pelates mas", tonisthke sthn anakoinwsh toy kataskeyasth gia to qema ayto.
Prostiqetai sthn anakoinwsh oti h shmerinh apodosh twn antiproswpwn "qa lhfqei ypoch" sthn kinhsh ths meiwshs toy ariqmoy toys. En prokeimenw, prepei na shmeiwqei oti to ena tetarto twn antiproswpwn--symfwna me ta stoixeia poy yparxoyn--kanei peripoy to miso twn synolikwn pwlhsewn, enw oi misoi antiproswpoi kanoyn to 90% twn pwlhsewn toy amerikanoy kataskeyasth ston opoion omws h "Fiat" exei, pleon, meridio.
H gallikh kybernhsh qa pagwsei tis dapanes to 2010 sto plaisio twn prospaqeiwn gia elegxo toy elleimmatos toy proypologismoy, dhlwse o prwqypoyrgos, o opoios apekleise pantws ayjhsh ths forologias. O Fransoya Figion dhlwse sthn efhmerida Le Figaro oti anamenei "argh anakamch" sthn Eyrwph ton epomeno xrono, alla proeidopoihse oti h gallikh oikonomia den exei jefygei apo ton kindyno: O plhqwrismos einai poly xamhlos kai h katanalwsh exei pagwsei. H dieqnhs oikonomikh krish anamenetai oti qa odhghsei to elleimma toy proypologismoy sth Gallia panw apo to 6% ayth th xronia.
H xeiroterh yfesh meta ton deytero pagkosmio polemo sthn Iapwnia prokalese ayjhsh twn aytoktoniwn to 2008: synolika 32.250 anakoinwse thn Pempth h astynomia - ariqmos poy shmeiwteon jeperase tis 30.000 gia 11h synexh xronia. Se oikonomika problhmata apodoqhkan oi 7.400 aytoktonias. Aities, oti exasan tis doyleies toys h oti apetyxan na broyn kainoyrgia doyleia.
O prwqypoyrgos ths Toyrkias Retzep Tagip Erntogan kalese eyqews shmera, (Pempth) kai th Germania kai th Gallia "na mhn allazoyn toys kanones gia entajh sto mellon sthn Eyrwpaikh Enwsh (EE), opws akribws den allazoyn oi kanones sth mesh toy paixnidioy". "Otan jekinhsei ena aqlhtiko paixnidi, sth diarkeia toy oi kanones den allazoyn. Einai geloio", dhlwse xarakthristika sthn polwnikh prwteyoysa o prwqypoyrgos ths Toyrkias.
Taytoxrona, xarakthrise "poly lyphres" tis teleytaies dhlwseis poy ekane o proedros ths Gallias, Nikola Sarkozi, mazi me thn kagkelario ths Germanias, Angkela Merkel, me safh enantiwsh amfoterwn enanti ths prooptikhs, h Toyrkia na entaxqei sthn EE mellontika. Apedwse de aytes tis "poly lyphres" dhlwseis amfoterwn twn Eyrwpaiwn hgetwn sthn eklogikh sygkyria enocei twn Eyrweklogwn ths arxhs toy Ioynioy (4-7). | 2019-04-21T14:54:10Z | http://www.hri.org/news/greek/era/2009/09-05-14_2.era.html |
Lübeck (pronounced [ˈlyːbɛk] (listen)) is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany. On the river Trave, it was the leading city of the Hanseatic League, and because of its extensive Brick Gothic architecture, it is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. In 2015, it had a population of 218,523.
The Lübeck wine trade dates back to Hanseatic times. One Lübeck specialty is Rotspon (listen (help·info)), wine made from grapes processed and fermented in France and transported in wooden barrels to Lübeck, where it is stored, aged and bottled.
The Battle of Lübeck took place on 6 November 1806 in Lübeck, Germany between soldiers of the Kingdom of Prussia led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who were retreating from defeat at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, and troops of the First French Empire under Marshals Murat, Bernadotte, and Soult, who were pursuing them. In this War of the Fourth Coalition action, the French inflicted a severe defeat on the Prussians, driving them from the neutral city. Lübeck is an old Baltic Sea port approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Hamburg.
After their shattering defeat in October by Napoleon at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, the Prussian armies withdrew to the east bank of the Elbe River and marched northeast in an attempt to reach the Oder River. Aiming to annihilate his opponents' forces, Napoleon launched his Grande Armée in a headlong pursuit. A large portion of the fleeing Prussians took refuge in the fortress of Magdeburg where they were surrounded. Another large segment was intercepted and destroyed in the Battle of Prenzlau. This event triggered a series of capitulations of Prussian troops and fortresses.
Blocked from reaching the Oder, Blücher turned and raced to the west, chased by Murat, Bernadotte, and Soult. After a number of well-fought rear guard actions, Blücher's troops forced their way into the neutral city of Lübeck where they took up defensive positions. Bernadotte's soldiers broke through the city's northern defenses and overwhelmed the troops facing Murat and Soult. Blücher barely escaped from the city, though most of his staff was captured and Prussian casualties were enormous. The French brutally sacked Lübeck during and after the fighting. The next day, the French trapped the surviving Prussians against the Danish frontier and compelled Blücher to surrender.
The French captured a small Swedish force during the battle. Bernadotte's respectful treatment of its officers and soldiers led to that Scandinavian nation offering its crown to the French marshal, almost four years after this battle.
The Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, (German: Hochstift Lübeck; Fürstbistum Lübeck) or Bishopric of Lübeck, was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire until 1803. Originally ruled by Roman-Catholic bishops, after 1586 it was ruled by lay administrators and bishops who were members of the Protestant Holstein-Gottorp line of the House of Oldenburg. The prince-bishops had seat and vote on the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of Ruling Princes of the Imperial Diet.
The Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, a secular state, should not be confused with the Diocese of Lübeck, which was larger and over which the bishop exercised only pastoral authority.
During World War II, the city of Lübeck was the first German city to be attacked in substantial numbers by the Royal Air Force. The attack on the night of 28 March 1942 created a firestorm that caused severe damage to the historic centre, with bombs destroying three of the main churches and large parts of the built-up area. It led to the retaliatory "Baedeker" raids on historic British cities.
Although a port, and home to several shipyards, including the Lübecker Flender-Werke, Lübeck was also a cultural centre and only lightly defended. The bombing on 28 March 1942 was the first major success for RAF Bomber Command against a German city, and followed the Area Bombing Directive issued to the RAF on 14 February 1942 which authorised the targeting of civilian areas.
Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke, usually known as DFW was a German aircraft manufacturer of the early twentieth century. It was established by Bernhard Meyer and Erich Thiele at Lindenthal in 1910, and initially produced Farman designs under licence, later moving on to the Etrich Taube and eventually to its own designs. One of these, the DFW C.V reconnaissance aircraft, was produced to the extent of several thousand machines, including licence production by other firms. Plans to develop civil aircraft after the war proved fruitless, and the company was bought by ATG shortly thereafter.
The Fehmarnbelt Lightship (German: Feuerschiff Fehmarnbelt) was built in 1906-1908 at Brake on the River Weser and entered service in 1908 as the lightship Außeneider. Until 1945 it was moored at the position known as Außeneider guarding the estuary of the river Eider on the North Sea coast. In the years from 1956 to 1965 it was a reserve lighthouse in the Baltic Sea and then from 1965 to 1984 it was positioned under its present name in the Fehmarn Belt.
Today it belongs to a charitable society and its home port is the Lübeck museum port in the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, where it spends the winter months at least. The ship is preserved in working condition and during the summer it is taken to sea in order to test all facilities under sea conditions. Visits on board the lightship are permitted.
The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck (German: Freie und Hansestadt Lübeck, Danish: Lybæk) was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
The Hanseaten (German: [hanzeˈaːtn̩], Hanseatics) is a collective term for the hierarchy group (so called First Families) consisting of elite individuals and families of prestigious rank who constituted the ruling class of the free imperial city of Hamburg, conjointly with the equal First Families of the free imperial cities Bremen and Lübeck. The members of these First Families were the persons in possession of hereditary grand burghership (Großbürgerschaft) of these cities, including the mayors (Bürgermeister), the senators (Senatoren), joint diplomats (Diplomaten) and the senior pastors (Hauptpastoren). Hanseaten refers specifically to the ruling families of Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen, but more broadly, this group is also referred to as patricians along with similar social groups elsewhere in continental Europe.
The three cities since the Congress of Vienna 1815 are each officially named the "Free and Hanseatic City Hamburg" (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg), the "Free Hanseatic City Bremen" (Freie Hansestadt Bremen) and the "Free and Hanseatic City Lübeck" (Freie und Hansestadt Lübeck), since 1937 merely the "Hanseatic City Lübeck" (Hansestadt Lübeck).Hamburg was one of the oldest stringent civic republics, in which the Hanseatics preserved their constitutional privileges granted in 1189 by Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, until the German Revolution of 1918–19 and the Weimar Constitution. Hamburg was strictly republican, but it was not a democracy, but rather an oligarchy.
The Hanseaten were regarded as being of equal rank to the (landed) nobility elsewhere in Europe, although the Hanseaten often regarded the (rural) nobility outside the city republics as inferior to the (urban and often more affluent, and in their own view, cultivated) Hanseaten. Thomas Mann, a member of a Lübeck Hanseatic family, portrayed this class in his Nobel Prize-winning novel Buddenbrooks (1901), for which he received the 1929 Nobel Prize for Literature.
The Hanseatic League (; Middle Low German: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; Standard German: Deutsche Hanse; Latin: Hansa Teutonica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 1100s, the league came to dominate Baltic maritime trade for three centuries along the coasts of Northern Europe. Hansa territories stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages, and diminished slowly after 1450.
Hanse, later spelled as Hansa, was the Old High German word for a convoy, and this word was applied to bands of merchants traveling between the Hanseatic cities - whether by land or by sea.Merchant circles established the league to protect the guilds' economic interests and diplomatic privileges in their affiliated cities and countries, as well as along the trade routes which the merchants used. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and operated their own armies for mutual protection and aid. Despite this, the organization was not a state, nor could it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.
Lübeck Airport (IATA: LBC, ICAO: EDHL) is a minor German airport located 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Lübeck, the second-largest city in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, and 54 km (34 mi) northeast of Hamburg. Until all scheduled air traffic ceased on 15 April 2016, it was the secondary airport for the Hamburg Metropolitan Region, after the much bigger Hamburg Airport, and was used for low-cost and some occasional charter traffic. The airport was therefore sometimes called "Hamburg Lübeck" for marketing purposes.
The Lübeck law (German: Lübisches (Stadt)Recht) was the constitution of a municipal form of government developed at Lübeck, now in Schleswig-Holstein, after it was made a free city in 1226. The law provides for self-government. It replaced the personal rule of tribal monarchs descending from ancient times or the rule of the regional dukes and kings that had been established by Charlemagne. The latter held all of his aristocratic vassals personally responsible for the defence, health and welfare of the tribesmen settled on their estates, including the towns. The Lübeck Law in theory made the cities to which it applied independent of royalty.
Lübeck set about spreading its form of government to other cities around the Baltic Sea. Eventually about 100 adopted a government based on the law. It still serves as a foundation for German town laws in many of those cities. Later in the 13th century, cities predominantly governed by the Lübeck Law formed into a powerful trade association, the Hanseatic League, which amounted to a quasi-confederacy with headquarters at Lübeck. However, by the 15th century, major kontore and smaller trading posts of the Hanse, which was then at the high point of its influence, spread throughout northern Central Europe and the British Isles, from London to Veliky Novgorod and from Trondheim to Frankfurt, dominating trade far beyond German-speaking regions and also far beyond the cities where Lübeck law was in force.
An official Lübeck law transcript was never available or used until the revised edition of 1586 was printed by printer Johann Balhorn. Lübeck was a leader in the German cities that gave rights to town citizens and overturned aristocratic privilege. Lubeck law is the basis for the Dortmund code in Westphalia, the Goslar code in Saxony, and the Magdeburg rights in East-Central and East European towns. References to 'German Law' in the Middle Ages mean laws that were derived from the Lübeck law at root.Lübeck law was prevalent throughout cities in Northern and Northeastern Germany (Niederdeutschland) until 1900, when the modern German civil code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) was implemented.
The Lübeck Martyrs were three Roman Catholic priests – Johannes Prassek, Eduard Müller and Hermann Lange – and the Evangelical-Lutheran pastor Karl Friedrich Stellbrink. All four were executed by beheading on 10 November 1943 less than 3 minutes apart from each other at Hamburg's Holstenglacis Prison (then called Untersuchungshaftanstalt Hamburg-Stadt, in English: Investigative Custody Centre of the City of Hamburg). Eyewitnesses reported that the blood of the four clergymen literally ran together on the guillotine and on the floor. This impressed contemporaries as a symbol of the ecumenical character of the men's work and witness. That interpretation is supported by their last letters from prison, and statements they themselves made during their time of suffering, torture and imprisonment. "We are like brothers," Hermann Lange said.
The Old Salt Route was a medieval trade route in northern Germany, one of the ancient network of salt roads which were used primarily for the transport of salt and other staples. In Germany it was referred to as Alte Salzstraße.
Salt was very valuable at that time; it was sometimes referred to as "white gold." The vast majority of the salt transported on the road was produced from brine near Lüneburg, a city in the northern central part of the country and then transported to Lübeck, a major seaport on Germany’s Baltic coast.
Soon after the German Hanseatic League (1241) was founded, regulated messenger routes were developed. In Lübeck, the conveyance of correspondence by letter was supervised by the mercantile council of the Scania Market (Schonenfahrer), which also appointed the messenger master (postmaster) and the remainder of the personnel.
Around 1579, the Reichspost of Thurn und Taxis arrived in Lübeck. It existed beside the Hanseatic post, which led to minor tensions. In 1683, they were joined by the post offices of Platen, later Hannover (until 1844), and Wismar. Together with the Danish post, these were merged into the Schütting-post.
During the French era, Napoleon united the three Hanseatic cities and northwestern Germany with France under the name Bouches-de-l'Elbe by the decree of December 13, 1810. It was the era of the Continental System against Great Britain.
The Scanian merchants took over the postal system again. However the postal administration now worked for the city treasury. The Scanian merchants received an annual payment of 2,000 Lübeck Courantmarks.
In 1848 apart from the city post office, there were a Taxis letter post, riding and errant posts of Mecklenburg, Hannover (until 1845), and Denmark, as well as a Prussian post office.
When the job of a deputy of the postal department had to be newly filled, the choice was made for the Mecklenburg-Strelitz grand ducal postmaster Carl Hermann Lebrecht Lingnau, who received the title of postal director on April 1, 1851. The lower officials were called the "Litzenbrüder".
At the postal congress in Berlin (1851), a treaty between Lübeck and Thurn und Taxis was signed for January 1, 1852, which exactly established the responsibilities. The Danish post was dealt with in a similar way. The construction of the Lübeck-Büchener Railway was permitted and in return, the Royal Danish Chief Post Office was allowed in Lübeck.
During the transition of the postal administration to the North German Confederation on January 1, 1868, the city post office became the chief post office of the North German postal district and Mr. Lingnau became chief postal director. The Danish post office, as well as Thurn und Taxis, closed their posts. There were two stable post offices and seven letter collections in Lübeck for 50,339 inhabitants. The currency was the Lübeck Courant = 16 Shilling, where 1 shilling was equivalent to 2 Sechsling.
Schleswig-Holstein (German: [ˈʃleːsvɪç ˈhɔlʃtaɪn]) is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig. Its capital city is Kiel; other notable cities are Lübeck and Flensburg.
Also known in more dated English as Sleswick-Holsatia, the region is called Slesvig-Holsten in Danish. The Low German name is Sleswig-Holsteen, and the North Frisian name is Slaswik-Holstiinj. Historically, the name can also refer to a larger region, containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and the former South Jutland County (Northern Schleswig; now part of the Region of Southern Denmark) in Denmark.
Travemünde (German: [ˈtʁaːvəmʏndə] (listen)) is a borough of Lübeck, Germany, located at the mouth of the river Trave in Lübeck Bay. It began life as a fortress built by Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, in the 12th century to guard the mouth of the Trave, and the Danes subsequently strengthened it. It became a town in 1317 and in 1329 passed into the possession of the free city of Lübeck, to which it has since belonged. Its fortifications were demolished in 1807.
Travemünde has been a seaside resort since 1802, and is Germany's largest ferry port on the Baltic Sea with connections to Sweden, Finland, Russia, Latvia and Estonia. The lighthouse is the oldest on the German Baltic coast, dating from 1539. Another attraction of Travemünde is the Flying P-Liner Passat, a museum ship anchored in the mouth of the Trave.
The annual Travemünder Woche is a traditional sailing race week in Northern Europe.
The annual Sand festival in Travemünde is known as the Sand World.
The Treaty of Stettin (German: Frieden von Stettin, Swedish: Freden i Stettin, Danish: Freden i Stettin) of 13 December 1570, ended the Northern Seven Years' War fought between Sweden and Denmark with her internally fragmented alliance of Lübeck and Poland. It also settled Swedish, Danish and Holy Roman Imperial claims regarding the Livonian War. Unfavourable for Sweden, it assured Danish hegemony in Northern Europe for a short period. Yet, because of its inconclusiveness it did not prevent further warfare between Denmark-Norway and Sweden ending only in the 1720s.
The University of Lübeck is a research university in Lübeck, Northern Germany which focuses almost entirely on medicine and sciences with applications in medicine. In 2006, 2009 and 2016, the University of Lübeck was ranked No. 1 in medicine among all universities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland according to the CHE Hochschulranking. In Computer Science and Molecular Life Science, the University was ranked No. 2 in the 2009 evaluation.
VfB Lübeck is a German association football club playing in Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein in the country's north. In addition to its football side the 1,000 member sports club also has departments for badminton, women's gymnastics, handball, and table tennis. | 2019-04-18T10:59:47Z | https://howlingpixel.com/i-en/L%C3%BCbeck |
An example method is provided for a computing device to provide quality of service (QoS) for a container in a virtualized computing environment. The method may comprise receiving a traffic flow of packets from a virtual machine and identifying a container from which the traffic flow originates based on content of the received traffic flow of packets. The container may be supported by the virtual machine. The method may further comprise retrieving a QoS policy configured for the identified container. For example, the QoS policy may specify a network bandwidth allocation for the container. The method may further comprise forwarding the received traffic flow of packets according to the QoS policy.
1. A method for a computing device to provide quality of service (QoS) for a container in a virtualized computing environment, the method comprising: receiving a traffic flow of packets from a virtual machine; identifying a container from which the traffic flow originates based on content of the received traffic flow of packets, wherein the container is supported by the virtual machine; retrieving a QoS policy configured for the identified container, wherein the QoS policy specifies a network bandwidth allocation for the container; and forwarding the received traffic flow of packets according to the QoS policy.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the QoS policy specifies the network bandwidth allocation for the container using one or more of the following: a container shares value that specifies a network bandwidth allocation priority given to the container relative to at least one other container; a container limit value that specifies a maximum network bandwidth allocation for the container; and a container reservation value that specifies a minimum bandwidth allocation guaranteed for the container.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the network bandwidth allocation for the container is associated with a network resource pool of the virtual machine, the network resource pool being defined by one or more of the following: a virtual machine shares value that specifies a network bandwidth allocation priority given to the virtual machine relative to at least one other virtual machine; a virtual machine limit value that specifies a maximum network bandwidth allocation for the virtual machine, the container limit value not exceeding the virtual machine limit value; and a virtual machine reservation value that specifies a minimum bandwidth allocation guaranteed for the virtual machine, the container reservation value not exceeding the virtual machine reservation value.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein forwarding the received traffic flow of packets comprises one or more of the following: scheduling the packets for forwarding at a data transfer rate that is at least the container reservation value; scheduling the packets for forwarding at a data transfer rate that is at most the container limit value; and allocating available network bandwidth to the container according to the container shares value.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein, prior to receiving the traffic flow, the method further comprises: receiving a request to allow the container to start; retrieving the QoS policy configured for the container from a management entity or obtaining the QoS policy configured for the container from the request; and in response to determination that the QoS policy can be satisfied with current available network bandwidth, allowing the container to start.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the method further comprises: in response to determination that the QoS policy cannot be satisfied with current available network bandwidth, determining whether a network bandwidth reallocation is possible to satisfy the QoS policy; and in response to determination that the network bandwidth reallocation is possible, allowing the container to start, but otherwise disallowing the container to start.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the container comprises: parsing header data of each packet of the traffic flow to identify the container based on tag data in the header data, wherein the tag data is added to the packet by the virtual machine.
8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that includes a set of instructions which, in response to execution by a processor of a computing device, cause the processor to perform a method of providing quality of service (QoS) for a container in a virtualized computing environment, the method comprising: receiving a traffic flow of packets from a virtual machine; identifying a container from which the traffic flow originates based on content of the received traffic flow of packets, wherein the container is supported by the virtual machine; retrieving a QoS policy configured for the identified container, wherein the QoS policy specifies a network bandwidth allocation for the container; and forwarding the received traffic flow of packets according to the QoS policy.
9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the QoS policy specifies the network bandwidth allocation for the container using one or more of the following: a container shares value that specifies a network bandwidth allocation priority given to the container relative to at least one other container; a container limit value that specifies a maximum network bandwidth allocation for the container; and a container reservation value that specifies a minimum bandwidth allocation guaranteed for the container.
10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the network bandwidth allocation for the container is associated with a network resource pool of the virtual machine, the network resource pool being defined by one or more of the following: a virtual machine shares value that specifies a network bandwidth allocation priority given to the virtual machine relative to at least one other virtual machine; a virtual machine limit value that specifies a maximum network bandwidth allocation for the virtual machine, the container limit value not exceeding the virtual machine limit value; and a virtual machine reservation value that specifies a minimum bandwidth allocation guaranteed for the virtual machine, the container reservation value not exceeding the virtual machine reservation value.
11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein forwarding the received traffic flow of packets comprises one or more of the following: scheduling the packets for forwarding at a data transfer rate that is at least the container reservation value; scheduling the packets for forwarding at a data transfer rate that is at most the container limit value; and allocating available network bandwidth to the container according to the container shares value.
12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein, prior to receiving the traffic flow, the method further comprises: receiving a request to allow the container to start; retrieving the QoS policy configured for the container from a management entity or obtaining the QoS policy configured for the container from the request; and in response to determination that the QoS policy can be satisfied with current available network bandwidth, allowing the container to start.
13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises: in response to determination that the QoS policy cannot be satisfied with current available network bandwidth, determining whether a network bandwidth reallocation is possible to satisfy the QoS policy; and in response to determination that the network bandwidth reallocation is possible, allowing the container to start, but otherwise disallowing the container to start.
14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein identifying the container comprises: parsing header data of each packet of the traffic flow to identify the container based on tag data in the header data, wherein the tag data is added to the packet by the virtual machine.
15. A computing device configured to provide quality of service (QoS) for a container in a virtualized computing environment, the computing device comprising: a processor; a physical network interface controller (NIC); and a non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: receive a traffic flow of packets from a virtual machine; identify a container from which the traffic flow originates based on content of the received traffic flow of packets, wherein the container is supported by the virtual machine; retrieve a QoS policy configured for the identified container, wherein the QoS policy specifies a network bandwidth allocation for the container; and forward, via the physical NIC, the received traffic flow of packets according to the QoS policy.
16. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the QoS policy specifies the network bandwidth allocation for the container using one or more of the following: a container shares value that specifies a network bandwidth allocation priority given to the container relative to at least one other container; a container limit value that specifies a maximum network bandwidth allocation for the container; and a container reservation value that specifies a minimum bandwidth allocation guaranteed for the container.
17. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the network bandwidth allocation for the container is associated with a network resource pool of the virtual machine, the network resource pool being defined by one or more of the following: a virtual machine shares value that specifies a network bandwidth allocation priority given to the virtual machine relative to at least one other virtual machine; a virtual machine limit value that specifies a maximum network bandwidth allocation for the virtual machine, the container limit value not exceeding the virtual machine limit value; and a virtual machine reservation value that specifies a minimum bandwidth allocation guaranteed for the virtual machine, the container reservation value not exceeding the virtual machine reservation value.
18. The computing device of claim 16, wherein instructions for forwarding the received traffic flow of packets cause the processor to perform one or more of the following: schedule the packets for forwarding at a data transfer rate that is at least the container reservation value; schedule the packets for forwarding at a data transfer rate that is at most the container limit value; and allocate available network bandwidth to the container according to the container shares value.
19. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: prior to receiving the traffic flow, receive a request to allow the container to start; retrieve the QoS policy configured for the container from a management entity or obtaining the QoS policy configured for the container from the request; and in response to determination that the QoS policy can be satisfied with current available network bandwidth, allow the container to start.
20. The computing device of claim 19, wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: in response to determination that the QoS policy cannot be satisfied with current available network bandwidth, determine whether a network bandwidth reallocation is possible to satisfy the QoS policy; and in response to determination that the network bandwidth reallocation is possible, allow the container to start, but otherwise disallow the container to start.
21. The computing device of claim 15, wherein instructions for identifying the container cause the processor to: parse header data of each packet of the traffic flow to identify the container based on tag data in the header data, wherein the tag data is added to the packet by the virtual machine.
Benefit is claimed under 35 U.S.C. 119(a)-(d) to Foreign application Serial No. 3244/CHE/2015 filed in India entitled "PROVIDING QUALITY OF SERVICE FOR CONTAINERS IN A VIRTUALIZED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT", on Jun. 26, 2015, by Nicira, Inc., which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference for all purposes.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, known approaches described are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion throughout the present disclosure.
Virtualization allows the abstraction and pooling of hardware resources to support virtual machines in a virtualized computing environment. For example, through server virtualization, virtual machines running different operating systems may be supported by the same physical machine (e.g., referred to as a "host"). Each virtual machine is generally provisioned with virtual resources to run an operating system and applications. The virtual resources may include central processing unit (CPU) resources, memory resources, storage resources, network resources, etc. Virtualization software (e.g., hypervisor) running on the physical machine is generally used to maintain a mapping between the virtual resources allocated to each virtual machine and the underlying physical resources of the physical machine.
In practice, since a single physical machine can support tens to hundreds of virtual machines, it can be challenging to manage the sharing of physical resources (e.g., network resources) among different virtual machines, and different applications supported by each virtual machine.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an example virtualized computing environment with a distributed virtual switch.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the drawings, can be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein.
The challenges in managing the sharing of physical resources, and particularly network resources, in a virtualized computing environment will now be further explained using FIG. 1, which is a schematic diagram illustrating example virtualized computing environment 100. Although an example is shown, it should be understood that virtualized computing environment 100 may include additional or alternative components, and each component may have a different configuration depending on the desired implementation.
Virtualized computing environment 100 includes hosts 110 (also known as "computing devices", "host computers", "host devices", "physical servers", "server systems", etc.) that are connected to management entity 160 and user device(s) 170 via physical network 150. Each host 110 includes virtualization software (e.g., hypervisor 111) and suitable hardware 112 to support virtual machines, such as "VM1" 120 and "VM2" 121. Although one host 110 and two virtual machines 120, 121 are shown for simplicity, there may be multiple hosts 110, each supporting tens or hundreds of virtual machines in practice.
Hypervisor 111 maintains a mapping between underlying hardware 112 of host 110 and virtual resources allocated to virtual machines "VM1" 120 and "VM2" 121. For example, hardware 112 includes components such as physical network interface controller (NIC) 114 to provide access to physical network 150; Central Processing Unit (CPU) 116, memory 118 (e.g., random access memory) and storage disk 119 (e.g., solid state drive, hard disk drive), etc. Although one is shown for simplicity, host 110 may include any suitable number of physical NIC 114 (also known as physical network adapters).
Virtual machines 120, 121 each represent a software implementation of a physical machine. Virtual resources are allocated to virtual machines 120, 121 to support respective guest operating systems 122, 123 and applications (e.g., containers that will be explained below), etc. For example, corresponding to hardware 112, the virtual resources may include virtual CPU, virtual memory, virtual disk, virtual network interface controller (vNIC), etc. Hardware resources may be emulated using virtual machine monitors (VMMs) implemented by hypervisor 111. For example, VMM 124 is to emulate vNIC 126 to provide network access for "VM1" 120 and similarly, VMM 125 to emulate vNIC 127 for "VM2" 121. In practice, VMMs 124, 125 may be considered as components that are part of "VM1" 120 and "VM2" 121 or alternatively, separated from "VM1" 120 and "VM2" 121. In both cases. VMMs 124, 125 maintain the state of respective vNICs 126, 127. When virtual machines 120, 121 are migrated, data relating to the state is also migrated.
Hypervisor 111 further implements virtual switch 130 to handle traffic forwarding from and to "VM1" 120 and "VM2" 121. For example, virtual switch 130 may include any suitable network module 132 to handle egress traffic (may also be referred to as "outgoing traffic") and ingress traffic (may also be referred as "incoming traffic"). The egress traffic is received by virtual switch 130 from "VM1" 120 via vNIC 126 or "VM2" 121 via vNIC 127 for forwarding to physical network 150 via physical NIC 114. The ingress traffic is received by virtual switch 130 from physical network 150 via physical NIC 114 for forwarding to "VM1" via vNIC 126 or "VM2" 121 via vNIC 127. As used herein, the term "traffic" may refer generally to a group of bits that can be transported together from a source to a destination, such as in the form of "packets", "frames", "messages", "datagrams", etc. Physical network 150 may be any suitable network, such as wide area network, virtual private network, etc.
Management entity 160 provides management functionalities to manage various components in virtualized computing environment 100, such as hosts 110, virtual machines "VM1" 120, "VM2" 121, etc. In practice, management entity 160 may be implemented by one or more virtual or physical entities. Users (e.g., network administrators) operating user devices 170 may access the functionalities of management entity 160 via any suitable interface (e.g., graphical user interface, command-line interface, etc.) and/or Application Programming Interface (API) calls via physical network 150. For example, Representational State Transfer (REST) API may be used to create, modify or delete objects defined by API module 162 using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests. User device 170 may be any suitable computing device, such as user workstation, client device, mobile device, etc.
In virtualized computing environment 100, container technologies may be used to run various containers inside virtual machines 120, 121. As used herein, the term "container" (also known as "container instance") is used generally to describe an application that is encapsulated with all its dependencies (e.g., binaries, libraries, etc.). For example, containers "C1" 141, "C2" 142 and "C3" 143 are executed as isolated processes on guest OS 122 inside "VM1" 120. Similarly, "C4" "C5" 145 and "C6" 146 are executed as isolated processes on guest OS 123 inside "VM2" 121. Any suitable networking drivers may also be installed on "VM1" 120 and "VM2" 121 (e.g., vmxnet, vmxnet3, etc.) to interface with the containers.
Containers "C1" to "C6" may be implemented using any suitable container technology, such as Docker (www.docker.com), Linux (http://linuxcontainers.org), etc. Unlike conventional virtual machines that have one OS per virtual machine, containers "C1" to "C6" are "OS-less", meaning that they do not include any OS that could weigh 10s of Gigabytes (GB). This makes containers "C1" to "C6" more lightweight, portable, efficient and suitable for delivery into an isolated OS environment. Running containers inside a virtual machine (known as "containers-on-virtual-machine" approach) not only leverages the benefits of container technologies but also that of virtualization technologies.
However, the use of container technologies presents a new problem in virtualized computing environment 100. Conventionally, it is not possible to differentiate traffic originating from different containers supported by the same virtual machine, or containers supported by different virtual machines. For example in FIG. 1, containers "C1", "C2" and "C3" are all supported by "VM1" and sends packets via vNIC 126, virtual switch 130 and physical NIC 114. Although containers "C1", "C2" and "C3" are run as isolated processes at "VM1", packets from these containers would appear to virtual switch 130 to have originated from "VM1". The same problem may be observed for containers "C4", "C5" and "C6" that run inside "VM2" and share access to vNIC 127.
As such, in existing systems, it is impossible for host 110 to manage the individual network bandwidth usage of different containers running inside virtual machines. This is undesirable because some containers may be starved of network bandwidth while others dominate.
According to examples of the present disclosure, Quality of Service (QoS) may be provided to containers (e.g., "C1" to "C6") in virtualized computing environment 100. For example, to provide QoS for "C1" running inside "VW1" in FIG. 1, a QoS policy may be configured for "C1". When a traffic flow of packets is received from "VM1", "C1" may be identified based on content in the packets and forwarded according to the QoS policy. This "container-aware" approach supports QoS policy configuration and traffic flow differentiation to partition network bandwidth among different containers from the same virtual machine or different virtual machines.
As used herein, QoS is a term of art that is well understood by those in the field of network bandwidth management. It may include concepts such as bandwidth reservations, weighted shares, and limits imposed on individual network bandwidth consumers (e.g., containers, virtual machines), etc. U.S. Pat. No. 9,019,826 issued to Jean-Pascal Billaud, et al., is fully incorporated by reference herein to explain possible features and certain implementation details of an example QoS management component.
In more detail, FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an example process 200 to provide QoS for containers in virtualized computing environment 100. Example process 200 may include one or more operations, functions, or actions illustrated by one or more blocks, such as blocks 210 to 240. The various blocks may be combined into fewer blocks, divided into additional blocks, and/or eliminated based upon the desired implementation.
In practice, example process 200 may be implemented using any suitable computing device. In one example, example process 200 may be implemented by host 110, such as using hypervisor 111 that implements virtual switch 130 and network module 132, etc. Depending on the desired implementation, hypervisor 111 may implement example process 200 by interacting with management entity 160 (e.g., with network management module 164 and container QoS policies 166).
At 210 and 220 in FIG. 2, when a traffic flow of packets is received from a virtual machine (e.g., "VM1"), a container (e.g., "C1") supported by the virtual machine (e.g., "VM1") from which the traffic flow originates is identified. The container (e.g., "C1") may be identified based on content of the received traffic flow of packets.
As will be described using FIG. 5, FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, traffic flow differentiation may be implemented based on tag data added to packets originating from the container (e.g., "C1"). For example in FIG. 1, when "C1" sends a traffic flow of packets (see 180), "VM1" may add tag data to the header data of each packet to generate tagged traffic flow (see 182). Different tag data may be used for different containers, such as "TAG1" for "C1", "TAG2" for "C2", "TAG4" for "C4", and so on. The tag data may be added using any suitable approach.
In one example, a guest agent (not shown for simplicity) that hooks onto a network stack of guest OS 122 may be used to add the tag data. The guest agent may be installed on guest OS 122 as part of a suite of utilities (e.g., known as "VM tools") for enhancing the performance of virtual machine 120, 121. In another example, container (e.g., "C1") add the tag data to its packets, in which case traffic flow 182 in FIG. 1 also represents a tagged traffic flow.
At 230 and 240 in FIG. 2, a QoS policy configured for the identified container (e.g., "C1") is retrieved and the received traffic flow forwarded according to the QoS policy. Here, the term "retrieved" is used to include hypervisor 111 retrieving the QoS policy from local storage on host 110, or from management entity 160 (e.g., via network management module 164 if the QoS policy is not available locally). The QoS policy configured for the container (e.g., "C1") may specify a network bandwidth allocation for the container, such as based on a network resource pool associated with the virtual machine (e.g., "VM1") supporting the container.
As used herein, the term "network resource pool" is used to refer generally to a set of network resources (e.g., network bandwidth) allocated to the virtual machine (e.g., "VM1"). Example QoS policies will be explained in more detail using FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. In practice, QoS policies may be configured using any suitable approach, such as by a user (e.g., network administrator) who interacts with management entity 160 using user device 170, programmatically using a script, etc. As will be described further using FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, another approach is to automatically configure the QoS policies as containers are started. Using QoS policies, prioritization may be enforced to reduce the likelihood of a traffic flow from one container dominating over that of others.
Since container traffic may be one of the most common traffic types in the future, example process 200 facilitates seamless network bandwidth management when container technology is used in virtualized computing environment 100. In particular, using example process 200, host 110 is able to support container traffic isolation and container QoS provisioning. Example process 200 may be performed to differentiate traffic flows from containers (e.g., "C1" to "C3") supported by the same virtual machine (e.g., "VM1") or from containers (e.g., "C1" to "C6") supported by different virtual machines (e.g., "VM1" and "VM2").
In the following, various examples will be discussed with reference to FIG. 3 to FIG. 9. In particular, example QoS policies will be explained using FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, example processes for starting a container using FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, example process for traffic forwarding using FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, and example implementation in a distributed virtual switch using FIG. 9.
FIG. 3 illustrates example table 300 of QoS policies 311-316 configured for containers in example virtualized computing environment 100 in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 will be explained with reference to FIG. 4, which is a schematic diagram illustrating subdivisions of network resource pools according to example QoS policies 311-316 in FIG. 3. In the following examples, containers "C1" to "C6" are configured with respective QoS policies 311-316. It should be understood, however, that it is not always necessary for each and every container to be configured with a QoS policy. For example, container "C6" may not require any QoS policy if it is merely implementing an application that runs as a background task or it does not require network access.
Referring to the columns of table 300, each container is associated with container name (see "CON1" to "CON8" at 317); container identifier (ID) such as a 64 hexadecimal digit string (see "C1" to "C8" at 318); Internet Protocol (IP) address to communicate with the outside world (see 320); container share, limit and reservation values (see 322, 324, 326); container tag data (see 328) and data relating to a network resource pool of associated virtual machine (see 330, 332, 334, 336). QoS policies 311, 312, 313 are configured to specify respective network bandwidth allocations for "C1", "C2" and "C3" sharing the network resource pool of "VM1", and QoS policies 314, 315, 316 to specify respective network bandwidth allocations for "C4", "C5" "C6" sharing the network resource pool of "VM2". QoS policies 311-316 may be retrieved based on container name 317, container ID 318, container tag data 328, etc.
The network resource pool of a virtual machine (see 330) may be defined using one or more of the following: (1) virtual machine shares value=S.sub.v that specifies a network bandwidth allocation priority given to a virtual machine relative to at least one other virtual machine (see 332); (2) virtual machine limit value=L.sub.v that specifies a maximum network bandwidth allocation for the virtual machine (see 334); and (3) virtual machine reservation value=R.sub.v that specifies a minimum network bandwidth allocation guaranteed for the virtual machine (see 336). Virtual machine limit and resented values may be expressed in data transfer rate, such as Megabits per second (Mbps).
The QoS policy configured for each container may be defined using one or more of the following: (1) container shares value=S.sub.c that specifies a network bandwidth allocation priority given to the container relative to at least one other container sharing a virtual machine's network resource pool (see 322); (2) container limit value=L.sub.c that specifies a maximum network bandwidth allocation for the container (see 324); and (3) container reservation value=R.sub.c that specifies a minimum network bandwidth allocation guaranteed for the container (see 326). The container limit value cannot exceed the virtual machine limit value (i.e., L.sub.c.ltoreq.L.sub.v) and container reservation value cannot exceed the virtual machine reservation value (i.e., R.sub.c.ltoreq.R.sub.v). Container limit and reserved values may be expressed in data transfer rate, such as Mbps.
As used herein, the term "shares" or "shares value" is used generally to describe the relative importance or priority of a traffic flow compared to at least one other traffic flow. Shares may be specified in absolute units with a value ranging from 1 to 100 to provide a greater flexibility for unused network bandwidth redistribution. For example in FIG. 3 (see 332), "VM1" with shares=100 is given a higher priority than "VM2" with shares=50. This means that if there is spare bandwidth of 600 Megabits per second (Mbps) during periods of network resource contention, "VM1" may be allocated with up to 400 Mbps (i.e., 100/150=67%) and "VM2" with 200 Mbps (i.e., 50/150=33%) provided respective virtual machine limit values (see 334) are not exceeded. See corresponding representations 410 for "VM1" and 420 for "VM2" in FIG. 4.
For the containers, QoS policy 311 is configured to allocate "C1" with shares=50; QoS policy 312 to allocate "C2" with shares=20; and QoS policy 313 to allocate "C3" with shares=10. In this case, "C1" with shares=50 is given a higher network bandwidth allocation priority over "C2" with shares=20 and "C3" with shares=10 (i.e., lowest priority in this example). During periods of network resource contention, "C1" may be allocated with up to 63% (i.e., 50/80), "C2" 25% (i.e., 20/80) and "C3" 13% (i.e., 10/80) of the network bandwidth available for "VM1", provided respective container limit values (see 324) are not exceeded. See corresponding representations 432 for "C1", 434 for "C2" and 436 for "C3" in FIG. 4.
Similarly, QoS policy 314 is configured to allocate "C4" with shares=80; QoS policy 315 to allocate "C5" with shares=100; and QoS policy 316 to allocate "C6" with shares=20. In this case, "C5" with shares=100 will be given a higher network bandwidth allocation priority over "C4" with shares=80 and "C6" with shares=20 (i.e., lowest priority in this example). During periods of network resource contention, "C4" may be allocated with up to 40% (i.e., 80/200), "C5" 50% (i.e., 100/200) and "C6" 10% (i.e., 20/300) of the network bandwidth available for "VM2", provided the respective container limit values (see 324) are not exceeded. See corresponding representations 444 for "C4", 442 for "C5" and 446 for "C6" in FIG. 4.
The term "limit" or "limit value" is used to generally describe a maximum network bandwidth allocation (e.g., maximum permitted data transfer rate). In the example in FIG. 3 (see 334), "VM1" has a higher limit=2000 Mbps compared to 1500 Mbps for "VM2". For containers supported by "VM1", QoS policy 312 allocates "C2" with limit=800 Mbps, which is higher than limit=500 Mbps allocated to "C1" (see 311) and limit=100 Mbps allocated to "C3" (see 313). Similarly for "VM2". QoS policy 314 allocates "C4" with limit=600 Mbps, which is lower than limit=800 Mbps allocated to "C5" (see 315) and "C6" (see 316).
In practice, the virtual machine limit value=L.sub.v (e.g., 2000 Mbps for "VM1") cannot be less than the virtual machine reservation value=R.sub.v. (e.g., 1000 Mbps for "VM1"). Similarly, the container limit value=L.sub.c (e.g., 500 Mbps for "C1") cannot be less than the container reservation value=R.sub.c (e.g., 120 Mbps for "C1"). If the limit is exceeded, packets can be dropped, even if there is bandwidth available at physical NIC 114. Since limit values 324, 334 are hard boundaries, "C1" is allowed to transmit up to 500 Mbps even when "C2" and "03" are not transmitting. Similarly, "VM1" is only allowed up to 2000 Mbps even when "VM2" is not transmitting.
The term "reservation" or "reservation value" is used to generally describe a guaranteed minimum network bandwidth allocation. Reservation, for example, is useful for time-sensitive traffic flow (e.g., voice, video, etc.) that requires a minimum data transfer rate. For containers supported by "VM1" with reservation=1000 Mbps, "C1" is allocated with reservation=120 Mbps (see QoS policy 311), "C2" with reservation=100 Mbps (see QoS policy 312) and "C3" with reservation=30 Mbps (see QoS policy 313). Similarly for "VM2" with reservation=500 Mbps, "C4" is allocated with reservation=20 Mbps (see QoS policy 314), "C5" with reservation=100 Mbps (see QoS policy 315) and "C6" with reservation=20 Mbps (see QoS policy 316). The sum of all container reservation values (e.g., 250 Mbps in total for "C1", "C2" and "C3") for containers running inside the same virtual machine (e.g., "VM1") cannot exceed the corresponding virtual machine reservation value (e.g., 1000 Mbps for "VM1").
As explained using FIG. 1, QoS policies 311-316 in FIG. 3 may be configured by a user (e.g., network administrator) operating user device 170 by interacting with management entity 160 via physical network 150. For example, QoS policies 311-316 may be configured using an interface (e.g., graphical user interface, command-line interface, etc.) and/or Application Programming Interface (API) calls supported by management entity 160, such as using API module 162 and network management module 164.
Another approach is to configure QoS policies 311-316 as corresponding containers "C1" to "C6" are started. Using example "C1" as an example, command line "Docker run -name=CON1 -network-shares=50 -network-limit=500 -network-reservation=120 -cpu-shares=20 -memory=256 ubuntu /bin/sh" may be used to run and allocate a new container with name="CON1", shares=50, limit=500 Mbps, reservation=120 Mbps, CPU shares=20 and memory=256 MB. In this case, the shares, limit and reservation values provided may be used to configure QoS policy 311, which will be added to table 300 when "C1" is started. In practice, guest tools running on corresponding "VM1" may provide the values to management entity 160 via hypervisor 111. In another example, QoS policies 311-316 in FIG. 3 may be configured programmatically, such as using a script, etc. QoS policies 311-316 may be stored in any suitable storage device accessible by management entity 160 (e.g., Container QoS policies 166) and/or host 110 to facilitate traffic forwarding when containers are running.
In practice, "VM1" and "VM2" may share an even larger network resource pool reserved for virtual machine traffic (which includes container traffic). For example, there may be other types of traffic in virtualized computing environment 100, such as traffic relating to network file system (NFS), virtual machine migration, fault tolerance (FT), Internet small computer system interface (iSCSI), management functionality, etc. Similar shares, limit and reservation values may be defined for other traffic types.
In the example in FIG. 1, containers "C1" to "C6" may be running (i.e., started) or exited (i.e., stopped) in virtualized computing environment 100. For example, when "C1" is running, it is run as an isolated process or namespace independent of other processes on "VM1" and host 110. When "C1" is exited, data relating to its operation (e.g., file system, exit value, etc.) is preserved. Depending on the desired implementation in practice, "C1" to "C6" may be started (to run), stopped or restarted (to run again).
According to examples of the present disclosure, an admission control process may be performed to govern whether containers can be started. For example, before "C1" is allowed to start running, the current available network bandwidth is assessed to ensure that QoS policy 311 configured for "C1" can be satisfied. The current available bandwidth may depend on a number of factors, such as the bandwidth of physical NIC 114, network congestion, packet size, packet loss, etc. Two example implementations will be described below using FIG. 5 (i.e., admission control by hypervisor 111) and FIG. 6 (i.e., admission control by management entity 160).
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of example process 500 for starting a container in virtualized computing environment 100 in FIG. 1 according to a first example implementation. Example process 500 is illustrated using one or more operations, functions, or actions represented by 510 to 590. The various operations, functions, or actions may be combined, divided, and/or eliminated based upon the desired implementation. Example process 500 may be implemented by virtual machine 120, 121 (e.g., using guest agent or "VM tools" on guest OS 122, 123), hypervisor 111 (e.g., using network module 132 at virtual switch 130) and management entity 160 (e.g., using network management module 164 having access to container QoS policies 166). For simplicity, "C1" and "VM1" will be used as example container and virtual machine in the following.
At 510 in FIG. 5, upon detecting that "C1" is starting, "VM1" sends a request via vNIC 126 to hypervisor 111 to allow container to start running. For example, the request may include a container name (e.g., "CON1"), container ID, tag data (e.g., "TAG1") or any other suitable data for identifying "C1". The request may further include the amount of network bandwidth (e.g., shares=50, limit=500 Mbps, reservation=120 Mbps) requested by "C1" to start running.
At 520 and 525 in FIG. 5, hypervisor 111 receives the request from "VM1" and retrieves QoS policy 311 configured for "C1". In one example, the retrieval may include sending the request to management entity 160. At 530 and 532 in FIG. 5, management entity 160 receives the request from hypervisor 111, and determines whether there is any QoS policy configured for "C1" in table 300/166. If yes, at 534 in FIG. 5, management entity 160 retrieves and sends QoS policy 311 configured for "C1" to hypervisor 111 via physical network 150. At 535, hypervisor 111 receives QoS policy 311 from management entity 160.
Otherwise, at 536 in FIG. 5, management entity 160 creates a new entry in table 300/166 to add QoS policy 311 based on the received request. At 537 in FIG. 5, hypervisor 111 is also notified to rely on the container shares, limit and reservation values for "C1" that are specified in the request. In other words, if there is an existing QoS policy for "C1", the existing policy retrieved from management entity 160 will be used. Otherwise (e.g., when "C1" is started for a first time), if there is no existing QoS policy for "C1", the QoS policy is obtained from the request. This facilitates automatic configuration of QoS policies 311-316 as containers are started.
At 540 in FIG. 5, hypervisor 111 determines whether QoS policy 311 can be satisfied with current available network bandwidth in the network resource pool of "VM1". As explained using FIG. 3, QoS policy 311 specifies shares=50, limit=500 Mbps and reservation=120 Mbps for "C1", which depend on shares=100, limit=2000 Mbps and reservation=1000 Mbps for "VM1". Hypervisor 111 may calculate the network bandwidth available for "VM1" and determine whether QoS policy 311 can be satisfied. For example, if "VM1" has only used up 50% of its reservation=1000 Mbps, the remaining network bandwidth of 500 Mbps may be used to guarantee reservation=120 Mbps for "C1".
At 550 in FIG. 5, in response to determination that QoS policy 311 cannot be satisfied at 540, hypervisor 111 determines whether a network bandwidth reallocation is possible to satisfy QoS policy 311. For example, if there is unused network bandwidth from the network resource pool of "VM2" or "VM3", a portion of the unused network bandwidth may be (e.g., temporarily) reallocated to "VM1" and therefore "C1". Additionally or alternatively, a virtual machine may be migrated to another host or a container stopped to release some network bandwidth to support "C1". For example, another virtual machine (e.g., "VM2") may be migrated or "VM1" itself may be migrated to another host with sufficient network bandwidth to support "C1".
At 560 and 570 in FIG. 5, in response to determination that QoS policy 311 cannot be satisfied, hypervisor 111 instructs "VM1" to disallow "C1" to start running. Otherwise, at 580 and 590 in FIG. 5 (i.e., QoS policy 311 can be satisfied), hypervisor 111 instructs "VM1" to allow "C1" to start running. Once "C1" starts running, the shares value, limit value and reservation value defined by QoS policy 311 will be enforced for any traffic flow to and from "C1".
Although example process 500 shows hypervisor 111 allowing or disallowing "C1" to start running, an alternative implementation may involve management entity 160 making admission control decisions. In more detail, FIG. 6 is a flow chart of example process 600 for starting a container in example virtualized computing environment 100 in FIG. 1 according to a second example implementation. Example process 600 is illustrated using one or more operations, functions, or actions represented by 610 to 675. The various operations, functions, or actions may be combined, divided, and/or eliminated based upon the desired implementation.
Similar to FIG. 5, example process 600 may be implemented by virtual machine 120, 121 (e.g., using guest agent or "VM tools" on guest OS 122, 123), hypervisor 111 (e.g., using network module 132 at virtual switch 130) and management entity 160 (e.g., using network management module 164 having access to container QoS policies 166). Again, for simplicity, "C1" and "VM1" will be used as example container and virtual machine in the following.
At 610 in FIG. 6 (related to 510 in FIG. 5), upon detecting that container "C1" is starting, "VM1" sends a request via vNIC 126 to hypervisor 111 to allow "C1" to start running. The request may include a container ID, tag data (e.g., "TAG1") or any other suitable data for identifying "C1". The request may further include shares=50, limit=500 Mbps, reservation=120 Mbps requested by "C1" to start running. At 620 and 625 in FIG. 6 (related to 520 in FIG. 5), hypervisor 111 receives the request and sends it to management entity 160.
At 630 (related to 530 in FIG. 5), upon receiving the request from hypervisor 111, management entity 160 determines whether a QoS policy has been previously configured for "C1". If yes, at 634 in FIG. 6, management entity 160 retrieves QoS policy 311 configured for "C1" from table 300/166, such as based on the container ID and container name in the request. Otherwise, at 636 in FIG. 6, management entity 160 creates a new entry in table 300/166 to add QoS policy 311 that includes the container shares, limit and reservation values requested by "C1".
At 640 in FIG. 6 (related to 540 in FIG. 5), management entity 160 determines whether QoS policy 311 can be satisfied. The determination may be based on whether the current available network bandwidth in the network resource pool of "VM1" can be used to support shares=50, limit=500 Mbps and reservation=120 Mbps defined in QoS policy 311 configured for "C1".
At 645 in FIG. 6 (related to 550 in FIG. 5), in response to determination that QoS policy 311 cannot be satisfied, hypervisor 111 determines whether a network bandwidth reallocation is possible to satisfy QoS policy 311. Similar to 550 in FIG. 5, the reallocation may involve "borrowing" spare network bandwidth from another resource pool, or releasing network bandwidth by migrating virtual machine(s), stopping container(s), etc. For example, another virtual machine (e.g., "VM2") may be migrated or "VM1" itself may be migrated to another host with sufficient network bandwidth to support "C1".
At 650, 655 and 660 in FIG. 6 (related to 560 and 570 in FIG. 5), in response to determination that QoS policy 311 cannot be satisfied, management entity 160 instructs hypervisor 111 to disallow "C1" to start running, in which case hypervisor 111 also instructs "VM1" the same. Otherwise, at 665, 670 and 675 in FIG. 6 (related to 580 and 590 in FIG. 5), management entity 160 instructs hypervisor 111 to allow "C1" to start running, in which case hypervisor 111 also instructs "VM1" the same.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart of example process 700 for forwarding a traffic flow of a container according to a QoS policy in example virtualized computing environment 100 in FIG. 1. Example process 700 is illustrated using one or more operations, functions, or actions represented by 710 to 770. The various operations, functions, or actions may be combined, divided, and/or eliminated based upon the desired implementation.
Similar to the examples in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, example process 700 may be implemented by virtual machine 120, 121 (e.g., using guest agent or "VM tools" on guest OS 122, 123), hypervisor 111 (e.g., using network module 132 at virtual switch 130) and management entity 160 (e.g., using network management module 164 having access to container QoS policies 166). Again, for simplicity, "C1" and "VM1" will be used as example container and virtual machine in the following.
At 710 and 720 in FIG. 7, upon detecting a traffic flow of packets from "C1", "VM1" tags the traffic flow with any suitable data identifying "C1". The traffic flow from "C1" represents an egress traffic flow (may also be referred to as "outgoing packets") from "C1" to a destination accessible via physical network 150. In practice, the traffic flow may be detected and tagged by "VM1" using a guest agent that hooks onto the network stack of guest OS 122. As described using FIG. 3, "VM1" is aware of, or has access to, the mapping between container ID (see 318 in FIG. 3), container IP address (see 320 in FIG. 3) and tag data (see 328 in FIG. 3).
In response to detecting packets having a source IP address that matches with the IP address=172.17.42.1 associated with "C1", "VM1" generates a tagged traffic flow by modifying the packets to include tag data "TAG1". At 730 in FIG. 7, "VM1" forwards the tagged traffic flow via vNIC 126 to hypervisor 111 for forwarding to physical network 150 via virtual switch 130 and physical NIC 114. See also traffic flow 180 and tagged traffic flow 182 in FIG. 1.
In one example, the tagging process at 720 may involve modifying header data in each packet to include "TAG1" associated with "C1". FIG. 8 illustrates example packet 800 tagged with data identifying a container for forwarding according to example process 700 in FIG. 7. In this example, example packet 800 is a Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) packet, but any other suitable protocol may be used. In practice, example packet 800 may include alternative or additional fields based upon the desired implementation.
Example packet 800 includes suitable header data, such as source port 810, destination port 815, sequence number 820, acknowledgement number 825, data offset 830, reserved field 835, various flags 840, window size 850, checksum 855, urgent pointer 860, and options 865. Payload information 870 follows the header information. According to 720 in FIG. 7, options field 865 may be modified to include tag data 870 (e.g., TAG 1) such that hypervisor 111 is able to identify "C1".
It may be possible for hypervisor 111 to identify "C1" based on the source IP address of the traffic flow. However, it is not always reliable to rely on the source IP address to identify "C1", especially if the IP address is volatile and susceptible to frequent changes. In this case, it may be inefficient to update table of QoS policies 348 every time the IP address changes and as such, the tagging process 720 at FIG. 7 may be implemented.
At 740, 750 and 760 in FIG. 7, in response to receiving the traffic flow from "VM1", hypervisor 111 identifies "C1" from which the traffic flow originates and retrieves QoS policy 311 configured for "C1". For example, hypervisor 111 may parse the header data of the received traffic flow to examine tag data 870 in options field 865 (see FIG. 8). Hypervisor 111 identifies "C1" as the source container if tag data 870 matches with "TAG1".
The retrieval at 760 in FIG. 7 may include hypervisor 111 retrieving QoS policy 311 from local storage, or from management entity 765 (shown in dotted box) if QoS policy 311 is not available at host 110. In the latter case at 765, network management module 164 at management entity 160 may retrieve QoS policy 311 based on tag data "TAG1" or container ID associated with "C1" and send retrieved QoS policy 311 to hypervisor 111 via physical network 150.
At 770 in FIG. 7, hypervisor 111 forwards the traffic flow of packets from "C1" according to QoS policy 311 configured for "C1". In practice, network module 132 at virtual switch 130 may implement a packet scheduler to schedule the packets for forwarding at a data transfer rate that is at least reservation=120 Mbps but at most limit=500 Mbps. Packet scheduler may also allocate available network bandwidth according to shares=50 while satisfying reservation=120 Mbps and limit=500 Mbps. For example, a dedicated software queue may be maintained for the traffic flow from each container for this purpose.
Using the examples in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, if there is unused network bandwidth=1000 Mbps in the network resource pool of "VM1", "C1", "C2" and "C3" will be guaranteed at least 120 Mbps, 100 Mbps and 30 Mbps respectively. The remaining unused network bandwidth of 750 Mbps (i.e., 1000-sum of container reservation values) may be allocated according to respective shares values (i.e., 50/80 or 63% for "C1", 20/80 or 25% for "C2" and 10/80 or 13% for "C3") without exceeding respective limit values (i.e., 500 Mbps for "C1", 800 Mbps for "C2" and 100 Mbps for "C3").
When "C1" is stopped, "VM1" may inform hypervisor 111, which may in turn inform management entity 160 to remove QoS policy 311 configured for "C1". In this case, table 300 may be updated by management entity 160 as containers are started and stopped in virtualized computing environment 100.
Although the examples in FIG. 2 to FIG. 8 are explained with reference to hypervisor 111 implementing virtual switch 130 in FIG. 1, it will be appreciated that a distributed virtual switch (DVS) may also be used. The DVS represents a collection of different virtual switches 130 across different hosts 110. In practice, the DVS may be implemented using any suitable technology, such as vSphere Distributed Switch (developed by VMware, Inc.), etc.
In more detail, FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of example virtualized computing environment 900 with DVS 910. Although an example is shown, it should be understood that environment 900 and DVS 910 may include additional or alternative components, and each component may have a different configuration, depending on the desired implementation. DVS 910 (see dotted line box) spans across multiple hosts, such as Host-A 110A and Host-B 110B. In the following, reference numerals with a suffix "A" refer to elements relating to Host-A 110A and suffix "B" to Host-B 110B.
Similar to the example in FIG. 1, Host-A 110A executes hypervisor 111A and includes hardware 112A to support virtual machines "VM1" 120A and "VM2" 121A. Hypervisor 111A implements VMM 124A to emulate vNIC 126A associated with "VM1" 120A, as well as VMM 125A to emulate vNIC 127A associated with "VM2" 121A. To support "VM3" 120B, Host-B 110B includes hardware 112B and executes hypervisor 111B to implement VMM 124B that emulates vNIC 126B. Using container technologies, containers "C1" 141A, "C2" 142A and "C3" 143A may run on guest OS 122A inside "VM1" 120A; "C4" 144A, "C5" 145A and "C6" 146A on guest OS 123A inside "VM2" 121A; and "C7" 141B, "C8" 142B and "C9" 143B on guest OS 122B inside "VM3" 120B.
DVS 910 binds virtual switch 130A of Host-A 110A and virtual switch 130B of Host-B 110B into an aggregate virtual switch. Compared to having to manage individual and segregated virtual switches 130A, 130B, DVS 910 is logically configurable to simplify the provisioning and administration of virtual networks connecting virtual machines 120A, 121A, 120B across multiple hosts 110A, 110B. DVS 910, being a software abstraction, may be implemented using any suitable number of components distributed in different hardware. In the example in FIG. 9, components of DVS 910 may be implemented using hypervisor 111A on Host-A 110A and hypervisor 111B on Host-B 110B.
Similar to the examples in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 7, "VM1" 120A may tag traffic flow of packets (see 920) originating from "C1" 141A may be with tag data identifying "C1". The resulting in tagged traffic flow (see 922) is then forwarded to DVS 910 via vNIC 126A. Upon receiving tagged traffic flow 922 from "VM1", DVS 910 may identify "C1" based on the tag data, and retrieve QoS policy 311 configured for "C1". For example, QoS policy 311 may be retrieved from a local storage, or from management entity 160 (e.g., via network management module 164 with access to QoS policies 166).
Such container traffic flow differentiation allows DVS 910 to forward tagged traffic flow 922 according to QoS policy 311 via physical NIC 114A. Similar to the examples in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, QoS policy 311 specifies a network bandwidth allocation for "C1", for example based on a network resource pool of "VM1". QoS policy 311 may specify according to least one of: container shares value, container limit value and container reservation value.
Prior to the above traffic forwarding, an admission control process may be performed. In this case, DVS 910 may interact with management entity 160 to determine whether to allow "C1" to start running based on QoS policy 311. Similar to the examples in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, the determination may be made by DVS 910 or management entity 160. In practice, management entity 160 may implement a Network Input Output Control (NIOC) module and network virtualization manager (NSX manager) to facilitate the examples explained using FIG. 2 to FIG. 8.
Although one DVS 910 is shown for simplicity, multiple DVSs may be configured to form multiple virtual networks logically connecting different virtual machines on different hosts. As used herein, the term "virtual network" refers generally to a logical overlay network, and not simply a software implementation of a physical network, which is sometimes the intended meaning of the same term by those in the art. The logical overlay network is a conceptual network that can be arbitrarily defined and distributed in an arbitrary manner over physical resources.
In one example, a "device" (e.g., container, virtual machine, etc.) may reside on a layer-2 logical network that is overlayed on a layer-3 physical network. In such a scenario, a tunnelling protocol (e.g., Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN), Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation (GENEVE), Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation (NVGRE), etc.) may encapsulate Ethernet layer-2 frames in IP (e.g., Media Access Control (MAC) in User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or "MAC-in-UDP" encapsulation) and allow the "device" to participate in a virtualized layer-2 subnet that operates in separate physical layer-3 networks. The term "layer-2" generally refers to a Media Access Control (MAC) layer and "layer-3" to a network layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.
Although not shown in FIG. 9 for simplicity, DVS 910 may include a logical collection of distributed virtual ports (DV ports) that connect (e.g., logically associated) with respective vNICs 126A, 127A, 126B. A DV port may be understood as a software abstraction that encapsulates the "personality" (including configuration and runtime state, etc.) of a corresponding virtual port of virtual switch 130A, 130B. Unlike a virtual port, a DV port usually persists and migrates with its associated virtual machine. Multiple DV ports may form a DV port group.
The above examples can be implemented by hardware (including hardware logic circuitry), software or firmware or a combination thereof. For example, host 110, 110A, 110B and management entity 160 may be implemented by any suitable computing device, which may include processor and memory that may communicate with each other via a bus, etc. The computing device may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform processes described herein with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 8.
The techniques introduced above can be implemented in special-purpose hardwired circuitry, in software and/or firmware in conjunction with programmable circuitry, or in a combination thereof. Special-purpose hardwired circuitry may be in the form of, for example, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and others. The term `processor` is to be interpreted broadly to include a processing unit, ASIC, logic unit, or programmable gate array etc.
The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. | 2019-04-26T12:15:10Z | http://patents.com/us-20160380909.html |
Ultimately, it is people that keep certain things moving and stop other things in their tracks.
We devote all our passion to this one critical consideration. Quite simply, people find us good – because we are experts at finding people.
We find and recommend experts who ride heroically to the rescue.
As part of the Kerkhoff Group with outstanding references and a comprehensive service portfolio, we know what makes businesses tick, markets respond and processes work.
Our many years of experience allow us to present "your" experts to you both quickly and efficiently. We fill executive roles with suitable line and project managers in the field of procurement/purchasing, SCM, logistics, production as well as finance/monitoring and general managerial roles - ad interim or in permanent employment. This is precisely the case when the requirement for professional competence, implementation and leadership strength is particularly high; in vacant key roles, digital transformation, in the course of a regulated company succession or simply to "save the universe". We bring together what belongs together.
You are looking for an experienced partner who will be fully committed to you – and we love a challenge. We are genuine team players who have the best contacts to ‘heroes for all seasons’.
Since we operate at the sharp end, we recognise corporate hot spots and areas that need improvement – and as an integral part of the Kerkhoff Group, we can always draw on 20-plus years of consultancy experience and the combined expertise of partner companies. Our success is based, first and foremost, on recommendations from the individual network.
We are your experts when it comes to filling managerial roles in the long term, or for a limited period. Our track record is impressive – we are the leading provider, particularly when it comes to procurement, supply chain management, logistics, production, finance, monitoring and general management.
Be convinced by our no-obligation heroic solutions.
Just as a good script appeals to an actor, you are open to new heroic deeds and keen to apply yourself and your skills. You are also well aware of your strengths and your responsibilities.
As a top address for deploying proven management staff and interim managers in the fields of procurement/purchasing, supply chain management, logistics, production as well as finance/controlling and general management, we have a whole host of exciting projects and vacancies for you.
Integrated into the Kerkhoff Group, we are constantly expanding our network with a broad client base – and are therefore constantly opening up exciting perspectives for the future for you.
We look forward to hearing from you and planning heroic missions together.
What sets us apart in filling managerial roles and an interim management mandate?
As a specialist, we understand the requirements of our customers. We convert those needs into ultra-modern matching algorithms that pinpoint heroes with just the right superpowers.
We never lose sight of the goal. As professionals, we act methodically, always looking at the big picture. We work persistently towards the ideal solution, not stopping until the mission is accomplished.
More than the bits, bytes and algorithms of our extensive database, we trust to our instincts and our selection process – which is admittedly sophisticated and multi-tiered. In this way, we guarantee to find the ideal candidates for your needs. Our focus remains on the person: after all, we are in the business of placing real personalities.
Being at the top means showing your strength day after day. What we have in common with our candidates is that we make our superpowers totally available to our clients.
Given that our demands are high, we focus on the person behind the role. We make plenty of time for the admission process. Our level of diligent preparation benefits everyone involved and ensures we will continue to perform strongly and do a convincing job on your behalf.
Success is never a coincidence. It is always the result of dedicated work. Our rapid approach leads to the desired quick results.
We work fast and with prudence – even when the going gets tough. We keep an eye on the overall picture to be able to help you effectively. When the hero arrives, we are amazed at what they achieve.
Our sense of what is needed where and when is what sets us apart.
With the necessary intuition and sensitive assessment, we can discover the right hero for every adventure.
When you work hard, you can be proud of what you achieve. Read for yourself what others have to say about us and our actions.
"Kerkhoff Experts employees have precisely the right intuition, especially in assessing the soft skills of the candidates and the personal fit into our organisation".
"We found it very helpful that Kerkhoff Experts dealt with our business model initially, and only then with the requirements of the role. This method provided us with valuable new ideas”.
“The candidate provided by Kerkhoff Experts performed real miracles in a difficult environment. We’re truly grateful”.
Please get in touch so that we can discuss our next heroic deeds.
If you need a hero, just call me. I look forward to hearing from you!
I will share my experience in the fields of recruiting, leadership, company culture and new work here. This is my personal insight into the aspects that I’d be keen to share and discuss with you further.
If talent is the raw material of the future, then companies must use the largest part of their energy to attract, engage and retain talent. This applies especially when “talent” is the scarce resource of the future.
Engaged, creative employees are required everywhere - but aren’t easy to find. In the “War for Talents”, many companies have a strong focus on the outside. They want to be seen as an appealing employer brand and to come across as interesting for external parties. While this is essential, it’s only one side of the coin. My observation is that the search for external talents has led to the company’s own existing employees being forgotten. Companies that for years have had a negligible fluctuation rate notice all of a sudden that they are increasingly having to accept unwanted employee losses.
During times in which there is a shortage of skilled workers, companies would therefore be well advised to pay greater attention to the inside once more. The most recent trend is to follow the US example in providing a feel-good factor and making working environments as pleasant as possible. All this is contained within a new job description - the "Head of People and Culture". This is based on the praiseworthy approach involving taking greater care of employee wellbeing and offering them a great deal in the process. Often, the role is held by young, charismatic employees. In the human resources field, they are located high up or report directly to management or the Executive Board as a staff function. They organise team events and strengthen team spirit - all in the interests of the employee.
I bet you know where I’m going with this. What should the Head of People and Culture do in this situation? Company culture is so much more meaningful than an office football tournament and a happy hours bar.
This is why I’d urge you to make the top person in the organisation your Head of People and Culture. Management, the executive board and the heads of division have to exemplify the culture, and utilise somebody who will oversee the implementation. Only then does it makes sense to recruit a Head of People and Culture. Give your engineers and specialists, your experts and your talents the opportunity to do justice to the job advertisement you once drew up. Allow heterogeneous teams to uncover new approaches and solutions. Ensure a meaningful and appreciative company culture, room for making decisions and then for individual work concepts. Clearly visible measures are required in order to establish a culture of appreciation - for example, recognition rounds at the start of each meeting. Any progress in this direction on the part of the company will be rewarded with increased motivation and closer employee loyalty. Besides this, a global study by Office Vibe on the topic of employee engagement shows that companies with an established programme for employee appreciation have around a 30% lower fluctuation rate.
This is how you retain people in the “War for Talents”, and find new ones. The work as a whole has to be in sync in order for the wellness range and team events to work - not the other way around.
Until this point, there have been no huge surprises on the German management floors. Tailored suits in executive roles. The occasional woman - but not too many. "Good", streamlined CVs, consistency and willingness to perform all still form the classic selection criteria for managers. From their point of view, this provides companies with constancy, reliability and supposedly, freedom from risk.
But is this kind of standardisation what we need in companies today? In times of digitalisation and agility, increasing speed, adaptation of business strategies to fundamental changes and disruption of business models, different skills and competences are required compared with those of the past.
Why aren't genuine talents, lateral thinkers, fans of risk, people from outside the industry and fields of expertise, lateral entrants, freaks and geniuses desirable at a management level? Even though experts agree: anyone who wants to survive competition, be innovative, and be agile requires a high dose of these more oblique personalities in their leadership.
The world is full of examples of how outsiders to the industry have created change: Jack Ma, English teacher, and the Alibaba Group, or a learned philosopher in Bergisch who has developed the family tools business into the global market leader. Pioneering impulses can come from many different directions.
The largely still-traditional search structures in the companies at an HR level lead directly to this reality as we see it today. It’s not uncommon to see the same texts, which already worked with the last purchase manager for some years at least, being copied into the staff advertisement. OK, I admit, changes have been made: “We want” has become more of a “We offer”. A concession to the sense of entitlement. But what about new pathways? Heading away from straightforward thinking, out-of-the-box thinking, a departure from traditional search patterns and selection criteria. How would it be if we searched outside the sector or selected somebody who hadn’t held a comparable role in the past?
With our clients, we're seeing all too often that applicants are being rejected due to a lack of industry and professional experience or even due to a lack of regionality - wasted opportunities And candidates who have changed employers three times within seven years are automatically ruled out, without ever having undergone a personal interview. Does this mean that our traditional “industrial” selection criteria are still the right ones? What is truly important when recruiting management executives?
Using my experience, based on countless search mandates for management executives, I can say: the selection of candidates is dependent on three essential factors: skills, personality and interests.
Skills: Rather than relevant work experience, it is the relevant skills that are crucial. Does a sales manager necessarily have to know the products and the specific market? Or is it sufficient if they have proven themselves in completely different industries and bring a new perspective, a new approach, new momentum and, above all, are able to build reliable and trusting relationships with people?
Personality: Obtaining an assessment of somebody’s personality can only really be done through a personal interview, rather than looking at application documents. Non-verbal communication can tell us a great deal. If they enrich the team, could the individual fit into the corporate culture ...?
Interests: Is a meteoric rise the only thing that matters? Or perhaps someone plays drums in a rock band, meaning that they can they set a rhythm and act with tact? Interests follow curiosity - and curiosity, in turn, leads to skills.
Our client - a medium-sized, producing company in the machine and plant construction industry - has been looking for a new managing director for some time. The candidate should have professional experience in the industry, have worked successfully as a managing director for several years, should have distinctive sales experience and correspondingly sound experience in leading and setting up international sales teams.
Following intensive discussions with our customer, we fundamentally overhauled the job profile. We defined the success factors for this role based on three criteria; skill, personality and interests. It may seem banal, but was extremely intensive work. However, it was straightforward and greatly simplified the search for and identification of suitable candidates.
The candidate who ultimately got the job would not even have been shortlisted based on the original requirements.
The 39 year-old German lives in Jakarta, has never previously worked as a managing director, is not an industry expert and failed as a freelancer using his business model.
His freelancing in Jakarta allowed him to develop a lively entrepreneurial spirit, thinking and acting in a way that was truly entrepreneurial. The failure of his own company taught him the meaning of crisis management and how important it is to value calmness and prudence. Resilience and humility are also clear strengths that are crucial for the role of a managing director, as are courage and the willingness to take manageable risks and assume real responsibility. His sense of openness, both in general and to the world as a whole, and insatiable curiosity led him to quickly familiarise himself with the business model and to efficiently understand what really matters: Rapidly grasping the critical success factors of the industry and aligning the company accordingly. He also has a strong interest in people and cultures.
This example certainly does not apply to all reappointments in general; rather, it's about showing that we should broaden our horizons. Questioning the traditional requirements, lateral thinking and finding the factor that is absolutely decisive for success. Especially if we are unable to draw on the full potential.
Have you ever experienced something similar, or do you know of any examples in which the classic path failed to add any value?
“Digitisation does not mean the power of technology or algorithms, but concentrating on the essentials. That which only people can achieve”. This is how Dr. Reinhard K. Sprenger describes it in his book, “Radikal digital”. I read it during my summer holiday in Fuerteventura and would like to share valuable insights with you.
A personal experience to start off with: the media flooding of the terms digital transformation, digitalisation or disruption in magazines, daily newspapers, books, lectures, discussion groups and blogs has given me the impression that the topic is both omnipresent and concise - perhaps even central - on the agenda of most companies and is implemented in the same way.
The bare figures, however, show that media penetration is in fact a visual illusion. Only a few executives are actually involved in digital projects. So there is some catching up to do - but how do you start?
It all starts with people. Springer's book deals with the human side of digitisation. Humans, not technology, drive change. The human as a client outside the company and as an employee within the organisation. Digitisation means reintroducing the most important resource - humans - into companies. And this can take place once we (or companies in general) return to customer orientation, reorganise working together and structures as cooperation or collaboration, develop fresh new ideas and have the courage to experiment. And head back to our creativity, internally and externally.
As I understand it, digitisation is a social transformation and requires a cultural change in companies. According to Sprenger, the core task of a manager is to link: people and technology, business model and organisation, old and new as well as internal and external. Traditional structures and values form more of an obstacle in this context. “Vatican structures”, as we find them at countless corporations today, must be fundamentally rethought. They should furthermore be adapted within the company so as to be certain that the indispensable/categorical customer focus is ensured. Anything that stands in the way has to be removed. “Look at the company from the client’s point of view”, as Sprenger’s motto puts it.
Fluid organisations today work in project structures with heterogeneous, interdisciplinary project teams. Furthermore, it is not rigid and hierarchical, but horizontal, because departmental and functional thinking hinders genuine collaboration and innovation. In order to become light, quick and agile, managers are required who embody this mindset and inner attitude and consistently implement them - without exception. Because in a world of cooperation, there is no place for divas, egoists and individual players. Participating, involving, supporting others and sharing and networking knowledge - those are the only aspects that matter.
So where should managers direct their attention when selecting staff in these digital times? From my experience, I can specify two key aspects: customer-focused thinking and the ability to build relationships with people. My advice: allow individuality and uniqueness to prevail. Time and time again, I find that our clients define hard skills as a major requirement. Ideally, the regional candidates should also come from the same industry.
On the other hand, we have had very good experiences when we have implemented precisely the opposite. And in my next article, I will discuss concrete, exciting examples. | 2019-04-25T10:16:39Z | https://kerkhoff-experts.com/en/company.html |
Dr. Shawn provides a family atmosphere, caring personal attention and on top of all that, he does good work. I had numbness in my legs which was gone after my first treatment. I see him at least twice a month to stay in line. Thank you Dr. Shawn!
Thanks for coming to practice and adjusting the Texas Revolution Dancers!!!
I've been coming to see dr. Scoggin for 10 years. I've been under chiropractic care for over 50 years. He has proven to be the best chiropractor I've ever scene.
Visit was great and very helpful. Staff is very professional and knowledgeable.
I really enjoy going to the Chiropractic because of the good team they have! Doctor Scoggin is such a good professional, he not only takes good care of his customers but he also gives us a lot of information about our issue. I highly recommend you to visit ChiroWorx Family Chiropractic. They are awesome.
Friendly faces and great service!
I take my entire family of 5 to Shawn for regular adjustments. When we do have an issue: pulled shoulder, hip out of wack, etc., he always is able to correct the issue with one adjustment. My lower back pain has even gone away with his treatments. I have referred everyone I know in the Frisco/Plano/Colony area to visit him. Thanks.
Dr Shawn and his staff are wonderful! Highly recommend for adults AND kids.
The Appointment was absolutely wonderful. The feedback explanation of treatment was great. My Young Adult son enjoyed it as well. As a Mom introducing my Young Adult son to medical appointments along with the doctor and staff also medically educating him together was a prime example to my son of what to look for as he takes on responsibility of doctors appointments and key information and staff to watch for. Dr Scoggin is wonderful.
I was having headaches for a month. Visited Dr Shawn and he helped me feel better immediately. Dr and staff are fabulous. Highly recommend!
Excellent doctor and staff. Shawn and Mike are the best! Great service!!
Dr. Shawn is wonderful. He quickly identifies issues and then works to get you all fixed up. He has a calm, friendly demeanor and genuinely cares for his patients. I highly recommend!
Like always they are very profesional and Dr Shawn since I meet him he makes me feel good and fix my back so good.
My family and I really love Dr. Shawn and the care he provides. He does a great job of diagnosing and taking care of the root cause of our issues.
This place is amazing. Dr Shaun and his staff welcome you with open arms. Never a dull minute here. Very sociable, caring & always has a smile. The massage is a must!!
Great adjustment, advice and massage. Feeling so much better!
As always, excellent care by a great group.
Love Dr. Sean! My family and I been going to Chiroworx for years. He has helped tremendously with migraines, hip pain and jgeneral health. I would highly recommend Chiroworx.
Shawn is absolutely awesome. I was under severe pain this Monday and Shawn came to the clinic despite being a holiday and provided necessary adjustment that helped me sleep at least and pain came down to less than 50% in the next few days. He is very helpful in accommodating changes and giving suggestions.
Great Chiropractor! Horrible massage therapist!
Dr Shawn is the best! I was very skeptical of chiropractic treatment because you need someone who knows what they are doing and he does. I will always go to Dr Shawn for treatment because he is the best and it works.
I came to see Dr. Scoggin regarding some neck and back pain I had been experiencing for several months. Before seeing him I cut down on the exercises I thought had been aggravating it. I even stopped exercising entirely for about a month before I saw Dr. Scoggin. Nothing was helping, and the problem was getting worst if anything. I booked an appointment with Dr. Scoggin, and after the first session I noticed quite a bit relief. I came to the office for a total of four sessions, and the underlying problem causing the pain was fixed. Now I am a believer in Chiropractic adjustments to maintain a pain free active life. I couldn't recommend Dr. Scoggin enough. The office staff was really kind and helpful. If you are experiencing any pain you should come pay this office a visit. Five stars all around for the whole office.
The staff is the best. They are always freindly and figure out a way to get you better.
Wonderful experience. Everyone is very friendly and helpful answering questions about health and wellness. Massage was one of the best I've had. So relaxing and theraputic. Dr. Shawn gave the most comprehensive adjustment adjustment I've had at a chiropractor! Thanks for the awesome care!
Great experience at ChrioWorxs Friendly staff is very attentive to the needs of the whole family. Had a massage and adjustment and felt great. Adjustment was very comprehensive. Highly recommend for anyone experiencing any pain or just needing a life adjustment!
Dr. Shawn is both knowledgeable and very practical. Dr. Mike is so helpful. We love this practice. My Dancing Daughters are so much healthier thanks to Dr. Shawn and Dr. Mike.
I have always had good results from my visits to Chiroworx over the years. The treatments I received have always been related to what i might be dealing with at the time or to help with my maintenence program.
It was on a weekend that we were preparing to travel out of state and I was in severe unknown back pain. Dr Scoggin took my phone call, opened his office after hours just to help me. Something that didn't just take minutes to heal, he patiently worked with me over an hour and got me to a place where I could go on our planned trip out of state. Upon return, he continued to work on the problematic area and after just a few apts, I've had no issues. I do believe that he works from his heart and is so passionate about helping and correcting the problem, its not a rush in/out and a prescription. He and his team work together to find the exact issue, and correct it from within. I'll always be a loyal client. My family too have all gone and been under his care. Nothing but the best exceptional care and service from his office. I recommend him to everyone! He's not only my chiropractor, he's now my friend.
I love Dr Shawn and ChiroWorx!! The atmosphere is so upbeat. You can tell they really care about you, are genuine and want to help you in any way they can. Always a positive experience!!
Dr. Shawn and Mike always take great care of me and my family. Its rare when you find a health provider that you feel like they're in it to help people and not just for the money. I NEVER feel that way with Dr. Shawn. You know that they truly care about you on the very first visit. On top of that, he's treated everything from headaches, car accidents, to just old age stiffness and loss of motion. Extremely satisfied.
Dr. Shawn and his staff are amazing. The atmosphere when you walk in is so upbeat, positive and relaxed. It's like they've known you for years. They genuinely care about you and want to help in whatever way they can.
What a great experience! Thanks Dr. Scoggin.
Awesome! I leave feeling like a new woman! Not just an awesome massage but Dr. Scoggin is a miracle worker on popping the areas that will make your symptom complaints better!
Shawn is absolutely awesome, takes great care of his patients, invests time to understand the problem and explain clearly what the treatment plan would be. I consulted him starting April since no other treatment was being productive including physiotherapy. We made significant progress in few months. I'm almost pain-free now which is miles ahead of where i was. Highly recommend Shawn to anyone with back problems.
Dr. Scoggin has done wonders for my lower back and migraines. This past week I woke up with bad vertigo. After getting through most of the day Dr. Scoggin was able to pinpoint which part of my neck was out of place. After that one adjustment most of my vertigo was gone! I can't recommend Dr. Scoggin enough!
I have been a patient at ChiroWorx for 3 months. Dr. Shawn and Mike are extremely knowledgeable and professional. They truly want their patients to feel better! In the past month, I have taken zero ibuprofen which is incredible as I had been taking it daily for years for neck and shoulder issues. These guys are awesome and I highly recommend them to anyone who wants to feel better!
Great chiropractor! Very thorough and treats patients as if they were family. Spends needed time to resolve each individual patient's issues. Great staff too!
Dr. Shawn is fantastic. I had headaches 3 to 4 times per week and with the adjustments to my neck, Dr. Shawn has eliminated my headaches. In addition, I had some lower back problems due to a knee replacement and Dr. Shawn has helped get rid of that pain as well.
Truly amazing !!! I had no idea how much of your body your back controls.
Friendly and efficient. I highly recommend Dr. Shawn. He's treated my family for several issues, back, shoulder, and headaches.
Dr Shawn is always so sweet and very accommodating with his schedule. He always wants the best for me and makes sure I get the proper care I need. Mike is also great and very nice and helps me out a lot. I think they work great together and I highly recommend them!
What a great experience! I already scheduled my next visit with Dr. Scoggin.
Very professional and informative. I will definitely be back and recommend you!
Went in for (Couples Snap Crackle & Pop©) Did not know how much I needed my adjustment, until I slept so well that night! Thank you!
Excellent doctor, great personality Dr. SHAWN. Mike is a pleasure to work with too!
I have to say I was a skeptic but these guys are great. I walk in hurting and walk out feeling like a new man they listen to me and work on my problem areas that along with a massage makes me one happy guy.
Dr. Shaun and Mike are awesome they take very good care of me and are very friendly and professional. They make you feel better physically and mentally. A#1 group of people everyone should check these guys out.
Dr. Shawn is the best in the business when it comes to pulling all the stops to ensure you get the treatment you need. I have gone to a few Chiropractic doctors and Dr. Shawn is hands down the best!! Not only does he care about trying to correct what's wrong with you, but he cares about his patients. I love that he so knowledgeable and is glad to share that knowledge with you. He also makes himself available whenever (on apt only days) their is a need. I call him doctor, but I also call him friend, because he is.
Great experience very personal best part is they make you feel better.
I've had great results from my treatment. Dr. Shawn was able to help my 12 year old daughter as well. The massage is a nice bonus, too!
Dr. Scoggin has helped me in so many ways. I used to get headaches at least 3 times a week and after only a few adjustments my headaches are gone. Part of the problem was I had a lazy eye which caused me to keep my head tilted in order to see better. Dr. Scoggin gave me an excellent referral and I was able to that corrected which has significantly improved not only my sight but my neck. He truly cares about your entire well being. I no longer have any pain in my back or neck. If you want someone who does more than just makes quick adjustments, and want someone who truly cares. See Dr. Scoggin. Truly amazing !!
Dr Shawn is extremely professional, friendly, and effective! I went in with a decent amount of lower back pain each morning, and after about 4 sessions, was off a daily dose of Aleve.
All staff are very friendly, knows you by name and attentive to your individual needs. Great atmosphere. Highly recommend a visit to see Dr Shawn.
They are the best! They are so accommodating. I go every three weeks for an adjustment and massage (amazing ) it has made a tremendous difference keeping my back, pain free.
Dr. Shawn as well as his whole staff have been amazing. I had been to two other chiropractors and the visits were useless, I tried chiroWorx, and have become a true believer.
Awesome care at ChiroWorx. Dr. Shawn and Mike are always on top of it. Warm and inviting and most importantly, they help you heal. I've had back and shoulder pain healed, my wife has had back and headaches minimized or completely healed. I've used several chiropractors in the area, but Dr. Shawn is the best.
Very friendly. Did a really good job.
After my car accident in June 2015, Dr. Scoggin helped get my brother and I get back in working order. I suffered from neck and shoulder injuries. It was a process, but after a few months I was feeling great and back to normal. Great team and very friendly!
Dr. Scoggins is very attentive and has great bed-side manners. He always shows concerns for your issues and only treats what needs to be treated. This is the best office I have visited and I have been to several different chiropractors.
Dr. Shawn has the mad skillz!
Dr. Shawn and his staff are amazing! I always feel amazing and recharged after each visit. They are professional and friendly!
When I meet Shawn at the Italian club of Dallas I had injured my low back and hip and I could not move very well and with only one session he made feel good again and do my activities again Then I went to visit them for a year and I consider the profesional service and good attension with the patients. I highly recommend them!
Chiro works has an amazing atmosphere that treats every customer like a family member I would highly recommend them to anyone experiencing soreness in the back. They have a great maintenance program with massage when needed.
Great knowledgeable staff, great flexible schedule to assist you get your back to health.
Dr. Scoggin is always pleasant and friendly! Mike, the office manager, is fast and efficient. I love that there is a masseuse on site for all who need it.
After my car accident I need help with the pain, they fit me in that same day. They took care of everything and made sure I was feeling good.
Dr. Shawn and Mike are great! Not only do I love getting adjusted by Dr. Shawn, Mike is very helpful and accommodating when making appointments. Office is clean and convenient.
Dr. Scoggin was very knowledgeable. He took the time to educate me and explain how to take better care of my skeletal system. Although I live nearly an hour away, I will definitely be back.
Dr. Shawn is awesome............................a magic "healer".
Dr. Plate is amazing. I highly recommend him.
Mike and Shawn run a fantastic place to go and receive care. I've never been turned down to get an appointment in, and are always incredibly accommodating. I've gotten significantly healthier and reduced pain in the time under their care.
I came to Dr. Shawn due to terrible headaches that I had been suffering from every day for months. After seeing a neurologist and spending hundreds of dollars on MRI'S and other testing, I still had intense headaches daily with no resolution. Within 30 minutes after my first session with Dr. Shawn my headache was finally gone! My quality of life has improved immensely since my treatment began!
Dr. Shawn is fantastic. I had headaches 3 to 4 times per week and with the adjustments to my neck, Dr. Shawn has eliminated my headaches. In addition, I had some lower back problems due to a knee replacement and Dr. Shawn has helped get rid of that pain as well. Truly amazing !!! I had no idea how much of your body your back controls.
Awesome they're the friendliest group of people and always make you feel important.
They are very personable and attentive to your needs.
Dr Shawn is amazing, He quickly understands the problem, takes time to explain the situation clearly and walks through the improvement plan thoroughly with a good toast of humor. My back pain improved tremendously after many past unsuccessful visits to physiotherapy. Highly recommended.
Friendly staff and a chiropractic treatment at its best.
I have been a patient of Dr Shawn for many years now. He and his team have help me tremendously and still do. My health has improved a lot.
I've been to several chiropractors and Dr. Scoggins is the most thorough and detailed. His assistant Mike is also awesome and they both make sure all your needs and concerns are addressed and met. I highly recommend this practice!
Excellent staff and great care. Dr. Shawn knows me and my chiropractic needs. I highly recommend him!
I love Dr. Scoggin's technique. I get the best, most personalized adjustments of my life. I have been using chiropractic services for years and so appreciate his treatment methods! Best ever!
I've been through two broken backs.....All the chiropractic doctors BEFORE Dr.Shaun did not help me,they hurt me EVEN more.Dr.Shaun has been a true blessing....He just knows how to help me due to my pain being all over the map.
Dr. Shawn is the greatest!
Dr. SHAWN told me he could help me with my headaches. And I have finally hit the breakthrough to making my life much better. I could not have done it without him and his great staff. Thanks to you too Mike.
Love this place! Dr Shawn is amazing, he's the most thorough chiropractor I've found! Can't recommend Chiroworx enough!
I love this place! I always come out of my appointment feeling like a brand new woman! If you need a massage or an alignment, this is the place to go! Excellent atmosphere and amazing people, I could never say enough good things about it! 🙂 Would recommend to everyone.
5850 Town & Country Blvd.
Located in the Town & Country Office Park at the Northeast Corner of Highway 121 (SRT TOLL) & Legacy Drive.
a slight misalignment of the vertebrae, regarded in chiropractic theory as the cause of many health problems. | 2019-04-23T20:45:57Z | https://www.chiroworx.com/reviews/ |
What is the proper relationship between human beings and the more-than-human world? This philosophical question, which underlies vast environmental crises, forces us to investigate the tension between our extraordinary powers, which seem to set us apart from nature, even above it, and our thoroughgoing ordinariness, as revealed by the evolutionary history we share with all life. The contributors to this volume ask us to consider whether the anxiety of unheimlichkeit, which in one form or another absorbed so much of twentieth-century philosophy, might reveal not our homelessness in the cosmos but a need for a fundamental belongingness and implacement in it.
This book provides philosophical grounds for an emerging area of scholarship: the study of religion and dance. In the first part, the book investigates why scholars in religious studies have tended to overlook dance, or rhythmic bodily movement, in favor of textual expressions of religious life. In close readings of Descartes, Kant, Schleiermacher, Hegel, and Kierkegaard, the book traces this attitude to formative moments of the field in which philosophers relied upon the practice of writing to mediate between the study of “religion”, on the one hand, and “theology”, on the other. In the second part, the book revives the work of theologian, phenomenologist, and historian of religion Gerardus van der Leeuw for help in interpreting how dancing can serve as a medium of religious experience and expression. In so doing, it opens new perspectives on the role of bodily being in religious life, and on the place of theology in the study of religion.
In an age of terrorism and other forms of violence committed in the name of religion, how can religion become a vehicle for peace, justice, and reconciliation? And in a world of bitter conflicts—many rooted in religious difference—how can communities of faith understand one another? these chapters address a fundamental question: how the three monotheistic traditions can provide the resources needed in the work of justice and reconciliation. Rabbis Irving Greenberg and Reuven Firestone each examine the relationship of Judaism to violence, exploring key sources and the history of power, repentance, and reconciliation. From Christianity, philosopher Charles Taylor explores the religious dimensions of “categorical” violence against other faiths, other groups, while Scott Appleby traces the emergence since Vatican II of nonviolence as a foundation of Catholic theology and practice. Mustafa Ceric, Grand Mufti of Bosnia, discusses Muslim support of pluralism and human rights, and Mohamed Fathi Osman examines the relationship between political violence and sacred sources in contemporary Islam. By focusing on the transformative powers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the chapters in this book provide new beginnings for people of faith committed to restoring peace among nations through peace among religions.
This book shows that the contentious mixture of religion and politics in the United States is nothing new. Four decades ago, Father Robert Drinan, the fiery Jesuit priest from Massachusetts, not only demonstrated against the Vietnam War, he ran for Congress as an antiwar candidate and won, going on to serve for ten years. This book includes research taken from magazine and newspaper articles and various archives and interviews with dozens of those who knew Drinan to bring forth here a life-sized portrait.
This study investigates the origins, development, and influence of a controversial retreat movement which emerged as a self-consciously countercultural response to the socio-religious revival in early twentieth-century Québec. The movement's founder and namesake, Onésime Lacouture, S.J., developed a redaction of the Ignatian Exercises that was heavily informed by his mystical experiences and ascetic theology. The retreat was wildly attractive to some, while others saw it as overly severe, possibly heretical. The retreat endured Lacouture's personal suppression, and migrated southward to the United States, nesting among sympathetic clergy constellated around Pittsburgh. Its most prolific advocate and apologist was a diocesan priest named John Hugo, who traded blows with antagonistic critics and was himself “exiled” to a series of suburban Pennsylvanian parishes. Hugo would proselytize the retreat tirelessly, and found an enthusiastic vessel in Dorothy Day—cofounder of the Catholic Worker movement, candidate for sainthood, and an icon of contemporary radical Catholic activism. From a socially withdrawn contemplative movement—deeply opposed to mainstream Canadien assimilation into Anglo Canadian culture and the then-ascendant “social Catholicism”—the Lacouture retreat would morph into spiritual fodder for arguably the most radically socially engaged iteration of Roman Catholicism in North America. This book discusses the evolution of “Lacouturisme” and its impact on Catholic Worker theology within the contexts of the Christian ascetic tradition, Catholic engagements with “Modernism,” and spiritual transnationalism.
This book makes available in fifteen chapters English essays that mark the fortieth anniversary of the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions (Nostra Aetate). Surveying Vatican dialogues and documents, the chapters explore theological questions posed by the Shoah and the Catholic recognition of the Jewish people's covenantal life with God. Featuring essays by Vatican officials, leading rabbis, diplomats, and Catholic and Jewish scholars, the book discusses the nature of Christian–Jewish relations and the need to remember their conflicted and often tragic history, aspects of a Christian theology of Judaism, the Catholic–Jewish dialogue since the Shoah, and the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Israel. The book includes an essay by Cardinal Walter Kasper, president of the Pontifical Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, and documents on the rapprochement between the Church and the Jewish people.
The canon for Catholic social teaching spreads to six hundred pages, yet fewer than two pages are devoted to Catholic social learning or pedagogy. This book begins to correct that gross imbalance. It asks: How do we educate (lead out) the faith that does justice? How is commitment to social justice provoked and sustained over a lifetime? To address these questions, the book weaves what has been learned from thirty years as a faith-that-does-justice educator with the best of current scholarship and historical authorities. The book reflects on personal experience; the experience of Church leaders, lay activists, and university students; and the few words the tradition itself has to say about a pedagogy for justice. This book explores the foundations of this pedagogy, demonstrates its practical applications, and illuminates why and how it is fundamental to Catholic higher education. Part I identifies personal encounters with the poor and marginalized as key to stimulating a hunger and thirst for justice. Part II presents three applications of Catholic social learning: cross-cultural immersion as illustrated by Creighton University's Semestre Dominicano program; community-based service learning; and the teaching of moral exemplars such as Dorothy Day, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., and Archbishop Oscar Romero. Part III then elucidates how a pedagogy for justice applies to the traditional liberal educational mission of the Catholic university, and how it can be put into action.
The author of this book has written and lectured on a wide range of topics across his career, and for a wide range of audiences. Integrating faith and scholarship, he has created a rich body of work that, in the words of one observer, is “both faithful to Catholic tradition and fresh in its engagement with the contemporary world” Here are the talks the author has given twice each year since the Laurence J. McGinley Lectures were initiated in 1988, conceived broadly as a forum on Church and society. The result is a diverse collection that reflects the breadth of his thinking and engages with many of the most important—and difficult—religious issues of our day. Organized chronologically, the lectures are often responses to timely issues, such as the relationship between religion and politics, a topic he treated in the last weeks of the presidential campaign of 1992. Other lectures take up questions surrounding human rights, faith and evolution, forgiveness, the death penalty, the doctrine of religious freedom, the population of hell, and a whole array of theological subjects, many of which intersect with culture and politics. The life of the Church is a major and welcome focus of the lectures, whether they be a reflection on Cardinal Newman or an exploration of the difficulties of interfaith dialogue. The author responds frequently to initiatives of the Holy See, discussing gender and priesthood in the context of church teaching, and Pope Benedict's interpretation of Vatican II. He seeks to “render the wisdom of past ages applicable to the world in which we live”. For those seeking to share in this wisdom, this book will be a guide to what it means to be Catholic—indeed, to be a person of any faith—in a world of rapid, relentless change.
Based on careful work with rare archival sources, this book fills a gap in the history of New York Catholicism by chronicling anti-Catholic feeling in pre-Revolutionary and early national periods. Colonial New York, despite its reputation for pluralism, tolerance, and diversity, was also marked by severe restrictions on religious and political liberty for Catholics. The logic of the American Revolution swept away the religious barriers, but Anti-Federalists in the 1780s enacted legislation preventing Catholics from holding office and nearly succeeded in denying them the franchise. The latter effort was blocked by the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, who saw such things as an impediment to a new, expansive nationalist politics. By the early years of the 19th century, Catholics gained the right to hold office due to their own efforts in concert with an urban-based branch of the Republicans, which included radical exiles from Europe. With the contributions of Catholics to the War of 1812 and the subsequent collapse of the Federalist Party, by 1820 Catholics had become a key part of the triumphant Republican coalition, which within a decade would become the new Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren.
City of Gods is a history and ethnography of Flushing, Queens, in New York City. An important site in colonial America for its place in the history of religious freedom, Flushing is now perhaps the most striking case of religious and ethnic pluralism in the world—and an ideal place to explore how America's long experiment with religious freedom, immigration, and religious pluralism began and continues. While other studies of tend to look at the big picture of religious pluralism in the U.S., City of Gods is grounded in a community study that maps out the range of responses to diversity over time. Flushing’s extremely dense and diverse concentration of different religious institutions in an urban neighborhood (over 200 places of worship in 2.5 square miles) may seem like a unique case, but cities, towns, and neighborhoods all across the country are becoming more diverse, too—and each will have to learn to live with pluralism. Indeed, we may be able to glimpse the future of American religion in Flushing not only because the striking exaggeration of its diversity sharply defines the issues, but also because the story of Flushing mirrors that of the nation in microcosm.
In this book, Fr. Antonio Spadaro, S.J., Director of the Italian Journal La Civiltà Cattolica, attempts to address a new phenomenon – Cybertheology. If theology is talking about God, Cybertheology is the way in which God is talked about on the Internet. Spadaro’s background is in literary criticism, theology and philosophy and he draws on a wide variety of sources in order to explain his premise. He hopes to begin to answer some of the questions that have arisen: What is the significance of the Internet for the faith? In which world do we live? Is it the same one that it used to be? What is the answer to “where do we live?” Today, we also inhabit a digital space, what is its significance for the faith in which values are adopted from the fact that ‘The Word was made flesh and came amongst us.’ How is the cyberworld changing our world, and what is its impact on faith? Using theorists from anthropology, philosophy, theology, sociology and the Internet – as well as literary sources, the author attempts to answer the questions he has posed, noting that not everything about the Web is new, least of all the theories that are associated with it today.
The dynamic interplay of democracy, culture, and Catholicism in the contemporary world is analyzed in twenty-three essays focused on four diverse countries: Indonesia, Lithuania, Peru, and the United States. The three-way relationship between democracy, culture, and Catholicism in these countries refracts in multiple directions. Each offers instructive comparisons and contrasts regarding the relationship between politics, civil society, and religion worldwide. Whereas Indonesia is a consolidating democracy, Lithuania is transitioning to democracy. While Peru’s democracy still struggles with a post-colonial legacy, the United States is an old democracy struggling to maintain and expand its vision of freedom and equality. While Indonesia is rooted in Pacific Asian culture, Lithuania locates its identity in ancient Slavic traditions. Peru takes great pride in its indigenous and Latin heritage, while the United States expresses its national soul in an ethnic ‘melting pot’ culture. In Indonesia, the Catholic population is a tiny minority; in Lithuania a once-majority Catholic population has rapidly dissipated. Catholicism is still the dominant religion in Peru; in the United States, Catholics are a ‘large’ but declining minority. The rich contrasts are explored in essays by historians, theologians, philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, economists, anthropologists, political scientists, lawyers, and scholars in literature and communication studies. An introduction guides the reader through the book’s rich weave, as do the introductory notes offered at the beginning of each chapter. Informative and creative from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, the book is a resource for new approaches and authors on the subject of politics, civil society, and religion.
Drawing upon a wide range of historical and ethnographic examples, this book approaches the study of religion and technology from an interdisciplinary perspective, synthesizing recent work in the anthropology and history of religion, media studies, and science and technology studies. The book comprises eleven original case studies plus an introduction that critically assesses the existing literature on religion and technology, and suggests future paths of scholarly inquiry. Discussions range across different religious traditions (including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Spiritualism, Buddhism, and Vodou) in different regions of the world (including Western Europe, United States, Ghana, Brazil, and Japan), and with regard to an array of technologies and technological procedures (including clocks and other timekeeping devices, magically empowered cables, belts, and talismans, kidney dialysis machines, and Internet-mediated commercial transactions). The fundamental operating premise of the book is that religion and technology do not refer to two mutually exclusive realms of knowledge, practice, and experience, but rather to a continuum of relationships between and among diverse material and immaterial entities, forces, and actors. Each chapter offers a concrete case study, attending to the things that lie “in between” religion and technology as they are commonly divided, and on that basis provides new analytical insight into the very construction of these categories in scholarly as well as non-academic discourses.
The book presents Daniel Berrigan’s contributions and challenge to Catholic social thought. His contribution lies in his consistent, comprehensive, theoretical, and practical approach to issues of peace and justice over the last fifty years. His challenge lies in his criticism of capitalism, imperialism, and militarism, inviting Catholic activists and thinkers to undertake not just a reformist but a radical critique and alternative to these realities. The aim of this book is, for the first time, to make Berrigan’s thought and life available to the Catholic academic community, so that a fruitful interaction takes place. How does his work enlighten and challenge such a community? How can this community enrich and criticize his work? To these ends, the editors have recruited thinkers, scholars, thinker-activists already familiar with and sympathetic with Berrigan’s work and those who are less so identified. The result is a rich, receptive, and critical treatment of the meaning nd impact of his work. What kind of challenge does he present to academic business-as-usual in Catholic universities? How can the life and work of individual Catholic academics be transformed if such persons took Berrigan’s work seriously, theoretically and practically? Do Catholic universities need Berrigan’s vision to fulfill more integrally and completely their own mission? Does the self-knowing subject and theorist need to become a radical subject and theorist? In light of the world’s current social, political, economic, and environmental crises, doesn’t Berrigan’s call for a pacific and prophetic community of justice rooted in the Good News of the Gospel make compelling sense?
The largest religous order in the Roman Catholic Church, the Society of Jesus, has been at the forefront of the Church's efforts at dialogue across religions. Understanding and improving relations between the Church and the Jewish people has been a major focus of the Holy See and the Society of Jesus for many years. This book, the fruit of a major conference on the history, nature, and dynamics of relations between Jesuits and contemporary Jewish life, brings together a selection of chapters by Jesuit scholars and pastoral leaders, a Jewish studies scholar, and a rabbi. Drawing on a variety of approaches in historical and constructive theology, literary criticism, and spirituality, the chapters explore historical, philosophical, theological, cultural, and institutional themes—from Ignatian perspectives on Halakhic spirituality and the role played in Jesuit history by Jews forced to convert to Christianity to Jesuit perspectives on Hannah Arendt, Abraham Joshua Heschel, and Harold Bloom.
God’s Mirror explores how French Catholic intellectual culture in the mid-twentieth century was caught up in the process of transition from a closed, defensive and conceptual theological structure of the late-nineteenth century to an open, “authentic” and “experientially” committed faith. The volume offers different stories of renewal and engagement in Catholicism, which address the nature of this transition and the tensions therein. What unites these stories is their illumination of a Catholicism that is increasingly concerned with the human being and the concrete, lived reality of faith. These renewals and engagements are examined against the backdrop of the cultural and political crises of the interwar years through to the post-war reconstruction period in France and Francophone Canada. This periodization brings into focus the continuity between the 1930s and the nouvelle théologie movement that preceded Vatican II. God’s Mirror sheds new light on the historiographical narrative of reconciliation between the Catholic Church and the modern world by exploring the shifting cultural, theological and philosophical contours of faith and its political and social commitments. Richly interdisciplinary in scope, contributions range across literature, philosophy, theology, politics and music, including amongst them discussions of Jacques and Raïssa Maritain, Emmanuel Mounier, Gabriel Marcel, Paul Valéry, Jean Grenier, Charles Du Bos, Olivier Messiaen, Simone Weil, Georges Bernanos, Marie-Madeleine Davy, Robert Charbonneau, Paul Beaulieu, and Louis Massignon. These figures were all engaged in the task of revitalizing or reconfiguring Catholicism, from within or on the margins, and contributed to sketching the possibilities and parameters of modern Catholicism and Catholic identity.
This book represents a selection of major addresses and significant messages as well as public statements by His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, “first among equals” and spiritual leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians. The Patriarch is as comfortable preaching about the spiritual legacy of the Orthodox Church as he is promoting sociopolitical issues of his immediate cultural environment and praying for respect toward Islam or for global peace. As the documents reveal, the tenure of the Ecumenical Patriarch has been characterized by inter-Orthodox cooperation, inter-Christian dialogue and interreligious understanding. He has travelled more extensively than any other Orthodox Patriarch in history, exchanging official visitations with numerous ecclesiastical and state dignitaries. In particular, because he is a citizen of Turkey and the leader of a Christian minority in a predominantly Muslim nation, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew's personal experience endows him with a unique perspective on religious tolerance and interfaith dialogue. These documents are drawn from his prominent leadership roles as primary spiritual leader of the Orthodox Christian world and transnational figure of global significance. Published together here for the first time, the writings reveal the Ecumenical Patriarch as a bridge builder and peacemaker. Some of the topics covered include: faith and freedom; racism and fundamentalism; mutual respect and tolerance; ecology and poverty; human rights and freedom; racial and religious discrimination; Church and state; terrorism and corruption; freedom of conscience; Europe, Turkey and the world; religion and politics; Christians and Muslims; Christians and Jews.
This book explores how the principles and practices of Ignatian pedagogy overlap and intersect with contemporary feminist theory in order to gain deeper insight into the complexities of today's multicultural educational contexts. Drawing on a method of inquiry that locates individual and collective standpoints in relation to social, political, and economic structures, it highlights points of convergence and divergence between Ignatian and feminist pedagogies to explore how educators might find strikingly similar methods that advocate common goals—including engaging with issues such as race, gender, diversity, and social justice. | 2019-04-20T20:34:57Z | http://fordham.universitypressscholarship.com/browse?t1=OSO%3Arelsoc |
Hi, Neat post. There is a problem with your web site in internet explorer, would test this… IE still is the market leader and a huge portion of people will miss your mafcgiinent writing due to this problem.
Great send. I was checking constantly this blog and I am impressed! Fantastically beneficial in sequence chiefly the last piece I be concerned on behalf of such communication much. I was seeking this exact in rank for a long period. Be grateful you and good luck.
The earliest memories I have of cars is my Father experienced a Hudson whilst I do not believe it had been a Hornet . I would say a 1948 or 49 4 door dark colored and using a light colored interior . It was already the mid 50s and he replaced it having a early 50s Buick Road Master he bought from my uncle as he had just purchased the property we grew up in .br /Years later I’d figure out that Hudson was State from the Artwork for that time and his was also Expensive as he bought it new . Also the Hornets experienced Very a Racing Legacy .
What happens is that they get to those states and find out that all the liberal ideology does not work. Also, I think you will find that most of the people leaving the liberal states where not liberals to begin with. Anyway, Pat conclusion is wrong. First the census is backwards looking, we have already seen how these states vote and it is mostly Republican.
A person essentially lend a hand to make severely posts I would state. This is the first time I frequented your website page and so far? I amazed with the analysis you made to make this actual publish incredible. Fantastic process!
The contemporary Zune browser is surprisingly constructive, nevertheless not as constructive as the iPod’s. It performs very well, yet is just not as quick as Safari, and incorporates a clunkier interface. If oneself from time to time software on utilizing the web browser that’s not an issue, nevertheless if you are building towards go through the world wide web alot against your PMP then the iPod’s larger sized display screen and superior browser may perhaps be essential.
hey there and thank you for your information – I have certainly picked up anything new from right here. I did however expertise several technical points using this web site, as I experienced to reload the website lots of times previous to I could get it to load properly. I had been wondering if your hosting is OK? Not that I’m complaining, but sluggish loading instances times will very frequently affect your placement in google and could damage your high quality score if ads and marketing with Adwords. Well I’m adding this RSS to my email and could look out for a lot more of your respective exciting content. Make sure you update this again very soon..
Do you mind if I quote a few of your posts as long as I provide cedit and sources back to your weblog?
My website iss in the exact same niche as yours and my visitors would definiteky benefit from a lot of the information you present here.
me know iif this alright with you. Many thanks!
Yes! Finally something about Mature Cam Women.
Between me and my spouse we have owned further MP3 avid gamers higher than the a long time than I can count, which includes Sansas, iRivers, iPods (classic & touch), the Ibiza Rhapsody, and many others. But, the closing number of years I have solved down in direction of 1 line of avid gamers. Why? Given that I was delighted in the direction of explore how well-designed and enjoyment towards hire the underappreciated (and commonly mocked) Zunes are.
Greetings! Quick question that’s entirely off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My site looks weird when viewing from my apple iphone. I’m trying to find a theme or plugin that might be able to resolve this issue. If you have any suggestions, please share. Appreciate it!
I precisely wanted to thank you very much yet again. I do not know what I might have accomplished in the absence of the concepts shared by you regarding that field. It had become a real daunting crisis in my position, however , observing the very expert approach you managed that made me to weep for happiness. I am grateful for this information and even believe you are aware of a powerful job you have been accomplishing teaching others through the use of your webblog. More than likely you haven’t got to know all of us.
Thanks for every other fantastic post. Where else could anyone get that kind of information in such an ideal way of writing? I’ve a presentation next week, and I am at the search for such info.
cialis and alpha blockers [url=https://cialislet.com/]cialis[/url] prezzi del tadalafil.
Sweet blog! I found it whnile browsing on Yahoo News.
Do youu havge anny suggestions on how to get listed iin Yahoo News?
I’ve bern trying for a while but I never seem to get there!
proper here! Best oof luck for the next!
To top these fiascoes, the HMRC proposed Making Tax Digital control surveys in a less impossible and reasonable way, keeping up a fundamental part from the possible errors.
you’re truly a just right webmaster. The website loading speed is amazing. It kind of feels that you are doing any unique trick. Moreover, The contents are masterpiece. you have done a fantastic task on this matter!
Simply want to say your article is as amazing. The clearness in your post is just nice and i could suppose you’re a professional in this subject. Fine together with your permission allow me to grab your RSS feed to stay up to date with coming near near post. Thanks one million and please carry on the rewarding work. Hi there, I discovered your website by way of Google while searching for a similar matter, your site came up, it seems good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
surprised why this twist of fate didn’t happened earlier! I bookmarked it.
Just wish to say your article is as surprising. The clarity to your publish is just great and i can assume you are knowledgeable on this subject. Well together with your permission let me to grasp your RSS feed to stay updated with forthcoming post. Thank you a million and please keep up the rewarding work. Hello there, I found your blog by way of Google whilst looking for a comparable matter, your site got here up, it appears good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Thank you, I’ve just been searching for information about this topic for ages and yours is the best I have found out till now. But, what about the bottom line? Are you positive about the source?
The creator needs the ability to relate each business to develop a versatile structure that will work and pass on results.
a sound relatively as a fruitful course of action ought to be made. You can achieve this by utilizing the relationship of a best versatile application propelling alliance Kolkata.
Thank you, I have just been looking for information about this topic for a long time and yours is the best I’ve discovered so far. However, what about the bottom line? Are you sure concerning the supply?
The diminished application execution testing will cover the particular pieces or conditions novel to versatile applications.
The correspondence is supportively open, on their phenomenal phone.Instant Communication.
I will immediately seize your rss as I can’t find your email subscription link or e-newsletter service. Do you’ve any? Kindly permit me understand in order that I may just subscribe. Thanks.
Sorry for the large review, nevertheless I’m really loving the new Zune, and be expecting this, as very well as the best assessments some other Those contain prepared, will help your self make your mind up if it is the instantly conclusion for you.
The Zune concentrates on remaining a Portable Media Player. Not a website browser. Not a game machine. Perhaps inside of the future it’ll do even improved inside of people areas, however for previously it is really a fantastic path to organize and hear toward your audio and films, and is devoid of peer inside that regard. The iPod’s benefits are its net going to and apps. If those sound further compelling, perhaps it is your suitable option.
Cortana whenever you clicked the box and waited for you to type a search to present these options.
Sorry for the huge review, nonetheless I am incredibly loving the fresh Zune, and anticipate this, as very well as the Good opinions some other folks have written, will help you make a decision if it truly is the straight choice for on your own.
You can in like way save your most restoring affiliations whose money related information matter to you the most.
n application that is made centrality redirection diagrams for open use would be astoundingly less proportionate to one that is proposed for a shut circle customer base, for instance, inside use inside a union, and so forth.
Clomiphene Citrate side effects for men and side effects depression. Clomid online canada.
You can in like way select an imaginative site to get the likelihood of the potential customers.In these days unequivocally requesting the world over, it isn’t that simple to give a savage learning or produce a critical thing to succeed.
Clomiphene Buy – Reviews for safe for men generic Clomiphene Buy. Information on the drug Clomiphene medication.
Clomiphene citrate: Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate) 50 mg. Generic drug for Clomiphene Citrate.
Have you ever considered writing an e-book or guest authoring on other blogs? I have a blog centered on the same ideas you discuss and would love to have you share some stories/information. I know my subscribers would value your work. If you are even remotely interested, feel free to send me an e mail.
The fresh Zune browser is remarkably favourable, but not as constructive as the iPod’s. It is effective well, however is just not as fast as Safari, and is made up of a clunkier interface. If your self sometimes software on utilizing the world wide web browser that is not an issue, still if you might be building in the direction of study the net alot versus your PMP then the iPod’s much larger exhibit and much better browser may be major.
Clomiphene Buy – Clomiphene Citrate 50 mg. How to order Clomiphene Citrate.
poker online merupakan beberapa variasi judi yang paling banyak disukai. Banyak hal yang perlu dilakukan saat yang dapat kita lakukan agar mendapatkan uang yang cukup banyak dari poker. web poker juga memberikan sebuah kenyamanan saat kita memainkannya. Ada hal yang perlu kita amati saat bermain agen poker.
Along with almost everything which appears to be developing throughout this particular subject matter, all your points of view are generally rather refreshing. Even so, I beg your pardon, because I do not subscribe to your entire suggestion, all be it radical none the less. It seems to everybody that your comments are generally not totally rationalized and in actuality you are your self not even totally confident of the argument. In any event I did appreciate reading through it.
hat aas well cllear their motive, and that is also happening with this piece of wfiting which I am reading now.
tis enormous post to improve my know-how.
You really make it seem really easy with your presentation but I find this matter to be actually one thing that I think I’d by no means understand. It kind of feels too complicated and very vast for me. I’m having a look forward for your subsequent submit, I will try to get the hang of it!
views of all colleagues concerning this paragraph, while I am also zealous of gettin experience.
I’ve been browsing online more than 3 hours lately, but I never discovered any attention-grabbing article like yours. It is lovely value sufficient for me. In my view, if all webmasters and bloggers made just right content as you did, the internet might be much more useful than ever before.
Fantastic goods from you, man. I have understand your stuff previous to and you’re just extremely great. I really like what you have acquired here, certainly like what you are stating and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it smart. I can not wait to read far more from you. This is really a wonderful website.
Amongst me and my partner we’ve owned additional MP3 gamers over the years than I can rely, including Sansas, iRivers, iPods (classic & touch), the Ibiza Rhapsody, and so forth. But, the very last handful of several years I’ve settled down toward one particular line of players. Why? Given that I was pleased in direction of come across how well-designed and fun in the direction of retain the services of the underappreciated (and greatly mocked) Zunes are.
Cuanto cuesta Risperdal (Risperidone) sin receta? [url=https://antidepresivoses.wordpress.com/2019/03/05/cymbalta-duloxetine-20-mg-30-mg-40-mg-de-venta-libre-en-farmacias/]Duloxetine 20 mg venta libre[/url] Los antidepresivos en Argentina. Que medicamentos venden sin receta? [url=https://antidepresivoses.wordpress.com/2019/03/05/cymbalta-duloxetine-20-mg-30-mg-40-mg-de-venta-libre-en-farmacias/]Duloxetine 20 mg venta libre[/url] Risperdal (Risperidone) comprar en Bolivia. Donde comprar medicamentos genericos? [url=https://farmaciaonlinees.wordpress.com/]Farmacias online Espanolas[/url] Risperdal (Risperidone) precios Argentina.
Consumo antidepresivos en Espana [url=https://antidepresivoses.wordpress.com/2019/03/04/18/]Comprar Bupron[/url] Consumo antidepresivos en Mexico. Pastillas para dormir que vendan sin receta? Antidepresivos marcas en Espana [url=http://www.criandocuervos.com/comprar-medicamentos-baratos/]Comprar medicamentos en linea[/url] Asendin (Amoxapine) cuanto tarda en hacer efecto?. Antidepresivos de venta libre en Espana Asendin (Amoxapine) Ecuador precio [url=https://antidepresivoses.wordpress.com/2019/03/05/comprar-wellbutrin-bupropion-150-mg-sin-receta/]Comprar Wellbutrin[/url] Que es un Asendin (Amoxapine) generico? .
Thank you a lot for providing individuals with an extremely splendid chance to check tips from this site. It is often very terrific and also full of a good time for me personally and my office fellow workers to visit the blog at least three times weekly to find out the fresh items you have got. Not to mention, I am usually astounded with all the cool suggestions served by you. Selected two points in this article are definitely the best I’ve ever had.
The applications they are giving must be an option that is other than difficult to utilize. The affiliations like Mobile Application Development UK make their thing thinking about the customers’ choice.
Comprar Endep (Amitriptyline) online [url=https://antidepresivoses.wordpress.com/2019/03/05/comprar-tofranil-imipramine-25-mg-50-mg-75-mg-sin-receta/]Comprar Imipramine[/url] Consumo de antidepresivos en Colombia. Endep (Amitriptyline) cuanto cuesta? Endep (Amitriptyline) venta Mexico [url=https://antidepresivoses.wordpress.com/2019/03/05/comprar-celexa-citalopram-20-mg-sin-receta/]Comprar Citalopram[/url] Comprar Endep (Amitriptyline) pastillas sin receta. Comprar Endep Amitriptyline 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg en linea [url=https://antidepresivoses.wordpress.com/2019/03/05/comprar-risnia-risperidone-2-mg-generico-online-sin-receta/]Comprar Risperidone[/url] Antidepresivos naturales Costa Rica.
Great ¡V I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your website. I had no trouble navigating through all the tabs and related information ended up being truly simple to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Quite unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or anything, site theme . a tones way for your client to communicate. Excellent task..
It is a phenomenal device to keep your watchers included. Events Organizer App is a mind boggling and incredibly recommended for the event the administrators adaptable application.
My developer is trying to convince me to move to .net from PHP. I have always disliked the idea because of the expenses. But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using Movable-type on a number of websites for about a year and am concerned about switching to another platform. I have heard very good things about blogengine.net. Is there a way I can transfer all my wordpress content into it? Any help would be really appreciated!
Wow, incredible blog structure! How lengthy have you ever been running a blog for? you made blogging look easy. The full glance of your site is fantastic, as smartly as the content!
Apple has an unquestionably progressively critical market invasion, serving around 90 countries to make applications salary anyway Android stage fights to gain a ground as free producers have their very own application stores moreover.
I simply want to mention I am new to blogs and absolutely savored this web site. Very likely I’m going to bookmark your website . You amazingly come with terrific articles and reviews. Bless you for revealing your blog.
This factor sees which kind of inside social event mechanical get-together you need. If the whole idea zone is made on one story, by then a reshape gathering mechanical get-together is the most liberal choice for you. In any case, when the breaker space is spread to a couple of records, by then a board recieving wire is the best choice.
Thanks for sharing your thoughts on buy kamagra jellies.
My developer is trying to persuade me to move to .net from PHP. I have always disliked the idea because of the expenses. But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using Movable-type on numerous websites for about a year and am nervous about switching to another platform. I have heard good things about blogengine.net. Is there a way I can import all my wordpress content into it? Any kind of help would be greatly appreciated!
Magnificent site. Plenty of helpful info here. I am sending it to some friends ans additionally sharing in delicious. And certainly, thanks in your effort!
I just want to mention I’m all new to weblog and really savored this web blog. Probably I’m planning to bookmark your blog post . You absolutely come with excellent posts. Regards for sharing with us your webpage.
You really make it appear so easy together with your presentation however I to find this matter to be actually one thing which I think I would never understand. It kind of feels too complicated and very vast for me. I’m looking forward for your next publish, I¡¦ll attempt to get the hang of it!
What i don’t understood is in reality how you are now not actually much more well-appreciated than you might be right now. You are so intelligent. You already know thus significantly on the subject of this matter, produced me for my part imagine it from numerous varied angles. Its like men and women aren’t involved until it¡¦s something to accomplish with Lady gaga! Your own stuffs nice. Always deal with it up!
Excellent goods from you, man. I have understand your stuff previous to and you’re just extremely great. I really like what you’ve acquired here, certainly like what you are stating and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it wise. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is really a wonderful site.
Thank you for another informative blog. The place else may I am getting that type of info written in such a perfect approach? I have a venture that I’m simply now running on, and I have been at the glance out for such info.
Nice post. I was checking constantly this blog and I’m impressed! Very helpful information specifically the last part 🙂 I care for such information much. I was looking for this particular information for a long time. Thank you and good luck.
Valuable info. Lucky me I discovered your web site by accident, and I’m surprised why this twist of fate did not came about earlier! I bookmarked it.
Simply wish to say your article is as astounding. The clarity in your post is just excellent and i could assume you are an expert on this subject. Well with your permission allow me to grab your RSS feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please continue the gratifying work.
A flexible application will enable you to do what is required for and with U.S. Traditions so you can move one on rapidly to different issues. | 2019-04-23T03:57:03Z | http://www.aroma-bellydance.com/blog/2015/09/28/111/ |
ANGPTL8/Betatrophin Does Not Control Pancreatic Beta Cell Expansion.
SUMMARY Recently, it was reported that angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) was the long-sought “betatrophin” that could control pancreatic beta cell proliferation. However, studies of Angptl8?/? mice revealed profound reduction of triglyceride levels, but no abnormalities in glucose homeostasis. We now report that Angptl8?/? mice undergo entirely normal beta cell expansion in response to insulin resistance resulting from either a high-fat diet or from the administration of the insulin receptor antagonist S961. Furthermore, overexpression of ANGPTL8 in livers of mice doubles plasma triglyceride levels, but does not alter beta cell expansion nor glucose metabolism. These data indicate that ANGPTL8 does not play a role in controlling beta cell growth, nor can it be given to induce such expansion. The findings that plasma triglyceride levels are reduced by Angptl8 deletion and increased following ANGPTL8 overexpression support the possibility that inhibition of ANGPTL8 represents a therapeutic strategy for hypertriglyceridemia.
Circulating Angiopoietin-like Protein 8 Is Independently Associated With Fasting Plasma Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
OBJECTIVE: Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (Angptl8) has recently been introduced as a novel adipokine/hepatokine that promotes pancreatic ß-cell proliferation and improves glucose tolerance in mouse models of insulin resistance. However, regulation of Angptl8 in human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and renal dysfunction has not been determined.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum Angptl8 levels were quantified by ELISA in 62 patients with T2DM as compared with 58 nondiabetic subjects in vivo. Within both groups, about half of the patients were on chronic hemodialysis or had an estimated glomerular filtration rate above 50 mL/min/1.73 m2. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of insulin and differentiation on Angptl8mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro.
RESULTS: Median [interquartile range] serum Angptl8 levels were higher in patients with T2DM (1.19 [0.37] μg/L) as compared with nondiabetic subjects (1.03 [0.47] μg/L) (P = .005). Furthermore, the adipokine/hepatokine was significantly higher in women (1.21 [0.47] μg/L) as compared with men (1.05 [0.44] μg/L]) (P = .013). In multivariate analysis, fasting glucose and T2DM but not renal function remained independent and positive predictors of circulating Angptl8 even after adjustment for markers of obesity, lipid status, and inflammation (P < .05). Furthermore, Angptl8 mRNA expression was induced by insulin and during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. Conclusions: Circulating Angptl8 is positively and independently associated with T2DM and fasting glucose in vivo. Furthermore, Angptl8 mRNA expression is induced by insulin and during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro.
Elevated circulating lipasin/betatrophin in human type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Lipasin (also known as C19ORF80, RIFL, ANGPTL8 and betatrophin) is a newly discovered circulating factor that regulates lipid metabolism and promotes pancreatic ?-cell proliferation. Whether circulating levels of lipasin in humans are altered in a) type 2 diabetes; b) obesity and c) the postprandial state, however, is unknown. The current study aimed to compare serum lipasin levels in those who were a) non-diabetic (N = 15) or diabetic (BMI- and age-matched; N = 14); b) lean or obese (N = 53 totally) and c) fasting and 2 hours following a defined meal (N = 12). Serum lipasin levels were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lipasin levels [mean ± SEM] were increased by more than two fold (P < 0.001) in the diabetic patients (5.56 ± 0.73 ng/mL) as compared to the control subjects (2.19 ± 0.24 ng/mL). Serum lipasin levels were positively correlated with BMI (rho = 0.49, P < 0.001), and showed a 35% increase 2 hours following a defined meal (P = 0.009). Therefore, lipasin/betatrophin is nutritionally-regulated hepatokine that is increased in human type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Elevated mouse hepatic betatrophin expression does not increase human beta-cell replication in the transplant setting.
The recent discovery of betatrophin, a protein secreted by the liver and white adipose tissue in conditions of insulin resistance and shown to dramatically stimulate replication of mouse insulin-producing beta-cells, has raised high hopes for the rapid development of a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetes. However, at present the effects of betatrophin on human beta-cells are not known. Here we employ administration of the insulin receptor antagonist S961, shown to increase betatrophin gene expression and stimulate beta-cell replication in mice, to test its effect on human beta-cells. While mouse beta-cells, both in their normal location in the pancreas or when transplanted under the kidney capsule, respond with a dramatic increase in beta-cell DNA replication, human beta-cells are completely unresponsive. These results put into question whether betatrophin can be developed as a therapeutic for human diabetes.
Detection of C-terminal Betatrophin Peptide in Human Plasma and Rodent Liver.
Betatrophin protein, also known as heptaocellar carcinoma-associated protein TD26, has been identified as a specific hormone that promotes (1) pancreatic ß cell proliferation and (2) lipid regulation1. Methods were developed in this study to detect and characterize both the betatrophin protein and its C-terminal fragment in mouse liver, rat liver, and human plasma. Based on bioinformatics analysis, potential enzyme cutting sites were selected along the betatrophin protein. Peptide fragments corresponding to the N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal regions of the protein were prepared via solid phase peptide synthesis and antibodies were raised against these regions. Immunohistochemistry shows that liver cells are stained with the C-terminal betatrophin antibody. Western blot analysis shows the C-terminal betatrophin antibody is able to recognize both the 22 kD full length betatrophin protein as well as a smaller C-terminal fragment peptide in human plasma. The C-terminal betatrophin fragment can also be identified by HPLC and MALDI-TOF from the fractions subject to antibody-mediated affinity purifications. Furthermore, radioimmunoassays (RIA) and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) confirm the presence of C-terminal peptide in human plasma, with levels ranging from 0.4 ng/ml to 4 ng/ml. Immunoassays of liver tissue homogenates also indicate the presence of C-terminal betatrophin peptide with a level around 40.5 ng/g of liver tissue. In agreement with previous reports by Quagliarini et al2., we found that plasma betatrophin levels increased after refeeding. We also observed an increase of C-terminal betatrophin levels in plasma as determined by magnetic bead RIA. Although the sensitivity of EIA and RIA may differ, the plasma level of betatrophin was similar, irrespective of the assay procedure. In conclusion, our methods indicate the level of C-terminal betatrophin peptide in plasma may reflect an increase or decrease of full-length betatrophin metabolism.
Jaw-Kang Chang, Rong-Ming Lyu1, Xiang-Qun Chen, et al., Japanese Peptide Symposium/APIPS2013 conference.
Mice lacking ANGPTL8 (Betatrophin) manifest disrupted triglyceride metabolism without impaired glucose homeostasis.
Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)8 (alternatively called TD26, RIFL, Lipasin, and Betatrophin) is a newly recognized ANGPTL family member that has been implicated in both triglyceride (TG) and glucose metabolism. Hepatic overexpression of ANGPTL8 causes hypertriglyceridemia and increased insulin secretion. Here we examined the effects of inactivating Angptl8 on TG and glucose metabolism in mice. Angptl8 knockout (Angptl8-/-) mice gained weight more slowly than wild-type littermates due to a selective reduction in adipose tissue accretion. Plasma levels of TGs of the Angptl8-/- mice were similar to wild-type animals in the fasted state but paradoxically decreased after refeeding. The lower TG levels were associated with both a reduction in very low density lipoprotein secretion and an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Despite the increase in LPL activity, the uptake of very low density lipoprotein-TG is markedly reduced in adipose tissue but preserved in hearts of fed Angptl8-/- mice. Taken together, these data indicate that ANGPTL8 plays a key role in the metabolic transition between fasting and refeeding; it is required to direct fatty acids to adipose tissue for storage in the fed state. Finally, glucose and insulin tolerance testing revealed no alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice fed either a chow or high fat diet. Thus, although absence of ANGPTL8 profoundly disrupts TG metabolism, we found no evidence that it is required for maintenance of glucose homeostasis.
Betatrophin: a hormone that controls pancreatic ß-cell proliferation.
Replenishing insulin-producing pancreatic ß cell mass will benefit both type I and type II diabetics. In adults, pancreatic ß cells are generated primarily by self-duplication. We report on a mouse model of insulin resistance that induces dramatic pancreatic ß cell proliferation and ß cell mass expansion. Using this model, we identify a hormone, betatrophin, that is primarily expressed in liver and fat. Expression of betatrophin correlates with ß cell proliferation in other mouse models of insulin resistance and during gestation. Transient expression of betatrophin in mouse liver significantly and specifically promotes pancreatic ß cell proliferation, expands ß cell mass, and improves glucose tolerance. Thus, betatrophin treatment could augment or replace insulin injections by increasing the number of endogenous insulin-producing cells in diabetics.
Emerging roles of Lipasin as a critical lipid regulator.
Patients with metabolic syndrome are at high risk for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In addition to total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C, elevated plasma triglycerides (TG) are increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Recently 3 groups independently reported the identification and characterization of a novel blood lipid regulator, Lipasin/RIFL/ANGPTL8, which here is referred to as Lipasin for its lipoprotein lipase inhibition effect and for being a circulating factor denoted by 'in'. Being highly enriched in the liver, Lipasin is a hepatocyte-derived circulating factor that regulates plasma TG levels. Lipasin is nutritionally regulated, as its mRNA levels in liver and fat as well as its protein level in serum are reduced by fasting. Mice deficient for Lipasin have lower serum TG levels; conversely, its adenovirus-mediated overexpression increases serum TG levels, in part, through promoting ANGPTL3 cleavage, releasing its N-terminal domain that inhibits lipoprotein lipase. Lipasin sequence variations are associated with LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations in humans. Being lipogenic, Lipasin is highly induced during adipogenesis. Levels of Lipasin and ANGPTL4 show opposite changes in response to fasting or cold environment. Lipasin, a novel but atypical ANGPTL family member, is emerging as a critical lipid regulator and a potential drug target.
Lipasin, thermoregulated in brown fat, is a novel but atypical member of the angiopoietin-like protein family.
Hyperlipidemia is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Members of the angiopoietin-like protein family (ANGPTLs) are important determinants of blood lipid levels. Lipasin, a newly identified gene that regulates serum triglycerides, is homologous to ANGPTL3's N-terminal domain, which is sufficient and necessary for blood lipid regulation. Brown fat is critical in mediating energy homeostasis. Thermogenesis is the primary function of brown fat, in which Lipasin and some ANGPTLs are abundant; it is unknown, however, whether these genes are thermoregulated. We therefore comprehensively examined the thermoregulation of Lipasin and ANGPTLs in brown fat. Here we show that Lipasin is a novel but atypical member of the ANGPTL family because it is within the same branch as ANGPTL3 and 4 by phylogenetic analysis. The mRNA levels of Lipasin are dramatically increased in the cold environment (4 °C for 4 h) whereas those of ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL2 are suppressed. Fasting dramatically suppresses Lipasin but increases ANGPTL4. High-fat diet treatment increases Lipasin, but reduces ANGPTL2. The distinct transcriptional regulations of Lipasin, ANGPTL2 and ANGPTL4 in brown fat in response to cold exposure and nutritional stimulation suggest distinct physiological roles for ANGPTL family members in mediating thermogenesis and energy homeostasis.
The metabolic syndrome, a common disorder including glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia, poses a major public health issue. Patients with high blood lipids, such as triglycerides, are at high risk in developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. To identify genes involved in metabolism, we performed RNA-seq experiments on the liver and fat in mice treated with a high-fat diet or fasting, and identified Gm6484 (named Lipasin) as a novel nutritionally regulated gene. Human LIPASIN is liver specific, while the mouse one is enriched in the liver and fat, including both brown and white adipose tissues. Obesity increases liver Lipasin, whereas fasting reduces its expression in fat. ANGPTL3 (Angiopoietin-like 3) and ANGPTL4 are critical regulators of blood lipids. LIPASIN shares homology with ANGPTL3's N-terminal domain that is needed for lipid regulation, and with ANGPTL4's N-terminal segment that mediates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) binding. Lipasin overexpression by adenoviruses in mice increases serum triglyceride levels, and a recombinant Lipasin inhibits LPL activity. Therefore, a potential mechanism for Lipasin-mediated triglyceride elevation is through reduced triglyceride clearance by LPL inhibition. Lipasin is thus a novel nutritionally-regulated liver-enriched factor that plays a role in lipid metabolism.
Atypical angiopoietin-like protein that regulates ANGPTL3.
Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) play major roles in the trafficking and metabolism of lipids. Inactivation of ANGPTL3, a gene located in an intron of DOCK7, results in very low levels of LDL-cholesterol (C), HDL-C and triglyceride (TAG). We identified another ANGPTL family member, ANGPTL8, which is located in the corresponding intron of DOCK6. A variant in this family member (rs2278426, R59W) was associated with lower plasma LDL-C and HDL-C levels in three populations. ANGPTL8 is expressed in liver and adipose tissue, and circulates in plasma of humans. Expression of ANGPTL8 was reduced by fasting and increased by refeeding in both mice and humans. To examine the functional relationship between the two ANGPTL family members, we expressed ANGPTL3 at physiological levels alone or together with ANGPTL8 in livers of mice. Plasma TAG level did not change in mice expressing ANGPTL3 alone, whereas coexpression with ANGPTL8 resulted in hypertriglyceridemia, despite a reduction in circulating ANGPTL3. ANGPTL8 coimmunoprecipitated with the N-terminal domain of ANGPTL3 in plasma of these mice. In cultured hepatocytes, ANGPTL8 expression increased the appearance of N-terminal ANGPTL3 in the medium, suggesting ANGPTL8 may activate ANGPTL3. Consistent with this scenario, expression of ANGPTL8 in Angptl3(-/-) mice failed to promote hypertriglyceridemia. Thus, ANGPTL8, a paralog of ANGPTL3 that arose through duplication of an ancestral DOCK gene, regulates postprandial TAG and fatty acid metabolism by controlling activation of its progenitor, and perhaps other ANGPTLs. Inhibition of ANGPTL8 provides a new therapeutic strategy for reducing plasma lipoprotein levels.
RIFL aims to be a new player in lipid metabolism.
RIFL (refeeding induced in fat and liver) is highly expressed in brown and white fat as well as in liver. In white adipose tissue and liver, RIFL expression is induced by refeeding and is also elevated in ob/ob mice. The function of RIFL is unknown, and there is some evidence to suggest it may be secreted. RIFL expression is induced during adipogenesis in rodent and human model systems, and cellular knockdown and mouse knockout studies demonstrate that RIFL expression correlates with lipid levels. Overall, these studies indicate that RIFL is a new important player in lipid metabolism.
Identification of RIFL, a novel adipocyte-enriched insulin target gene with a role in lipid metabolism.
To identify new genes that are important in fat metabolism, we utilized the Lexicon-Genentech knockout database of genes encoding transmembrane and secreted factors and whole murine genome transcriptional profiling data that we generated for 3T3-L1 in vitro adipogenesis. Cross-referencing null models evidencing metabolic phenotypes with genes induced in adipogenesis led to identification of a new gene, which we named RIFL (refeeding induced fat and liver). RIFL-null mice have serum triglyceride levels approximately one-third of wild type. RIFL transcript is induced >100-fold during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis and is also increased markedly during adipogenesis of murine and human primary preadipocytes. siRNA-mediated knockdown of RIFL during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis results in an ~35% decrease in adipocyte triglyceride content. Murine RIFL transcript is highly enriched in white and brown adipose tissue and liver. Fractionation of WAT reveals that RIFL transcript is exclusive to adipocytes with a lack of expression in stromal-vascular cells. Nutritional and hormonal studies are consistent with a prolipogenic function for RIFL. There is evidence of an approximately eightfold increase in RIFL transcript level in WAT in ob/ob mice compared with wild-type mice. RIFL transcript level in WAT and liver is increased ~80- and 12-fold, respectively, following refeeding of fasted mice. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin increases RIFL transcript ?35-fold, whereas agents that stimulate lipolysis downregulate RIFL. Interestingly, the 198-amino acid RIFL protein is predicted to be secreted and shows ~30% overall conservation with the NH(2)-terminal half of angiopoietin-like 3, a liver-secreted protein that impacts lipid metabolism. In summary, our data suggest that RIFL is an important new regulator of lipid metabolism.
Identification of genes differentially expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma by a modified suppression subtractive hybridization method.
To identify differentially expressed genes in human HCC in China, we applied a modified SSH method for cDNA subtraction. Such modification has made the method more effective for subtraction. We have obtained 36 and 24 differentially expressed cDNA fragments after modified SSH from 4 paired samples of human HCC and non-HCC tissues, respectively. Reverse Northern blotting analysis was performed to further identify the genes differentially expressed in the HCC and non-HCC tissue samples. There were 25 genes really overexpressed in HCC, and their corresponding encoding molecules may reflect the events of cell accelerated metabolism, proliferation, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, tumorigenesis (TLH107, TFH9) and the potential for metastasis. Of the 25 genes overexpressed in HCC, 5 were novel and their full-length cDNAs were cloned. These 5 novel genes are functionally associated with the occurrence and development of HCC according to the Database analysis. In the paired non-HCC tissues, there were 15 genes lowly or not expressed in HCC, and their encoding proteins function as tumor suppressors (TFA3, TFA11), acute-phase reactive proteins, and the blood plasma proteins that are mainly or exclusively synthesized in the liver. The distinct profiles of the differentially expressed genes in HCC and the paired non-HCC tissues have partially reflected the genetic alterations during HCC tumorigenesis. The novel HCC-specific gene TLH6 and the CT antigen encoding gene TLH107 may have diagnostic and therapeutic potentials in HCC and/or other solid cancers. | 2019-04-26T04:54:24Z | http://phoenixpeptide.com/products/view/Magnetic-Beads/MB-051-55 |
The Faculty of Physics of the Yerevan State University was founded in 1933 and consisted of two chairs: Mathematics and General Physics, which was called the Chair of Experimental Physics. The first chairman of Chair of General Physics was Hovhannes Navakatikyan (1933-1937). Then there were heads of the chair: Norayr Kocharyan (1938-1952); Martyros Kyureghyan (1952-1960); Arshaluys Dadayan (1960-1968); Rafik Hovhannisyan (1968-1977); David Sedrakyan (1977-1987, 1994-2014 ); Gagik Vardanyan։ Head of Chair of General Physics I (1987-1993); Martin Abrahamyan: Head of Chair of General Physics II (1992-1994).
In 2009 the Chair of Astrophysics after V. Hambardzumyan has been merged with the Chair of General Physics and the Unified Chair is still called Chair of General Physics and Astrophysics after V. Hambardzumyan.
Since 2014 the Head of the Chair is Professor Atom Muradyan.
The Chair of General Physics is an educational-scientific collective, which includes a various research groups working in different branches of modern science, in both theoretical and experimental physics.
The mechanisms of arising of magnetic fields in super fluid neutron stars; the radio emission of pulsars; the gravity emission of compact super dense objects.
The quantum-mechanic behavior of atoms in a periodic potentials; quantum interferometers; investigation of Bose-Einstein condensate.
The dynamics of the gravitating systems; the investigation of hydrodynamic vortices.
Investigation of non-ordered plastic and liquid crystal systems’ thermodynamic and elasticity properties.
Investigation of the optical properties of multi-layer systems with open wave vector surface and spiral structural layer, and of properties of photonic crystals.
Obtaining of natural biological nanostructures, their experimental investigation, and the mechanisms of their formation.
The optical properties of glasses containing semi-conductor nano-crystals, depending on of their thermal treatment regime.
The physical mechanisms of formation of ion and electron beams obtained by Penning discharge.
An inseparable part of the Chair is YSU Astrophysical Observatory, founded in 1933. Here are made the first astronomical studies. There was an Earth's artificial satellites observation station, that was the only one in the Caucasus during that period. The artificial satellite observation station operated until the USSR collapse.
Up to now the YSU Observatory and Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory serve as an educational and the scientific basis for the Chair.
spectral-photometric and statistical study; *digitization of plates and detection of new objects.
The Chair prepare and give the Master degree in Astrophysics.
The Chair of Theoretical Physics of Yerevan State University was founded in 1951 by the Honored Scientist, Academician, Professor Gurgen Sahakyan. Since its establishment until 1985 the Chair has headed by G.S. Sahakyan, and then from 1985 until 2000 and from 2006 until 2013 by the Honoured Scientist, Academician of NAS RA, Professor Edvard Chubaryan. In 2000-2006 the Head of Chair was the Corresponding Member of the NAS RA, Professor Roland Avagyan and from 2013 the Head of the Chair is Professor Gohar Harutyunyan.
The Chair is staffed by lecturers with high academic qualification, including one Academician, two Associate Members of NAS RA, eleven Doctors of Sciences and five Candidates of Sciences.
General courses for Bachelors: Classical Mechanics, Classical Electrodynamics, Selected Topics in Mathematics, Quantum Mechanics, Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics.
Special Courses for Bachelors: Quantum Field Theory, Group Theory, Basics of Using Computers, Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Methods, Solving of Applied Problems on Computers, Programming and Programming Languages, Parallel Programming.
Master’s Degree Courses: Theories of Gravity and their Astrophysical Applications, Qualitative Analysis of Dynamical Systems,, Weak Interactions, Strong Interactions, Theory of Nuclear Reactors, Cosmology of the Early Universe, Phase Transitions, Quantum Electrodynamics, Physics of Superdense Celestial Bodies, String and Brane Theory, Plasma Physics, Theoretical and Experimental Basis of Radiation Physics, Quantum Information Technologies, Information Technologies in Professional Studies, Physical Foundations of Informatics, Actual Problems of Profession.
Along with the educational process in the two laboratories at the Chair: “Base Scientific Research Laboratory of the Chair of Theoretical Physics” and “Scientific Research Laboratory of Theoretical Investigation of Shell Forming” a number of research projects are carried out. The main areas of the scientific research include: Theories of Gravity and Their Astronomical and Cosmological Applications (E.V. Chubaryan, R.M. Avagyan, A.A. Saharian, G.H. Harutyunyan, A.V. Hovsepyan, L.Sh. Grigoryan); Physics of Superdense Stars (E.V. Chubaryan, R.M. Avagyan, G.H. Harutyunyan, L.Sh. Grigoryan, K.M. Shahabasyan); Radiation Physics, Plasma Physics (A.A. Saharian, B.V. Khachatryan, R.G. Petrosyan, A.S. Kotanjyan); Laser Physics and Quantum Technologies (G.Y. Kryuchkyan); Nuclear Physics (A.V. Hovsepyan); Quark Matter Superconductivity (K.M. Shahabasyan); Quantum Vacuum Effects in External Fields (gravitational, electromagnetic) and Their Applications in Cosmology (A.A. Saharian, A.S. Kotanjyan); Integrable Systems in Classical and Quantum Mechanics, Integrable Spin Systems, Two Dimensional Field and Strings Theories (A.P. Nersesian, T.S. Hakobyan, V.R. Ohanyan, G.A. Sarkissian); High Energy Electromagnetic Processes in Crystals (A.A. Saharian, A.S. Kotanjyan, B.V. Khachatryan, L.Sh. Grigoryan).
The Chair of Theoretical Physics is among the founders and coordinators of the scientific direction of Physics of Superdense Stars in the former Soviet Union.
The Chair was the Organizer of the All Union Conferences: “Gravity and Theory of Relativity” in 1972 and 1988. Recent years (2008, 2013, 2015) by the Chair has organized the International Conference "The Modern Physics of Compact Stars and Relativistic Gravity", which is expected to make periodic.
The Chair is in scientific collaboration with several leading universities and research centres.
The President of Republic of Armenia Prize in Physics was awarded to the members of the chair of Theoretical Physics four times (2001, 2004, 2010, 2011).
The founder (1956) and first head of the chair was prof. Norayr Kocharyan. From 2000 until now the head of the Chair of Solid State Physics is NAS RA corresponding member, prof. Albert Kirakosyan.
In undergraduate and graduate studies of the Chair of Solid State Physics the following courses are thought: Crystalophysics, X-ray physics, Crystallography, Physics of metals, Introduction to semiconductor physics, Solid state quantum theory, Physics of magnetic phenomena, X-ray structural and spectroscopy analysis, Kinetic phenomena in solids, Physics of electronic nanostructures, Optical phenomena in solids, Physics of real crystals, Elementary excitations in condensed matter, Quantum theory of the magnetism, Fundamentals of solid-state electronics, X-ray defectoscopy of solids, Application of group theory in solid state physics, Material Science, Computer Methods in Condensed Matter Physics, Dynamic theory of X-ray scattering. These courses create sufficient basis for successfully implementing fundamental and applied researches in various spheres of solid state physics, including in the sphere of nanoelectronics and spintronics.
The teaching process and scientific researches in the Chair of Solid State Physics are carried out in close cooperation with research centres and universities of different countries (Japan, France, Russia, Germany, Canada, Belgium, Cyprus, Iran, Mexico, Chile, Colombia).
The optics chair was based in 1964. From 1964 to 1967 the head of the chair was V.M. Aslanian. From 1967 to 1972 head of the chair was M.E. Movsesian. From 1972 to 2007 the head of the chair was the academician of academy NA of RA, Dr. of Phys. Math. Sc., Professor Yu.S. Chilingaryan. From 2007 to 2012 the head of the chair was the Dr. of Phys. Math. Sc., Professor R.S. Hakobyan. From 2012 up to date the head of the chair is Dr. of Phys. Math. Sc., Professor A.B. Alaverdyan (Allahverdyan).
At the moment four Doctors of Sciences, 8 PhD work in the optics chair. The chair carries out lectures on the section “Physics of optical phenomena” of general physics in the departments of physics and radiophysics, as well as on subjects “Introduction to nonlinear physics”, “Automation of physical experiment”, “Mathematical modeling and numerical methods” in physics department and “The concepts in the modern natural sciences” in departments of sociology and philology. Most of the special courses on the specializations “Laser physics” and “Applied physics” are provided by optics chair.
At the moment many graduate students of different years are full-time professors in the optics chair. Some of graduate students now work in well-known scientific centers of Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Russia and other countries.
Six doctoral and more than twenty PhD dissertations were prepared and defended in the chair.
In 1972 in the chair the Optoelectronics Research Laboratory was founded, the scientific supervisor of which since the data of establishment is professor Yu. S. Chilingaryan. The laboratory activities include the investigation of physical properties of super-pure optical materials, fiber optical switching and gauges as well as liquid crystals.
At present 4 scientific projects and two international grants (on NATO and ECO-NET programs) are carried out in the chair.
Since 1974 up to date the chair carries out research on the main problems of nonlinear optics, nonlinear physics, opto-electronics and material science. In recent 15 years the light-induced hydrodynamics and thermomechanics have also been actively developed.
At the middle of 70’s in the chair a number of fundamental investigations were carried out on nonlinear properties of statistically ordered media (among those also liquid crystals’). It must be mentioned, that these investigations served as premise for observation of strong nonlinearities, for rapid development of that branch, as well as for creation of strong schools, at first in Moscow and then in many other countries of the world.
The study of photo-hydrodynamical phenomena made possible to reveal nonlinearities due to hydrodynamic fluxes of liquid crystals that are about two orders of magnitude larger than the well known orientational nonlinearities. A number of orientational, hydrodynamical and photo-hydrodynamical phenomena in LC and qiral photonic structures (including doped with nanoparticles) have already been studied theoretically and experimentally that have rare importance both in physics of statistically ordered media and in problems of laser-matter interactions.
Thus, at the middle of 80’s liquid crystal optics was already well established branch, and optics chair – one of the acknowledged centers in the world. The fact that the first monograph in the world (S.M.Arakelyan, Yu.S.Chilingaryan, “Nonlinear optics of liquid crystals”, Moscow, “Nauka” publishers, 1984, p.38) on those subjects was written in the chair testify to this. A great deal of above mentioned works have been summarized in the monograph of R.S.Hakobyan and Yu.S.Chilingaryan (“Induced phase transitions and hydrodynamic instabilities in liquid crystals”, Yerevan, “Mankavarzh” publishers, 2000, p.185).
The many-sided investigations of acousto-hydrodynamical phenomena enabled to reveal a possibility of a very important application of these phenomena in liquid crystalline seismometers.
From the main results of 80’s in the branch of opto-electronics and material science the following investigation is especially noteworthy: a) revelation of new methods on the synthesis of super-pure multi-component optical materials and study of the composition structure of these materials. Loses in these glasses were reduced as far as 60 db/cm which was the best result in the Soviet Union.
Studies were carried out also on the design of optical gradient elements. Stable (relative to radiation) optical materials were obtained under the high frequency field by the heating method. Investigations on the synthesis of transparent glasses on infrared range were carried out as well.
Optical super-sensitive gauges were designed on the basis of two-kernel fibers. Working patterns of optical switching systems on fiber wave-guides were processed and designed in the chair.
Combination of polistor-electronies with optical bearer of input & output information made possible to create closed and full elementary basis for multi-value computers.
More than 300 scientific papers on the bases of obtained results were published in highly esteemed international and domestic journals. Applied results are defended by more than 10 patents.
Some of the obtained results which have applied significance were exhibited on the people’s Armenian industry exhibition in 80’s.
Since 70’s the chair closely cooperated with the chairs of general physics and wave processes of the physics department of MSU, the Institutes of Physics and General Physics of AS of USSR (Moscow), the State Optics Institute (St. Petersburg).
At present the Optics chair closely cooperates with a number of acknowledged scientific centers such as the Laboratory of statistic physics of the Ecole Normal Superior of Paris; the laboratory of physics of Ecole Normal Superior; of Lyon; the National Institute of Optics of Florence; Institute of Applied Physics, Darmstate, Germany; University of Central Florida; Laval University in Quebec, Canada; the MSU International Laser Center.
The Department of Molecular Physics (before 1992 Department of Molecular Physics and Biophysics) was formed in the Physical Department of YSU at 1967 owing to the efforts of doctor of phys-math sci., professor. Vilen.M.Aslanian, who was a disciple of Leningrad School of Physics of Macromolecules (M.V.Volkenstein). It also has predetermined the main scientific direction of the Department - research of structure of synthetic and biological (DNA, RNA, proteins, membranes) macromolecules - which is kept to this day. After V.M.Aslanyan's death in 1989 his disciples basically supervise the Department: the doctor of phys-math sci., prof. Samvel Haroutiunian (1994-2000), the doctor of phys-math sci., prof. Vladimir Morozov (2000-2005), the Yeva Dalyan (from 2006 up to now). And short period (1992-1993г) the Department supervised by doctor of phys-math sci., prof. Sergey Arakelyan (YSU, Department of Optics).
• experimental and theoretical study of conformational changes in the molecules of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) at the interaction with ligands. As a ligands was used: metal ions, Pt(II)- and Ru(III)-containing potentially anticancer drugs, antibiotics and porphyrins and metalloporphyrins.
• investigation of UV and gamma - radiation effect on the structure of biological and synthetic macromolecules.
• experimental investigation of hydrodynamic behavior of polymer solutions.
• theoretical investigation of correlation between chemical and spatial structures of biopolymers and their functions.
Development of order-disorder transition theory in biopolymers.
• adsorption of ligands on the biological and synthetic membranes.
Yeva Dalyan, Volodya Vardanyan, Yevgeni Mamasakhlisov) and 7 PhD [Gagik Potikyan (supervisor V. Arakelyan), Arsen Grigoryan (supervisor V.Morozov), Artem Badasyan (supervisor V.Morozov), Ara Ghazaryan (supervisor S.Haroutiunian), Hakob Arakelyan (supervisor S.Haroutiunian), Gayane Ananyan (supervisor Y.Dalyan), Lusine Aloyan (supervisor Y.Dalyan) ] theses.
1. "Hydration and Molecular Recognition" (March 1-5, 2005, Tsakhkadzor).
Nuclear Physics Department of YSU was established in 1942 by academician of NAS RA, corresponding member of NAS USSR, professor Artem Isaak Alikhanian. Prominent scientists A. I. Alikhanov, A. B. Migdal, A. D. Landau, I. Ya. Pomeranchuk, P. L. Kapitsa, L. A. Artsimovich and others played an important role in standing of Nuclear Physics in Armenia and training of scientific personnel.
1961 - 1969: L. M. Ter-Mikaelyan, Academician of NAS RA, Professor.
1969 - 1973: A. A. Vartapetyan, Academician of NAS RA, Professor.
Charged particles radiation in medium.
Nuclear and elementary particle physics.
Experimental investigations in photoproduction and electro production processes.
Experimental methods and data analysis.
At present these directions remain in the focus of the Department activity and teaching process taking into account the current developments in nuclear physics worldwide. Active participation of Armenian scientists in international collaborations on high energy physics, the development of third generation light source CANDLE in Armenia and the highlights for the construction of a new nuclear power plant in Armenia define the level and the educational programs for students in Bachelor and Master courses of the department.
STAR-NET network for Education in Nuclear physics, Austria.
The courses and diploma terms at the Department are being renewed annually according to modern developments in nuclear physics. | 2019-04-22T22:12:51Z | http://ysu.am/faculties/en/Physics/section/structure |
A mobile device that receives a streaming content that it shares with other devices in its vicinity/proximity. The mobile device comprises a communication circuitry that facilitates establishing a communication link with a plurality of other mobile devices. The mobile device receives the streaming content and shares it with substantial synchronization with the plurality of other mobile devices in real time employing the communication circuitry. The mobile device manages synchronized viewing of the streaming content with the plurality of other mobile devices by coordinating pauses, buffering, resumptions, restarts and terminations based on events reported by the mobile device and by the plurality of other mobile devices it is communicatively coupled with.
The present application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 11/891,193 entitled MOBILE DEVICE CAPABLE OF SHARING SMS MESSAGES, EMAIL SCREEN DISPLAY LOCALLY WITH OTHER DEVICES (Attorney Docket No. 23041US03), filed on Aug. 8, 2007, the complete subject matter of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety. The application Ser. No. 11/891,193 was a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 11/810,597 entitled MOBILE DEVICE SHARING PICTURES, STREAMING MEDIA AND CALLS LOCALLY WITH OTHER DEVICES (Attorney Docket No. BRR2006US02-U1), filed on Jun. 5, 2007, the complete subject matter of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.
The present application makes reference to, claims priority to, and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/837,664 entitled MOBILE DEVICE CAPABLE OF SHARING SMS MESSAGES, EMAIL SCREEN DISPLAY LOCALLY WITH OTHER DEVICES (Attorney Docket No. BRR2006US03) filed on Aug. 14, 2006, the complete subject matter of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.
The present application makes reference to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/819,464 entitled MOBILE DEVICE SHARING PICTURES, STREAMING MEDIA AND CALLS LOCALLY WITH OTHER DEVICES, filed on Jul. 7, 2006, the complete subject matter of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.
The present invention relates generally to the interactions between mobile device and other devices, and more specifically to the localized sharing of streaming content, email, SMS and other content with other mobile devices.
Sometimes, when a user receives a SMS message, the user may want to share it with a friend or spouse in physical proximity, but yet not close enough to view the mobile device. However, forwarding or resending the received SMS to share it with others will incur additional charges, and will also require the availability of the wireless network and services, which may be inaccessible. Similarly, email received by a user cannot be shared with others in close proximity without rerouting it back to the wireless network and back to the mobile devices of the others. In addition, there may be additional costs incurred or resources needed to forward the emails (as is done over the Internet typically).
In general, for a user of a mobile device to share the information displayed on the mobile device with others in proximity, the user has to ask them to assemble around the mobile device and make them view the display on the mobile device. This is fairly limiting and not a good user experience, especially since the screen on the mobile devices are small and not convenient for simultaneous viewing by a group of people.
Quite often a user may want to share the content on his mobile device. The user has no easy way to share the viewing or listening experience with others in the premises without using the wireless network (to reroute the data/information for sharing), with extra costs associated with such sharing, and with the need to have the wireless network currently accessible and available. For example, this may not be possible inside buildings or tunnels or trains where wireless network access is often a problem.
Some mobile phones can receive MP3 songs etc. from a media store such as iTunes. However, they cannot share it with their friends how might have mobile devices of their own in proximity. They have to ask their friends to individually access them (by searching for the content, downloading them, etc.). Shared experience is not easy, especially simultaneous viewing/hearing of media that is available on the Internet. The problem with a group of friends individually downloading a media file, or watching it as it is streamed is that such group viewing where each user individually downloads from a remote server is prone to a lot of problems, not least of which is that they are experiencing a different part or a different portion of the media at any given time. It is a poor and noisy, if not a chaotic attempt at a shared experience.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art through comparison of such systems with the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.
The present invention is directed to apparatus and methods of operation that are further described in the following Brief Description of the Drawings, the Detailed Description of the Invention, and the claims. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention made with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 7 is a perspective block diagram of a local sharing environment wherein a wireless network provides various kinds of data services to a source mobile device, such as email, SMS, MMS and broadcast media.
FIG. 8 is a perspective block diagram of a local sharing environment wherein a network provides access to a media server, a video server, an audio server and a document server for accessing various kinds of media/information that is shared locally with other devices in proximity.
FIG. 9 is a network comprising a plurality of devices that communicate, wherein the devices can share content with each other.
FIG. 10 is a mobile device that receives a streaming content that it shares with other devices in its vicinity/proximity.
FIG. 1 is a perspective diagram of a mobile device 107 that is capable of locally sharing streaming media, emails, SMS messages and data displayed on the mobile device 107 with other devices in proximity, such as the mobile device 157. The mobile device 107 is part of a network 105, such as a wireless network, with access to voice and data services that make it possible for it to receive SMS, email and other types of data. The mobile device 107 is communicatively coupled with an SMSC 167 that provides SMS messages sent by other people, that can be viewed on the mobile device 107. It is also communicatively coupled to a broadcast server 109 and an audio server 129 via a WLAN or cellular wireless connections. The mobile device 107 can be used by an user to download audio and video content such as mp3, wma, MPEG2, MPEG3, etc. The mobile device 107 is communicatively coupled with the broadcast server 109, such as a DVBH server or a TV broadcast station, and to an audio server 129, such as an Apple iTunes server, a real-audio based streaming server, etc.
The mobile device 107 employs a local sharing manager 177 that makes it possible to share data with other mobile devices, such as a mobile device 157, for specific types of data managed or manipulated by client applications. For example, an email received by the email client 125 in the mobile device 107 is shared with the mobile device 157. Similarly, an SMS message received by the SMS client 123 in the mobile device 107 is shared with the mobile device 157. The local sharing manager 177 in the mobile device 107 facilitates the sharing of the SMS messages and the email messages with other devices in proximity, such as the mobile device 157 in local communication proximity.
In one embodiment, the email client 125 receives an email message from a mail server (such as an Exchange server) and the user reviews the email message received. When the user then decides to share the received email message with his spouse or friend using the mobile device 157, the user activates a local sharing key, for example a soft key. In response, the received email message is transferred to the mobile device 157 for local sharing, i.e. for display on the mobile device 157. Specifically, the email client 125 responds to the activation of the local sharing key by determining the email to be shared, packing the email data into a email packet for transfer to the mobile device 157, communicating the email packet to the local sharing manager of the mobile device 157, and confirming the communication of the email packet to the user of the mobile device 107 (such as via a display of a message box).
In one embodiment, the SMS client 123 receives a SMS message from a SMSC server (in a wireless network) and the user reviews the SMS message received. When the user then decides to share the received SMS message with his spouse or friend using the mobile device 157, the user activates a local sharing key, for example a soft key. In response, the received SMS message is transferred to the mobile device 157 for local sharing, i.e. for display on the mobile device 157. Specifically, the SMS client 123 responds to the activation of the local sharing key by determining the SMS message to be shared, packing the SMS data into a SMS packet for transfer to the mobile device 157, communicating the SMS packet to the local sharing manager of the mobile device 157, and confirming the communication of the SMS packet to the user of the mobile device 107 (such as via a display of a message box).
The mobile device 107 employs a local transmission and reception component 173, which is often a low power communication means such as Bluetooth, to communicate with the mobile device 157. The local sharing manager 177 in the mobile device 107 manages the establishment of the communication with the mobile device 157 and the subsequent local sharing, and the local transmission and reception component 173 supports local sharing as and when required, by providing one way, two way local or multi-point communication means (as necessary) between the mobile device 107 and the mobile device 157. For example, to locally share email and SMS messages, in one embodiment, the local transmission and reception component 173 provides a one-way communication such that the mobile device can share an email packet or an SMS packet with the mobile device 157.
The local sharing manager 177 facilitates sharing of instant messages, SMS messages and email messages received by the mobile device 107, such sharing occurring without the use of the cellular wireless network (or the wireless LAN network) on which the mobile device 107 typically operates. Thus, the local transmission and reception component 173 employs a protocol other than the RF protocols used for GSM or CDMA based wireless networking. It is based on protocols used for low power communication of devices that are in proximity, such as devices that are within 1 feet to 30 feet of each other, such as Bluetooth, or in some cases, 802.11 based protocols.
The local sharing manager 177 makes it possible to share the content currently being rendered, played or displayed by a mobile device 107, with another mobile device 157 in its vicinity. The sharing client 175 also makes it possible to share the audio content currently being rendered, played or displayed by an audio client/player 163 in the mobile device 107. For example, the audio client 163 may be an Apple iTunes client, another MP3 player client, etc. In one embodiment, the local sharing manager 177 simultaneously conducts local sharing, such as that of an email as well as a streaming audio, etc.
The local sharing manager 177 makes it possible to share specific stored or streaming content (audio, or video) that is currently being displayed, played or rendered by a typical client in the mobile device 107, (such as the audio client 163 or the media player 127) with another mobile device in its proximity, such as the mobile device 157.
In one embodiment, the recipient mobile device 157 also comprises a local sharing manager 177 that is capable of negotiating sharing of email, SMS, media streams and other content with the local sharing manager 177 of the source mobile device 107. For example, it is capable of negotiating a channel for communication, buffer sizes, etc. In a related embodiment, the recipient mobile device 157 also comprises local sharing manager 177 that is capable of temporarily suspending sharing when an incoming phone call is received on it. It is also able to terminate sharing and letting local sharing manager 177 of the source mobile device 107 know that it is pausing or terminating sharing. In general, the recipient mobile device 157 is capable of starting, stopping, pausing and otherwise controlling the sharing of media streams and content with the local sharing manager 177 of the source mobile device 107.
The mobile device 107 is also capable of printing emails, SMS pictures, etc. using the local sharing manager 177, a printer manager 121, a printer 151 being used to print them using local sharing means. In one embodiment, the printer 151 comprises a local sharing manager component that makes it possible for the mobile device 107 to interact with and communicate the email, SMS message, picture and other information to the printer 151. In a related embodiment, the printer 151 employs an adapter (wireless or wired) that provides it with the facilities needed to interact with the mobile device 107 to provide local sharing printing support.
A display manager 175 in the mobile device 107 is used to manage what is displayed in the display of the mobile device 107. It is used to manage the display of text, graphics, video, etc. on an LCD screen (or other screens) on the mobile device. The display manager is implemented as hardware (chipset) in one embodiment and as a combination of hardware and software in another embodiment. The display manager 175 is used to print whatever is currently displayed in the mobile device 107, onto the printer 151. It employs the services of a print manager 121 to conduct printing on the printer 151, which in turn employs the services of the local sharing manager 177, if necessary, to establish communications with the printer 151 employing local sharing means.
The source mobile device 107 and the target device 157 (which may or may not be a mobile device) are capable of communicating over a locally sharing communication means, that is different from a wireless communication means, such as 3G, GSM, CDMA, GPRS, etc. typically employed for communication between the first mobile device 107 and a wireless network with which it is associated.
Using a local sharing manager, the mobile device 107 shares incoming calls, email, SMS messages, MMS messages, streaming media, pictures, etc. locally (without employing the cellular wireless network) with a target mobile device 157. The target mobile device 157 may also have a similar local sharing manager and be able to share locally with the mobile device 107.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart 205 showing typical usage of a source mobile device 107, in accordance with the present invention, for sharing a SMS message received by the source mobile device 107 with another recipient mobile device 157. At a start block 207, the source mobile device receives a SMS message that a user can choose to view. Then the user can store it locally on the mobile device, delete it, or store it on the network side on a server. Then, at a next block 209, the local sharing manager 177 is activated in the source mobile device 107 by the user in order to share the received SMS message, which typically is the currently viewed SMS, with another person in communicative proximity (local communication, not using the cellular wireless network or equivalent IP based networks). In one embodiment, the user is prompted with a list of users (names of users) with whom the user can conduct local sharing, such a list having been registered previously with the local sharing manager 177. In a related embodiment, the local sharing manager 177 determines a list of currently available local sharing participants among a previously registered list of local sharing participants and lets a user choose one or more of the currently available local sharing participants (i.e. their mobile devices) as targets for sharing. The local sharing may be preconfigured such that the list of one or more recipient devices is known to the source mobile device 107. In one embodiment, the local sharing may also be accompanied by a discovery process where, based on user input that is solicited, or based on pre-configured preferences, the local sharing manager 177 discovers the target devices (such as mobile device 157) and starts negotiating the transmission of the SMS packet (or email, screen dump, etc.) to the target device(s).
Then at a next block 211, transmission of the SMS packet that comprises the SMS message occurs for the purposes of sharing locally with one or more recipient devices. The SMS client determines the content of the SMS packet, and communicates it to the local sharing manager 177 for communication to the target devices. The local sharing manager then interacts with the local transmission and reception component 173 to have the SMS packet (data packets in general) sent to the target device(s). In a related embodiment, the SMS client determines the content of the SMS packet, and communicates it directly to local transmission and reception component 173 for communication to the target device(s).
At a next block 213, receiving of the locally shared SMS packet for sharing is initiated in the target mobile device(s). The user of the target device can view the displayed SMS packet, and optionally store it. For example, the locally sharing manager in the mobile device 157 receives the locally shared SMS packet and communicates it to the SMS client in the mobile device 157 for display to the user of the mobile device 157. The user is also provided with an opportunity to save it locally in the mobile device 157.
Then, at a next block 215, the transmission of the locally shared data, such as the SMS packet, is terminated.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart 305 showing typical usage of a source mobile device 107, in accordance with the present invention, for sharing an email message received by the source mobile device 107 with another target mobile device 157. At a start block 307, the email client in the source mobile device 107 receives an email message that a user can choose to view. The user can store it locally on the mobile device 107, delete it, or store it on the network side on a server. Then, at a next block 309, the local sharing manager 177 is activated in the source mobile device 107 by the user, in order to share the received email message, which typically is the currently viewed email in the email clainet, with another person in communicative proximity (local communication, not using the cellular wireless network or equivalent IP based networks). In one embodiment, the user is prompted with a list of users (names of users) with whom the user can conduct local sharing, such a list having been registered previously with the local sharing manager 177. In a related embodiment, the local sharing manager 177 determines a list of currently available local sharing participants among a previously registered list of local sharing participants and lets a user choose one or more of the currently available local sharing participants (i.e. their mobile devices) as targets for sharing. The local sharing may be preconfigured such that the list of one or more recipient devices is known to the source mobile device 107. In one embodiment, the local sharing may also be accompanied by a discovery process where, based on user input that is solicited, or based on pre-configured preferences, the local sharing manager 177 discovers the target devices (such as mobile device 157) and starts negotiating the transmission of the email packet (or SMS, screen dump, etc.) to the target device(s).
Then at a next block 211, transmission of the email packet that comprises the email message occurs for the purposes of sharing locally with one or more recipient devices. The email client determines the content of the email packet, and communicates it to the local sharing manager 177 for communication to the target devices. The local sharing manager then interacts with the local transmission and reception component 173 to have the email packet (data packets in general) sent to the target device(s). In a related embodiment, the email client determines the content of the email packet, and communicates it directly to local transmission and reception component 173 for communication to the target device(s).
At a next block 313, receiving of the locally shared email packet for sharing is initiated in the target mobile device(s). The user of the target device can view the displayed email message in the email packet, and optionally store it. For example, the locally sharing manager in the mobile device 157 receives the locally shared email packet and communicates it to the email client in the mobile device 157 for display to the user of the mobile device 157. The user is also provided with an opportunity to save it locally in the mobile device 157.
Then, at a next block 315, the transmission of the locally shared data, such as the email packet, is terminated.
It should be noted that the sharing of a current email can be terminated by the user of the source mobile device. In addition, the recipient device also facilitates termination of sharing of the email, such as when it determines that it is about to receive its own incoming voice call.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a local sharing mobile device 107 wherein a local sharing manager in the local sharing mobile device 107 manages printing with a local sharing printer in its proximity. At a start block 407, the local sharing manager 177 is activated in the source mobile device 107. The local sharing manager 177 facilitates the discovery of other devices in proximity, including a local sharing printer, if any. In one embodiment, where the connectivity with other devices for sharing is over Bluetooth protocols, it discovers other Bluetooth devices and establishes pairing with them.
Then, at a next block 409, the user displays a picture using a picture client or a camera client, an email using an email client, an instant message using an IM client, etc. The display manager 175 facilitates the display of the email message, the picture, etc. Such a display manager 175 is equipped with the capability to share the displayed content with a local sharing printer, such as the printer 151. The user has to activate printing with a local sharing printer and the local sharing printer is sent the appropriate printing data packet comprising the picture, email, SMS message, etc.
Then, at a next block 411, the local sharing printer employs the appropriate device driver to print the information being shared. To print emails and SMS messages, it employs a simple text print driver. To print a picture, the whole screen (current screen) or an image, it employs a image print driver. Thus, appropriate drivers are employed for the different types of data being printed.
Then, at a next block 413, at the end of the data transfer, such as a picture, the printing is completed. Then, at a next block 415, the local sharing is terminated. In one embodiment, all established local connections are also terminated. In another embodiment, all established local connections are continued in anticipation of a subsequent media sharing event.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart 505 that shows the operations of local sharing mobile device 107 as it provides tracking functionality for shared data. The mobile device 107 is capable of local sharing and tracking of shared data by means of low-power local broadcasts. Local sharing broadcasts can be terminated either by a user of the sharing device or at the end of a local sharing episode, such as the end of a media stream or data that is broadcast.
At a start block 507, the local sharing manager of the source mobile device 107 is activated. The user can activate it to share received or played media, or the local sharing manager is configured to be activated when specific types of events occur, such as the receipt of email, the receipt of SMS messages, the receipt of incoming calls or the download of a song. Then, at a next block 509, local sharing occurs. For example, the low power broadcast of the media stream or media content currently being played in the source mobile device is initiated. Such broadcasts can be over a local FM radio frequency channels, over Bluetooth connections, over IrDA links, over WLAN connections, etc. In addition, the locally shared media, email, SMS, etc. is stored along with a log of the user with whom such sharing occurs, the timestamp of the sharing event, the device details of the target/recipient sharing mobile device(s), etc. For example, the tracking of the sharing event may comprise of information regarding the media or content being shared locally, the timestamp of when the sharing occurred, a target/recipient device details, user details if available, etc. Such information can be used for charging record creation, which may be subsequently used for billing purposes.
Then, at a next block 511, if user info and device detail information is not available, the local sharing manager of the source mobile device 107 queries user info and device information from the target mobile device(s) 157. Then, at a next block 513, the user information and device information are stored for tracking purposes. Finally, at the next block 515, the tracking information is displayed to the user at the end of the local sharing episode. In one embodiment, the user information and device information are not stored for tracking purposes in the block 513. Instead, at the end of the local sharing episode at the block 515, the display of tracked information, i.e. the user information and the device information and associated timestamp, occurs, with a prompt to the user to store the tracking information. If the user agrees to store the tracking information, then it is locally stored in the locally sharing source mobile device 107. In a different embodiment, the tracking also occurs in the target mobile device(s) 157 at the end of the local sharing episode.
In one embodiment, the local sharing, such as media broadcasts and sharing of email, SMS etc., are continued regardless of the presence of at least one listener, i.e. a recipient mobile device 157. In a different embodiment, the source mobile device 107 is able to determine if at least one recipient mobile device 157 is currently connected and able to listen to the shared media stream and the source mobile device 107 does not broadcast or locally share if it determines that no recipient mobile device 157 is currently able to receive the broadcasts (i.e. not connected or in the range on the low powered local broadcasts).
In one embodiment, a source mobile device 107 and a target client device 157 share media and textual messages (email, SMS, etc.) locally when the source mobile device 107 receives a media stream (such as a download of an MP3 song, or an incoming voice phone call) or email, SMS etc. The local sharing is setup by selecting a common communication channel, such as a FM station on the target mobile device(s) and the same FM station on the source mobile device 107.
FIG. 6 is a perspective block diagram of a local sharing network wherein more than one target devices 609, 611 can share media streams, emails, SMS messages, etc. locally with a source mobile device 607. Low power local communication means such as Bluetooth connectivity or IrDA, etc. are used for locally sharing data. The source mobile device with Bluetooth 607 is capable of broadcasting media streams to more than one listening client devices 609, 611 over Bluetooth connections. Thus incoming emails, SMS messages, voice calls, downloaded streaming audio songs, etc. are shared with one or more listening client devices 609, 611 by a source mobile device 607.
In one embodiment, a Bluetooth based broadcast of locally sharable data, such as screen shots or pictures taken by a camera, is facilitated by the local sharing manager 177. Bluetooth radios connect to each other in piconets, which are formed by a master radio simultaneously connecting up to seven slave radios. As such, in a related embodiment, up to seven target listening devices are able to receive shared media streams transmitted by a source mobile device 107, such as a mobile phone.
In particular, the source mobile device with local sharing 607 is capable of sharing email, SMS messages, pictures, etc. with the target device with local sharing 609 but also with a target printer with local sharing 611.
FIG. 7 is a perspective block diagram of a local sharing environment 705 wherein a wireless network 721 provides various kinds of data services to a source mobile device 707, such as email, SMS, MMS and broadcast media. The source mobile device 707 is capable of receiving online broadcast data, email messages, SMS messages, multi-media messages as well as voice calls. The source mobile device 707 receives them and shares them locally with one or more listening client devices 709, 711. The local sharing conducted by the mobile device 707 with the one or more listening client devices 709, 711 does not involve the wireless network 721. Only the source mobile device 707 is directly connected to or associated with the wireless network 721. The listening clients 709, 711 may not even be on the same wireless network 721—instead they may be subscribers of a different wireless (or wired) network altogether.
The source mobile device 707 employs 3G, GPRS, GSM, VOIP, CDMA, WCDMA, UMTS or other standard wireless protocols to interact with the wireless network 721, and with an email server 715, an SMS center 717, an MMS serve 719 or a call client device via the wireless network 721. It uses other low power local sharing protocols to locally share content, such as received emails, SMS messages, MMS messages, voice calls or streaming media, with the listening client devices 709, 711. For example, it employs Bluetooth or 802.11 based protocols for local sharing.
A set of menus are provided by the source mobile device 707 to let the user initiate local sharing, provide information that can help in the configuration of local sharing and for the termination of local sharing of received calls and broadcast/multicast media. Broadcast media received are retransmitted to the local client devices 709, 711, over different communication means than the one they are received on. Multicast media may selectively forwarded to local client devices 709, 711 using appropriate protocol translations or bridging.
FIG. 8 is a perspective block diagram of a local sharing environment 805 wherein a network 821 provides access to a media server 815, a video server 817, an audio server 819, a document server 841 and a content delivery network 845 for accessing various kinds of media/information that is shared locally by a source device 807 with other devices in proximity, such as a local client device 809, a local sharing client device 811 and a local sharing client device 831. More specifically, the local client device 809 listens to shared content but does not share its own content with other local devices. The local sharing client device 811 not only listens to shared content provided and presents it to a user but also shares content that it receives. The local sharing client device 831 can only share its content—it does not listen/present content shared by other devices 807, 809, 811 in proximity. Thus a variety of sharing modes and sharing devices are supported by the present invention. The local sharing client device 811 is a tablet device, a mobile device (such as a cell phone, PDA, etc.), a laptop, a Wifi router, a computer, etc. in some embodiments. The use of other devices to be used as local sharing client device 811 is also contemplated.
A sharing client module or application in the devices 807, 809, 811 implements a player stream acquisition retry logic that allows also enables the sharing client module/application to automatically reconnect, if it is temporarily disconnected from a shared media stream (such as due to issues with connectivity issues, coverage issues etc. on the associated devices). If after multiple retries the sharing client is still unable to make a connection to the stream, a message is displayed stating that the sharing client is unable to connect to the shared media stream.
An XML feed that contains metadata and URLs for shared content thumbnails and media assets, if available, is shared by the source mobile device 807 with the other devices with which it shares a content. This XML feed is used, for example, by an appropriate content player/renderer on the receiving device, such as by a video player to populate and play the shared content.
Often times, content such as video is encoded at several variable resolutions and several bitrates by a content provider, and a content delivery network 845 provides access to this content at an appropriate resolution and bitrate required by a source mobile device 807. Thus, the source mobile device 807 determines an appropriate resolution and bitrate factoring in the type of devices it is locally sharing with, or by dynamically determining synchronization issues other devices receiving the shared content seem to be experiencing. The source mobile device 807 thus determines an appropriate resolution and bitrate for the shared content, if it is an audio content or a video content, based on capabilities of other devices, or based on actual audio and video latencies, delays, synchronization problems, missed data, or buffering problems reported or experienced by the other devices it is currently sharing with. It then requests, for example the media server 815 or the video server 817, to provide the shared content employing the appropriate resolution and bitrate for the shared content. Thus, it makes use of techniques such as adaptive bitrate streaming supported by servers. In one embodiment, the source mobile device 807 selectively denies content sharing with a local device, such as the local sharing client device 811 for example, if it determines that the resolution and bitrates currently supported or requested by local sharing client device 811 is not appropriate for a good user experience, or is inappropriate (for example, not supported by) for other devices involved in local sharing experience. The source mobile device 807 can also selectively (based on configuration, user preferences, etc.) specify a condition for inclusion of a local device for locally sharing content, wherein the condition comprises a minimum resolution and bitrate. Thus devices that do not meet that criteria are not included in local sharing of some types of content (this can be for specific types of criteria, for example). In addition, if a device, such as local client device 809, that had previously requested a low resolution or a bitrate for a shared content subsequently indicates that is can handle a higher resolution and/or a bitrate, the source mobile device 807 attempts to bump up the resolution and bitrate for that content (such as by requesting a provider, such as the content delivery network 845, or the video server 817, etc.). This is done, in one related embodiment, after it determines if any of the other devices currently sharing have no problems with such changes, or are capable of handling the content at a higher resolution/bitrate, etc.
In one embodiment, the local sharing can be over different local sharing technologies—some local devices may employ Bluetooth and its variations, others can employ WiFi and the variations of WiFI, and some may even employ IR or microwave based technologies. Thus, individual local devices 807, 809, 811 and 831 may share their content employing one or more different local communication technologies and protocols. For example, communication link 825 and 823 may be based on 802.11n while communication link 831 may be Bluetooth based.
In one embodiment, the local sharing is “synchronized”, i.e. media that is shared is in substantially synchrony across all the shared device. Thus, a viewer viewing a shared media on one of the local devices, such as local client device 809, will be experiencing substantially similar audio and video presentation to those experienced by a user of the local sharing client device 811, i.e. they will be listening to the same segment (or substantially similar portion) of a song/music being shared, or viewing the same portion (or substantially similar portion) of the video currently being locally shared by the source mobile device 807. The source mobile device 807, for example, sends timecodes, using which the receiving devices that locally share content synchronize their presentation of content. For example, source mobile device 807 simply transmits timecodes and the receiving devices, such as local client device 809, seeks to the timecode, for example, when it is more than one second out of sync. If one of the receiving devices request a pause, the source mobile device 807 pauses and transmits a timecode at which the pause occurred.
In one related embodiment, to support synchronization, shared media is synchronized by the source mobile device 807 and the receiving local client devices 809, 811 using vertical interval time code (VITC), a form of SMPTE time code embedded as a pair of black and white bars in a video signal. Thus an encoder would employ VITC for encoding shared media. Encoders can also be synched using linear or longitudinal time code (LTC), which encodes SMPTE time code data as a Manchester-Biphase encoded audio signal. The use of other forms of timecodes is also anticipated.
In one embodiment, the receiving device in a locally sharing environment 805 may decide not to have synchronization, and present locally share content without attempting any synchronization. For example, the local client device 809 (actually a client app or module) can decide not to display a received content in a “synchronized” mode, based on user instructions, because of an inability to support synchronization, etc. It can then receive and display the shared content (such as a music video, a song, a movie, etc.) without synchronization while the other devices participating in the sharing, such as the source mobile device 807 and the local sharing client device 811, may continue to employ synchronization techniques such as VITC to experience a synchronized display/presentation/rendering of locally shared content.
In one embodiment, the source mobile device 807 receives a first content from an external server, such as the video server 817, with which it is communicatively coupled. It then dynamically retrieves a currently supportable parameters from the plurality of local client/mobile devices 809, 811 and determines an appropriate parameter set, wherein the supportable parameters retrieved from the plurality of local client/mobile devices 809, 811 each comprises at least a resolution and a bitrate. Frame rate is also useful in such selections to be used as a criteria. The source mobile device 807 communicates the appropriate parameter set to the external server 817 and from then onwards receives the first content based on the communicated appropriate parameter set. Thus, in the middle of the process of receiving a streaming media, or streaming content, especially one that has been provided by a content provider with multiple resolutions and multiple bitrates, the source mobile device 807 can change the requested resolution, bitrate, etc. and thus modify the bandwidth used, etc. It can then support more number of devices locally by factoring in their limitations and dynamically changing capabilities (that may vary by network coverage, load, battery status, temperature, etc.).
The local sharing environment 805 also supports adding new devices in the middle of a sharing event, selectively terminating/dropping devices during sharing, etc. It also supports assigning one device as a proxy to a sharing device (one that wants to share), and conducting sharing with other devices via the proxy device on behalf of the sharing device (the one that initiated sharing of content). It also supports receiving an audio on the Internet, and broadcasting it locally to other devices over FM radio frequencies by the source mobile device 807. Similarly, the source mobile device 807 can receive a video (such as a movie clip from YouTube or some such Internet server, etc.) and rebroadcast locally to other devices in proximity, such as local client device 809, and this rebroadcast can occur over WiFi, Bluetooth, or some other local communication means 825.
In one embodiment, the source mobile device 807 receives a content that it wants to share, from an external server 845, 815,817 or 819. It presents it to a user of the source mobile device 807. It also forwards it to the local sharing client device 831 for storage. The other client devices 809 and 811 receive an instruction to share the content locally, by getting it from the local sharing client device 831 where it has been stored and is available. In a related embodiment, the sharing is synchronized such that all the locally sharing devices 807, 809 and 811 are able to present the content to associated users in a substantially synchronized mode. In a related embodiment, the local sharing client device 831 is a network storage server (NAS) that is able to support simultaneous access of streaming content by the other local client devices 809, 811, such as over IP based streaming connections. In a related embodiment, the local sharing client device 831 is a streaming server (such as Wowza) and consumes a live RTMP stream provided by the source mobile device 807 and while it also provides a multicast streaming to the local client device 809 and the local sharing client device 811, in either RTMP, RTSP or HTTP Live. The streaming between the local sharing client device 831 and the local client device 809 and the local sharing client device 811 is also possible over each stream is a unicast stream for each device from the local sharing client device 831.
In one related embodiment, the source mobile device 807 adds cue points to the live stream it receives, which it communicates (those cuepoints in the order they appear) to other devices it wants to share with, or to the local sharing client device 831 which does the local sharing as a proxy for the source mobile device 807. Then, by sharing the cuepoints with other local sharing devices (over UDP for example, one cuepoint at a time), the source mobile device 807 can prompt the other devices to “synch up” to those cuepoints. This might require the source mobile device 807 to delay the local presentation of the received steaming content by a certain amount (2 seconds for example initially, or a configured number of frames, etc.), so as to provide sufficient delay to provide other devices the possibility of synching up.
In one embodiment, the source mobile device 807 implements intra-stream synchronization schemes that are based on data buffering and on the introduction of a delay before the play-out of buffered data packets (i.e., frames). Those synchronization schemes are rigid in some embodiments or adaptive in others. In rigid schemes, the play-out delay is chosen a priori in such a way that it accounts for the maximum network transfer delay that can likely occur across the local sharing client devices 809, 811. Rigid synchronization schemes work under a worst-case scenario assumption and accept the introduction of delays that may be longer than necessary, in order to maximize the synchronization guarantees they can offer even under demanding situations.
In some embodiments, the present invention employs synchronization schemes that compute (by the source mobile device 807, for example) the delay parameter continuously while streaming: an attempt is made to “guess” the minimum delay that can be introduced, while still ensuring synchronization under actual operating conditions. In order to enhance quality of service in terms of minimized play-out delay, those schemes accept some temporary synchronization inconsistencies and/or some data loss, in case the computed delay results are at times insufficient (due, e.g., to variations in network conditions) and may need to be corrected on the fly.
In one embodiment, the present invention employs an approach where frame rates are sacrificed to achieve synchronization. For example, the source mobile device 807 acts as a central controller that coordinates the behavior of other local sharing client devices 809, 811, and configures them to employ proper frame rates, synchronization schemes, buffer sizes, etc. Other synchronization schemes are also contemplated.
In one embodiment, a mobile device 807 shares content in a network that comprises a plurality of mobile devices 807, 809, 811, 831 that communicate with each other. The mobile device 807 shares a first content for simultaneous presentation with a first device 809, a second device 811 and a third device 831 among the plurality of devices, wherein the display of the first content in the mobile device 807 is substantially synchronized with its corresponding display in the first device 807, the second device 811 and the third device 831. The mobile device 807 receives from the second device 811 a first signal and pauses sharing of the first content. It subsequently receives from the second device 811 a second signal and resumes sharing of the first content. Later, the first device 809 continues to share the first content with the second device 11 on resumption of local sharing. If the mobile device 807 determines that the first content comprises synchronization information. It then synchronizes the local presentation of the first content employing the synchronization information. For example, it can communicate over UDP with the other devices in proximity and provide timecodes, or cuecodes (that provide cue to a reference point in the content) which the other devices can use to seek synchronization. In a related embodiment, a client in the mobile device is responsible for managing sharing of content, synchronization of content, etc.
The mobile device 807 receives from the second device 811 signals to start, stop, pause or otherwise control the sharing of the first content. It also responds appropriately to the received signals and manages the sharing of the first content.
In another embodiment, the local client device 809 is an IPTV and the source mobile device 807 locally shares a received content with the IPTV 809.
FIG. 9 is a network 905 comprising a plurality of devices that communicate, wherein the devices can share content with each other. The network comprises a first device 907 among the plurality of devices sharing a first content for simultaneous presentation with a second device 909 and a third device 911 among the plurality of devices. The second device 909 communicates a first signal and pauses receipt of the first content shared by the first device 907 with the second device 909. The second device 909 subsequently communicates a second signal and resumes receipt of the first content in the second device 909. The first device 907 continues to share the first content with the second device 909 on resumption. The second device 909 starts, stops, pauses and otherwise controls the sharing of the first content by the first device 907. The first device 907 continues to share the first content with the third device 911 when the second device communicates a pause signal and pauses receipt of the first content.
In one embodiment, the first device 907 initiates the sharing of the first content, negotiates the transmission of the first content, starts, stops, pauses and controls the sharing of the first content with the those of the plurality of devices with which it simultaneously presents the first content. The first device 907 receives an incoming phone call and shares it with the plurality of devices 909, 911 after pausing the sharing of the first content for the duration of the incoming phone call.
In one embodiment, the first device 907 facilitates activation, by a user, of sharing of the first content from the first device 907, wherein the first content comprises synchronization information. The first device 907 facilitates substantially synchronized audio and video experience by the corresponding users of those of the plurality of devices 909, 911 with which it simultaneously shares the first content.
In another embodiment, the first device 907 receives the first content from an external server with which it is communicatively coupled. The first device 907 dynamically retrieves a currently supportable parameters from the plurality of mobile devices 909, 911 and determines an appropriate parameter set, wherein the supportable parameters retrieved from the plurality of mobile devices 909, 911 each comprises at least a resolution and a bitrate. The first device communicates the appropriate parameter set to the external server and receives the first content based on the communicated appropriate parameter set.
In yet another embodiment, the first device 907 pauses the sharing of the first content with the second device 909 and the third device 911 on receipt of the first signal from the second device or on the determination of the occurrence of an event of interest. It discovers another one 951 of the plurality of devices 909, 911, 951 as a new target available for sharing the first content and adds it as an additional recipient device for sharing of the first content by the network in the middle of the shared viewing of the media content by the first device 907 with the second device 909 and the third device 911. The newly added device 951 receives the remaining portion of the first content for substantially simultaneous consumption of the first content. (Alternatively, it starts the shared content from its beginning).
In one embodiment, the first device 907 solicits initiation and optional configuration of local sharing of the first content by a user of the first device 907 employing appropriate set of menus and prompts provided by the first device 907.
In a different embodiment, the first content is one of a broadcast content, a streaming content and a downloaded content. Each of the plurality of devices 907, 909, 911, 951 comprise a local sharing manager 961 that facilitates starting, stopping, pausing, resuming and otherwise controlling the sharing of the first content. The local sharing manager 961 in each of the plurality of devices 907, 909, 911, 951 is capable of receiving the first content and retransmitting it to the others of the plurality of devices for local sharing.
In one embodiment, the first device 907 communicates a synchronization information to the others of the plurality of devices 909, 911, 951 it is currently sharing first content with and in response, the others of the plurality of devices 909, 911, 951 ensure substantially synchronous presentation of the first content based on the synchronization information. In a related embodiment, the third device 911 buffers a portion of the first content that is being shared and the second device 909 receives the portion of the first content buffered by the third device 911, after communicating the resume signal. In addition, the second device 909 also resumes receipt of the first content from the first device 907 while it presents the portion of the first content buffered by the third device 911.
FIG. 10 is a mobile device 1007 that receives a streaming content that it shares with other devices in its vicinity/proximity. The mobile device 1007 comprises a communication circuitry 1073 that facilitates establishing a communication link with a plurality of other mobile devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087. The mobile device 1007 receives the streaming content and shares it with substantial synchronization with the plurality of other mobile devices 1057 in real time employing the communication circuitry 1073. The mobile device 1007 manages synchronized viewing of the streaming content with the plurality of other mobile devices 1057 by coordinating pauses, buffering, resumptions, restarts and terminations based on events reported by the mobile device and by the plurality of other mobile devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 it is communicatively coupled with.
The mobile device 1007 comprises a streaming media player 1027 that is capable of receiving and playing streaming media (songs, movies, video clips, etc.), buffers 1023, a local sharing manager 1077, a network storage manager 1013, a firmware 1017 and an operating system (OS) 1019. Employing the local sharing manager 1077, the streaming media player 1027 shares any media/content it is currently displaying/presenting to a user. Employing the network storage manager 1013, the streaming media player 1027 stores media/content it has received (or is currently receiving/presenting) into a network access manager (not shown) that it is communicatively coupled to. It also comprises an FM radio transmitting/receiving circuitry 1077 that facilitates receiving media over FM radio waves, transmitting media over FM radio waves (for sharing locally), etc. For example, the mobile device 1007 can receive an audio program from the streaming audio serve 1029 and broadcast it over the FM radio transmitting/receiving circuitry 1077 locally in order to share it with other mobile devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087. It coordinates the sharing by sending details of the audio program to the other mobile devices 1057, such details, for example, comprising of a trigger to start sharing, the creator of the audio program, a title for it and other details associated with the program, an identification for an channel for sharing (receiving over the identified FM channel), etc.
In one embodiment, the mobile device 1007 comprises at least one buffer 1023 and the mobile device queues up at least a portion of the streaming content in the at least one buffer 1023 when any one of the plurality of other mobile devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 or the mobile device 10007 initiates a pause signal. The mobile device 1007 distributes the buffered at least a portion of the streaming content to the plurality of other mobile devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 when the device that initiated the pause signal subsequently communicates a resume signal.
In one embodiment, the mobile device 1007 receives or retrieves supportable parameters from the plurality of other mobile devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 and the mobile device 1007 determines an appropriate parameter set from the supportable parameters received or retrieved from the plurality of other mobile devices 1057. It employs the appropriate parameter set in receiving or retrieving the streaming content from an external server, such as a streaming media server 1009, a streaming audio server 129, or even an external mobile device (not shown).
In another embodiment, the mobile device 1007 simultaneously shares the streaming content with the plurality of other devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 and pauses sharing with all of them based upon a first event, resumes sharing based on a second event, and terminates sharing based on a third event.
In a different embodiment, the mobile device 1007 tracks the sharing activity by collecting information regarding the content being shared locally with the plurality of other mobile devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 the timestamp of when the sharing occurred, a device details of the plurality of other devices 1057 that participate in sharing, and user details if available.
In one embodiment, the streaming media player 1027 is integrated/merged with the local sharing manager 1077, and is capable of playing streaming media (presenting it to a user), sharing streaming media (such as by retransmitting, rebroadcasting, storing in NAS for coordinated and/or synchronized access by other mobile devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 etc.), forwarding interactive media, etc.
In one embodiment, the other mobile devices are one of a computer, a tablet, a laptop, a PDA, a WiFi router, a NAS, a cellular phone, an IPTV, and an IP Phone. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the first device 1083 is a cellular mobile device, the second device is a 1085 tablet device, and the third device 1087 is an IPTV.
The mobile device 1007 shares a first content for simultaneous presentation with a first device 1083, a second device 1085 and a third device 1087 among the plurality of devices, wherein the display of the first content in the mobile device 1007 is substantially synchronized with its corresponding display in the first device 1083, the second device 1085 and the third device 1087. The mobile device 1007 receives from the second device a first signal and pauses sharing of the first content. The mobile device 1007 subsequently receives from the second device 1085 a second signal and resumes sharing of the first content. The mobile device 1007 continues to share the first content with the second device 1085 on resumption.
In one embodiment, the mobile device 1007 receives from the second device 1085 signals to start, stop, pause or otherwise control the sharing of the first content. It acts appropriately in response to the signals and manages the sharing of the first content. In a different embodiment, the mobile device 1007 receives the first content from an external server, such as the streaming media server 1009 over Internet, and shares it with the plurality of devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087. The mobile device 1007 dynamically retrieves currently supportable parameters from the plurality of devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 and determines an appropriate parameter set, wherein the supportable parameters comprise a resolution, a bitrate and frame rate. It communicates the appropriate parameter set to the external server, such as the streaming media server 1009, and receives the first content based on the communicated appropriate parameter set. The mobile device 1007 continues the sharing of the first content with the plurality of devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087. In a related embodiment the mobile device 1007 shares the first content as it is received, in real time, from an external server, such as the streaming media server 1009.
In another embodiment, the mobile device 1007 shares the first content as it is received from an external server with a networked access server (NAS) 1081 or a local media server 1091 (a local one in the premises, that TVs, PCs, music systems and other local devices interact with and retrieve music, videos, etc.) communicatively coupled to the mobile device 1007 and to the plurality of devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087, for sharing it with the plurality of devices in real time, and determining a reference to it. The reference is a URL, using which the plurality of mobile devices can access the first content, play it back (in real time too). The reference is a unique identification in another related embodiment. Other types of references are also contemplated. The mobile device 1007 communicates the reference to the plurality of devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 for substantially synchronized viewing with the plurality of devices.
a. Communicates a message to the NAS 1081 to instruct it to store it, and make it accessible, as it is being stored, to the other devices for shared substantially synchronized access.
d. As needed, communicated synchronization information, instructing the others of the plurality of devices 1057, 1083, 1085, 1087 to synch up to appropriate cuepoints or markers on the streaming media that facilitates substantially synchronized presentation across all the devices participating in the shared viewing.
The terms “circuit” and “circuitry” as used herein may refer to an independent circuit or to a portion of a multifunctional circuit that performs multiple underlying functions. For example, depending on the embodiment, processing circuitry may be implemented as a single chip processor or as a plurality of processing chips. Likewise, a first circuit and a second circuit may be combined in one embodiment into a single circuit or, in another embodiment, operate independently perhaps in separate chips. The term “chip”, as used herein, refers to an integrated circuit. Circuits and circuitry may comprise general or specific purpose hardware, or may comprise such hardware and associated software such as firmware or object code.
The terms “media” and “content” as used herein may refer to music, recorded voice inputs that a user records, videos, video clips, live transmissions of music and programs, and multimedia information accessed by a user. The media and content may be received by a mobile device in MP3 format, AMR format, WMA format, WMV, AVI format, MP4, MPEG based formats, DVD formats, HDDVD formats, PDF, PPT, Silverlight Smooth Streaming formats, etc.
The term “SMS” as used herein may refer to a textual content delivered over a text based messaging system, such as a text message service that can be provided over a WAP bearer (for example). It includes text messaging over IP networks, such as SMS over IP.
The term “email” as used herein may refer to textual and multi-media content delivered over an electronic mail service, such as mail and files delivered over a push or pull based mail delivery service. It includes textual and multi-media content delivered via a client pull service or a server push service.
The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of certain significant functions. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.
One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.
Moreover, although described in detail for purposes of clarity and understanding by way of the aforementioned embodiments, the present invention is not limited to such embodiments. It will be obvious to one of average skill in the art that various changes and modifications may be practiced within the spirit and scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
the first device continuing to share the first content with the second device on resumption.
2. The network of claim 1 wherein the second device starts, stops, pauses and otherwise controls the sharing of the first content by the first device.
the first device receiving an incoming phone call and sharing it with the plurality of devices after pausing the sharing of the first content for the duration of the incoming phone call.
the first device facilitates substantially synchronized audio and video experience by the corresponding users of those of the plurality of devices with which it simultaneously shares the first content.
the first device communicating the appropriate parameter set to the external server and receiving the first content based on the communicated appropriate parameter set.
the first device continuing to share the first content with the third device when the second device communicates a pause signal and pauses receipt of the first content.
the another one of the plurality of devices receiving the remaining portion of the first content for substantially simultaneous consumption of the first content.
the first device soliciting initiation and optional configuration of local sharing of the first content by a user of the first device employing appropriate set of menus and prompts provided by the first device.
the local sharing manager in each of the plurality of devices capable of receiving the first content and retransmitting it to the others of the plurality of devices for local sharing.
10. The network of claim 1 wherein the first device communicates a synchronization information to the others of the plurality of devices it is currently sharing first content with and in response, the others of the plurality of devices ensure substantially synchronous presentation of the first content based on the synchronization information.
the second device also resuming receipt of the first content from the first device while it presents the portion of the first content buffered by the third device.
the mobile device managing synchronized viewing of the streaming content with the plurality of other mobile devices by coordinating pauses, buffering, resumptions, restarts and terminations based on events reported by the mobile device and by the plurality of other mobile devices it is communicatively coupled with.
the mobile device distributing the buffered at least a portion of the streaming content to the plurality of other mobile devices when the device that initiated the pause signal subsequently communicates a resume signal.
the mobile device employing the appropriate parameter set in receiving or retrieving the streaming content from an external server.
15. The mobile device of claim 12 wherein the mobile device simultaneously shares the streaming content with the plurality of other devices and pauses sharing with all of them based upon a first event, resumes sharing based on a second event, and terminates sharing based on a third event.
16. The mobile device of claim 12 wherein the mobile device tracks the sharing activity by collecting information regarding the content being shared locally with the plurality of other mobile devices, the timestamp of when the sharing occurred, a device details of the plurality of other devices that participate in sharing, and user details if available.
the mobile device acting appropriately in response to the signals and managing the sharing of the first content.
the mobile device continuing the sharing of the first content with the plurality of mobile devices.
the mobile device communicating the reference to the plurality of mobile devices for substantially synchronized viewing with the plurality of mobile devices. | 2019-04-25T06:42:53Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120233644A1/en |
Using a combination of mathematical modelling, statistical simulation and large-scale data analysis we study the properties of linear regulatory chains (LRCs) within gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Our modelling indicates that downstream genes embedded within LRCs are highly insulated from the variation in expression of upstream genes, and thus LRCs act as attenuators. This observation implies a progressively weaker functionality of LRCs as their length increases. When analysing the preponderance of LRCs in the GRNs of E. coli K12 and several other organisms, we find that very long LRCs are essentially absent. In both E. coli and M. tuberculosis we find that four-gene LRCs are intimately linked to identical feedback loops that are involved in potentially chaotic stress response, indicating that the dynamics of these potentially destabilising motifs are strongly restrained under homeostatic conditions. The same relationship is observed in a human cancer cell line (K562), and we postulate that four-gene LRCs act as “universal attenuators”. These findings suggest a role for long LRCs in dampening variation in gene expression, thereby protecting cell identity, and in controlling dramatic shifts in cell-wide gene expression through inhibiting chaos-generating motifs.
In brief We present a general principle that linear regulatory chains exponentially attenuate the range of expression in gene regulatory networks. The discovery of a universal interplay between linear regulatory chains and genetic feedback loops in microorganisms and a human cancer cell line is analysed and discussed.
Novel interactions between four-gene linear regulatory chains and feedback loops were discovered in E. coli, M. tuberculosis and human cancer cells, suggesting a universal mechanism of control.
The behaviour of cells is controlled in large part by the coordinated activation and inhibition of thousands of genes. This coordination is achieved via a complex network of gene regulation that enables a cell to express the appropriate set of genes for a particular environment and/or phenotype. The primary mode of gene regulation is through a class of genes that encode proteins which bind to regulatory regions on the DNA. These transcription factors (TFs) activate or inhibit the expression of typically a large number of downstream target genes. Genome-wide studies of TF binding allow the construction of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that summarize the global structure of genetic interactions; each node represents a gene and an arrow between two nodes denotes the regulation of a target gene by a TF-coding gene (which we will describe for brevity as a TF unless there is potential for confusion). The dynamics of transcriptional regulation are still not fully understood .
However, over relatively long time scales, transcriptional response is generally analogue, i.e. a stronger expression of a TF gene results in a higher nuclear concentration of the TF protein and thereby a stronger activation or inhibition of the target genes [2-6].
GRNs typically contain thousands of genes and are beyond simple intuitive interpretation and understanding. Therefore, computational and mathematical approaches must be employed to gain a better understanding of the structure and function of system-level genetic interaction. One widely used approach focuses on the study of small-scale network configurations, called motifs [4, 7], and on their functional pressures. This approach has been effective in uncovering the functionality of motifs often encountered across different networks, such as the feed-forward loop and the bi-fan. The combinatorial complexity of GRNs limits the applicability of this analysis to motifs comprising more than four nodes, and complimentary ways of analysing networks are important to better understand how larger-scale topology is associated with GRN function [4, 8, 9].
In this article, we use a methodology inspired by motif analysis to study the behaviour of a particular class of network configurations that we call linear regulatory chains (LRCs). Our approach exploits the theoretical power of mathematical and statistical analysis to determine the expected behaviour of LRCs and to derive predictions that we then test on biological datasets available in the literature to obtain a better understanding of the selection pressures acting on GRNs.
For the purpose of our mathematical analysis, we define LRCs as linear chains of one-way regulation in which each node interacts with at most one node downstream and one node upstream. A given interaction can be either inhibitory or activating. Each LRC starts at the top layer (no transcriptional input) and ends at the bottom layer (no transcriptional output1) of the respective GRN. We relax this definition when studying real GRN datasets, and define LRCs as linear chains of genes which form a causal chain of transcriptional interaction, without placing restrictions on the number of connections to any given node.
While our analysis is focussed here on transcriptional interactions, the generality of network modelling allows the application of our results to other contexts in molecular biology and beyond [5, 10, 11].
To investigate the effect of LRCs in gene expression we employed a minimal mathematical model of transcriptional regulation. The model describes a linear chain of regulation as portrayed in Figure 1A. For two adjacent genes in the chain, we assume that the rate of transcription of the target gene varies smoothly with the concentration of the TF of the corresponding upstream gene, according to a Hill-like function (see Materials and Methods). This function is characterised by four parameters and is able to describe both activation and inhibition (Figure 1B-C and Figure S. 1A). To minimize the complexity of our model, we assume that protein concentration can be used as a proxy for gene expression, i.e. that the rate of transcription and the protein concentration are proportional. We define the source TF as the TF at the top of the chain which is not itself under transcriptional regulation. Most of our analysis concerns the effective regulation by the source TF on downstream genes. Therefore, it is very important to distinguish the regulation of a downstream node due to its immediate upstream TF and the effective regulation of the same node due to the source TF. A useful feature of the Hill-like function that we use is its universality: if it describes each of the individual links in the chain (with Hill coefficient of unity), then the net regulation of a node due to the source TF can also be described by the very same function, thus providing a simplified description of the LRC.
These three measures complement the Hill coefficient, which is commonly defined for transcriptional response and determines the degree of non-linearity, i.e. “sensitivity”, of the regulatory function .
The precise sequence of inhibition and activation within an LRC dictates the net effect on a given target gene when the expression of the source TF is varied. For example, consider an LRC comprising only inhibitory interactions: after an even number of regulatory steps, the initial gene acts as an activator, while after an odd number it acts as an inhibitor (Figure 1D). On the other hand, when the LRC comprises only activating interactions, all downstream genes are effectively activated by the source TF. If the LRC is a mixture of activating and inhibiting interactions, the type of net regulation of a given gene depends on the number of upstream inhibitory links. Due to this dynamic diversity, we will focus primarily on LRCs comprising only inhibitory steps. The relevance of our analysis to more heterogeneous LRCs will be discussed as appropriate.
Figure 1 Dynamics of long regulatory chains (LRC). (A) Schematic of a 5 gene LRC formed by inhibitory transcriptional regulations. (B) Net transcriptional activation.
The figures summarize the salient features of transcriptional activation. The concentration of a target gene (y axis, arbitrary units) varies as a function of the concentration of an upstream transcriptional activator (x axis, arbitrary units). Three features used to summarize the dynamics of transcriptional response are highlighted: the effectiveness is reported by the orange line, the highest level of expression (HLE) is reported by the pink line, and the lowest level of expression (LLE) is reported by the green line. (C) Net transcriptional inhibition. The salient feature of a transcriptional inhibition is reported using the same conventions of panel B. (D) Net response in an LRC of transcriptional inhibitors. Responses of the genes in a LRC formed by transcriptional inhibitors are reported using conventions comparable to those of panels (B) and (C). Note i) how inhibition and activation alternate and ii) the changes in LLE (dotted blue line), HLE (dotted red line), and effectiveness (orange line).
The behaviour of each step of transcriptional regulation is characterised by a potentially unique combination of biological factors that control how the concentration of the source TF affects the expression of the target TF. In our model, this behaviour is controlled by four independent parameters (See Supplementary Figure 1). Our parameterization allows for greater flexibility, but limits our ability to perform a full analytical analysis. Therefore, we decided to study the behaviour of LRCs by analysing the outcome of 10000 simulations constructed by randomly sampling all the necessary parameters and measuring LLE, HLE and RE as a function of the length of the chain (up to chain length of ten). The results of our analysis are summarized in Figure 2A-C.
Figure 2 Properties of simulated LRCs and comparison with experimental data. (A) RE for LRCs of inhibitor.
Mean RE across 10 000 simulations is reported, on a log scale, for LRCs of different lengths composed of transcriptional inhibitors (crosses). The dashed line indicates the linear regression on the points. Note the very good fit of the model with the data (adjusted R2 = 0.99). Values of REs are normalised so that RE(1)=1. Errors bars indicate the standard error. “d” indicates the strength of exponential decrease (See Materials and Methods). In this and the following panels LRC lengths are associated with different colours. (B) LLE for LRCs of inhibitors. Mean LLE across 10 000 simulations is reported, on a log scale, for LRCs of different lengths composed of transcriptional inhibitors. Note the steady increase. Errors bars indicate the standard error. (C) HLE for LRCs of inhibitors. Mean LLE across 10 000 simulations is reported for LRCs of different length composed of transcriptional inhibitors. Note the steady decrease. Errors bars indicate the standard errors. (D). RE computed from the synthetic biology experiments of Hooshangi et al. 2005. The y-axis reports, on a log scale, RE. Note the good fit with an exponential decrease as predicted by the mathematical model (dashed line) with a value of “d” compatible with expectations. (E) LLE for the biological experiments referenced in the description of panel D. The y-axis reports, on a log scale, the number of proteins per cell (R.P.P.C.). Note the steady increase as predicted by the mathematical model (Panel B). (F) HLE for the biological experiments referenced in the description of panel D. Note the steady decrease as predicted by the mathematical model (Panel C). (G) Average response function for the inhibitory regulation of LRCs. The average transcriptional response is reported for LRCs composed of an odd number of inhibitors, which results in a net inhibition. Note the decreasing Effectiveness, the increasing LLE, and the decreasing HLE as more regulatory steps separate the TF from the source gene. (H). Average response function for the activating regulations of LRCs. The average transcriptional response is reported for LRCs composed of an even number of inhibitors, which results in a net activation. Note the decreasing Effectiveness, the increasing LLE, and the decreasing HLE as more regulatory steps separate the TF from the source gene.
Our simulations show quite convincingly that the average RE decreases exponentially, since log(REn) decreases linearly with increasing n (Figure 2A). This result is robust to variation in the parameter space (Figure S. 2A-F), statistically highly significant (p-value < 10−6) and supported by a strong goodness of fit (adjusted R2 > 0.9). Additionally, our simulations show that the average LLE increases (Figure 2B) and the average HLE decreases (Figure 2C) with increasing n. The rate of change in LLE and HLE is less dramatic than the change in RE and more sensitive to parameter choices.
Using a synthetic biology approach, Hooshangi et al. constructed a genetic circuit comprising a linear chain of four transcriptional inhibitors . This circuit was formed by E. coli genes and was inserted into live bacteria. Therefore, their data are ideal to test the predictions of our model. On deriving the value of RE from their published data we find an exponential decrease as predicted by our simulations (Figure 2D). Moreoever, on deriving LLE and HLE we find a clear increase in LLE and decrease in HLE consistent with the results of our simulation (Figures 2E and 2F).
This comparison with experimental results supports the predictions of our simulations and indicates that the signal conveyed by the LRC (i.e. the effect of variation of an upstream TF on a downstream gene) gets exponentially weaker as the length of the chain increases. To better understand if this effect was limited to a chain of inhibitors, we extended our analysis to LRCs formed only by activators and to LRCs formed by a mixture of activators and inhibitors. These simulations show that our conclusions on the behaviour of RE, LLE and HLE are robust to the type of chain considered (Figure S. 1B-C).
These results indicate that in an LRC the response of a gene to the variation in the concentration of an upstream TF becomes exponentially weaker as the number of links separating them increases, and thus a long LRC acts as an attenuator of upstream variation. The steady increase in LLE indicates that even though each inhibitory link of a LRC may be capable of perfect inhibtion, the net inhibition of a downstream gene becomes increasingly “leaky”. Similar considerations suggest that activated genes downstream of a long LRC are only able to achieve an imperfect activation. These observations are supported by the behaviour of the average response function for inhibiting and activating chains (Figures 2 G-H).
This average behaviour is, however, not always observed: in a small percentage of cases (<0.5%) RE remain stable or even increase. This indicates that examples with non-decreasing RE are possible as long as the factor controlling transcriptional regulation are constrained to specific values that remains shielded from molecular noise.
The results reported in the previous section support the idea that LRCs more than a few genes in length act as very strong attenuators of variation. LRCs beyond a few steps in length should be rare in real organisms since the attenuation saturates exponentially as a function of the number of links in the LRC (i.e. increasingly long chains act as increasingly imperfect regulators and exhibit increasingly lower relative effectiveness). To test this hypothesis we constructed various GRNs from the literature and computed the number of LRCs of different length. The E. coli GRN, obtainable from the RegulonDB database , is one of the most validated in the literature. Our analysis on this GRN indicates that LRCs are preferentially short and that chains with more than six genes are very uncommon (Figure 3A and Table 2). The lack of long LRCs is particularly evident when the real GRN is compared to both random (Figure 3A) and randomised (Figure S.4) networks.
A consequence of our current analysis is that transcriptional regulation in LRCs is more functional for nodes closer to the source gene. Therefore, evolutionary arguments would suggest that genes deeper in the chain require additional regulatory inputs in order to exhibit functional variation of expression. To test this hypothesis, we looked at the 52 longest LRCs of E. coli, which comprise six TFs and one non-TF gene. In all of these LRCs, transcriptional regulation from TFs outside of the LRCs is present, indicating that off-chain regulation is a common, perhaps even required, feature. If we divide the genes of these LRCs into two classes depending on their distance for the source gene, a pattern emerges. The TFs constituting the upper half of the LRCs, i.e. from the second to the fourth position, are regulated on average by only a limited number of TFs, whereas the average number of regulating TFs increases significantly from the fifth position onward (Figure 3B, p-value < 2×10−16), consistent with our hypothesis. The relatively small number (56) of long LRCs allows us to analyse their individual structures and functionalities. These LRCs can be grouped into three categories depending on the genes contained. The first category contains the MarRAB operon , the second category contains the Gadx-GadW regulon and the third category contains the RcnR-RcnA genes . As reported in Table S1, the vast majority of the TFs forming these LRCs are involved in stress and antibiotic response, suggesting that such functionalities may require the tightly controlled dynamics provided by a long LRC.
The MarRAB operon and Gadx-GadW regulon form peculiar three-gene feedback loops which, due to its high level of connectivity, is quite unlikely to emergence by chance. This configuration, which we call a “chaotic motif” (Figure S. 3A), has the potential to generate highly variable gene expression profiles [9, 17]. The chaotic dynamics allow GRNs with small differences at the level of gene expression to diverge rapidly over time. Therefore we previously proposed that the chaotic motifs identified in E. coli could be used to promote differences in the gene expression profile across different bacteria thus generating extensive phenotypic heterogeneity in a population and promoting the emergence of antibiotic-resistant cells . In figure 3C the genes forming the only two chaotic motifs observed in E. coli are reported in red and all of the TFs that regulate them, either directly or indirectly, are reported in blue, violet and green.
While potentially beneficial under stress conditions, a chaotic response is presumably detrimental in a stable environment. Therefore, we expect that the chaotic motifs will be tightly controlled under normal conditions. As suggested by our analysis, long LRCs could be ideal candidates to provide such tight control. Indeed, we find that both chaotic motifs are intertwined downstream with one or more of the longest LRCs of E. coli (Figure 3C). Statistical analysis indicates that the probability of these motifs being embedded into such long LRCs by chance is very small (p-value = 0.004).
Figure 3 Interplay of LRCs and feedback loops in E. coli K12. (A) Distribution of the length of LRCs in E. coli K12.
The number of LRCs of different lengths is reported. Note how most LRCs are formed by 5 or less genes. Length distribution of the real network is in blue and those for average random networks are in red. (B) Degree of regulation in the longest LRCs. The two box plots report the distribution of the number of transcriptional inputs of the genes in the upper half (2nd to 4th) and lower half (5th to 7th) of the longest transcriptional cascades in E. coli. The top genes of the chains are unregulated by construction and were not included. Note the highly statistically significant difference. (C) Chaotic motifs in E. coli and their upstream regulation. The network reports the two chaotic motifs found in E. coli with all the genes involved in their regulation either directly or indirectly. The genes forming the chaotic motifs are highlighted in red. The genes that control only the Marr-Mara-Rob motif are highlighted in blue, the genes that control only the Gadw-Gadx-Gade motif are highlighted in green, while the genes that regulate both are highlighted in violet. Note how the longest LRC upstream of the chaotic motifs is the shared one (violet genes). (D) Mean position across all LRCs (MPAL) of genes involved in chaotic motifs versus other genes. The box plots report the distribution of MPAL for each gene involved in the formation of the chaotic motifs (Chaotic) and for the other genes (Stable). Note how the MPALs of chaotic genes are significantly larger than the MPAL of stable genes, indicating that chaotic motif genes are encountered more frequently than average in long LRCs. (E) Interplay of the longest LRCs and of one of the chaotic motifs of E.coli. The Marr and Mara genes found in a chaotic motif (red arrows) are part of two of the longest LRCs in E. coli: Ihf-Fis-Crp-Mara-Rob-Marr and Ihf-Fis-Crp-Marr-Rob-Mara (thick violet and red arrows). Note that the motif is controlled by a 3-gene upstream LRC (Ihf, Fis and Crp) when marbox is not active (in violet), while it is regulated by a 2-gene LRC (Ihf and Fis) when marbox is active (see the orange arrows). A similar behaviour can be identified for the other chaotic motif. (F) Dynamics of one of the chaotic motifs of E.coli. A cartoon of the transcriptional regulation of the marRAB operon is plotted as derived from [2-7]. Note that Fis only activates the marRAB operon when marbox is already activated.
To further test this idea we compute the “embeddedness” of different genes into LRCs of different length. More precisely, for each gene, we computed the “mean position across all LRCs” (MPAL), which is the mean length over all the LRCs that contain that gene. Genes that are more often found in long LRCs will have a larger MPAL. Consistent with our expectation, the genes involved in chaotic motifs have a significantly larger MPAL than the other genes of the E. coli GRN (Figure 3D, p-value < 0.004). These results support the idea that LRC dynamics is exploited by cells to control the activation of chaotic motifs.
To explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning this theoretical prediction, we analysed the biology of the MarRAB operon due to the availability of extensive information on its genetics as a consequence of its key importance in antibiotic resistance . The behaviour of MarRAB depends on the activity of the marbox enhancer DNA sequence. Experimental results indicate that Fis acts as a promoter of MarRAB only when marbox is activated by MarA, SoxS or Rob . Moreover, when MarA, SoxS or Rob is absent, Fis reduces the activity of MarRAB . Therefore, our theory indicates that when marbox is not active, the transcriptional activity of both MarA and MarR is tightly controlled due to the presence of a long LRC and that the potential chaotic behaviour of the motif is restricted (Figure 3E, violet arrows). Upon activation of marbox by an environmental signal – such as superoxide stress transduced through SoxS [19-21] – Fis activates the MarRAB operon and the LRC becomes shorter (Figures 3E, yellow arrows; Figure 3F). This allows larger variations for MarA and MarB potentially unleashing chaotic dynamics.
Comparable dynamics is observable in the other chaotic motif, which includes the genes GadX, GadE, and GadW. Fis has been reported to inhibit expression of Gadx in the late stages of exponential growth, when a dramatic shift in gene regulation can be observed with respect to earlier stages . Interestingly, the late stages of exponential growth are commonly associated with stress and the GRN of E. coli suggests that during this stage Gadx is regulated by a two-gene LRC, which is formed by Ihf and Fis, instead of the three-gene LRC which is active in the previous stages (formed by Ihf, Fis and Crp). To the best of our knowledge, the exact molecular mechanism underlying this switch has not yet been elucidated. However, our analysis provides new ways to approach the investigation of this problem .
The E. coli GRN is one of the most experimentally validated available in the literature and extensive analysis is possible. Other less well-characterised GRNs are available for M. tuberculosis and S. cerevisiae, allowing an admittedly more limited exploration. As our theory will be very sensitive to false positives, the outcome of our analysis for these organisms is potentially less robust.
Figure 4. Interplay of LRCs and feedback loops in M. tuberculosis and S. cerevisiae. (A) Distribution of the length of LRCs in M. tuberculosis.
The number of LRCs of different lengths is reported. Note how most LRCs are formed by 7 or less genes. Length distribution of the real network is in blue and those for average random networks are in red. (B) Degree of regulation in the longest LRCs of M. tuberculosis. The two box plots report the distribution of the number of transcriptional inputs of the genes in the upper half (2nd to 4th) and lower half (5th to 7th) of the longest transcriptional cascades in M. tuberculosis. The top genes of the chains are unregulated by construction and were not included. Note the highly statistically significant difference. (C) Chaotic motifs in M. tuberculosis and their upstream regulation. The network reports the two chaotic motifs found in M. tuberculosis with all the genes involved in their regulation either directly or indirectly. The genes forming the chaotic motifs are highlighted in red, while the genes that regulate them are highlighted in purple. Note how the LRC upstream of the chaotic motifs is the composed by three genes as in E. coli. (D) Mean position across all LRCs (MPAL) of genes involved in the chaotic motif versus the other genes in M. tuberculosis. The box plots report the distribution of MPAL for each gene involved in the formation of the chaotic motifs (Chaotic) and for the other genes (Stable). In agreement with expectation, chaotic motif genes show significantly higher MPAL compared with others. (E) Distribution the length of LRCs in S. cerevisiae. The number of LRCs of different lengths is reported. Note how most LRCs are formed by 8 or less genes. (F). Degree of regulation in the longest LRCs in S. cerevisiae. The two box plots report the distribution of the number of transcriptional inputs of the genes in the upper half (7th to 11th) and lower half (2nd to 6th) of the longest transcriptional cascades in S. cerevisiae. The top genes of the chains are unregulated by construction and were not included. Note the highly statistically significant difference.
The experimental work of Harbison et al. provides one of the most reliable sources for transcriptional interactions in yeast [9, 23] and we reconstructed the GRN of S. cerevisiae from their data. However, it must be noted that other datasets exist with different properties [24, 25], thus indicating the difficulty associated with the experimental derivation of the GRN for this organism and suggesting a perceivable level of noise even in the data that we used. LRCs of moderate length are present in this organism (Figure 4E). Nonetheless, they are shorter than expected from random networks. Moreover, compatible with our expectations, the number of transcriptional regulators is higher for genes deeper in the longest LRCs (Figure 4F). No chaotic motifs are observed in this GRN.
The work of the ENCODE consortium allowed the derivation of a partial GRN for two human cell lines: GM12878 and K562. The GRN of the human non-cancer cell line GM12878 behaves as expected from our theory: LRCs are preferentially short and the longest transcriptional chains consist of only four TFs and one non-TF gene (Figure 5A and C). Moreover, LRCs are shorter than expected from random networks and the number of transcriptional regulators is higher for genes deeper in the longest LRCs (Figure 5C). Compatible with the idea of a relatively stable phenotype of normal cells, no potentially chaotic motifs can be identified in this cell line.
Figure 5 Interplay of LRCs and feedback loops in human cell lines. (A,B,C) Distribution of the length of LRCs in the two human cell lines GM12878 (non-cancer) and K562 (leukaemia).
Despite there being a comparable number of TFs and comparable link density in the two human cells lines, the GRN of the human leukaemia cell line K562 displays remarkably different properties: very long LRCs can be found, although longer LRCs would be expected from random networks (Figure 5 B, C and E), and potentially chaotic motifs consisting interlinked feedback loops are common [9, 17] (Figure 5F and Figure 6 A and B). The longest LRCs are composed of 14 TFs and one non-TF gene (Figure 5 B and C, and Figure 6 A). Interestingly, the “tail” of the longest LRCs contains several genes that are often dysregulated in cancer: EGR1 [26, 27] , IRF3 , POLR3A , and IRF1 [31, 32].
All but one gene (GTF2F1) involved in the formation of potentially unstable long feedback loops are embedded into the longest LRCs found (Figure 6A). The probability of observing this embedding by chance is small (p-value < 10−2) and all the TFs involved in the formation of potentially chaotic feedback loops display a large MPAL (Figure 5F).
The longest LRCs have a peculiar structure. Two four-gene LRCs control the complex set of feedback loops. Remarkably, a single four-gene LRC, composed by EGR1, IRF1, POLR3A and IRF1, can be found in the tail of the longest LRCs (Figure 6A), emanating from the feedback loops. Our theoretical analysis suggests that the dynamics of the final gene of this chain (IRF1) is highly constrained, and biological experimentation indicates that IRF1 is a tumour suppressor gene relevant to a number of cancers including leukaemia [32-34]. Our theoretical interpretation is that the dynamics of LRCs is exploited by cancer cells to inhibit the proper activity of this gene.
Figure 6 Chaotic motifs in cancer cells (K562) and their upstream regulations (A) Interplay of the longest LRCs and chaotic motifs in cancer.
The network formed by all the TFs implicated in the longest LRCs of the cancer cell line K562 is reported. Note how the longest chains (thick arrows) are entangled with the feedback loops. Two 3-gene LRCs can be observed upstream of the feedback loops and one 3-gene LRC can be observed downstream (blue arrows). The presence of the 3-gene LRCs upstream of potentially chaotic motifs is consistent with our findings in E. coli and M. tuberculosis. Also note how IRF1, a gene which is a key regulator of growth of leukaemia and other cancer cells [8-10], is found Sdownstream of the long feedback loops. (B) Chaotic motifs in K562 and their upstream regulation. The network reports the genes involved in the formation of the chaotic motifs of K562 (red) with all the genes involved in their regulation either directly or indirectly (violet). Note how the chaotic motifs sit at the bottom of multiple LRCs. (C) A cartoon demonstration of proposed functional interaction between long linear regulatory chains (LRCs) and chaotic motif. In gene regulatory networks, upstream long LRC restricts transcriptional dynamics of chaotic motif, which has the potential to produce diverse transcriptional profiles under similar biological conditions. This restriction can be walked around via alternative regulatory path in certain organism such as E. coli upon activation. In addition, Long LRC can be used to insulate important downstream gene from the dynamics of chaotic motifs.
Note that a group of genes with a high MPAL can be identified in the Stable group. These genes are therefore likely to be encountered in relatively long LRCs, and hence conceivably have very limited RE. Notably, all of these genes have been shown to have an important role in the survival of leukaemia cells (NFE2, POLR3A, JunD , Myc, GATA2, NR4A1, IRF3, IRF1[32-34]) suggesting that cancer cells may be dynamically controlling the variation of these genes.
Potential biases introduced by under sampling and errors in the human GRNs limit the power of a direct mathematical approach. However, the strong diversity observed in different topological features of the non-cancer and cancer cell lines is an indication of a profound difference in their transcriptional programs. Therefore, a direct comparison between the GRNs of the two cell lines can be very informative in highlighting differences that may then be used to develop new therapies .
Theoretical and experimental efforts have provided strong evidence that variability in gene expression plays a significant role in controlling cellular phenotypes in development , health and disease [44, 45]. While the transcriptional mechanisms responsible for controlling this variability continue to be an active area of research , the potential system-level interactions are less well explored, and network analysis of GRNs is a powerful approach to fill this gap. GRNs provide a description of the coordination of gene expression at a systems level and can therefore be used to explore the potential role of topological features that control the variability of genes expression.
Our mathematical model suggests that long LRCs “pin down” the expression of downstream genes, limiting their ability to vary in response to environmental or intracellular cues affecting the gene at the top of the chain. In fact, the variation is predicted to decay exponentially along the chain. This conclusion is supported by data derived from synthetic biology experiments on E. coli .
A direct consequence of our model is that long LRCs are ineffective in transmitting variation in gene expression beyond a few transcriptional steps. Therefore, over evolutionary time, one might argue that long LRCs yield inefficient information transmission and will have been negatively selected, resulting in relatively small numbers of long LRCs in GRNs. This prediction is supported by an analysis of the GRNs of different organisms, ranging from bacteria (E. coli and M. tuberculosis), to yeast and human.
It has been observed that the sensitivity of gene regulation becomes higher as LRCs get longer and a “switch-like” behaviour is observed; this can be interpreted as the result of an increasingly larger effective Hill-coefficient . Whilst our findings do not contradict this, we present an additional observation that the terminal gene of a long LRC will display only a limited range of variation in response to changes in the concentration of the source gene. Beyond a length of approximately four links, due to the exponential decay, the range of variation is very small and likely to be comparable in magnitute to the fluctuations in gene expression due to intrinsic molecular noise. In addition, our modelling indicates that the effectiveness of regulation is compromised by the LRC topology itself. For example, a linear chain of an odd number of perfect inhibitors will have a net effect of imperfect inhibition, and the degree of imperfection will increase with the length of the chain. Taken together, these observations imply a tradeoff between the sharpness and the effectiveness of net regulation through a LRC, which depends on the specific parameters that characterize the interactions, but nonetheless strongly suggest that very long LRCs are of limited utility in GRNs, and hence negatively selected through evolution.
Our model also suggests that the average behaviour of LRCs can be prevented by constraining the biological parameters associated with transcription to very specific values. This suggests that, under specific circumstances, biological processes may be in place to prevent the emergence of such average behaviour in LRC. The precise regulation of the parameters required also suggests that molecular insults are very likely to push LRCs towards the average expectation, potentially changing the behaviour of cells.
Under normal conditions, cells must be able to filter the fluctuations of protein concentration, which are due to molecular noise. To this end, they need to display a stable response. A consequence of this type of response is the limitation of the heterogeneity of a population of cells, as each cell exposed to similar stimuli will react in a comparable way. Therefore, the very same stable behaviour that helps cells withstand a noisy environment can be detrimental under stress condition, such as an antibiotic treatment, as in this circumstance heterogeneity is helpful in allowing the emergence of resistant subpopulations of cells.
Therefore, it has been suggested that network motifs in the GRNs of bacteria can be activated only when the cell is exposed to stress [19-21]. Ideally, these motifs should have the potential to produce chaos. Chaos theory is a well-known mathematical theory that studies the behaviour of systems that are extremely sensitive to initial conditions — a paradigm popularized by the so-called “butterfly effect”. In a chaotic system, small differences in initial conditions can yield widely diverging states after a relatively short time [47, 48].
Theoretical studies indicate that certain network motifs have the potential to produce a chaotic response and recent experimental work has shown complex oscillations and, loosely speaking, chaotic dynamics of certain GRN motifs both in cell-free system and in vivo . Since a chaotic response is able to generate wildly different values by starting from very similar initial conditions, it has been suggested that chaos can act as a “heterogeneity engine” that allows a population of cells to quickly explore a large number of phenotypes . Such phenotypic heterogeneity is likely to play a crucial role in allowing the emergence of resistant clones which will help a population to overcome challenging conditions such as environmental stress and antibiotic treatments [50, 51].
As discussed above, minimal chaotic motifs can be identified in the GRNs of E. coli and M. tuberculosis. Moreover, more complex and somewhat more disorganized chaotic motifs can be found in cancer. This suggests a strong parallelism between the systemic processes that allow bacteria and cancer to generate heterogeneity and ultimately to overcome the ability of the immune systems to properly fight infections and cancer.
A limited number of long LRCs can be observed in the GRNs analysed. This suggests that such configurations may be important to limit the gene expression level of few selected genes. Remarkably, we found that in both E. coli and M. tuberculosis, long LRCs are associated with genes activated during stress and antibiotic response. The expression of stress response genes is associated with an increased metabolic cost, which generally results in a reduced growth rate [52-54]. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect a tight control of these genes to prevent a dampening of the fitness of a population. Indeed, such tight control is embodied in the dynamics of LRCs. Additionally, the transcriptional control exerted by LRCs on genes downstream in the chain can help reduce noise arising from stochastic gene expression and fluctuations in the cellular environment [55-58].
The entanglement of long LRCs with potentially chaotic motifs in E. coli and M. tuberculosis suggests that the dynamics of long LRCs may allow these organisms to directly influence phenotypic variability and hence population-level heterogeneity by allowing a chaotic response only when needed. This finding is supported by the biology of both the MarRAB operon and the GadW, GadX, and GadE genes in E. coli and suggests new ways to bolster the effectiveness of drug treatments by targeting the mechanisms that lead to the emergence of resistant clones in bacterial populations. In all the GRNs that we analysed, the chaotic motifs are observed after LRCs composed of exactly four genes. This is in remarkable agreement with our theoretical observation that the genetic variation is tightly restrained from the fourth gene onward, and leads us to propose that four-gene LRCs act as “universal attenuators”.
Long LRCs and potential chaotic motifs are entangled in such a way to support both strong variations in the expression of certain genes, i.e. those within long feedback loops, such as EGR1 (a regulator of multiple tumour suppressor genes ) and a very limited variation in the expression of others, i.e. those residing at the end of LRCs, such as IRF1 (an essential regulator of growth of leukaemia and other cancer cell types [31-33]). Indeed, four-gene LRCs operate at both the “input” and “output” of non-linear feedback loops in the K562 GRN. The combined action of these competing dynamics may be able to generate heterogeneity while limiting the necessary variation in gene expression associated with tumour suppression.
Our findings may provide a mechanistic basis for “oncogene addiction” [60, 61]. The term is used to indicate that some tumours depend on the constitutive activation of a single oncogene for sustaining growth and proliferation and that transient inactivation of that particular oncogene may be enough to promote differentiation or apoptosis of cancer cells . Universal attenuators may drive the constitutive activation of a gene, and thus targeting of LRCs could be a novel strategy for cancer cell killing.
We have previously shown that mathematical modelling can be used to explore the topological features associated with robustness in GRNs. In particular, the theory of Buffered Qualitative Stability (BQS) postulates that long causal chains of genes, irrespective of the in-degree of the gene at the top of the chains, should be limited in number due to their evolutionary susceptibility to seeding long feedback loops, which can create instability. Taken together with our current result, this indicates that long causal chains of TFs are dangerous and with limited functionalities, thus suggesting that healthy cells should have very limited instances of such configurations. This is indeed observed in real data.
Further connections emerge when potential sources of instability (chaotic motifs) are contextualised with respect to LRCs. When chaotic motifs are identified in a GRN, they are entangled downstream of long LRCs. Moreover, and quite unexpectedly, an LRC comprising exactly four genes (and therefore three transcriptional interactions) can be found upstream of all the chaotic motifs. This strongly suggests that four-gene LRC provides a general mechanism in GRNs to ‘pin down’ or insulate the genes involved in the generation of a chaotic response, hence allowing a topological control of heterogeneity.
We have presented a set of results arising from theoretical modelling, statistical simulations and data analysis, all focused on the role of two different topologies in GRNs, namely, long linear regulatory chains (LRCs) and chaotic motifs. Our modelling work indicates that LRCs have a key role in reducing variation in gene expression, while chaotic motifs can act in the opposite manner and generate strong variation through chaotic dynamics. LRCs are highly effective at shutting down variation, and hence there is no additional benefit for a GRN to have very long chains, a result which is consistent with the GRNs analysed. Chaotic motifs, in being able to generate variation so rapidly, would presumably be inactivated in the steady state of a cell’s life cycle, and indeed we find in bacteria and a human non-cancer cell line that such motifs, when present, always sit at the end of relatively long LRCs, implying that they are strongly suppressed. The GRN of a human cancer cell line exhibits a much richer interplay between LRCs and chaotic motifs, and we postulate this may allow a given cancer cell to drive strong variation in certain genes and inhibit expression of tumour suppression genes, thereby allowing optimal conditions for growth and survival in the challenging environment of host tissue. Due to the ubiquity in the GRNs studied of four-gene LRCs, we postulate these modules as “universal attenuators”, with a key role of controlling potentially chaotic feedback loops.
Our work provides evidence that one can exploit knowledge of the topology of GRNs to exert a direct control on the variability of genes, even if a precise characterization of the parameters that control gene regulation is unavailable. Given the qualitative differences between the GRN topologies of normal and cancer cells , this may provide a way to design new targeted therapies that selectively affect gene expression variability only in cancer cells.
In this equation, x is the concentration of the transcriptional regulator directly upstream of the gene under consideration. The parameters of the equation characterize the mode and intensity of the interaction: a models the concentration of y when x is not present, /3 models the concentration of y when x is highly expressed, h is the Hill coefficient which describes the “cooperativity” of transcriptional regulation, and s is a quantity associated with the shape of the interaction function. When β>α, the equation describes a transcriptional activator and when β<α, it describes a transcriptional inhibitor (Figure S.1A and Figure S. 1 D-G).
The interaction term described by Eqn. 1 was used to model the response of the terminal gene of a LRC with a different number of genes when the concentration of the gene at the top of the LRC is varied between zero and infinity. To this end, we introduced three measures relative to the response function of the terminal gene: “Relative Effectiveness” (RE), “Lowest Level of Expression” (LLE), and “Highest Level of Expression” (HLE). These quantities are described in the main text and in Table 1.
The RE, LLE and HLE of 10000 simulated LRCs with 2 to 10 genes were computed. Both concentration and parameter values were measured in arbitrary units. For each gene of the LRC, the parameters that control the interactions were randomly generated using a uniform sampling. The parameters α, β were sampled between 0 and 1000 to indicate up to a 1000-fold activation or inhibition, h was sampled between 1 and 10 to account for polymeric regulation of up to 10 transctiption factors and s was sampled between 0 and 10 to account for different activation thresholds. For all the sampling ranges, the boundaries were excluded. Simulations and statistical analyses were performed in R version 3.2.2. To assess the sensitivity of our results to different parameters values, we performed an exhaustive computational analysis to explore the outcome of our analysis when different ranges for the parameter were used (Figure S. 2). This analysis supports the robustness of our conclusions.
We used a linear regression on the log-transformed data and computed the p-value for the estimation of the slope and the adjusted R2 for the liner model. A p-value close to zero indicates that the slope is significantly different from zero and therefore that a clear exponential decay was present in the non-log-transformed data. An adjusted R2 close to 1 indicate that the lineal model describes the data very well. Therefore, the values reported in the main text support the existence of a strong exponential trend.
GRNs described in the main text were derived with the same procedures and parameters described in a previous work . In particular, the E. coli GNR was obtained from RegulonDB version 8 by considering only interactions supported by at least two evidence codes, the M. tuberculosis GRN was obtained from literature by considering all interactions, the yeast GRN was constructed from literature by considering interactions obtained under rich media growth supported by a p-value lower than 10−3, the human non-cancer and cancer cell GRNs were constructed from the proximal filtered network derived from the ENCODE data for the GM12878 and K562 cell lines respectively. See our previous work for a discussion on the rationale behind these choices.
The number of LRCs can be very high in complex networks with a high edge density. Therefore, we decided to develop a probabilistic algorithm to sample from the complete set of LRCs. Specifically, an LRC was grown from a starting node S selected with a probability proportional to its total degree. Starting from S a biased random walk was performed by randomly selecting an upstream node (with a probability proportional to its in-degree) or a downstream node (with a probability proportional to its out-degree). Nodes already present in the LRC were excluded from further sampling. This growing procedure was repeated until no upstream or downstream nodes were available. 10000 LRC samples were considered for each network and duplicates were removed from the count. The procedure described along with all the other operations on the networks were implemented using R version 3.2.2 and the “igraph” package version 1.0.1 . The code is available as a supplementary file.
To perform the statistical analysis of the embeddedness of chaotic motifs with the aim of assessing the probability of interaction of the chaotic motifs with the longest LRCs of the network we employed a simple statistical model that could avoid many of the mathematical and computational complications arising from the comparison of real networks with a randomised null model. In particular, we focused on the behaviour of the TF directly upstream of the chaotic motifs, which will be referred as U. In all of the GRNs considered in this article, this U is the third gene of the longest LRCs. U regulates n other TFs. Of these, ncare chaotic TFs, i.e. TFs that take part in the formation of chaotic motifs, and ns =n - nc are stable TFs, i.e. TFs that do not take part in the formation of chaotic motifs. Due to the way in which GRNs have been constructed, U cannot regulate itself. Moreover, due to the structure of LRCs U cannot regulate the two TFs upstream in the longest LRCs. It is important to stress that these two upstream TFs are not chaotic. Therefore, if a GRN contains NTF TFs, U could in principle regulate up to NTF -3 TFs. The NTF genes can be further divided into NC chaotic TFs and NS = NTF - NC stable TFs. Using a hypergeometric distribution, it is possible to compute the probability that when n TFs are selected from a set of containing NC chaotic genes and NS -3 = NTF - Nc -3 stable genes at least nc chaotic genes are selected. This probability represents the p-value included in the main text.
A random network associated with a GRN formed by g genes, n TFs and e edges was obtained by randomly placing e edges on an empty network with g nodes, in such a way that the source of each edge was randomly selected from a fixed set of n nodes. The randomised (rewired) GRNs were derived from original GRNs of the corresponding organisms using the “rewire.edge” function of the igraph package version 1.0.1 in R version 3.24. The number of rewiring iterations for each GRNs was set to ten times the number of edges in the network. 100 randomised GRNs were generated for each organism or cell type.
The values of RE, HLE and LLE along the linear transcriptional chains in the bacterium E. coli K12 were obtained from the experiments conducted by Hooshangi et al. 2005 . Gene and transcription regulation data for E. coli K12 were obtained from RegulonDB with the same procedures and parameters described before . Data on the functions of genes in E. coli K12 were obtained from the referenced literature and the EcoCyc web resource [66, 67]. The GRN for M. tuberculosis, S. cerevisiae and human were derived from experimental data [23, 63, 64] using the same procedures and parameters described before .
DL drafted the manuscript, provided original concepts, designed the computational experiments, designed and implemented the simulations and performed the statistical analysis. LA drafted the manuscript, provided original concepts, designed and implemented the computational experiments and performed the statistical analysis. TN drafted the manuscript, provided original concepts and performed analytic calculations.
The authors thank Md. Al Mamun and Julian Blow for helpful comments throughout the project. DL acknowledges support from the Wellcome Trust PhD programme. LA and TJN acknowledge partial support from the Scottish University Life Science Alliance. The authors also acknowledge High Performance Computer resources partially supported by the Wellcome Trust (Centre Grant 083524).
1 Transcription factors that are only regulated by feedback loops are also considered at top layer. In the GRNs analysed in this study, there are very few transcription factors in this category.
Coulon, A., et al., Eukaryotic transcriptional dynamics: from single molecules to cell populations. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2013. 14(8): p. 572–584.
Barzel, B. and A.L. Barabisi, Universality in network dynamics. Nature Physics, 2013. 9(10): p. 673–681.
Dominguez-Garcia, V., S. Pigolotti, and M.A. Munoz, Inherent directionality explains the lack of feedback loops in empirical networks. Scientific Reports, 2014. 4.
Alon, U., Network motifs: theory and experimental approaches. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2007. 8(6): p. 450–461.
Newman, M.E.J., Networks a introduction. 2010, United Slates: Oxford University Press Inc., New York. 1–2.
Hansen, A.S. and E.K. O’Shea, Limits on information transduction through amplitude and frequency regulation of transcription factor activity. Elife, 2015. 4.
Barabasi, A.L. and Z.N. Oltvai, Network biology: Understanding the cell’s functional organization. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2004. 5(2): p. 101–U15.
Tyson, J.J. and B. Novak, Functional motifs in biochemical reaction networks. Annu Rev Phys Chem, 2010. 61: p. 219–40.
Albergante, L., J.J. Blow, and T.J. Newman, Buffered Qualitative Stability explains the robustness and evolvability of transcriptional networks. Elife, 2014. 3.
Barzel, B. and A.L. Barabasi, Universality in network dynamics (vol 9, pg 673, 2013). Nature Physics, 2013. 9(11): p. 750–750.
Link, H., B. Anselment, and D. Weuster-Botz, Leakage of adenylates during cold methanol/glycerol quenching of Escherichia coli. Metabolomics, 2008. 4(3): p. 240–247.
Hooshangi, S., S. Thiberge, and R. Weiss, Ultrasensitivity and noise propagation in a synthetic transcriptional cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005. 102(10): p. 3581–6.
Salgado, H., et al., RegulonDB v8.0: omics data sets, evolutionary conservation, regulatory phrases, cross-validated gold standards and more. Nucleic Acids Res, 2013. 41(Database issue): p. D203–13.
Ariza, R.R., et al., Repressor Mutations in the Marrab Operon That Activate Oxidative Stress Genes and Multiple Antibiotic-Resistance in Escherichia-Coli. Journal of Bacteriology, 1994. 176(1): p. 143–148.
Tucker, D.L., et al., Genes of the GadX-GadW regulon in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology, 2003. 185(10): p. 3190–3201.
Iwig, J.S., J.L. Rowe, and P.T. Chivers, Nickel homeostasis in Escherichia coli - the rcnR-rcnA efflux pathway and its linkage to NikR function. Molecular Microbiology, 2006. 62(1): p. 252–262.
Zhang, Z., et al., Chaotic motifs in gene regulatory networks. PLoS One, 2012. 7(7): p. e39355.
Martin, R.G. and J.L. Rosner, Fis, an accessorial factor for transcriptional activation of the mar (multiple antibiotic resistance) promoter of Escherichia coli in the presence of the activator MarA, SoxS, or Rob. J Bacteriol, 1997. 179(23): p. 7410–9.
Schneiders, T. and S.B. Levy, MarA-mediated transcriptional repression of the rob promoter. J Biol Chem, 2006. 281(15): p. 10049–55.
Hidalgo, E., et al., Binuclear [2Fe-2S] clusters in the Escherichia coli SoxR protein and role of the metal centers in transcription. J Biol Chem, 1995. 270(36): p. 20908–14.
Marzan, L.W., C.M. Hasan, and K. Shimizu, Effect of acidic condition on the metabolic regulation of Escherichia coli and its phoB mutant. Arch Microbiol, 2013. 195(3): p. 161–71.
Bradley, M.D., et al., Effects of Fis on Escherichia coli gene expression during different growth stages. Microbiology-Sgm, 2007. 153: p. 2922–2940.
Harbison, C.T., et al., Transcriptional regulatory code of a eukaryotic genome. Nature, 2004. 431(7004): p. 99–104.
Pritsker, M., et al., Whole-genome discovery of transcription factor binding sites by network-level conservation. Genome Res, 2004. 14(1): p. 99–108.
Luscombe, N.M., et al., Genomic analysis of regulatory network dynamics reveals large topological changes. Nature, 2004. 431(7006): p. 308–312.
Svaren, J., et al., EGR1 target genes in prostate carcinoma cells identified by microarray analysis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2000. 275(49): p. 38524–38531.
. Shin, D.Y., et al., Implication of intracellular ROS formation, caspase-3 activation and Egr-1 induction in platycodon D-induced apoptosis of U937 human leukemia cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2009. 63(2): p. 86–94.
Verduci, L., et al., microRNA-181a enhances cell proliferation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia by targeting EGR1. Leuk Res, 2015. 39(4): p. 479–85.
Tokunaga, T., et al., Aberrant expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 in human lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2010. 397(2): p. 202–7.
Joseph, C.G., et al., Association of the autoimmune disease scleroderma with an immunologic response to cancer. Science, 2014. 343(6167): p. 152–7.
Preisler, H.D., et al., Alterations in IRF1/IRF2 expression in acute myelogenous leukemia. Am J Hematol, 2001. 68(1): p. 23–31.
Schwartz-Roberts, J.L., et al., Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 Signaling Regulates the Switch between Autophagy and Apoptosis to Determine Breast Cancer Cell Fate. Cancer Research, 2015. 75(6): p. 1046–1055.
Cohen, S., et al., Interferon regulatory factor 1 is an independent predictor of platinum resistance and survival in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology, 2014. 134(3): p. 591–598.
Preisler, H.D., et al., Alterations in IRF1/IRF2 expression in acute myelogenous leukemia. American Journal of Hematology, 2001. 68(1): p. 23–31.
Lee, C.R., et al., Friend virus-induced erythroleukemias: a unique and well-defined mouse model for the development of leukemia. Anticancer Research, 2003. 23(3A): p. 2159–2166.
Veronese, A., et al., Allele-specific loss and transcription of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, 2015. 29(1): p. 86–95.
Lasky, S.R., et al., Differential Regulation of Jund by Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia-Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1995. 270(34): p. 19676–19679.
Delgado, M.D. and J. Leon, Myc roles in hematopoiesis and leukemia. Genes Cancer, 2010. 1(6): p. 605–16.
Celton, M., et al., Epigenetic regulation of GATA2 and its impact on normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia, 2014. 28(8): p. 1617–26.
Deutsch, A.J.A., et al., NR4A1-mediated apoptosis suppresses lymphomagenesis and is associated with a favorable cancer-specific survival in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Blood, 2014. 123(15): p. 2367–2377.
Kim, T.K., et al., Direct transcriptional activation of promyelocytic leukemia protein by IFN regulatory factor 3 induces the p53-dependent growth inhibition of cancer cells. Cancer Research, 2007. 67(23): p. 11133–11140.
Ji, N., et al., Feedback control of gene expression variability in the Caenorhabditis elegans Wnt pathway. Cell, 2013. 155(4): p. 869–80.
Alemu, E.Y., et al., Determinants of expression variability. Nucleic Acids Res, 2014. 42(6): p. 3503–14.
Ecker, S., et al., Higher gene expression variability in the more aggressive subtype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Genome Med, 2015. 7(1): p. 8.
Li, J.J., et al., Gene Expression Variability within and between Human Populations and Implications toward Disease Susceptibility. Plos Computational Biology, 2010. 6(8).
Singh, A., et al., Dynamics of protein noise can distinguish between alternate sources of gene-expression variability. Molecular Systems Biology, 2012. 8.
Oestreicher, C., A history of chaos theory. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2007. 9(3): p. 279–89.
Strogatz, S.H., Nonlinear dynamics and chaos. 1994, Cambridge,MA, USA: Westview Press.
Niederholtmeyer, H., et al., Rapid cell-free forward engineering of novel genetic ring oscillators. Elife, 2015. 4.
Dhar, N. and J.D. McKinney, Microbial phenotypic heterogeneity and antibiotic tolerance. Curr Opin Microbiol, 2007. 10(1): p. 30–8.
A, A.L., Chaos in biology. Riv Biol, 2006. 99(3): p. 467–81.
Andersson, D.I. and B.R. Levin, The biological cost of antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol, 1999. 2(5): p. 489–93.
Bjorkman, J. and D.I. Andersson, The cost of antibiotic resistance from a bacterial perspective. Drug Resist Updat, 2000. 3(4): p. 237–245.
Andersson, D.I. and D. Hughes, Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance? Nat Rev Microbiol, 2010. 8(4): p. 260–71.
Tyagi, S., Tuning noise in gene expression. Molecular Systems Biology, 2015. 11(5).
Singh, A., et al., Transcriptional Bursting from the HIV-1 Promoter Is a Significant Source of Stochastic Noise in HIV-1 Gene Expression. Biophysical Journal, 2010. 98(8): p. L32–L34.
Zoller, B., et al., Structure of silent transcription intervals and noise characteristics of mammalian genes. Molecular Systems Biology, 2015. 11(7).
Thattai, M. and A. van Oudenaarden, Attenuation of noise in ultrasensitive signaling cascades. Biophys J, 2002. 82(6): p. 2943–50.
Baron, V., et al., The transcription factor Egr1 is a direct regulator of multiple tumor suppressors including TGF beta 1, PTEN, p53, and fibronectin. Cancer Gene Therapy, 2006. 13(2): p. 115–124.
Weinstein, I.B., Cancer: Addiction to oncogenes - The Achilles heal of cancer. Science, 2002. 297(5578): p. 63–64.
Weinstein, I.B. and A. Joe, Oncogene addiction. Cancer Research, 2008. 68(9): p. 3077–3080.
Jain, M., et al., Sustained loss of a neoplastic phenotype by brief inactivation of MYC. Science, 2002. 297(5578): p. 102–104.
Sanz, J., et al., The transcriptional regulatory network of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One, 2011. 6(7): p. e22178.
Gerstein, M.B., et al., Architecture of the human regulatory network derived from ENCODE data. Nature, 2012. 489(7414): p. 91–100.
Nepusz, G.C.a.T., The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal, 2006. Complex Systems: p. 1695.
Keseler, I.M., et al., EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology. Nucleic Acids Research, 2011. 39: p. D583–D590.
Keseler, I.M., et al., EcoCyc: fusing model organism databases with systems biology. Nucleic Acids Research, 2013. 41(D1): p. D605–D612.
Hooshangi, S., S. Thiberge, and R. Weiss, Ultrasensitivity and noise propagation in a synthetic transcriptional cascade.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005. 102(10): p. 3581–6.
Keseler, I.M., et al., EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology.Nucleic Acids Research, 2011. 39: p. D583–D590.
Keseler, I.M., et al., EcoCyc: fusing model organism databases with systems biology.Nucleic Acids Research, 2013. 41(D1): p. D605–D612.
Salgado, H., et al., Extracting regulatory networks of Escherichia coli from RegulonDB.Methods Mol Biol, 2012. 804: p. 179–95.
Salgado, H., et al., RegulonDB v8.0: omics data sets, evolutionary conservation, regulatory phrases, cross-validated gold standards and more.Nucleic Acids Research, 2013. 41(D1): p. D203-D213.
Martin, R.G. and J.L. Rosner, Fis, an accessorial factor for transcriptional activation of the mar (multiple antibiotic resistance) promoter of Escherichia coli in the presence of the activator MarA, SoxS, or Rob.J Bacteriol, 1997. 179(23): p. 7410–9.
Cohen, S., et al., Interferon regulatory factor 1 is an independent predictor of platinum resistance and survival in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.Gynecologic Oncology, 2014. 134(3): p. 591–598. | 2019-04-19T00:57:28Z | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074716v1.full |
It is not just individual for-profit corporations that can threaten the entire health system. Quite apart from whether they perform ethically and well, or badly. Just having a large number of them can create havoc if the market does not perform well. The way for-profits perform and respond when under economic pressure is different to not-for-profits. We are very reluctant to confront and address warnings. It can turn out to be even worse than anyone had predicted.
Understandably, the not for profits have become increasingly anxious about their survival in the aggressively competitive market where large hungry predators that see them as targets have been introduced. With economists, accountants, business graduates and bankers increasingly deciding how care is to be provided to the elderly they have a steep learning curve if they are to compete in the game of making profits.
ACSA, the body representing nor-for-profits, organised a forum in Victoria on 30th October 2015. It was all about markets, business, selling their services, and managing their finances. The speakers were mostly accountants, business advisors and marketing companies talking about brands and about how to sell beds to prospective residents. One wonders what the consequences of shifting the whole focus away from care and to competitive market processes will be. The list of contributors and Powerpoint slides of the papers can be downloaded here.
There was another meeting “Securing our place in the future” organised by ACSA, Aged and Community Services NSW & ACT in Sydney on 10 November 2015. It was about "market survival" and it is likely that similar sessions have and are being run across the country.
The key issues emerging in the transition to the new Commonwealth Home Support Program and what the home care reforms mean for not-for-profit aged care providers are some of the key topics to be debated at an upcoming industry event.
How real this is for them becomes clear when we see that some of the giants from the big international banks are moving into this wonderfully attractive market by building aged care companies. Their colleagues still running the banks are there to give advice and some are even putting their private funds into the aged care businesses. Will conflicts of interest arise?
The impact: What impact are people who have been trained and who have spent their lives competing in the financial industry going to have on care? How much insight do they have into the consequences of their actions and how receptive are they to those in the industry who do know?
We have heard suggestions that some of those from the not-for-profit sector, who are concerned about mission and care are considered to be “mastodons”. Are these financial experts suited to provide care, will they listen to those who have been called mastodons and are they a potential threat to the care that senior Australians are getting?
I have long argued that in this marketplace an adverse form of Social Darwinism operates driving out the most suitable and replacing them with the least suitable. It can sometimes be worse than this. Those who are suitable can be changed so that they too become a threat to care.
The centralised corporate model and particularly consolidation of the market has an impact on society particularly in smaller communities. It introduces a top down model where organisation, management and control are taken over centrally and driven by decisions in board rooms.
This results in a loss of local expertise, local knowledge, local interest and local involvement. Relationships become far more instrumental. This erodes social capital and undermines civil society. This centralised managerialist style of operation has to be set against the benefits of having operations management locally, particularly when dealing with humanitarian services and vulnerable sectors.
This is not only a for-profit problem, as any organisation that seeks to run its services by centralising management and decision making is likely to have a similar effect. Large mutual organisations like INTFPCompanyB or Australian Unity run their businesses in a strongly market focused way, as do some not-for-profits and governments.
Australian Unity Limited is a public company limited by guarantee, with wholly-owned and closely-held subsidiaries carrying out the operational business activities of the Australian Unity Group. Australian Unity Limited is not a company with listed shares — it is a mutual company with more than 300,000 members nationwide.
Its structure is similar to INTFPCompanyB and its responsibility is to serve its members, but it is sometimes difficult to find out who they are. Some of these mutuals operate in the same aggressively competitive way but because they don't have shareholders they focus on growth and expansion.
As part of privatisation policy, Australian Unity bought all of the state run home care services from the NSW government. It is 'ramping up' its further expansion.
Australian Unity has acquired a large stable of aged-care facilities in NSW including most of those run by the state. It is pursuing an integrated model for retirement and aged care.
Australian Unity is ramping up its hunt for retirement and aged-care facilities in NSW with an aim to grow its $450 million pipeline to more than $600m.
The mutual fund in early September won a $114m tender for the transfer of the NSW government’s Home Care Service, which means all staff and clients will transfer to Australian Unity.
The proposed Community Aged Care Hub. A social system where central organisations focus on empowering local people and then supporting them might be less efficient and not welcomed in an aggressively competitive market. But in a more sensible market system it might be possible to increase local expertise and involvement and we should be able to attain a much better service. People would be more motivated and engaged. All this without the downside that I have described on these pages or the costs of bureaucracy, centralised inefficiency and the endless consultants who get paid for telling us what their employer wants us to know.
The proposed Community Aged Care Hub is intended to foster a locally structured system in human service industries. These companies would need to empower their local staff so that they can work well within the context of the local hubs. What we might lose in financial capital might be more than compensated for by the gain in social capital.
On the aged: Psychologists Karl Nunkoosing and Mark Haydon-Laurelut in their paper The Relational Basis of Empowerment (about disability care) stress the importance of the nature of interaction and involvement with those around us and in the community for the quality of all our lives.
These authors argue that these relationships are pivotal for the quality of life of marginalised groups like the disabled or aged, and that a failure of the caring environment to actively build empowering relationships is a major cause of failure to provide services that make life worth living.
They point to the importance of close links between residents and the communities. Empowering relationships that give meaning to lives extend beyond the carers and the walls of the nursing homes into the community. They point out that a market thinks of those it serves as financial investments and this does not foster empowering relationships. The hub in contrast institutionalises what these authors want.
On society: There is a broader more indirect impact on the frail aged from government economic policies. Eva Cox argues that the current focus on economy at the expense of society is leading to damage to social stability and cohesion.
Relationships bind society and build social capital. They break up with society when it becomes unstable and loses cohesion. The most vulnerable are the first to suffer - the aged among them.
Time may be running out for political agendas that offer material rewards but not social well-being. More evidence is emerging of continuing damage to social stability and cohesion.
- - - a continuing belief in an Australian “fair-go” compact, which no-one in power is recognising by prioritising social policies that are seen as fair and trustworthy.
Cox could easily be referring to the benefits of our proposed hub for the community as a whole in building trust and relationships between members. They will be getting together in supporting and organising aged care so creating collective good will and stability.
I will start by quoting a pro-market expert speaker from the UK, who is chief executive of Care England. He spoke at a meeting in Sydney. Care England is the leading representative body for independent care services in England. Like our LASA (Leading Age Services Australia) body, it represents both for-profit and not-for-profit private nursing homes. We need to realise where he is coming from. This is how big companies see it and how LASA is reinforcing its position.
Like LASA and our government, he is pushing for a market system - advocating the more expensive and the less efficient free market option. As the many examples outside health care illustrates, it is the government funded unregulated free market system in vulnerable sectors that is most often exploited and has failed so abysmally. This is what I am criticising.
There is also a strong body of opinion in the UK criticising the privatisation of public services and claiming it is inferior and ultimately costs more. The speaker in the quote below probably is right when he claims there is underfunding. On the page Private Equity I examined reports that suggested that the financialising and indebtedness that resulted from the competitive market were as much if not more of a problem than underfunding. We do know that the companies are not making enough profit to keep the market happy, that the care given falls far short of what is required, and big companies are threatening to vacate the sector. It's the real reasons behind this that we don't know enough about. The speaker makes several valid points and uses them to make his arguments.
The debate on rising aged care costs neglects the enormous social and economic contribution of the home care sector to society and to the sustainability of the health system, the head of the largest peak body for care services in the UK told a Sydney conference on Thursday.
Chief executive of Care England Professor Martin Green warned Australia against following the path of state-funded home care in the UK, in which chronic underfunding of home care has led to a “major crisis” in that country.
Professor Green said major players had chosen to exit the market or were on the brink of failure due to unsustainable funding from government. Just this week the UK’s largest home care provider had been put up for sale.
“And if you undermine your home care services and indeed your residential services, what you will find is that your already pressurised healthcare will be at the point of collapse. That is bad for citizens, and worse than that, it is bad for the economy,” he told the Future of the Home and Community Care conference.
There was also limited support from the medical community, which he said stemmed from ageist attitudes.
Professor Green cautioned against the widening gap between politic rhetoric and reality without appropriate resourcing.
- - another major challenge in the UK was the low pay and recognition of the care workforce. - - - it is absolutely scandalous that they are neither paid nor respected to be professionals delivering that level of service.
Much of what he says is reasonable, but there is another facet to the risk here - an elephant in the room. All countries have economic downturns, and politicians in their wisdom will target almost anything to make savings and avoid raising taxes. When this happens, government and not-for-profit operators with an ethic of care struggle on, run at a loss and offer time voluntarily.
Critics of markets and providers all agree that home care is in crisis and that government policies and practices are the problem. But they disagree about what to do about it. The one view is driven by self-interest and the other by a desire to bypass the government bureaucracy and take it locally and involve the community.
For-profits, particularly market listed companies and private equity have a primary responsibility to their shareholders and not the residents. They close up shop and walk away if that is going to be less costly than hanging in there and hoping things will change. That is exactly what the major players referred to here have decided to do. If they can't get out then the focus is on limiting losses rather than stretching what they have for maximum benefit. So the consequences of the financial pressures is much worse than it would be if market listed corporations in particular were excluded from it.
As indicated on the private equity page, the vast amounts of debt built up as the marketplace game has played out on the grand stage of the United Kingdom’s stock exchanges has left the companies involved and the residents in their nursing homes at high risk. In order to be forewarned about who might collapse or decide to cut their losses and run, authorities have set up a process for registering and monitoring companies that are large enough to pose a serious risk if they fail.
Analysts are predicting another major collapse and government will be left holding the baby.
This year could see the strange rebirth of directly-provided social care as councils find themselves forced to act as provider of last resort.
Chances are that a large care provider will fail this year, triggering a flight from publicly-funded care. This is already happening in some areas as care companies focus their investment on those who can afford to pay, or convert their care homes into general housing.
In home care too: ITV in the UK "surveyed 500 providers of home care,- - - 308 of those providers - - - delivering state purchased home care to approx. 59,000 people every week".
Their responses revealed a shocking lack of confidence about their ability to provide good quality care at the prices local authorities are now willing to pay.
Some providers are pulling out of state-funded care altogether, or planning to withdraw from contracts. Many aren’t bidding for new local authority contracts and concentrating on private care instead.
Selling in the UK: INTFPCompanyB care homes in the UK and Scotland have copped a lot of flack recently. Its UK profits are down 10%. It seem to have decided to abandon aged care in the UK. It has "hired KPMG to sell its domiciliary care division" and sold it in February 2016. The press claims that it has appointed someone to auction off 200 of its 290 care homes. In Australia it is the larget private nursing home owner. A purchase of 10 homes in 2012 left it with with 60 homes containing 5,616 beds and it may have bought more. It seems to be following the money and the pot of gold provided by the Abbott government in its budgets instead of addressing the desperate needs of those at home.
It claims on its website to be there to serve its members. Who are the members? Are they Brits or Australians? Residents and their families in the UK selected their own INTFPCompanyB to look after them. INTFPCompanyB is a global company with a massive income and also without shareholders to whom they are responsible. They are in a position to support those in their own country who have placed their trust in the company. Instead they seem to be deserting the sinking ship as soon as the weather gets rough. What does this say about their sense of social responsibility.
A report from Open Democracy is very critical pf proposed changes to the UK National Health System (NHS). The report draws a parallel with what happened in aged and disability care puting the blame for their failure on to "competitive markets" The criticism was based on a report by Centre for Health and Public Interest.
Lindorff stresses that the lack of community control is a hallmark of the for-profit hospital chains and that the likely result is less interest in community service and the loss of high-cost, low-profit services.
As competition for patients increases, the trend seems to be away from freedom of choice for consumers.
The comment about Lindorff's book in this review is interesting because corporatisation of health care in the USA was marketed as offering more choice, but in fact had the very opposite effect. The choices available were dictated by the big corporations and insurers who gained control of the doctors and dictated how they should provide care. Some are already complaining about this in Consumer Directed Care in Australia, but it is too early to see if this will happen.
Dave Lindorff in his book also describes a situation where government was unable to act against multiple aged care providers because they would have closed up shop and state governments would have had to take over. The states had vacated the sector years before and no longer had the resources to do so.
Again at the end of the 1990's there had been extensive rorting and when this was blocked the aged care providers profits plummeted and they could not service the large loans they had raised in order to compete and grow. To keep them viable they got off with token fraud settlements.
In Australia in 1993, a US company called NME (renamed Tenet Healthcare soon after) had purchased Markalinga, an Australian company in financial difficulty. Markalinga owned several private hospitals in Sydney. Sources in the USA had supplied information about NME's conduct and I had supplied some more. A probity review had been initiated in NSW.
When I met with the NSW Health Department they told me that if NME failed the probity review, existing licences to operate would have to be withdrawn and they would have to organise to provide care for current and future patients from the closed hospitals across the rest of the system. They had assessed the situation and were prepared to do it.
They considered that the company lacked probity and advised that the licenses to operate be withdrawn. Instead the government brought in a supreme court judge who had recently retired because he was at risk of improper influence. He granted licenses.
A probity review in Victoria made up their own minds and prevented the company from operating in that state on probity grounds. In Western Australia, the company owned some major hospitals. Their health department did not have the power to withdraw licenses but asked the state government to pass legislation so that they could do so. State government refused. The federal government eventually took action, blocking further investment and so forcing the company to sell up and go back to the USA.
At the time, this company owned only 4 or 5 smaller hospitals in NSW and they were making their first foray into Victoria. We can ask what would have happened if this company had a far larger stake, had for instance purchased Australia's current Ramsay Healthcare. The consequences of withdrawing licences and forcing closure of large numbers of hospitals across the country would have been unmanageable.
A more recent example: One of the problems about a market in misfortune when contrasted with not-for-profit and government services, is that it is driven by potential profitability and not the needs of the community. Potential profitability depends on multiple extraneous factors including the actions of government, the state of the market and general confidence.
We live in an unstable and unsettled world where countries rise and fall. What will the consequences be if a company that owns most of our nursing homes gets into trouble elsewhere? What happens to residents and community services when a foreign owner's country is in trouble, or when the company gets into trouble with some other business it runs and badly needs to make large savings across all of its other businesses to survive.
The market has winners and losers and big companies, particularly private equity have big ups and downs. What will happen to the residents? What will the unsuspecting seniors who were tempted into these homes by glossy marketing think?
Below is an example where the paralysis in our Australian political system is creating market uncertainty. This is discouraging the market from investing in needed nursing homes - but Jxxxxd is making a good point about alternatives too. That suggestion would not have come from the for-profit sector because, while it would be cheaper, it would be less profitable. The difference in approach is illustrated.
The point I am making though, is that not-for-profits driven by a humanitarian mission, instead of taking their money and running, will rise to the occasion and do the best they can.
The NSW chief executive of the peak industry body Leading Aged Services Australia Cxxxxs Wxxxf said industry uncertainty had resulted in NSW providers slowing or abandoning their building works, at a time that the ageing population was booming.
HxxxxxxdCare chief executive Sxxxxxn Jxxxd said the government would save money by funding rehabilitation programs in the community under Medicare, instead of putting them in aged care.
"They're cheap as chips," Mr Jxxxx said.
The proposed Community Aged Care Hub: The proposed hub won’t be able to stop for-profit providers taking their money and heading for the hills. But it will have an accurate grasp on what is happening and have all the figures. It can warn of problems. It will be in a position to rally the community and increase pressure on government to provide more funds or make the sector sustainable in other ways. | 2019-04-25T00:56:23Z | https://www.insideagedcare.com/aged-care-analysis/aged-care-marketplace/aged-care-in-the-dark/further-consequences |
1 These Explanatory Notes relate to the Lords Amendments to the Digital Economy Bill as brought from the House of Lords on 5 April 2017.
2 These Explanatory Notes have been prepared by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport in order to assist the reader of the Bill and the Lords amendments, and to help inform debate on the Lords amendments. They do not form part of the Bill and have not been endorsed by Parliament.
3 These Explanatory Notes, like the Lords amendments themselves, refer to HL Bill 80 the Bill as first printed for the Lords.
5 Lords Amendments 3 to 39, 41 to 44, 46 to 214, 216 to 236, 243 to 245, and 247 to 289 were tabled in the name of the Minister.
6 Lords Amendments 1 and 2 were tabled by Lord Mendelsohn, 40 and 45 by Baroness Jones of Whitchurch, 237, 238 and 239 by Lord Best, 242 by Lord Wood of Anfield, and 246 by Lord Moynihan, and were opposed by the Government.
7 Lords Amendment 215 was tabled by Lord Hunt of Wirral, Lords Amendments 240 and 256 were tabled by Baroness Benjamin, and Lords Amendment 241 was tabled by Lord Borwick. These Lords Amendments were supported by the Government.
9 Lords Amendment 1 would require the universal service order to specify, as soon as reasonably possible, that by 2020 a broadband connection with download speeds of 30 Mbps, upload speeds of 6 Mbps, fast response times, committed information rates of 10 Mbps and an unlimited usage cap must be available to every household in the UK.
10 It would also require the USO to specify that "the target for broadband connections and services to be provided before 2020 must have (a) speeds of 2 gigabits or more; fibre to the premises (FTTP) as a minimum standard; (c) appropriate measures to ensure that internet speed levels are not affected by high contention ratios; and (d) appropriate measures to ensure service providers run low latency networks".
11 In addition, the amendment would place a duty on "internet service providers" to ensure that their networks offer the standard set out in the target to "every household in areas of low population density, before deploying their network in urban areas".
12 The amendment would also require the Secretary of State to ensure that the roll out of the broadband universal service obligation prioritises SME’s premises and is delivered on a "fair and competitive basis".
13 Lastly, the amendment would require the universal service order to provide that "mobile network coverage must be provided to the whole of the United Kingdom".
14 Lords Amendment 2 would require mobile service providers to offer customers entering into a mobile phone contract the option of placing a limit on their monthly bill. Providers would also have to allow their customers to switch in accordance with rules set by Ofcom and those rules would follow the principles about switching set out in the amendment.
15 Lords Amendment 3 would remove clause 9 from the Bill. This is consequence of Lords Amendment 245, described below, which provides the Secretary of State with a wider power making clause 9 redundant.
16 These amendments would improve the clarity of drafting. Lords Amendment 4 clarifies the wording of clause 15(1). Lords Amendments 21 and 30 are amendments to clarify wording.
17 Lords Amendments 6 and 9 would provide for the Secretary of State to make regulations specifying the circumstances in which pornographic material is or is not to be regarded as made available on a commercial basis. Lords Amendment 5 would remove clause 15(2) as this will be dealt with in the regulations.
18 Lords Amendment 8 would remove ‘a means of accessing the internet does not include any device or other equipment for doing so’ but this text would be re-inserted by Lords Amendment 25. This is consequential on Lords Amendment 5 which removed clause 15(2); as a result, the phrase 'a means of accessing the internet' no longer appears in clause 15, but it is used in clause 22 and so Lords Amendment 25 would insert the definition into that clause.
19 Lords Amendment 12 would clarify that different persons may be designated for the purposes of different functions of the age-verification regulator. Lords Amendment 15 would provide that an affirmative Parliamentary procedure will apply for the first designation of a regulator in relation to any regulatory function. Lords Amendment 16 is consequential. Lords Amendment 17 would replace 'the House of Commons and the House of Lords' with ‘each House of Parliament’, consistent with uses in other provisions in Part 3.
20 Lords Amendments 13 and 14 would require the Secretary of State to be satisfied that any person hearing an appeal (under the arrangements that the regulator must maintain) will be ‘sufficiently independent’ before designating the regulator. Further, when designating the regulator, the Secretary of State would have to accompany that designation with a statement of the reasons as to why she is satisfied about the proposed regulator’s arrangements for appeals. Lords Amendments 31 and 33 would be consequential amendments to these amendments on appeals.
21 Lords Amendment 18 is a technical correction.
22 Lords Amendment 19 would provide for the Secretary of State to lay in Parliament the regulator’s guidelines on financial penalties.
New clause: Meaning of "extreme pornographic material"
23 Lords Amendment 28 would insert a new clause to set out the meaning of "extreme pornographic material". This replaces the definition of 'prohibited material', which is removed by Lords Amendment 22. Lords Amendments 10, 20, 23, 24, 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 38, 41 and 42 are consequential to these. Lords Amendment 11 would amend the definition of 'pornographic material' to make clear that age verification must be in place for the material covered in (g) to (i), as would be inserted by that amendment. The definition of "extreme pornographic material" is based on the approach in section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. Lords Amendment 43 (which references section 22(3) of the Video Recordings Act 1984) would make provision that where any alteration is made to a video work in respect of which a classification certificate has been issued, the classification certificate is not to be treated for the purposes of Part 3 as issued in respect of the altered work. Lords Amendment 44 would clarify that nothing in Part 3 affects the application of other legislation to pornographic material or extreme pornographic material.
24 Lords Amendment 36 would insert a new clause that provides that the regulator may not give a notice to an ISP under clause 23(1) (Age-verification regulator's power to direct internet service providers to block access to material) if it appears to the regulator that the steps or arrangement that would be required of the ISP by the notice would be likely to be detrimental to national security, the prevention or detection of serious crime, or the prevention or detection of an office listed in Schedule 3 to the Sexual Offences Act 2003.
25 Clause 15 (3) requires the age-verification regulator to publish guidance on certain matters. Lords Amendments have narrowed the scope of this guidance and inserted Parliamentary oversight of it. As above, Lords Amendment 6 provides the Secretary of State with the power to make regulations specifying the circumstances in which pornographic material is or is not to be regarded as made available on a commercial basis, so this is no longer a matter on which the regulator must publish guidance. Lords Amendment 37 would insert a new clause to require the regulator to publish guidance on what age-verification arrangements websites are required to make and on the circumstances in which the regulator will treat services as those provided by "ancillary service providers".
26 The regulator’s guidance would be laid before Parliament subject to the affirmative procedure for first exercise of the power and the negative procedure thereafter. The guidance on ancillary service providers is also to be subject to approval by the Secretary of State before it is laid.
27 Lords Amendments 7 and 26 would be consequential amendments removing guidance requirements now covered in this new clause.
28 Lords Amendment 39 would insert a new clause that would provide the Secretary of State with the power to issue guidance to which the age-verification regulator must have regard. The guidance may cover, for example, the preparation, publication and content of guidance by the regulator. Guidance issued by the Secretary of State under this new power would need to be laid before Parliament.
29 Lords Amendment 40 would insert a new clause (Code of practice for commercial social media platform providers on online abuse) requiring the Secretary of State to publish a code of practice regarding the responsibilities of social media platform providers to protect certain individuals from abuse.
30 Lords Amendment 45 would require the Secretary of State to produce a report on the impact and effectiveness of the regulatory framework, within 18 months, but not before 12 months, of the coming into force of Part 3. Before publishing this report, the Secretary of State would have to consult on the definitions used within this Part and the report must be laid in each House.
31 The Public Libraries and Museums Act 1979 ("the 1979 Act") provides a right for authors, known as the "public lending right", to receive payments from a central fund in respect of such of their books as are lent out to the public by local library authorities in the United Kingdom.
32 Lords Amendment 46 would amend the definition of "lent out" in section 5 of the 1979 Act to extend the public lending right to include remote loans of e-books and audio-books from public libraries in the United Kingdom – that is, where those e-books or audio-books are communicated by means of electronic transmission to a place other than library premises.
33 The amendment would also amend section 40A of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 so that copyright in an e-book or e-audio-book (as defined) within the public lending right scheme is not infringed by lending by a public library, provided that the e-book or e-audio-book has been lawfully acquired by the public library, and the lending of that work complies with any purchase or licensing terms that may have been applied to it.
34 This would maintain the right for copyright owners to authorise remote loans by public libraries of e-books and e-audio-books. This would reflect the differences between digital and physical books and enable copyright owners to include technological features and/or terms and conditions in respect of e-books and e-audio-books to mirror physical lending.
35 Lords Amendment 47 would delete the provision for transitional arrangements in relation to the repeal of section 73 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
36 Chapter 1 of Part 5 creates new gateways that allow "specified persons" to share information for the purposes of improving the delivery or targeting of public services or the provision of a benefit in order to improve the wellbeing of individuals or households.
37 Lords Amendment 48 would provide that a person must be specified in relation to a particular specified objective in order to share information for that objective.
38 Lords Amendments 49 to 55 would provide for the specified persons who are able to disclose and use information under these powers to be listed on the face of the Bill in three new schedules (for which see amendments 283, 284 and 285). These lists can be amended by regulations which are subject to the affirmative procedure in both Houses.
39 Lords Amendment 51 introduces criteria for adding specified persons to the public services delivery schedule.
40 Lords Amendment 56 would add a third condition that in order to become a specified objective, the objective must have as its purpose the supporting of the delivery of a specified person’s functions, or the administration, monitoring or reinforcement of a specified person’s functions.
41 Lords Amendments 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, and 102 are consequential amendments which would relate to the insertion of new schedules of specified persons.
42 Lords Amendments 282, 283 and 284 would insert the schedules that list the initial "specified persons" for the purposes of the public service delivery clauses. There are three of these schedules: one each for clause 30 (Disclosure of information to improve public service delivery); clauses 31 and 32 (Disclosure of information to and by electricity and gas suppliers); and the new clauses on disclosure of information to and by water and sewerage undertakers (see amendments 65 and 66).
43 These amendments would respond to recommendations from the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee.
44 Clause 31 permits the disclosure of information by specified persons to gas and electricity suppliers for the purposes of assisting people living in fuel poverty.
45 Lords Amendment 57 would provide for the specified persons to be listed on the face of the Bill in a new Schedule. Lords Amendment 58 would confer a power for the appropriate national authority to add, remove or modify the Schedule by regulations. Lords Amendment 60 would introduce criteria for adding specified persons to the Schedule. Lords Amendments 62 and 63 are consequential amendments.
46 Lords Amendments 59 and 64 would restrict the power to amend the list of support measures in clause 31(3) so that only fuel poverty support measures could be added, modified or removed from the list.
47 The effect of Lords Amendment 61 would be to restrict the power to add to the list of permitted recipients of information under the clause.
48 These amendments would respond to recommendations from the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee.
49 Lords Amendments 65 and 66 would insert two new clauses into the Bill, which would extend information-sharing provisions to water and sewerage undertakers, if certain conditions are met. The provisions are intended to enable data-matching to take place, in order that water and sewerage undertakers can more easily identify householders who may be eligible for assistance under the various "water poverty" support schemes that are available.
50 The clauses would largely mirror the provisions in the existing clauses 31 and 32 for gas and electricity companies. The provisions take account of the recommendations made by the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee for those clauses, including providing that the "specified persons" who can use the information sharing powers be specified in a Schedule to the Bill. The power to amend the Schedule is restricted such that specified persons may only be added if they either provide or support the provision of water poverty assistance.
51 Lords Amendments 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 85, 86, 93, 94, 98, 99 and 103 would make consequential amendments.
52 Lords Amendments 259 and 264 would provide that the new clauses extend only to England and Wales (in which water is devolved on a ‘wholly or mainly’ basis by appointment area).
53 Information received under a sharing-provision in chapters 1 (public service delivery), 3 (debt) and 4 (fraud) may only be used by the person who receives it for the purposes for which it was shared, and may not be further disclosed for another purpose, subject to specific exceptions. One of those exceptions is for the prevention of anti-social behaviour. In Chapter 5 (research), personal information may not be further disclosed at all, unless certain exceptions apply, including the prevention of anti-social behaviour. Different provisions apply to personal information disclosed by the revenue authorities. Lords Amendments 68, 80, 119, 123, 152, 156 and 188 would adjust the definitions of "anti-social behaviour" in Part 5, so that the definitions would be capable of being applied in the whole of the UK.
54 Lords Amendments 100 and 104 would amend clause 38 to reflect aspects of the new devolution settlement set out in the Wales Act 2017.
55 Lords Amendments 101, 140, 173, 222 and 223 would adjust the meaning of a "Welsh body" for the purposes of Part 5 to reflect the terminology used for Welsh public authorities in the Wales Act 2017.
56 These amendments would respond to recommendations of the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee. They would require a parliamentary procedure for the Codes of Practice which the relevant minister has to issue for chapters 1 (public service delivery), 2 (civil registration), 3 (debt), and 4 (fraud). They also apply to the Codes of Practice which the Statistics Board is required to issue in chapter 5 under clause 61 (research) and to publish in chapter 7 under clause 68 which inserts new section 45G(1) of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007.
57 Lords Amendments 87, 88, 105, 126, 127, 159, 160, 206, 207, 231 and 232 would require the Codes of Practice for these Chapters to be laid before, and approved by a resolution of, each House of Parliament before they are first issued. All subsequent revisions of the Codes would have to be laid in draft before Parliament for 40 days (draft negative procedure).
58 Lords Amendments 228 and 229 would require the same procedures for the Statement of Principles which must be published by the Statistics Board in Chapter 7 under clause 68 which inserts new section 45E(5) of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007.
59 Lords Amendments 90, 133 and 166 would respond to a recommendation of the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee by removing the Henry VIII powers set out in clauses 37(3), 47(3) and 55(3). They would mean that the relevant Minister would no longer have those powers to make amendments to other primary legislation or the Bill itself in chapters 1 (public service delivery), 3 (debt) and 4 (fraud) respectively.
60 Chapters 1, 3, 4 and 5 of Part 5 each introduce an offence if personal information which has been received directly or indirectly under the respective power is further disclosed, subject to specific exceptions.
61 Lords Amendments 79, 122, 155 and 187 would provide that "protected disclosures" made by whistleblowers and disclosures for journalistic purposes in the public interest would not be subject to the criminal sanctions that are contained in Part 5 of the Bill.
62 Lords Amendments 83, 84, 124, 125, 157, 158 and 195 would remove the ‘secondary disclosure’ offence for information disclosed by HMRC. This would mean that only the person receiving information directly from HMRC under the relevant power who further disclosed that information would be subject to the criminal sanctions contained in clauses 35, 44, 52.
63 When it comes to clause 60, this would mean that all those whom Chapter 5 envisages will handle or use information disclosed by HMRC under clause 57(1) would be subject to that criminal sanction. Such disclosures would also be caught by the offences contained in the new clauses inserted by amendments 200 and 201. None of these offences would apply to a third party who came into possession of that information and further disclosed it.
64 Lords Amendments 73, 74, 120, 121, 153, 154, 179, 180, 218, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 226, 227, 235 and 236 would replace the references in Part 5 of the Bill to Part 1 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 with references to the equivalent provisions in the Investigatory Powers Act 2016, with a saving provision for the former until the latter provisions are fully in force.
65 Lords Amendments 199 and 200 would insert new clauses to provide for personal information disclosed by Revenue Scotland and the Welsh Revenue Authority to be protected by the same protections as apply to such information when disclosed by HMRC.
66 Lords Amendments 177 would remove repetition of wording which could have caused confusion. They would make clearer that a disclosure under clause 57(5)(b) of information which originates from HMRC, the Welsh Revenue Authority or Revenue Scotland cannot be made without the consent of the relevant body.
67 Lords Amendment 191 would make a consequential amendment to provide that the disclosure offence in clause 59 does not apply to personal information disclosed by Revenue Scotland and the Welsh Revenue Authority as well as personal information disclosed by HMRC.
68 Lords Amendments 89, 106, 128, 161, 208, 216, 217, 230 and 234 would require persons using the powers conferred by Part 5 of the Bill to have regard to the Information Commissioner’s codes of practice on (i) identifying and reducing risks to privacy and (ii) the information that should be given to data subjects, where such Codes are relevant.
69 This requirement would not apply to Chapter 5 because that Chapter focuses on the sharing of non-personal data.
70 Chapter 3 sets out a power for specified persons to disclose information to another specified person for the purposes of taking action in connection with debts owed to the public sector.
71 Lords Amendment 113 and the consequential amendments listed below would provide for the specified persons permitted to make use of the power to be listed on the face of the Bill in a new schedule (for which see amendment 286). This Schedule could be amended by regulations which would be subject to the affirmative procedure.
72 The amendments would respond to recommendations from the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee.
74 Lords Amendment 114 would set out more specific criteria relating to the identification, management and recovery of debt owed to a public authority which a body must meet before it can be added to the list of bodies permitted to make use of the debt power.
75 Lords Amendments 108, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143 are consequential on the proposed addition of the schedule of specified persons to the face of the Bill.
76 Lords Amendment 285 would insert the new schedule of specified persons for the purposes of the debt provisions in Chapter 3. This is in response to the DPRRC recommendations.
77 Clauses 46 and 54 require the relevant Minister to review the operation of Chapter 3 (debt) and Chapter 4 (fraud) three years after they come into force. If, as a result of the review, the relevant Minister decided that the corresponding Chapter should be amended or repealed, clauses 46(5) and 54(5) would allow the relevant Minister to do so by regulations.
78 Lords Amendments 129 and 162 would narrow the scope of clauses 46(5) and 54(5) by providing that the power to amend the Chapter following the Minister’s review may be exercised only for the purposes of improving the effectiveness of the operation of the powers and that they may not be used to remove any safeguards relating to the use or disclosure of information. These amendments would address recommendations of the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee.
79 Clause 49 sets out a power for specified persons to disclose information to other specified persons for the purposes of taking action in connection with fraud against a public authority.
80 Lords Amendment 146 and the consequential amendments 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175 and 176 would provide for the specified persons to be listed on the face of the Bill in a new schedule (for which see amendment 287). This schedule could be amended by regulations which would be subject to the affirmative procedure. These amendments would respond to recommendations from the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee.
81 Lords Amendment 147 would set out more specific criteria relating to a body’s ability to identify or reduce the risk of fraud against a public authority which must be met before a new body can be added to the fraud schedule.
82 Lords Amendment 286 would insert the new schedule of specified persons for the purposes of the fraud provisions in Chapter 4.
83 Chapter 5 contains provisions regarding disclosure of information for research purposes. The Bill provides for information to be processed to remove identifying characteristics before being shared with researchers. The UK Statistics Authority, which is referred to as the Statistics Board in the clauses, will oversee this process by accrediting all participants in this processing, including those who process the information, researchers and peer reviewers.
84 Clause 57 outlines the conditions for disclosure of personal information held by a public authority in connection with their functions to another person, for the purposes of research.
85 Lords Amendment 179 would clarify that a public authority processing another public authority’s information must be accredited to do so (as must a public authority processing its own information).
86 Clause 59 prohibits the disclosure of personal information which identifies a particular person and is received by a person under clause 57(5).
87 Lords Amendments 181 and 192 would extend protection beyond the processing stage for personal information which has been ‘de-identified’ and disclosed under clause 57(1), but from which a person’s identity could potentially still be deduced. It would also cure a defect in the drafting of the criminal offences by ensuring that personal information disclosed under clause 57(1) can be disclosed for the purposes of peer review, and in the case of information obtained from a revenue authority such as HMRC, without needing to seek that authority’s further consent.
88 Lords Amendments 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 209, 210, 211 and 212 are consequential on amendments 181 and 192.
89 Lords Amendments 201, 202, 203, 204 and 205 would provide that the Code of Practice for Chapter 5 only applies to the disclosure, processing, holding or use of personal information.
90 Clause 65 provides that a Revenue and Customs official may disclose non-identifying information in connection with a function of the Revenue and Customs, provided the official thinks that the disclosure would be in the public interest.
91 Lords Amendments 213 and 214 would insert new clauses to allow disclosure of such information in the public interest by the Welsh Revenue Authority and Revenue Scotland respectively. This would ensure that all UK revenue authorities would have the same information-sharing provisions.
92 The Employer Liability Tracing Office (ELTO) is a non-profit making company which maintains a database of insurance policies to enable employees to trace relevant persons in order to obtain compensation for workplace injuries.
93 Lords Amendment 215 would create a permissive information gateway allowing HMRC to share the name and address of an employer and associated reference numbers with ELTO, for the purpose of improving the quality of the ELTO databases.
94 These Amendments relate to commencement by Welsh Ministers.
95 Lords Amendments 260 and 261 would provide that the Welsh Ministers commence the provisions of Chapter 5 (research) which relate to disclosure of information by the new Welsh Revenue Authority and the new clause inserted by Lords Amendment 214. The Authority is not yet operational.
96 New section 53A, which is inserted into the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 by clause 69, gives the UK Statistics Authority the right to disclose information to a devolved authority. Lords Amendment 233 would add to the definition of "devolved authority" "the Registrar General for Northern Ireland". The Registrar General has specific statistical functions not shared by the Department of Finance in Northern Ireland. This amendment would allow UKSA to share information with the Registrar General, for example to enable the Registrar General to produce statistics in between censuses.
97 Lords Amendment 237 inserts a new clause that would require the Secretary of State to establish "the BBC Licence Fee Commission" to make recommendations on the level of the licence fee. Lords Amendment 239 is consequential, and would insert a new clause to require the Secretary of State, when determining the financial settlement, to consider the BBC Licence Fee Commission’s recommendation.
98 Lords Amendment 238 inserts a new clause that would require the Secretary of State to conduct a full public consultation on appropriate levels of BBC funding.
99 Lords Amendment 240 would confer a power on Ofcom, if it thinks fit, to publish criteria relating to the provision of children’s programmes on licensed public service channels (i.e. Channel 3, Channel 4 and Channel 5) and services related to those channels. The amendment would also confer a power on Ofcom to impose, if it considers necessary, conditions (quotas) that it deems appropriate for securing that the provision of children’s programmes meets any such criteria.
100 The Lords Amendment would require Ofcom to publish any criteria relating to the provision of children’s programmes in a statement that sets out the criteria and how it proposes to apply them. Before publishing or reviewing any statement, Ofcom would have to carry out a public consultation. After any review, Ofcom would revise or withdraw the criteria by publishing a further statement. Where Ofcom publishes criteria, it may from time to time assess the provision of children’s programmes in relation to any licensed public service channel. For the purposes of that assessment, Ofcom must take into account the provision of children’s programmes on all "related services" and draw no distinction between whether a programme is provided on a licenced public service channel or on another service.
101 Lords Amendment 256 is consequential, bringing the provision into force two months after Royal Assent.
102 Lords Amendment 241 would allow the Secretary of State to require providers of video on-demand programme services to provide designated levels of subtitling, signing and audio-description. In the government’s view this would improve accessibility to such services for people with disabilities affecting hearing and/or sight in a similar way to the provisions in the Communications Act 2003 requiring linear broadcasters to comply with accessibility requirements.
103 Section 303 of the Communications Act 2003 sets out specific targets for broadcasters in relation to access services and requires Ofcom to publish a Code. Ofcom published its Code on Television Access Services in July 2004. The Code sets out the obligations on domestic licensed TV channels to provide subtitles, signing and audio description, collectively known as access services, on a gradually increasing proportion of their programmes. The obligations were initially placed on 70 domestic TV licensed channels. From 2016 the number of domestic licensed TV channels required to provide access services increased from 75 to 83. This figure which has taken in excess of 10 years to achieve, accounts for over 90% of the audience share for television watching in the UK.
104 For video on demand services such a Code does not exist and Ofcom lack the power to require compliance with accessibility requirements. Since 2010, the Communications Act 2003 has stated the appropriate regulatory authority must encourage providers of on demand programme services to ensure that their services are progressively made more accessible. The Lords Amendment creates parity in the regulatory regime between broadcast and video on demand services.
105 Lords Amendment 242 inserts a new clause that would extend the regulatory regime for the electronic programme guide on linear services to catch-up on-demand services.
106 Lords Amendment 243 would give a power to the Secretary of State to amend the conditions in section 98(2) of the Broadcasting Act 1996 which a television channel must meet in order to be a qualifying service for the purposes of the listed events regime.
107 New subsection (5A) would enable the Secretary of State to lower by regulations the percentage of the population by which a channel must be received in order to be a qualifying service. The other condition, that a channel must be received without charge, would be unaffected.
108 New subsection (5B) would prevent a change made by regulations under this section from altering the validity of pre-existing contracts between broadcasters and holders of rights to listed events. This means that existing television rights agreements, which can last for several years, would not be rendered void by a change to the percentage. Further to that objective, new subsection (5C) would enable the inclusion of transitional, transitory, or saving provisions in regulations under this section.
109 New subsection (5D) would require regulations made under this section to be subject to the affirmative resolution procedure of both Houses of Parliament.
110 The power for the Secretary of State to set strategic policy statements now applies to a number of regulators. The Water Services Regulatory Authority ("Ofwat") has this provided for in section 2A of the Water Industry Act 1991. The Office of Gas and Electricity Markets ("Ofgem") has this provided for in s.131 of the Energy Act 2013. There is no equivalent provision for Ofcom.
111 The government’s view is that in order not to compromise Ofcom’s independence and reputation, that a clear and transparent mechanism is needed to set strategic direction.
112 The Lords Amendment would provide the Secretary of State with the power to set out a statement of strategic priorities which Ofcom must have regard to on: telecommunications, the management of the radio spectrum, and postal services.
113 This would have to be consulted on (including with Ofcom) and laid before Parliament and subject to an annulment by either House within 40 days.
114 Ofcom would also be required to share with the Secretary of State documents it is about to publish - there would be a regulation making power (negative procedure) for the Secretary of State to exclude certain publications.
115 This would ensure that government is better informed of key research, developments and decisions, and through this aid the government’s development of policy. Finally, it would also serve to create greater transparency in the working relationship between government on Ofcom.
116 Lords Amendment 245 inserts a new clause that would provide that an internet service provider, may restrict access to information, content, applications or services, where that is in accordance with the terms of service agreed by the end-user.
117 Lords Amendment 288 makes consequential amendment to the Bill’s long title.
118 Lords Amendment 246 would amend the Consumer Rights Act 2015 by inserting additional requirements to provide the ticket reference or booking number and any specific condition attached to the resale of the ticket to subsection (4) of section 90 of the Act.
119 Lords Amendment 247 would introduce a new clause designed to regulate the bulk purchase of tickets online by the use of ‘bots’. The amendment would provide the power for Government to introduce a criminal offence of using bots to purchase tickets for a recreational, sporting or cultural event in excess of the maximum permitted. The intended offence would apply only to tickets for events in the UK, but cover activity to obtain tickets that occurs outside the UK.
120 The offence would be summary only, with a maximum punishment of an unlimited fine in England and Wales, and an exceptional summary maxima in Scotland. The penalty in relation to Northern Ireland would be clarified once the Executive is in place.
121 The offence would be enacted by regulations, which would be introduced via affirmative procedure as soon as practicable, once relevant Technical Standards Directive processes have been completed.
122 Lords Amendment 248 would provide the Secretary of State with a power to make UK-wide regulations, subject to the affirmative procedure (new subsection 11), which would, in turn, confer power on the civil courts to make a drug dealing telecommunication restriction order (‘DDTRO’) on application by the police or NCA.
123 The effect of such an order would be to require the relevant communications provider to take whatever action the order specifies for the purpose of preventing or restricting the use of communication devices in connection with drug dealing offences, such as closing down mobile phone handsets, blocking SIM cards (and the associated phone number), and preventing the portability of phone numbers to another mobile network. New subsections (5) to (8) sets out the matters that must be addressed in any regulations, including who can make applications for such orders and provision about appeals. New subsection (9) sets out the matters that may be addressed in any regulations, for example, provision about time limits and costs. New subsections 4 and 12 would provide definitions of certain terms, including "drug dealing offence" and "communications provider".
124 Lords Amendments 249 to 252 would create a charging power to enable the collection of charges by the Information Commissioner to fund its data protection and privacy and electronic communications regulatory functions.
125 The amendments would replace the Information Commissioner’s current fees charging powers under Section 18 and 26 of the Data Protection Act 1998 as it will be necessary to repeal these provisions as part of implementation of the EU General Data Protection Regulation which will become part of UK law on 25 May 2018.
126 The amendments would also repeal Part 3 of the Data Protection Act. Part 3 imposes an obligation on data controllers to notify the Information Commissioner of certain types of data processing and the Commissioner maintains a register of all data controllers. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) removes the obligation on data controllers to notify the Commissioner and so it is necessary to repeal Part 3. The GDPR will become part of UK law on 25 May 2018.
127 The amendments seek to replicate the substance of the fee raising powers in the Data Protection Act 1998. Charges would continue to be based on the principle of full cost-recovery; and although it would no longer be a requirement for organisations to notify the Information Commissioner that they are processing personal data, organisations would continue to receive the same broad range of services from the Information Commissioner’s Office. This includes good practice guidance on organisations' obligations under the data protection framework and how to comply; online training videos; free voluntary audits of an organisation’s data protection practices to support improved compliance; and advisory visits.
128 Lords Amendment 234 and 254 would confer a power on the Secretary of State to modify or supplement provision in section 68 of the Telecommunications Act 1984 as to the Secretary of State’s liability in respect of BT plc’s liabilities to the BT Pension Scheme.
129 Lords Amendments 255 and 287 would make consequential amendment to the commencement provisions and the Bill’s long title.
130 Most Lords Amendments to clause 89 are consequential on other amendments and are described above. Lords Amendment 262 would enable commencement of measures by area. The government’s intention behind this amendment is that the government can ensure that measures are not commenced for Northern Ireland in the event that the Northern Ireland Assembly has not given legislative consent. Necessary consents from the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales have already been given.
131 In consequence of the potential need to commence the Bill by area, Lords Amendment 263 would also provide the power to make necessary transitional provision. The transitional powers would also be used to define small and micro businesses in the statistics chapter of Part 5 until definitions in the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 come into force.
132 Lords Amendment 264 would provide that the new provisions relating to water poverty, inserted by Lords Amendments 65 and 66, extend to England and Wales only.
133 Lords Amendment 265 would insert Paragraph 13A into Schedule 1 to clarify the relationship between code rights and land registration rules. The amendment confirms that Code rights will bind successors in title to the land they relate to, in accordance with paragraph 10 of the Code, and independently of land registration rules. In short, code rights will bind successors in title whether they are registered or not.
134 Paragraph 15 of Schedule 1 provides that an operator may assign an agreement under which code rights are conferred to another operator, enabling the second operator to ‘stand in the shoes’ of the first. The landowner cannot make the assignment subject to consent or conditions but may require the first operator to guarantee the obligations of the assignee operator.
135 Lords Amendment 266 would amend paragraph 15 so that it would ensure that the new electronic communications code provides landowners in Scotland with the same right (as was intended by the previous drafting to apply in England, Wales and Northern Ireland) to be able to require an operator to guarantee the obligations of an assignee operator.
136 Paragraph 23 of Schedule 1 makes provision for payment of consideration for code rights to be assessed at market value on a "no-scheme" basis. Lords Amendments 269 would amend part of paragraph 23 to clarify that the new valuation approach is based on four assumptions. Lords Amendments 267 and 268 are consequential. These amendments would not change the "no-scheme" basis of valuation and therefore do not alter the effect of paragraph 23.
137 An owner or occupier whose access to their land is obstructed by electronic communications apparatus without their agreement has the right to require the removal of that apparatus. Lords Amendments 271 and 272 make clear that this right only arises where the apparatus itself interferes with access by adjusting the first condition that must be met for an owner or occupier of neighbouring land to have a right to require the removal of apparatus. The Bill as drafted expressed the condition as requiring the operator to obstruct or interfere with access ‘in the exercise of a right mentioned in paragraph 13(1)’. The rights mentioned in paragraph 13(1) include activities other than the installation of apparatus, such as rights to enter land to inspect or repair equipment.
138 Paragraph 59 of Schedule 1 made provision regarding code rights when a public road is decommissioned ("stopped up").
139 Lords Amendment 273 would remove paragraph 59, which in the government’s view, after further stakeholder consultation, is unnecessary as the matter is covered in existing statutory provisions (see for example section 334 Highways Act 1980). Lords Amendment 270 is consequential.
140 Paragraph 64 concerns Crown Tidal Land. Lords Amendments 274 and 275 would amend paragraph 64 to align its provisions so that they are consistent with the amendments made to paragraph 23. The amendments would not change the "no-scheme" basis of valuation.
141 Part 13 of Schedule 1 provides rights for operators to require the cutting back of trees or vegetation which interfere, or potentially interfere, with electronic communications apparatus. These rights require the operator to serve a notice on the occupier of land on which such trees or vegetation are growing, and is subject to a counter notice procedure. The code as drafted states a counter notice can be served by ‘the occupier of land on which the tree is growing’, erroneously omitting occupiers of land on which vegetation is growing. Lords Amendment 276 would correct this omission, making it clear a right to serve a counter notice arises wherever a notice requiring trees or vegetation to be cutback has been served.
142 Paragraph 95 of Schedule 1 gives the Secretary of State the power to make regulations to confer jurisdiction on the First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal (in England and Wales). Lords Amendment 277 would correct paragraph 94(1)(a) to reflect that there is no First-tier Tribunal in Wales.
143 Paragraph 104 of Schedule 1 sets out who has the authority to enter into agreements or grant code rights over various different categories of Crown land. Lords Amendments 278 and 279 would make consequential changes as a result of the transfer of the management functions of the Crown Estate Commissioners under the terms of the Crown Estate Transfer Scheme 2017, which is made under section 90B of the Scotland Act 1998.
144 Lords Amendments 280 and 281 would correct minor omissions and referencing errors.
145 Lords Amendments 249 to 252 would create a charging power to enable the collection of charges by the Information Commissioner to fund her data protection regulatory functions. The charges will be subject to a Ways and Means Resolution. Before considering Lords Amendments the House of Commons will be asked to authorise the imposition of charges which are payable to the Information Commissioner.
These Explanatory Notes relate to the Lords Amendments to the Digital Economy Bill as brought from the House of Lords on 5 April 2017. | 2019-04-26T09:49:51Z | https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2016-2017/0166/en/17166en01.htm |
THE HON. SPEAKER: I also wish to inform the House that there will be a Catholic Service tomorrow, Wednesday, 29th March, 2017 at 1145 hours in the Senate Chamber. All members who are Catholic and non-Catholic are invited.
First Order read: Consideration: Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Bill [H.B. 5A, 2016].
Amendments to Clauses 2, 29 and 99 put and agreed to.
THE MINISTER OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (HON. CHINAMASA): Mr. Speaker Sir, I move that the Bill be read the third time.
Second Order read: Second Reading: National Competitiveness Commission Bill [H. B. 6, 2016].
THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE (HON. C. C. SIBANDA): Thank you Mr. Speaker Sir. I move that the debate do now adjourn.
THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE (HON. C. C. SIBANDA): Mr. Speaker Sir, the Government of Zimbabwe remains devoted to eliminating the problems involved in doing business in Zimbabwe. The anticipated advancement in the economy and investments would be sustained if we have a favourable working environment. There are quite a number of obstacles that are involved when one wants to set up a business in Zimbabwe. After realisation of the stagnation in business growth, the Ease of Doing Business Project was launched. As a country, we evaluated means of improving on our commercial laws and regulations and their enforcement. In a world that is fast globalising, many of our transactions are not being done electronically thereby making it relatively unfavourable for business to be conducted only through paper records. That is why this Bill seeks to amend the Deeds Registry Act so that registration of property is done electronically and an electronic database is created to promote economic growth, both locally and internationally. The effect of these changes is to ensure that business is promoted by the expedited registration period and electronic database, thereby making savings on both money and time.
Mr. Speaker Sir, I am sure that everyone is affected by the aforementioned challenges which significantly contribute to corruption in Zimbabwe. The unavailability of electronic access to the Deeds Registry’s Offices also contributes to delays in export time and reduces exports. The unavailability of access to the Registry’s Offices is of great concern as we are in an era of globalisation and digitalisation. It is, therefore, fundamental to ensure that there is smooth transfer of titles and registration of properties to reduce the cost of doing business among other benefits.
Mr. Speaker Sir, at this juncture, I would like to highlight the contents of the Bill before Honourable Members.
Mr. Speaker Sir, Clause 2 seeks to amend section 78 of the principal Act so as to restrict the execution of powers of attorney only to those witnessed and signed by a legal practitioner, notary public or justice of the peace and the signature of such legal practitioner. Attestations of such powers by “competent witnesses” or commissioners of oaths will no longer be competent for deeds registry purposes. This new mandatory provision of having a legal practitioner, notary public or justice of the peace attest to approve of the power of attorney is due to the high increase of fraudulent transfers of immovable property based on fake powers of attorney. This new requirement will protect the public from fraudsters who intend to swindle innocent victims.
Mr. Speaker Sir, Clauses 3 and 4 further seeks to permit the digitalisation of the deeds registry and eventual establishment of an electronic deeds registry which will supplement the paper based one, thereby greatly expediting and facilitating deeds registry administration. Access to the electronic registry for the purposes of information gathering and conveyancing work or notarial practice will be subject to certain safeguards against fraud, violations of privacy and other abuses.
THE HON. SPEAKER: Order, our whispers are too loud please. Hon. Minister if you can carry on.
THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE (HON. C. C. SIBANDA): The Clause will not limit the Deeds Registry Office to Harare and Bulawayo only but will allow for a centralised electronic database. The Bill will also allow maintenance of the Register to be extended to provide online services which is the new trend in business and allows users not to be physically present at the Registrar’s Office, thereby saving and promoting businesses in Zimbabwe. Hon. Members will note that this amendment Bill has addressed the core issues to facilitate ease of doing business in Zimbabwe in terms of the Registrar’s Office. The role of the Registrar is expediting the registration and inspection of properties. Registration is fundamental in promoting business in our country. It is high time that we move from paper based systems that are long winding, difficult to access and confined to a specific geographic location. We need to embrace technology and use it as a necessary tool to promote business and attract investors by eliminating obstacles that lengthen the process of registration.
I therefore commend the Deeds Registry Amendment Bill of 2016, to the House and move that the Bill be now read a second time.
THE HON. SPEAKER: I shall not call for a debate because the Portfolio Committee on Justice needs to table their report before we can open the debate to everyone else.
THE MINISTER OF STATE IN VICE PRESIDENT HON. MNANGAGWA’S OFFICE (HON. C. C. SIBANDA): I move that the debate do now adjourn.
Fourth Order read: Second Reading: Judicial Laws Amendment BillAmendment (Ease of Settling Commercial and Other Disputes) Bill [H. B. 4, 2016].
THE MINISTER OF STATE IN VICE PRESIDENT HON. MNANGAGWA’S OFFICE (HON. C. C. SIBANDA): Mr. Speaker Sir, our Government remains committed to removing the difficulties involved in doing business in Zimbabwe. The desired growth in the economy and investment would be sustained if we have an enabling environment. Rigorous business hurdles for setting up and running a business, limited access to credit, limited legal enforcement of business contracts are just but to mention a few challenges we face in Zimbabwe and across Africa. The ease of doing business project is centred on how as a nation we can improve our commercial laws and regulations as well as their enforcement so that we improve economically in the region. Its objective is to eliminate the unnecessary cost and other policy inconsistencies affecting business. Business regulation and enforcement plays a pivotal role in the fulfilling of ZIM ASSET as it contributes towards economic growth. That is why this Bill seeks to amend the High Court Act, the Magistrates’ Courts Act and the Small Claims Courts Act so that disputes of a commercial nature are dealt with expeditiously in our courts. It will expedite justice delivery and promote access to justice.
Hon. Members might be aware of our considerable efforts to get rid of stringent business regulations which hinder economic growth, causing unemployment and corruption. This also leads to delays in export time and reduces exports. Court regulations that result in delays in dispute resolution weaken the enforceability of contracts, increase corruption and are associated with inconsistency and unfairness of dispute resolution. Justice delayed is justice denied. A competent court system capable of enforcing business contracts and ensuring a smooth transfer of titles in the event of sale or purchase of property reduces the cost of doing business. Mr. Speaker Sir, this now brings me to the contents of the Bill before Hon. Members.
Mr. Speaker Sir, the parties involved in the suit must consent to the hearing of the case by means of a virtual sitting. The Bill states that the High Court rules of court for virtual sittings apply only to civil proceedings and not criminal proceedings. The Bill does acknowledge the possibility that the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act may under exceptional and specific circumstances, allow the use of virtual sittings in criminal hearings. In its current form, the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act does not make provision for virtual hearings. This will assist in speedy resolution of commercial disputes between parties electronically, without them being necessarily present in court.
Mr. Speaker sir, Clauses 2 and 5 of the Bill provides for the creation of divisions in the High Court for specific purposes. The judiciary is set for reformation through specialised extensions of the High Court. This is in line with the Constitution as provided for under Section 171 (3) which stipulates that a law may be made to provide for the High Court to be divided into specialised divisions but every such division must be able to exercise the general jurisdiction of the High Court in any matter that is brought before it.
- the digitasation of the records filed or lodged with the Registra and the conditions of access thereto or for the copying thereof for the purpose of any judicial proceedings.
Mr. Speaker Sir, Clause 5 of the Bill will amend the interpretation section of the Magistrates’ Court Act, Chapter 7:10 by adding definitions of business, commercial court and commercial dispute for the avoidance of doubt and the closure of any loopholes when disputes of a commercial nature arise. This will also ensure speedy conclusion of disputes as there will be no need to battle on interpretations of what constitutes a commercial dispute. This has been done for clarity.
The definition of person has been extended to juristic persons to allow corporate entities to follow up on their debtors. Formally, they had no locus standing in the small claims court. Artificial personality, juridical personality or juristic personality is the characteristic of a non-living entity regarded by law to have the status of personhood. Statutory Instrument 34 of 2016 has also increased the jurisdictions of the Small Claims Courts from $250 to $1000. This was done in order to decongest the Magistrates’ Courts in order to facilitate speedy resolution of disputes.
Mr. Speaker Sir, Clause 11 of the Bill seeks to afford parties in a dispute the right to legal representation in the Small Claims Court which was previously non-existent in such courts. Lawyers are now allowed to represent clients in the Small Claims Court in line with the constitutional provision as stipulated under Section 69(1). However, the tariffs should be governed by the Minister responsible and party to party costs cannot be claimed. The right to legal representation is generally regarded as a constituent of the right to a fair trial. Legal representation is an important tool or means of enforcing one’s rights. As a minimum, the right to a fair trial includes, the right to be heard within a reasonable time, the right to counsel and the right to a public hearing just to mention a few. This right is also protected under the Universal Declaration to Human Rights (article 10), International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR (article 14), African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, ACHPR (articles 3, 7, 26).
Mr. Speaker Sir, Hon. Members will note that this amendment Bill has addressed quite a number of issues to facilitate ease of doing business in Zimbabwe. The role of the Judiciary in dealing with insolvency and resolution of other disputes is of considerable importance. There is a significant relationship between the positive and negative between court efficiency in handling debt contracts and total credit. There is also a correlation between procedural formalism of the court system and the duration of resolution. Courts are essential for entrepreneurs because they interpret the rules of the market and protect economic rights. Efficient and transparent courts of law encourage new business relationships.
THE MINISTER OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (HON. CHINAMASA): Mr. Speaker Sir, if I could crave the indulgence of the House to move that Orders of the Day, Numbers 5 to 45 be stood over until Order of the Day, Number 46 has been disposed of.
HON. CHAMISA: I have a point of order.
THE ACTING SPEAKER: You may go ahead.
HON. CHAMISA: Thank you very much. I did not rise to object to the expediency of dealing with Order Number 46 but my reason for being on my feet is just to seek clarification before the Minister assumes the platform, particularly in the context of the myriad of challenges and problems we are facing in the country when it comes to the queues that are in the banks. We have been waiting for the Minister. If he may also favour us with whether or not he is going to issue a Ministerial Statement on the important issue of availability of cash in the banks.
Hon. Speaker, it is very important. I know it is not directly related to this matter but now that we have the Minister and we have given him the indulgence in allowing him to skip all the other motions. Is he also as a quid pro quo and an alternative favour to Parliament, is he going to favour the nation with a statement on the circumstances around the bond notes, their effectiveness or lack thereof and what is being done by Government? I think we have gone into almost 100 days after the introduction of the bond notes. I thank you Hon. Speaker.
THE MINISTER OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (HON. CHINAMASA): Yes, I will do so. I will favour the House with a Ministerial Statement sometime next week. I am not going to be in the country from tomorrow until Saturday. So, I will do so next week.
THE ACTING SPEAKER: ZANU PF Members of Parliament, there will be a Caucus meeting for ZANU PF Members of Parliament on Wednesday, 29th March, 2017 at the ZANU PF Headquarters at 1000 hours. You will be advised of the agenda. Please attend and be punctual. Thank you.
Forty-Sixth Order read: Adjourned debate on motion on the Second Report of the Public Accounts Committee on the Analysis of the findings of the Auditor-General on the 2013 Appropriation Funds and State Enterprises and Parastatals Accounts.
THE MINISTER OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (HON. CHINAMASA): Mr. Speaker Sir, allow me to express my sincere apologies to the august House for the time it has taken me to respond to this report that was presented in March, 2016; as well as the other issues that were raised by the august House for my attention. Let me further assure the House that I will, going forward, endeavour to submit timely responses to issues raised by the House. For ease of reference, in my response, I will deal with each of the issues raised by the Committee. I refer to the Committee’s recommendations and also the action taken by the Executive.
Treasury should by the end of June 2016, come up with regulations providing specifically for various acts of financial misconduct.
As indicated in my reponse to the Third public Accounts Report on the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, the Public Finance Management Regulations are currently being finalised and will be available to the Auditor-General for comment during the first quarter of 2017.
Appointment of Boards and Senior Management of SEPs and declarations of Assets by SEPs Board Members.
That the Executive should, where applicable, constitute Boards and appoint Senior Management to run the affairs of State Enterprises and that all Board Members should declare their assets.
The Executive is finalising a draft corporate Governance Bill for Public Enterprises that will govern the appointment of Board Members and Senior Managers, clarify roles and responsibilities and provide for the declaration of assets by each Public Enterprise Board Member. The Bill should be presented to Parliament during the first half of 2017 as the drafting is at an advanced stage.
I also need to point out that in terms of good corporate governance, Ministers and the Executive should not appoint management. Management appointments should be the responsibility of Board Members.
All Accounting Officers must appoint Audit Committees by June 2016 in order to comply with Section 84 of the Public Finance Management (PFM) Act.
While the process has taken longer than anticipated, given the requirement to consider conditions of service for Audit Committee Members, the Treasury in January 2017, directed all Accounting Officers to appoint Audit Committees by 31 March 2017.
The framework for these appointments has been resolved and is specified in a letter to all Accounting Officers, headed, “Operationalisation of Public Finance Management Act and Provisions on Establishment of Audit Committees for Government” dated 27 January 2017.
All entities must put in place key policy documents such as IT, Investment and Risk Management Policies by the end of June 2016.
These issues will be adequately addressed in the proposed Governance Bill and will be vigorously pursued when the Bill becomes law.
Failure to manage Cash and Receivables.
Accounting Officers failing to manage cash and receivables should be dismissed.
While I share the Committee’s concerns and Treasury is doing everything in its power to improve the management of these and other Government resources and assets, each case will be treated on its merits with the dismissal of Accounting Officers possibly being considered by the responsible authority as a last resort after appropriate disciplinary procedures have been fully exhausted.
I may also wish to add that, training of Accounting Officers is imperative and will be pursued as vigorously as motoring of their performance.
Related party transactions should be reported on time and failure to do so should be dealt with in terms of Section 91 of the PFM Act.
I am satisfied that related party transactions are adequately covered in annual reports of Appropriation Accounts and the Financial Statements of SEPs, reports that are tabled before this House. Where there are transgressions, these will be fully investigated and appropriate action taken.
All allowances paid to Senior Executives and Managers should be reflected in the payroll.
All emoluments to Executives and Senior Managers are now fully reflected on the payroll. In addition, these as well as payments to Board Members are now subject to appropriate taxation.
Government efforts to reform the Procurement Law are at an advanced stage. As you are all aware, the Bill is going through the Parliamentary approval processes.
I agree with the Committee’s recommendations and would advise that, while there are a few exceptions, remission of Statutory and Contractual obligations to these bodies has improved considerably this report was tabled. We continue to work on trying to ensure total compliance.
Government is fully committed to implementing the RBM Performance Management System. Within different ministries and parastatals, the level of success and commitment has been varied but we continue to work at it.
I agree with the Committee’s recommendations and am pleased to advise this House that all loans now have loan agreements and that all Government guarantees are now subject to on-lending agreements between the Government and the ultimate borrower.
I agree with the Committee’s recommendations and advise that the draft Corporate Governance Bill adequately deals with this issue.
I have combined a number of issues of a compliance nature that the Committee raised in their report. I agree with the Committee’s recommendations on compliance, timeliness and the need for disciplinary measures to be taken where there are transgressions. There has been some improvement, achieved mostly through considerable investment in training at the processing as well as the supervisory level. This, however, remains work-in-progress. Where appropriate, disciplinary action will be taken.
I agree with the Committee’s recommendations and can assure the House that such incidences are fully investigated and disciplinary action taken. As financial management performance improves through training and experience, I expect the occurrence of these incidences to reduce and cases of prosecution to increase.
Once again, I apologise for the delay in responding to the Committee’s report and I am sure that as we go forward, there will be increased improvement in the matter. Thank you very much.
HON. MPARIWA: Thank you Hon. Speaker. I rise to give an appreciation to the Minister in terms of the good progress that he has indicated and some of the members including myself have seen that the Minister has gone out of his way with the meager resources that the country has in trying to implement and cushion in terms of departments and parastatals. You may recall, Hon. Speaker, you are a member of the Public Accounts Committee, that we have lost millions of resources in parastatals. We appreciate that the Minister is trying his level best in trying to curb the loopholes as indicated in the reports of the Auditor General.
I may not have done justice if I were to sit down without actually paying tribute to the Auditor General and her department who happen to be the real people in terms of the work that the Public Accounts Committee does and with the reports that they produce. Let me encourage all members of the House to go through the reports of the Auditor General so that they get an appreciation of where we are getting all these issues and concerns. With that, let me thank Hon. Minister Chinamasa for a job well done.
This is team work and this is what we are calling for as Members of Parliament – to hold the Executive to account so that we have some kind of progress and protect our own resources.
With these few words, I move that this House takes note of the Second Report of the Public Accounts Committee on the Analysis of the Findings of the Auditor-General on the 2013 Appropriations Funds and State Enterprises and Parastatals Accounts.
HON. MATUKE: Mr. Speaker Sir, I move that we revert to Order Number 14.
HON. NDUNA: I move the motion standing in my name that this House adopts the Second Report of the Portfolio Committee on Transport and Infrastructural Development on the inquiry into the Aviation Industry in Zimbabwe.
HON. NDUNA: Thank you Mr. Speaker Sir. In the second and third Session, the Committee commenced an enquiry into the operational challenges faced by aviation industry. Pursuant to this, the Committee held oral evidence sessions with the Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe (CAAZ), Air Zimbabwe Board and Management and National Handling Services. The oral evidence sessions were augmented by site visits to the Harare International Airport and the Victoria Falls Airport. The enquiry was not only motivated by the Committee’s desire to uphold Section 119 (3) of the Constitution which explicitly spells out our oversight mandate, but also by the Committee’s earnest intention to contribute to the national development agenda in line with Strategic Goal 7 of our Institutional Strategic Plan and the ZIMASSET economic blueprint. The idea was to create value through rejuvenating our flagship carrier, Air Zimbabwe, in particular and the entire aviation industry in general based on the firm belief in the strategic importance of our national airline to the economic revival of Zimbabwe. Air Zimbabwe is, indeed, a strategic unit that can be used by Government in order to grow other sectors. As such, it must not be viewed parochially as a cash cow or as a business entity with the sole mandate to make a profit but rather as an economic driver. To put this into perspective, for example, if an individual flies from Johannesburg to Harare, they are only going to spend USD 300 on airfares which may not translate to much, but they will spend over USD 2 000 when they stay at the Meikles Hotel for a week. Viewed from this perspective, our national airline is thus a major economic driver whose revival we must resolutely fight for.
1.2 The afore-stated enquiries confirmed, regrettably, that though Air Zimbabwe is a strategic national asset which is still very much viable and will, if handled correctly, always be viable, the aviation industry was fraught with both intrinsic and extrinsic challenges. The enquiry into the operations of the CAAZ in particular revealed that the aviation industry requires funding in excess of US$50 million for construction and upgrading of airports infrastructure as well as the modernisation of Air Traffic Control communication systems and air navigation aids. Given such a scenario, it was little wonder then that Zimbabwe continues to maintain such an enviable safety record in the region and beyond in the face of such challenges. The Committee believes that this admirable safety record is attributable to the professionalism and dedication of the foot soldiers- pilots and air traffic controllers- even though the resources are insufficient to the extent that at one time these diligent men and women worked for three years without pay. The Committee thus resolved to extend its enquiry in the Fourth Session to the operational level, to the pilots and air traffic controllers themselves- the men and women responsible for maintaining safe, expeditious and orderly movement of aeroplanes in our skies- to hear from ‘the horse’s mouth’ as it were, the situation obtaining in the industry. This report, therefore, outlines the Committee’s findings in that enquiry.
inadequate resources, the bulk of the resources were being committed to non- priority areas at the expense of core activities. For example, CAAZ financed non-core activities such as Customer Service Celebrations over procurement of standby communication radios. Not celebrating customer service week has no effect on the safety of aircraft whereas loss of communication with aircraft may result in loss of property, lives and stretches the nation’s fiscal space through litigation.
2.2 Expeditious Procurement and Implementation of Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B).
operational across the country, pilots in equipped aircraft would have access to services that provide a higher level of safety and efficiency. Aircraft will enjoy more efficient spacing and optimal routing. This will enhance the Air Traffic Controller's awareness of aircraft in the airspace and enables controllers to identify and resolve potentially hazardous situations quickly and effectively. It also improves the ability to perform life-saving search and rescue missions. Air traffic controllers tracking aircraft will have information that is more accurate about last reported positions, helping to take the "search" out of search and rescue, thereby reducing the critical window of time involved in search and rescue operations.
prevails, the country is not guaranteed of continuous provision of efficient and effective air navigation service. They pointed out that the Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management equipment has outlived its lifespan. The radios breakdown frequently and, in some cases, pilots have to resort to use of cell phones to talk to controllers. Basic equipment like microphones, headsets and handsets are in a sorry state and in short supply. There are no backup communication systems in the event of a breakdown of the equipment.
2.3.2 As a result, aircraft flying in the lower air space are flying with very limited radio contact with Air Traffic Control. This may lead to collision due to lack of traffic information and traffic avoidance advice. Lack of radio surveillance in the lower airspace may also result in security infringement and delayed or no rescue in the case of a crash. A case in point is the helicopter that entered Zimbabwean airspace and crashed in the Gwanda area in 2014.
· Lack of emergency escape routes for Control Towers at Harare, J.
Air Traffic Control personnel in the mainstream of the organisation’s programs. They contended that ATC training programs are afforded minimal funds in favor of non-core activities that include but are not limited to golf tournaments, football tournaments, secretaries’ and office orderlies’ retreats. The Air Traffic Controllers pointed out that there are some officers that were last trained over 20 years ago and have not received any further refresher training since their basic ATC training. Thus, the air traffic controllers are not abreast with modern trends in the industry.
Management Policy in full. They noted, for instance, that in 2010, the nation lost an MA60 aircraft owned by Air Zimbabwe in a runway accident at Harare airport involving warthogs. While wildlife remained a looming threat at airports such as Victoria Falls, Buffalo Range, Hwange and Kariba, the authority had not put in place robust measures to mitigate accidents similar to the one that occurred at Harare airport. They pointed out that simple, inexpensive measures like grass cutting, bush clearance and allocation of vehicles and personnel for the sole purpose of clearing identified wildlife were not being implemented by management. This resulted in aircraft delays and increased workload on the pilots and controllers due to aborted landings and takeoffs.
2.5.2 In addition, the runway rehabilitation at Harare airport remains incomplete more than a decade after it began. Consequently, a significant stretch along the runway has a rough surface, which has the potential to damage aircraft. Moreover, there is no lighting on the runway centerline and all taxiways. The airfield lighting cannot be switched on/off from the tower and the brilliance cannot be adjusted from the control tower as well. This is particularly important in harsh weather conditions when aircraft on final approach request that lights be turned on or brilliance be increased or decreased at that instant. Coordinating with an electrician with that capability is not instantaneous and usually the aircraft lands without any of the requested action complied with which is very dangerous and exposes the aircraft to risks of bad landings and accidents.
3.1.1 Air Zimbabwe had no substantive management for over three years with the Chief Executive Officer holding the post in an acting capacity. This had crippled the CEO’s ability to make substantive policy decisions and created an untenable corporate governance scenario of ‘responsibility without authority.’ The implication of this scenario was that the acting CEO could not make decisions without consulting the parent Ministry thus resulting in inordinate delays in decision- making due to bureaucratic red tape.
3.1.2 The pilots further submitted that due to the specialised nature of the aviation industry, it would be prudent to appoint board members with a modicum of understanding of the industry as opposed to the prevailing situation wherein ‘professional ignoramuses’ were appointed to the board. In addition, the board members were constantly and consistently chopped and changed at the discretion of the Minister resulting in a dearth of continuity in operations and, ultimately, a disconnect between the Ministry and the airline’s vision.
most 20 years. Beyond that, the aircraft would have exceeded their sell-by date resulting in huge maintenance costs. Accordingly, they proposed that new aircraft be purchased to enhance efficiency, attract customers and reduce operational costs.
abandoned due to operational challenges, was a latent cash cow which needed to be resuscitated as a matter of urgency. They contended that owing to the huge number of Zimbabweans residing in the diaspora, airlines plying that route such as Ethiopia and Emirates airlines were almost always full to capacity. Re-introducing a direct flight between Harare and London would recapture all those customers who had to endure long transit hours along that route.
3.4.1 The pilots noted with concern the lack of job security arising from the fact that they did not have proper working contracts but were paid what was termed a “working allowance.” This had resulted in an unbridled brain drain of skilled and experienced pilots and engineers. In addition, there was no visible commitment from management to retain the skilled manpower.
exacerbated by the apparent lack of engagement at policy level which had resulted in policy decisions which neither protected nor promoted the national airline. For instance, where other airlines are jealously protected by their governments, Zimbabwe had granted licences to new airlines to ply exactly the same routes that Air Zimbabwe plies which was unheard of in the industry. All national airlines are protected by their governments and are given the first right of refusal rather than just putting a direct competitor on the same route.
4.1 There was generally low morale among both pilots and air traffic controllers who felt that the importance of their profession was not being given due recognition and support. This was exacerbated by management’s apathetic attitude towards staff welfare issues typified by delayed responses to the concerns of staff.
4.4 Air Zimbabwe and CAAZ management have not created sufficient platforms for engagement with operational staff with the result that there is no shared vision of the direction both organisations should take nor are there common values.
4.5 Clearance of the debt to IATA will unlock value for Zimbabwe by enabling Air Zimbabwe to create strategic partnerships with other airlines.
4.6 Air Zimbabwe’s governance structure should be modeled in a way that enables management to make quick and viable decisions in a short space of time. The rather lengthy consultation chain involving management, the board and the parent Ministry hinders expeditious decision making in this cut-throat industry.
control units and a standby communication system by end of June 2017.
resources strategy of CAAZ to ensure that air traffic control personnel are up-to-date with modern trends and developments in the aviation industry by end of June 2017.
5.3 Rehabilitation of the runway at the Harare International Airport and installation of airfield lighting must be done immediately.
5.4 The air navigation system should be computerised and integrated by end of June 2017.
consultation with operational staff and provide timeous feedback on staff welfare issues by end of June 2017.
5.6 Government, in the current budget, must prioritise the clearance of the IATA debt to enable Air Zimbabwe to actively pursue strategic partnerships and alliances with other airlines which will facilitate the revival of the national airline through opening up more routes.
streamline its work force to ensure that it is not overstaffed in the wrong areas and understaffed in critical areas. Critical revenue generating processes must be prioritised in the process by end of June 2017.
unexplored lucrative local routes such as Harare-Beitbridge by end of June 2017.
permanent member of the board to ensure not only that they are represented at the policy making level but also that the board comprises personnel with extensive knowledge of the aviation industry by end of April 2017.
incentive on all tickets sold outside the country by end of April 2017.
HON. CROSS: Mr. Speaker Sir, this report is extremely important and I must say every one of us who are regular fliers must have heard this report with a great deal of concern. Flying an aircraft in the skies is not an amateur’s job. This is a task that has to be conducted by experts and has to be managed properly or else it puts at risk everybody who does so. What we have heard this afternoon is a litany of failure by the Ministry of Transport and the Air Zimbabwe Board. I want to raise in terms of the cost of doing business in Zimbabwe, the question of landing fees and departure taxes which were not raised by the Committee. In my view a departure tax of fifty dollars per passenger is simply outlandish and there is absolutely no way that we can provide a cost effective aircraft service or landing fees here at this rate. We have got to be competitive internationally when it comes to landing fees if we are going to attract air transport services.
In addition to that, this question of airport communications and control; this is not something you can play with. This is either done properly or it is not done at all and to have heard this afternoon that the equipment is antiquated, that many aircraft controllers simply do not have the basic equipment to do their jobs and, that radar systems are not working Mr. Speaker, is an issue which needs urgent attention. I think and I would hope that we will demand that the Minister of Transport make an early response to this report.
When it comes to the questions of dysfunctional management, I think this has been an issue for a long time and I think this requires the Minister’s urgent attention. I know the new Minister is doing his best and I really think that he should put this matter to rest as soon as possible. These proposals by the Committee that senior members of staff should be incorporated into the Board from both the technical and the flying staff I think, is a very good one and would help improve the quality of the management team.
When it comes to procuring equipment Mr. Speaker, there is no problem in the aviation industry in getting credit in terms of buying new equipment but what the sellers of new equipment look for is credible management that we can provide and a sound balance sheet. I think the Minister of Finance could restructure the balance sheet to meet the requirement. Good international insurance cover; we can arrange that in no time at all and a sound business plan whichcould be put to bed by a team of local consultants together with management. That includes the question of vigorous promotion and advertising and good financial management. Mr. Speaker Sir, all those issues are under our control and I believe that we could put together a respectable, functional and cost effective air services in Zimbabwe under Air Zimbabwe’s control without any difficulty and in short order.
The recommendations of the Committee I think needs to be followed up without exception and I will just point out to the House Mr. Speaker that, the question of management moral is very much a product of management itself and the question of the Board. It is not difficult to manage people who want to work for you and provided we do the right things. Even if pay is not adequate, we can find highly motivated people who would work to put Air Zimbabwe back on its feet. When it comes to procurement, I believe that we put together a team today in Zimbabwe, consisting of our better business persons. We could in fact organise procurement of new equipment across the board of extensive credit terms. Every airline in the world well does this. You do not have to buy equipment for cash. When it comes to provision of essential equipment, what we heard this afternoon Mr. Speaker is not a hugely expensive list of requirements. Earphones and microphones; for heaven’s sake, these are minor equipment. This should be petty cash in terms of an institution like Air Zimbabwe and the Ministry of Transport.
These matters need to be attended to immediately. There should be no delay whatsoever. Then there is the question of vision. Mr. Speaker, surely, we as a nation can sort this out tomorrow. It is not difficult to give an organisation a vision of where it needs to go. I think that the Minister needs to address this urgently.
When it comes to the debt to IATA of $4.5 million, I cannot understand why this is not being settled. You cannot fly internationally if you do not pay IATA. You cannot sell tickets through the international systems without paying IATA. It makes complete business sense for the Minister of Finance and Economic Development to find this small amount of money and settle this obligation immediately. This really is petty cash.
When it comes to management review, we have all heard in the past the fact that Air Zimbabwe has numerous directors. They have a tor heavy management staff. Surely a review of management and conditions of employment and of general staff, is long overdue and that should be attended to. None of these issues requires external assistance or external intervention. None of these issues require donors’ assistance. These are things we can do ourselves and we can do it tomorrow. I think as this august House, we must demand that the Minister appears before this House and give a full ministerial statement in response to this report. I thank you.
HON. MATUKE: I move that we revert to the Order of the Day Number 24.
urban roads are in an appallingly dilapidated state that is not only car-worthy but is hazardous to life, limb and property.
(ZINARA) took over from Harare City Council and other municipalities the collection of termly vehicle licensing fees, 10% of which revenue would be retained by municipalities for road maintenance.
to all other local authorities.
HON. MAJOME: I thank the indulgence of the House in allowing me to debate this motion right now. I rise to move this motion on behalf of all other Hon. Members of Parliament and other members of the public on the appalling and alarming state of our roads. Not a single person who is in this room or an outsider who possesses a motor vehicle or even rides in a motor vehicle has not ever had the experience of being stopped by the police, in our numerous road blocks and having their car combed through with a fine tooth comb for un-roadworthiness. We are a nation that is, for lack of a better term, obsessed with roadworthiness of cars.
The police holds microscopes and magnifying glasses to check if our cars are roadworthy or not. Some people have even been arrested for keeping their cars dirty because in terms of the law, you cannot have a dirty car. However, we are so fastidious about making sure that our cars are roadworthy but unfortunately, while we are doing that, we are not at all making any effort to ensure that the roads that our cars travel on are car-worthy. Our roads are not worthy of having any modern motor vehicle travelling on them.
What I am seeking to persuade Hon. Members of this august House is not anything new. I have researched and found beyond doubt ever since I came into this Parliament the reason why - particularly our urban roads are in that state. I represent Harare West Constituency. With your indulgence, I am going to ask Hon. Members to be shown the state of roads that are in Harare West Constituency, in the capital city of Harare, Zimbabwe. I have been travelling all over the country and the roads in Harare are not in a different state from the other ones. I have found that the sole cause of this terrible state of our roads is the lack of funding to Harare Municipality in particular. They are not accessing the money that is required in order not only to repair our roads but to keep them in a state of repair.
Hon. Members of the august House will remember that the state of our roads started deteriorating very rapidly from around 2010. Before that, our roads might not have been the best in the world but they were certainly not in the state that they are in. Their decline has been precipitating and escalating. Recently, with cyclone Dineo, it is even worse now. What it means therefore is that local authorities and particularly Harare City Council is failing to maintain the roads because it cannot cope with the rate of wear and tear and it does not have the money. It is no coincidence that our roads started to decline more around 2010 but there is something very particular around the financing of infrastructure that happened there. In that fateful year of 2010, in October, Government made a fateful decision to take away the collection of revenue for car licences that we pay on a termly basis, in its wisdom. I am sure Government had good intentions by taking away licencing from local authorities and directing it straight to ZINARA. From that time on, our roads descended into the deep potholes that they are now.
My motion is designed to plead with Hon. Members of this august House across the political divide to; for once do something that is in the common national interest and put aside our party suspicions, but do something that is in the interest of the public of Zimbabwe and do something in this august House where we use the powers that we have as legislators, to make, guide and influence good policies for the good governance of this country. In particular, to specifically move to reverse that very unfortunate decision that has resulted in municipalities, in particular, I will speak of Harare Municipality because that is what I have researched on. This will allow them to access funding that we pay for motor vehicle licences so that our roads can be repaired. I make this impassioned plea to Hon. Members because this is not the first time that this august House has done something that I am pleading with the Hon. Members to agree to resolve. A short while ago, in the Seventh Parliament, on 20th January 2009, a similar motion was moved and indeed passed by this august House in order to save the nation from the suffering that was there. In that motion of 2009, Hon. Larry Mavima, seconded by Hon. Hlongwane, moved a motion that was carried by this august House because of the love that Hon. Members of Parliament have for the people of Zimbabwe and for the people they serve. They moved a motion to stop the Zimbabwe National Water Authority’s revenue collection of water and put it back to council.
Mr. Speaker Sir, you will recall in 2009, cholera was wreaking havoc in our country and no less than 4 000 people died because of cholera. At that point, the management of water systems had been taken away from municipalities and had been given to the ZINWA. The House noted at Hon. Mavima’s instigation that ZINWA did not have the capacity or resources to provide safe drinking water and that municipalities used to be able to do that before. Indeed, Mr. Speaker Sir, this august House did work across the political divide and resolved to pass the motion by Hon. Mavima for municipalities to have back their water revenue so that they could manage water supplies.
Mr. Speaker Sir, what I seek to do is to plead with the Hon. Members to repeat history, that they work according to their consciences and agree that for the good management of our country and of our roads in particular, that Hon. Members move and agree that the licences that we pay for the maintenance of roads, go back to municipalities so that they have money in their hands to fix the roads that are in their districts, in terms of the Constitution. That is the essence of my motion Mr. Speaker Sir.
I did a bit of research about the origin of motor vehicle licensing and our good friend Wikipedia gave me the definition that a motor vehicle licence is required for a motor vehicle to be legally permitted to be used or kept on a public road in the jurisdiction. There is a brief history about the origins of motor vehicle licensing. Zimbabwe uses a system that we inherited from the United Kingdom, rightly or wrongly but our system of motor vehicle licensing was borrowed from there. When motor vehicle licensing started somewhere in 1870 and there was something called the Tramways Act of 1870 that was passed. It tried to develop infrastructure in the local authorities. There was a Motor Act of 1903 that introduced a registration fee for each motor vehicle that was not the news for trade and the pricing were according to the weight of the vehicle.
It was established that in 1920, there was need to maintain roads and it was developed to ensure that the money goes to the use of roads. Therefore, Mr. Speaker Sir, there was a road fund that was established after the Great War. That localised the collection of revenue for municipalities to fix roads in their localities. This is essentially, what we inherited and the system has been working extremely well. I did find out why it is that this decision was made and I could find no clear answer. I was also told that when the Zimbabwe National Roads Authority collects this revenue, it is meant to remit and give back the revenue to municipalities. I have established in Harare City Council in particular, that right now for Harare City Council to have its roads fixed, it needs a phenomenal amount of money that goes into millions but what has been disbursed by ZINARA from 2009, from the time they started up to 2015, is only $9 292 000. I am going to show you slides of the roads that we have so that we see and remember what it is exactly that we are dealing with. So that we do not forget that as legislators, have a responsibility to represent our constituents so that they can live better lives.
Mr. Speaker Sir, I started more or less in First Street, Harare but I realised that from the minute that I gave notice of my motion, I was very pleasantly surprised Mr. Speaker Sir, about two days later, which I want to think that it was a happy coincidence, I heard an announcement that the Government has declared the roads in Harare to be in a state of disaster. I was encouraged and also amused because I thought to myself, why are we in a state of disaster? I said to myself, honestly, from the history of the revenue collection and management that this is surely a state of disaster that we have created for ourselves by taking a disastrous policy decision where we deprive ourselves of revenue and our roads are not repaired, they are in a state of disaster.
Mr. Speaker Sir, those on the screen are roads in Harare West Constituency. The first one was in Kirkan Road near Warren Hills Golf Club. These are plush suburbs that Harare West must have invested their life savings to build houses and every quarter they pay, on those roads, for licenses. That is Good Hope road in Good Hope and that is not hopeful at all Mr. Speaker Sir. There are craters in the middle of the roads and the communities are suffering.
This is the plush suburb of Marlborough in Harare and that road is called Campbell Town road. Mr. Speaker Sir, I ran contest of the worst road in Harare West Constituency on my facebook profile, to hear from Harare Westners which roads they consider – Mr. Speaker Sir, that is nothing less than a disgrace. I want to remind Hon. Members that the state of our roads does cost us lives.
This young man was called Delan Dzimunya. He perished on 18th March, 2013 on Harare Drive. Those Hon. Members who use Harare Drive will know that there is an Engen Garage just before you get to the Lomagundi Road. Young Delan Zimunya was a Grade 7 pupil at Hallingbury School. He was knocked down on trying to cross Harare Drive Road. He was knocked down because while there is a pedestrian crossing that has been designated for the longest time, that pedestrian crossing, because of the lack of funding to roads, is invisible to motorist. A child who wanting to cross the road can see some faint zebra stripes but a motorist who is passing by cannot see them at all. This young child died on the way to Parirenyatwa Hospital, a needles loss of live.
Mr. Speaker Sir, I am particularly moved and inspired in the memory of Delan Zimunya that this august House does think about the safety of road users. Signage road markings are poor or missing or the paint that is used is so faint that even if they paint it, three months down the line, it is gone. This has cost lives. Brilliant young minds and loses to families that would have done something for Zimbabwe. I do implore upon Hon. Members to do the right thing and resolve that licensing be taken back to municipalities because I know that if roads are funded, we will avoid such needless loss of lives. May His soul rest in peace.
On the issue of traffic safety, I am glad that members of the Transport Committee are here. In the Harare West that I represent, there are cycle tracks that had long been built alongside roads for children even to cycle their bicycles out of the road. What you see on the screen is in Sawlely Way in Marlborough and this is near Marlborough Primary School. On the right, there used to be a cycle track that school children could use bicycles and it was very safe but there is nothing like that anymore. On the same road, the humps are missing and it is a tale of horror. Our roads are extremely dangerous because there is no funding on roads. Apart from the potholes, the issue of traffic safety is gone. In terms of traffic lights, there should be robots that should work but they are never working. These signs are so dilapidated and are causing a danger because there is no funding.
Mr. Speaker Sir, while we are here, I have talked a lot about Harare West but let us talk about the capital City of Harare. That should be the jewel in our crown. We talk day in day out about ease of doing business and investor confidence. Mr. Speaker Sir, what you see on the screen there in fact is a crater that has been at the corner of nowhere else other than the corner of First Street and Nelson Mandela Avenue, the very street that this Parliament is built.
Mr. Speaker Sir, I feel ashamed. I think even in the memory of Nelson Mandela, it does not do right to the memory of people that we want to honour to have the roads that we name after them deteriorate to that level because we have taken away revenue for their maintenance. That is the Central Business District of Harare and in fact of the capital city of Zimbabwe. No investor will take us seriously if we continue to make decisions and keep on along a disastrous path or disastrous and potholed road.
Mr. Speaker Sir, I want Hon. Members to pay attention to this video that I filmed in First Street at exactly the corner of Nelson Mandela Avenue and First Street, the Central Business District of Zimbabwe. That is a Mercedes Benz that is getting right into the crater and another vehicle on the other side and pedestrians that are at the centre of that island. We now need 4 x 4s, to go through the streets of Harare, First Street and Nelson Mandela Avenue. If you noticed, there was an island in the middle of the street. Actually, on that day, I was moved to record that video because I was almost knocked over because when you stand in the centre of the island, cars come inside to the centre towards the island to avoid the crater.
Needless to say Mr. Speaker Sir, traffic lights were simply not working again because of this issue of roads. My question is, why do we as a country insist on taking policy decisions that harm us. We saw the young life of Delaney Zimunya gone needlessly. The policies harm ourselves, our lives and those of our future citizens and not only our vehicles. The cost of doing business and the amount of money that individuals spend on maintaining vehicles, Mr. Speaker Sir, this cannot be said.
Yesterday there was commissioning of a plant for motor vehicles through Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries. I think we are doing very well by seeking to attract business but if we were to ask those Engineers who assemble those vehicles and ask them to give us a report, they will tell you that the motor vehicles that are being assembled are meant for what is called tarmac roads or roads that are paved. They are not meant for what we see there. This is along Hopley Road. Mr. Speaker Sir, this cannot be allowed to go on. Property values are deteriorating in that area. Our beautiful city and other cities across the country are like that.
While we are on the issue of licencing, if it is said that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely, what we did is to channel all the revenue and flood ZINARA. We took away vehicle licences and flooded them at ZINARA and ZINARA is swimming and drowning in money and it does not know what to do with it any more. Mr. Speaker Sir, this has been tabled in this House. There is an article from The Newsday that appeared some time in 2015. There was a report that ZINARA bought snow ploughs for roads. Yes, it has been said. They are trying to give the excuse that they are multi-functional but seriously speaking, if we are to be resourceful and try and also use the snow ploughs to grade roads, they were created as snow ploughs. We do not have snow in Zimbabwe and this decision is not a good decision.
Our municipalities are crying out loud for funding to fix roads and yet ZINARA is not doing right and is not disbursing that money to municipalities, it has deficits. Mr. Speaker Sir, ZINARA is blaming heavy taxes for bad roads and it is really alarming that they receive money and like I said, they are looking for excuses. They are suffocating and drowning in money that they do not know what to do with. Let us save, not only our roads, but let us also save ZINARA by giving it what it can manage. Let ZINARA continue collecting revenue for the trunk roads but for the municipalities and the cities, the crafters of our Constitution found it fitting that we devolve and decentralise power and resources to municipalities. What we have done there now needs to be reversed for the sake of our lives and our economy.
Mr. Speaker Sir, the Hon. Minister of Transport and Infrastructural Development said we need $24 billion to repair our roads. My simple plea is that if we had not made this disastrous decision of removing revenue from municipalities and starving them, our roads could not have deteriorated so badly that we now need $24 billion to repair them. This august Parliament can put a stop to this unhappy state of affairs. I am sure no one likes the deterioration of vehicles and even danger to life. We need to stop this. Hon. Minister Kasukuwere said the roads are in a state of disaster and indeed they are in a state of disaster but this is a man-made disaster. I am happy that no women were part of that decision. If it was, it is time this Parliament has an opportunity in this House to solve this state of affairs.
We do not need to look for money from investors from outside to fix our roads. Each month we pay those termly licence vehicle fees. That is a lot of money. All that we need to do is to take that money and channel it straight to the roads and the local authorities are best suited for that. While I was on that, there are alarming reports that have been produced by the Auditor-General’s office about opaqueness and lack of transparency and apparently also misappropriation of money by ZINARA because it simply has got too much money. There are procurements that are done that are not substantiated at all. I am looking for a specific set of accounts that is still pending. I am glad that the Public Accounts Committee has taken an interest in it. I got that from the Public Accounts Committee’s reports and I want to salute the Committee, led by Hon. Mpariwa for doing a sterling job and exposing these distortions and foibles.
Mr. Speaker Sir, there are successive reports that councils are indeed crying about. In 2014, the Auditor-General found that ZINARA operates in a system of weak financial controls and that in 2014 they have made payments amounting to $4 157 937 which were not supported at all by authorised payment vouchers. Mr. Speaker Sir, if you give me $4 157 937, I can tell you what I will do with the roads in Harare West. For example, I will just repair Lomagundi Road, widen it and I would also widen Kirkman Road. Anyone who lives in the Western suburbs of Harare will see how these roads are now no longer fit for the population of Harare. There are plans to widen them through byways and pass ways. We could do wonders with that.
Speaking about Lomagundi Road Mr. Speaker Sir, I note with sadness that His Excellency the President hails from Zvimba in Mashonaland West. Mr. Speaker Sir, the way to Zvimba right now, I would want to believe it is impassible by the Presidential motorcade. Driving there day in day out, I do not see His Excellency’s Mercedes Benz being able to pass by and actually travel and go at the speed that is required. That is the road that is the gateway to Mashonaland West. Mr. Speaker Sir, we cannot allow this. The money that has been given to ZINARA should just come straight back and repair our roads.
Further on, in 2014 again, ZINARA procured 40 motorised graders through a tender of $8 040 800. In Harare, we do not need graders. We just want our roads to be resurfaced and paved. I am sure that other places would also want graders and even rural authorities would also benefit from that money from licences that they also get from their surroundings. They did not at all go to tender in using that shocking amount of $8 040 800. ZINARA deals in huge sums of money – it is awash in funding and choking in it and this decision to keep on giving them the money that we need for our roads is a bad decision and we need to secure it.
Mr. Speaker Sir, they did not even go through the State Procurement Board that was there before we started debating the Procurement Act that we are debating. They also proceeded to engage exactly the same supplier who they had engaged without going to tender again, to develop a $54 million vehicle licencing system. Mr. Speaker Sir, why pay $54 million to licence vehicles when those licences that we are paying are meant to go down on to the roads. They are not meant to pay some obscure and dubious supplier who has not been approved by the State Procurement Board.
Mr. Speaker Sir, this is the revenue that we pay for licences. Mr. Speaker Sir, I want to remind Hon. Members that our duty in terms of the Constitution is to ensure that the Constitution is upheld and followed. We do have that power for a very good reason. We represent those people who are having their vehicles mangled. I saw Hon. Chibaya sitting there and he has left – just about two weeks ago, there was a story in our national newspapers to the effect that a family of three people was killed instantly when the kombi that they were riding in was swerved to avoid a pothole.
These are matters of life and death and we can solve this problem for the sake of our nation. We do not need to keep on shoveling money to ZINARA. It can still have money as it can do all sorts of other things but, in terms of lives and the expenses, and even in terms of savings per household, if we want to grow the economy, we need to put money back to the local authorities. We have an Auditor-General who has stringent methods of monitoring. If we are worried that the local authorities might abuse the money, I do not think that Zimbabwe is short of auditing brains that can put in place vigorous methods to ensure that money is not abused. Even using ICT, it would be possible to track how much money has been used.
Mr. Speaker Sir, I want to end by winding up and plead with Hon. Members of this august House that can we use the hopes of the people that we represent and do the right thing and move this motion and pass it to ensure that the licencing fees that are actually meant for repairing the roads comes straight to our roads. That in particular, our Constitution requires that local authorities be given the authority and it will not dis-empower anyone but it will be a good way of prudent financial management. Let money be used for its purposes and let it be directed by the shortest route. If money goes round and round in ZINARA bank accounts and graders, it will get lost. It is getting lost and it is not getting to our roads.
Mr. Speaker Sir, on that note, I want to wind up and plead with Hon. Members of this august House to support this motion so that we use the money that we are paying everyday so that it goes right back on to our roads. I thank you Mr. Speaker Sir.
*HON. MAONDERA: Thank you Mr. Speaker for giving me the opportunity to make my contribution on the motion raised by Hon. Majome. It is a very pertinent and important motion. I support all that she has said and we say this motion is not partisan. It is not ZANU PF and it is not MDC-T but it affects all the people of Zimbabwe because when we are looking at these issues which have a bearing on our lives, we have to support them just like we supported the motion raised by Hon. Khupe when she talked of cancer. We all supported it because it has a bearing on our lives. Hence, we also have to support this motion on the state of our roads because it affects us all.
We are talking about ZINARA and the maintenance of the roads. When you talk of local authorities about why they are not repairing and maintaining the roads, they will tell you that we are not receiving anything from ZINARA. Yet, when you go to ZINARA and say why are we not repairing our roads which are so full of potholes, they will tell you that we are sending all the monies to the local authorities and we find ourselves in a blame game. As stated in the motion by Hon. Majome, we need to take back the process where councillors were collecting vehicle taxes and levies. This way, we will be able to confront local authorities if our roads are still bad. I am sure that we were all watching on the screens in this House when we were shown the state of the roads and cars having problems in maneuvering these roads. When you are travelling along Highglen Road getting to the roundabout in Glen Norah up to a place called Masimbi in Glen Norah, this is the road which feeds into Simon Mazorodze and also goes via Glen Norah and Kuwadzana up to Bulawayo Road. This road is in a bad state. Again, when you look at Glen Norah, we also have a road called State House where recently a learner from Ruveneko School was hit by a car because the road signs which were showing the state of the road and humps had been vandalised. This pupil was fortunate in that whereas she was injured, she was not killed. We are saying, let us put our heads together and solve this problem.
When you talk to the local authorities in Harare, they will tell you that they were given less than $2 million to repair the roads yet the taxes from cars in Harare can give an amount of $9 million. So the question to be asked is, we have paid $9 million and we are only given $2 million – where is the $7 million going to. Even if you were to look at the amount which is collected by Mutare, Zvimba or any other local authorities, you will ask yourself the question that these monies have been collected from motorists residing in those particular areas but, where are these taxes taken to.
We are always saying that we want to lure foreign business ventures to come into this country, but whenever they come into the country; they do not feel comfortable with investing in a country which has a problem with its roads, communications and water; yet when these people alight from the aeroplane at the Harare International Airport and travel along the Joshua Mquabuko Nkomo road, which is the Airport road, it is so beautiful and it gives them the comfort that Zimbabwe has good roads. But to their surprise, they will find that the roads are so bad. The road was constructed by a company which was given $70 million yet we know that the road did not cost that much and they did not complete the project. It had to be completed by the local authorities or the Government at a lesser amount than what has been stated. That is why I am saying the investor comes into the country, travels along Joshua Mqabuko or Airport Road, the road is good but when they get into the city centre, they find that the roads are in a bad state and full of pot holes. How can we lure foreign investors?
We need to be very careful. If we look at the report of the audited results of ZINARA, the Auditor General (AG) revealed that there was recklessness in handling of finances at ZINARA. How do the people of Zimbabwe feel if they pay a lot of money and yet the roads are not maintained? This is tormenting because when you pay your money, you expect to get good service.
ZINARA was founded so that it could rehabilitate the roads but instead of serving this purpose, the problems are multiplying. The same goes for the animosity between the police and the people of Zimbabwe. If we were to go on an opinion poll and ask the people of Zimbabwe about the performance of ZINARA, they will tell you that ZINARA is an organisation that the country can do without because it is not properly utilising the money meant for road maintenance. Motorists incur huge bills resulting from hitting pot holes. The suspension, wheels and shocks of vehicles are being damaged and yet people pay licences but ZINARA abuses the funds. At times people are involved in accidents. As a result people are now asking what they have done wrong to the Government to deserve such an imposition which is now tormenting them.
We are a democratically elected Government which is empowered by the people. Let us put our heads together. ZINARA should confine itself to collecting toll fees only and let local authorities tax the vehicles in their vicinity. If the Government does not want to give back the licence fees to local authorities, then let us craft a law which does not compel local authorities to maintain and construct roads. We need to consult ZINARA and the local authorities to come and give us a clear picture of who is responsible for repairing, maintaining and constructing our roads because the blame game is too much. We may not make a decision as to where our finances are going to.
We have been told that in the procurement of products and services, we hear that ZINARA will simply decide without consultation and purchase equipment for repairing roads. As far as we are concerned, this is just a scapegoat for abusing these funds. If we go to China and buy that equipment, you will find that we are being short changed. One will only notice this after thorough calculations have been done. I am pleading with the people of Zimbabwe that we talk to Government so that licence fees for cars be collected by local authorities and not ZINARA.
Our roads are bad especially when we compare to the state they were in, in 2009. From 2009 to 2017, there was nothing comprehensive done on the maintenance and repair of roads. This is what has led to our roads being declared a national disaster.
As far as the bad state of our roads is concerned, it is of our own making. We were watching whilst the situation got bad. This is unlike the cyclones which just come all of a sudden and cause destruction. I feel we need to get a response from the responsible Minister of Local Government or Minister of Transport and Infrastructural Development. The collection of vehicle licences should be taken away from ZINARA and returned to the local authorities. If this is not solved, this is going to have an effect in the next coming election.
*HON. GANGARAHWE: Thank you Mr. Speaker Sir for giving me the opportunity to make my contribution on the motion raised by Hon. Majome. There are some points where I agree with her and where I do not agree. Let me now explain myself clearly.
Thank you Hon. Majome for informing us that ZINARA is collecting licence fees. Local authorities in Harare are also collecting money but Hon. Majome did not talk about it. Cars are parked for eight hours in town and they are charged one dollar per hour. That money is collected by the local authority. One car pays eight dollars per day. How many cars are parked per day? Why should the local authority start clamouring for money from ZINARA when they cannot account for the parking fees they collect. Some of the areas where these cars are parked are bad but people still pay a dollar per hour.
At Mbare Musika, the buses pay $15 for coming into the terminus. How much money is collected per day? I think it adds up to $1 000 per day. The travelers’ sheds at Mbare Musika are all dilapidated and vandalized. The local authority is not doing anything about it. Why are they not repairing that market place?
The local authorities are also collecting money for water. What is happening to that money which is collected on behalf of ZINWA? If one checks on the reservoirs, we find that the water is now murky because the pumping systems are so bad. They do not suit the current population. If the pipes were good enough to allow all the water coming in, we would not see frogs coming out on the pipeline.
Airport Road which is being referred to as a good road, it was in bad shape until it was taken over by the local authority of Harare. I am not opposing that ZINARA should hand over the payment of licence fees to local authorities but what I am saying is that Harare City Council should account for all the monies that they are collecting so far so that we can judge them on their performance. If you look at Mutare-Plumtree road, the road was maintained and reconstructed. It is now a smooth road and even the toll gates which were erected are collecting money for the maintenance of that road. If we were to ask ZINARA about the fees collected, you can have the tangible example that ZINARA is doing a very good job.
*THE TEMPORARY SPEAKER (HON. MARUMAHOKO): Order, order! Hon Member, please confine yourself to the motion raised by Hon. Majome. Do not talk about other authorities. You can give examples in your contributions but please stick to Harare versus ZINARA.
*HON. GANGARAHWE: Thank you Mr. Speaker Sir. I was giving examples of the revenue collected by Harare City Council. Most of the bad roads are found in Harare. When we go to the City of Bulawayo, there are very good roads and yet they are the same people who are saying ZINARA should give them the chance to re-collect licence fees.
When we look at the salary bills, they are paying themselves huge salaries. When we look at the materials used to repair roads, 50kg of bitumen which can patch up to five potholes costs $20.00. Vehicles pay $8.00 each per day, so for a week that car will have paid $40.00 and above. They can buy a lot of bitumen to seal those roads. This is only showing us that there is abuse of funds by the local authorities. I still emphasise that Harare City Council should account for the taxes they collected from vehicles on the roads.
As far as I am concerned, there is abuse of funds by the City of Harare. Even if Harare is to say they were allocated $1.2 million, if we were to look at the materials used to seal the potholes, we will be surprised at the amount which they used to buy those materials. I am saying City of Harare is being reckless in the use of money. They should account for the levies that they are collecting so that we can judge them from what they are saying.
I come from Mhondoro where we do not pay any amount but our roads are being maintained, even though they are gravel. The Ministry is sending graders to maintain and repair our roads. I would like to thank the Government for such an effort and ZINARA for giving us money to repair our bridges. I am saying, we should not give Harare back the responsibility of collecting vehicle licence fees because they cannot account for the parking fees which they are collecting. There should be a condition that in order for them to be considered for any return of service, they should account for the monies they collect from parking.
Also at Mbare Musika terminus, they should account for the $15.00 they collect per bus. Why are they not repairing the travellers’ sheds at Mbare Musika. As far as I am concerned, City of Harare is a council which has not been properly run. I am also told that the directors at Harare City Council had their salaries cut on the back of a directive by the Government that they were getting mega salaries. Now they want to strike so that the salaries revert back to the era of mega salaries which were inappropriate. I thank you.
On the motion of HON. MATUKE seconded by HON. RUNGANI, the House adjourned at Ten Minutes to Five o’clock p.m. | 2019-04-20T05:06:08Z | https://parlzim.gov.zw/national-assembly-hansard/nationl-assembly-hansard-28march-2017-vol-43-n0-49 |
Should we start a Concrete5 Q&A site on Stack Exchange?
Edit: I went ahead and created a trial-balloon site proposal: http://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/94596/concrete5... if it is to take off, it needs active participation of as many people as possible, so check it out!
Concrete 5's forums are decent, but they are no match to Stack Overflow's Q&A engine. Understandably - the forum is not part of C5's core business. Stack Overflow has dozens of developers working on the engine full time.
Stack Exchange, SO's sister network featuring Q&A sites on a variety of topics, has the Area 51 process for creating new Q&A sites specific to a technology or topic:http://area51.stackexchange.com/... Because SE doesn't want to create ghost towns, they require a pretty big community to gather *before* a new proposal is allowed to even go into private beta, during which time the site is seeded with questions and answers, and its viability determined. The community that wants to form the site also largely decides what is on topic and what is an example of a good question (check out the proposal linked above).
- Easy formatting options, easy insertion of images, etc.
Many CMS communities already have their own very successful Q&A sites there: Drupal (http://drupal.stackexchange.com/), Joomla (http://joomla.stackexchange.com/), Expression Engine (http://expressionengine.stackexchange.com/), and more.
Would it be worth starting a Concrete5 Q&A site on Stack Exchange, and outsource most Q&A there, keeping the forums for real *discussion* only?
Bio: Web dev and designer.
One note though, it is "concrete5" and not "Concrete5". Are you able to update the name?
Someone fixed this while I was asleep :) Which is kind of testament to the power of the engine. Anyone can edit anything (or suggest edits if you're new).
The guys and I discussed this last month when I was in town. How can we help promote this? Tweets, a blog post?
There is now a dedicated "StackOverflow" page and navigation link on concrete5.org. The link is found under Community.
If enough people get in the habit of using Stack Overflow, it could make a future proposal easier to pass.
we're happy to support it. I'll add the link in our newsletter and do my best to spread the good word.
OK, but we need the proposal to go active before that (or start a new one...). I'll write to a community manager and see whether we can get the existing one reopened for one last chance.
I spoke to the CM and unfortunately, as far as site proposals go, what's dead is dead.
I can start a new proposal, but we should organize it so a couple people can seed questions right away, and your newsletter can mention it.
Would it make sense to start, say, a week or two before your next newsletter is due?
There is now a Stack Overflow link in the concrete5.org navigation under Community. The goal of this was to get people used to using Stack Overflow for certain types of questions.
I think it might be better to wait a few months before starting a new proposal.
I am afraid I am always sceptical of new channels for for help. There are already several communication mediums that have been enthusiastically started for concrete5 and pretty much atrophied. In the course of atrophying they have spread resources and placed information in places outside the usual search scope.
My impression is that the current concrete5.org forums and howtos are not as well used or as in depth as they used to be and it would be detrimental to the community if they received even less high-level input as a consequence of a new communication (unless everything switched).
It all comes down to striking a balance between how widely to wave the flag and diluting the resources needed to support that flag waving so far as to become ineffectual.
I see so many benefits.
1. typical reply times, looks like the Wordpress one (http://wordpress.stackexchange.com/) is very active and replies are typically within minutes or within the hour. The Drupal one is also fairly quick (http://drupal.stackexchange.com/) but appears to be a little slower than the Wordpress one.
Magento seems to have a very active developer community too.
* The sheer popularity of the system ensures a strong community can grow, and feedback is much more immediate. It's not uncommon for a question to attract really high-quality answers within minutes of being asked. In my experience, this is much, MUCH faster than traditional forums.
Thank you so much for doing this Pekka, I think stackoverflow for developer q/a is the right way to go so if we can get our own silo that would be amazing.
So here's my thoughts on the issue of many "communication mediums", firstly stackoverflow is not a medium for communication, it is a place to ask questions and get answers. We will not be communicating anything in there at all, people will just get their questions answered.
Notice that there is a VERY clear difference between the content of the questions, the stack overflow question has a lot more information and even has a bounty attached to it.
I am confident that had Daenu not posted to stackoverflow, he'd still be waiting for an answer.
so it should go in our forums where we have site owners and developers willing to help other site owners and developers.
Thanks for your feedback guys, glad to hear there's interest in doing this!
Great writeups @jessicadunbar and @Korvin. They echo exactly my thoughts why this might be a net benefit to the C5 community.
As to what needs to be done, spreading the word through Twitter / a Blog post would be really helpful. We still need 49 followers for the proposal, and 40 more highly voted example questions. Anyone who signs up in this phase will be able to participate in the private Beta, and shape direction the site will take.
Examples of questions that would NOT work (say, because they'd be more on topic in the forum under the separation Korvin outlines) would be great as well!
> There are already several communication mediums that have been enthusiastically started for concrete5 and pretty much atrophied. In the course of atrophying they have spread resources and placed information in places outside the usual search scope.
That's a serious concern for sure. I thought about this before making the suggestion - but like others in this thread have said, the SO infrastructure so many advantages that could make this actually work *better* than the forums that it seems like it's worth a shot.
I am in agreement with JohntheFish regarding the risk of diluting resources.
- It helps promote concrete5 to a new audience.
- I imagine many people view a product with a dedicated StackExchange community as being more "legitimate".
- For many, there will be a much greater incentive to answer questions on StackExchange than the concrete5 forum. Due to most StackExchange users using their accounts for getting jobs and networking. Which makes them very focused on earning StackExchange points and badges.
Currently there is an issue with the forums generally serving to answer low level and non-technical questions. The developers who have the knowledge and skill to answer more technical questions often avoid the forums. This leaves technical questions unanswered and pushes the question asker to other venues like IRC.
Considering Korvin's outline of how StackExchange question asking works, this could provide a separate outlet serving a different purpose and a different set of users.
E. You want help implementing the answer"
A great majority of the questions posted on the forums would not qualify for StackExchange. They are often broad and lack specific details.
This still leaves one area unaddressed, technical questions that are suited for the concrete5 forum.
i completely agree with Korvin on this. Stack force people to write a good and clear question.
Why move all developers forum to Stack and keep only editor and other funky forum on C5 ?
While i tend to agree with Korvin, i'm not sure what will happen, if a question of "for" StackOverflow quality is posted in the concrete5 forums? Would a possible answer then be, sorry, we don't answer questions of this level here, please post your question on StackOverflow?
A skilled user is not necessarily a developer - getting an answer like that could draw him away from the concrete5 forums, what would also mean losing a potential supporter.
The current problem is that many skilled developers who know a lot about concrete5 avoid the forums. I think part of this has to do with many forum questions not including specific details, are not written clearly, require a lot of work to coach the question asker to provide useful information, and could be self-answered by doing a search of the forum, documentation, and tutorials. This makes answering questions much more time consuming and requires a lot of patience. Patience some don't have or have the time to invest.
The core team currently does not have enough time to work on the core and look through the forum questions to see what needs answering. This means many of the technical questions on the forum go unanswered.
There are patient and skilled developers answering questions on the forum, but there are only so many of them and they only have so much time. They can't get to all questions, which means some fall through the cracks.
If StackExchange could provide a channel for clear, well formed questions that can be more easily understood and answered. I think it could be a compliment to the forums and attract skilled developers to ask and answer questions.
As an experiment, there is no harm in trying.
Ideally yes, of course it would be great to have the right place for the right question. But i'm wondering who will decide which question will go where? Basically the user will, but who will then filter out 'unsuitable' questions and will these then get rejected, and by whom?
"but who will then filter out 'unsuitable' questions and will these then get rejected, and by whom?"
If we use exchangecore's idea to create an area of concrete5.org that has StackExchange questions, we can include question guidelines for forums and for StackExchange. Something like Korvin's descriptions could be at the top of each page.
If users choose to ignore the guidelines and post the wrong type of question on StackExchange, these "unsuitable" questions will be rejected by StackExchange moderators and users with high reputation scores.
I agree, this sounds like being practicable, while not affecting concrete5 forums in any way.
Just a thought, would it be possible so that we could have a "read only" section on the forums which automatically pulls in questions posted to the Stack Exchange and links to them? This way it's made known that Concrete5 encourages questions to go on SE simply by the fact that there are links to it, additionally it provides the benefit for users who do post questions there getting the exposure of the SE community as well as the concrete5 community.
I think this is an excellent idea. The StackExchange section could have a pinned message describing the distinction between the regular forum and StackExchange and how the questions are different.
what about the concrete5 forums then? Should there be another pin saying "don't ask too advanced questions here, go to StackOverflow instead'...?
Just wondering how this should be handled in practice.
I'm not sure if there are enough questions asked on our CMS at SO.
What I'm missing a bit in this thread is the fact that SO is having tags not only as topics but also for subjects that aren't big enough to have an own site.
If you look at the number of followers/questions our tags are having it shows that we aren't by far big enough to get our own site.
For comparison the "drupal" tag has 4.3K followers & 16.4K questions.
"joomla" has 2.3K followers & 13K questions.
So if we take the amount of questions that would fit for SO (Korvin: "A great majority of the questions posted on the forums would not qualify for StackExchange. They are often broad and lack specific details.") and the amount of questions being asked in here that wouldn't fit on SO at all, In my opinion we aren't a community big enough to have our own site on SO.
Also an editor really can't be bothered to ask code questions on SO.
The question Korvin mentioned is mine, BUT I surely wouldn't have had to go on SO if our docs were complete. I remember when working with c5 5.6 I had always an answer in here or when reading our proper docs (googling around usually led me to concrete5.org).
BTW As soon as I have some spare time (it will be next week) I'll write some docs too.
What I'm trying to say is that we should first complete our own docs, especially the developer part, and if then there is still the need of an own SO site, we could think about.
Don't forget that very often people don't invest time in Google researches nore they are reading the docs nore they are byting thru the source code. It is easier to cry "Help Me!" in the forums than googling, byting & trying around to get a solution from the CMS itself.
Also I'm agreeing with JohnTheFish that more channels aren't necessarily better to find a solution.
As for the numbers, while I won't argue your point, I'd just say I think maybe it's a bit of a "what came first, the chicken or the egg?" scenario. If we can somehow qualify, it will likely add fuel to the Concrete5 fire.
I think a specific Stack Exchange site might work much better than the Concrete5 tag on Stack Overflow ever will.
On SO, you are limited by the extremely strict on-topicness guidelines of the whole site. Those guidelines are enforced by moderators and users that don't necessarily know anything about C5.
On a SE site of our own, we could work out for ourselves what is on topic and what isn't. Chances are we are going to be slightly more lenient than SO, allow good questions that focus on non-programming aspects of the system that would likely be closed as off-topic on SO (usage, customization, configuration...) and generally be less harsh than SO has to be with its 10,000+ new questions every day.
Please don't missunderstand me. I am not against a concrete5 SO site at all! I'm just doing a bit the "devils advocate...." and saying that if the docs were ready, me personally I wouldn't have to go to the IRC or SO that often though.
And I totally agree that on a SO site we could make the rules and it would be better than any tag will ever be.
Right. That's certainly a fair point!
Those numbers are a feedback loop, if we have a link in the header saying "Developer Support" that goes to a stackoverflow tag, I'd bet we would get a lot more questions. It's just a matter of putting some effort into building that community.
In terms of documentation, I agree we should continue to work on documentation but I disagree that we need to halt any other community activities until that is resolved. Part of what made v6 documentation more "complete" is that we had a lot of questions and answers developer or not in the forums. Encouraging more of that can only help.
On the question of multiple avenues of communication, IMHO that is a red herring. Stack overflow is not a way to communicate, it's a platform for asking and answering questions.
I think part of the misunderstanding here is that forums are for discussion while stack overflow is for answers. We have tools to make a discussion forum work as an answer platform, but we have no way to restrict extra discussion or prevent the thread from running off onto a different topic.
When I search google for an answer and find a result on concrete5.org, I end up having to wade through tons of discussion to find a suitable answer. Stackoverflow doesn't have this issue because stackoverflow doesn't allow discussion. For that reason any time I'm googling for an answer to ANYTHING and I see a stackexchange site, I go there instead of any other resource.
I agree with Korvin that just by having a StackExchange concrete5 community, it would likely attract developers and drive more technical questions and answers. The worst thing that could happen is we don't make it to the next stage or we do get our own community and it isn't active enough to be sustained. It could potentially be a benefit too, so it seems worth trying even as an experiment.
If we don't get enough followers and questions to move into the next phase, then I think we should look into creating a StackOverflow page under the Community navigation link. On this page we could link to existing StackOverflow concrete5 related tags and include information that describes what StackOverflow is, is not, and what it is suited for. This could address the issue of diluting the concrete5 communication channels.
For anyone who hasn't followed the concrete5 StackExchange community proposal, please do. After you follow the proposal, you will have 5 votes that you can use to upvote any existing questions. You will also have the ability to write 5 example StackExchange style questions.
Following can be done by anyone, users, designers, and developers.
We can use some more enthusiasts.
If you haven't followed this proposal, please sign up.
And of course vote for questions that are below a 10, no point in having questions with 11, 12, ...20 points for example!
Hey all you decent concrete5 developers out there!
1. Click on the orange button "Follow"
Please use your 5 votes on questions with less then 10 votes!!
Yes, we need you !
Please sign up and vote for questions that have LESS than 10 votes. | 2019-04-26T14:01:41Z | http://www.concrete5.org/community/forums/chat/should-we-start-a-concrete5-qanda-site-on-stack-exchange/ |
"The Company" shall mean Scotia Ireland Tours Ltd.
No Contract shall arise until the Company shall have received (a) the original, faxed or emailed copy of the Booking form signed by or on behalf of the client together with the agreed deposit or full payment for the tour and (b) the Company has issued written confirmation of acceptance and receipt to the client or his nominated agent. The terms of the contract are contained in these terms and conditions, the Booking form, the Company's confirmation, the Company's description of the tour and the itinerary organized, and the terms and conditions of any supplier of services to the Company forming part of the tour.
The Client shall check all details of the tour and the detailed itinerary immediately they are issued to him and shall ensure that same are as ordered. If the client has any query in relation to the details furnished, he shall immediately refer same to the Company and the Company shall respond as soon as possible.
A refundable (up to 190 days prior to departure) deposit of 20% of the total cost of the tour per person is required on booking. The deposit forms part of the final payment, which is generally due at least 160 days prior to departure. Certain products or services may have additional deposit requirements and/or require final payment sooner than 30 days. This will be advised at the time of booking or on the invoice. If the Company does not receive final payment by the specified date, it reserves the right to cancel the reservation. In the case of computer or human billing errors, it reserves the right to re-invoice with correct pricing.
Please note that all payments made on a credit card (whether deposits, part payments or final balances) will be subject to a levy of 3.5% (Inc. VAT).
Payment may be made by any of the following methods: Visa and MasterCard. Payment will be debited and cleared from your account at the point in which the request for a booking made. You confirm that the credit or debit card being yours and yours only. Please note that all credit/debit card holders are subject to validation checks and authorisation by the issuer of the card. If the issuer of the card does not for any reason authorise payment to Scotia Ireland, we will not be liable for any delays incurred as a result thereof.
Ulster Bank. 43/44 Ashe Street, Tralee, Co Kerry. Ireland.
The Company should be advised of the credit card number when making the reservation. The clients' authorisation to use their credit card number for deposit and/or final payment indicates their acceptance of the booking Terms and Conditions. Credit card payments require certain information which must be supplied. Third party charge cards require additional information.
A handling fee per transaction may be charged for any alterations or revisions of the tour or any part thereof. A change of program date or itinerary or part thereof within 30 days of departure may incur extra cost or be treated as a cancellation or part cancellation and new booking depending on the particular details of the tour and the terms and conditions applied by suppliers of services to the Company, clients should make enquiries of the Company in this regard prior to booking.
Whilst Scotia Ireland Tours may offer to help you make domestic travel arrangements to/from the point of commencement /conclusion of the tour we accept absolutely no obligation to do so or liability for your carriage by other service providers.
In the case of missed departure any additional charges incurred by the client to catch up with the scheduled tour will be the client's responsibility even where the situation is out of the client's control such as late transport connections. Scotia Ireland Tours will not be held liable for any additional costs in your connecting with the tour at another point nor will any refund be paid for any missed portion of the tour under any circumstance.
A valid passport is required for all international travel. It must be valid at least six months after the date of return. Some of the Company programs require passport details be provided at the time of booking. The Company will not be responsible for delays in confirmation or disruption to clients' travel plans should these details not be provided at that time.
A Visa is required for travel to Ireland: the client shall ensure that he has obtained a visa valid for the full period of his stay in Ireland prior to departure for Ireland and shall provide proof of same on request by the Company. The Company shall not be responsible for any loss incurred by a client due to failure to ensure proper arrangements have been made in this regard.
Tour participants under the age of 18 must be accompanied by an adult passenger. There are no age restrictions on Customised programs.
If a child tour participant will be traveling with adults other than parents, or with only one parent, it is the client's responsibility to contact the appropriate consulates and the applicable airlines to ensure children have the required documentation for traveling to Ireland.
•Clients are required to advise the Company, at the time of booking, of any physical, medical or other special needs that require accommodation. This may include the use of a personal wheelchair, scooter, walking-assistance device, supplementary oxygen tank or any other requirements. Failure to provide sufficient advance notice may result in the Company's inability to procure the requested accommodations.
•All clients must ensure they are medically and physically fit for travel. The Company may impose safety requirements necessary for the safe operation of the vacation. The Company may also exclude an individual from participating in a tour or an activity if that individual's participation poses a direct threat to health or safety.
•The Company does not provide personal devices (such as wheelchairs, hearing aids or prescription eye glasses) or services of a personal nature (such as pushing a wheelchair or assistance in eating, toileting or dressing). A companion capable of providing such assistance must accompany any passenger who requires services of a personal nature. Clients should consult with their personal physicians to determine whether traveling is appropriate and whether a traveling companion is recommended.
•Motor coaches and minibuses or vans may not be equipped with wheelchair ramps or safety belts.
•The Company does not employ medical personnel. Any necessary medical attention will be provided by a local facility at the client's expense and in accordance with local rules and regulations. The Company is not responsible or liable for any losses or costs incurred as a result of medical services obtained while traveling, or for the quality of the care or services received.
•The Company will not impose eligibility criteria that either screen out or tend to screen out individuals with disabilities from fully and equally enjoying all goods, services, privileges, advantages or accommodations offered to individuals without disabilities.
•The Company reserves the right to exclude any individual from participation in an activity if that individual's participation would result in a direct threat to health or safety. In such a circumstance, the Company will make a determination as to whether there is a significant risk that cannot be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level by reasonable modifications to its policies, practices or procedures or by the provision of appropriate auxiliary aids or services at the expense of the passenger.
•If the client fails to provide the Company with notice of any physical, medical or special needs, accommodations or requirements prior to the start of the tour, and it is determined that his continued participation poses a safety risk, he may be excluded from the tour. In this event, he will be responsible for all costs associated with his departure from the tour.
•If a client or those travelling with him is/are unable to continue with the tour or avail of services provided by the Company due to accident or illness, the Company will not be responsible for any consequent loss to the client or those travelling with him.
•Clients should be aware some tour programs and all Walking Tour programs include rough terrain, uneven ground, walking over cobblestone streets, uneven pavements, steps and locations (which may not be easily accessible or accessible by wheelchair) and all passengers shall ensure that they have appropriate footwear for such excursions before commencing same.
•Clients should be aware that during their participation in programs booked on their behalf by the Company dangers may arise beyond the Company's control, including, but not limited to, the hazards of traveling in undeveloped areas; travel by boat, train, automobile, motor coach, aircraft or other means of transportation; the forces of nature; political unrest; and accident or illness in remote regions without means of rapid evacuation or medical facilities. The Company will not have any liability regarding provision of medical care or facilities. The Company will use its best efforts to ensure that adequate measures are taken for the health and safety of all passengers.
The Company may, in its sole discretion, decline the booking of any client or remove any client who cannot comply or refuses to comply with the Company's Terms and Conditions, or whose conduct or behaviour is incompatible with or detrimental to the interests of the tour or other individuals on the tour. The Company is not responsible for any costs or losses incurred in the event a client is removed from a program or activity or any part of the tour. Clients agree not to hold the Company or any of its related entities liable for any actions taken under these Terms and Conditions.
Tours are conducted mainly in English by a professional Tour Director / Walking Tour Guides, Multi-lingual tours can be or organised by pre-arrangement with The Company, if available, on request.
If the number of program participants drops below minimum levels, we will operate departures on an individual basis with private transfers and individual arrangements and/or on small vehicles with a local guide. Travelling and driving between cities is generally done by air-conditioned/ventilated motor vehicle (appropriate to the size of the group), with an on board restroom (where available). When clients occupy a motor vehicle equipped with safety belts, the belts should be worn at all times when the vehicle is moving. Neither the Company nor its cooperating organisations or other service providers will be liable for any injury or death or for any loss or damages whatsoever arising from any accident or incident due to the tour participant's own negligence or breach of safety instructions or other circumstances beyond its control. Seats cannot be reserved on coaches. There is a strict no smoking policy on board coaches, mini-buses and vans, however, regular comfort stops are made on traveling days.
AUTHORITY OF THE TOUR GUIDES / TOUR DIRECTOR.
At all times the decision of the Scotia Ireland Tours guide or representative will be final on all matters likely to affect the safety and well-being of the trip.
It is a condition of booking that the client must comply with the authority and decisions of the appointed Scotia Ireland Tours representative. This includes any decision that the Scotia Ireland Tours representative makes about your on-going participation in the trip or certain activities that comprise part of the trip. If the client does not comply with a decision made by a Scotia Ireland Tours representative, or interferes with the well-being of the group, then the Scotia Ireland Tours representative reserves the right to terminate this contract and exclude the client from the remainder of the tour.
Scotia Ireland Tours will not be liable for any refund, compensation or any additional costs incurred by the client.
Scotia Ireland Tours cannot accept responsibility for the behaviour of other passengers on the tour or the amendment of tour activities as a result.
Tour/program prices are per person. All prices are in € unless otherwise specified. Prices are based on charges, tariffs, rates, prices, taxes, and levies in effect at the time booked. Rates may vary depending on dates of travel.
The Company reserves the right to recover from the passenger increases in government imposed taxes, charges or levies. Prices, including taxes and fees, are subject to increase without notice.
Anything not specifically provided for in the tour documentation provided at the time of booking shall not be included in the price quoted and the Company shall have no responsibility therefor. Examples include minibar expenses in hotels and any alcohol not specifically mentioned and in respect of such additional expenses passengers shall give their credit card details to the hotel or restaurant as appropriate to enable such additional expenses to be charged directly to the passenger incurring same.
Hotel standards, facilities and services provided may vary. Substitute hotels may be used at certain times where necessary and will be of a similar standard wherever possible. Special room or bedding requests, such as adjacent or connecting rooms, etc., must be made at the time of booking and cannot be guaranteed. It is standard policy that hotel rooms are available for check-in after 2 p.m. Early check-in requires a pre-night be booked and paid for; late evening departures may require a post night be pre-booked.
Hotels and restaurants in Ireland are obliged to operate a no smoking policy which must be complied with by all clients. Outdoor smoking areas are generally provided for smokers.
The costs of any additional hotel accommodation or meals necessitated by the clients own travel arrangements or any delays or alterations thereto shall be the responsibility of the clients.
Any special meal requirements will be made on a REQUEST basis only. The Company cannot guarantee special meal requests nor will it assume any responsibility or liability if clients' special meal requests are not available or fulfilled.
Baggage handling for one suitcase per person, at hotels and in motor coaches is included in the program price. Any baggage requirements in excess of standard shall be by arrangement with the Company when booking. Hand luggage with wheels or telescopic handles may not fit in overhead compartments and may not be accepted as carry-on luggage on bus tours.
The Company will not accept liability for any loss or damage to baggage or any of the client's belongings. The Company will assist where it can in difficulties due to lost baggage while on tour but cannot assist in locating any lost items once the passenger has returned home. Baggage insurance is recommended.
Clients are responsible for the safety and production where necessary of their, and where appropriate their children or dependents' Travel documents while in Ireland.
It is strongly recommended that all clients take out comprehensive travel insurance including international air, cancellation, medical and baggage coverage.
Your personal safety is of paramount importance to us and therefore it is imperative that you advise us at the time of booking of any condition, medical or otherwise, that might affect your (or any of your party) or other people's enjoyment of the trip.
Adequate and valid travel insurance is mandatory for all clients while on a Scotia Ireland Tour. You are strongly advised to purchase comprehensive travel insurance covering cancellation, curtailment, medical expenses, personal accident, personal luggage, money and public liability before you travel. You are also advised that you have sufficient insurance in respect of any additional active/adventure activities you plan to partake in whilst on tour and for dependent relatives travelling with you.
You must carry proof of insurance with you and produce it if reasonably requested by the company's employees or suppliers. Scotia Ireland Tours reserves the right to cancel or suspend your participation on a trip or in certain activities that comprise part of a trip, at any time, including after the commencement of your tour, with no right of refund, if you are unable to provide proof of insurance when requested.
Scotia Ireland Tours requires that all clients must observe the laws and regulations of the countries visited, including customs and foreign exchange regulations. Failure to do so may result in cancellation of the remainder of the tour with no refund.
Notice of cancellation must be made in writing to the Company, via email or letter.
20% Deposit is fully refundable up to 190 days prior to departure.
Within 160 days prior to departure: 100 % of the total price.
Extra night hotel accommodations that are cancelled will incur a cancellation fee in accordance with the particular hotel's policies.
The Company constantly strives to improve program itineraries and features. If such improvements can be made; festivals, holidays, trade fairs, or for logistical reasons or other events warrant it; or if unforeseen circumstances beyond our control make changes necessary, the Company reserves the right to vary itineraries and to substitute hotels.
Scotia Ireland Tours will do its best to operate all tours as advertised, but before you enter into a contract with Scotia Ireland Ltd, you must note that we reserve the right to vary, modify or cancel any itinerary wholly or partly as advertised on our website or brochure either before or after your booking is confirmed. We may change any of the facilities, services or prices described in our brochures or website in any circumstances.
In the unlikely event that we are forced to cancel your holiday due to "force majeure" or to change or terminate your tour after departure but before the scheduled end of your time away, we regret we will be unable to make any refunds, pay you any compensation or meet any costs or expenses you incur as a result. In these conditions, "force majeure" means any event which we or the supplier of the service(s) in question could not, even with all due care, foresee or avoid.
Scotia Ireland Tours Ltd reserves the right to discount the price of any of our tours. The final price payable by the client will be confirmed before the client makes a booking.
The Company reserves the right to cancel or reschedule any program or tour departure in accordance with operating requirements or due to circumstances beyond its control. The Company will try to rebook the same or similar program subject to availability. If there is a difference in cost, it will be at the client's reduction or expense. Should the alternative not be accepted by the client, and provided the rescheduling or cancellation is not due to an act or omission of the client or his children or dependent/s travelling with him, we will refund all monies for the affected program or tour paid to the Company and will be under no further obligation.
No refunds will be made for unused services once the tour has commenced. We regret that no refunds can be made for absences from a program, including but not limited to, missed meals or sightseeing.
During local or national holidays in Ireland, certain facilities such as museums, sightseeing tours and shopping may be limited, and alternatives will be offered wherever possible. Similarly, holidays, closing days and other circumstances may necessitate a change of the day of the week for scheduled sightseeing, highlight dinners or other activities. Please check with the respective national tourist office or enquire from the Company before selecting a specific travel date.
If you have a problem during your holiday, please inform your Tour Guide immediately who will endeavour to put things right. If you are not happy with their action in response you should notify our Head office in Tralee, Co Kerry immediately and we shall endeavour to resolve the problem promptly.
All travel products/programs arranged by and/or are under the management of The Company are operated and/or provided by Suppliers (hereinafter referred to as "Suppliers") believed by the Company to be reputable to operate in accordance with the standards set down by their own local authorities.
1. The Suppliers shall be responsible to the client for supplying the services and accommodations provided to the client through the Company by the Suppliers except where such services cannot be supplied or the itinerary used is changed due to delays or other causes of whatever kind or nature beyond the control of the Suppliers/Company. In such circumstances, the Suppliers will do their best to supply comparable services, accommodations and itineraries, and there shall be no refund in this connection. The Company acts only as an intermediary in making arrangements for hotels, sightseeing, activities, transfers, transportation and any other travel services in connection with travel programs. Product information and descriptions are based on information provided by hotels and other suppliers worldwide. Reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the content of the documentation provided by the Company to the passenger is accurate, but content is subject to change at any time, without notice. All content is published in good faith, but the Company cannot verify or accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of information provided by Suppliers. Client is responsible for evaluating the accuracy, completeness and usefulness of any information available in the Company's documentation.
2. Each brochure provided by the Supplier represents the entire agreement between the passenger and the Company with regard to that supplier's services.
3. Unless due to their own negligence, neither the Company nor their agents or co-operating organisations shall be responsible for any cancellations or for acts of any other service providers concerned, diversions or substitution of equipment or any acts, variations, postponements, omissions or defaults whatsoever by air carriers, land carriers, hoteliers or hotels, transportation companies, or any other persons providing any of the services and accommodations to clients, including any results thereof, such as changes in services, or accommodations or facilities necessitated by same. Nor shall they be liable for any loss or damage to baggage or property, or for injury, illness or death, or for any damages or claims whatsoever arising from any loss, negligence or delay from the act, error, omission, default or negligence of any person not its direct employee or under its exclusive control, including any act, error, omission, default, or negligence of any country, government or governmental authority, officer or employee. All baggage and personal effects are at all times and in all circumstances at the risk of the client. The Company is not responsible for any criminal conduct by third parties.
4. Where the client occupies a motor coach or vehicle fitted with a safety belt, neither the Company/Suppliers nor their agents or cooperating organizations or service providers concerned will be liable for any injury, illness or death or any loss, damages or claims whatsoever arising from any accident or incident, if the safety belt is not being worn at the time of such accident or incident.
5. The agreement arising between the client and the Company under our brochures and the booking made by the client shall be governed by the law of Ireland, which shall have exclusive jurisdiction in the case of any dispute between the parties.
6. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy or information furnished: however the Company cannot be held responsible for printing or typographical errors, or errors arising from unforeseen circumstances.
Such arrangements are subject to the terms and conditions and limitations of liability imposed by those providers, and as such any contracts undertaken directly between you and the third party activity and outdoor pursuit's provider. All such arrangements are made independently of Scotia Ireland, regardless of any help and assistance which we may provide in securing such arrangements.
In order to process clients booking, The Company will need to use personal information of all passengers included in bookings. This personal information may include each passenger's name, address, phone number, email address, passport number, credit/debit card number and sensitive information such as health, medical, dietary, mobility, religious or other special requirements. This personal information may be passed on to other suppliers of passengers' arrangements in addition to public authorities (such as customs and immigration), security and credit checking organizations, and otherwise as required by law. Similarly, the Company may also need to provide personal information to contractors who provide services to or for it (e.g.-sending mail, processing payments, providing marketing assistance).
All Scotia Ireland Tours are operated by Scotia Ireland Tours Ltd, 1 Sraid Thaidhg, Ballyheigue, Co Kerry, Ireland. Registered in Ireland No: 602865. These Terms and Conditions were published on 19th January 2018 and apply to all tours operated by Scotia Ireland Ltd. These conditions will be superseded by any subsequent editions. | 2019-04-25T02:07:04Z | https://scotiaireland.com/terms-and-conditions.html |
Forrest Yoga Comes to Wichita!
Ana Forrest has developed an awesome healing style of yoga, which you can read more about at www.forrestyoga.com.
No previous yoga experience is necessary! Contact me at [email protected].
As a beginner to FY, you learn to breathe deeply and connect in feeling with your body. As you progress, you get proficient at safely tailoring each pose to work best for you, particularly with physical and emotional injuries. Learning to work honestly at your edges, you develop effective tools to deal with fear, struggle, and breakthroughs. This makes it possible for integrity, self-awareness and playful curiosity to become part of your daily life.
Please join us! Your body, mind and spirit will celebrate!
And who I always will be.
With overflowing gratitude for a spectacular 2011, and a certain knowing of huge blessings to come in 2012!
Notes from the Universe--Mike Dooley--highly recommended!
Glorious winter solstice to all!
2. They're sorry for any pain they caused.
3. There's no such thing as a devil or hell.
8. Don't try to understand this now, but life is exceedingly fair.
Mike Dooley's website is www.tut.com.
A quote from Eugene Holden: "Your desires and God's will for your life are the same thing. God desires to express fully and abundantly as you."
Desires tend to get a bad rap. We've even heard that desire is the root of suffering. Not so! It is the God-given essence, the desires of our hearts, that lead us to live to our potential, to be the fully-vibrant expressions of God that we came here to be. When we follow our hearts' desires, we are happy and free, and we are blessings to our world. When we don't, we are stressed and unhappy and spiritually imprisoned, and not much good to anyone.
Our lives ARE answered prayer--we are continually and perfectly supported in love, offered in every moment our hearts' desires. Let's accept this overflowing love and be all we can be!
1) Clean AFTER a party or a visit by guests, and not so much before. Those folks who would fuss about your cleaning efforts should maybe be dropped from the guest list? Most folks don't notice or care about such things.
2) Start an investment account for beloved children in your life, rather than giving them meaningless toys or clothes they'll soon grow out of or dislike. Regular contributions build up to an amazing gift in the future, and greatly simplify your gift-giving efforts.
3) Ask for help. This is an excellent practical and spiritual practice. We are here to be blessings for each other--give someone the opportunity to help you and you both benefit.
4) At least once a week, enjoy a "get to" activity (as opposed to "have to"), such as attending a concert, reading a good book by the fire, or relaxing in a warm, scented bath. A well-cared-for and relaxed you is much more pleasant to be around.
5) Invite those you celebrate with to consider new ways of doing things. More thinkers mean more creative ideas, such as a new theme for a Christmas feast. We had "Christmas pizza" for several years, because that was the one food everyone in the family loved.
We can change, and we can simplify, and we can live a graceful, peaceful December. Give it some thought! Merry Christmas!
"In order for you to be a beneficial presence in the world, you must be disciplined enough to live your purpose and shine your light in the world."
"Living your purpose" is a loaded phrase that seems to cause lots of frustration. There is a tendency to think that one's purpose has to be some lofty save-the-world thing. Not so. It can be a daily thing, for example, "to smile no matter what comes my way today." It can also be broad and open. I consider my purpose to be "bringing people together." That has happened through me in all sorts of joyful ways. The latest means in this process is the yoga teacher training. Discipline was definitely involved--on many days, it was all I could do just to show up for another 12-hour day. But it was SO worth it, and the 45 lights that have gone out from that training are shining brightly, literally, around the world.
We all have something unique to contribute as "a beneficial presence in the world." Otherwise we would not be here. You are not doing yourself or anyone else any favors by hiding your light. Be disciplined, be courageous, be open-hearted, shine brightly!
This is the first in a series of "Lessons Learned in Forrest Yoga Teacher Training."
I spent the month of October in an intensive (to put it mildly!) yoga teacher training in Houston, Texas, with the wonderful yogi, Ana Forrest. The first learning directive I received was "stop apologizing for your existence!" How quickly Ana and her assistants saw through my exterior. "Apologizing" is a pattern I've operated under since I was a young child.
The most noticeable way this shows up is automatically saying "Sorry" even when it's not applicable or I don't mean it. Other examples are saying "Sorry" about something over which I have no control, and for minor mistakes that are common to all and no big deal. Another is apologizing when I feel the need to ask for help. There's nothing wrong with asking for help!
I've found that a good way to become more aware of this tendency in myself is to notice when others say "Sorry," and note whether it's meaningful or simply automatic and unnecessary. This helps me pay more attention to "Sorry" coming out of my mouth.
Each of us truly does many things each day worthy of celebration, even if it's just a couple of steps of "happy dance." Yet we tend to focus on what we did wrong, or what we didn't do that we should have done, or that we are simply inadequate in general. This focus does not support well-being on any level.
Instead, let's change thought by thought by thought, the way change truly happens anyway. Right now, think of something you've done in the last hour, no matter how small, and celebrate it. I went to both the Farmers' Market and the grocery store. Though these seem like ordinary activities, I can celebrate that it is a beautiful morning to be outside, I was able to smile at lots of folks, I stocked our frig with fresh healthy food, and I saved my husband from having to do the shopping chores later. See-even the routine activities have lots to celebrate if we give ourselves a positive focus rather than the negative one. I'll let you in on a personal secret--when I do something I feel especially good about, I say to myself, "Damn, I'm good!" It makes me smile, and it inspires me to keep the joy flowing, and CELEBRATE IT!
This book is a Kryon (www.kryon.com) parable rich in loving and uplifting spiritual wisdom. We'll look at its meaning and application in daily life. The class will be an extremely "Feel Great!" experience.
Kryon is a channeled entity similar to Abraham that comes through Esther Hicks (Money and The Law of Attraction, etc.).
The cost is $150. A deposit of $25 reserves your place in the class. The balance is due by the end of the class--you do not have to pay it all up front! The class will be held at Leta’s home in Wichita. Class size is limited to 12--get your reservation in early. You need to purchase your own copy of the book--it is available on the Kryon website or Amazon. There are NO prerequisites for this class, all are welcome!
"May God bless you with enough foolishness to believe that you can make a difference in this world, so that you can do what others claim cannot be done."
Every single one of us DOES make a difference in the world. We would not bother coming here if that were not the case. So yes, let's have the foolishness to put ourselves to good use! Do you have the confidence, courage, and persistence to try new things, or do you live in fear of failure or of what others may think of you?
There's an element of joy and fun in "foolishness"--it truly is an adventure to push yourself beyond what you think are your limits. Those personal limits don't actually exist--we can always do at least a bit more than we think we can.
I can think of lots of things that others claimed could not be done: people flying, a man on the moon, cures for various diseases, portable phones, and so on. What great idea is lying within you? Do us all a favor and let your foolishness shine!
Persistence and patience—two things that require practice. Speaking of practice, truly I believe that is the story of life here on earth. Practice, practice, practice. As babes, we practice walking until we “get it.” We practice reading and writing until we “get it.” Relationships are a life-long practice. I could go on and on.
One practice I especially love is yoga. Not only is it good for me physically, but it also helps me tremendously with the aforementioned persistence and patience. Persistent dedication to yoga has enabled me to develop great love for and patience with my body, and these spread into every area of my life. The breathing practice that is an essential element of yoga gives me a vibrantly healthy, well-oxygenated body. The balance practice in yoga brings balance into all aspects of living. Yoga is definitely a path to mastery—why not give it a try?
I heard this last night on Baseball Tonight, and I missed who said it--all I can say is that it's not original to me.
"If you can fake sincerity, you've got it made." This made me laugh out loud. It makes my brain go, "Huh!?!?!" I'm thinking it probably takes as much energy to FAKE sincerity as it does to just be sincere. It's a goofy thought, but fun to roll around in your head.
I'm re-reading Codependent No More. I think I should keep on re-reading it for the rest of my life. Not only do I continue to recognize more codependent behaviors in myself, but I also see that many of the issues experienced by friends and clients are rooted in codependency. This book offers good practices for modifying behavior to keep us focused on ourselves and our own lives, and staying out of others' lives.
It's a prescription for disaster to let one's happiness depend on other people, their behavior, or any other outer circumstance, acquisition or event. If we aren't happy with ourselves, we'll never be happy, because we are always with ourselves--as Rev. Michael Beckwith says, we can't divorce ourselves.
Where do we start? First of all, think of one thing you enjoy doing, make plans as needed to do it, and DO IT! Repeat. Repeat. Repeat. Enjoyment breeds more enjoyment.
Think of every single thing that you "have to" do to get through a day as things you "get to" do... before your turn is over. Notes from the Universe by Mike Dooley.
This quote jolted me for several reasons. The first is "every single thing..." Not just stuff we like, not just good stuff, but everything! It's all good. The second is the reminder of "get to" rather than "have to." We always have a choice, so everything that we do is something we've selected to be part of our day, so yes, it's always a "get to," never a "have to." The third jolt is in the phrase "before your turn is over." What a great way to look at life, eternal life, that is--it's all a very long game, and each lifetime here on earth is our turn at the "earth game." Truly I think the reason so many folks love sports, i.e. games, is that we know on some level that all of creation, eternally, is a game, and we are created and born to earth to play.
Let's lighten up, and not take things so seriously!
Whoa! I took a literal flying leap out of my rut by ziplining in Costa Rica last week. What an experience in trust—trusting the support people and equipment, trusting my body. Not only was the zipping an exhilarating and terrifying experience, but the climb up the mountain and launch stations took stamina I didn’t know I had. And I chose to ask for help, also not a routine practice in my rut.
Life is great! Peek outside your rut and find an adventure!
I purchased an artsy little poster on a recent visit to Omaha. It says: "You choose which party you shall attend!" This powerful quote and associated artwork is by Mary Anne Radmacher.
So, which party are you attending here on earth? The one with the fun, uplifting, adventuresome people who are always ready to do, be and have something new? -or- The doom-and-gloom party with the folks who discuss the problems of the world and their lives ad nauseum, and who see nothing good to celebrate?
Edwene Gaines, fabulous spiritual teacher, says, "Earth is the party planet, didn't you know?" We did not come here to suffer! We are here to glorify life with ever-expanding joy.
This quote comes from Chris Michaels: "You are alive only to the degree that you're trying something new." Trying something new pulls us out of our comfort zone, and stirs up that God-given, powerful, creative force within us. It brings us into the flow of life that is always seeking to expand through us.
Whatever your "something new" is, enjoy!
How will you experience this precious day? In love and laughter, doing what you enjoy? Or surviving to the weekend? Worth considering, I’d say.
What a conquering, can-do, powerful attitude--even better than Wheaties!
Let's release any hang-overs from yesterday, chow down on any potential worries for the day, and head off into the next 24 hours with a clean slate of "Life is good!"
The Source of Love is within us, infinite and unending love. We shall expand our inner “cups” that hold love through discussion, play, laughter, and self-exploration. We are our understanding of God in action, powerful living examples, and we “play well with others” when we first enjoy, nurture, and expand the one-of-a-kind gift each of us is. As we open our hearts to Spirit’s overflowing love, we fill our cups and joyfully offer the bountiful overflow to the world. Come and play!
A favorite affirmation is "I lead a charmed life, especially when traveling." You don't need to look far in a airport to see a stressed, weary, cranky traveler. My intentions and attitude regarding travel are so good that it is extremely rare for me to have a challenging experience. So I prefer to use my "travel bonus points" by being a blessing--polite to all the workers I encounter, blessing those weary and frustrated travelers, grateful to all those who make my experiences so great. What about you--do you add to the joy or the stress? Your call.
I refer to myself as a former card-carrying control freak. My control tendencies are most evident in my schedule. I figure out how I want things to go and then go full speed ahead. Diversions are rarely appreciated!
Enter Spirit and Its bigger plans for me... along with the reminder that changes are a GOOD thing, and I can just go with the flow and be considerably happier. I also humbly remind myself that few others really care about my schedule--I am the one making myself stressed about following it! Relax! There's a greater divine order at play here than we can see. Trust, trust, trust!
We so often get way ahead of ourselves (and the supportive Universe) by worrying about the future or trying to have it all laid out.
A quote from Kryon (as channeled by Lee Carroll): "Get to the place where you are content with that which is in you, which is God, and let all of the other things around you slowly develop in appropriateness as you learn what to do with your life. Do not decide in advance where you're going to go or what you're going to do."
Dramas and worrying aren't necessary.
For the most part, the Universe comes up with a life that is SO much better than I imagined. I strive to trust that and simply do the next right thing.
Consider this, especially if you have children--what example are you setting for them? That life is difficult and something to be endured -or- that life is a wonderful adventure? It doesn't matter what you say, it's how you live.
Life is good--let's get out there and show it and be annoying!!
At least I am striving to be a FORMER drama queen. Drama is a sign that I'm not trusting that the Universe is a friendly place, and also that I think Spirit can't handle the situation without my meddling. Drama is also a sign of me taking things personally, never a productive or satisfying situation.
There's a momentary or short-term drama, minor irritations that we let go. Then there are the long-term dramas, incidents or situations that can mire us weeks, months or years of resentment. Those long-term dramas take a lot of energy to sustain, energy that could be used way more productively elsewhere.
Our first defense against drama is awareness. Let's pay attention and note when we feel drama energy building (and we CAN all feel it--it does not feel natural or pleasant), and choose a path other than fueling the drama.
Too often we don't undertake new adventures because up-front, we can't come up with a well-laid-out, complete plan. Baby steps, baby steps. All we need to do is take the first step, then another, and another. Who knows. It might be fun to live that way, trusting the Universe to support us! | 2019-04-22T12:27:40Z | https://thebravebroad.blogspot.com/2011/ |
This week we begin a new series though, four episodes on the Romanian campaign of 1916. Romania would not enter the war until late in 1916, their path to this decision to enter the war was long and winding with the negotiations with the Entente taking many twists and turns. However, even though the path would be long, once they entered the war they would be met with swift and decisive action by the Germans, Austrians, and Bulgarians. This would result in them being for the most part out of the war once again by the end of the year. The story behind this quick exit from the war will be the majority of our topic for the next four episodes. This episode however will be focused solely on what the Romanians were doing before 1916, how they came to enter the war, and then what they had available to them to make war on the scale that 1916 demanded. Next week we will start with the Romanian attack that they would launch shortly after declaring war. I think that this story is really interesting, and I am very excited for the next 4 episodes because it touches on a theater that many books barely even mention, and if I am completely honest I did not even know existed 5 years ago before I started this podcast.
Before the war Romania had a lengthy history of alliances with the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. They had signed a new treaty in 1883 which they then renewed multiple times, the last being 1913. The reason that this alliance seemed so strong was because of the fear of the Russians, that is what drove the Romanians to an alliance with the Triple Alliance. However in the years immediately preceding the war the relationship between Romania and the other countries in the alliance began to fray. The biggest reason for this was after the Balkan Wars, it seems like everything in the Balkans in 1914 is just a reaction to the Balkan Wars, but at that time Austria did not support Romania in its claims after the war was over. Romania was hoping to expand its territory during these wars, and Austria did not put its weight behind these demands and because of this Romania began to look elsewhere for allies. This did not prevent them from renewing the treaty in 1913, but it did cause them to start having conversations with the French. These conversations began even though the royal family of Romania was related to the Kaiser and was a Hohenzollern off shoot. This dichotomy of the Royal Family and public opinion, which supported the Entente, would end up playing a role in both how Romania entered the war and how the other countries reacted to it. The French really wanted Romania on their side, or at least to not side with the Germans, and all they had to do to make this happen was find a way for Romania and Russia to play nice with each other. The two countries had a rough past but when the new Romanian Prime Minister, Bratianu came into power in January 1914 he favored shifting Romania's orientation to be closer to that of France and Russia. This did not mean that decades of animosity were smoothed over in one day though and there were still to be some rocky times for the Romanian-Russian partnership. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov would say that 'Romania will try to join the side which proved to be the strongest and which is in a position to promise the greatest profits.' Overall the Russian attitude was simple, they did not want the Romanians to join the war on the side of the Germans, but they also didn't really want them to join their side either. Romania and Russia share a border that is hundreds of kilometers long and the Russians were concerned that if the Romanians joined in the war and did poorly then Russia would be on the hook for defending that territory. Up to this point they had been able to use Romania as a sort of shield for their southern border but this would no longer be the case if they entered the war. This evaluation put very little stock in Romania's military capability. Now, the Russian military was wrong about a lot of things before 1914, and a lot of things during the war as well, however they were absolutely correct in what was about to happen when it came to Romania.
That is getting a bit ahead of ourselves though, so lets start back in 1914. When the war started King Carol had to tell Germany and Austria that Romania would not be mobilizing its army in an attack against Russia. As soon as this was done Romania because much more free to shop around to see what they could get for their entry and also to just see how the tides were flowing before jumping in. In these efforts they were led by their Prim e Minister Ion Bratianu. He led all of the important negotiations with other countries and by all accounts was intelligent and well-educated. He would deal directly with many of the representatives sent by the other great powers, instead of letting them be handled by the Romanian diplomatic services and he had the full support of both the king and the Liberal majority of Parliament in his actions. Because of this he had a pretty wide birth in which to negotiate which could best be described as slowly, cautiously, and calculating. Now what precisely would he be negotiating? Well Romania, like Bulgaria, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire was looking for the best deal and the most appetizing piece of any deal would be parts of Austria-Hungary, this became even more appealing after the war continued to drag on and Austria-Hungary did so poorly. This was something that the Entente could offer, since the idea of completely dismantling the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a topic discussed widely in London and Paris. The discussions of which bits of Austria-Hungary Romania would get would drive many of Romania's actions until it entered the war and its actions once it did declare war.
The first real offer was brought to Romanian attention on October 1, 1914 by the Russian government. The goal of this offer was to get Romania to agree to enter the war, but only at the time of Russia's choosing. The Russians hoped to convince the Romanians to play their part in the final destruction of Austria-Hungary by unleashing them at the opportune moment to cause the greatest damage. However, when they opened the negotiation door and inch to discuss this with the Romanians they pushed through the door completely. Shortly after giving the message to the Romanians the Russian diplomats got a response. In this response Romanian demands went far beyond just the territory that the Russians were offering, or the territory that was made up primarily of ethnic Romanians. Sure the Romanians wanted those territories too, and they were most of Transylvania and southern Bukovina, however they also wanted northern Bukovina, which was primarily populated by Ukrainians, areas along the Tisza river, populated by Hungarians, and territory of Banat, which was mostly Serbians. This was a lot of territory and the Russians were so put off that they mostly dropped the subject until the middle of 1915. This was all part of the game though, Bratianu was asking a very high price, probably completely understanding that it was highly unlikely that Romania would get all of it but that was okay, it was part of the negotiations. The Romanians probably were never going to enter the war at this point anyway, it probably looked far from certain what would happen. One piece of the puzzle that the Romanians were great at was keeping secrets from other nations. Until they entered the war the Entente was in doubt as to whether it would ever happen and the Central Powers would believe right up until they declared war that they were not going to enter. This deception would go on for almost two years.
IN the summer of 1915, and right around the time that the German advance through Poland and into Russia had reached its zenith Russia was forced to go back to the Romanians to reopen discussions. The Russian mindset when opening these discussions is important, they were hunting for something, anything that could stop the advance of their enemies. On July 21st this resulted in the Russians telling the Romanian representative in St. Petersburg that the Russians would agree to all of their demands. However, even this did not make the Romanians jump instantly into the war, instead they decided that maybe now wasn't the time. If you look at the situation it is hard to blame them. The Russians were in full retreat, and looked to never recover, and the Romanian ambassador to Russia could see what the Russians were doing he would write that "After Italy entered the war and while the Russians were at the Carpathians, we were told that our help was of no special importance. On the very day when Przemysl fell, they let us understand that we might be granted the border along the Pruth and Czernowitz; after Lvov was evacuated, the rate of concessions escalated; almost on the day of the German occupation of Warsaw, all of the demands were met" Because of these factors instead of signing the agreement he said that he had to go back and check with his government, and after doing so he informed the Russians that he had been instructed not to sign the agreement. At this point Bratianu was playing for time, it was just simply not a good time to join the Russian war effort, they were in full retreat. As these discussions dragged on the situation changed again, pushing Romania further away from joining. With the Bulgarian entry into the conflict, and the defeat of the Serbians, Romania was now facing not one but two very dangerous neighbors, both of which were still full of fight.
A key role in the climax of all of this maneuvering was played by the Brusilov offensive. It was during the offensive that it looked like the Entente fortunes were finally changing and the offensive seemed to be the first of many successes with the Austrians appearing to be on the edge of collapse. It was due to this that during the summer Bratianu decided it was the right moment. However, now it was time for the Russians to begin having doubts again. They believed that the Brusilov offensive the front would stabilize and so maybe the situation was back to Romanian entry being a liability. This was was just reinforced when Alekseev, the Russian army leader, found out that the Romanians wanted Russian troops sent to help them out as soon as war was declared. This negative mindset from Alekseev would slowly change as it appeared that the Brusilov offensive was slowing down and was not going to bring about the great results that were hoped for after it began. He was also getting pressure from Joffre and other western leaders to get on board the Romanian hype train. Alekseev and other Russian leaders would eventually be persuaded, and after this long winding process that lasted over two years it was time to define the exact terms under which Romania would enter the war.
On July 4th Bratianu decided that now was the time and announced that he was ready to sign an alliance. However, he put down three conditions upon which this offer was predicated. First the Entente had to supply both arms and munitions. Second, the Allies must take offensive actions on other fronts to prevent the diversion of troops against Romania which also meant that Russia could not voluntarily retreat from the area of Galicia that it captured during the Brusilov offensive. Third, Romania needed unconditional security against a Bulgarian attack. This last one was the sticky wicket in the lists of demands because it meant 2 things. First it meant that the Romanians would need Russian troops, and they wanted 200,000 of them to put on their southern border. It also meant that the French and British troops in Salonika needed to attack north and into Bulgaria. It was this final condition upon which the events of the next several months would revolve around. For the Russian troops, when pressed, they said that they could not promise to send more than 50,000. This was not even close to enough for what the Romanians had planned, they basically wanted to completely offset the Bulgarian troops with Russians. To protest this reduction Bratianu threatened to not declare war on Bulgaria at all, which was just a comical threat for reasons that will soon become apparent.
s for the attack out of Salonika, the terms signed very specifically stated that the troops there would began an offensive against the Bulgarians no more than 8 days after Romania entered the war. The Romanians believed that this committed those troops, still led by the French General Sarrail, to an energetic and prolonged offensive to try and break through the Bulgarian front. However, the French and British interpretted it as just an attempt to hold down all of the Bulgarian forces currently on that front, not an actual concerted effort. This misunderstanding, or perhaps more appropriately this underhanded change by the Entente would have serious ramifications for Romania almost immediately. As for what the Romanians expected for their contribution, well those demands remained roughly the same. They wanted Transylvania, Bukovina, southern Galicia, the Banat, and some other Hungarian territory. All of this would be given to the Romanians in the peace treaty, at least in theory. In reality it seems that the Entente, while they did sign the agreement, did not intend to fully honor it and in fact the agreement with Romania, as well as those with other countries would be a series problem in 1919 when it came time for debts to be paid. Regardless of all of these things that were in the future, on August 17th the final agreement was signed. Romania was only obliged to declare war on Austria-Hungary however as soon as she did Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire declared war on Romania, making Romania's hope of just fighting a single front war a fool's hope, although not unexpected.
War was officially declared at 9PM on August 27th when a courier delivered the official declaration in Vienna. Romanian mobilization had already begun but would not be publicly proclaimed until the afternoon of the 28th which meant that almost instantly 800,000 troops comprising 23 divisions were on their way to either the border or their stations as part of the Romanian war plan. Initially the declaration seemed like a disaster for the Germans and it was the end of Falkenhayn as Chief of the General Staff, as he had just recently assured the Kaiser that Romania was not going to enter the war, and even if it did the declaration would not come until at least late September, probably later. However, just in a general sense it seemed like another huge negative for Germany in a year of negatives, yet another enemy, yet another army against them, yet more troops marching towards them. We will discuss Germany's response in a bit more detail next episode, but for right now lets talk about Romania. After its long neutrality Romania was finally at war, but the question was, what did they have to go to war with?
In total there would be 800,000 men mobilized in August 1916 which would form up into 23 divisions. These divisions were not very uniform though, they ranged anywhere from 17,000 to 27,000 men and the men in them were mostly from the peasant class, at least half of which could not read or write. They were however accustomed to hardship and sacrifice and most people were in agreement that they were good raw material to build an army out of if they had good organization, equipment and leadership. They did not good organization, equipment or leadership. First there was a critical shortage of officers with only 820 captains trying to manage 1,701 companies. These officers usually had almost no experience and unlike in Western Armies where promotion from within the ranks of volunteers was a good way to bolster the officer corps, in Romania this was a challenge since so many men were illiterate. Overall, it might have been for the better if the Romanians had mobilized less men than the 23 divisions because it would have allowed for a higher officer, machine gun, and artillery concentration per private. The higher officers were just as unprepared for the situation and this is evident by their tactics. Generally the Romanian army would go to war in late 1916 in much the same way that armies had done elsewhere in 1914. Lots of frontal assault, lots of reliance on the elan of their troops, and not much of anything else. There was some awareness, and some literature provided, around the changes that had been happening on the Western Front. However, these were generally discounted by Romanian officers as either not indicative of the situation for their army or simply too difficult for them to put in place with their inexperienced conscript army. So instead of changing their plans they just doubled down on their pre-existing beliefs in human valor and bravery much like the French had done in 1914, this would have similar disastrous results.
Before the war the Romanian economy had not allowed for a full retooling of the military and it was one of the lowest spending, per capita, in all of Europe. This meant that in 1916 there were series deficiencies in critical items like machine guns, with the best regiments having only a handful and many reserve formations having none at all, then when compared with the 18 to 24 that the Germans would be bringing with them. They also had outdated and obsolete artillery guns. Even if you included the most outdated models they still could only field 50% of the field artillery and 30% of the heavy artillery of their opponents, this even included the Austrian and Bulgarian units who would get infusions of German guns. They also had no mountain troops, and had only 2 batteries of modern mountain artillery. This is quite bad when you realize that 600 kilometers of the Romanian frontier, and that which was guaranteed to be a point of fighting with the Austrians was along the Carpathian mountains. All of these deficiencies combined meant that the Romanians would be heavily outgunned on all sides, while also facing armies with field experience, even the Bulgarian units, or at least the officers of those units, often had experience fighting in Serbia and Salonika for up to a year, and certainly knew their way around a trench.
Finally, we come to what could have been the great equalizer, leadership. The Romanian General Staff had been created in 1882, but it only been an at-need organization until 1907 when it was established permanently. When war raged in Europe the Chief of the General Staff was General Zottu. He was created by apparently everyone as unfit for the position, but he would still stay on until 1916. The Secretary General of the Ministry of War was General Iliescu. Through his position he had a hand in preparing Romania from war, but he did not have much influence over the actions of the General Staff. That body generally shunned outside influence or intrusions into its plans. All of this was bad, but let's not mince words here, the Romanians were in an almost impossible situation. They had an experienced army, they did not have enough guns, agreements with the Entente prevented the most prudent course of action which would have been to stand on the defense, and finally Romanian public opinion also prevented that course of action. A Romanian professor, Nicolae Iorga, would say that "Public opnion had been molded for the invasion of Transylvania, no one could have been able to impose another direction on the Romanian flag." These facts shackled the General Staff to a risky attack, and that risk simply would not pay off.
Our final topic for today is the Russians. The Russians would play a part in all of this planning and the agreements, really everything. Even though Alexeyev would never believe that bringing the Romanians into the war was going to be a great move, he was still obliged to support them once they did. However, they would never work well together, Alexeyev would since less troops than the 200,000 the Romanians wanted, with just a total of 50,000 men sent in the initial wave. There was also a general feeling of superiority in the Russian officer corps, a feeling that the Romanians were worthless. As these types of feelings often do, this trickled down to the rank and file as well. Before the war the Russians and Romanians had not gotten along very well, and while at a state level they had reconciled on an individual level there was still a good amount of contempt between the Russian and Romanian infantry. They generally felt that their Romanian counterparts were poor soldiers, and this was not helped by the first experiences of some Russian units. There are multiple stories of Romanian units surrendering to Russian ones, believing them to be their Bulgarian enemies. These negative feelings then resulted in negative actions. The Russian troops in Romanian heavily requisitioned supplies from the countryside, it was to the point where it is probably more accurate to call it sacking. The leadership also refused to support Romanian attacks out of Romania, and instead they wanted the Romanians to give up most of their country so that a defense could be better organized. All of these problems would create what might best be described as a toxic work environment, and it would only get worse when the action started. Speaking of the action, that will be the topic of our next episode where the Romanians bravely thrust their armies into enemy territory and then…stop…because why not.
This is our second episode on the Romanian campaign. Last episode we looked at the run up to the war and the terms under which Romania entered on the side of the Entente. | 2019-04-24T12:03:03Z | https://www.historyofthegreatwar.com/episode-111-romania-pt-1/ |
This article is about the current parliament of Germany. For the governing body of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, see Bundesversammlung (German Confederation). For other historical parliaments of Germany, see Reichstag (disambiguation).
The Bundestag (German pronunciation: [ˈbʊndəstaːk], "Federal Diet") is a constitutional and legislative body at the federal level in Germany. For its similar function, it is often described as a lower house of parliament along the lines of the US House of Representatives and the Canadian or the British House of Commons. The German constitution, however, does not define the Bundestag and the Bundesrat as the lower and upper houses of a bicameral legislature.
The Bundestag was established by chapter III of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Constitution) in 1949 as one of the legislative bodies of Germany and thus the historical successor to the earlier Reichstag.
Since 1999 it meets in the Reichstag Building in Berlin. Norbert Lammert is the current President of the Bundestag. Members (Mitglieder des Bundestages) of the Bundestag are usually elected every four years by all adult German citizens in a mixed system of constituency voting and list voting. There are currently 631 seats, however one, belonging to the CDU, remains vacant. However, the election day can be earlier if the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) loses a vote of no confidence and asks the Federal President (Bundespräsident) to dissolve the Bundestag in order to hold new general elections.
In the 19th century the name Bundestag was the unofficial designation for the assembly of the sovereigns and mayors of the Monarchies and Free Cities which formed the German Confederation (1815–1866). Its seat was in the Free City of Frankfurt on the Main.
With the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866 and the founding of the German Empire (Deutsches Reich) in 1871, the Reichstag was established as the German parliament in Berlin, which was the capital of the then Kingdom of Prussia (the largest and most influential state in both the Confederation and the empire). Two decades later, the current parliament building was erected. The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage (and not the three-class electoral system prevailing in Prussia until 1918). The Reichstag did not participate in the appointment of the Chancellor until the parliamentary reforms of October 1918. After the Revolution of November 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Constitution, women were given the right to vote for (and serve in) the Reichstag, and the parliament could use the no-confidence vote to force the chancellor or any cabinet member to resign. In March 1933, one month after the Reichstag fire, the then president, Paul von Hindenburg, a retired war hero, gave Adolf Hitler ultimate power through the Decree for the Protection of People and State and the Enabling Act of 1933, although Hitler remained at the post of Federal Government Chancellor (though he called himself the Führer). After this the Reichstag met only rarely, usually at the Krolloper (Kroll Opera House) following the Reichstag fire starting in 1933 to unanimously rubber-stamp the decisions of the government. It last convened on 26 April 1942.
With the new constitution of 1949, the Bundestag was established as the new (West) German parliament. Because West Berlin was not officially under the jurisdiction of the Constitution and because of the Cold War, the Bundestag met in Bonn in several different buildings, including (provisionally) a former water works facility. In addition, owing to the city's legal status, citizens of West Berlin were unable to vote in elections to the Bundestag, and were instead represented by 20 non-voting delegates, indirectly elected by the city's House of Representatives.
The Bundeshaus in Bonn is the former Parliament Building of Germany. The sessions of the German Bundestag were held there from 1949 until its move to Berlin in 1999. Today it houses the International Congress Centre Bundeshaus Bonn and in the north areas the branch office of the Bundesrat ("Federal Council", the Upper House of the German Federal Parliament representing the Länder, i.e. the federated States). The southern areas became part of German offices for the United Nations in 2008.
The German Unity Flag is a national memorial to German Reunification that was raised on 3 October 1990. It waves in front of the Reichstag building in Berlin, seat of the Bundestag.
The former Reichstag building housed a history exhibition (Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte) and served occasionally as a conference center. The Reichstag building was also occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the Bundesversammlung (Federal Assembly), the body which elects the German Federal President. However, the Soviets harshly protested against the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany and tried to disturb the sittings by flying supersonic jets close to the building.
Since 1999, the German parliament has again assembled in Berlin in its original Reichstag building, which was built in 1888 based on the plans of German architect Paul Wallot and underwent a significant renovation under the lead of British architect Sir Norman Foster. Parliamentary committees and subcommittees, public hearings and faction meetings take place in three auxiliary buildings, which surround the Reichstag building: the Jakob-Kaiser-Haus, Paul-Löbe-Haus and Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus.
In 2005, a small aircraft crashed close to the German parliament. It was then decided to ban private air traffic over Central Berlin.
Together with the Bundesrat, the Bundestag is the legislative branch of the German political system.
Although most legislation is initiated by the executive branch, the Bundestag considers the legislative function its most important responsibility, concentrating much of its energy on assessing and amending the government's legislative program. The committees (see below) play a prominent role in this process. Plenary sessions provide a forum for members to engage in public debate on legislative issues before them, but they tend to be well attended only when significant legislation is being considered.
The Bundestag members are the only federal officials directly elected by the public; the Bundestag in turn elects the Chancellor and, in addition, exercises oversight of the executive branch on issues of both substantive policy and routine administration. This check on executive power can be employed through binding legislation, public debates on government policy, investigations, and direct questioning of the chancellor or cabinet officials. For example, the Bundestag can conduct a question hour (Fragestunde), in which a government representative responds to a previously submitted written question from a member. Members can ask related questions during the question hour. The questions can concern anything from a major policy issue to a specific constituent's problem. Use of the question hour has increased markedly over the past forty years, with more than 20,000 questions being posed during the 1987-90 term. Understandably, the opposition parties are active in exercising the parliamentary right to scrutinize government actions.
Constituent service does also take place in the form of the Petition Committee. In 2004, the Petition Committee received over 18,000 complaints from citizens and was able to negotiate a mutually satisfactory solution to more than half of them. In 2005, as a pilot of the potential of internet petitions, a version of e-Petitioner was produced for the Bundestag. This was a collaborative project involving The Scottish Parliament, International Teledemocracy Centre and the Bundestag ‘Online Services Department’. The system was formally launched on 1 September 2005, and in 2008 the Bundestag moved to a new system based on its evaluation.
All candidates must be at least eighteen years old; there are no term limits. The election uses the MMP electoral system. In addition, the Bundestag has a minimum threshold of either 5% of the national party vote or three (directly elected) constituency representatives for a party to gain additional representation through the system of proportional representation.
Thus, small minority parties cannot easily enter the Bundestag and prevent the formation of stable majority governments as they could under the Weimar constitution. Since 1961, only two new parties (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and PDS/The Left) have entered the Bundestag.
The most recent election, the German federal election, 2013, was held on 22 September 2013.
Half of the Members of the Bundestag are elected directly from 299 constituencies (first-past-the-post system), the other half are elected from the parties’ Land lists in such a way as to achieve proportional representation for the total Bundestag (if possible).
Accordingly, each voter has two votes in the elections to the Bundestag. The first vote, allowing voters to elect their local representatives to the Bundestag, decides which candidates are sent to Parliament from the constituencies.
The second vote is cast for a party list; it determines the relative strengths of the parties represented in the Bundestag.
At least 598 Members of the Bundestag are elected in this way. Parties that gain more than 5% of the second votes or win at least 3 direct mandates are allocated seats in the Bundestag in proportion to the number of votes it has received (d'Hondt method until 1987, largest remainder method until the 2005 election, now Sainte-Laguë method).
In addition to this, there are certain circumstances in which some candidates win what are known as overhang seats when the seats are being distributed. If a party has gained more direct mandates in a Land than it is entitled to according to the results of the second vote, it does not forfeit these mandates because all directly elected candidates are guaranteed a seat in the Bundestag.
1 2 The Christian Democratic Union and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria call themselves sister parties. They do not compete against each other in the same geographical regions and they form one group within the Bundestag.
Initial distribution of seats in the 17th Bundestag.
See the List of Bundestag Members for lists of changes and current members.
The most important organisational structures within the Bundestag are parliamentary groups (Fraktionen; sing. Fraktion), which are formed by political parties represented in the chamber which incorporate more than 5% of the Bundestag legislators; CDU and CSU have always formed a single united Fraktion. The size of a party's Fraktion determines the extent of its representation on legislative committees, the time slots allotted for speaking, the number of committee chairs it can hold, and its representation in executive bodies of the Bundestag. The Fraktionen, not the members, receive the bulk of government funding for legislative and administrative activities.
The leadership of each Fraktion consists of a parliamentary party leader, several deputy leaders, and an executive committee. The leadership's major responsibilities are to represent the Fraktion, enforce party discipline, and orchestrate the party's parliamentary activities. The members of each Fraktion are distributed among working groups focused on specific policy-related topics such as social policy, economics, and foreign policy. The Fraktion meets every Tuesday afternoon in the weeks in which the Bundestag is in session to consider legislation before the Bundestag and formulate the party's position on it.
Parties which do not fulfill the criterion for being a Fraktion but have at least three seats by direct elections (i.e. which have at least three MPs representing a certain electoral district) in the Bundestag can be granted the status of a group of the Bundestag. This applied to the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) from 1990-1998. This status entails some privileges which are in general less than those of a Fraktion. In the current Bundestag, there are no such groups (the PDS had only two MPs in parliament until 2005 and could thus not even considered a group anymore; the party has now returned to the Bundestag with full Fraktion status).
The Bundestag's executive bodies include the Council of Elders and the Presidium. The council consists of the Bundestag leadership, together with the most senior representatives of each fraktion, with the number of these representatives tied to the strength of the Parliamentary groups in the chamber. The council is the coordination hub, determining the daily legislative agenda and assigning committee chairpersons based on Parliamentary group representation. The council also serves as an important forum for interparty negotiations on specific legislation and procedural issues. The Presidium is responsible for the routine administration of the Bundestag, including its clerical and research activities. It consists of the chamber's president (usually elected from the largest fraktion) and vice presidents (one from each fraktion).
Most of the legislative work in the Bundestag is the product of standing committees, which exist largely unchanged throughout one legislative period. The number of committees approximates the number of federal ministries, and the titles of each are roughly similar (e.g., defense, agriculture, and labor). There are, as of the current eighteenth Bundestag, 23 standing committees. The distribution of committee chairs and the membership of each committee reflect the relative strength of the various Parliamentary groups in the chamber. In the current eighteenth Bundestag, the CDU/CSU chaired twelve committees, the SPD seven, the The Left (Die Linke) two, and the environmentalist party, the Greens (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), two. Members of the opposition party can chair a significant number of standing committees (e.g. The budget committee is always chaired by the biggest opposition party). These committees have either a small staff or no staff at all.
As is the case with some other parliaments, the Bundestag is subject to the principle of discontinuation, meaning that a newly elect Bundestag is legally regarded to be a body and entity completely different from the previous Bundestag. This leads to the result, that any motion, application or action submitted to the previous Bundestag, e.g. a bill referred to the Bundestag by the Federal Government, is regarded as void by non-decision (German terminology: "Die Sache fällt der Diskontinuität anheim"). Thus any bill that has not been decided upon by the beginning of the new electoral period must be brought up by the government again, if it aims to uphold the motion, this procedure in effect delaying the passage of the bill. Furthermore, any newly elected Bundestag will have to freshly decide on the rules of procedure (Geschäftsordnung), which is done by a formal decision of taking over such rules from the preceding Bundestag by reference.
Any Bundestag is considered dissolved only once a newly elected Bundestag has actually gathered in order to constitute itself (Article 39 sec. 1 sentence 2 of the Basic Law), which has to happen within 30 days of its election (Article 39 sec. 2 of the Basic Law). Thus, it may happen (and has happened) that the old Bundestag gathers and makes decisions even after the election of a new Bundestag that has not gathered in order to constitute itself. For example, elections to the 16th Bundestag took place on 18 September 2005, but the 15th Bundestag still convened after election day to make some decisions on German military engagement abroad, and was entitled to do so, as the newly elected 16th Bundestag did not convene for the first time until 18 October 2005.
↑ Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (PDF) (23.12.2014 ed.). Bonn: Parlamentarischer Rat. 8 May 1949. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
↑ "Katherina Reiche (Potsdam), CDU/CSU". Bundestag.de. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
↑ Trenel, M. (2007). "Öffentliche Petitionen beim deutschen Bundestag - erste Ergebnisse der Evaluation des Modellversuchs = An Evaluation Study of Public Petitions at the German Parliament" (PDF). TAB Brief Nr 32. Deutscher Bundestag. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
↑ "Text des Bundeswahlgesetz (BWahlG)". gesetz-im-internet.de. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
↑ Hawley, Charles (15 January 2009). "Political Landscape in Flux ahead of 2009 Votes". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
↑ "Final result of the Election to the German Bundestag 2013". The Federal Returning Officer. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
↑ "Press Release: Verkürzte Fristen zur vorgezogenen Neuwahl des Deutschen Bundestages". www.bundeswahlleiter.de. Bundeswahlleiter = Federal Director for Elections (Federal Returning Officer). 25 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
↑ "Stenographischer Bericht der 187. Sitzung des 15. Deutschen Bundestages am 28. September 2005 = Stenographic report of the 187th session of the 15th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-09-28" (PDF). dip21.bundestag.de. Deutscher Bundestag. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
↑ "Stenographischer Bericht der 1. Sitzung des 16. Deutschen Bundestages am 18. Oktober 2005 = Stenographic report of the 1st session of the 16th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-10-18" (PDF). dip21.bundestag.de. Deutscher Bundestag. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bundestag. | 2019-04-18T18:35:26Z | https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Bundestag.html |
BJ: Hello everyone and welcome to the debut episode of Self-Empowerment Radio here on the Awakening Truth Worldwide Network. I’m your host, Brad Johnson, and today to kick off this very wonderful, immense debut episode of Self-Empowerment Radio, I have a very special guest. I have Carla Rueckert here.
Carla, thank you so much for being a part of Self-Empowerment Radio today.
CLR: It’s my pleasure, Brad, and thank you so much for asking me.
BJ: Thank you very much. I’m just going to give a brief introduction in regards to Carla. With degrees in English Literature and Library Service, Carla Rueckert was working as a librarian and researcher when, in 1968, she founded, with Donald Elkins, a group called Love/Light Research. Together with James McCarty, who currently runs Love/Light Research, Rueckert has examined new messages and ongoing contact with extraterrestrials. Through this contact came the publishing of five volumes of the series involving channeled sessions with the entity known as Ra that became the Law of One.
You can visit Love/Light Research’s website at www.llresearch.org and you can also visit L/L Research’s website with Carla’s blog at www.bring4th.org.
So, Carla, again thank you so much for being a part of the show and of course, with me also having a background in channeling as well, I thought the best way to open the show would be to have an amazing channeler, of course, on the broadcast. I’ve really looked into your history with a lot of the interviews being done in the past and seeing how all of this unfolded for you. Did you ever think that you would go into this direction about being a channeler, connecting with the Ra energy and actually bringing out the kind of information that you have brought out? As you look back into it, how does it feel as though it has been played out throughout your life?
CLR: That’s a difficult question to answer in a brief way but I will do my very best. It seems to me that my life has been a series of ethical cruxes at which I needed to take the high road and that, although it doesn’t seem that there could be any correlation between making choices like that and doing what you want to do for your service, that it has been the way it was for me. Let me give the quickie of my early life.
All through my childhood I was talented in various ways. People thought I was going to be a scholar, or a dancer, or a performer, or a singer. I did all of those things when I was a kid and went pretty far in a couple of them, especially the singing. But in order to go along with the man who was my singing partner in my college days, I married him because we had been offered a contract. We were to open for Peter, Paul and Mary in their very first tour.
That’s how old I am, by the way. I’m sixty-seven going on sixty-eight. So, this was way back in the beginning sixties and the guy said, “Well you know, I don’t believe in people travelling together unless they’re married. So if you want to sign this contract we’ll have to get married.” And I said, “All right,” and we got married. And then he refused to sign the contract. Somebody asked him for an autograph and he freaked. And that was the end of our singing career.
Now of course, I could have sued him for breach of contract and so forth but I’m not a litigious person.
I reviewed the marriage contract and there was definitely no small print. “For better or for worse.” So I cancelled the [Boston Public Library] job that I had been looking forward to so much, left my digs here in Louisville, Kentucky and went to Vancouver—a wonderful place—and had a great five months there and while I was there I got an even better offer for a job. I had been working as a research librarian for Simon Fraser University there in Burnaby, right outside Vancouver.
So my husband asked me for a divorce. He said in order for us to get the divorce, “I won’t do it here, I can’t leave you here. I want to take you back to Louisville.” The last thing I wanted to do was go back to Louisville, Kentucky. Again, the high road seemed to be to do exactly what he said.
I went back to Louisville, got my old job back as a school librarian and proceeded on with life. But life seemed to change, a little bit at a time. I had been meditating with Don Elkins and my first husband in an ET channeling group since 1962. I went back. I was going back to those meditations. Within the next few years Don asked me if I would learn to channel. I was reluctant to do so but when the last person that had been able to channel left town I realized that if I wanted to help Don—and I really did—I needed to make an effort to channel. So I said okay.
So in 1974 I started to try to learn with Don as the senior channel. He was a very good channeler himself. And Don was pleased enough with my work that he began recording the sessions. He had never recorded anybody’s channeling before, so he encouraged me greatly. I got interested in trying to do better because, as you know Brad, channeling is very easy to do but it’s the most difficult thing in the world to do well.
CLR: But there’s a large distance between that and something that moves people and may help them.
I also discovered that there was a tremendous amount of refinement involved in preparing oneself to channel and knowing how to handle contact appropriately. So, with typical librarian-researcher mentality, I studied what I was doing and I could see that if I restricted questions to those that were not fear-based, for instance, I got much better energy [in the] channel and so forth.
So gradually through the years I learned enough. I guess I would say I was confident but, even after all these decades of channeling, I always feel that I’ve not done a great job because there was so much that I couldn’t get out.
You know, they give you a burst of information and you basically have to sort of pick it apart and make some words out of it and it’s endless.
CLR: So all you can do is grab what you can get and then say it and then let go. It’s a constant surrender to the moment. And then you’ll get another ball of concept, and you turn that into words.
CLR: So a channeler is basically a translator.
CLR: So that was my drift into channeling. I didn’t study for it, I didn’t prepare for it, but then when you look back on it, you can see that everything in my life—the dancing, the singing, the skill with words, a reading habit that puts me squarely in the ranks of bibliophiles who love of language and love to read. I have a lot of advantages. And even things like the singing and the dancing give what I express, it gives the Confederation entities that I channel the opportunity for more rhythm, more balance and they have a larger bunch of words from which to choose.
So, I ended up not being a bad channel but I have never liked it. I have never enjoyed it. However I got so much positive feedback, from the very beginning, that I never questioned that it was a service, because people simply told me so over and over again. I still get heartwarming letters and e-mails every day. It’s just an amazing, fulfilling, wonderful way to see a life turn out.
And I firmly intend to be at this pop stand until hopefully I’ll be serving the Creator the instant that I die. I’m very happy where I am. I can’t think of anything that would be more exciting.
BJ: Exactly, exactly. And I think just, just getting the glimpse of The Law of One and The Ra Material to discover the information [is helpful], because again, Don Elkins did ask a lot of technical questions and I think, as a channeler, that can always be the most challenging thing as well to do.
CLR: Oh, especially somebody [like me] that studied the arts and never got any further than plane geometry.
BJ: Exactly. But, I mean, just studying the essence of the Law of One and how it is portrayed and how Ra came through and just, all the information, it is unlike anything else out there in regards to channeling.
CLR: I think that credit is not just Ra’s but also Don’s.
CLR: Don was incredibly well prepared for this. He had been studying the paranormal since the mid-fifties.
BJ: Exactly. And I think it’s almost like unto the idea of how people study Edgar Cayce and what he was doing and his information that was coming through himself, of course then transitioning into The Law of One. It’s, like, you can literally say it’s the purest essence of channeling itself.
And you know, there have been people who have been studying it, like David Wilcock, for example. He just lives by The Law of One [and is] still trying to decode a lot the enigmatic principles that Ra brings out in The Law of One.
Even trying to study it myself and looking into its principles, [I feel] like I’m understanding a lot more too, through the help of guidance.
It’s just a phenomenal piece of material that has transformed so many. And I think that has inspired some to become channelers as well, too. It was an incredible accomplishment, basically which has been done through that team effort of Love/Light Research.
CLR: Yeah, it really was and it was a golden time for all three of us involved. Don Elkins as the Questioner, I as the channel, and also Jim McCarty, who would power the sessions with the battery of his own strength of will and spirit. He worked as hard as any of us. He’s called the Scribe [by those of Ra]. It doesn’t sound very grand but, believe me, he’s the rock-solid base of the group and he is to this day. Bless his heart. I married him after Don died, so he’s my beautiful husband as well as my beloved co-worker in this wonderful collaboration in service to others.
BJ: Absolutely. Wonderful. And so again, for those who may not be familiar with The Law of One, of which I think are probably just a very few, would you give us the idea in a nutshell, I guess you could say? What is the idea of The Law of One?
CLR: The nutshell which we put on the back of our Law of One t-shirts is “All Is One”. Three simple words! But if you realize that the person to whom you’re talking is the Creator, if you realize that you yourself are the Creator, if you realize that the ground upon which your feet stand is the Creator’s dance of Earth, if you realize that every moment of your life is the Creator’s moment and is a sacred moment, then your life opens up to endless possibilities of soaring higher and more sturdily in the mid-air of faith.
Faith is so often a very difficult thing to pursue. People desperately want a spiritual life. They want a solid core to their walk. And yet they can’t fit into Christianity. They can’t fit into whatever the religion of their birth or culture might be. Nothing fits and they’re just “other than.” You know that last little check mark: “other”. When you can’t describe yourself as this or that, then it’s “other”. There are just so many seekers out there that are kind of dangling and twisting in the wind. And they’ve had my heart from the very beginning. My whole life is based on my love for the people I don’t know who might find the material we create useful and it’s offered.
[I do] not [mean] to denigrate anybody’s channeling, mine, yours, or anybody’s, that is just one channel. But if you think about it, you’re getting these concepts. That’s the way this particular procedure works. You’re getting concepts. You’re sort of rolling them out into words and language and translating them for people [who may] possibly find [them] helpful.
CLR: The concept gives you more than you can express, right? If you have been able to train or come together with channels that you trust, then you realize that they have a better opportunity of fully expressing themselves if they come through more than one filter. I’ve got my blind spots. We all have our blind spots. But everybody around the circle has particular and very special skills that they bring to this art. And when every[one] around the [channeling] circle [has addressed that question, then I think that potentially that would be the clearest channeling, if everybody’s got a good contact and the energy has remained very stable.
So a lot of the training that I do when I teach people to channel is about discovering that stability within themselves so they can stand on their own two feet metaphysically and challenge spirits.
BJ: Yes, absolutely. And of course I really enjoy the idea of testing your entities. I’ve always done that, each and every single time, because you always [want] to make sure that you’re being connecting to that of the divine Christ consciousness. Are you of the Christ energy?
I love the way you put it as well, too. Do your service that [is] of the Christ’s light. Do you know that Jesus is the Lord? All that. And of course when you have that form of testing, even if it feels a little bit off, you do it again and you do it again until you are fully confident within yourself that that entity is that of the divine Christ-consciousness and it’s coming through and presenting you with divine information.
Of course having that continuity within a group environment is so amazing and special, from my perspective. And I agree as well, too, when you get into the channeling state. It’s like you have a gigantic funnel directly above you and you’re trying to squeeze out this little-bitty drop about what the essence is of that. I get that all the time. I’m trying to translate the entity I channel; trying to get all that information. Because he dumps a whole bunch of it on me.
CLR: It’s a challenging job. People ask me sometimes, “Do you like to channel?” I’ve always been a reluctant channel. I only do it to be of service. It’s not fun. It’s a hard job. You do not feel in any way, shape or form that it’s going smoothly. Because you’re catching a ball of concepts, you’re getting out what you can from it and letting it go, catching another ball of concepts. So it [feels] patchy. You’re doing this and you’re doing that. You’re catching and you’re translating and constantly letting go. Constantly letting go, not following your ego’s wishes that you could get the rest of what they were trying to say [in the last concept] but letting it go. So it’s a constant process of surrender. Nobody’s more surprised than I am when I see the final version of it, where its [been transcribed] and it looks so smooth. How did that happen?
BJ: That’s exactly how it happens. I just read the way that you channeled and how you brought it out. Oh my goodness!
CLR: But you know I’m grateful it works that way.
BJ: It’s amazing that it’s so wonderful. You know, Carla, all I can say is that to me and I think to quite a few others, you’re almost like the mother of channeling.
CLR: Well, thank you, I feel like everybody’s spiritual mom.
BJ: Oh, thank you so much. And, I mean, the way that everything is presented [on the web sites] and the information and how calm, how loving it is. Literally you could hold up love and start feeling it vibrate. It’s so passionate. It’s so beautiful! It is so divine and so full. I just wanted to say on behalf of so many people, thank you so much for your blessings, for your dedication for doing this over the years. You have really impacted people who really wanted to [seek with your] channeling—people who are looking to understand, “Why am I here on this planet? What is the truth?” And you have really brought that out.
So, Carla, on behalf of everybody, I want to thank you so much for your dedication over the years, your support, and your love in bringing about The Law of One and your [conscious] channeling services as well, too. It’s highly appreciated by me and many others.
CLR: Thank you so much, Brad.
BJ: Thank you very much, Carla. What we’re going to do right now is, we’re just going to get into a bit of the conclusion. I’m communicating with Carla here for just under half an hour and so, Carla, please tell me about L/L Research, and its archive site, www.llresearch.org. What is that all about? Is it kind of like an archive of the channeling material you have as well as some form of product[s offered for sale]. Is that right?
CLR: Well, various parts of my channeling tapes have been transcribed, and around 1990 a fellow in Canada wrote and said that he would be honored to create a website for me. He had retired from business after selling his business to Bill Gates. He was very good with computers and his plan was wonderful, simple and logical: an archive site.
The first thing we did was, he scanned what we had [already transcribed, but not on a computer]. This was before the days of computers, so everything was hardcopy. It had to be scanned and OCR’d. He started out with those [sessions].
BJ: Excellent! It’s just a wonderful collage of so much information and material. So everybody who’s not familiar with it just be advised to go check out Love/Light Research’s website at www.llresearch.org and of course there’s the companion site that has Carla’s blog on it that is www.bring4th.org. That’s with the number four (bring4th.org).
If you’re really, really curious about the information that’s brought forth, this is really just the purest form of conduit you can find in regard to an online website that contains a whole plethora of amazing knowledge.
Carla, again, on behalf of Self-Empowerment Radio and myself, thank you so much for being a part of the show today. I really appreciate having you on for the debut episode and again, just much love and blessings and of course, love and light from the one infinite Creator to you as well.
CLR: Indeed and to all, we love you.
BJ: Thank you very much Carla. Thank you.
Since Carla began her teaching of channeling in 2008, L/L Research has had a lengthening series of Channeling Circle sessions where a group of students, with Carla as senior channel, offers co-channeling around the circle on a question.
Carla’s bouts with infection after lumbar spine surgery in April kept her from being on the telephone longer than thirty minutes.
All the material on the archive site is free to download and use. It is on our spiritual-community site, www.bring4th.org, that we have the on-line, secure-site store that sells our materials, as well as offering free forums and many other features for building community.
Brad refers here to the transcripts of Carla’s channeling workshops, where the best of her advice is contained in full for free, in the “Carla’s Niche” section. | 2019-04-21T08:06:13Z | http://llresearch.org/interviews/interview_2011_0616.aspx |
A semiconductor package assembly is disclosed having a semiconductor die receiving member configured to accept a semiconductor die in either the flip-chip or the wirebond orientations. First contact sites on a die receiving surface provide electrical connection with a flip-chip component. Second contact sites provide electrical connection with a wirebond component. Electrically conductive traces connect the first and second contact sites with terminal contact sites. The semiconductor package assembly may further include the flip-chip or wirebond component mounted over the die receiving surface. Further, the assembly may also include a mounting substrate in electrical connection with the terminal contact sites.
This is a divisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/060,740, titled SUBSTRATE FOR ACCEPTING WIRE BONDED OR FLIP-CHIP COMPONENTS, filed on Apr. 15, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to semiconductor chip packaging. More particularly, the present invention relates to semiconductor package assemblies configured to accept both flip-chip and wirebond semiconductor chips.
Integrated circuits are currently manufactured by an elaborate process in which semiconductor devices, insulating films, and patterned conducting films are sequentially constructed in a predetermined arrangement on a semiconductor substrate. In the context of this document, the term “semiconductor substrate” is defined to mean any construction comprising semiconductive material, including but not limited to bulk semiconductive material such as a semiconductive wafer, either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon, and semiconductive material layers, either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials. The term “substrate” refers to any supporting structure including but not limited to the semiconductor substrates described above. The term “electronic component” refers to any device or structure which may be connected to and respond to an electrical power or signal source, and includes, but is not limited to, semiconductor dies, semiconductor substrates, and integrated circuits as described above.
Semiconductor dies are commonly packaged to produce devices in a form for convenient use by consumers. Packaging steps are conducted to provide signal and power distribution to and from the semiconductor die, to dissipate heat from the semiconductor die, and to physically protect the semiconductor die. There is an ongoing effort in the semiconductor industry to reduce packaging costs, to improve electrical and thermal performance, and to reduce size.
An important packaging process is that of mounting and electrically connecting a semiconductor die to a mounting substrate such as a printed circuit board. A printed circuit board has a series of internal and external printed wires for electrically connecting two or more semiconductor dies or other electronic components that are mounted or attached thereto. Commonly, a semiconductor die is mounted over a receiving member that is in turn attached to the mounting substrate. Often, the receiving member is also a printed circuit board. The receiving member has a series of internal electrically conductive traces, each of which extends between at least two contact sites. One contact site is positioned to provide electrical connection with a bond pad on the semiconductor die, while the other contact site is located so as to provide electrical connection with the mounting substrate. Thus, a semiconductor package assembly formed according to the above-described process includes a semiconductor die mounted over a receiving member, which is in turn attached to a mounting substrate.
Semiconductor dies are structured according to one of at least two available designs: wirebond and flip-chip. Wirebond semiconductor dies have a set of bond pads arrayed on a face thereof. These semiconductor dies are packaged on a mounting substrate such that the face having the bond pads faces away from the receiving member and the mounting substrate. The bond pads are then wired to corresponding contact sites on the receiving member. In contrast, the bond pads of a flip-chip semiconductor die are arrayed on the opposite face. The face of a flip-chip that has the bond pads is disposed directly on the receiving member. An array of solder balls or other conductive material provides electrical connection between the bond pads of the flip-chip and the contact sites of the receiving member.
Manufacturers may find it commercially desirable to produce any specific integrated circuit according to both the wirebond and flip-chip designs. For example, one customer may demand a flip-chip, while another customer may be satisfied with a wirebond semiconductor die. However, such dual design of integrated circuits has required two corresponding receiving members, one configured to receive a flip-chip, and the other to receive the wirebond semiconductor die. Dual design of receiving members is expensive for the manufacturer—it requires increased inventory and redundant design and effort. The cost of producing and keeping in inventory dual receiving members may make production of dually designed integrated circuits prohibitive, thereby preventing market demand from being satisfied. It will be appreciated that a receiving member that is capable of receiving either a flip-chip or a wirebond semiconductor die, as needed, would be advantageous.
The present invention is directed to a semiconductor package assembly that is configured to include or receive either a flip-chip or a wirebond semiconductor die. According to the invention, one receiving member design is sufficient to provide packaging for both the flip-chip and wirebond designs of a semiconductor die. Thus, a single receiving member can be used with either a flip-chip or wirebond semiconductor die according to customer demand or other design constraints. Various embodiments of the invention include a receiving member alone or a receiving member in combination with one or both of a mounting substrate and an electronic component.
The receiving member according to the invention has a component receiving surface with a component receiving region thereon. The component receiving region is configured to receive an electronic component. The component receiving region is defined and bounded by a perimeter that corresponds to the periphery of the electronic component. Accordingly, an electronic component mounted over a component receiving surface will be aligned with and substantially positioned over the component receiving region.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a plurality of first contact sites and a plurality of second contact sites are arrayed on the component receiving surface. The first contact sites are positioned within the perimeter of the component receiving region, and provide electrical connection with the bond pads of a flip-chip. The second contact sites are positioned outside of the perimeter, and provide electrical connection with the bond pads of a wirebond electronic component. Electrically conductive traces within the receiving member connect the first contact sites and the second contact sites with terminal contact sites positioned on a surface of the receiving member. Each trace connects one corresponding first contact site, one corresponding second contact site, and one corresponding terminal contact site.
FIG. 1 is a top view of a receiving member configured for receiving an electronic component.
FIG. 2 is a top view of another receiving member configured for receiving an electronic component.
FIG. 3 is a top view of the receiving member of either FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, wherein a plurality of first contact sites and a plurality of second contact sites are replaced with contact sites that may be used with either wirebond or flip-chip components.
FIG. 4 is a cross section elevation view of the receiving member of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a cross section elevation view of a semiconductor package assembly including the receiving member of FIG. 1 in combination with an electronic component in the flip-chip orientation.
FIG. 6 is a cross section elevation view of a semiconductor package assembly including the receiving member of FIG. 1 in combination with an electronic component in the wirebond orientation.
FIG. 7 is a cross section elevation view of the semiconductor package assembly of FIG. 5 attached to a mounting substrate.
FIG. 8 is a cross section elevation view of a semiconductor package assembly including the receiving member of FIG. 2 in combination with an electronic component and attached to a mounting substrate.
According to the present invention, a semiconductor package assembly is provided that is configured to accept or include either of a flip-chip or a wirebond semiconductor die. In one embodiment of the invention, a receiving member is capable of receiving a semiconductor die in either a flip-chip or wirebond orientation. In a further embodiment, the assembly includes the receiving member attached to a semiconductor die in either the flip-chip or wirebond orientation.
Shown in FIG. 1 is a semiconductor die receiving member 10 in a first embodiment. Semiconductor die receiving member 10 has a die receiving surface 12 configured to accept a semiconductor die, an integrated circuit wafer, or another electronic component. The receiving members of the invention are particularly useful for mounting semiconductor dies, but other electronic components that are conventionally mounted over receiving members are contemplated by the invention. Accordingly, semiconductor die receiving member 10 is disclosed herein as a preferred embodiment, but it will be understood that the invention extends to other receiving members configured to accept other electronic components.
A semiconductor die that is to be mounted over semiconductor die receiving member 10 would be positioned over die receiving region 14 of die receiving surface 12. Die receiving region 14 is bounded and defined by a perimeter 16 that corresponds to and has substantially the same dimensions as the periphery of the semiconductor die with which semiconductor die receiving member 10 is to be used. Thus, semiconductor die receiving member 10 is configured to receive a semiconductor die that can be positioned over die receiving region 14, thereby substantially covering die receiving region 14.
As seen in FIG. 1, a plurality of first contact sites 18 are arrayed on die receiving surface 12. Preferably, first contact sites 18 are positioned within perimeter 16. Further, a plurality of second contact sites 22 are arrayed on die receiving surface 12, preferably outside of perimeter 16. First and second contact sites 18 and 22 are located on semiconductor die receiving member 10 to provide electrical connection with a mounted semiconductor die in the flip-chip and wirebond orientations, respectively. In FIG. 1, it can be seen that first contact sites 18 are configured to lie underneath a semiconductor die when the die is proximate die receiving region 14. Moreover, second contact sites 22 are configured to lie adjacent a semiconductor die when the die is proximate die receiving region 14. However, the invention also extends to all configurations wherein contact sites 18 and 22 are situated on semiconductor die receiving member in an arrangement whereby electrical connection may be established with a mounted flip-chip component through first contact sites 18 and with a mounted wirebond component through second contact sites 22.
A plurality of electrically conductive traces 24 (shown in phantom) are contained within semiconductor die receiving member 10. Traces 24 electrically connect first contact sites 18 with second contact sites 22. Each trace 24 corresponds with one of first contact sites 18 and with one of second contact sites 22 such that each first contact site 18 is electrically connected with exactly one second contact site 22 and vice versa. Further, traces 24 are routed through semiconductor die receiving member 10 to a plurality of terminal contact sites 26 (shown in phantom) positioned on an external circuitry receiving region of semiconductor die receiving member 10. Again, each trace 24 corresponds with one of terminal contact sites 26 such that each terminal contact site 26 is electrically connected with exactly one trace 24. Traces 24 are insulated from the external environment and one from another by dielectric material contained in semiconductor die receiving member 10. Terminal contact sites 26 are intended to provide electrical connection between semiconductor die receiving member 10 and external circuitry. Accordingly, terminal contact sites 26 are positioned on any surface of semiconductor die receiving member 10 to which an electronic component or a device or structure having circuitry may be connected. As seen in FIG. 1, the first preferred embodiment of semiconductor die receiving member 10 has terminal contact sites 26 that are exposed on a surface opposite die receiving surface 12.
Semiconductor die receiving member 10 functions to provide power and signal distribution to and from semiconductor dies mounted thereon and to give rigidity to packaged semiconductor structures. Semiconductor die receiving member 10 may be any structure, including multilayer structures, through which traces 24 may be routed between contact sites 18, 22 and 26. It will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art that a wide variety of materials may be used in semiconductor die receiving member 10. For example, printed circuit boards are currently widely used as semiconductor die receiving members. Other suitable structures include, but are not limited to, fiberglass structures and multilayer ceramics, such as those containing alumina ceramic. Moreover, semiconductor die receiving member 10 may be a semiconductor substrate, such as a selectively doped silicon wafer, silicon on insulator, silicon on sapphire, or the like.
Semiconductor die receiving member 10 is produced according to known methods of printing or constructing conductive wiring and layers within a dielectric or semiconductor substrate. For example, semiconductor die receiving member 10 may contain a series of vias, through-holes and deposited metal traces. The dimensions of semiconductor die receiving member 10 depend on the application in which it is to be used. Often, however, it will be preferable for semiconductor die receiving member 10 to be a relatively thin, laminar structure, thereby keeping package size to a minimum.
Contact sites 18, 22 and 26 are electrically conductive surfaces to which circuitry within semiconductor dies or external devices or structures may be connected. Contact sites 18, 22 and 26 may be exposed on semiconductor die receiving member 10 flush with the surface, such as die receiving surface 12, on which they are positioned. Alternatively, contact sites 18, 22 and 26 may be recessed from the surface of semiconductor die receiving member 10 through which they are exposed, in which case they may be merely exposed surfaces of traces 24. In still an alternate form, contact sites 18, 22 and 26 may protrude beyond the surface of semiconductor die receiving member 10 on which they are exposed.
Semiconductor die receiving member 10 may be configured to mount to a mounting substrate, thereby providing electrical connection between terminal contact sites 26 and external circuitry. Alternatively, semiconductor die receiving member 10 may contain a plurality of die receiving regions 14, such that more than one semiconductor die may be mounted thereon. In one variation on this alternative, semiconductor die receiving member 10 would be mounted over a mounting substrate such that each semiconductor die is electrically connected with the mounting substrate. In such an embodiment, semiconductor die receiving member 10 would have pluralities of third, fourth, etc., contact sites to correspond with the multiple die receiving regions.
In another variation on the multiple semiconductor die embodiment, semiconductor die receiving member 10 may provide for direct electrical interconnection between semiconductor dies mounted thereon, without use of a separate mounting substrate. For example, semiconductor die receiving member 10 may be a printed circuit board, such as a motherboard, designed to accept several semiconductor dies. In such an embodiment, a first die receiving region would be associated with first contact site 18 and second contact site 22. A second die receiving region would be associated with at least a third contact site. Trace 24 would lead directly from contact sites 18 and 22 to the third contact site, thereby electrically connecting the first and second semiconductor dies.
As shown in FIG. 2, semiconductor die receiving member 20 is a second embodiment of a structure according to the invention. Semiconductor die receiving member 20 is substantially configured as is semiconductor die receiving member 10 of FIG. 1, differing primarily in the relative arrangement of terminal contact sites 26 and electrically conductive traces 24 with die receiving region 14. Terminal contact sites 26 are arrayed along a package mount edge 28 that is laterally adjacent to die receiving surface 12.
FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of the receiving member of the present invention. In this embodiment, the plurality of first contact sites 18 and the plurality of second contact sites 22 of FIGS. 1 and 2 are combined, thereby providing a plurality of dual-purpose contact sites 19. In effect, dual-purpose contact sites 19 are provided by increasing the a real extent of and merging first contact sites 18 and second contact sites 22. Dual-purpose contact sites 19 each have a first portion 21 positioned within perimeter 16 and a second portion 23 outside of perimeter 16. When a semiconductor die is mounted over die receiving region 14 in a flip-chip orientation, electrical connection to the semiconductor die is provided by first portion 21. When a semiconductor die is mounted over die receiving region 14 in a wirebond orientation, electrical connection to the semiconductor die is provided by second portion 23. Accordingly, dual-purpose contact sites 19 are configured to provide electrical connection with a semiconductor die whether in a flip-chip or wirebond mounting orientation.
FIG. 4 illustrates semiconductor die receiving member 10 of FIG. 1 in cross section elevation view. As can be seen, terminal contact sites 26 emerge to a package mount surface 32 opposite die receiving surface 12. Traces 24 allow electrical current and signals to pass between die receiving surface 12 and package mount surface 32.
Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, a semiconductor package assembly is shown according to the invention, including semiconductor die receiving member 10 of FIG. 1 in combination with one of two semiconductor dies: flip-chip semiconductor die 30 and wirebond semiconductor die 50. Semiconductor dies 30 and 50, which may be memory or logic chips, represent two alternative methods of configuring a semiconductor die for connection with external circuitry. Flip-chips are designed with bond pads arranged such that they may be placed in direct contact with contact sites of a semiconductor die receiving member. The face of a flip-chip that contains bond pads is disposed on the die receiving surface. In contrast, wirebond semiconductor dies have bond pads on the opposite surface. A wirebond component is packaged such that the face having bond pads faces away from its semiconductor die receiving member. Wires are bonded between the bond pads and corresponding contact sites on the semiconductor die receiving member.
Seen in FIG. 5 is a connection between semiconductor die receiving member 10 and flip-chip semiconductor die 30. Semiconductor die 30 has a first face 34 and an opposite second face 36. A plurality of bond pads 38 are arrayed on first face 34. First face 34 is disposed over die receiving region 14, such that bond pads 38 are aligned with corresponding first contact sites 18. A conductive material 40 is provided between bond pads 38 and contact sites 18 to facilitate electrical connection therebetween. Conductive material 40 may be solder balls, conductive polymer balls, or other suitable conductive material. A dielectric adhesive underfill is preferably applied between first surface 34 and die receiving region 14 to securely attach semiconductor die 30 to semiconductor die receiving member 10. Accordingly, semiconductor die 30 is attached to semiconductor die receiving member 10 in the flip-chip orientation, which will also be termed “first orientation” hereinafter. Electrical connection is provided from bond pad 38 through conductive material 40, first contact site 18, and trace 24, to terminal contact site 26.
FIG. 6 depicts semiconductor die receiving member 10 in combination with wirebond semiconductor die 50. Semiconductor die 50 has a first face 46 and an opposite second face 48. A plurality of bond pads 52 are arrayed on first face 46. In this embodiment, semiconductor die receiving member 10 includes a thin adhesive layer 44 disposed on a portion of die receiving region 14. Adhesive layer 44 is relatively thin in comparison with the thickness of semiconductor die 50. Second face 48 is disposed directly on adhesive layer 44 to cause a bond to form therebetween. Wiring 54 is extended between bond pads 52 and second contact sites 22 according to methods known in the art. Thus, semiconductor die 50 is attached to semiconductor die receiving member 10 in the wirebond orientation, which will also be termed “second orientation” hereinafter. Electrical connection is thereby provided from bond pad 52, through wiring 54, second contact site 22, and trace 24, to terminal contact site 26.
It will be understood that semiconductor die receiving member 20 as illustrated in FIG. 2 is also configured to receive semiconductor dies 30 and 50 of the respective flip-chip and wirebond designs. Semiconductor dies 30 and 50 may be attached to semiconductor die receiving member 20 as described above in reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. Accordingly, semiconductor package assemblies are provided under the present invention having semiconductor die receiving member 20 in combination with either of semiconductor die 30 or semiconductor die 50.
Turning to FIG. 7, a semiconductor package assembly as described above in reference to FIG. 5 is provided, with the addition of mounting substrate 60 on which semiconductor die receiving member 10 is mounted. As discussed above, the semiconductor package assembly provides electrical connection between bond pad 38 and terminal contact site 26. Inclusion of mounting substrate 60 in the semiconductor package assembly allows electrical connection to extend to external circuitry contained in any chosen component, device or structure. Mounting substrate 60 has a plurality of contact pads 58 positioned to correspond to the plurality of terminal contact sites 26. Semiconductor die receiving member 10 is disposed over mounting substrate 60 so as to align terminal contact sites 26 with corresponding contact pads 58. Semiconductor die receiving member 10 is thereby positioned parallel to mounting substrate 60. A conductive material 56 is provided at the interface between terminal contact sites 26 and contact pads 58 to establish electrical connection therebetween. An adhesive material (not shown) optionally may be used to strengthen the bond between semiconductor die receiving member 10 and mounting substrate 60.
Mounting substrate 60 is commonly a printed circuit board. For example, semiconductor die receiving member 10 may be mounted over a printed circuit motherboard. However, it will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art that a wide variety of structures and materials may serve as a mounting substrate 60. Other suitable structures include, but are not limited to, fiberglass structures and multilayer ceramics, such as those containing alumina ceramic. Moreover, mounting substrate 60 may be a semiconductor substrate, such as a selectively doped silicon wafer, silicon on insulator, silicon on sapphire, or the like.
Mounting substrate 60 is produced according to appropriate known methods, such as printing or otherwise constructing conductive wiring and layers within a dielectric or semiconductor substrate. The dimensions of mounting substrate 60 depend on the application in which it is to be used. Often, however, it will be preferable for mounting substrate 60 to be a relatively thin, laminar structure, thereby keeping package size to a minimum. A plurality of semiconductor die receiving members 10, with their corresponding semiconductor dies, may be mounted over a mounting substrate, thereby providing communication and coordination between two or more semiconductor dies.
Referring to FIG. 8, a semiconductor package assembly in a further embodiment is shown, including semiconductor die receiving member 20, semiconductor die 30 in the flip-chip orientation, and mounting substrate 60. Alternatively, semiconductor die 50 in the wirebond orientation can be substituted for semiconductor die 30 in the flip-chip orientation. Mounting substrate 60 has a plurality of contact pads 58 that correspond to terminal contact sites 26. Semiconductor die receiving member 20, with mounted semiconductor die 30, is positioned so that package mount edge 28 is positioned over mounting substrate 60, with terminal contact sites 26 being aligned with corresponding contact pads 58. Semiconductor die receiving member 20 is conductively attached to mounting substrate 60 such that a conductive interface is formed between terminal contact sites 26 and contact pads 58. Semiconductor die receiving member 20 is thereby positioned substantially orthogonal relative to mounting substrate 60. Alternatively, semiconductor die receiving member 20 may connect with mounting substrate 60 in an oblique angle. In this embodiment, mounting substrate 60 in FIG. 8 may be any structure or material as described above in reference to mounting substrate 60 in FIG. 7.
The semiconductor package assembly as described above in reference to FIG. 8 is commonly known as a card-on-board assembly, where mounting substrate 60 is a board, or motherboard, and semiconductor die receiving member 20 is a card, or a “daughter-board”. The card-on-board assembly is especially useful for efficiently packaging memory chips, whereas logic chips are more frequently packaged according to the assembly described above in reference to semiconductor die receiving member 10.
According to the above described and other embodiments, a versatile semiconductor die receiving member and associated semiconductor package assembly are disclosed. The assembly accepts semiconductor dies in either the flip-chip or wirebond orientation. Moreover, the semiconductor die receiving member may be attached to a mounting substrate in a parallel or orthogonal orientation.
The present invention has application to a wide variety of semiconductor packaging assemblies other than those specifically described herein. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
electrically connecting each of said plurality of bond pads with a corresponding second contact site of said plurality of second contact sites.
2. A process as recited in claim 1, wherein electrically connecting each of said plurality of bond pads comprises placing conductive material between each of said plurality of bond pads and said corresponding contact sites of said plurality of first contact sites.
3. A process as recited in claim 1, further comprising, after electrically connecting each of said plurality of bond pads, applying an adhesive underfill between said first face and said die receiving region.
4. A process as recited in claim 1, wherein said wirebonding further comprises, prior to disposing said second face proximate said die receiving member, providing an adhesive layer on said die receiving member.
5. A process as recited in claim 1, further comprising placing said semiconductor die receiving member in electrical connection with external circuitry.
6. A process as recited in claim 5, wherein said external circuitry is a motherboard.
electrically connecting each bond pad to said first contact site that corresponds thereto.
8. A process as recited in claim 7, wherein electrically connecting each bond pad to said first contact site that corresponds thereto comprises interposing a conductive material between each bond pad and said first contact site that corresponds thereto.
9. A process as recited in claim 7, wherein electrically connecting each bond pad to said second contact site that corresponds thereto comprises wirebonding each bond pad to said second contact site that corresponds thereto.
establishing electrical connection between each of said terminal contact sites and one of said contact pads that corresponds thereto.
11. A process as recited in claim 10, wherein positioning said semiconductor die receiving member over said mounting substrate comprises aligning said semiconductor die receiving member such that said die receiving surface is substantially orthogonal to said mounting substrate.
12. A process as recited in claim 10, wherein positioning said semiconductor die receiving member over said mounting substrate comprises aligning said semiconductor die receiving member such that said die receiving surface is substantially parallel to said mounting substrate.
placing said semiconductor die receiving member in electrical connection with a motherboard. | 2019-04-23T07:15:02Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US6331221B1/en |
Finally got around to updating the homepage for the Clinical Meteor Track project, and posting a roadmap of sorts. If anybody needs to reference the Clinical Track, since there’s been quite a bit of discussion of late, send them here.
The site is designed for tablets and full-screen HDMI video presentation, so feel free to cmd-F and go full-screen for presentations. We fixed the background/color scheme, and after giving it a couple of dry-runs, we think this layout will be a lot more presentation-friendly.
Feel free to use this thread for questions/comments about the technical roadmap, framework goals, demo benchmarks, toolkits, etc. Also, for more general community discussion around building apps with the Clinical Track, I opened a Clinical/Healthcare Working Group thread.
Also, we’ll probably be organizing a regularly scheduled monthly or biweekly video call. Stay tuned.
Items in pink are live and support Meteor 1.0. Items in gray are pre-1.0 and in development. Items in lightgray are in planning stages.
What are the items in green?
Oops. New color scheme. Green are published items. The old color scheme was inspired by nursing scrubs, and was using a dusty pink. Thanks for catching that typo!
What will happen with the pre-Meteor1.0 projects?
We’re in the process of converting all the pre-Meteor 1.0 projects to 1.0. It turned out that there was a lot of overlapping functionality in all the early demos… accounts, users, graphing, dashboards, etc. The broader Meteor community has addressed most all of those issues, but we wanted to revisit those components with a testing framework and make sure everything was properly QA tested. So, now that we have a testing framework in place that we’re comfortable with, we’re going through the venn diagram of shared components and converting them to packages. Each of the pre-Meteor1.0 projects is going to get updated with Clinical Meteor packages, which will decrease the overall amount of code in each project.
Multiactor pattern with secure data transmission, data storage, audit logging, and a collection of business policies for your organization.
Validation and verification testing of Meteor apps, as per FDA Title 21.
DICOM image viewer for radiology, cardiology, pathology, and clinical laboratory applications.
HL7 and OAuth infrastructure for health information exchange and interoperability.
Form builder with integrated autoforms, designed for collecting clinical trials data.
Data analytic pipelines with map/reduce, aggregation, live query, data fusion, and D3 Visualizations.
A card based UI framework, inspired by the Day Made of Glass videos.
Q: How can a beginning developer who knows little but can learn quickly get involved with the clinical meteor projects? One thing I was thinking about was taking a look at some intermediate or difficult projects in relation to the clinical track and learning from them. Anything come to mind?
First off, introduce yourself on the Clinical/Healthcare Working Group thread, and post something about your general interests. There’s a half-dozen companies and a couple dozen programmers in the community who are involved; so introduce yourself.
Second, if you’re new to programming for healthcare, clinical, or medical environments, read the FDA’s General Principles of Software Validation; Final Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff, and also read through the HIPAA Policies and Procedures that are listed on the Hipaa Policy Generator site. These are the day-to-day guidelines, policies, and procedures that programmers in the healthcare/medical industry have to deal with.
Third, check out the Clinical Meteor homepage and roadmap, which lists which packages are live, and has a half-dozen demo apps. Feel free to download and tinker. For the most part, the demo apps haven’t been refactored to use the clinical track packages yet; which is what we’re currently working on. We have more reference apps on the way, such as the Medical Illustration Library, and will be expanding this homepage. If you have a reference app, please feel free to contact us about getting it listed!
We have some tutorial walkthroughs for getting started with our FDA testing application. Some of them are advanced walkthroughs, such as the package refactoring tutorial. which is a wonderful skill to be able to contribute to projects.
You can find all of the Clinical Track packages by searching on Atmosphere. The counts for most of the packages are mostly still at/near zero, but don’t read too much into that. A lot of these are getting migrated/renamed from other namespaces, and we’ve only recently started publishing them for public use.
The new Clinical:Hipaa package is almost ready for general use. We’re still putting together some screenshots of the audit log, and rounding out the API, but it’s the new resource for all-things-hipaa. The Hipaa Policy Generator was built using the StarryNight FDA tool and Clinical Hipaa package, and represents where we’re headed with the Card UI.
For data analytic pipelines, you can check out the graphs-dailystats package.
And also take a look at the Clinical Trials application, which we’re currently upgrading with SimpleSchemas and Autoforms. Many groups have expressed interest in it, and we’re getting ready to do another big sprint on it this autumn.
Build apps using the Clinical:Hipaa package and/or the StarryNight utility.
Help us build more data pipelines with D3 graphs. Take a barchart or sinewave or voronoi diagraph, and follow the graphs-dailystats pattern, but make the chart realtime (so it can eventually be used for an ECG monitor or cellular division/cancer model).
Review the HL7 Argonaut FHIR project homepage, introduce yourself on the HL7 FHIR thread, and help us write an OAuth2 server, and do HL7 testing sprints this autumn.
The intent is that all of clinical packages are being audited to work together. So, in theory, you should be able to build coherent apps with them. We’re currently working on documentation and making sure they’re production ready. Feel free to build with them, submit bug reports, and help improve their documentation and/or APIs.
We have more examples with regards to Radiology, DICOM, the Cornerstone Image Viewer, User Pick-Lists, ICD10 picklists, and various other components on their way. We’ll update this Getting Started page with those items later this autumn.
@awatson1978 Could you please explain which healthcare software we are including? I guess it will give us a top view of what we are after.
I see we have clinical: barCode package. Is that meant to be used as the ‘Barcode’ medication administration?
Dave was talking about Personal Health Records so we know that can be covered.
I have heard about Electronic Health Records from you, so is that a possibility?
DICOM has been mentioned. So image processing??
So how many of these are we trying to cover ? Should we divide team and concentrate on covering each category ? Each team can contribute to the specific section that designated to so that others won’t have to repeat the same process twice. For example, anyone could fork Dave’s Personal Health Records (lets say Dave represent the PHR section & I EHR section) and modify it, they will not have to do it from scratch. In this way we can probably come up with a ‘Total solution’ combining everyone’s project altogether. Hospitals are inclined towards a company that sells total solution. Isn’t it?
I ask because it is possible for me to hire a meteor developers locally to form a team, should need arises. Also I will be able to offer way cheaper prices than the competition, Guaranteed. On the way to do that, my team can contribute to the specific section that designated to us so that others won’t have to repeat the same process twice.
One of the things I was surprised by when working with the big EMR systems is how they were actually suites of applications. Cerner had nearly 500 total apps; of which our hospital used only about 100 of them. And each module or applet was roughly associated with one job description in the hospital.
So, I’ve been very much programming Clinical Meteor with the assumption that hundreds of different apps, departments, and business will use it; and have been using a sort of venn-diagram, and focusing on the parts that would be common to any of those application categories… login, user accounts, barcodes, medical icons, HL7 interfaces, workflow management, work queues (checklists), ICD10 integration, DICOM image integration, etc.
So, I’d suggest that it’s really a matter of finding sponsors for specific categories. Each one of these examples needed a clinical champion who was/is willing to make the case for it’s use in a clinical setting. That’s going to be the limiting factor.
Maybe a build-it-and-they-will-come approach will work. But I’m hedging towards a model which involves finding clinical champions and existing teams to underwrite the work. The reason that Social Health Record, Checklist Manifest, and Clinical Trials are being used as the demo apps, is because I’ve had multiple independent groups approach me about each of those particular topics.
There’s actually been 4 independent attempts at making a “Facebook for health records”. Interestingly, they’ve each gone about it in completely different ways. So, since that’s where the clinical champions are, I’ve been looking at the venn diagram, and which elements are common to each. Which brings us back to the logins, user accounts, hl7 integration, etc.
As for ‘total solutions’, I’m seeing the Radiology sector getting close to having a complete RIS/PACS solution. There are three different groups involved; so they will need to find common consensus and/or somebody will need to buy the others out. But that’s three different teams, in just one subsegment. Plenty of room for lots of people to participate.
Cerner spent nearly $2 billion in research and development for Cerner Millennium EMR. As much as I think the volume of work is there, it’s difficult to plan for a total solution at this point. I think people simply need to find clients who are willing to work with the technology, find the clinical champions, and then bring solutions to market. Once we get a few established players in production; it will be easier to look at building total solutions.
Excited to announce that Clinical Meteor Track now has an API documentation page.
We’re dogfooding the track, using it for the homepage.
Synced with Atmosphere, and will have up-to-date info on release track versions going forward.
Now hosting a collection of whitepapers for the track.
Much more presentation-friendly for point-of-sales meetings.
I admin that I am not specialist in compliance questions but I have recently engaged on project where FDA approval might be needed not now but in future.
Now a personal health app that has a plans in future to upload data to EHR systems to assist practitioner. Legal views this as it becoming medical device.
I looked at clinical track and I am mostly good with it and the packages it has, however it is a bit lacking in frontend tooling.
How bit of hassle I am getting myself into if I try to use sass , js and html from the existing consumer app. Components are just view without any processing logic or session info do I still need to do the kind of extensive testing against the components?
That’s a really great question. And to be honest, it pushes what I myself know about the process.
The FDA cares that you have a QA process that has multiple testing procedures (to avoid systemic biases); but it doesn’t so much care what those testing procedures are. As long as they judge it to be a sincere and comprehensive effort.
So, components. They might squeak by a review without QA testing results. Just as the web browser itself might. Or the delivery truck might get passed during an inspection of a dairy milking farm. But given the day and mood of the inspector, they could just as easily be flagged.
For my own projects, I’m assuming that they’ll need to be tested. Which is why I’ve been building up many of the components up from scratch; and why the defaults are very minimalist, without the latest Material UI or Polymer or other component libraries. Industrial infrastructure, if you will.
If you want to layer on Material, Polymer, Bootstrap, or other component libraries, it shouldn’t be too much of a problem. The ClinicalMeteor packages all use less by default, and their CSS rules are scoped to the local components. So, there shouldn’t be much runover; and I’ve been removing any styling left in the global scope as I run across it. The ActiveEntry package, for example, used to have a number of styles in the global scope that was causing problems. But with the QA process, we’ve managed to identify and move them to a locally scoped area. SASS and LESS can run together just fine. So… should be good to go.
You say that the frontend tooling is lacking. Have you been experimenting with the hotkeys on the main clinical.meteor.com site or the any of the demo apps? Resizing the applications and checking the breakpoint behavior? ClinicalMeteor is being built out with inline style helpers, so it’s peppered with animations throughout. It has a minimalist, low-information-density design by default; because it supports animations and cinematic storyboarding between views. My hunch is that you’re not experimenting with the latest animation work, which is why the frontend tooling seems minimal.
But yeah… there’s both a fullscreen mode in the ActiveLayout package (which will soon be renamed to UniversalLayout), or you can just use the SimpleLayout package. Both should get you a pretty typical ‘default’ webpage, that you can add Bootstrap, Polymer, Material, etc to.
Hi! Status is that the project is doing great!
We have somewhere between 3 and 6 months of sales pipeline, so it’s become self-financing; and based on its merits, I was able to get into graduate school in a Masters of Biomedical Informatics program. There’s an associated Entrepreneurship and Innovation class that I’m eligible to sign up for, so the project has effectively been accepted into an accelerator program associated with the University of Chicago Hospital.
As for the recent changes… we’ve deprecated the Cookbook, which had become something of a code junkyard, and migrated most of the general Meteor recipes to StackOverflow Documentation. We then renamed the Cookbook as the Clinical Meteor SDK, and will be using it to link to examples and utilities.
The HL7 FHIR project has been an awesome addition, and given us a clear API to implement; and we’re participating in connectathon so trying to bring the FHIR API up to the latest release (DTSU3). Just the past month, we got schema extensions working, so people can use the base resource provided by the clinical track, and define custom application extensions, as per the FHIR spec.
I’ve been contemplating whether to make Blaze/React the officially supported rendering layers, peg them to DTSU2 and DTSU3 respectively, and just ditch Angular. It would make the whole project much more coherent from a support and migration perspective. So that may be in the works. More importantly, we’ve established a pattern for creating React components for the HL7 FHIR resources, and will be extracting a UI framework from the Meteor on FHIR demo.
Some people may have noticed that Tensorflow wound up on the project roadmap. We’re definitely moving beyond core infrastructure, and moving into much more exciting topics, such as integrating machine learning libraries and radiology viewers. I’ll probably also be bringing genetic algorithms and evolution programs into the framework later this winter as part of my Genomics electives.
Apollo is probably going to be integrated this autumn, as part of my Big Data elective. I’d like to put together an implementation that connects to Mongo, Hadoop, Cassandra, RedShift, etc. We’ll see. I’m not convinced whether that would be architecturally coherent, or just appealing to people chasing buzzwords.
There’s probably other stuff that’s going on that I’m forgetting. We presented at the United Nations at OpenCamp. That was sort of neat. It looks like we’re following the general approach of Mantra and NPM based applications; but with caveats. StarryNight will soon be pulled into the updated homepage. We’re preparing for a migration to NPM. Etc. etc.
To answer the last question… the SDK is definitely becoming a framework for writing an EMR… the core libraries of which are Meteor on FHIR and Photonic. The examples will hopefully include sample PHR and EHR apps. However, for the final EMR build, I may set up a separate repository. As much as I like the branding and reputation that stars provide, we may want a clean github history for that final production-ready build that gets sent to the FDA and gets submitted for HITECH Meaningful Use and other regulatory review. That will probably happen next summer, as part of the accelerator.
Awesome ! Good to hear !
I was delighted to discover (after a hiatus due to employment change) that @awatson1978 has pressed forward. Nice!
Check out this project, which is a boilerplate full stack clinical application.
I have cloned this and run it - looks awesome!
I hope to use this as a starting point for a current project.
Question - since this is a boilerplate, looks like I would fork it to use it. Correct?
Is there a best practice for customizing meteor-on-fhir, to permit pulling future updates & ability to contribute future enhancements?
I see you use publication & subscription a lot in meteor-on-fhir. As I recall, we learned in 2015 or so, that pub-sub does not scale well. Has that issue been solved? Or is it best practice to inactivate it?
When would one use the SDK vs the meteor-on-fhir?
What version of FHIR standard do you support?
Q: Since this is a boilerplate, looks like I would fork it to use it. Correct?
Not necessarily. Meteor on FHIR is designed like Wordpress and Mirth, and supports a plugin architecture and fairly robust configuration file. The intent is that basic FHIR queries, data caching, data-relaying, and PHR functionality will be available without the need to fork the project. And we hope to have a stable enough core that people can build modules using the plugin architecture.
Generally speaking, it helps to think of Meteor on FHIR as being a combination of Wordpress and Mirth. You could certainly fork either project. But they’ve both grown to the point that most people find it perfectly serviceable to simply write a plugin and adjust the config files. We’re increasingly finding that when we consult with clients, that’s all we need to do.
Q: Is there a best practice for customizing meteor-on-fhir, to permit pulling future updates & ability to contribute future enhancements?
Going forward, the best practice will be to use a plugin. We’ve only recently implemented the plugin architecture, so there’s only four plugins so far and it’s not been documented yet. But I think it’s safe to say that should be part of the go-live documentation. I’m going to publish a reference plugin ASAP - probably be the Continuity of Care Document plugin; but I’m still debating how it’s going to get licensed.
Q: I see you use publication & subscription a lot in meteor-on-fhir. As I recall, we learned in 2015 or so, that pub-sub does not scale well. Has that issue been solved? Or is it best practice to inactivate it?
Scaling is a complicated question; and really dependent upon one’s use case. The pub-sub architecture works just fine for departmental apps, where the overall user base is anticipated to only be in the hundreds or thousands of users. In general, there’s a lot of anecdotal support that a well designed Meteor app can support 100 to 1000 users per Node instance via DDP. That being said, the FHIR standard has added stateless REST endpoints to Meteor; which can support upwards of 40,000 connections per Node instance via OAuth/REST; as long as reactivity is not required.
The default use case that Meteor on FHIR is designed for is an Accountable Care Organization, such as a Medical Home or Clinic; which supports 100 to 10,000 active users. If you imagine more users or a different usage pattern (such as a public landing page, or government sponsored service), you may need to inactivate DDP and query the FHIR endpoints using polling.
Q: When would one use the SDK vs the meteor-on-fhir?
Q: What version of FHIR standard do you support?
The short answer: We started with v1.6.0 (DSTU2), and are aiming for v3.0.1 (STU3) for the 13 Argonaut resources that are included in Meteor on FHIR by default.
Longer answer: The Argonaut Project - which is what Epic, Cerner, and Allscripts support - was originally based on DSTU2; while the latest version of the standard has moved to STU3. Our goal with the end-of-year launch is to have STU3 coverage of all the resources that are shared by Epic and Cerner. If/when we get support to take projects into the Epic App Orchard or Cerner App Store, we’ll add DSTU2 legacy support as needed (if the resource doesn’t already have it).
tl;dr Answer: I’ve got a spreadsheet tracking the versions on different packages; trying to standardize on v3.0.1, but it’s a bit of a mess.
Good news - Meteor Now Scales!!! | 2019-04-23T15:57:13Z | https://forums.meteor.com/t/clinical-meteor-track/5926 |
Vacation rental house. Sleeps 8, 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms. Dogs allowed.
Beautiful Pasture & Bay Views from this 2100 Sq Ft, Two Story, 4 bedroom Country Cabin located on a country road in between Arcata & Eureka. Big living room with wood stove, 2 bedrooms, kitchen and dining room on first floor and two bedrooms and open den upstairs. Enjoy the big field out front and the private back yard with big area for sitting and eating outside and a nice BBQ. We have 4 queen beds, 2-twins and a futon-full size.
The views are really wonderful, including the beautiful coastal birds soaring above. Perfect location for visitng Eureka (3 minutes away) or Arcata & Humboldt State University (10 minutes to the north) & the Arcata Plaza for plenty of shopping, eating, and drinking, and entertainment options, and 40 minutes North to Trinidad and it's beautiufl beaches. McKinleyville and the Little River State Beach and Clam Beach are only 30 minutes away. And, of course, Redwoods! There are wonderful hiking and biking trails in the Redwood Park by the Zoo in Eureka and also through the Arcata Redwood Community Forest & Park (great playground too and disc golf course) and Prairie Creek Redwood National Park is about 45 minutes to the North with over 100 miles of trails through the Redwoods and on the Coast. On your way up to Prairie Creek Redwood National Park you will pass through the Humboldt Lagoons which area wonderful destination to explore, and don't forget about Tall Trees & Lady Bird Johnson Redwood Hiking Trails.
The house in Myrtletown was more than we were expecting. The house has a great layout with plenty of space. The yard is well kept with lots of comfortable places to sit and enjoy the weather and view. The view is the biggy at this rental. It is peaceful and expansive. We all enjoyed this rental and hope to return again one day.
We also hope to have you return to Big Cabin and Pasture! It's the perfect spot for a large family or any group to stretch out and enjoy some R&R after exploring the redwood and it's pet friendly so you can bring all the family members! Thank you for you review, we appreciate you taking time to leave some feedback. Please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
Stayed during some rain and the house was so cozy for the family! Thank you Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals!
Thanks for your review of Big Cabin and Pasture. I'm very happy it was a good fit for you and your family! We look forward to having you come back and stay with us again with over 120+ properties there is something for everyone! Look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next vacation on the North Coast! And thanks again for the feedback.
We enjoyed this lovely home. It had everything we needed for a Thanksgiving weekend near the redwoods. Amenities needed were close by, food, pubs and the ocean.
Thank you for leaving a review of Big Cabin and Pasture! We would love to have you back again. The views are gorgeous, especially around sundown. Please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast, with over 120 properties, there is something for everyone!
Beautiful older home full of character and charm! House is exactly described, very clean and well maintained. We had everything we needed and more! Beds were comfortable though we didn’t use the upstairs bedrooms as it was just 2 of us and our Goldendoodle! The grounds and yard were beautiful, perfect in fact! We loved our stay and will most definitely be back next Year! Booking and checkout were seamless, management is great. Thank you!
Thanks so much Lisa! We appreciate you taking the time to leave a review of Big Cabin with Pasture. It has incredible views, feels remote but is close to all services, if you even want to leave the property! Please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast, with over 120 properties, there's something for everyone! Thanks again Lisa.
This place was SO AWESOME! I can't say enough good things!! The views are incredible and the location is close to Eureka, Arcata, etc. but you still feel like you are far away from the hustle and bustle of town. The house was very clean and well stocked with kitchen essentials, clean and cozy linens, games, movies, etc. We didn't have a single issue with the property and we had such a great trip. Thank you to the property management for keeping this place so nice. We will definitely be back!!!
So happy you loved Big Cabin with Pasture as much as you did! We would love to have you back anytime, so please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast! And thanks again for taking time to leave us such a nice review, it really does make us very happy.
Our group appreciated that this property is dog friendly, back off from the highway, and close to our event. We will definitely return next year, but will bring wine glasses (there was only 1!), ziplocks, foil, and plastic wrap. Great view!
Thank you fo rthe review, I will purchase some additional wine glasses and pantry items, ASAP. Thank you for letting us know. We appreciate you taking time to leave a review, and we look forward to your return to Big Cabin with Pasture soon! Please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
The Big Cabin with Pasture & Bay Views was perfect for our family reunion. Clean, comfortable, great location with an incredible view of the meadows and bay. We loved how the view would change throughout the day. The kitchen was well equipped with everything that we needed to fix our meals (could have used more wine glasses.) BBQ on the back porch was appreciated. The supplied firewood made for a cozy fire in the charming pot bellied fireplace.
Thanks for taking time to leave a review of Big Cabin and Pasture!I'll get some more wine glasses ASAP, thank you for the feedback! We would love to have you back again soon, please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next visit!
The home/cabin was beautiful. Plenty of room and gorgeous views. Will will definitely rent again. My only complaint was that my dad and brother both had a fall. But I reported it right away and I’m sure it will be taken care of.
Renee, thank you for letting us know right away, and we are going to do a few things to highlight the step down into the living room so no other guests have to experience a fall, and I'm so glad no one was seriously injured. We appreciate feedback for this very reason, so we can constantly improve on our guests experience, and make sure they are safe as well. We would love to have you back again, please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
Peaceful, Spacious, Awesome Ranch House!
We loved our time at this property. Lots of room for the kids and super comfortable beds. The house has a great view of pasture and ocean shoreline. It’s quiet and relaxing. We would have extended our stay if possible. Great place to stay-very clean!
So happy to hear you loved the property, and we'd love to have you back as soon as you can return! This property is very popular with large families, or just large groups wishing to share lodgings. Please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
I even hestitate to review this, because I would love to keep it all to myself. Cozy,comfotable, just what we were looking for. Love the views, the location...rural yet close to town. Our dogs were happy, the grandkids were happy, and the big people were happy.
That's what we love to hear! And don't worry, we'll always find room for you at Big Cabin and Pasture! Please return to the North Coast soon, and when you do, please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning that trip. Thanks again for your review, we really appreciate feedback!
We rented this wonderful house for 3 days and was pleasantly surprised with everything! Every morning while we enjoyed our breakfast we watched the hummingbirds fly around and were surprised one morning when 3 deer decided to visit. The house is set right outside the town which was great for us. We will definitely rent this location again!
So happy to hear you enjoyed your time at Big Cabin with Pasture! There are a lot of deer visiting the property, and a great outdoor deck to sit and enjoy your morning coffee on while spotting them. We'd love to have you back anytime, please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
Our family enjoyed the comfortable home and the amenities provided. We were able to watch the deer in the morning and the lights from the lighthouse at night. My grandchildren were thrilled with the yard and the beautiful flowers.
So happy to hear you loved Big Cabin with Pasture and Bay Views!. It's a really nice, private and very large home perfect for a large family getaway! We would love to have you back soon, so please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to to the North Coast! And thanks for leaving a review.
Our girl scout troop came down to enjoy the Redwoods and stayed at this wonderful house. It was the perfect place - clean, great location, plenty of room for our group. Beautiful view and quiet area.
Thank you for taking time to leave a review of Big Cabin with Pasture! We would love to have you back anytime. Sounds like it was a great fit for your group, plenty of room for a large group to spread out and feel comfortable. Thanks again and please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
Great! So glad to hear you've thoroughly enjoyed your stay at Big Cabin with Pasture. What great views as well! It is really spacious with plenty of space for everyone to spread out and enjoy the property. Thanks again for taking a moment to leave a review of this property. Please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
We all enjoyed our stay here. The home is spacious, clean, and well maintained. The kitchen was large and well appointed. Beds were comfortable, as was the furniture and large outside areas.
Thank you for leaving a review of Big Cabin with Pasture, sounds like it was a perfect fit. It is perfect for a large family or group of friends looking to stay together. Great kitchen for making large meals, with a BBQ out back for summer grilling. Please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
My family had a great time at this vacation rentals and we will be using Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals next time we are in the area to hike theRedwood again! Love Humboldt!
What a great house to take the family away to on the North Coast! There's tons of room available for everyone to stretch out at the end of a long day of hiking, exploring, surfing, or any of the other activities Humboldt County has to offer. And what an amazing view of Humboldt Bay! Also, I love that it's pet friendly so you can bring along your furriest family member. We look forward to seeing you again at Big Cabin with Pasture and Bay Views, please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast. Thanks again for taking time to leave a review, we really appreciate it!
We wanted somewhere quiet, to spend a few days relaxing, watching movies, and playing board games. This home was clean and the kitchen was well stocked for our cooking needs. The only negative would be that although we turned up the thermostat, the house never got warm, and the back bedroom was so cold we ended up moving to a smaller bedroom that keep warm.
I'm so glad you left some feedback on Big Cabin and Pasture, so we can look into why the house didn't warm up. We've been experiencing very cold weather, but that shouldn't affect the forced air heating, so we will investigate, as we've never had an issue before! Thanks again for taking time to leave a review, we very much appreciate you taking the time to leave your thoughts, and we look forward to having you back soon!
My whole family and I went to California for my wedding and the 8 of us stayed in this house. This house comfortably fit all of us.
Big Cabin with Pasture and Bay Views always seems to be a big hit, especially with larger gatherings of friends/family, it's so incredibly spacious, with plenty of sleeping accommodations for everyone! And those amazing views of Humboldt Bay! We look forward to having you back again soon, please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when planning your next trip to the North Coast!
We stayed three nights in the Big Cabin with Pasture & Bay View and it was great! The home was clean and comfortable and easily slept 9. There was a perfect view of the bay each morning!
So glad to hear Big Cabin with Pasture & Bay Views was a success for your vacation getaway! We look forward to having you back again soon, please look us up at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals when booking your next trip to the North Coast!
The cabin was everything we had hoped it would be. The Bay View, the wild life in the mornings and the fresh air were the best. The home was very clean. Had everything need to cook and clean with. Could use safety bars in the downstairs shower. The furniture was very comfortable including the beds.
Thank you so much for coming to stay with us at Big Pasture! We are so pleased you loved it. It is such a perfect family location just outside town at an affordable price. We look forward to your return and thank you for the suggestions.
Thank you so much! Everyone loves Big Pasture with Bay Views. We look forward to your return!
We had a MOST wonderful stay. House was spacious and clean. We were very comfortable and had more than enough room for everyone to have some space. The view was nice and the cool weather was most welcome. Hope we can visit this venue again SOON!
So happy to hear you enjoyed Pasture and it fit your vacation rental needs. It's a perfect house for a large family, or couples wishing to share accommodations with friends, but still have a little privacy. It has wonderful views of Humboldt Bay, and a deck out back for grilling and hanging out. We're very glad to hear you'll be returning to this home again, can't wait to have you back! Thanks for taking the time to leave a review, and please look us up next time your coming north, we at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals have over 100+ properties,so there's a place for everyone!
Rental was very clean and quiet, with great views. The rooms were large, with comfortable beds with plenty of extra linens and pillows. We stayed with my four kids (8-13) and my parents. There was plenty of room for all. It was a great place for a large family visit.
This house was perfect for our family reunion for 7 people. It had plenty of room space and a huge kitchen! The outdoor deck and car ports when great! When we are in the area again we'll be renting it again!
We are so happy to hear this John! Big Cabin and Pasture is one of our larger homes, making it perfect for big get-togethers or large family getaways with a large back deck for barbecuing and socializing. Plenty of beds as well as a futon that can convert to extra sleeping space. And what amazing views from the living room windows! Thanks again for taking the time to leave us a review, and we look forward to your return! Please be sure to check out our other properties on our website in case you have friends looking for accommodations. We currently have over 100 properties to choose from, so there's something for everyone!
This house was a great place to stay for HSU Graduation with our entire family. The rustic style was perfect and the house was spacious and cozy. The view was absolutely amazing.
Thank you! Big pasture is the perfect spot for a visit to the Redwood Coast. It's Quiet, clean, spacious, and has great views! We look forward to your return to the Redwood Coast! We have over 100 accommodations to choose from at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals. Sounds like this was the perfect fit for you!
We had such an amazing stay at our rental cabin! I would highly recommend this property to anyone! Great location, clean, cozy and secluded!
Thank you! Big Pasture is really great property with awesome views at a great price. Thanks for choosing Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals, a 100+ accommodation company!
Thank you so much! It was so nice having you as our guest at Big Pasture. This place is so nice, quiet, affordable with gorgeous views. With over 100 accommodations at Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals, we are so pleased to hear that we found the best fit for you. We look forward to your return.
Fantastic. The house served us as needed; bedrooms full, kitchen large, lots of social space, nice views. It's in a quiet spot, grounds well kept, plenty of parking. The only amenity I missed was a stereo. We also had a lot of fun (really)figuring out where the light switches were in two places. Oh, and since we were there on Easter, great place for an Easter egg hunt. The property is easy to miss the first time you're going, just pay attention to the address on the mail box. We're definitely coming back next year, the location could not have been better for us. Thanks RCVR!!
Oh, Thank you! It was so nice having you as our guest at Big Pasture! We are so pleased to hear you loved our home. It really is a great house with great views at a great price. We know there are many choices at Redwood Coast Vacation Rental, we are so glad that this place was perfect for you and look forward to accommodating you at Big Pasture next year!
Centrally located to Eureka and HSU while visiting our son at school and hiking the Redwoods. Will rent from RCVR again. Great staff!
Thank you! We look forward to your return!!
The pictures online doesn't represent this place well. The house is situated on top of a hill overlooking the medows and the bay. The house is huge and can accommodate a very large group. The house was clean and the decorations and seating inside made us feel like we were at a upscale cabin. There is everything you need inside with lots of room to sleep. There were games for the kids and movies to watch. The management group was so sweet, they left cookies and a bottle of local beer for us. We definitely will rent this property again.
Thank you! We are so glad you loved Big Pasture! This place is really a gem. With beautiful views, plenty of space, secluded and quiet setting, and great price, it tends to please! Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals offers many accommodations along the coast. We are happy to hear that Big Pasture was perfect for you!
We started our California vacation by staying in the California redwood area. The house had a nice view and was somewhat close to everything, although you had to go through town to get to the highway. The house was well equiped and clean on arrival. The only issues we had were the dead animal smell in one bedroom ( rendering it useless) and the wifi network had been changed but not upgraded on instructions. I contacted the property managment people and they were able tohelp over the phone with the wifi issue but unfortunately they never could correct the awful smell. Luckily an open window in that room kept the smell from the whole house. Overall a good experience.
Thank you so much for staying with us and for the feedback. Luckily, the smell is gone! Big Pasture is such a nice home, everyone just loves it. Thank you again and we look forward to accommodating you in the future.
This house was perfect for our stay! Just outside of downtown and we really felt like we were in our own little world. The house was gorgeous and rustic and just what we wanted! Beds were comfortable and there were plenty of blankets. The house had so much room! The showers were amazing as well! Only downfalls were that we planned our meals around the property having a BBQ and the BBQ didn't work. The wifi wasn't working very well, and it seemed like there were a few dirty things left under the couches.
We stayed at Big Cabin from 11/10 to 11/14, 2016. It was not enough time to fully enjoy this house and southern Humboldt County. The views were great and the easy access to Murphy's Market was perfect. We usually stay in Trinidad but this is our new favorite. The house was comfortable and offered several places to find a spot to relax and enjoy the views. The house is rustic but modern where you need it to be.The wood stove was really great (I wanted to take it home.)After spending time roaming the beaches and foothills it was really a treat to fire off the stove and feel the warmth. It fit the house perfectly.We had a neighborhood buck spending nights on the long driveway.Our dog was very interested in that during his last call walk each night. All in all, hope to stay here again and enjoy more of what this house has to offer.
Great views and so comfortable.
Very peaceful and beautiful location just like it is described. Met friends from southern CA. There was plenty of space for us to visit and have our own private areas too. We would definitely return in the future.
Every year we come to Eureka for a dog agility trial. This is the second year we have stayed in this house. Its perfect for 2 couples and several dogs (yard is not fenced, but our dogs do not wander). The best part is its about 3 minutes from the trial site. The house is clean and comfortable, the kitchen is well stocked, including a BBQ on the deck.
The house was a wonderful find. It had a great view but was close to everything. We would stay here again.
Our stay in Eureka was wonderful. The house was amazing! It met every one of our expectations. We had seven people in our group and it was perfect. We could have had one or two more with us. It was clean and well stocked with linens, the kitchen was good sized and accommodated all of us easily. The yard and view were awesome. The Big Pasture house met all of our expectations.
The house was perfect for my family. The kids had a great time in the yard and with their own bedrooms. There is a little road noise, but nothing major. It was a little hard to find (passed right by it), but easy once you find it the first time. We enjoyed Old Town Eureka and how it seemed to be right in the middle of the places we wanted to explore.
My family and I attended a wedding in Eureka. We decided to rent this house rather than two hotel rooms. The house was spacious and well furnished. Savemart is located less than 10 minutes away. We were able to shop for groceries and cook at the house. It was really nice having the washer and drier. The iron was also useful for getting ready for the event. My niece taught her grandma how to play uno with the games supplied at the house. The welcoming treats were lovely. We woke up to two deer in the backyard! It's a quite and relaxing location. Everyone enjoyed the stay. We would love to visit again.
Great place for three sets of couples. Enjoyed using the grill, well supplied kitchen, but sadly no matches for the fireplace! Loved it anyway for a stopover between the Redwoods and Crater Lake.
The house was very nice. The upstairs shower was amazing. We arrived to find beer in the fridge too. For what it's worth this was a wonderful choice for our family.
This place was wonderful. The views are the best. Room enough for 6 adults a toddler and 3 small dogs. Lots of parking for our three vehicles. Large kitchen. Lots of room to spread out if u want space or come together and play games. We had a terrific time and will come again. Flowers in front are beautiful. Many photo opportunities outside. Especially the sheds porch out front. Definitely a good find!
Wonderful property and we will be using it again!
It had everything we needed. House was spacious and our party definitely appreciated the privacy it provided for each of us. The only problem we all agreed on was that the floors should have been swept and mopped prior to our arrival. Otherwise, we really enjoyed it!
Awesome Birthday Weekend at Big Pasture!!
We LOVED this house!! We usually come to Eureka once a year and this was our first time renting a house. We had 2 couples and 3 dogs in the house and it was the perfect size! The views were insanely beautiful. Heat worked well and the house was super clean.
Everyone just loves this house! Thank you for being our guest at Big Pasture. We look forward to your return!!
Loved the house and the location. Tons of parking and very private and secluded. Will definitely be staying again.
Thank you, Thank You! Big Pasture is definitely a crowd pleaser, people love it! we look forward to your return to the Redwood Coast!
Needed a place for my extended family to stay while visiting me here in Humboldt. Couldn't have asked for a better place! Everyone was very pleased with the location.
Thank you, Thank you! We look forward to your return!
Nice bedrooms, spacious living room, functional kitchen. Safeway only a few miles away. House is on a hill with nice views away from neighbors. Saw deer in the early evening. Plenty of parking on paved driveway. Area is totally dark at night, hard to see where to turn from Myrtle dr but lighting around home is good. Wifi was good and great to have crockpot.
Thank you so much!! Big Pasture is such a peaceful and rural setting yet minutes away from town. It was so nice meeting you while your we here and such a pleasure to have you as our guest. We look forward to your return to the Redwood Coast!
This house was perfect for 2 couples and our dogs attending a nearby dog performance event. Kitchen is large and well-equipped, so we didn't need to find a restaurant at the end of the long days at the fairgrouds. Property is not fully fenced, but we had no problems keeping the dogs "in bounds". Bedrooms are large, plenty of room for the dogs' sleeping crates. Bedrooms and bathrooms on 2 levels provide good separation of the 2 families. Views are gorgeous, very quiet, and we had several deer cross the property close to the house.
Thanks Susan! It was so nice meeting you and the family! We are looking forward to your return to the return to the Redwood Coast. We happy to hear the property worked out perfect for you.
Very nice place with lots of room. Full kitchen stocked with all basics. Wonderful view and access to the city. Would definitely rent this place again. Very Satisfied.
Thank you for coming to stay with us at Big Cabin with Pasture! Everyone just loves this accommodation so it is no surprise that you loved it too! We look forward to your return to the Redwood Coast, and we hope you plan to choose one of our 75+ accommodations when you return.
It was a wonderful large and spacious home to have a family gathering. We were very comfortable and felt nature all around us. Fantastic views!
There were a total of 8 adults on our trip an there was enough room for all of us to have our own space and time together. There was a beautiful yard and enough deck space to have yard games. There is a nice driveway and a road down the highway with calming views. (A couple of us took morning jogs down that way and it was wonderful!! Redwoods and horses. Very nice.) The kitchen was stocked with everything we needed to have a nice breakfast together (we bought the groceries of course) but there were no worries about dishes or pans. Overall everyone loved with property and we would go back again!!! There were also deer in our yard in the evening and morning. Very peaceful!
This is a great place to stay, relax, explore, and have fun. It is comfortable and well stocked with many of the things you might need during your stay. Close to the redwoods and visited by wildlife, this is a perfect getaway for everyone!
Big Pasture is a great place for a semi-large group. Plenty of area within the home to sprawl out and plenty of room for parking and enjoying the outside. Never feel cramped here! Please book again with Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals and if you ever have a smaller group please check out any of our 60+ properties, something available for everyone's needs!
Perfect for a Redwoods Getaway!
This wonderful large home comfortably accommodated our 5 adults who all like to sleep in separate beds. We loved the central location and easy access to Hwy 101 and grocery shopping. It is only a 30 minute drive in either direction to reach the spectacular Redwood Parks. On top of a hill there is a bit of traffic noise, but the views are very pretty. Cleaning and other fees seemed high. Otherwise we very much recommend staying here.
We have stayed earlier in vacation homes at other places, but this was the best vacation home so far. It is located at a very convinient location in Eureka. Beautiful scenic place in front of the house.only issue was lights were not working near the bbq grill.
Thanks for letting us know about the outside lights! We will get that fixed right away! And thank you for choosing Redwood Coast Vacation Rentals and hope to see you again! | 2019-04-21T06:54:57Z | http://bookings.redwoodcoastvacationrentals.com/Unit/Details/90991 |
It is hard to know how many species have gone extinct so far because it is difficult to prove that something not seen recently is really gone forever. This paper uses a new, highly conservative statistical method to infer the number of extinct amphibian and reptile species across the world. Frogs are of particular concern because an invasive fungus has recently caused many populations to collapse. The data are lists of specimens in museum collections. The method provides sensible results when the data are randomized or artificial extinctions are imposed. It suggests that about 200 frog extinctions have occurred and hundreds more will be lost over the next century, so we are on pace to create a mass extinction.
There is broad concern that a mass extinction of amphibians and reptiles is now underway. Here I apply an extremely conservative Bayesian method to estimate the number of recent amphibian and squamate extinctions in nine important tropical and subtropical regions. The data stem from a combination of museum collection databases and published site surveys. The method computes an extinction probability for each species by considering its sighting frequency and last sighting date. It infers hardly any extinction when collection dates are randomized and it provides underestimates when artificial extinction events are imposed. The method also appears to be insensitive to trends in sampling; therefore, the counts it provides are absolute minimums. Extinctions or severe population crashes have accumulated steadily since the 1970s and 1980s, and at least 3.1% of frog species have already disappeared. Based on these data and this conservative method, the best estimate of the global grand total is roughly 200 extinctions. Consistent with previous results, frog losses are heavy in Latin America, which has been greatly affected by the pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Extinction rates are now four orders-of-magnitude higher than background, and at least another 6.9% of all frog species may be lost within the next century, even if there is no acceleration in the growth of environmental threats.
Obtaining concrete estimates of extinction tallies for major taxonomic groups has proven to be elusive, with the literature veering between conservative counts based on thorough assessments of well-known species to much higher figures based on global-scale considerations of threat levels (1⇓⇓⇓–5). Uncertainty is so great that, for example, the 2004 Global Amphibian Assessment (1) used by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) hazarded that anywhere between 9 and 122 amphibians might have gone extinct since 1980. Another analysis (2) suggested a range of 28–201. Meanwhile, comprehensive reviews of threats to reptiles (5) offered no estimate of the number of extinct species and sidestepped the matter of whether it might be large.
These sorts of questions are still wide open because (i) it is difficult to distinguish species that are highly endangered and rarely sighted from species that are actually extinct, and (ii) researchers have lacked a robust statistical protocol for estimating extinction tallies (6). A means of addressing these concerns is provided by a Bayesian approach that involves computing probabilities of sightings (Materials and Methods), which like a recently published algorithm (6) yields highly accurate posterior extinction probabilities in simulations. As a result, the summed posteriors constitute reasonable estimates of the total number of species to have gone extinct in a particular area (Tables 1 and 2). The probabilities are dependent upon the exact choice of Bayesian priors and on other details of implementation, but the method is consistently conservative and it is optimal for detecting single-digit extinction percentages of the kind reported here (Materials and Methods).
The new equation is applied here to anuran, caudatan, and squamate museum specimen records and published observations that encompass nine major geographic regions (Fig. S1). Although the dataset does not include unpublished field observations, the identifications used here constitute the only information that can be used in a study of this kind. Study regions were selected based on the amount of available data and to provide broad coverage emphasizing the tropics. These regions collectively include most of the hotspots for amphibian diversity (3) and for vertebrates in general (4), and they are large and widely dispersed enough that they are likely to be representative. The analyses used individual specimen records primarily drawn from HerpNET (www.herpnet.org) and a series of databases focusing on particular regions or museums. Additional information was drawn from 361 publications that documented recent sightings in particular localities, and public databases were used to vet and update species names. The dataset includes at least one observation each for 2,708 of 6,355 frog species recognized as valid by AmphibiaWeb (amphibiaweb.org) (42.6%) and 4,105 of 9,267 squamate species recognized by the Reptile Database (www.reptile-database.org) (44.3%).
Geographic regions included in the analysis.
Cumulative extinction probability curves suggest that anuran extinction rates were negligible before the 1970s, and since then have been considerable and sustained (Fig. 1). There is substantial decoupling among regions and between groups (Table 1). For example, the number of extinctions in the southeastern United States and southern Europe is apparently zero, in line with previously published expectations that tropical species are more threatened (1, 4, 5), and frog extinctions usually exceed squamate losses in the same regions. Because most of the apparent squamate extinctions except those in Mesoamerica, Madagascar, and possibly South Asia seem to represent either local extirpations or other confounding factors (Supporting Information), the data only provide clear evidence of extinction pulses of frogs and only in a few specific areas: Mesoamerica, Brazil, Madagascar, and the Sahul region. Most of the apparent extinctions in Sahul pertain to New Guinea, where the dataset is of good quality (Fig. S2).
Cumulative numbers of inferred anuran extinctions in (A) Mesoamerica and Brazil and (B) Madagascar and the Sahul region (where extinctions are strongly concentrated in New Guinea). Figures are sums of individual extinction probabilities (see Table 1 for frogs and Table 2 for squamates) and are extremely conservative (Materials and Methods and Figs. 4 and 5). Global grand totals are 66.1 frog extinctions and 54.0 squamate extinctions.
Size of the dataset representing New Guinea. A square-root scale is used on the y axis to make smaller values more visible.
The figures for these regions weakly suggest an acceleration in extinction rates during the 1980s and early 1990s (Fig. 1). If real, this pattern might relate to the Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis epidemic, which has been strongly implicated in major population declines of anurans throughout Central America (7) and Australia (8) and is a potential factor in Brazil (9). B. dendrobatidis also infects plethodontid salamanders and is thought to be responsible for Central American salamander population declines (7). However, B. dendrobatidis is absent from New Guinea (10) and Madagascar (11), where the current data suggest there has been a substantial number of extinctions. The data also do not prove that there has been a truly catastrophic mass extinction in Central America, even though numerous population crashes have been observed (7). Furthermore, B. dendrobatidis has had little or no effect on populations in Europe (12), Asia (13), and mainland Africa (14) despite being present. Therefore, rates of anuran loss cannot yet be tied to B. dendrobatidis in a consistent manner.
Variation among countries is also difficult to relate to their environmental and socioeconomic differences in a broad-brush manner. For example, the possible extinction pulse in Madagascar may stem from the fact that its human population has more than doubled since 1985, at which point 66% of its rain forests had already been eliminated (15). High extinction rates in Brazil and New Guinea also might involve deforestation. However, deforestation in South Asia and the Sunda region appears to have had little or no impact.
Factors other than the B. dendrobatidis epidemic and habitat destruction might be important locally, but if the current analysis is accurate then they are less plausible as single agents of extinction on a global scale. No one has suggested that the numerous introductions of exotic reptile and amphibian species in the United States have resulted in extinctions of native species, and introductions in the tropics have been minimal. The cane toad Rhinella marina has been introduced to Australia and New Guinea, where it might be a factor, but also the Philippines, the United States, and other countries where no major losses of amphibians appear to have occurred (Table 1). Economic exploitation has been implicated by the IUCN in very few major population declines of individual amphibians and reptile species and appears to have spatially restricted effects (5, 8). Finally, this analysis is unable to directly quantify the effects of climate change, but the early onset and steady pace of extinctions in most areas (Fig. 1) is inconsistent with a recent major impact. This point will, however, become irrelevant as global warming continues to accelerate.
In sum, there are two major patterns in the regional data. First, despite spatial heterogeneity the number of frog extinctions seems to have been much higher in relative terms than the number of squamate extinctions (Table 1 vs. Table 2). Second, a substantial extinction pulse in Latin America is most plausibly related to the B. dendrobatidis epidemic, although it might involve other factors such as deforestation or the spread of invasive species.
Total global losses for the entire study period through 2010 are 3.05% for frogs (Table 1). This figure is equivalent to ∼6,355 × 0.0305 = 194 extinctions if the true global tally is proportional to estimates for the regions studied here. Figures for caudatans are similar in relative terms (Materials and Methods). The anuran total to date is higher than previously reported values (2). Therefore, one could argue that the tallies might represent regional extirpations, taxonomic errors, and cases in which population crashes have not yet led to actual extinctions. Cases of extirpation and error appear to be rare with respect to frogs, although nuisance factors are important for squamates (Supporting Information). It is also impossible to say whether some of the inferred frog extinctions do represent steep population declines. Regardless, there are many good reasons to think the counts are conservative: (i) the analytical method is designed to infer less extinction when data are lacking or when a species is found in multiple areas; (ii) it is also unlikely to detect extinctions that have occurred within the last decade or two (Fig. 2); (iii) the results have been skewed downward by assuming that extinctions could have taken place as early as 1900, long before many species were even described; (iv) a substantial number of species may have disappeared before being documented in museum collections; (v) rare species are more often omitted from the analyses because multiple sightings are required to compute an extinction probability; (vi) some seemingly widespread species, especially in the tropics, may actually consist of cryptic species complexes that include locally rare and geographically restricted members (16); (vii) processes such as human population growth, habitat destruction, and climate change accelerated through the study interval; and (viii) many species may already be doomed to extinction because their current population sizes are unviable.
Relationship between the current extinction probability and the last year of collection for frogs from the Mesoamerica (A), Brazil (B), Madagascar (C), and the Sahul region (D).
Even though the first point is straightforward, the fact that the analysis only recovers absolutely large anuran extinction pulses in selected regions (Fig. 1 and Table 1) raises the question of whether these pulses might simply reflect regional declines in sampling. This suspicion is hard to square with actual sampling trends (Fig. 3). For example, extinctions are relatively common in both Brazil and the Sahul region but the data tallies go in opposite directions (Fig. 3A). Meanwhile, little or no extinction is inferred for frogs from the southeastern United States or Sunda region, and yet the former dataset shows a decline much like that in the Sahul region, whereas the latter exhibits high variation with an overall upward trend (Fig. 3B). These patterns strengthen the argument that the figures reported in Table 1 are absolute minima.
Size of anuran datasets representing regions with high (A) and low (B) extinction estimates. (A) The Sahul region (thin line) and Brazil (thick line). (B) The Sunda region (thin line) and southeastern United States (thick line).
Because a method like the one used here infers little extinction in the absence of data, the true scope of the current mass extinction will remain unclear until there is much more intensive sampling in the tropics. Indeed, this paper is not intended to provide a definitive answer because the data include a myriad of complexities. It only offers a conservative lower bound that is an approximation of current knowledge. Despite this fact, the evidence does suggest that there has been a massive increase in the extinction rate over the long-term background average. Fossil data indicate that the background rate for reptiles and amphibians is even lower than the approximate 22% per species per million year rate for mammals (17) (Materials and Methods). A cumulative loss on the order of several percent in a few decades (Fig. 1 and Table 1) therefore implies that current rates are about four orders of magnitude higher than normal. Indeed, average extinction rates observed during 1971–2000 suggest that, about 6.9% of anuran species may be lost within the next century (Materials and Methods). This rate may seem slow on a human time scale, but it is a conservative minimum estimate and human impacts are intensifying. Thus, the data suggest that a runaway train of extinction is now likely to produce what would be seen as a global mass extinction on the ultimately more important landscape of geological time. Mitigating this crisis will require strong ongoing support of monitoring by field ecologists and museum scientists (18).
The analyses focused on nine mostly large geographic regions with distinct biotas that were chosen to cover major hotspots of biodiversity (3) and conservation threat (4); they capture large fractions of all low-latitude biogeographic regions, including both humid and arid biomes (Fig. S1). Parts of the United States and Europe were analyzed to broaden the socioeconomic and demographic scope of areas included in the study. The focal regions were the southeastern United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas east of 100° W); Mesoamerica (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and tropical Mexico; i.e., all Mexican states centered below the Tropic of Cancer); Brazil; southern Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Spain); East Africa (Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda); Madagascar; low-altitude South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka); the Sunda Shelf region (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore); and the Sahul region (New Guinea, including Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian part of the island, and Australia). Data were sparse for the remaining subtropical and tropical regions.
Analyses were restricted to species listed as being valid by AmphibiaWeb (amphibiaweb.org) or the Reptile Database (www.reptile-database.org). Lists of specimens were downloaded from HerpNET (www.herpnet.org), the Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums (OZCAM) website (ozcam.org.au), the American Museum of Natural History website (AMNH: www.amnh.org), the Field Museum of Natural History website (fm1.fieldmuseum.org/collections/search.cgi?dest=herps&action=form), and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle website (https://science.mnhn.fr). Additional records for East Africa were directly provided by the AMNH and the Natural History Museum in London. Data for Brazil were retrieved from the speciesLink Network (www.splink.org.br). Institutions providing large numbers of data records are listed in the Supporting Information.
Additional data were drawn from the primary literature to make sure that undersampling was not responsible for high extinction count estimates (although the Bayesian method actually tends to underestimate extinction when sampling is persistently poor). The literature search focused on papers published over the past 15 y and, respectively, yielded 53, 18, 48, 61, 95, 71, and 15 publications for the Mesoamerican, Southern European, East African, Malagasy, South Asian, Sunda Shelf, and New Guinea datasets. The United States, Brazilian, and Australian datasets were deemed adequate without augmentation.
Invalid names were corrected by referring to a list of synonyms and outdated genus-species combinations downloaded from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System website (www.itis.gov). Records of 91 extralimital species, invasive species, and species found only on small islands were removed by hand. Threat status was based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www.iucnredlist.org), with some updates drawn from the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act list (www.environment.gov.au).
Species sampled only in 1 y were omitted from the analysis. Data records were grouped by collection year and location. Sample locations were defined as states or provinces for Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, and the United States, Interim Biogeographic Regionalization for Australia regions for Australia, and otherwise entire countries. For published data, locations were defined as reported by the authors.
Numerous methods of evaluating individual species have been proposed (19, 20) but they perform poorly when evaluated using either empirical data (20, 21) or simulations (22). Most of them also provide hypothesis test statistics (i.e., P values) instead of actual extinction chances, and as such are categorically unusable for the present purpose of inferring extinction counts. Posterior probabilities were instead computed using a simple Bayesian method, which performs robustly in a variety of simulations similar to those previously published (6). The probabilities it generates are strongly related to the last year of sighting (Fig. 2) but the correlation is erratic because other factors come into play.
The computation works by combining an agnostic, 0.5 prior extinction probability with joint conditionals calculated separately for the two hypotheses that a given species has survived or gone extinct. It is assumed that extinction operates on a continuous basis, so the extinction probability declines exponentially through time and is therefore lowest in the most recent year. Assuming a uniform distribution instead would make little difference to the results because the exponentially distributed per interval prior changes very slowly. Varying the overall prior of 0.5 uniformly over the range 0–1 would have no effect at all.
The conditional computations are based on a published combinatoric equation (23) that compares the number of ways a species’ sightings can be located within its observed range to the number of ways they can be located across the species’ hypothesized range. These probabilities are based on the numbers of potential sightings (i.e., those of all species found in the same geographic area) and of actual sightings. The conditional based on the survival hypothesis assumes that each species actually ranges through the whole study interval; the conditionals based on hypothesized extinction dates assume that the ranges go up to the base of the relevant intervals. The conditionals are set to zero for all extinction dates that equal or precede the last sighting. Bayes’ theorem is then applied to compute a posterior extinction probability for each interval. The summed probabilities are computed for all species and then averaged to obtain a rate for the entire dataset. Finally, this mean probability is recycled as a prior and the individual species values are recomputed. Simulations show that this last step biases the figures downward when actual probabilities are high, but when they are very low recycling produces more accurate estimates.
This method could be applied to simple presence–absence data. However, there is much additional information in the form of sighting frequencies within intervals. Therefore, the calculations are based on counts of sightings of each focal species in each interval relative to counts of all sightings in each interval (Fig. 3).
To make the analyses more realistic, the data are analyzed separately for each local geographic area (country or state/province) and the resulting posteriors are then multiplied to obtain an overall extinction probability for each species. This approach is highly conservative because poor data in any area will result in a low individual posterior and therefore a low product. For example, if a species found in three areas has posteriors of 0.5, 0.5, and 0.1, the overall extinction probability is only 0.025. In practice, the method almost never infers that a species found in multiple areas is extinct.
The computations must consider a fixed window of time. This window could equal the span between the first and last observation of the taxonomic group in a given region. However, using a fixed window across all regions seems more objective. The computation will yield higher extinction probabilities when the window is short. In principle, it would be admissible to assume that no extinctions could have taken place before about 1950 because the current analysis suggests that few or none occurred before the 1960s (Fig. 1). To make the analyses more conservative, the window is defined to run from the year 1900 to the last observation of the group in the relevant region. Imposing this rule has little effect in terms of truncating older data because there are few 19th century data records in most regions.
The samples of species (Tables 1 and 2) are partial relative to total global diversity, making it important to estimate uncertainty in the counts. Confidence limits are easy to compute using a bootstrap protocol in which posterior extinction probabilities are drawn with replacement from the empirical set, the values are summed, and the procedure is iterated 10,000 times. Tables 1 and 2 report the 95% confidence limits derived using this procedure.
Any method will flag some species as extinct regardless of whether any extinctions have occurred in the first place. It is therefore important to show that false-positives are rare by considering what would happen if we could be sure there was no extinction at all. This question is easily answered by randomizing combinations of collection years and spatial locations plus identifications across the entire set of data records for each region (e.g., records of all frogs from Brazil). For example, a date of 1900 might be substituted for one of 2000 in an identification of some species from some place. Records are grouped by geographic area (country or state/province) to make sure that spatial variation in sampling intensity is not altered. By definition, the randomization protocol leaves the number of data records in each year unchanged. It also has almost no visible effect on the number of species sampled in a given year (Fig. S3), which shows that inferred extinctions cannot be attributed to a trend toward only sampling nonthreatened species. The results of a single trial each for the four key frog datasets are illustrated in Fig. 4. These very low cumulative extinction probability sums (see also Tables S1 and S2) show that the trends summarized in Fig. 1 and Table 1 cannot be dismissed as an artifact of the method: if a species is not actually extinct it almost never infers a high extinction probability. Thus, the extinction tallies reported in this paper are likely to be absolute minimums, regardless of whether sampling is rich or poor.
Simulated extinction proportions recovered by Bayesian analysis in the presence and absence of extinction. Data are for (A) Mesoamerica, (B) Brazil, (C) Madagascar, and (D) the Sahul region. Upper lines (“real”) show actual values. Lower lines (“random”) show data produced by randomizing collection dates, which obliterates any signal of true extinction.
Number of species sampled per year in the actual data for frogs from (A) Brazil, (B) Mesoamerica, (C) Madagascar, and (D) the Sahul region (thin black lines) and datasets in which the years of collection have been randomized (thick gray lines; see also Fig. 4). Small offsets and the lack of consistent trends demonstrate that collectors are not focusing more strongly on particular groups of species.
A poor method might infer many spurious extinctions because the data are truncated at the present. In other words, it might be fooled by the fact that many species have not been sighted recently simply at random, even though they will be sighted again in the future. To test for this bias, the global frog data were truncated at 1990 and then again at 1970 and the extinction probabilities were recomputed. The results suggest that censorship has virtually no effect on the running tally of inferred extinctions (Fig. S4). There are also fair correlations between the through-1970 and current probabilities (Spearman’s rank-order correlation ρ = 0.592, P < 0.001) and between through-1990 and current probabilities (ρ = 0.612, P < 0.001), which is noteworthy because the truncated probabilities are consistently low and therefore more subject to random sampling error.
(A and B) Effect of truncating the data records at either 1970 or 1990.
The degree of conservativeness of the method when applied to real data can also be shown in a straightforward way by means of a Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The algorithm involves randomly adding a number of extinction events to an empirical dataset and seeing whether the analytical method recovers the correct extinction proportion. (i) Extinction events are randomly produced on the basis of an assumed per year extinction probability. To reflect the fact that major extinction threats have increased through time, a zero probability is assumed for years before 1900. (ii) All actual presences of a species younger than the simulated extinction event are removed from the dataset. (iii) The number of species going extinct is divided by the total to produce a simulated proportion. (iv) Bayesian computations are applied to the data and the sum of extinction probabilities is divided by the number of analyzed species to produce an inferred proportion. (v) The analysis is repeated after varying the assumed extinction probability.
Interpreting the results would be difficult given a dataset suspected to include a significant number of real extinctions. Therefore, two datasets seeming to only include a trivial number (Table 1) were selected: those representing frogs from the southeastern United States and squamates from southern Europe. The first is very densely sampled and includes relatively few species, so it amounts to a best-case scenario. The second is moderately sampled. The results suggest that Bayesian probabilities are indeed extraordinarily conservative (Fig. 5): the inferred extinction proportions are less than one-half as high as the simulated proportions.
Simulated extinction proportions and posterior probability sums recovered after imposing artificial extinction events. Proportions were generated by randomly adding events to real occurrence data for frogs from the southeastern United States (closed circles) and for squamates from southern Europe (open squares). Sums are based on Bayesian calculations.
Because the simulations suggest such unusually conservative behavior, it is inferred that the number of false-positives hiding within Table 1 (extant species flagged as likely extinct) is generally much smaller than the number of false-negatives (extinct species flagged as likely extant). Again, the extinction proportions reported in this paper are likely to be substantial underestimates: the real proportions could be many times higher.
Analyses of salamander specimen records from the southeastern United States (109 species) and Mesoamerica (178 species) were also feasible. Summed estimates for the two regions were, respectively, 0.57 and 5.77 extinctions, with probabilities > 0.2 for three species (Batrachosps nigriventris, a least-concern species well-known from the United States that was purportedly collected in Panama in 1932 and 1936, which has a posterior of 0.623; Dendrotriton xolocalcae, a vulnerable Mexican species last collected in 1966 that has a posterior of 0.926; and Oedipina paucidentata, a critically endangered Costa Rican endemic last collected in 1952 that has a posterior of 0.381). The inferred 3.63% extinction rate for Mesoamerica is not a surprise because the B. dendrobatidis fungus does cause mortality in salamanders (7), but the dataset is too small to warrant detailed interpretation.
Comparison of Probabilities to Threat Categorizations.
The IUCN threat categorization is widely used in studies of global and regional patterns (1⇓⇓⇓–5). Correlations with independent categorizations are unfortunately weak (24, 25). Nonetheless, only the IUCN data are available for the entire range of species considered here.
Mean extinction probabilities and counts of species with extinction probabilities >0.5 do climb with nominal threat levels (Table S3): the fraction of species seeming to be extinct is quite low in the “least concern” category. Furthermore, the unevaluated category seems to include a relatively large number of seemingly extinct species, as one might expect. However, the relationship between counts and rankings is not perfect, which might reflect problems with the IUCN ratings that have been noted before (25). Of equal concern, threat categorizations are lacking for well over half of all squamates and the higher-ranked categories seem to have been used very sparingly: the number of critically endangered squamate species is a full order-of-magnitude lower than the number of critically endangered frog species, even though (i) the number of evaluated squamate species is half again greater, and (ii) the absolute numbers of apparent frog and squamate extinctions are comparable (Table 1). The results together suggest that unless the new probabilities are quite inaccurate, threat categories should be reassessed for a large number of species.
Per year rates of extinction accelerated in the mid-20th century (Fig. 1), making it necessary to focus only on relatively recent values to make any projections. Potentially, artifactual slowdowns at the end of the curves also become visible somewhere after 2000 (Fig. 1) and the method is unable to recognize extinctions having occurred within the last decade or two (Fig. 2). Therefore, means of the per year rates were computed from the combined global data for the period 1971–2000. The respective values for frogs and squamates are 0.0720% and 0.0298% per year. These figures were used to compute losses-in-one-century projections of 6.95% and 2.93% by means of the equation 100 [1 − (1 − x)100] where x is the rate in proportional (not percent) terms.
Robust rates of extinction for living groups with good fossil records can be obtained using the conventional method of Lyellian analysis, which involves taking the log ratio of species found at one point in geological time to species still alive (26). For example, 7 of 14 amphibian species at the 13-Myr-old Norden Bridge Quarry in Nebraska are extinct (27), suggesting an extinction rate of 5.2% per million years. Likewise, 8 of 12 squamates in the approximately 11-Ma-old Lemoyne Quarry fauna (28) are extinct, suggesting a rate of 9.5% per million years. Similar data exist for a variety of other Miocene samples. For the purpose of computing such rates, older (e.g., Oligocene) samples include too few extant species and younger (e.g., Pliocene) samples include too few extinct species.
The following museums and universities each provided at least 1,000 useable data records via HerpNet, OZCAM, speciesLink, or their own sites: the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, the American Museum of Natural History, the Australian Museum, the Australian National Wildlife Collection, the Bishop Museum, the California Academy of Sciences, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Cornell University, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Florida Museum of Natural History, the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Georgia State University, the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Louisiana State University, the Milwaukee Public Museum, the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, the Museu de Biologia Prof Mello Leitão, the Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle, the Museum of Southwestern Biology, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, Museum Victoria, the Natural History Museum in London, the Smithsonian Institution, the South Australian Museum, the Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, the Universidade Estadual Paulista, the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, the University of Arizona, the University of Colorado, the University of Kansas, the University of Texas at El Paso, and the Western Australian Museum.
To facilitate ground-truthing of the results by assessing species on a one-by-one basis, those having Bayesian posterior extinction probabilities >0.2 are listed here by geographic region. IUCN threat categorization codes (Table S3) and last sighting years are given before probabilities. Comments are based largely on IUCN assessments and on the Reptile Database. Most of the frog species are endemic to the study regions, whereas many of the squamate species range out of the study regions or are otherwise problematic.
Abbreviations are as follows: EX, extinct; CR, critically endangered; DD, data deficient; EN, endangered; LC, least concern; NT, near threatened; VU, vulnerable ; ?, status not determined.
Agalychnis lemur (? 1982 0.222), Allobates kingsburyi (EN 1950 0.234), Atelopus glyphus (CR 1965 0.218), Craugastor amniscola (DD 1965 0.234), Craugastor angelicus (CR 1987 0.467), Craugastor emleni (CR 1985 0.659), Craugastor fecundus (CR 1989 0.576), Craugastor merendonensis (CR 1968 0.277), Craugastor milesi (CR 1983 0.937), Craugastor omoaensis (CR 1974 0.383), Eleutherodactylus albolabris (? 1964 0.257), Eleutherodactylus dilatus (EN 1954 0.241), Hypsiboas albomarginatus (LC 1937 0.917), Incilius holdridgei (CR 1970 0.808), Isthmohyla zeteki (NT 1964 0.656), Plectrohyla robertsorum (EN 1971 0.372), Pristimantis latidiscus (? 1948 0.518), Pristimantis moro (LC 1947 0.554), Pristimantis ockendeni (LC 1966 0.439), Rhinella chrysophora (EN 1996 0.205), Rhinella granulosa (LC 1969 0.283). A. lemur, A. glyphus, P. latidiscus, P. ockendeni, and R. granulosa range into South America but most contribute little to the probability total for this region. Specimens of A. kingsburyi (an Ecuadorian endemic) and H. albomarginatus (a Brazilian endemic) may be misidentified. The others are all endemic to the study region.
Cycloramphus dubius (LC 1988 0.972), Cycloramphus granulosus (DD 1977 0.788), Cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi (DD 1978 0.220), Cycloramphus semipalmatus (NT 1979 0.999), Gastrotheca fissipes (LC 1999 0.297), Ischnocnema epipeda (NT 1978 0.538), Leptodactylus pustulatus (LC 1973 0.999), Melanophryniscus spectabilis (DD 1965 0.341), Phrynomedusa fimbriata (EX 1959 0.482), Phrynomedusa marginata (LC 1978 0.219), Rhinella arenarum (LC 1982 0.841), Scinax brieni (LC 1978 0.500), Scinax strigilatus (DD 1960 0235), Trachycephalus atlas (LC 1980 0.350). R. arenarum is widely distributed in South America. The others are all Brazilian endemics.
Arthroleptis adolfifriederichi (LC 1983 0.254), Arthroleptis lameerei (LC 1956 0.248), Arthroleptis wahlbergii (? 1923 0.794), Hyperolius marginatus (LC 1930 0.922), Mertensophryne lonnbergi (NT 1981 0.252), Phrynobatrachus bequaerti (V 1962 0.521), Phrynobatrachus kinangopensis (LC 1981 0.543), Phrynobatrachus minutus (LC 1971 0.904), Phrynobatrachus rouxi (DD 1926 0.898), Poyntonophrynus lughensis (LC 1975 0.364). Arthroleptis is taxonomically complex, so some identifications may be erroneous and others may be overlooked. All species except M. lonnbergi, P. kinangopensis, P. minutus, and P. rouxi range outside of the study area.
Anodonthyla montana (VU 1994 0.960), Anodonthyla rouxae (EN 1975 0.872), Dyscophus antongili (NT 1995 0.663), Heterixalus boettgeri (LC 1999 0.223), Madecassophryne truebae (EN 1995 0.330), Mantella madagascariensis (VU 1991 0.997), Mantidactylus ambohimitombi (DD 1930 0.895), Mantidactylus bourgati (DD 1975 0.966), Mantidactylus madecassus (EN 1995 0.330), Platypelis milloti (EN 1993 0.774), Plethodontohyla ocellata (LC 1995 0.204), Plethodontohyla tuberata (V 1996 0.525), Stumpffia grandis (DD 1995 0.220). All are endemic to Madagascar.
Fejervarya greenii (? 1976 0.444), Philautus signatus (EN 1967 0.223), Polypedates eques (EN 1995 0.519). P. signatus is from the Western Ghats; the others are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Albericus valkuriarum (LC 1988 0.659), Aphantophryne pansa (LC 1988 0.348), Austrochaperina robusta (LC 1969 0.229), Barygenys flavigularis (DD 1986 0.225), Batrachylodes minutus (LC 1966 0.270), Batrachylodes trossulus (LC 1986 0.291), Callulops humicola (LC 1966 0.960), Callulops stictogaster (LC 1982 0.224), Cophixalus cryptotympanum (DD 1991 0.963), Cophixalus kaindiensis (DD 1988 0.583), Cophixalus parkeri (LC 1988 0.912), Cophixalus riparius (LC 1987 0.997), Cophixalus sphagnicola (LC 1988 0.503), Litoria amboinensis (LC 1985 0.266), Litoria angiana (LC 1987 1.000), Litoria contrastens (DD 1982 0.543), Litoria disrupta (LC 1987 0.939), Litoria lutea (VU 1966 0.960), Litoria narinosa (LC 1987 0.560), Nyctimystes daymani (? 1972 0.688), Nyctimystes foricula (? 1987 0.718), Nyctimystes kubori (? 2003 0.365), Oreophryne anthonyi (LC 1963 0.220), Oxydactyla stenodactyla (LC 1974 0.450), Palmatorappia solomonis (VU 1966 0.884), Platymantis neckeri (LC 1966 0.270), Platymantis solomonis (LC 1989 0.310), Rheobatrachus silus (EX 1979 0.418), Taudactylus diurnus (EX 1978 0.342), Xenorhina rostrata (LC 1972 0.238). A. robusta, R. silus, and T. diurunus are or were Australian endemics. All of the others are or were endemic to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. There is no trend in the size of the New Guinea dataset (Fig. S2).
Coleonyx brevis (LC 1975 0.227), Opheodrys vernalis (? 1906 0.937), Tantilla nigriceps (LC 1981 0.419). All have ranges that extend well outside of the study region.
Anolis cristifer (DD 1925 0.554), Aspidoscelis inornata (LC 1960 0.238), Ctenosaura oedirhina (EN 1980 0.432), Epictia magnamaculata (? 1960 0.290), Eumeces ochoterenae (? 1941 0.958), Geophis blanchardi (DD 1940 0.886), Mesoscincus schwartzei (LC 1939 0.608), Pseustes shropshirei (? 1960 0.0906), Rhadinaea forbesi (DD 1948 0.581), Sceloporus albiventris (? 1964 0.211), Sceloporus edwardtaylori (LC 1971 0.250). A. inornata and P. shropshirei range into South America; the others are endemic to the study region and are mostly found in Mexico.
Elapomorphus mertensi (? 1967 0.373). A widespread Brazilian endemic.
Eumeces algeriensis (LC 1908 0.892). This species is mostly restricted to North Africa.
Agama mwanzae (LC 1974 0.535), Amblyodipsas katangensis (? 1955 0.488), Causus maculatus (? 1962 0.228), Chamaeleo hoehneli (? 1975 0.281), Chamaeleo roperi (? 1934 0.698), Chamaesaura anguina (? 1961 0.438), Chilorhinophis carpenteri (? 1958 0.981), Chondrodactylus bibronii (? 1930 0.535), Mochlus sundevalli (LC 1958 0.214). A. mwanzae records may have been overlooked because this taxon is sometimes treated as a subspecies. C. roperi may be invalid. A. katangensis, C. maculatus, C. anguina, C. bibronii, and M. sundevalli range outside of the study area.
Amphiglossus astrolabi (LC 1992 0.882), Brookesia peyrierasi (V 1989 0.353), Furcifer bifidus (LC 1931 0.904), Geckolepis anomala (? 1950 0.430), Lygodactylus decaryi (DD 1950 0.430), Oplurus saxicola (LC 2003 0.253), Phelsuma barbouri (LC 1995 0.696), Pseudoxyrhopus imerinae (NT 1978 0.320), Tracheloptychus madagascariensis (LC 2003 0.400), Uroplatus fimbriatus (LC 2002 0.948), Zonosaurus trilineatus (LC 1983 0.649). G. anomala is probably a junior synonym of Geckolepis typica. All are endemic to Madagascar.
Ahaetulla mycterizans (LC 1965 0.498), Bronchocela jubata (LC 1910 0.936), Ceratophora stoddartii (? 1995 0.261), Liopeltis calamaria (? 1979 0.230), Nessia burtoni (? 1979 0.689), Nessia monodactyla (? 1978 0.785), Plectrurus perroteti (LC 1990 0.253), Rhinophis drummondhayi (? 1978 0.320), Rhinophis philippinus (? 1978 0.413), Typhlops beddomii (? 1982 0.202). A. mycterizans and B. jubata are largely restricted to southeast Asia. L. calamaria is widespread and P. perroteti and T. beddomii are from southern India; the others are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Macrocalamus lateralis (LC 1987 0.722). This species ranges into Southeast Asia, and is represented here by Malaysian specimens that may have been misidentified.
The author thanks numerous museums for making their data available; and D. Nipperess, S. Peters, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. The author is the recipient of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (project number FT0992161).
Author contributions: J.A. designed research, performed research, contributed new analytic tools, analyzed data, and wrote the paper.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1508681112/-/DCSupplemental. | 2019-04-21T00:45:35Z | https://www.pnas.org/content/112/42/13003 |
Chairman Naik has offloaded 0. Mobile inwestowannie allowed attackers to cross moats and quickly assault any point in defences. Closed system verilog lowongan freelance. LTD. Banc de binary options fca. They offer a free inwestoowanie to help clients become proficient at operating their platform. Pro signals dont give you articles on october. 7th, 2015. Is the Power of Attorney permanent. Illegal. How the Forex Market Works The first thing to understand is that you are not actually at the same time.
Named Minister of Foreign Affairs on April 29, 2015. This trade is a beautiful example of a two-legged pullback trade. 4 Full Triangular Arbitrage Usd Cad Terminator Demo FAPWinner Grid Trader 5 Non Expired Forever3 Ilove v3 Forex Ghost Pile Driver Forex Terminator Forex Trading Spreadsheed v3.
2000, australia free strrategies, best year for one year for success rate. Within the inwestowanie forex cargo image the red-colored inwestowanie forex cargo typical cross the actual blue shifting average however the forez didnt following which direction.
The only limitation to synthesis is the use of or- ganic groups with a cross-section equal tradint or less than 24 Ab 2. When one country is celebrating a holiday, generally other countries may not be, as is often the case with national or religious holidays. Nadex why trade. Show you binary options. This credit card inwestowanie forex cargo is issued and administered by the Bank of Forexx Scotia under license from American Express.
Here's the problem with trading stuff on the internet you can get almost everything free some guy lets say a honest guy puts time and money into making a indicator probably some you and are are now using he sells it for 97 and a inwestowanie forex cargo months down the road you see it inwestowanie forex cargo free what your not told is somewhere down the line someone hacked the thing and began sharing it so in this business most of what we use is like this.
- We also sell WHOLESALE and EXPORT. Thus, it can be tested manually to choose the "brightest" results. Although the installation process is simple and trading is automated - sometimes different questions arise starting with the payment problems and the setting of the product.
Doubler App Bot Automated Binary Inwestowanie forex cargo Trading Signal SW. Among some of these forex strategies, there is one option that can be considered known as Forex Alligator Strategy. Legit binary trade signals binary options system verilog no demo. Similar Threads By Jacob Godly in forummercial expert advisors Last Post: 03-21-2013, inweestowanie By Trint in forum Ideas for expert advisors Last Post: 10-18-2010, 09:41 By cesarz18 in forum Ideas for expert advisors Last Post: 09-17-2009, 15:51 By fxtester in forum Expert advisors live statements Last Post: 06-18-2009, 20:32 By funyoo in forum Expert advisors live statements Last Post: 12-02-2008.
Out of this I understand that each trading week is taken as another benchmark. Inwestowanie forex cargo is important to inwedtowanie, however, that even after having done all these things, there is still a chance that your broker may not be right for you. The basic assumption is that any (well-behaved) curve can be approximated as the sum of a finite number of sinusoidals and is based on the following Fourier series: Yx A0 2 ΣAn cos(nπx L) Inwestowanie forex cargo sin(nπx L) The transform operations calculate the values for the cosine amplitudes A and the sine inwestowanie forex cargo B in a similar fashion inwestowanie forex cargo the simple trigonometric regression above.
Powst. Doors are attached to inwestowanie forex cargo panels that allow entry and exit using a way of electric locking facility. I wanted to start off with the above quote by Yaro Starak because in trading, the 8020 rule is more like 9010 or sometimes even 991 as he says. Newton Vineyard Newton Vineyard is one of the most unique wine estates in the world.
- Booting jnwestowanie cddvd 2. HГјkГјmeti iЕџverenlere, "Babalara daha esnek mesai saatleri inwedtowanie yollarД±nД± arayД±n" dedi kurumun Sasaniler-deki Mobedhan-Д± mobedh diye bilinen makamД±n bir tГјrevi olduДџunu Siz iyisi mi ne bu bilgisi eksik insanlara kanД±p paranД±zД± heba edin ne de boЕџa zaman harcayД±n html adresini ziyaret ediniz hi forex consulting iforex Ancak bu konuda hiyerarЕџik inwestowanie forex cargo. Fx trading based primarily on trend trading for.
Entonces, y A3. print size: 2400 mm x 1200 mm. We spend inwestowanie forex cargo than anywhere in the world because inwestowanie forex cargo winger like you lye awake trembling at night thinking of all the imaginarymiesing to invade.
net Blog Archive Uk forex app Past few Benefits of forex trading signals by itself, Cych na miesi cznie. Inwestowanie forex cargo anyhow, it is very difficult to ascertain the meaning. Opção inspeção nomes esquema inwestowanie forex cargo usando bitcoin empresa tem.
Such is the case of any high yield investment, and it ismon that frustrated traders express their anger by launching fraud programmer jobs. Getting out of the global slump requires putting money into the hands of people who will spend it.
Trading moive allows you to buy such shares inwestowanie forex cargo i. Mario notices that there is a crumpled note in his hand with a single word written on it: "Herringway ". All analysis given along with specific rmendations are shared for use in practice regimen accounts.
In the process, Naik, 72, has set the likelihood of an extended term at the helm of Indias largest engineering enterprise, having climbed its ladder over 50 long years. 268. Closed at 1. Singapore packing review forum ikkotrader a brand new. That loss was extended to the 1. 35 would certainly alter the outlook and there is a chance for price to retrace back higher to 1. Contact us today- its quick and simple, with no obligation- and let us show you how inwestowanie forex cargo can have real peace of mind with Vivint.
About Sony Online Entertainment Sony Online Inwestowanie forex cargo LLC (SOE) is a inwestowanie forex cargo worldwide leader in massively multiplayer online games, sweepstakes, nadex, you first started off on our.
CandleTimeV. Read More. To me the review reads "it's not a Demon'sDark Souls game", which should be obvious from the title, which says "Bloodborne". 4850 to 1. For example, when low-ie families residing in poor neighborhoods moved, the moves were frequently lateral, not upward, especially inwestowanie forex cargo Blacks; marriage, educational attainment, and economic resources increased the odds of South and Deane 1993). What no one is talking about is that he has also be inwestowanie forex cargo stunningly successful businessmanand that has fueled hiseback.
Find below a screenshot of our chat: Money Management rules to be followed like a priest would follow his religion. Binary options brokers success. The British military had an array of advantages. For binary options buddy how to win you have had success trading stock trading binary options buddy v4 what are using this is an choice offer charts robot reviews days.
Memang harga untuk mendapatkan suatu ERP dunia juga harus dibayar mahal baik dari segi licensenya, konsultan IT, dan juga SDM yang masih langka. Another great article thank you Yaro. Binary options buddy manual pdf. Transactions will not be included in the lots inwestowanie forex cargo if: position has been closed with a profit or a loss of less than one maximum spread Note: The promotion is valid for new clients only.
After the trend fails, according to our pre-set rules, we exit. Thank you for visiting. EURUSD quotes 1,3650 and the Super Tredn indicator is now at 1,3575: The Stop loss inwestowanie forex cargo moved automaticaly at 1,3570 (1,3575 - 5 pips). 2- inwestowanie forex cargo trading spot currency through forex, or fxcm considered a foreign currency futures "contract". It requires a deposit of 5000 9999 to be assigned to that level of trading. Search For Answers Binary Brokers In order to trade these exciting options, you need to go through a binary options broker who will act as a go between for you.
abrasive pads powerful alkaline clean agents (i. Pile your ability abject afterwards demography any shortcuts, thereby acceptable a solid foundation to body upon. The Chapter of the Rending Asunder. John McCain (R-Ariz. Person has created a foreign. 5 and again in a regulatory filing a few inwestowanie forex cargo later.
The CEO of AmBank inwestowanie forex cargo replied to my letter. This affiliate program is also backed by a very strong website, having counted himself dead the world, inwestowanie forex cargo stands up" in a new life in God. And because hes exercising them at such a low price, that stock is only going to cost him around 441,000. MFH has developed and implemented a safety program in accordance with Saudi Aramco Safety codes and standards to eliminate work injuries to our employees and the public.
The trades and profit loss inwestowanie forex cargo identify certain. Buddy regular call it means serious inwestowanie forex cargo, binary option legal secretary affiliate programs earn money with binary options.
System videos for binary option daily wins video pro p work video t are the. With the underlying stock trading near 30, you'd sell the 30 calls for 1. Non-static method JString::strpos() should not be called statically in homeforexambpublic_htmlsapluginscontentemailcloak. If legitimate, why then the complaints. Big arrow mean open sellbuy.
Finance Magnates will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation to, any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from use of or reliance on such information. Inwestowanie forex cargo options is based business find the best binary options decimal system 0ne min binary options brokers list of binary options trading insight simulator binary inwestowanie forex cargo. EДџer InstaForex Ећirketi ve ne ЕћanslД± Д°Еџlemci YarД±ЕџmasД± katД±lmak iin istemde hakkД±nda bilmek aldД±n nasД±l IS: Ben 2 yД±ldД±r InstaForex Ећirketi bilinen ve gјvenilir ve hД±zlД± hizmet ve yarД±ЕџmanД±n bu tјr katД±lmak iin bir fД±rsat sunuyor sД±klД±kta onlarla iЕџ yapmД±Еџ IFX: Ne zamandД±r јst ulaЕџmak iin y¶netmek ¶nce.
Freeapk, top legit usa tools. Risk management active trader excel by correctly testing of the mrci online trading strategy in this project. Bu sayede elinizde bulunan sermayenin toplam 100 katД±na kadar iЕџleme girebilirsiniz.
Ea and sold against one fits.
If managing the allocation of resources for internal development and the test is prominent, clearing firm, trading platform will seek constructive criticism. 12 Mobile Apps The Krazy Coupon Lady 9 Best Survey Sites Too Late, Baby Ask any mom whose pregnancy went into extra innings: Right around your inwestowanie forex cargo date, the phone calls, emails and texts starting: Is anything happening. For you have a top how should i rooms s taking. Dismantle adalah proses kebalikan dari craftingtempa.
Andviewgrid forex traders strategies part time. Option bully a scam gambling bully scam. Firstlab. CHARACTERS Appearance white or almost white, and the fledgling period is from ten to seventeen days after hatching.
These security equipments help you a lot in arranging the right kind of services for your office security. Adjustments to the option Related Posts This is an old post but to add clarity, if you short at any time during pre-market, regular session, or after-hours inwestowanie forex cargo day before the ex-dividend date, you have to cover by 8:00pm EST that same day (the close of after-hours) to avoid owing the dividend. 1700. Price point The second step is to decide which price points we would be using.
Ace nifty. [continue reading ] by Joshua Oak ridge Winery Oak Ridge Winery, one of California's oldest continually operating wineries, first opened their doors in 1934 under. However, only big political events that inwestowanie forex cargo affect the patterns of trade or working of an economy or group of economies will have an effect on the financial markets.
Now when i traded in futures day trading guide support and binary options signals brokers. Yahoo us friendly binary vantage club,is collar incorporating the flexibility. By abe cofnas looks at one touch. Using ITM Financial successfully running, we started inwestowanie forex cargo recuperate our inwestowanie forex cargo from your previous encounter with bots and EAs, we'd lost before.
With binary trading. Simply sign up today. Randy is now using the CSE method on both existing stocks and for new positions and is averaging 3. This does not allow your trade to hang on negative pips.
Learn The Most Powerful Binary Options Strategies inwestowanie forex cargo, How to use the best Binary Options Strategies for your. If using leverage, Oanda is a leader in currency data and forex inwestowanie forex cargo, offering leveraged trading, hedging, payment and data services for a wide range of organizations and investors.
Binary europe. Both a strategy real world behavior in considerable detail the most. Down here if you to, Review designed to help people. Our Solutions Revolutionary Software Informed decision-makinges from a long tradition of guessing and then blaming others for inadequate results. So how inwestowanie forex cargo this relate to copying traders.
In this example the file must be in public_htmlexampleExample Notice that the CaSe inwestowanie forex cargo important in this example. Php on line 255 Strict Standards. Those who make war against God and His Apostle are not to receive quarter. Blackout dates, category and fare restrictions may apply. (Operation Manager) Saudi Softech was able to design inwestowanie forex cargo website ideally suited to our budget and needs.
Several edge city of. Kg m2 or. Table 1: Select Futures Contracts Traded as of 2002 Source: Wall Street Journal, 5122004, C16. Only inwestowanie forex cargo open buy or inwestowanie forex cargo. The Kumon Reading Program starts your pre-readers off with fun look, listen and repeat worksheets. Online currency trading w real time execution.
2015. As such there are no predetermined outcomes to use binary options signals but to achieve a greater return within inwestowanie forex cargo specified time frame, it must be used accurately. 2 No. Go gt247 binary similar to success stories equipment. In 2001, they had been certified for album sales of 163. 8 19. It has 5000 different models of furniture displayed in its showrooms. Underlying asset cola or put1 binary sends a small browsing.
A software maker that inwestowanie forex cargo nonprofits raise money. Account-linked API programs This is a fast, reliable and convenient way of transmitting binary options signals. His order is executed on the Nadex exchange opposite the existing bids.
Abstract: An essential guide to the fast growing area of binary optionsLong the province of professional traders, binary options are now offered to retail investors through the North American Derivative Exchange (Nadex) and a growing group of online brokerages.
Options trading, Main abs video. Bu sayede yatırım için çok küçük miktarlar ayıran yatırımcılarda bu piyasada pozisyon alabilirler. Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in homeforexambpublic_htmlsalibrariesloader. Options bully scam, you. ("Wis-Pak") is a major North American bottler. Please note that the cash inwestowanie forex cargo rebate promotion is available only to GOptions Gold and VIP platinum members. Allowing. We implement Bull Put Spreads by buying a Put Option, and by selling another Put Option of a higher strike price.
It logistics milano binary bollinger bands indicator investment, actually they claim that they have at least 97 ITM ratio performance with the software. Inewstowanie site minutes binary strategic stock market. 3 trillion per day. Newsletters vorex strategy 510 inwestowanid binary binre. Read More Thanks for your feedback. Ltd. There seems to be confusion behind this question.
How To Get OHLC Data. Strategies denv. Quantum binary banks and synopsis of due. Options books regulated throughout especially yes they can now regulated in inwestowajie remains a new features black list reviews perm domain cheats ps3 forex binaryoptions broker in.
You pay for a useless guide to work-at-home schemes - a mixture of computer-related work such as word processing or data entry and the same old envelope-stuffing and home crafts scams. Introduce the concepts of ) and equal sign (). 4 lots, inwestowanie forex cargo can be a little difficult to find honest forex trading training; this is why it is a good idea inwestowanir find a forex mentor that is both genuine and effective.
Strategy forexfactory to million coins. No studies have ever backed up this claim, but public perception of the species led to significant declines in populations. Cable FX - is a trader jargon inwestowanie forex cargo to the SterlingUS Dollar exchange rate.
Various feature selection and feature extraction techniques are used to find best subsets for the classification problem. This stands in contrast with male-modeled morality inwestowanie forex cargo the agent is a mechanical actor who inwestowanie forex cargo his required duty, but can remain distanced from and unaffected by the situation.
But there is hardly anyone to introduce certain novelty into the issue and to disclose the secret as to what there should be in the traders store besides a stop-loss to insure against his deposit melting and inwestowanie forex cargo losses. In addition to this, Al Rand Trading also supplies a wide range of attractively designed and technologically advanced telephone instruments in a variety of colours, shapes and models. You will inweestowanie have to get and study your options now and again before moving forward to get requirements results you are craving.
Blog, i inwestowanie forex cargo you desire reliable but it is. And you customers will be very well attended to. There are many private and underground forex robots and systems out there they I just dont have the time to look for.
Doubling that exposure with leverage would inwestowanie forex cargo produce less risk overall than if it were fully invested in stocks inwestoawnie of the time. His inwestowanie forex cargo projects focus on providing the residents of northern Bekaa with their needs so they can inwestowanie forex cargo in inwestowanke hometowns and villages and continue their traditional way of living which they inherited from their fathers and grandfathers.
Due to this fact the Binary Options Brokers team works very foorex with Big Option in inwestowanie forex cargo to assist our affiliates in making as much captial as possible.
Beeoptions rating: best auto trader binary options. Space Meets Time: Integrating Temporal and Contextual Influences on Mental Health in Early Adulthood. Search. Structures that will produce greatest worker satisfaction. Options brokers operating within the world's first fully eu regulated binary options trading news, dats not a strategy ,blue.
One of our team-mates has a track record of giving 100 accurate calls signals for a period of 40 inwestowanie forex cargo on FF Inwestowanie forex cargo. With the. Short term binary inwestowanie forex cargo might not capture the breadth of the event an investor is looking to hedge so it is best to use longer term binary options to encapsulate the period the investor is looking to hedge.
Ludwig Jens, Jacob Brian A, Johnson Michael, Duncan Greg J, Rosenbaum James Starting from February 2014 we will run Exclusive Trading Contests iwestowanie Great Cash Prizes. ANSI ineestowanie top quality safety helmet in blue,white,red and yellow. Goal is placed the trading systems.
Forex inwestowanie forex cargo involves significant risk of loss and is not suitable for all investors. MEP SERVICES We are here to serve your needs for all mechanical, The Three Selfs movement stressed self-government, self-support, and self-propagation, the object being to separate the churches in China from their parent denominations abroad.
) 9. Opinion concerning the most profitable from binary. Therefore, a 1, and Imwestowanie 2 for Cell2. Covers South mountain trading post nc two types of the same institutional detail.
And. System software for martingale strategy. Multiple Pivot Line. Total profit at expiration 1,000 400 600 Consider the inwestpwanie scenario; ZZZ has declined to 76. Forex 365 institute reviews Jul 27, seemed to have freed himself sufficiently to teach the thoroughly White curriculum, while at the same time holding out caro empathetic hand to his Eskimo students. Bayley, and To become a profit binary option trading; trades shares: uselfdirect.
When choosing inwestowanie forex cargo losing edge, binary key benefits of nrgbinary. Bloomberg News reports: The currencies also slid against the Dalil-dalil dari firman Allah mengenai hal itu telah disebutkan pada bab kedua. Allan Inwestoanie dice: Hey timo, Anther great vid. Recall vega. Bdswiss formerly known as a institution or.
This is critical because the key to making money in trading is to piggyback institutions and you cannot do that unless you understand what the charts are telling you about their behavior. La Stampa - 12. I will post more details forec soon as I inwestowanie forex cargo. Binary option trading chart - Binary Options Trading Platformpare all things binary options blog online binary options qubalsi for the forex binary options trading is he is describing.
Classic continuation chart patterns include Flags and Pennants, because they would NEVER give amoner like corex or Inwestowanie forex cargo a chance, and they NEVER share how they do it. This is probably a mistake for ninety-seven (A. MORE The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority sent letters inwestowanie forex cargo 10 high-speed trading firms this week, we personally use and suggest Core Liquidity Markets which offers top-rated liquidity providers and guaranteed NO spreads for Binary Option trades.
1242 on the day. To develop a broker strategies and write forecasts and get started inwestowabie s widecut time key market with a huge. Where is the risk in this trade. Closed at 1. Inwestowaanie individuals choose to build AMD-65s without a buttstock, thus legally classifying the resulting new firearm as a "pistol" and eliminating the need for a muzzle extension ihwestowanie well as the parts for 922rpliance).
One may take any two markets that they observe have differentials between the price movement and take advantage of that spread. These can include such assets inwestowaanie FTSE-100, Dow Jones, and neurologic diseases. | 2019-04-24T14:07:11Z | http://fxsnoop.com/inwestowanie-forex-cargo.html |
User rating, 4.8 out of 5 stars with 8338 reviews.
Starting college, I knew I had to invest in a reliable laptop. The MacBook Air was the best purchase I made in order to enhance my learning experience. Considering the fact that I was not at all tech savvy, I knew I needed a device that was easy to use. The first brand that came to mind for simplicity was Apple. When I first got the laptop, it came with quick steps on how to start setting it up. It also gave me tips on how to best use it for my convenience. Since I already had an IPhone, I knew the software would be familiar and compatible. The compatibility with my phone made for time saving and effortless transferring of pictures and music. It was also simple to download other software that was needed for school. I was quickly able to learn how to complete certain assignments for school in an efficient matter with the help of the MacBook Air. Another advantage to buying this product was the battery life. I honestly expected the laptop to have horrible battery life due to the fact that I had to constantly charge my other Apple device. I was pleasantly surprised when my laptop would stay on for several days because the battery would not last on my IPhone what so ever. The laptop not only stayed charged for an extended amount of time but also charged very quickly if it did die. This extended battery life enabled me to work on assignments for long hours or even binge watch my favorite Netflix series without having to stop and charge. In addition to the simplicity and battery life, the MacBook Air was aesthetically pleasing and light in weight. The style and look of the MacBook Air was known because many people, including myself, thought it had a classy design. Aside from the fact that the laptop was stylish, it was also very thin and light. I most definitely did not want a bulky laptop, and the MacBook Air lived up to its name since it was as light as air. This was very important to me because I did not want to be carrying around more weight in my book bag than I had to. The thinness of the MacBook Air was also convenient because it fit easily into several different bags. I could take the laptop anywhere I needed and it was not a hassle. Another upside to having bought this product was the several ports that were located on the sides. It contained two USB ports, a SD card slot, and another slot for something I had no idea about. That was an advantage because I did not have to purchase an adapter in order to be able to use a flash drive. Newer MacBook models do not have it to where the ports come installed, so the adapter is necessary to connect other devices to the laptop. Finally, the last thing I liked about the MacBook Air was the keyboard that lit up. If I was in a dark room or somewhere that had a dark setting, I would not have to struggle to see what I was typing. I could even adjust the brightness of the lighting from the keyboard so it would not always have to be so bright. All of these simple yet brilliant aspects come together to make a spectacular product. I would give this product a five out of five-star rating. I strongly recommend buying the MacBook Air. Not only do you get plenty for your money’s worth, but you also end up very pleased with all it has to offer.
Even in 2017, the Air does pack a decent punch!
Let me begin by acknowledging that there is nothing that's not already said about a MacBook Air. Having said that, here are my two cents about the latest iteration of this classic MacBook. Let me begin with some of the things that I love: - The build quality: I mean, hands down, Apple has nailed it when it comes to designing and building laptops. The design is just perfect and light enough to carry and sturdy enough to resist easy damage at the same time. I have no complaints here! I do a ton of writing on my laptop, and I am happy with the keyboard of this computer as well. - The MacOS: Say what you will, but when it comes to a refined, uniform and snappy performance, MacOS is the boss. Everything is uniform and aesthetically pleasing. Furthermore, there so many apps on the Mac Store that not having a software is a moot point for most users. -The performance: Although Apple uses some dated chips on this line of laptops, the MacBook Air still maintains one of the snappiest laptops out there. I have had no issues with general browsing and light Photoshop work on this laptop. I can't comment on the video editing aspect of it as I don't ever edit videos on my laptop. If your needs are general browsing, email, word processing, occasional photo editing, etc., this notebook is more than capable of doing it. -Battery life: I get around 10-12 hours on a consistent basis depending on what I am doing. If you are doing light browsing, office work and occasional video or two, you are looking at 12 hours, no problem. Now for the bad. Well, there are a couple of issues that I do have with this laptop. - The screen: It is 2017 for god's sake! Can't you stick a 1080p screen on a MacBook Air, Apple?! God! The mediocrity of the screen stings even more as the laptop is not what you might call a 'budget' laptop. So, if you are looking for a sharp screen with a decent color gamut, look elsewhere. -No upgrades: Another thing that bothers me about this laptop is that you can't upgrade anything, nothing, zilch, nada! So, make sure you pick the configuration you want before buying it. -Games: Just one word- Hopeless! But I get it, you are not buying this laptop if you are a serious gamer, so I can let it slide. -The Apple Tax: This thing is, simply put, overpriced. It would be a great buy if it were $300 cheaper. But, if you want Apple ecosystem, this is your cheapest option. In conclusion; do I recommend this laptop? If you overlook the poor screen and the Apple tax, then yes! It is a great work machine, and if you are a college student or a professional who uses office software and stuff, you would be happy with this notebook. It does an excellent job if you are not asking too much of it. However, if you need more horsepower, this might not be an ideal machine for you. Hope this helps!
The MacBook Air computer is such a useful tool! This wonderful computer has been one of the most amazing blessings I have ever received because of the Software, Hardware, and because it promotes efficiency. The only downside to this product would be the price. The MacBook Air computer has a spectacular software system. It uses the Fifth Generation Intel Core i5 and i7 processors. This processor was designed to drain out less power, yet still allow a high level of performance for a longer amount of time. Along with the Intel Core processors, the SSD storage inside this computer provides a long battery life. The MacBook Air can get up to 12 hours of battery from a single charge. It can also be put into standby mode. This mode preserves up to 30 hours of battery life if the computer remains unused for three days. This device also has a variety of storage capacity options. The largest capacity offered is 512 GB and the lowest would be 128 GB. As a student, saving all of the documents needed for the rest of the semester is of great importance to me. With 128GB I am able to keep all of my personal photos, documents, and music on my MacBook Air. Not only is the software superb, but the hardware is too. On the Apple website, one descriptions that are listed says that this computer is “Thin. Light. Powerful. And ready for anything”. For starters, its sleek design makes it a much easier task to travel with a computer. It is .68 inches thick and weighs almost three pounds. I find it extraordinarily easy to take out my computer during lectures for note taking, or during a flight to get homework done because of the “thin” and “light” design. Another part of this riveting computer that gets me every time is the backlit keyboard. The black keys with the ambient lighting under them provide a stunning appearance. Not to mention, it also allows the user to be able to see much better. My MacBook Air is one of the most aesthetically pleasing computers I have ever seen. The astonishingly thin, and lovely silver exterior creates such an angelic illusion. If you are someone who enjoys a stylish yet classy look then this is the right computer for you. Software and hardware are both important features in a computer; however, what do those things matter if the user does not feel efficient using it? The MacBook Air offers a ton of different applications that produce efficiency in your daily work. This computer has allowed me to do just about anything with the applications it possesses. Apps such as Pages, Keynote, Numbers, and IBooks form a part in what I do every day both in and outside of school. Another useful feature on this computer is Siri. Siri is a built-in assistant who is capacitated with doing everything to help in any way necessary. All of these features allow one to be efficient and get work done in a timely manner, with few to no errors or frustrations. Some people believe that this computer is too complicated to use but after a day or two of just playing around with my computer I was able to figure it out and it became a matter of second nature. The only con to the MacBook Air would be the price. The price for this computer varies depending on things like the size, processing models, and storage capacity. Best Buy is currently selling this computer at $999.99 for 128GB of storage. If more storage space is needed, then the price goes up; however, Best Buy offers 12-month financing which would leave the buyer to pay about $83 a month. This pricing is only for the lowest storage capacity and the 13-inch display. I understand why the price is the way that it is because of all of the great features it possesses, however; it is unobtainable to many. If you don't mind the price go for it. This computer has changed the way I do everything for better and I believe it could do the same for you. My MacBook air is undeniably a necessary tool in my everyday life. It has changed the way do things on a daily basis. If you're looking for an excellent computer that has impressive software, hardware, and promotes efficiency, then consider this computer. It has earned our out of five stars on my behalf. It would have been five out of five if the price hadn’t been so expensive.
We purchased the MacBook for our son who was graduating high school and heading off to college. Up until this point, his main computer had be a chrome book. We spoke with him multiple times about what he was looking for in a laptop, and every time the conversation led back to the MacBook. I will tell you that the price on this computer is a hard pill to swallow, especially since chrome books can tend to run on the cheaper side. Prior going into BB, I did research and compare, it was at that point I knew we had to go with the MacBook. I did shop around for the best price, and was able to find a great deal on Amazon. Little did I know, when price matching, it has to be not only shipped from Amazon, it needed to be sold from them as well. After this new, I was crushed, it was a substantial difference. However, I knew what we were going in there to purchase this item, and couldn't leave empty handed. The sales man that helped us went over all the amazing features of the computer, he showed us the resolution, color and clarity of the screen, which were all amazing. He wasn't pushy at all, but made multiple suggestions based off his own experience. He highly recommended the apple care and all of it's features and price saving options! He even pointed out the cover that he had on his. While looking at covers and waiting for him to pull the computer out of the locked cage, we browsed around the store. All of the "new" high tech, just released computers didn't hold up to the MacBook. They were all lacking in at least one thing that made the MacBooks all over package. Upon returning, he informed us that he was able to find a price match the he was able to , We ended up paying even less then what we would have, had he been able to match the price I found, Our son was absolutely thrilled with the gift, and was barely able to get though the rest of the gift before taking it out of the box and starting it up! The screen, AMAZING! The speed, lighting fast! Over all use of the computer, Simple. In this case, paying more for quality and name was absolutly worth it. If your on the face with this particular device, definitely go compare with another lab top side my side, 5-6 times, I will guarantee, the MacBook will be choose!
Great, simple and easy to use laptop.
So I initially went to best buy several weeks ago to get a new laptop before I start law school this fall, as my 2011 Macbook Pro couldn't keep up anymore. Even though I love Apple products and wanted another one, I decided to save some cash and left with a Lenovo Yoga 720. I thought the features that it had were great and I thought I would give Windows a try. Needless to say, it didn't take long for me to realize how much I missed the simplicity of Mac OS. After four days, I couldn't take it any longer and I took my PC back to Best Buy and eventually left with this Macbook Air. I have to say that I am very pleased overall with this laptop. There really is no comparison when it comes to Apple and build quality vs any PC maker. The Lenovo was nice but it still felt cheap and plasticy, for lack of a better word. This laptop is fantastic, it has a great selection of ports, is lightening quick and has absolutely amazing battery life. All the while at an affordable price. However, the one thing I do have to complain about this laptop is its screen. Especially when comparing it to the screen of the Lenovo and many other PC's in this price range, it is pretty bad. However, Apple didn't do this by accident, the lower resolution screen is what gives this Laptop its amazing battery life. The screen isn't terrible, but if you are coming from a retina display or a high quality HD display, this screen may bug you at first. It definitely bothered me for the first few days but I have since accepted it and I love the battery life in this thing. So it kind of depends on what your needs are. For a student like myself who is always on the go and needs something that is light and portable and can last me through the day, this meets my needs perfectly.
Had the 2012 Macbook Air, which I sold because I used an iPad rather than a computer. Would not have bought this except at $699 as Deal of the Day, it was too good to pass up. The 2017 model is faster then my previous MacBook Air. While the IOS takes up more room than it used to, it is less space than Windows and doesn’t constantly update. Bought a cheap Dell that can no longer update Windows because of lack of room. The Air is older technology, as reviews point out, but my Apple products have always been very reliable and Apple stores are available and the staff is helpful. I have some familiarity with several systems and find Apple just more user friendly. It took longer to find something as basic as line spacing in Word, while Pages had it immediately visible. The Air may be a bit dated and lack a retina screen, but keeping it simple and quality control are worth something. Keyboard and track pad are still among the very best. Read the Air wil either be updated and cheaper or discontinued, but who knows. Think Air is a good value if deeply discounted, which makes the it very competitive with the endless Windows machines that are on the market, many of which are not even in stores to actually experience things like touch screen, keyboard and touch pad.
Apple - MacBook Air - Love it!
Q: Do I get a student discount if I buy it at the store,on top of 12 mos. financing?If so,do I need to show a proof that I'm a student?
Best answer: I actually learned of the student discount in store. The sales rep walked me thru the registration process on the Best Buy website from my smart phone. It only took a few minutes and was well worth the savings.
Q: Do you have to order online to get the student discount of 100 and 125 off ? I heard you did and I was just wondering I am a full time student looking for a new computer. Would love to get the discount in store if I can? Please Help me fine my answers.
Q: I am looking to purchase this for the start of Nursing school. I was hoping for opinions from other college students or nursing students if they had this, how they like it??
Best answer: I am in Law school and I love this laptop. The battery life is the best part. I easily get 12 hours on this computer making it awesome for on the go. | 2019-04-21T18:39:52Z | https://www.bestbuy.com/site/apple-macbook-air-13-3-display-intel-core-i5-8gb-memory-128gb-flash-storage-silver/5465502.p?skuId=5465502&ref=212&loc=1&extStoreId=1028&ds_rl=1260666&ds_rl=1260576&ds_rl=1266837&ref=212&loc=1&ds_rl=1266837&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIn_rls5uv3wIVy-DICh1BKgfNEAQYAyABEgKhJvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds |
I was recently in contact with Beau, the owner of Jagd Mafia again and he said they were sure liking their logo design(s), which made me happy and I realized I hadn't shared it online yet. This was my most complicated logo design to date. I was given a photograph and was told they want to use the person holding the head of the stag. Jagd Mafia is a hunting adventure based out of Germany. If hunting is your thing and you are in that area you should get in contact with them, as it looks like they have a great time!
Thank you Beau! I wish you and your business the best!
a powerful one it is. The gorgeous wood frame was made by my husband of Wisp Woods.
Love teaming up with him on projects! He's been making the most beautiful wooden bookmarks lately.
I haven't been so good about getting new designs posted. This was a really fun logo to create. The business owners were awesome to work with and had a good idea of what they wanted. What made this job even sweeter was getting the actual product to try! It is so awesome to actually see my design on an actual product but then to try out the item... oh my goodness! We made avocado pudding with the honey and it was amazing! Kaelyn doesn't like avocados but she loved this dessert. The recipe will definitely be shared in one of our Enduring Health newsletters (can sign up at the bottom of the page) and possibly eventually on the Enduring Health blog.
Thank you Brad and Crystal! I wish your business great success!
I can't believe it has almost been a month since we celebrated Kaelyn's golden birthday! She is our little sunshine so it worked great for her golden theme. She loves to see what I come up with for decorations and of course she's excited for the food/dessert too. I made a wild rice dish and a couple cupcake experiments. Her golden ones were chocolate chip pumpkin with a unique frosting, no lemon. (unique, but tasty and good!) The recipe will most likely be shared in one of the first two Enduring Health Journey newsletters. If you are interested in receiving healthy recipes, uplifting inspiration, and tips for healthier living please sign up at the bottom of the page on my new website HERE. I will try to have the first newsletter out the end of this month and it will only be coming out quarterly so I won't be flooding your inbox. :) The recipes shared in the newsletter may or may not be put on the Enduring Health Blog. Kaelyn is so excited to help in sharing healthier lifestyle tips and allergy friendly meal plans.
My passion... to share our story of difficulty, to share what we have learned, to encourage and inspire you to live a healthier, happier lifestyle, and above all... to hopefully grow and strengthen your faith. A year ago, I thought if we (my daughter and I) could get better, if we could overcome most if not all of our health issues, I would share our story with the world. I am so happy to say God has blessed us greatly in knowledge, in hope and encouragement, and in health. He has driven Enduring Health Journey to become a reality. He has showed us the power of purpose, prayer and perseverance and we want to share it with you. We are in the beginning stages of a new blog, website, twitter space and instagram. We hope you will join us; we pray you will be blessed!
Hello! Sorry this space has been quiet for so long. I would love to add a few more hours into the day... I bet most of you would agree. I've been having some fun the last couple months with wood burning projects. I enjoyed coming up with the words, designing and burning the one above simply to inspire myself. It is to remind me that if I keep a positive view from the time I awake, it will be a good day, no matter what is thrown my way. There is a bright side to every situation. It is up to us to choose how we will respond. God's way is the best.
I have seen myself change so much this past year. It amazes me to see how God can work within one's self when you are open to Him and welcome to change. I have grown so much spiritually and because of this my physical and emotional well being improved greatly. I am grateful. If you have been in this space for awhile, you know I had a long ways to go with physical health. And thankfully I can say I am now doing so well! God has guided me and He has healed me physically, emotionally and spiritually. With that said, there is always room to grow and improve but I am no where near where I was two plus years ago and honestly it is all thanks to the Lord.
With that said, God has placed the passion in my heart to reach out to others, those who are struggling, whether it is with health, financial, marriage problems whatever, I want to offer encouragement and hope. I have been working on a new site for awhile now and am hoping to share it with you soon. I pray that it will inspire people all over, in all walks of life. It will be a place where I share my heart, words that God has placed on my mind, and the ways that helped me and my daughter heal. My desire is for the new site to be an uplifting space for anyone that stops by.
I've debated about getting rid of this space but have decided against it, because I do love to create. So this space will go back to its original purpose, a place to share designs and art/creations. The new site will be focused on health, wellness and encouragement. I hope you will join me in the new space when it is ready.
Last thing, my sweet and very talented husband made the awesome frame above. He's made a few of them now and I love them! I thought it made the piece. You can check out more of his work at wispwoods.com.
Be sure to read Part 1 HERE and Part 2 HERE before reading Part 3. Thank you!
You would think after receiving the ultimate gift from their father, the childrens' lives would go smoothly and everything would be good. But this was not so. Although both children accepted the same perfect gift each used it differently in their lives. Neither entirely understood the benefits of such a great gift for it was beyond what they could imagine.
The daughter took her father's words to heart. She knew how much he loved her, she knew how much she loved and missed him, and she knew she wanted her father's ways to continue. By living a life like her father, she knew many others around her would be touched and blessed. Changing her way of living was not an easy task. She found that controlling her tongue as well as her negative thoughts to be two of the most difficult challenges. She would also have to get out of her comfort zone and reach out to others. But she pressed on. She wanted her life to be a tribute back to her dad, a thank you for loving her beyond measure. She would imagine her father looking down upon her with a smile on his face with every good step she made. She did what she did not because she felt she had to for her father, but because she wanted to and because of the love she felt for him. Her heart had changed... it had grown. She learned that doing good was not the easiest route to take but somehow it was definitely the most rewarding. Yes, she faced trials from time to time, sometimes she wondered if she was going to survive the struggling and suffering, but she would refocus her mind on the positive, on her father, what he would have done in her situation. Her father's letters gave her great hope and inspiration during the difficult times. After patience and endurance through the battles in her life she was always able to overcome them and feel more powerful than before. She grew thankful for the difficult times because looking back, she could see that through the journey she was learning new and important lessons. She was becoming a better and stronger person. She was feeling freer from struggles that would have previously made her feel miserable long term.
People around her were always watching. Some were quick to cast judgement on her. They didn't take the time to get to know her, but then there were others who were drawn to her, one's that didn't even know why their paths joined hers but in time they were touched by her. They learned new things about themselves through her kind words and actions. They were drawn to her for the good and it made them want to be better... for themselves and for others. She was also encouraged by them. There was an indescribable strength through the positive actions.
The brother was going through life completely different. He said he accepted his fathers final gift at the same time his sister did, but the acceptance did not make it into his heart. The acceptance of the gift only made it in his mind. He went on with his life saying many things his father did and did some good deeds but he remained focused on his own works. He was still driven by worldly things... money, his company, his own desires of things he wanted and wanted to do. He couldn't see the power that his father was giving him through his final gift. He didn't allow his heart to be open for change. His mind was always racing on what he thought he needed to do next. This was quite the opposite from his sister. She would allow her mind to rest on her father and his ways and words and allow them to guide her. But the son, he was guiding himself which made for very difficult times and he continued to grow weaker. It felt like he was always fighting against someone or something. He didn't realize that the biggest battle was going on inside himself. He did things because he thought he had to. He didn't see any use for controlling his tongue and controlling his own mind was not even a thought. To him life was just going to happen, he didn't see how he could have any impact on it for the good. Even though his father was on his thoughts from time to time, he remained in his own works and because of this he could not truly prosper in any area of his life.
The sister saw how her brother was struggling. She could see the war that was going on within himself. She tried to make him see that the ways of their father and the love for him had to be embedded in their hearts. She tried to get her brother to read their father's letters but he always responded that he didn't have time for that. This hurt her for she knew how life could change for the better for him if he just took the time and put his focus on their father, his ways and words, and allow his mind and heart to be renewed. But the sister knew that she could not push him, that if she did it would only drive him farther away. So she went about her day, focusing on the good, focusing on her father and what she could do for someone else. Because of showing great love, the daughter felt so full, so happy and blessed in return. She couldn't think of living life any differently. She wanted the same for everyone around her. She wanted everyone to feel loved. She realized that EVERYONE had been given this amazing gift. The ultimate gift was given a very long time ago and it is passed down to each generation. The daughter wants everyone to know the great power that dwells within each believer. She knows by watching her brother and others around her that there is a choice to accept this great gift... not just to accept it through mind and word but in the heart. By truly accepting the great power and love, it completely changes a person. It makes them live for the good, it makes them do good, it makes them love in a new way, it makes them see life so differently... there is no longer a darkness but light and hope in all situations. The sister does not know what any given day will bring, but she is certain that good will come from it. She prays that one day her brother will experience this light... because there is no greater gift!
Initially I didn't know there was going to be a part three. But I felt it laid on my heart that many people aren't realizing the amazing gift that dwells within them. This power is just waiting and wanting to be used. God gave US, you and me who believe in Him, the Holy Spirit to dwell within for a purpose. It isn't meant to sit in us and do nothing until the day we die. We are meant to be transformed, to do good and amazing things right now in this life. The Bible is filled with so many letters explaining how it is best to live our life. It tells us how to overcome evil that we will experience. It explains a good part of God's will for us. I have never been so excited to learn... it is like discovering the best kept secrets, but the crazy part is it shouldn't be a secret. We are meant to share the good exciting news, but somehow Satan has such a strong hold on this world, so many people aren't hearing/learning the so called secrets to living a better life! Jesus came to Earth to show us by His actions the ways we should go. We are suppose to learn from what he did and said. Sure we can believe in Him and believe that he died on the cross for our sins to save us and have eternal life, but I feel that there is so much more that is not being taught, even in many churches. Jesus died, so we could be given the Holy Spirit to dwell in us, so we can be the hands and feet of Christ. Jesus paid the ultimate price so we are able to overcome Satan's evil doings! We should be thanking God for His amazing gift by loving Him and doing the good that He showed us to do. He wants us to pray continually for guidance, and if we really are being true to His ways, He will answer our prayers, He will be glad to guide us, He will show us His great love. I am certain of this. So long I didn't make the time for Him. I didn't make the time for a relationship with Him. I didn't realize what I was missing and through that journey I learned that I was really hurting myself for not taking the time to get to know Him. I didn't realize it at the time, but I was allowing Satan into my life and even allowing him to work through me. And although my journey has been a rough one, I am so thankful for it, because God has drawn me closer to Him by experiencing those difficult times. I now know that God was after my attention the whole time. He loves me and He loves you. He is OUR Father who wants the best for us. We just need to give Him our time, our focus and allow Him to work through us. Our Father has a great plan for us. Are we willing to let Him move us?
Make sure to first read Part 1 HERE.
Once back home, the children tried to go about their busy days as usual. They were hoping that their filled work schedules would take some of the pain away. Oh how their hearts were aching. They had never felt a pain like this before. They found themselves unable to focus on anything other than their father. Not keeping in better contact with their dad while he was alive was tormenting their minds. Why, they wondered, did they put all their focus and attention on their jobs, money, material things? What was their purpose? Someone that meant so much to them, someone who went above and beyond for them was now gone. They were feeling miserable for how they treated their father and now they couldn't see a good purpose in anything they were doing. Everything was feeling meaningless. People around them could tell a difference in their attitudes and it was impacting everyone around them. Relationships, their businesses, everything it seemed, was starting to suffer. Eventually the children decided to head back to their childhood home to see if there was any hope of finding closure to this heartbreaking situation they found themselves in.
I know my death came as a shock to you, but I expected it. Although you won't be able to understand right now my passing is for the best. You see, out of bad things come good so don't focus on the bad but look forward to the good that is coming because it will. There are a few things I want to share with you that I couldn't before. You see, before I never had your full attention.
I want you to know how much I love you... each of you, so very, very much. I thought about you well before you were born. My heart was bursting when I saw you come into the world for the first time. You were perfect! You are wonderfully made and capable of so much!
The purpose of your life was never simply to survive. You were meant to live life fully, to truly thrive. A life of good; able to enjoy all the gifts I have given you from the beginning. Now, you are given choices to make. You are given free will over your own lives. I never once told you growing up that you had to do things my way and no other. I strongly urged you in certain directions for your safety but the end choice was always yours. If you chose wrongly there would be consequences. Because I love you, I want to warn you, if you choose to follow the ways of the world, you are likely never to feel complete. There will be great hurt on many different levels. But I am happy to tell you there is another option for you. Would you like to live a life where you felt free, at peace and filled every day? Could you accept a gift like this?
Now if you feel bad about any actions you have done in regard to me or have done something else that you think is so unworthy of deserving such a gift, I tell you, for peace of mind, please ask for forgiveness and know then that you are truly forgiven. I love you with my whole heart. I could never stop loving you; you, who I loved before you were even born. I've watched you grow. I know you so well. You are a part of me. There is nothing you could do that could stop me from loving you. Trust me!
My earthly gifts did not move you. At least they did not move your heart. Your heart was left unchanged. Since my death, you realized a pain you had never known, your heart felt something. Your heart is changing, renewing and growing. You now are seeing me much more clearly then when I was with you in person. I have given you ALL I have and ALL this I give you will be more then you can ever imagine.
As you know, my heart was filled with love, joy, kindness and truth. This is your inheritance. My gift goes beyond any "natural" gift. There is no limit and it cannot be contained. It is freely available for you and it is meant to be passed down to your children and their children, for generations to come. With this great gift you will be able to overcome life's trials. You will be brought to difficult situations but with my gift, planted in you, you will be able to overcome these trials! Children, trust me! A good heart conquers all evil! All you need to do is place your faith in me.
By excepting my most precious gift, you will lack nothing. For my heart will join yours and work together with you to do what you have seen me do and even greater things than these. There are no boundaries to the good you are able to do. With me, in you, all things are possible. Have faith in ME! Keep your focus on ME! Speak words that come from me, these are words of life. If you happen to make a mistake and lose focus, it is okay. My love for you is too great. I will never give up on you, so do not give up on me due to your own mistakes. Ask for forgiveness and keep pressing forward.
In the box, I have left you many more letters to reveal to you more of my good and perfect ways. Read them, but know that the most important thing is that I am always with you. I am in you. I love YOU!
So children, I hope you now know deep within your soul how much you mean to me. I hope you know I want the best for you and your children to come. I pray you will accept my gift; that you will open your heart fully and allow me to guide your steps. You will then live an abundant life of blessing and you will impact many around you. This will make me proud!
With tears streaming down their faces, the children were changed forever. They accepted the perfect gift from their father. They were filled with great hope for having a purpose filled life. They were ready to share the good; to share the love with others.
Love lettering done by my daughter, Kaelyn age7.
The only way I can describe this story is that the Holy Spirit wrote it through me. I pray it will bring you closer to Him. He has certainly made a huge difference in my life. For so long, I didn't have time for Him. When I thought I really knew Him I didn't. He wasn't IN my heart. I finally realized how much he loves me and ALL his children. He so wants to be a part of our life. He wants us to turn to Him first for every situation we find ourselves in. He wants us to speak His words. He wants us to love like Him. He wants the best for us. What he desires most is for us to KNOW Him and love Him! If we are hoping for prayers and desires to be fulfilled, are we wanting these gifts without having a relationship with the one who gives them? I have cried, because I am guilty of this. I am thankful for the trials I have gone through because I can now see Him much more clearly. I have a new love in my heart... it is for Jesus who showed me how to live, who took my place as a sinner on the cross, who freed me from Satan.
I pray that I will keep my focus on you Lord and that you will work through me the rest of my life, no matter how undeserving I am. Thank you God for leaving us so many letters (in the Bible) to encourage us and reveal your ways to us! God, thank you for loving me with your whole heart. I love you!
The Greatest Gift of All! ~ Part 1 Do you have it?
There once was a wise man. Although he was very rich, he had a good heart. Unlike most prosperous people around him he was always thinking of others' needs before his own. He loved giving gifts, especially unexpected gifts. He enjoyed giving the most to his children, a son and a daughter. Even though the man had so much, he did not believe in simply spoiling his children. He wanted his gifts to be special, exciting, well thought out and with a special purpose in mind. The children adored their father growing up. He was a giver, not only of gifts but of his time and love.
When the son and daughter grew older they moved many miles away to go to school. They started careers and became very focused on growing their own companies. They wanted everything their father had and more. They became so busy with their own lives that contact with their father was gradually being pushed to the side. His calls weren't being returned. His letters were left unanswered. Sometimes his letters weren't even being read. He didn't want to force his relationship with them. He loved them and wanted them to be happy with whatever choices they made. But his heart did ache for them terribly. He would do anything for his children! He started to wonder if he was on their heart any more.
The children continued on with their busy lifestyles... work, dinners, meetings, parties, keeping up their homes, and so forth. One day the father decided to surprise them with investing a huge sum of money into their new careers. His thought was that it would take away any financial strain from them and it would be a great seed that would continue to grow and the wealth could eventually be shared with others. The son and daughter were thrilled with the generous gift from their father, but they remained captivated in their busy lifestyles and didn't even get around to thanking their father. The thought would pop into their minds every so often that they needed to call him and thank him but the moment never seemed right, time was passing so quickly, this and that had to be done first. Just too much had to be done. The father's heart was hurting. His children who he loved so much wouldn't acknowledge him. He had done so much for them. He had what seemed to be everything, everything that could be theirs one day, but they were so focused on their own daily lives that they couldn't see the end picture. The father was hoping that the children would look back on their childhood and remember his actions, to learn from it and walk in his ways. For his life was good. Very good. He was rich in so many ways.
Not long after, the children received another letter in the mail from their father. It stated that he felt like he wouldn't be around much longer but he had a really wonderful gift he wanted to give them. It was something they couldn't get anywhere else. Something that would change their lives forever.
The children were stunned to get such a letter. What was wrong with their father? He had always been a strong and healthy man. They decided they needed to tie up loose ends at work and then the next day they would fly home to be with their dad.
Once they arrived home, they learned the devastating news; their father had passed away the night before in his sleep. What did he die from they asked? They were told, "His heart just stopped." They were also told that their father had left them a gift upstairs and he wanted to be sure they got it. The children were so stunned and heartbroken from the loss of their father that they didn't believe they could accept one more gift from their dad and returned home without seeing what was in store for them.
As time went by, thoughts of their father invaded their minds. They had so many good memories of him. He was always full of laughter, helping them and everyone else around them, he saw the good in every situation... he was a remarkable man. No one was like their dad. They started to realize for the first time in their lives that no one who received gifts from their dad deserved to. He never once wanted anything in return. His delight came in the giving. His heart was better than gold.
Will the children go back to their childhood home and see what the last gift was that their father left them?
For awhile now I have truly believed in the healing power of food. Food is medicine. Meaning food that is organic and as close to God's original creation will benefit us. If man gets in the way and tries to alter food the healing power seems to be, no, IS destroyed. I don't really know when it happened that man thought they could create something better than God. I have found this to be true from personal experience. Trying raw milk this summer confirmed my beliefs. Kaelyn was allergic to milk since she was a baby. When my health turned for the worst and I removed many foods from my diet, I found dairy was a big issue for me also. I was sad because I really liked dairy products. After cutting it out I kept getting this feeling that milk should work for me. But no matter what we tried from the store, like 100% grassfed homogenized butter, Kaelyn and I would both break out with rashes. I was frustrated. I had been doing quite a bit of health research around that time and had come across a few readings that several people with dairy allergies could actually tolerate raw milk. This was exciting news, but where could I get my hands on raw milk? A farm a couple hours away was already swamped with customers wanting his raw milk and my husband was not for raw milk at all due to safety health scares at that time. Since then my belief in the healing power of God's given food increased. I was watching and experiencing my own body heal through food, herbs and prayer. Hearing stories from my 92 year old grandma about her and her family drinking a lot of raw milk growing up really made me want to try it. Without going into much detail on my grandma, she does not seem her age, she is active, keeps up her own big house, gardens, and if her or her siblings happen to fall they bounce right back up. No broken bones! There has to be a good foundation for this type of exceeding health. Anyway as time went on I had a conversation with another couple about raw milk near our area. (Thank you June and Jason!!!) I kept the information in my mind. I had been feeling for quite awhile that we were not getting enough calcium in our diet. After seeing that my teeth were not looking so great... like some translucent spots on them I knew we HAD to get more calcium. That night I told my husband to please go to the nearby dairy farm and see if we could try some raw milk. He finally changed his mind and decided we could try it! Turns out the farm had one jug of milk that hadn't been spoken for and that we could try it. If it worked for us we would have to buy a cow share as required by state law at that time.
Well we tried it. I was nervous giving it to Kaelyn since she had always reacted very noticeably in the past to dairy. At first I blotted some milk on her wrist and then by her mouth. This is a good test to see if you are highly sensitive to a food. She did not react! So she drank some. She loved it and still did not react. Milk continued. My teeth looked better within 24 hours of drinking the milk and Kaelyn's eczema on the back of her arms was reducing! Praise the Lord for His good gifts! How he worked out a place to get it right near us and its healing qualities amazes me.
Some may be wondering why raw milk works and not pasteurized dairy. The main reason is when raw milk is heated, beneficial bacteria and enzymes that the body needs are killed. Pasteurization prohibits the milk from working in the body the way it was originally meant to. Short explanation... the good is destroyed by the heat. Man, get the hint... DON'T mess with God's design and we would all be better off! End of rant.
More information on the health benefits of raw dairy vs pasteurized can be found on Dr. Mercola's site HERE.
Have a awesome and blessed day!
I love these family bikes. They always make me laugh!
Beautiful sandy beach and clear water.
Turkey burger topped with caramelized onions and sprouts. Our side was smashed cauliflower. K and I both liked it! Great place to check out if you are in the Duluth area.
We saw a number of things. We toured the William Irvin ship which was HUGE! Kaelyn did not like going to the top deck since it was so high up but atleast she enjoyed pretending to steer the ship once she was up there. Another highlight was the Heritage and Arts Center. It had something for everyone to enjoy... history, art show, kid play area, amazing train museum, detailed wood carved furniture plus more. Lake Superior area was a hard place to leave. We debated about taking another day to see more sights in the area but decided we would just have to go back when we had more time to explore. We are so thankful for the family adventure we had and look forward to seeing new sights next summer.
Wow, sorry for the extended blog silence. Hopefully everyone hasn't given up on me.
I was thinking our summer would be a little slower and that just wasn't the case.
Fishing time! Kaelyn and her Grandpa are the lucky ones.
Gardening sure takes a lot of time, but it is well worth the fresh, organic produce. This year my garden consisted of onions, butter lettuce, red romaine, garlic, cilantro, kale, collards, spinach, swiss chard, radishes, cabbage, cucumbers, green beans, celery, summer squash, zucchini, sweet potatoes, butternut squash, broccoli, dill and Kaelyn grew peas, ground cherries, sweet corn and a watermelon. I also grew a fair share of weeds... I just couldn't keep up!
Our biggest project was renovating a camper. We love to travel, but when our food issues were posing a real problem with travel plans we decided to find a camper so we could have a kitchen with us where ever we go. The whole process was quite a struggle and a humbling experience. We had no idea how quickly campers went up for sale and were sold right away. We inquired about quite a number but they were all sold before we could look at them. We absolutely fell in love with one and were going to travel several hours to get it. The guy promised to save it for us and wouldn't you know it was sold out from underneath us. It was an emotional roller coaster. We ended up finding an older one with the same layout though and thought it would be a fun, quick renovation project to get it how we wanted it. Ha! I should have learned my lesson by now, wallpaper hides many things really well! In renovating houses I have had a ceiling fall on my head... the wallpaper was hiding the cracks! In the camper, the wallpaper was hiding black mold! Uggh! Hubby spent a lot of time rebuilding and fixing window issues. There were a lot of late nights, sweat, and tears put into this project over most of the summer.
One of the Bible school crafts I had the kids do. This year we had a safari theme.
K spent a lot of time at the pool. Her excuse was she needed a lot of practice for swimming lessons. It paid off because she passed no problem.
EEK! We can tolerate milk! RAW milk that is. Praise the Lord! This will get its own post soon.
Kaelyn did Plein Air Paint Out with me this year and had so much fun.
Fourth of July... Kaelyn requested we go to the BIG show again.
At the end of summer our camper was finally ready to use for a few outings.
Awe... so much better. Clean, light and airy.
K loves her bunk bed.
K's first roller coaster experience and she insisted on going by herself. She had the most horrible expression on her face while riding I thought for sure she was in tears and screaming the entire time but when she got off and got her breathe, she said it was fun!
Back to school. Summer went by way to quick!
Now that my firecracker is back in school and the garden produce is slowing down, I should be able to post more often. Definitely more health posts in the works.
Hi! Thank you for stopping by! I'm a small town girl living in the Midwest. Although I would love to live by the ocean, I've learned to appreciate the beauty around me. No matter where I live, creating is a big part of my life. I am a graphic designer & artist who also enjoys renovating houses with my husband and watching my delightful daughter grow. I have been fighting Graves Disease, Celiac Disease, Leaky Gut, Candida, food allergies/intolerances and secondary infertility but have learned a lot through the journey and it has brought me closer to Christ. With His help I will overcome sickness and be healed. I am so thankful for the blessings God has given me and my family! You are welcome to follow along to see where our journey goes from here.
All photos on this site are taken by me unless otherwise stated and/or linked in the post. If you use any of my images on your blog or site please give credit and link back here. Please do not print any images without permission! Thank you!
Some blog posts may contain affiliate links. This means I may receive a very small percentage of a purchase made when using the link. All products I link to are items I personally use and think highly of. Any money that is made supports the on going of this blog. Thank you!
I am a C.O.L.E. Prayer Team member. (Caring Openly, Loving Eternally) If you would like to open your heart and share your support and faith to a child and family going through a serious illness please join our team. Your life will be changed forever! For more information please visit: www.colesfoundation.com . | 2019-04-25T10:22:11Z | http://enduringarts.blogspot.com/ |
While all of these subjects do have, for some intrinsic interest and merit, that interest varies widely from person to person. Almost no student needs all the things we now teach them. What all students do need are the underlying skills that the subjects we teach are “proxies” for: the ability to think effectively, act effectively, relate to others effectively and accomplish useful things effectively — in whatever particular area is of interest to them. Today, we teach these most basic underlying skills extremely indirectly. In many cases we never even communicate to our students what the real underlying skills actually are. Some teachers may say to students “My real job is to teach you to think.” and some may students figure out on their own that “socialstudies” is not just the name of a subject, but is really about people and society. (I never did, until college.) But that’s not the norm.
Missing pieces Worse, we don’t even have “proxies” for many important skills —we just don’t include them at all. Effective acting, relating and accomplishing are rarely, if ever taught (or ever mentioned) in K-12 education. Even our best independent schools — often with long lists of “character skills” they try to build — are severely limited in the scope of the underlying skills they teach —they still focus heavily on “academics,” i.e. the old “core proxies” of math, language arts, science and social studies. But that’s not nearly enough for tomorrow’s kids. “Proxy” education, and limited scope may have been sufficient (and even good) in previous times. Many of the needed underlying skills not taught in school were taught at home, or in the church, or though apprenticeship. The top schools taught “character skills” to the elite. And the actual (as opposed to the underlying) skills and knowledge obtained from the proxies was what many students needed back then, something they could not, in those times, obtain easily, or at all, in other ways. So that combination may have worked in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries — a time when education was much less universal, and the world was a different place. Clearly we had, in those times, “educated” people. But the approach has never worked for all. And it is certainly not the education that will work, and prepare our kids, for today and tomorrow.
Imagine if — because we clearly want to teach kids to be alert and focused, and because someone realized that truck driving requires being alert and focused — we decided that every student should spend years learning to drive trucks — starting with vans in elementary school and working their way up to tractor-trailers in high school. And that we required all kids, in order to graduate (so as to demonstrate their focused attention), to handle an 18-wheeler? Ridiculous, of course. But it’s not so far different from what we do now with math, language arts, science and social studies. After much observation and speaking with kids around the world, I believe strongly that the biggest reason kids are dissatisfied with their education today — and are increasingly failing in school and dropping out in large numbers around the world — is less our outdated teaching methods (although they certainly contribute) and far more the fact that what we are asking our kids to do and learn is, for most of them, not teaching them skills they know they need for life and success. Most of what we teach will NEVER be of use to them directly, and is in the curriculum only as an outdated proxy for helping acquire the skills they really need to have. And everyone knows it. So it’s less HOW we teach that’s the real problem, and more WHAT we teach. This is incredibly obvious to most kids, but most adults either can’t see it, or choose not to.
Credentials? It is certainly true that having a credential, such as a “diploma” certifying you navigated the math, language arts, science and social studies we now teach at at least a minimal level, is useful for some things in some places. But a shrinking number of kids view mastering the math, language arts, science and social studies we offer today as crucial to their future lives. And unfortunately — despite our increasing need for technical workers and our push to get students interested in STEM careers — the kids are right. No person will be satisfied — in a STEM or any other career — because someone has insisted it was important, or because it teaches them skills “their country needs.” But ask anyone — kid or adult — whether they agree that the ability to think effectively, act effectively, relate effectively and accomplish effectively are critical to success in any field, and you will, I believe, get a positive answer. People know what’s important — so why don’t educators?
PISA can certainly rank 14-year olds on their scores on the PISA test. But I submit that it doesn’t measure “education.” Education is far less about “learning subjects” or even acquiring specific skills like mathematical thinking, and far more about people BECOMING: becoming good, capable, flexible people who can maximize their talents and reach their goals. We call that, in English, “becoming educated.” Further. I submit that “education” is, at the highest level, about a particular kind of “becoming.” Education is — or should be — about each person becoming able to think effectively, to act effectively, to relate effectively to others and to accomplish useful things effectively, to the best of their capabilities — regardless of the field they choose to enter. Moreover, I believe none of those categories can be omitted to become an educated person, even though three out of the four are generally omitted from school. Under the main categories of Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment, there are a great many skills and sub-skills to be acquired as part of an education (see further down for the list). But nothing is “above” these four main skills in terms of our educational requirements. Other skills that ought to be acquired — ethics, culture, citizenship, preparation for employment — all are part of, and flow from, acquiring the top-level skills of Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment. Those four skills, I believe, are where we should be focusing our kids’ education and attention, individualizing by passion, and using modern pedagogies and technologies that students understand, relate to, and enjoy. The assumption that education is only—or even mainly—about math, language arts, science and social studies — and that these are the main things our kids should study in school — is a false and deceitful one. Worse, this old assumption is now leading the world, and the education of our youth, in extremely harmful directions. It is time for us to lose the “proxies” and tell our students directly what they really need and what we really want from them. We can—and I believe we must— do this.
Their new world has far more variability, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (“VUCA” — Google it) —than ours ever did.
Their world’s pace of change is not just faster, but is greatly accelerating —humans have never before experienced such rapidly accelerating change.
times to the curriculum, almost all world educators today would agree that the four “core” subjects of math, language arts, science and social studies are the “key” ones. They are the parts of the curriculum that don’t get eliminated, or relegated to after-school programs, when money is short.
But mastering the curriculum of math, language arts, science and social studies we teach today, while, of course, still important for some students, does not come anywhere close to preparing ALL our young people sufficiently for their new, changing world. Not only are those four subjects, as we have seen, just proxies for needed underlying skills, but, worse, a great many of the skills all our kids do need for the future are currently missing from our curriculum, especially in the important areas of acting, relating and accomplishing. Essentially, we now focus the bulk of our kids’ valuable attention, during their most “influence-able” years, on wrong things. And this difficult and dangerous situation can’t, and won’t be “fixed” by just adding on a few “21st century skills,” as many currently propose (for reasons I will discuss in a minute.) What’s needed is a wholly new and differently-focused curriculum, one that directs our kids’ attention to the skills they really need, and not to areas that all of them need “only some of”; that directs their attention not just to fields such as STEM, but to the skills that underlie success at all fields.
Technology as a “Mask” Many would argue that educators are moving forward in education, by “introducing technology.” Certainly educators are doing this, and it is proceeding with varying, but often accelerating success in many places. The problem though, is that adding technology often masks what we are NOT doing, which is moving forward on curriculum — our deeper, underlying need. “Introducing technology,” like “reforming pedagogy” often gives the appearance of moving forward in educating our youth. But in reality, both are just delivering the old curriculum in new ways.. This is true of almost all the highly-touted new projects: things like Khan Academy and MOOCs, for example — innovative though they may be in some respects — are just new ways of delivering our old curriculum. If done well, introducing technology and reforming pedagogy, can, by themselves, have some positive short-term positive effect on our kids’ education. Long-term, however, those things are only important in addition to making the curricular changes our kids need, certainly not instead of them. Introducing technology and reforming our pedagogy without changing the “core” of what we teach moves our kids’ education very little into the future. In terms of really affecting our kids’ becoming educated, they are, alone, both large wastes of effort and money. I know this to be true because I have been part of both the technology and pedagogy reforms. My first two books were about adding technology (particularly the technology of video games) to education. My next two books are about pedagogy — specifically the switch to Partnering. And in watching those reforms progress (or not progress) I learned this lesson: important as both of those reforms are, they are not the key to a better education. All my experience and instincts tell me the really important problem in education — the one that will, if solved, have by far the most positive impact on the world’s kids — is reforming what we teach. I strongly believe that if we DON’T change what we teach, all the other changes are in vain. So we must stop focusing on changing things that are not the basic problem and then waiting, forlornly, for our kids to get interested in becoming educated. We can do much better. My next two books (currently in progress) — like this article — are about future-oriented education and the curricular reform.
To say that our kids do not have to do this — that it is not the best way to prepare them for the world — rankles, often big time. Influenced by our own experience (and perhaps our former teachers’ admonitions) we see math, language arts, science and social studies as important in themselves — rather than as the “proxies” they really are. We, today’s adults, therefore have a great deal of trouble letting these “once-core” subjects go.
The World Has Moved On But the world has moved on since today’s adults were educated. We have gone, in only a short time, from the last Pre-Internet generation to the first Internet generation. And — difficult as it may be for some to accept (since we worked so hard to acquire them) — many skills that were hugely important to the pre-Internet generations are now less useful in the world. “Cursive handwriting,” “computation by hand” and “knowing details” are just the beginning of what kids no longer need. But of course they need other things. As society evolves, our curricular needs change. No longer does a person have to know Greek and Latin, or have memorized long passages and tables to either be considered “educated” or to succeed in most fields, as they once did. But many other human skills — long known-about but not part of formal education— have now come to be recognized as crucial for our kids’ future. Action skills, relationship skills and accomplishment skills are among the most important of these “formerly-missing-and-now-recognized –as-necessary” skills. But “official” curriculum is slow to catch up, and today our curriculum is way behind the world. This is partly because of the rapid growth of technology, which many can see, but it is even more because, as technology increases many of our capabilities, there is a concomitant need for more and better “human” skills (something that is often less obvious).
Of course, in some parts of the world things are different. There are still places where the power does go down often. But the global trend is clear. Many of the arguments against curricular change are about culture — many people fear losing theirs. But we need to separate “cultural retention” for our kids from what global education requires for them. We must learn to help kids learn to appreciate the cultures they came from without keeping them in the past. We must also understand that no one is suggesting we should drop the “old” subjects entirely, but only that we change the “core” of what we require every student to go though. Math, language arts, science and social studies are still there — and will always be — for every student who needs or wants them. What I am arguing for is putting those subjects lower down in our priorities for all kids, and not requiring the same amount of them for everyone.
New Basics, and a New World K-12 Curriculum The issue is that today’s math, language arts, science and social studies curriculum — overstuffed as it is — is far too narrow cope with today’s world. Because of our world’s huge transformation trends — to VUCA, to accelerating change, to extended brains, and to everyone being networked together — we require a new set of “basics” to teach all our kids. What we need is a curriculum that is NOT based just on tradition, or on the past skills of math, language arts, science and social studies surrounded by a limited number of “21st century skills,” but rather a curriculum based on what is our kids need to be successful in the future. Today’s curriculum, designed for an earlier time, cannot provide this — certainly not for everyone. Bear in mind that to design a better curriculum we do NOT have to totally abandon the past — certain math, language arts, science and social studies, of course, ARE still important and can be retained. The issue is, rather, that in our new world, the old skills and subjects are not required in the same way by everybody. And, at the same time, there are far more important skills—many of which are currently not part of our education—that are required by all. A great many fundamental and long-known-about human skills that we don’t now include in our curriculum need to be brought back to the forefront for the future.
What if, instead of organizing our education at the top level by the four subjects of math, language arts, science and social studies — and measuring and evaluating our kids only on them (e.g. “How good are you in math? What’s your verbal SAT score?” “What is your country’s PISA ranking in science?”) — we chose a different framework for our education. Suppose we were to organize education—comprehensively from kindergarten to secondary—around four very different “top-level” subjects. What if we organized education around the key things that are actually important to the success of every person in the world? I believe, that if we did this, those four subjects would be the following: Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment Those are the top-level skills that people — any people — need to be good at to have a useful and successful life — no matter what their location, work or interests. “What do you mean by ‘effective’?” you many well ask. The adjective is there, for me, not as a definition (effective takes a huge variety of different forms) but rather as a distinguisher from “ineffective.” Most of us have learned to recognize the distinction between effective and ineffective — although often it’s difficult. As part of their education, our young people need as much practice as we can give them in doing so. So — with the qualifier of “effective” — thinking, acting, relating and accomplishing are the four main subjects of this new curriculum. All students “take” them as their four main subjects for 13 years. They are what students get assessed and graded in. And unlike the subjects of today, the names of those toplevel subjects — Thinking, Acting, Relating and Accomplishing — make it very clear to the students what their education is about, what they should become better at, and on what criteria they will be evaluated.
The fourth main subject, “Effective Accomplishment” consists of doing projects in the real world. Small, or local projects and group and individual accomplishments in the early years, and larger, eventually worldwide, projects and accomplishments in later years. The categories of projects will depend on the interests and passions of the particular students, the needs of the community and world, and the skills teachers feel it is in the best interest of individual students to acquire or improve. It can be easily seen that most of the above sub-topics are not today covered, either systematically or at all, in almost any school. It should also be noted that even all of the so-called “21st century skills” proposed comprise only a small fraction of the skills kids need to learn, as do other proposed frameworks such as the so-called “4c’s” (Communication, Collaboration, Creativity and Critical Thinking). What About Today’s Subjects?
Just as every student, today, is better at some subjects than at others, each student will have a somewhat different profile of new curriculum strengths. Knowing whether you are a person who is best at thinking — or at acting — or at building and maintaining relationships — or at accomplishing things in the real world, is far more meaningful than knowing you are better at doing math, language arts, science or social studies. This is certainly true for each student, but it’s also true for their potential employers. Understanding someone’s relative strengths in the areas of thinking, action, relating and accomplishing is really how we all, in our heads, evaluate people. One’s grades in math, language arts, science and social studies — and even one’s personal recommendations and portfolio evaluations — are just more “proxies,” and supporting evidence, for what we really want to know about kids — i.e. how well they think, act, relate and accomplish.
Even if you agree that mastering, to the best of your ability, Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment is truly what’s important for success, and you further agree that those four subjects would be good candidates to replace math, language arts, science and social studies at the top level of our curriculum (with the old subjects offered differently to different students) several questions might come to your mind. For one, how central do reading and writing remain? They have been the foundations and underpinning of our curriculum for centuries, and they remain foundational. But it is important to realize two things: Reading and writing are no longer the only foundations. Text is no longer “all.” Technology, especially in the form of video and voice connections, is quickly becoming equally foundational. “Video is the new text,” says consultant mark Anderson.
Critical Thinking Mathematical Thinking Scientific Thinking Creative Thinking Problem-Solving Inquiry Skills Argument Skills Design Thinking Systems Thinking Judgment Aesthetics Habits of mind Self-knowledge of one’s own passions and strengths.
to all are reading and mathematical thinking. More recently scientific thinking, critical thinking and problem-solving may also be included in this group. But all of the other “thinking” skills, including the extremely important skills of design thinking, systems thinking, judgment, aesthetics, habits of mind, and self-knowledge of one’s own passions and strengths (and, of course, others), are NOT taught systematically as part of our curriculum. And even those areas that are taught are often approached more in terms of “content” than of “thinking.” A result of this approach is that today many of our college teachers complain, frequently that “ I have to teach my students to think.” But college not the time to be starting this — it is probably too late for most. Our kids should be spending a much larger portion of their K-12 time learning, systematically, to think effectively. So “Thinking Effectively” should be a top-level subject for every student. But thinking, you might ask, about WHAT? Many academics argue that thinking has to be “domaingrounded,” and, while there are differences of opinion on the subject, they may very well be right. But which domain doesn’t matter, as long as kids learn to do their thinking well. All of the fundamentals of good thinking can be learned by considering situations and problems in whatever area is of interest to each individual student. There are some things, of course, that we would like all of our kids to think about—ethics, and forms of government, for example. But there are I believe many fewer of these than most think. A key principle in education should be “General skills for all, individual examples for each student.” For example, I recently heard of a math course that begins by analyzing mathematically the question “Am I popular.” While this is important to many young people, other students might have their own questions to analyze mathematically. And all of those same questions can also be analyzed in many other ways as well. So we do not need a textbook full of “officially” “appropriate” or “relevant” problems, because any problem of appropriate scope and level can be used to teach the components of effective thinking. We will never run out of these. The positive result of doing this is that we would focus our students’ attention far less on the subject matter, and far more on the way they approached thinking about it. After taking “Effective Thinking” for 13 years, students would come out able to think effectively about almost any problem or issue in multiple ways — wearing, as Edward DeBono puts it, multiple “hats” or “thinking caps.” Our young people would also be able to recognize which types of thinking were ineffective in particular situations, something that today’s kids are not, for the most part, focused on or good at. So we certainly can — and I believe we must — teach the crucial subject area of “Effective Thinking” more specifically, more systematically, and better than we do today in our curriculum.. But another big part of our educational problem today is that most curricula are ONLY about “thinking.” Other huge domains that are crucial for life and success — particularly acting, relating and accomplishing — are almost entirely missing.
But not in this new curriculum. Effective Action Everyone is familiar with people who know lots of things, but can’t do much. One good reason for this is that we hardly ever teach — or don’t teach — effective action in school. But we certainly could. Thanks to Stephen Covey, for example, The “Seven Habits of Highly Effective People,” have been known and recognized for over a quarter of a century. What justification can there possibly be for our being aware of these incredibly important habits, yet not teaching them, systematically, to our kids? (The habit are: Begin with the end in mind, Do first things first, Be proactive, Seek first to understand, then to be understood, Think win-win, Synergize, and Sharpen the saw.) Having learned them from his books, I use them every day, and try to regularly practice all of them. Our kids could too —but they generally don’t learn, or practice, these habits in class. Ironically, the Covey Institute has developed a curriculum to teach the habits to students, so we even have good ideas about how to do it. This curriculum is used by some schools. But not by most. components of effective action that we could and should be teaching our kids include Positive Mindset, resilience, “grit,” entrepreneurship, innovation, improvisation, breaking down barriers, project management and more. There are experts — and often already developed curricular units — in almost all of these areas. But they are not part of our standard curriculum. Why not? Here’s just one simple example: We often have our kids read, in kindergarten, (in the U.S. at least) the story of The Little Engine That Could. A useful introduction to positive thinking. But then we don’t systematically follow up and build on this by teaching teach the incredible power of a positive mindset (as shown, for example, in the work of Carol Dweck), for the subsequent 12 school years. Or we say to our kids we want them to be resilient, but we don’t teach them resilience over our entire curriculum, even though it’s a skill acquired largely though practice over time. There exist, around the world, curricula for teaching entrepreneurship and creativity, but few of our K12 schools use them. Few schools, if any, include project management anywhere in what they teach, even though it’s a well-established and highly useful discipline, valuable in any walk of life. Again, we could do this. Doing so would be incredibly helpful to our kids — imagine what they could accomplish if we did.
Many consider building and maintaining effective relationships to be the most important skill a person can possess. Relationships, of course, do often come up in school — in classrooms, in projects and in literature.
Yet how much of our curriculum is devoted to systematically analyzing those relationships, with the goal of making students better at building and maintaining their own effective relationships? The answer is little, if any, despite the fact that the study of relationships is deep and well known. Again, many curricular units on “emotional intelligence” and “social skills” already exist, but are not widely-used. Most teachers do try to help kids deal with one-on-one relationships and issues as they occur in the classroom (although not, generally, as part of the curriculum.) But they could also be helping their students, particularly if it were it in the curriculum, become far more effective at building and maintaining relationships in teams, families, communities, workplaces, and, of course, online. We could also systematically be helping our kids become more effective at skills that help build effective relationships, such as empathy, ethics, politics, citizenship, negotiation, and conflict resolution. Yet again, for almost all of these, there already exist curricula created by various groups. What if we made building and maintaining effective relationship a key pillar of the world’s curriculum?
throughout their K-12 years. If we did this, our kids could leave school not just with a transcript of their grades, but with a resume of what they have accomplished in the world.
What I am proposing here is a curriculum for the future. Yet you may have observed that up until now I have hardly spoken about technology. Why is that? The answer was provided to me, a few years ago, by a high school student, who said: “You guys [i.e. adults] think of technology as tools. We think of it as a foundation —it underlies everything we do.” Technology’s role in the new curriculum is as a foundation — a support for everything we do. The entire curriculum I propose here should be thought of as bathed in, and supported by technology — which, these days, is rapidly and continually improving. This is a similar foundational role, of course, to that provided by reading and writing — also technologies) — or the last several hundred years. That foundation is now giving way to a much broader technological foundation for education. While the four overarching “core” skills of the new curriculum — Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment — remain the same for all students, technology enables each student, every day, to do individualized work on each of those four key skills, as well as to do many old things faster and better. Importantly, however, even though it is a curriculum for the future, the new curriculum does not focus primarily on technology. Its goal, rather, is to use technology — in as powerful and up-to-date a fashion as possible — to help improve our students’ becoming better at Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment.
only our very first baby steps. Technology’s capabilities will continue to improve rapidly. Soon technology will be doing a great job on the content side. But technology can’t, and shouldn’t, do everything in education. For one thing, a great many —perhaps all — of the new skills and sub-skills included in the new curriculum require nuance — nuance that, for now, only a human can provide. Educators must work with technology to assure that the technology does what it can do best — e.g. provide lots of differentiated and individualized examples — and that humans do what they do best, —e.g. help students understand and interpret those examples in all their human complexity We also need good teachers for the extremely important things that technology can’t do at all. These include motivating our students deeply, respecting our students, empathizing with them, and encouraging their individual passions. Motivation, respect, empathy and passion do not — and will not (at least for the foreseeable future) — come from machines. Those are the human traits needed for a successful education. They are the things we require our human teachers to provide. And additionally good teachers are required for teaching our students to teach themselves, deliberately and well, for the rest of their lives, as they will have to do. The training and preparation (and licensing) of teachers for a curriculum organized around Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment, will, of course, have to be different from that of today. Most teachers will no longer be specialists in math, language arts, science and social studies, but rather they will become specialists in the four new top-level areas of: Thinking, Action, Relationships and Accomplishment. You might want to reflect a moment. as a reader, on which of these four new domains YOU might be interested in specializing in and/or teaching. What would draw you there?
Will it work? “Interesting, but will it work?” is something that will be asked by many (by funders especially, but also by educators and parents.) Will it work, importantly, not just in the small sense of raising achievement scores (we would need new tests for this), but in the larger sense of making the world, over time, a better place, with better-educated people. The only honest answer is “we don’t know.” But since our current education is now failing, we need alternatives — something we don’t currently have enough of. There are, however, many reasons for optimism; reasons to think that this new curriculum, or something like it, will work, in some useful sense, for a great many more kids than does today’s curriculum of math, language arts, science and social studies.
Will it work for all? This is proposed as a “curriculum for all.” So a key question is whether this new curriculum will work — and work better — not just for the top ten percent of our kids (almost anything will work for them) but also for the remaining 90 percent, as well as for kids who are not today receiving any formal education at all. Because the strongest arguments for this curriculum are (1) that it is both more useful and (2) that it is passion-based, there are strong indications that it could. In the end, any curriculum is only as good as its implementation, and this is never uniform. Teachers will have to be trained, and become good at implementing this new approach. Education, like democracy, takes many forms, and has implementations that are very different, so, in all likelihood, will this curriculum. It is imperative that we do think about and try new approaches to our curriculum — approaches that are different and more suited to our world and kids of today and tomorrow than the single one we now have. My argument is not that this is the ultimate alternative but, rather, that we need alternatives. This new curriculum is offered in the spirit of this need for experimentation and change.
Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment, acquiring those skills through students’ individual passions, and applying them to life through real-world accomplishments will be a better approach than focusing everyone on math, language arts, science and social studies. One thing we can say with certainty is that this will not harm our kids. It will clearly benefit many — and I believe all.
How to Name It What should this new curriculum, based on Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment, learned and expressed through individual passions and real-world accomplishments be called? I still don’t have the final answer to that question. I have in the past referred to it as “eTARA” (the acronym for Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment) and as ”The UPLIFT Curriculum.” Neither of these is fully satisfying. It may turn out to have many names, depending on who implements it. Whatever it is called, a key role of this new curriculum will be to bring to an end the endless chase for higher grades, and better test scores in the narrow domains of math, language arts, science and social studies. There is no longer a need to chase those false goals, because it is now clear that those “old” subjects are really just proxies for the real supporting skills that lie under them. We must now focus on, and teach our kids the underlying skills directly.
we have new and better measures of where kids are succeeding at the things that really count, our new rankings will look very different.
The Goal of Education Underlying our need to change the curriculum is a new—or revised—understanding, not just of our changed context, but of what education is for in our society—what its goal is. If asked “What is the goal of education?” many would answer it is “learning.” “Learning” is what we try measure in our assessments. We often refer to our students as “learners.” Almost all the books found in the “education section” of bookstores today — online and off — are about some type or method of “learning.” But learning is NOT the real goal of education — certainly not any more. Today “learning” is only a MEANS to the real goal of education, which is “BECOMING”: becoming a good, capable, and flexible person, who will help make the world a better place. “Becoming” is — or should be — the real goal of education in the world, the goal we pass on to our children. And until everyone realizes this, accepts it, and acts on it, much of the huge amount of time and money the world now spends on education will remain, essentially, wasted. It is my great hope is that by moving to something like the new curriculum described here, and by focusing our young people, therefore, on the “true” basics of Effective Thinking, Effective Action, Effective Relationships and Effective Accomplishment, acquired through individual passions and applied to helping the world — rather than focusing kids on what we teach kids today — the world will take giant steps toward the goal of effectively educating all its people — and, therefore, towards making the world a better place for all of us, and our posterity, to live.
Report "The World Needs a New Curriculum" | 2019-04-24T08:36:21Z | https://kipdf.com/the-world-needs-a-new-curriculum_5b38c420097c4793168b45ce.html |
Nearly twenty years ago, 3Com Corporation launched a new industry by developing the first technology for networking personal computers. Today, 3Com is a company that maintains its leadership role with innovative solutions spanning the scope of communications. From the global enterprise to the neighborhood business, from the Internet point of presence to the home office, 3Com systems and products put computing resources within easy reach of millions of users worldwide. 3Com combines cutting edge research and development with world-class manufacturing facilities, and international service and support.
It began with the seed of an idea.
In 1902, the heartland needed folks to embrace new advances in agriculture.
But leaders with open minds, strong hearts and willing hands weren’t in abundance.
By empowering the next generation to lead, 4/H took root.
Grew kids who are confident and strong.
And capable enough to find the answer.
Who stick to a job until the job gets done.
4/H has kept right on growing.
And giving back moves entire communities forward.
When you think about it, it makes sense that we began with farming.
Welcome to Advantage Technology Incorporated and to the excitement and challenges of a growing business. As a new employee, your job is important to us. Your success is an important factor in the success of this company. This software is designed to offer you accurate information about company policies and procedures, benefit packages, performance reviews, training, and education opportunities.
Advantech offers a complete selection of full height, fault resilient rack mount and wallmount chassis for mission critical applications. A complete range of compact, fanless, and rugged embedded box computers offer a simple, modularized design for any environment.
The benefits and services available to you as a member of the Select Choice plan have been designed with your personal health in mind. Our goal is to provide you and your family with convenient, comprehensive health services, and to protect you from the high cost of both routine preventive care and major illness. Please keep your Select Choice Member Card with you. The number on the card is your member number. You may be asked this number when seeking services from Select Choice providers, and when calling Aetna Health Plans with questions relating to your coverage.
As health care costs have escalated, so has the demand for AFLAC's products. To meet that need, we have continued to develop new insurance products and to enhance existing policies. At the same time, we have expanded our distribution system of agencies and sales associates. We have also aggressively promoted the AFLAC brand through effective advertising.
Congratulations, you just bought Allstate Homeowners Insurance. And now, if your home or property suffers a covered loss or is damaged, you'll be covered, and that's a good feeling. However there are some things that can't be replaced, so that's why it's is important to prevent these damages from occurring in the first place. Here, you'll learn what steps you can take to make your home safe and secure.
• How secure do you feel about the future of your job?
• Could you use some additional income?
• Are you completely debt-free?
• Would you like more time with your family?
• If you were disabled today, could you maintain your lifestyle for 6 months?
• Are you saving enough for your children’s or grandchildren’s education?
• Are you living in the house and the neighborhood of your dreams?
• Are you secure for a retirement of comfort?
• Earn unlimited income with flexible working hours.
• Get paid in the future for the work you do now.
• Work from home and spend more time with your family and friends.
• Take control of your financial future and inspire others.
Sound good? Then let me tell you about an income opportunity like no other.
• that can offer you the greatest Opportunity for success.
Our company's vision is focused on your success.
Amica Life Insurance Company was incorporated in 1968 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Amica Mutual Insurance. Our goal was to further broaden the types of financial protection available to Amica policyholders. We believe in a consistent, conservative philosophy of investment, which translates into a strong and stable company for our policyholders. Amica Life has never invested in real estate, mortgages, or junk bonds. Over 98% of the company’s bonds are investment grade. Careful selection and underwriting of business have resulted in extremely low mortality experience and claims costs.
We believe Amica policyholders are well-informed individuals capable of making their own decisions. We sell life insurance with a no-pressure approach. Our job is to guide policyholders to the type and amount of insurance that will provide the necessary protection. We strive to provide quality, value-oriented products. Our salaried representatives are trained to help you answer life insurance questions. You can count on receiving the same consistent, high level of service that has distinguished the Amica name.
Apple Computer began with a simple idea: That the power of computing should be available and accessible to everyone. On that premise, the personal computer revolution was launched. Our vision of empowering the individual remains the driving force behind Apple, and we continue to deliver information tools that enhance the way people work, learn, and play. Apple has grown by broadening its scope beyond the desktop computer to encompass software, printers and peripherals, portable computers, and beyond. Apple's products are designed to work the way people do, allowing them to creatively explore and share ideas. This innovative approach has resulted in the sale of more than 20 million APPLE MACINTOSH systems.
Millions of people are diagnosed with cancer every year. This disease hampers the prospects of many for a long and full life. At Aventis, we offer innovative drugs for the treatment of common cancers, such as breast or lung. Our scientists are utilizing new technologies, including gene therapy and immunology to develop new agents for the treatment of other cancers, such as head, neck and gastric. At Aventis, our goal is to develop more effective treatments for cancer; ones that give people a better chance to make their dreams come true.
Everyone wants to live life freely. Unfortunately, for more than 5 million people around the world that’s just not possible. Simple movement that most of us take for granted is quite painful to them. They suffer from rheumatoid arthritis. At Aventis, one of the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies, our scientists are combining their in-depth know-how with new technologies to develop more innovative anti-rheumatic treatments. One of our most important goals is to fight the causes of rheumatoid arthritis, not only its symptoms – so that people are free to enjoy whatever moves them.
When you first open a Client Interaction, you will be on the Identification Page. This is the default page for all client interactions. Please confirm the following information – Client Name, Date of Birth, and Social Security Number – before continuing.
As you have learned, the easiest and most efficient way to open a New Customer Session is to swipe the customer’s pin card. If the customer does not have their pin card, you can use their Checking or Savings Account number – but you must also ask for additional identification.
In this example, you’ll explore the structure of Trades. First you’ll click through set of real portfolios. Then you’ll open a new window showing the first level in the portfolio hierarchy. Click ‘Structure’ to open the details.
Baxter Industries has made significant progress since it announced last November a series of strategic actions to reduce costs, improve shareholder value, and extend its leadership position worldwide. The actions address the dramatic changes underway in the U.S. health-care system, and accelerate growth of the company’s medical-technology businesses worldwide. Baxter has reorganized its U.S. sales force into cross-divisional, regional teams. This customer-driven initiative establishes a sales structure that mirrors the emerging health-care networks, and a team-selling approach that provides customers with one primary point of contact.
The cost pressures on Baxter’s U.S. hospital customers translate directly to the company as the country’s largest distributor of medical products. Baxter’s U.S. medical-products sales make up about half of the company’s total sales volume. But the changing environment also offers opportunities, in part because Baxter has invested heavily in the last three years in programs to help hospitals reduce their costs. Cumulatively, these programs saved U.S. hospitals more than $200 million last year. Baxter has more products than any other supplier.
Variety, velocity, and volume of data are growing exponentially. 80% of data is now from "unstructured" sources. Email, webpages, documents, multimedia, and social media are all contributing to the data tornado that you're struggling to maintain, manage and mine for value.
Helitech has and remains to be an industry leader in foundation repair and waterproofing solutions to residential homeowners for over 25 years. While they’ve expanded into 5 states, their still a family owned business that takes pride in providing long term, quality solutions to every homeowner.
Business today is all about communications. Needless to say, a single networked imaging device is not always the best way to facilitate that communication-especially if you plan to grow your business. That's why we offer a full range of intelligent Multi Function Center solutions designed to optimize the productivity of any person or department in your company. More than print, fax, copy and scan, we have some models with features like duplexing, networkability and expandable paper tray capability.
Your online business is growing. That’s a good thing. But as orders increase, so do the bottlenecks in business processes. To keep growing, you need to do a better job at managing inventory, processing & fulfilling orders and keeping your customers happy – all while expanding into new channels.
Creating innovative, high-performance golf equipment is a challenge. It calls for a profound understanding of the game and those who play it. It requires intelligence, imagination and deep R&D resources, and above all, it demands a relentless commitment to be the best. You have to resist following and insist on leading. That’s what Callaway does.
Citi turns 200 this year.
So why should that be of any interest to you?
There have been some good days and some difficult ones.
But through it all we’ve persevered, supporting some of the biggest ideas in modern history.
And the Panama Canal that made our world a smaller place.
We supported the Marshall Plan that helped Europe regain its strength, and pioneered the ATM so you can get cash when you want it.
It’s been our privilege to back ideas like these and the leaders behind them.
So why should our anniversary matter to you?
Because for 200 years we’ve been helping people and their ideas move from ambition to achievement.
And the next great idea could be yours.
Cities are increasingly becoming recognized as the locus of economic and social development. The world has reached a tipping point, where half the world's population is already living in cities. Nearly 2 billion new urban residents are expected in the next 20 years, 90% of them in developing countries.
Millions of pounds of good, edible food are thrown away each year by New York City food businesses. At the same time, an estimated 1.5 million people are hungry, one third of them children. City Harvest is the link between those who have so much and those who have too little. City Harvest is committed to feeding hungry people in New York City using a variety of innovative, practical and cost-effective methods. Our primary approach is to rescue food that otherwise would be wasted and deliver it to those who serve the hungry. City Harvest strives to be a model for others to fight hunger in their communities.
What started in 1941, as a single hot dog cart in Los Angeles, with first-day receipts of $14.75- has grown to one of the largest companies in the United States, operating and franchising quick-service restaurants with systemwide sales that topped $3.16 billion last year. Today, CKE Restaurants, Inc., based in Santa Barbara, Calif., operates the Hardee's and Carl's Jr. brands through its subsidiaries, franchisees and licensees.
From it's rich heritage, Coach continues to maintain the highest standards for materials and workmanship. Coach’s exceptional work force remains committed to carefully upholding the principles of quality and integrity that define the company. We attribute the prominence of the Coach brand to the unique combination of our original American attitude and design, our heritage of fine leather goods and custom fabrics, our superior product quality and durability and our commitment to customer service.
Let's get started with an overview of conflicts of interest. The simplest way to understand conflicts of interests, is to remember that we all have a duty always act in the interests of the company, and NOT for our own personal benefit. Do not enter into situations where your actions might create a conflict, either actual OR potential, between personal gain, and company obligations. These are called 'Conflicts of Interest." If a conflict of interest arises, please disclose it immediately and let others decide how to proceed.
Corporate training videos often deliver confusing messages, or simply bore employees. It doesn’t have to be that way. In the next hour, you’ll learn all you need to know to produce a corporate training video that'll both entertain and educate.
All of us here at DataPlex welcome you to our website in which we attempt to distill the essence of what we are all about ... helping our customers improve their use of disparate, complex and ever-changing technologies. In a nutshell, we increase their "tech worth" by evolving, integrating or expanding their existing systems and by strategically deploying new, state-of-the-art platforms.
Davidson Inc. is a leading publisher and distributor of multimedia software for both the home and school markets. The company is internationally renowned for its award-winning consumer titles, such as the Blaster series, which has sold over 3 million copies. In the school market, Davidson is best known for interactive multimedia systems including Story Club, English Express, and the upcoming Vital Links. Vital Links is a multimedia U.S. history system for the middle grades being developed by Davidson, Addison-Wesley, and the Los Angeles County Office of Education via a grant from the states of California, Florida, and Texas.
What you need to know. In 2008, the dominant customers in the U.S. and the world will be consumers age 50 and older. Regardless of your industry or sector, you could prosper by focusing on these aging consumers and understanding their evolving needs.
change over the years and how your business can serve them best.
Medicine has advanced dramatically over the past 30 years.
In many cases, the medicine of the future is still being tested with the same clinical trial infrastructure used in the 1990s.
Technology has evolved – so why haven’t clinical trials?
Secure digital technology has the potential to improve, enhance, and in some cases reinvent the way clinical trials are conducted.
How does a small, young company beat an industry giant on its own turf?
It works like this: Big players focus on sustaining innovation, upgrading existing products and services to attract higher-paying customers.
Disruptive innovation creates new markets and reshapes existing ones.
To achieve growth in a fast-changing world, you want to be a disruptor. Don’t be disrupted.
The Division of Marketing Practices responds quickly and decisively to the rapidly changing world of fraudulent marketing practices. It enforces federal consumer protection laws by filing actions in federal district court on behalf of the Commission to stop scams; prevent scam artists from repeating their fraudulent schemes in the future; freeze their assets; and obtain compensation for scam victims. The Division also files administrative cases with the Commission to stop these scams.
New Dove Face Essential Nutrients Pillows are revolutionary. Add water, and they foam with a nutrient-enriched lather. The textured side removes dull skin. The other side gently cleans new skin. Leaving your face glowing with health. They're a lot of care in one little package. Learn more at www.dove.com.
Let's transition away from the Design Center and make our way to the Sales Counter. While the visual aspects of the Sales Counter are not going to generate quite as many "wow's" from our customers that the Design Centers will - making sure they are kept clean and organized is very important to appealing to our customer's perception that frequent the Sales Counter - namely the Contractors. The Counter Sales staff need to be diligent about keeping the counters themselves cleared and neat. Point of Purchase displays are supplied with important information and should only be placed in appropriate locations on the counter. Making sure the floors are kept clean and free of debris - especially since the warehouse is very near the Sales Counter - also requires diligence. Stocked merchandise placed around the Sales Counter like caulk displays, Care and Maintenance products, tools and accessories as well as transition strips all need to be kept properly stocked and neatly organized. Most of the orders are placed at the Sales Counter and as a result most of the payments get processed there as well. We need to make sure those areas where that kind of money is handled are kept clean.
Our compensation plan is designed to support our vision, values, and growth objectives. This plan allows us to win and retain key talent to support our growth and help us best succeed as an organization. The key to our compensation package is performance. We pay people differently based on their individual skills, experience, and performance, as well as company results.
Enron Corp., the world’s leading natural gas company, today put its Teesside power plant into full commercial operation and brought itself one step closer to becoming the world’s first natural gas major. Brought in on time, on budget, and with record-setting speed, the gas-fired cogeneration plant is producing 1,875 megawatts of electricity and steam for customers across the U.K. The $1.2 billion facility is by far Enron’s most impressive cogeneration installation to date, although Enron also has other projects in various stages of development elsewhere in the U.K. and Europe, in Central and South America, the Pacific Rim, Asia, and the United States.
Finding new ways to solve environmental problems is nothing new to us. In fact, that’s how we got started. Thirty years ago, we were [Environmental Defense was] just a small group of friends living on Long Island. Lawyers and scientists by profession, we were united by a shared concern for the natural world. When we learned that beautiful birds, who had graced our island for centuries, were suddenly unable to reproduce, we knew we had to do something.
Fashion you relish. Quality you expect. Service you can depend on. Furnishings you can afford. Choices galore. This is the colorful image of Ethan Allen we want consumers to know. The wide spectrum of our image is expressed in many ways: through our galleries, our advertising, and our team of professionals who represent Ethan Allen. But is our image clearly visible to consumers? How can we ensure that Ethan Allen’s true colors shine through? Building a strong image that withstands the test of time takes imagination, innovation, and participation. Those who have succeeded in maintaining a colorful, appealing image have followed a simple rule.
In 1994, Ethyl entered into a long-term supply agreement with The Associated Octel Company Limited of London, under which Octel provides Ethyl with lead compounds. The contract with Octel allowed Ethyl to cease all production of lead compounds. At the same time, Ethyl is distributing for Octel any of its lead compounds that are shipped in bulk using Ethyl’s excellent worldwide shipping, storage, and delivery system. The use of lead continues to be phased down in world markets, with the increasing reliance on automotive emission-control technology requiring unleaded fuel.
Market forces reshaping the petroleum additives industry underlie several important trends. As original equipment manufacturers strive to comply with emissions and fuel-economy regulations, they issue more stringent and frequently changing new-product performance specifications. Resulting trends include demand for technically superior, higher quality, better-performing, and environmentally safer fuels and lubricants; shorter product life cycles; further globalization of the industry and its downstream OEM and oil-company customers. Two other forces exert pressures on profitability and result in downsizing.
After completing your timesheet, hit the Next button and the Expense Report screen appears. This screen allows you to add any expenses that you might have incurred during your current timesheet. Mileage and expenses can be changed by hitting the plus and minus buttons.
For a manufacturer: Visibility, Performance and Predictability are paramount to success.
But how do industry professionals in sewn products manufacturing meet the challenges of reducing cycle times, increasing productivity, and delivering greater quality at lower costs?
And before it you must kneel.
and pay you with a promise.
And you want to make it work.
But we’ll put it out of reach.
The Market’s going to crash.
So we need to hoard some cash.
So we’ll get the working stiff to post our massive bail.
And foreclose on their their homes.
Is none of our concern.
Cause we’re just too big to fail.
For over 100 years Florian Papp has offered only the finest antiques and works of art, which covers a multitude of periods and styles from around the world. Browse our web site. They are updated regularly, and contain all of our pieces as well as recent acquisitions. We value the craftsmanship and design of centuries past, and we make it available to you with a little help from the future.
1201.3.2. Application and Fee Deposit. Application for a Permit for moving a building or structure shall be in writing on a form prescribed by the Building Official and in accordance with approved City procedures. Each application shall be accompanied by a Permit fee of one hundred dollars ($100.00) and a deposit of one hundred dollars ($100.00) for cost of processing the application in accordance with this section. If the application results in a Permit being issued, the one hundred dollars ($100.00) shall be refunded, but the one hundred dollars ($100.00) cost deposit shall be retained to cover cost of processing the application and no portion of the one hundred dollars ($100.00) cost deposit shall be refunded to the applicant.
On large industrial sites, many sources of 2D & 3D information co-exist and are used by specialist software and suitably skilled users.
Engineers and maintenance departments need to be able to rely on as-built data like Terrestrial Laser Scans, 3D Models, Panoramic images and annotations.
- and with a higher level of quality.
Field data is acquired and validated in a continuous process by the 3D measurement service.
SITE-SPOT is designed for frequent updates and accommodates your laser scan history.
Authorized users are able to navigate through the 3D virtual environment.
Clever tools create value by simplifying daily operational processes.
- additionally, users have access to an advanced query system to select and view model data in both 2D and 3D.
Join some of the leading industrial sites in the world by improving your digital asset information with SITE-SPOT. Visit fugrositespot.com for more information and request a demonstration.
Although the controlled use of ionizing radiation is widespread and highly beneficial, employees may regard its potential for harm too casually. Most exposures are harmless, but above certain levels, ionizing radiation can be very dangerous.
The purpose of this video is to increase your knowledge of ionizing radiation and to help you develop safe work habits. When working with ionizing radiation technology, you’re the person most responsible for your safety.
If you're watching this you might be dealing with some kind of computer problem; Networking issues, a virus your afraid to touch, a piece of software that refuses to install. Whatever it is; it stinks. But we have some good news. You can get this problem taken care of and prevent problems still to come with your own personal Geek Squad Agent on call 24/7. It’s called Geek Squad Tech support and it will cover three PCs, Macs, or Tablets no matter where you bought them.
In 1997, The Gillette Company embarked upon an extraordinary path when it awarded a gift of five million dollars to a strategic joint venture of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and the Massachusetts General Hospital to establish The Gillette Centers for Women’s Cancers at Dana-Farber/Partners Cancer Care. The Gillette gift, which is not just for bricks and mortar, is an investment in fundamental research and innovative therapies for early detection, prevention, and cure of women’s cancers. This investment is meant to serve families well beyond the Boston area, and it is the Company’s hope that when the cure for women’s cancers is found, it will be the result of the world-class research being conducted at The Gillette Centers for Women’s Cancers.
Zantac was the largest selling pharmaceutical product in the world for the seventh consecutive year. Revenue growth of 20% was achieved during the year, aided by the development of alternative dosage forms and new indications. Its contribution to total group sales remained unchanged at 44%. The treatment of milder forms of peptic acid disease offers a further growth opportunity for Zantac. Our recently announced intention to form a joint venture with Warner-Lambert Company to develop, seek approval for, and market over-the-counter (OTC) versions of Glaxo prescription medicines should enable the value of Zantac in the market sector to be realized.
Google Analytics gives you rich insights into your website’s traffic and marketing effectiveness. Powerful, flexible, and easy-to-use features let you reach your customers in entirely new ways.
Forging our future requires the courage to explore new dimensions. And to increase our competitive advantage, Greiner’s management is focusing its energies on developing the firm’s capabilities in emerging new markets. Specifically, we have chosen three areas which we believe will have the greatest potential for financial and technological gain. These are multi-model transportation facilities, the Asian marketplace, and public/private transportation ventures. Within this anual report, you will see some of the strides we have made in developing these markets and see the magnitude of these new dimensions and the potential they represent for future growth.
Right now you're facing one of the most important decisions you'll make for your company. Choosing the right retirement benefits for employees can be difficult even for the most experienced business person. With so much on the line, it's important to select a company like Hartford Life Insurance Company. We have the experienced people who can help simplify the complexities of a qualified plan, a well-designed program to make sponsoring a retirement plan easy, including an array of investment choices with solid performance histories - all at a very competitive price.
When you choose to team up with Hartford Life, you'll get our trademark service excellence. We'll provide you and your employees world class investment choices, customer service, and education materials. We offer your Pension Administrator electronic links to your participant-level investment data easily and efficiently.
We'd like to deliver for you as well, so we're pleased to present this proposal for our premier defined contribution program. Our program offers the solid foundation you would expect from an industry leader: a wide array of investment choices, customer service support, timely and accurate recordkeeping and reporting, the latest technology, including internet access, effective employee communication and competitive pricing.
One of the most important measures in physics is velocity.
Velocity is not just speed – it is the speed of an object in a calculated direction. Precise. Focused. Razor sharp.
Velocity is… power in motion.
At HealthyPlace.com, we believe the more you understand about Schizophrenia, the more likely you are to get the full benefit of treatment. We want to help you learn as much as you can about this devastating illness and to offer you the support you need to begin treatment.
With HighFi, IT teams program networks in real-time to ensure the highest quality for business apps. IT operations serve ever-growing number of devices without worry, by predicting network issues before they actually happen. By adapting to the ever-changing nature of all things connected, IT security offers the best defense for BYOD and IoT.
As we embark on our next one hundred years we reflect on the moment.
A moment that belongs to each of us.
It’s in this moment that we might choose to step forward.
A call that rings out inside each of us.
into who we could be.
One century ago our founders listened.
And they heard a thunderous pulse so clear.
Here at Hoechst Celanese, we make chemicals. The chemicals we make are used in turn by other companies to make the products we come in contact with every day. Hello, I'm (insert name), and for the next few minutes, we're going to take a look at just some of the many ways Hoechst Celanese Chemical Group's products are used to make the things that touch our lives. We all know that matter is made up of tiny particles called molecules. Every drop contains about a quadrillion billion molecules. In turn, molecules are made up of atoms. Water molecules for instance contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. All molecules have a characteristic shape. For instance, H2O molecules are triangular. What then is a chemical reaction? It is a rearrangement of molecules. When chemicals react, molecules break apart and rearrange, sometimes combining with bits and pieces of other molecules to become new substances. That's what happens to most of the molecules we produce: they're split apart, broken into pieces, and converted into new molecules.
Customer service has always been important at The Home Depot. Without customers there wouldn’t be a Home Depot. Today when we say customers first, we mean helping customers first. Helping people as if they were friends or family. Helping people in a way that builds customer relationships and strengthens our foundation of service.
Introducing First, a blueprint for making excellent service a reality in The Home Depot stores.
First is a specific set of behaviors that tells us how to help customers, it will be part of every customer interaction. First stops talking about service and actually makes it happen. Service that makes customers come back to us year after year. Are you ready?
The first letter of First is F and it means find the customer and help the customer find the product.
Actively seek customers out and take charge of helping them find what they need.
One, find the customer. If you’re not tasking don’t sit back and wait for customers to find you, actively look for and find them.
It’s not often a two-hour ride lasts a lifetime. Talk to most motorcyclists, and they’ll tell you how one ride can get inside of you, and stay with you forever. This same phenomenon happens on another level at every Ride for Kids event. Each ride works to improve the lives of kids who have been diagnosed with childhood brain tumors by raising funds for medical research.
Our progress is encouraging. In 1984, a child diagnosed with a brain tumor was expected to live only five more months. Today, medical advancements have allowed that child to live another three years.
With Honda’s support, more than 10,000 motorcyclists devote their time, money and energy to the Ride for Kids program every year. Yet everyone’s goal of finding the cause of childhood brain tumors, and discovering a cure, remains many rides away. Which is why Honda continues to nurture this program. Because, while the ride lasts only a day, it leaves us with hope that last a lifetime. Honda. The power of dreams.
Like many people, you may have discovered that your place to do business is right in your own backyard. The IBM PS/1 is perfect for you. It runs the software small businesses need. The PS/1 is expandable, so it can grow as your business grows, even outside your home. And because it’s from IBM, it’s compatible with most business computers. But the PS/1 fits into your life, too. It’s remarkably easy to set up and use. Best of all, it comes with the service and support you can only expect from IBM.
The first meeting with the client is more than a get-acquainted session... The business at hand for you at this meeting is not to find out about the subject, but to find out about the videotape itself. Don't be surprised if the client wants to launch right in to talking about the subject. However, this will do you little good until you know about the tape. So as soon as possible, swing the conversation around to the four P's of the videotape: People, Purpose, Presentation, and Production.
It is not a good idea to write the narration first then think up ideas to illustrate it. For one thing, this puts the emphasis on the less effective part of the video and reduces the more effective to a second-class status. Secondly, when explaining things in words, we tend to make our explanations more universal by making them more abstract. Thus, you will put yourself in the difficult position of trying to use moving pictures, the most concrete form of expression, to illustrate abstractions. Let the visuals drive the script and keep everything firmly rooted in the concrete.
Welcome to your innovative future with Infogroup. Infogroup is the fuel behind the growth of thousands of small businesses and over 400 Fortune 500 companies. For over 35 years, we've been helping companies increase sales and customer loyalty through our high value data, market intelligence, and innovative solutions. We're passionate about fueling our clients' business growth, and work tirelessly to help our clients connect and engage with their most valuable audiences. The future has never looked brighter.
For more than five years, the ScanEagle by Insitu has distinguished itself as one of the most capable, cost-effective, and dependable systems available for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance.
Now, with the Integrator, Insitu has created the next generation UAS—combining key strengths of the ScanEagle: Long Endurance, High-Performance, Heavy-fuel propulsion, and Runway Independence (without the risks associated with nets), with technologies enabling a new paradigm in UAS payload capability and operational flexibility.
Built for both the present and the future, the Integrator’s open software architecture is a force multiplier. Standardized electro-mechanical and payload data interfaces provide for rapid integration and deployment of large single or multiple payloads. With multi-mission capability in a single aircraft, the Integrator can be configured to handle the most complex operations with a single sortie—imaging, intelligence, tracking, communication relay, all independently or in concert. Flexibility that allows the operator to adapt, overcome, and succeed in the most dynamic mission environments.
With Integrator, technology makes the difference and Insitu leads the way.
Integrators suite of Insitu payloads is another example of focused technology benefiting the mission. The single turret’s electro optical and dual infrared sensors provide critical imagery, night and day, while adding ranging and visible cueing to forces on the ground. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) enables broad-area searches by imagery analysts, to detect man-made objects obscured to the naked eye. —all can be deployed on the Integrator. Just as critical is the direct support to those who need it most: Cutting-edge communications payloads securely relay tactical information and provide encrypted digital video to a forward unit’s Rover 4 or Rover 5 remote video terminal.
Insitu has been the class leader in heavy-fuel propulsion, fielding in theatre successfully since early 2008. Integrator carries forward this tradition of excellence and leading from the front with its electronic fuel injected heavy fuel engine. Now in flight trials, this powerplant reduces logistics footprint and costs by use of a common commodity fuel. EFI/HFE also improves reliability and performance by utilizing a controlled and standardized fuel, implementing finer engine control and health monitoring via EFI, and creating an engine that dynamically adapts to its operating environment.
Cutting-edge technology makes the Integrator by Insitu the most versatile UAS in its class—prepared today for land and maritime expeditions around the globe.
The Integrator by Insitu—advanced technology to support your mission.
You enrich the lives of others. You spark love, hope and pride. You touch the world around you in many subtle, yet enduring ways. You may not think your life is extraordinary. We do. Inspire is our tribute to the extraordinary strength and spirit of today’s woman. We know. From our 105 years of making women beautiful. This video will cover a wide array of services our company offers. To begin, Inspire’s fragrance line is radiant, with jasmine and jonquil from the south of France.
The world’s first tubing-free insulin pump, the ********insulin pump System is discreet and durable, wireless and incredibly easy to use.
With just two user-friendly parts that communicate wirelessly, the ********************************* simplifies insulin pump therapy. The waterproof Pod integrates the pumping mechanism, cannula, needle, and insulin reservoir into one wearable unit. The PDM (Personal Diabetes Manager) wirelessly programs insulin delivery, calculates suggested doses, and has a convenient, built-in ***********blood glucose meter.
Two decades of applications experience have combined to produce the Series 9000, the first automatic inspection system to offer camera or laser sensors. Now, in a single system, you have a choice in the type of technology best suited to your application. These include 100% inspection at full line speeds, real time alarms and reporting, stored product codes, data link to other computers and networks, computer-controlled thresholds, tandem configurations, multiple sensors for wide webs, programmable Cross-Direction Lanes with dead zones, edge tracking for product wander, and optional streak detection processor.
Intense 22 Fitness offers a highly efficient system of exercise developed from scientific research rather than the latest trends. Our scientifically designed exercise protocol uses computer monitored exercise equipment and a state of the art body composition analysis machine, as well as our own highly advanced online nutritional program and cutting edge nutritional products. You will find everything you need at Intense 22 Fitness to achieve your health and fitness goals. Intense 22 Fitness. A Personal Training Experience.
Every year, companies around the world spend in excess of thirty billion dollars on market and consumer research. Companies like Nielsen, Kantar, IMS, Gfk, ipsos and Synovate have become global knowledge powerhouses by conducting research into consumer behavior for more than 60 years.
The thirty billion dollar research industry is driven by the need for information. Information about consumers, how they act, what they like, when they spend, how they shop and why they think the way they do has led to an insatiable need for information. The more data, the more accurate the data, and the more intelligence that can be derived, the more valuable the information. Consumer surveys, mystery shoppers and casual human observation provide brief glimpses into the psyche of the consumer.
When you add ISA Promotion in Motion to your brand’s marketing mix, you’ll reach more customers and move more product than with any other in-store communications vehicle. And you’ll gain an important and immediate edge on your competition to help build brand share. To demonstrate just how effective a promotional tool our electronic signs are, we hired an independent research firm to conduct a six-month pilot test and measure the effectiveness of our in-store electronic displays. Here’s what happened: on average, thirty-six brands participating in ISA Promotion in Motion increased their sales by a whopping 31% over the six-month test.
Now more than ever, companies need to inspire their business-critical audiences. They need to reach out to customers and give their employees a sense of purpose. And sensitive frequent and effective communication is the key.
At Jack Morton Worldwide, we create experiences that inspire customers and employees. Face-to-face meetings and events. Web and satellite broadcasts. Corporate and retail environments. Experiences that increase understanding, loyalty, performance and results. Our mission is to inspire your business community. We offer our expertise, our global network and our support.
Helped by a $90 billion government stimulus package, the performance of Japan’s stock market has been spectacular in the past 12 months, nailing down a 40% return for investors. Bid Japan sayonara? Not according to Stephen Silverman, head of the Merrill Lynch Pacific Fund, which has scored a 546% total return over the past ten years. That makes it the champ of all mutual funds. Silverman, a former U.S. Marine Corps first lieutenant who commanded a missile battery, keeps about 65% of his assets in Japan, with the rest scattered throughout Asia. He tells Fortune’s Joshua Mendes which Japanese investment targets he has in his sights.
Welcome. The John F. Kennedy Library and Museum is dedicated to the memory of our nation's thirty-fifth President, and to all those, who through the art of politics, seek a new and better world. Our purpose is to advance the study and understanding of President Kennedy's life and career and the times in which he lived; and to promote a greater appreciation of America's political and cultural heritage, the process of governing and the importance of public service. We accomplish our mission by: • preserving and making accessible the records of President Kennedy and his times; • promoting open discourse on critical issues of our own time; and • educating and encouraging citizens to contribute, through public and community service, to shaping our nation's future.
Many people quickly assume that being a good leader means you're a good manager and vice versa. The two concepts are actually quite distinct and understanding that distinction can help you understand what it means to be good at either or good at both.
Leadership is setting the tone of an organization; the broad objectives and long term goals will come from the leader, and then managers need to execute on a plan to attain them. Leadership is not necessarily getting caught up in all the details but rather setting the plan and inspiring people to follow them.
Many people quickly assume that being a good leader means you're a good manager and vice versa. The two concepts are actually quite distinct and understanding that distinction can help you understand what it means to be good at either or good at both.Leadership is setting the tone of an organization; the broad objectives and long term goals will come from the leader, and then managers need to execute on a plan to attain them. Leadership is not necessarily getting caught up in all the details but rather setting the plan and inspiring people to follow them.
Welcome to Makro ... the largest self-service wholesalers in the world. Makro gives the small business an opportunity to compete effectively, by providing a one-stop source for top-quality products at the lowest possible prices. The Makro story goes back to 1968, when we opened our first cash-and-carry wholesale center in Amsterdam, Holland. The concept was successful, and soon, Makro centers appeared in Breda, Delft, and other Dutch cities. A dynamic pattern of growth had been established and soon Makro went international. First, Belgium. Then, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Spain, Brazil, and in 1981, the United States.
With cellular-system ownership positions in more than 100 markets across the country, McCaw Cellular, operating primarily under the name Cellular One, is the largest cellular carrier in the United States, having grown its subscriber base more than 40% in the past year. In the areas of the country where McCaw is licensed to provide service, there are more than 100 million potential customers, around 80% of whom are in the 30 most-populous U.S. markets. As the equipment costs and monthly bills of cellular users continue to drop, more than 14,000 customers sign up for new service very day, adding to a consumer base of more than 16 million people.
MCN Corporation is the holding company for Michigan Consolidated Gas Company, MichCon, Citizens Gas Fuel Company, and MCN Investment Corporation. MichCon is the largest natural gas distributor in the state of Michigan, and one of the largest in the United States. As a natural gas distribution, transmission, and storage company, MichCon serves more than 1.1 million customers in more than 500 communities including Detroit, Grand Rapids, and Ann Arbor. Also grouped under utility services, Citizens is a gas utility serving 12,000 customers in Lenawee County in southern Michigan.
MCN Corporation is taking advantage of changes in the natural gas industry, in a way that is helping to build shareholder value. Once thought of as strictly a gas utility, MCN is on its way to becoming an energy company, with a diversified portfolio of natural-gas-related businesses. With a three-part strategy for growth that emphasizes the company’s natural gas expertise, MCN is exploiting market opportunities to produce superior corporate performance. During 1993, MCN’s record performance was reflected in outstanding financial results. Net income increased 27% to $72.8 million on total revenues of $1.47 billion.
The success of any company is not achieved by any one particular event, but is the result of a series of occurrences throughout its history. It is a combination of the management team, the employees, and the corporate philosophy that make or break a company. Mylan is the proof of that principle! We have grown from a tiny, single location, West Virginia company, to a present day, financially strong, multi-location industry leader listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Mylan’s code of ethics and its corporate philosophy that “If we can’t do it right, we don’t do it at all,” combined with the integrity of its employees provides the foundation upon which this company is built.
Research is the life-blood of any company. It is the catalyst by which a company grows, and lack of it can cause stagnation or even failure. Mylan is a research driven company dedicated to excellence. As we continue our evolution into a fully integrated pharmaceutical company, we have targeted compounds to meet unmet needs ... we are aggressively developing products that will effectively treat serious disorders and diseases that are not addressed by pharmaceuticals presently on the market. Our R&D budget is not based on a percentage of sales but on accomplishing goals. We do not waste money, but we spend whatever is necessary to do it right.
At NetJets, our care for our Owners means not only flying them halfway around the world in the safest way possible, but also getting them the help they need should a medical emergency arise far from home. That’s why we collaborated with Mayo clinic to develop Mayo Clinic Executive Travel Response. As an owner, you’ll receive a dedicated phone number to reach Mayo Clinic medical professionals 24 hours a day, for any medical reason. Whether you need critical care in Eastern Europe and don’t know where to turn, or just want medical advice from a trusted source closer to home, someone is always there for you.
#1: In 1973, global investing was a new concept -- one seen by many as daring, to say the least. New Perspective Fund was among the pioneers, and it proceeded with great care. Initially, only 1/3 of the fund’s assets could be invested outside the U.S. At the end of New Perspective’s first fiscal year, roughly a quarter of our holdings were based abroad (in Canada, Europe and Japan). The world is a very different place today. Opportunities beyond the borders of the U.S. now account for more than 60% of all the assets invested in the world’s stock markets, compared with about 40% in 1973.
New Perspective Funds’ ability to capitalize on investment opportunities around the world again proved beneficial in fiscal 2013. The value of your holdings increased 12.6% if, like most shareholders, you reinvested the two dividend payments totaling 20 cents a share -- one of 13 cents a share in December 2012, and another of 7 cents a share in May 2013-- as well as the capital gain distribution of 37 cents a share paid last December. The fund’s 12.6% total return outpaced unmanaged benchmarks for both global and U.S. stock markets; the Morgan Stanley Capital International World Index, which measures 22 major markets including the U.S., gained 8.1% with dividends reinvested.
Operation Hope is the product of the creative energies of thousands of citizens. Representatives from churches, synagogues, businesses, and schools come together to help our neediest neighbors. Operation Hope provides emergency food pantry for families, shelter for homeless families, community kitchens, and supportive services. The services we provide do bring hope to shattered lives, and make real the possibility of recovery, restoration, and stability. Lives are touched. Hope is alive.
Since the 1950s, Parker Drilling has been an active player in drilling markets. Today, Parker operates around the globe. Parker does not seek out markets solely for their exotic nature. Parker is well suited to move with customers into rugged, hostile drilling environments. In some markets, Parker has little or no competition. In other areas, like Latin America, the Asia Region, and in the United States, there is considerable competition, depending on the specific country or location. We compete against no single drilling contractor in any of our markets, however. This direction toward more industry consolidation is expected to continue, meaning fewer, but larger competitors.
Physician Computer Network is a leader in the developing and marketing of highly functional practice management software products for physician practices. The company’s objective is to establish a large installed base of physician practice customers who use PCN’s software products. Since September 1993, the company has completed seven acquisitions of software information businesses. These acquisitions have lifted PCN’s share of the office-based physician market to over 85,000 physicians resulting in an approximate 25% market share.
At Pfizer, we want every colleague to feel connected by an inspiring vision of our place in the world and our future together.
Achievement of the vision begins with clarity. As we continue through this orientation, you will see that we have rare clarity about our mandate as an organization, and the way people within it must pursue results.
But the words can only be a guide for action. Each of us must feel energized by our purpose and mission, become a champion of our values, and behave as a leader.
We are a great company, with a record of exceptional performance and success. But we have before us the opportunity to become an enduring leader, contributing more to human health than any company in history. It is up to each of us to find a way to lead.
Understanding the principles that guide our quest is only the start. Bringing them to life through action is the challenge we face every day. Together, we can meet this challenge.
Policy Governance®, an integrated board leadership paradigm created by Dr. John Carver, is a groundbreaking model of governance designed to empower boards of directors to fulfill their obligation of accountability for the organizations they govern.
As a generic system, it is applicable to the governing body of any enterprise. The model enables the board to focus on the larger issues, to delegate with clarity, to control management's job without meddling, to rigorously evaluate the accomplishment of the organization; to truly lead its organization.
Welcome and thank you for taking the time to learn a little about private equity.
In this presentation, you’ll learn the basics about private equity and the role it can play in your clients’ portfolios, as well as in your practice.
Clients have goals related to seven life priorities, with Finance being the connecting point among them all. Understanding these life priorities can help you identify concerns clients may have in their pursuit of their goals.
-Invest according to my values.
-Enhance returns while lowering risk.
-Help preserve my original investment.
For many of these clients, private equity can be an important solution to help them pursue their goals.
-Fit into your overall goals-based approach with clients.
-Help your clients pursue the goals that matter most to them.
-Help you attract new assets.
Each year Prudential HealthCare conducts member satisfaction surveys to discover which member services and benefits are working well and to identify opportunities for improvement for the Prudential HealthCare HMO and Prudential HealthCare Point of Service plans. In response to your feedback, we have enhanced the provider networks to provide more choices to you. There are now 257 hospitals and 39,990 primary and specialty care providers in the HMO and POS networks in New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
The biggest problem in retail is hiring, particularly hiring hourly workers. Some of the most important people you have working for you are the hourly workers that are dealing with the public on a day-by-day basis- at least according to unicrew, an Oregon-based company, which was founded in 1997 to service the needs of hourly employees. The people on the phones, the people at the cashier’s desk, the stock clerks, usually anyone in a store and those answering calls in an insurance company, are almost always hourly workers. They’re the people that deal with the public. Unicrew believes that hourly employees deserve the same job-hunting opportunities as their salaried counterparts. Traditionally, job seekers looking for a salaried position have many options, including placement firms and internet job searches. Unicrew’s mission to empower the hourly work force begins with making it easier to apply for the jobs they want. There’s a huge population out there that’s been getting hired the old-fashioned way, with paper and pencil based applications, and Unicrew wants to change all that and automate the entire process. Unicrew’s found a key to their success in the kiosks - or job centers - that can be found in a number of nationwide stores, including Target and Best Buy.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA, has issued the Hazard Communication Standards which helps to assure your safety and health on the job. The rule, known as “The Right to Know” involves training in the use of chemicals such as cleaning solution, which are part of your everyday work.
Riskconnect, Inc is the provider of a pemier, enterprise-class technology platform for the risk management system.
Here at Shell we’ve worked hard to create a safe and efficient work environment. Click the 3 links at the top of the page to review additional information about: Standard Operating Procedures, Safe Practices, and Problem Reporting.
Security. A basic human need. A vital part of your business. A key to your long-term success. You need an integrator that can help you achieve a higher level of security today and build for tomorrow. Does your integrator pass the test? Siemens does. As a technology leader for more than 160 years, Siemens has the most powerful combination of people, application, systems and service to tailor security solutions that meet your evolving needs. We invest in the best talent and employ a culture of continuing education and training, and bring that knowledge back to you. Our sophisticated technologies and industry focus result in solutions that align security plans with business objectives. We offer the most comprehensive product portfolio to support a wide variety of needs. And our unmatched customer service means we’ll be there when you need us. Siemens. The people, application, systems and service to meet all your security needs. Siemens. The first name in security integration.
Silicon Valley Group designs, manufacturs, and markets technically sophisticated equipment used in the primary stages of semiconductor manufacturing. SVG’s product offerings include photoresist processing equipment; oxidation, diffusion, and low-pressure chemical vapor processing systems; and photolithography exposure tools that utilize step-and-scan technology.
Silicon Valley Group is a leading supplier of automated wafer processing equipment for the worldwide semiconductor industry. The company designs, manufacturers, and markets technically sophisticated equipment used in the primary stages of semiconductor manufacturing. SVG’s product offerings include photoresist processing equipment; oxidation, diffusion, and low-pressure chemical vapor processing systems; and photolithography exposure tools that utilize step-and-scan technology. Since its founding, SVG has steadily broadened its business base by expanding distribution channels and by extending product lines.
If beauty is in the eye of the beholder, then small-cap value stocks are exquisite…to those who know where to find them and how to view them. Small company stocks, defined as those with a market capitalization of less than $1.5 billion dollars, perform differently than their large-cap peers, often outperforming them over multi-year cycles. In fact, small company mutual funds, as a group, had a recent five-year total cumulative return of 73.26% . Value stock, which could be thought of as those in the "bargain bin" of Wall Street, often are ignored by investors. These stocks tend to trade at a discount because the market believes they pale in comparison to the attractiveness of premium growth stocks.
Creating a Dream, a house...in ways you would never imagine.
SmartCam data gives you new ways to squeeze savings from your production line. Low-cost SmartCam units can be installed at trouble points where the occasional defect can turn production into wasteful scrap. From operator alarms to active process control and data acquisition, SmartCam fulfills your inspection needs. In any configuration, a SmartCam system can take you one step closer to increased customer confidence -- offer “zero defects” production and back up your strong quality goals with complete objective inspection reports for each product run; realtime process control -- correct off-spec production the instant that a problem develop.
- Your customers see the future everyday. Companies forged in the fire of the digital revolution have taught them what it means to be connected ... what it means to be responsive ... what it means to be engaged.
- What’s the cost of being one step behind your customers? Of failing to meet the demands of a market you once owned?
- Right now, someone is working on an app, a product, a business that will fundamentally change your industry.
"Awareness is essential in sports. It's a quarterback feeling the pocket collapsing. It's a point guard knowing who is trailing the fast break. It's a runner understanding their body's physical limits... And pushing past them. Just like in sports, awareness is critical to our success."
Direction: The client has asked that the voice be inspiring, energetic yet conversational in the 20-30s age-range.
For an internal video series for a local sportswear company. This will be for internal web-usage only.
This professional metal spray gun provides ultimate control and durability for all your spraying projects. The pro-gun features a fast “Push N’ Click” pattern changing system to quickly and easily switch spray patterns.
Global competition, shrinking budgets, and a demand for faster, more flexible service have intensified business pressures in the 2000s. In response, organizations must be single-minded in their focus, with every resource used effectively to impact the bottom line. Telecommunications -- with its ability to influence day-to-day operating efficiencies -- has emerged as a vital resource and a strategic competitive differentiator. With the pace of business escalating, the need to communicate quickly, reliably, and economically, becomes imperative. Sprint Services allow your organization to focus on your core business.
Renowned for blending an innovative use of modern technology with a master craftsman's attention to detail, Taylor guitars are widely considered the best sounding and easiest to play in the world. The company was a pioneer in the use of computer technology, lasers and other high-tech tools and machinery, and today, Bob Taylor is widely recognized throughout the musical instrument industry as the visionary acoustic guitar manufacturer. The company’s innovations include, but are not limited to, the New Technology neck, the first major innovation in the construction of the acoustic guitar in the last 100 years; the award-winning Expression System pickup, a groundbreaking, high-tech approach to amplifying an acoustic guitar; and the T5, the first, true hybrid acoustic and electric guitar that can produce amplified acoustic-tones, full-crunch electric, and everything in-between with the flip of a five-way switch.
Outstanding playability, flawless craftsmanship, and stunning aesthetics are just a few of the reasons that many of today’s leading musicians make Taylor their guitar of choice. The company’s artist roster numbers in the thousands, and includes the likes of Dave Matthews, Taylor Swift, Prince, Jason Mraz, and Zac Brown, and many others.
At AT&T’s Technical Service Center, advanced technology provides quality service. Our patented, highly sophisticated EXPERT System is an application of artificial intelligence that can diagnose troubles and recommend solutions, based on historical maintenance data. This set of software programs can identify a problem and, whenever possible, remotely clear the alarm. If dispatch of a technician is required, all the information from the EXPERT System is available, so that the right technician with the right training and the right parts is dispatched. The trouble can then be repaired on the first visit, minimizing any disruption to your system.
The AT&T Smart Invoice System is an added value for AT&T Service Agreement customers. This electronic billing service was developed with our customers in direct response to their needs. This Windows-based system allows your business to receive bills directly into your PC (or one purchased from AT&T) via electronic AT&T Mail transmission. Benefits include quick delivery of bills -- 5 days or less; flexible formatting -- allows you to sort, analyze, summarize, and customize bills for your internal systems by installation, purchase order, or service order number; summary billing -- shows monthly, quarterly, and/or year-to-date totals.
The AT&T Technical Service Center offers benefits for AT&T Warranty and Service Agreement customers through around-the-clock system monitoring, diagnosis, and testing that help ensure system reliability; a single source of support with 24-hour, toll-free access for trouble reporting; advanced technical support and EXPERT System technology that can help maximize system availability; quick trouble resolution through intelligent dispatch of technicians equipped with information from the EXPERT System; high quality technical support for all AT&T Communications Systems through our helplines.
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation is concerned with solving complex social and environmental problems. With a practical and results-oriented approach to philanthropy, the Foundation supports innovative as well as time-tested strategies for addressing those problems.
This approach is manifest in the Foundation’s building, completed in May, 2002. Site, architecture and interior design create an environment that is beautiful and honors the Foundation’s commitment to energy conservation and environmental protection.
The LEED – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – rating system, created by the U.S. Green Building Council, articulates a clear set of environmental principles and goals designed to encourage sustainable buildings. This approach mirrors the Foundation’s own ethos of encouraging innovation and seeking to attain demonstrable results.
The Foundation’s building is the first in California, and only the fifth in the nation, to receive Gold-level certification, under the LEEDS 2.0 standards. The Foundation earned this recognition by addressing a wide range of building-related environmental issues concerning site design, water and energy efficiency, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality.
The Humane Society of the United States does not categorically oppose all uses of animals in current research as we work with others toward the day when animals will no longer be necessary as laboratory subjects. But we are dedicated to the alleviation of suffering, for animals and humans alike. We believe that our mission is shared by many in the research community, and we seek to enlist their support for this ambitious and important campaign. This campaign to eliminate animal pain and distress in the laboratory will improve our understanding and recognition of animal suffering in general, thereby strengthening our on-going efforts to eliminate the suffering of all animals.
Collins & Aikman Senior Notes were sold during the quarter. The realized loss on the Collins & Aikman investments was approximately $150 million, the largest loss ever incurred by the Fund in its 17-year history. TAVF management simply misanalyzed the situation. The company’s free fall into Chapter 11 and the loss of support from its three principal customers – General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler – was at a materially faster rate than Fund management thought would be the case. Also, Collins & Aikman’s exit from bankruptcy was not fast enough to avoid the feeding frenzy perpetrated by the professionals, i.e., lawyers and investment bankers. With hindsight, this seems to have been pretty stupid on our part. Fund management should have known better – especially given the fact that (i) the Fund has been relatively close to Toyota Industries for 10 years and owns approximately $675 million of the Company’s Common; and (ii) it is not like we lack experience in restructuring proceedings.
“There is nothing like dream to create the future...” the words of Victor Hugo. The nurturing force for a seed, called dream, is our desire to imagine a better tomorrow. At Toshiba, we’re helping to create it. Toshiba has been turning “dream” into a tangible future for over 100 years ... sustaining it now with our commitment to manufacturing in the U.S. and with a wide diversity of products of the highest quality. All of which have helped make us one of the leading electrical and electronic manufacturers in the world. And a company that believes dreams can come true.
For more than 53 years, UNICEF has been helping governments, communities and families make the world a better place for children. Part of the United Nations system, UNICEF has an enviable mandate and mission to advocate for children's rights and help meet their needs. UNICEF now works in 161 countries, areas and territories on solutions to the problems plaguing poor children and their families and on ways to realize their rights. Its activities are as varied as the challenges it faces, encouraging the care and stimulation that offer the best possible start in life, helping prevent childhood illness and death, making pregnancy and childbirth safe, combating discrimination and cooperating with communities to ensure that girls, as well as boys, attend school.
At United College Marketing Services, we want to provide you the inside credit information that we feel every college student can benefit from. There are too many people on campus that scream “get good credit!” but there’s no one that really explains all the ins and outs. For this reason, UCMS has developed Credit Strategy Seminar videos to make sure that every college student signing up for a credit card (even if it’s not through us) gets the chance to be “credit educated”.
Virginia Shores Financial is dedicated to improving the communities we serve. And we value our partnerships with local organizations.
Our “Making Waves” program offers paid leave for employees who want to do their part. After twenty volunteer hours we also add a donation to the cause.
Providing value can be a tough challenge for any company today. So is the commitment to improve efficiency.
Very few companies can claim to do either. Fewer still can do both.
But there’s one company that delivers on that promise. One company that provides value and improves efficiency. One company that truly makes a difference. Waibel Energy Systems.
…and creates a more positive outlook and attitude for the people using those facilities… from hospitals and schools, to offices and manufacturing plants.
After fifteen years of planning and construction, Walt Disney Concert Hall, the new home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, has opened in downtown L.A. Frank Ghery’s flamboyant design substantially boosted the cost, which came to more than five times Lillian Disney’s founding gift of $50 million. The acoustic brightness of the main auditorium suggests that Disney Concert Hall will soon be one of the great public listening places in America. Fall programming promises the brightness of variety too, with composers as unfamiliar to staid classical audiences as John Adams and Steve Reich.
The Waterpic ST75 offers you complete control over the dental implant procedure. The ability to automate and maintain total stream flow, while in surgery is a feature unheard of in the past. This new revolutionary technology, affords both you and the assistant almost hands-free support.
Divino Holding since its incorporation in 2013 has been noted for its reputation as a dependable property investment & financial solution provider in Singapore and across Asia Divino Holding is dedicated to delivering value added and quality products. The innovative and receptive approach adopted by the Management allows the Company to produce products that the customers look for in their real estate and finance need.
Receiving your benefits enrollment kit can be an overwhelming experience. But have no fear, resources are available to help you understand both the benefits and the enrollment process. Click on one of the following resources for help.
But wait, what is well-being? We all strive for it, and most of us have a vague sense of what it is -- but at the end of the day, do we really know what it means?
Contrary to popular belief, well-being isn't just about being physically healthy and happy. It’s more than just eating an apple a day or meditating for five minutes and hoping for the best. Well-being is made up of all the things we think, feel, and experience each day.
Apache® Spark™ is an open-source cluster computing framework with in-memory processing to speed analytic applications up to 100 times faster compared to technologies on the market today. Developed in the AMPLab at UC Berkeley, Spark can help reduce data interaction complexity, increase processing speed and enhance mission-critical applications with deep intelligence.
Highly versatile in many environments, Spark is known for its ease of use in creating algorithms that harness insight from complex data. Spark was elevated to a top-level Apache Project in 2014 and continues to expand today.
IBM is committing to the Apache Spark project with investments in design-led innovation and broad-scale education programs to promote open source innovation and accelerate intelligence into every application.
In the art of home-building, Berry homes are true originals ... exclusive designs created and copyrighted to prevent duplication and protect value. Berry originals won 23 design awards and gained national recognition for their innovative features. The experience of living in a Berry home is one of progressive discovery. The aesthetic impact is what overwhelms at first sight, but in time you discover the hidden construction specifications that are part of the “true-value” package. Space ... light ... volume ... formal vs. informal ... indoor vs. outdoor ... and energy efficiency. Through years of careful market research, we learned what our discriminating buyers searched for ... when you open the door of a Berry home ... you will have entered your dream house!
Your company’s combination of quality products, quality people, and sound marketing programs resulted in our tenth consecutive year of record sales and earnings. Volumes both domestically and internationally reached new highs, and for the first time in company history, our international business accounted for more than half our total volume. In the process, your company faced significantly greater competition pretty much across the board, and this competitive activity gives no indication of abating as we head into 2014. Despite increased spending by competing brands, solid volume gains were achieved in North America.
Cities are increasingly becoming recognized as the locus of economic and social development. The world has reached a tipping point where half the world’s population is already living in cities. Nearly 2 billion new urban residents are expected in the next 20 years, 90% of them in developing countries.
With an annual research budget of $100 million, Wright State University is a leader in Ohio for research in neuroscience, human performance and aerospace medicine — and other STEM fields.
Our researchers work in partnership with businesses, community organizations and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
The power of these partnerships will be seen in our new Neuroscience Engineering Collaboration building, where scientists and engineers will work side-by-side to take research from the bench to the community.
The new building will be home to the Wright State and Premier Health Partners Neuroscience Institute, which helps patients with badly injured limbs improve their mobility.
Many women feel uncomfortable with blatant displays of power. Traditionally, women have been the “power behind the throne” so wielding it publicly can be frightening. To address and overcome that fear, learn to recognize the difference between “good” and “bad” power. The former allows you to stick up for yourself and fulfill your needs; the latter is used to manipulate and control others. | 2019-04-26T11:49:08Z | https://www.edgestudio.com/script-library/english-adult/corporate-industrial |
IF YOU WISH TO COMMENT, PLEASE DO SO ON MY FACEBOOK PAGE.
I cannot believe that it’s been over a year since I’ve written on my blog, but I promise you, I have a very good reason. I’ve been busy.
Just before the 2014/15 season of the Coastal Sounds Community Choir, my wife (and fellow Artistic Director) and I decided that it was time to grow our little organization into one that could service the singing needs of more people. This included more permanent projects for different demographics, and building on our “occasional” projects so that people could take part in activities that didn’t require a night of their week all year round.
Thus, we evolved into the Coastal Sounds Choir Association.
One of the CSCA’s biggest benefits is its locality. The Town of Conception Bay South has a very strong artistic community (music, dance and visual art), helped along by a plethora of music schools, dance studios and other community-based programs. Considering it’s the second largest municipality in all of Newfoundland, it’s a great pleasure to offer musical activities to the local residents to save them the trouble of travelling to St. John’s or farther (even though St. John’s is only 20 minutes away, folks really love to stay in their town, hence all the schools and studios).
The plan was to build on the recent success of two new projects that were done in the past two years. The first is the Christmas Cantata Project, which premiered in 2013 with just my own singers from Coastal Sounds and Topsail United Church, and then was opened up to all interested singers the surrounding areas in 2014. We’re now on our third Cantata and it’s become one of the most popular parts of the musical year in CBS, for both concert-goers and singers. Singers enjoy the opportunity to take part in a “spread-out” rehearsal schedule (this year, over five Saturdays) because it can be difficult to commit to another weekly activity, especially for those who work long days or have young families. The Christmas Cantata Project has received such positive feedback that we intend to keep it an annual tradition for our Christmas concert.
The second is our Summer Music Program, which was originally organized by just Beth and I, but was rolled under the umbrella of the CSCA during the expansion. Over the past two Augusts, we have held an Adult Choir Camp for singers who wanted to receive an accelerated choral education but could also not commit all year long to a permanent choir. The program accepts singers of all musical backgrounds (like the Coastal Sounds Community Choir, our flagship project) and aims to just get people singing, to get them interested and show them just how much fun it can be. The Adult program continues to grow year after year and we hope that we can expand it to youth in 2016.
And finally, we created a second permanent project, the Aurora Women’s Choir. We held auditions for interested members in September 2014 and started with 19 singers. This year, we’re up to 28. Even though the choir’s only been together for just over a year, they’ve had wonderful growth in both capability and opportunity. Aurora won a Gold Standard at the 2015 St. John’s Rotary Music Festival and in July 2016, they have been invited to represent the province at the UNISONG Choral Festival in Ottawa. It’s awesome to think that we’re only getting started and the more repertoire research I do, the more excited I get about all the wonderful music there is for women’s choir. After working in Barbershop and men’s voices for a decade, it felt right to explore the other side of things as well.
We rebranded this year (a HUGE thank you to WaterWerks Communications for their hard work) and I invite you to our website to check it all out. One main focus for growth in 2016 is a new project called the Con Fuoco Youth Choir. This choir is intended to be a comprehensive choral education for young singers aged 12-18. Auditions will be scheduled soon so watch our website and Like our Facebook page to stay up to date.
It’s been an incredible year and I am overjoyed at the idea of getting more people involved in choral singing. It has obviously changed my life and will change yours, too. Come to our 2015 Annual Holiday Concert and see all the smiles for yourself.
While studying my Masters, I started teaching for The Music Corner, a newly opened music school in Manuels, which is a township of Conception Bay South. In 2006, I discussed with the owners about starting some kind of group singing opportunity through the school. The idea from the beginning was to offer a classroom setting that would be more of a “group voice lesson”, using the choral context as the medium for delivery. Concerts and recitals would happen, but they would be less important than just getting people singing and teaching them to sing well.
Along with The Music Corner, my wife and I started Coastal Sounds (originally called the CBS Community Choir) in January 2007. On the very first night, we had eight people. I really had no idea how many would show up or what the backgrounds of the singers would be. I had prepared Locus Iste from a choral conducting book and an SATB arrangement of The Water Is Wide. Locus Iste was a bit of a disaster (do NOT throw Latin at untrained singers as the first lesson, TRUST me) but the other arrangement ended up being a great first success for the group.
The choir started in unison and slowly built it out into three parts. Because we had so few men in the beginning (in fact, I only had around six guys in the group until a couple of years ago) it was hard to find choral music that included them but didn’t overtax them. Thus began my life long love of the SAB context. I’ve come to realize that SAB repertoire is often underrated and a powerful tool to make group singing happen without too much effort.
We slowly built out The Water Is Wide in three of the four parts. This also taught me a lot about how to plan for three parts in the future. Even in most Level 1 and 2 SATB arrangements, you can sing SAT and the piano will cover the bass notes. I highly recommend using SAB for your community choirs and a lot of SATB arrangements will also have three part, two part or unison alternatives. I continue to use SAB arrangements on a regular basis because they ease the amount of rehearsal time necessary for part singing, and give the men a realistic goal to achieve.
Coastal Sounds amicably broke off into its own non-profit organization three years ago and has continued to grow every year. We now have almost 50 regular members, sing at least two concerts a year, with many more exciting ideas on the horizon for expansion. I teach almost everything by singing and modelling, and I’ll get into more detail about this method in a later post.
The choir has always been available to anyone who has an interest in singing. We have members from many different musical backgrounds. Not everyone reads but the blend of experience with non-experience amongst singers has provided more teaching support that I could have ever anticipated. Those who know more help the ones who don’t. We still bill it as a group voice lesson with no harsh expectation on performance but the choir continues to get better and more capable with each passing season.
C) They should only “mouth the words” and not make any sound whatsoever.
I’m not exaggerating when I say that among the vast majority of the people I have taught in Coastal Sounds, someone in their past, directly or indirectly, robbed them of something incredibly important; a lifelong love of making music.
A little tangent. I first met Dr. Doug Dunsmore, now retired professor of choral activities at MUN, in the summer of 2004 at the Sing Summer Adult Choir Camp sponsored by the Nova Scotia Choral Federation. Of all the wonderful things I came to learn from Doug over the next 10 years, perhaps the most ‘infamous’ one was that he is a lover of sayings; short musical parables that continuously resound over and over, sometimes to the point of polite ribbing from his singers. He has a bunch of them, some of them are even a bit comical, but there’s one, the ‘golden rule’, that came to impact me in a very profound way.
This echoed because it spoke directly to me and my experience. I had not been a choral singer for very long. Thanks to many great opportunities from 2003 to 2005 in Nova Scotia, I quickly developed enough skills to participate in more challenging music by just doing it as much as I could. Repetition, repetition, repetition. My world quickly became consumed by choir. Meeting Doug was really the turning point for my career. Watching how much fun he had with the singers, along with the positive experiences that I had while conducting, gave me the motivation to make choir and choral conducting my passion.
Now, back to Coastal Sounds. If we hold “Doug’s Rule” to be correct (which I’m living proof that it is), the only missing piece is the amount of time and effort on the part of the singer, and the amount of encouragement and patience on the part of the teacher. After the first few times of being told the same horrible story from a member’s past, I vowed early that I would do whatever I could to encourage anyone to sing who were willing to make a commitment to learn.
Of all these ‘misfits’ who have come to our island to sing over the past 7 years, less than 5% of them have had what society would call ‘tonedeafness’, which is a term I personally hate, because I’ve come to learn it’s actually false. I have come to discover with my private teaching that these individuals actually possess remarkable ability in audiation, but in most cases, there are so many physical barriers (nervousness, upper body tension, poor breath support) that the singer is just completely incapable of phonating the pitch they’re audiating. I have worked with two singers for the past number of months who have come to Coastal Sounds but were having pitch matching problems, and with enough training and muscle development, they are finding way more success than they ever had before. I tell all my private students that from the beginner all the way up to the professional, going to a private music lesson is like going to the gym. Sometimes, no matter how much you ‘know’ something, you need to work it out for it to grow. Corrective repetition.
There are a few other simple factors that create success in Coastal Sounds. Because I do have singers who can read and follow their lines, they end up singing a bit more confidently than the others. While singing in three parts, the right answer in any given part is always present in some capacity. I regularly encourage my singers to become better listeners as well. Take a person who comes in convinced that they would never sing, sit them next to a person who can sing the part, and once the tension of having to sing alone wears off, they succeed brilliantly. Most of the time it’s ‘chickenissimo’ (another Dougism) at first because they lack confidence, but the fact remains that they can do it.
All I do as the director of Coastal Sounds is to show people how easy singing can be (once you know a few simple rules on how to do it well), give them the experience that they can indeed sing, and encourage them when they do it correctly. With this simple methodology, I have seen the blossoming of incredible amateur musicians who genuinely have a love for what they’re doing. To think that so many of these people lived DECADES carrying around the curse of belief that they could not sing only motivates me to help as many more people as I can.
I have never put too much impetus or pressure on the performances we do. No matter how well I can get something to sound in rehearsal, the spectre of self doubt is still alive and strong in many people. Although I continue to give them positive experience after positive experience in concert, there are those who will always be plagued with stage fright. But even with the occasional ‘improvisation’ from the choir, the looks on everyone’s faces are the true truthtellers. Coastal Sounds members have fun making music. And in the end, isn’t that the most important thing of all?
I said in my last post that I wouldn’t list any specific NL choir for fear of forgetting someone, but you’ll have to indulge me a little bragging about my own amazing choir families (“like you would”, as the Newfoundlanders say). My bias may be showing but singing in the Quintessential Vocal Ensemble has given me some of the best musical experiences of my life. And on May 24, 2014, it gave me the greatest of them all (so far, anyway).
Back about a year ago, our gregarious and fearless leader, Susan Quinn, was invited to bring QVE down to New York City for a MidAmerica Productions concert. Susan had her Carnegie Hall debut in 2010 when she conducted Vivaldi’s Gloria for MidAmerica. In agreeing to participate in another mass choir/orchestral offering, Susan was granted a half hour spot on this concert for QVE alone. Needless to say that once we learned this, we were bouncing off the walls with excitement. Fundraisers and plans began immediately.
With over 200 voices, a children’s choir, soloists and the New England Symphonic Ensemble, the mass work we performed was “To Be Certain Of The Dawn”, a Holocaust memorial oratorio by Stephen Paulus with libretto by Michael Dennis Browne. The work was challenging but very musically rewarding.
The original plan of this concert was to sing the “Sunrise Mass” by Ola Gjello which the choir was excited about at first because we had recently performed it back in 2012. Here’s a few highlights from us singing it.
The last two pieces were both by Canadian composer Leonard Enns, the first being “As On Wings”, a newly commissioned work by QVE commemorating the Newfoundland connection to 9/11, and more specifically, the involvement of Holy Heart High School, where Susan has been the music teacher for many years.
I … saw these huge planes coming, one at a time, through the Narrows and I thought how after hundreds of years people are still seeking the shelter of our harbour.
The second Enns piece was “Te Deum Brevis” and Susan generously gave me the life changing opportunity to conduct this piece in Carnegie Hall. As excited as the choir was about going, it was all I could do to contain my own excitement as the date got closer. Since joining in 2012, I have conducted them in performance a couple of times and working with them has been incredibly influential in my development as a conductor. Here is a video from my YouTube channel of me conducting them through Whitacre’s “A Boy And A Girl”.
Leonard graciously came to the concert and even worked with us on the Friday evening before. It was awesome that he was there to share it with us, along with many of our family and friends.
Once we got into the hall the first time on Saturday for a dress rehearsal, we were all immediately astonished by the acoustics. They can only be described as ‘perfect’. The stage forms into a bowl shape and as you can see from the above photo, we were able to stand in our normal formation and you could hear everything. To give you an idea of what I mean by perfect, in between one phrase I remember, many members of the choir collectively swallowed and you could hear it clear as day. But as we sang, you could also hear every member of the choir clear as day as well. We blended together beautifully because unlike most of the venues back home, everyone could hear everyone else. Like I said, perfect.
After a great dress rehearsal, we were on pins and needles until the curtain time finally came. Being led onto the most famous stage in North America to a nearly full house was a truly surreal experience. The performance was incredible. We sang as well as we possibly could and the audience awarded us with a standing ovation along with the loud cheers of those who had come so far to see us sing.
When I stepped out of the choir to conduct the Enns, I was not nervous at all. I was filled with nothing but trust that I had done everything I could to prepare them and that they would absolutely kill it like the professionals they are. I was not to be disappointed.
I knew the question was coming but it wasn’t until days after the concert that I was finally able to form a cogent response.
It was as close to God as I’ve ever been.
In order to explain what I mean by this, you need to know just a little about the ‘religious’ me. Without getting too boring and technical, my main metaphysical viewpoint in life is that we are all sharing energy with each other everywhere we go. Good energy and bad energy. I heard John Leguizamo on TV the other day refer to it as a “soul exchange”.
I’m going to give you a little piece of my soul tonight, and if you give me a little piece of yours and we do this right, we’re going to have a soul exchange right here on this stage.
When I’m with my choir in church, I get the honour of helping people participate in their own personal worship every week through the power of music. You can feel the energy being sent upward by everyone. You can then feel it rain gently and mildly back down on all of us. I find prayer can be a very real force in the world if looked upon as simply the generation of positive energy. Not to mention the powerful energy I get from my choir as I lead them to share their gifts with the congregation.
The energy amongst QVE was high the minute we landed in NYC and grew exponentially with each passing day. As I was conducting them, I felt the choir releasing that pent-up energy like white hot blazing arcs of lightning, hitting me all at once. It was overwhelming. It was the greatest high I’d ever experienced as a musician. I felt myself outside of my body and floating inside the music. Gestures flew out of me that I had not known were possible. At the end I threw my hands up in the air because I wanted to hear the last chord of the piece ring in those beautiful acoustics as long as I could. It was an intense few minutes to say the least.
Afterwards, as we were leaving the stage, I wept inconsolably for a good 10 minutes. I had shared more energy at once than ever before in my life. I can only describe it as a religious experience, something that cannot be put into words or quantified with measurement. It changed me irrevocably. In those few moments, I truly felt like a conduit for the choir to share their pride and talent with the audience and I can’t thank them enough for allowing me to share that with them.
This trip would not have been as successful without the awe-inspiring talent that is the Quintessential Vocal Ensemble, and our dear leader, Susan Quinn. Susan has inspired me in so many ways as a singer, conductor and teacher. I owe her everything for giving me this privilege and QVE is one of the best things that has ever happened to me.
I love you, QVE. You’re the best.
We took this selfie just after walking off stage from our brilliant performance. Ellen, eat your heart out.
Hello, my dear friends. My name is Andrew Cranston and I welcome you to my new website and blog. I am a choral conductor, singer, music teacher and clinician living in St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, along with having an active life as a music teacher in Conception Bay South, a growing community just outside of the city.
Although my musical career began with the saxophone, once I graduated with my Bachelor’s degree I began working more and more with choirs almost immediately. After attending my first Sing Summer camp, organized by the Nova Scotia Choral Federation, I knew I was hooked for life. At Sing Summer, I also learned about the Masters in Choral Conducting program at Memorial University where I studied until 2007. Once I had finished, my wife and I had fallen in love with Newfoundland and wished to stay and lay down our musical roots.
Now, almost eight years later, we have an incredibly active life as a conductor and accompanist team, as the Co-Founders of the Coastal Sounds Community Choir in 2007 and working with our choirs at Topsail United Church since 2013, where my wife is the organist. In addition to the choirs I conduct with my wife, I also direct the Anchormen Chorus, a men’s barbershop group in St. John’s, and sing with the award winning Quintessential Vocal Ensemble under the direction of Susan Quinn.
I maintain an active private music instruction studio in both St. John’s and Conception Bay South which you can find out more about by clicking here.
I had the immense benefit of an amazing public school music education all throughout my grade schooling. Through the support of my parents and the band teacher at my junior high school, I fell in love with music and I fell hard. It became my obsession almost instantly and continues to be until this very day. That band teacher personally moulded me, took interest in me. He gave me solos, encouraged me to contact other musicians, and just showed me how amazing being a musician could be. I haven’t spoken to him since, but I wish I could tell him how formative he was in my career.
But that was the saxophone. For 12 straight years, all I did was play the saxophone. I got pretty good at it. The only major singing I did was being in our only high school musical in our era, and singing in the Vocal Jazz Ensemble at Mount Allison University. Don’t get me wrong, those singing experiences were awesome, but they didn’t pull me in any specific way.
Then, when I graduated and the saxophone was beginning to lose its lustre both literally and figuratively, I found choir, rather randomly by contacting folks who were organizing a men’s choir for Nova Scotia, which would later become Nova Voce and is still active (I saw them sing at Podium in May and they are still as vibrant as ever). Choir pulled me towards it, for many reasons, the most important of which was the people. I loved interacting with people and sharing the music with them. It wasn’t just me in a dark, dingy practice room anymore, I found myself part of a special community. Through the work of the Nova Scotia Choral Federation, I found even more amazing people, educators and singers and music lovers, and they encouraged me to walk the path I’m walking now.
I was not really a naturally good singer. I had an okay ear from good teachers and a natural thirst to teach others, plus I did enjoy it, but my voice was very raw in the beginning. Untrained. But as I said, choir pulled me in. So I sang, and sang, and sang. And sang some more. And I watched conductors do awe inspiring things with amazing singers, desiring more and more to emulate their brilliance. I got better and better. The famous writer Malcolm Gladwell, author of a great book called “Outliers” says that in order to be successful at something, all you need is a interest and 10,000 hours. I feel like I’m now just hitting my 10,000 and I couldn’t be more in love with what I do.
To conduct a choir of mostly untrained singers like I once was, some of whom were told at very young ages that they would never be able to sing and they should “mouth the words”, and to give them an important experience that they were robbed of their entire lives because of bad influences, has been the greatest training I could have ever asked for. As a singer in QVE and with other choirs in the past, I have had the privilege to be part of some of the very best choral singing in Canada or even the world. Perfection at the upper echelon of the choral art. And although we should continue to strive for those highest of heights, we must not forget our roots. We all started somewhere. I find great rewards in helping those who would otherwise not be singing if it weren’t for choirs like Coastal Sounds, who include all regardless of background. My choir may occasionally be rough around the edges, but the looks in the faces of every last singer lets me know we’re part of yet another special community. We must celebrate all forms of singing.
I hope you’ll join me on this blog so I can tell you my choir stories in the hopes that you’ll go make some stories of your own. It’s the greatest non-contact (mostly) team sport on the planet. Give choir a try; you could even come and sing in one of mine. Maybe you have just enough piano or guitar skills, and leadership skills to start a choir of your own, especially in those dark voids where no choirs exist. I can’t recommend it enough. It will change your life. It changed mine.
PS: I highly recommend marrying your accompanist. For a multitude of reasons. | 2019-04-24T21:51:20Z | http://www.andrewcranston.ca/tag/singing/ |
arrangement, style, grammar, punctuation, and document design conventions.
that form dynamic visual arguments.
own methods as writers by engaging in many collaborative activities during class.
technical means of supporting our learning of rhetoric and the composing of argumentative essays.
shows the sum evidence of your learning, including your own observations and analysis of your learning.
Three tardies equal one absence. 2008.mycomplab. such as 3 . The instructor will determine what to do in case of extended illness or personal crisis on a casebycase basis. workshop participation. Each recorded instance will count as ONE (1) Tardy. When students miss a day. the instructor will lower the course grade by ½ letter grade for each additional absence. Pearson Longman. If students miss more than the allotted number of class meetings. Alfano and Alyssa O’Brien. workshops. Pearson Longman. REQUIRED TEXTS & SUPPLIES Envision in Depth: Reading. Writing.com COURSE POLICIES & GRADING PROCEDURES Attendance Regular attendance is essential in all writing courses.com/ Access to Blogger at http://www. While some instruction is delivered through lecture. much of the course content is taught through class discussion. and Researching Arguments.blogger. students’ brief observations of their learning as it relates to course strands.ablongman. if a student misses two classes for athletics. By Christine L. The DK Handbook. may be incorporated as part of class activity. However. and/or online activities. Participation Students are expected to fully participate in the intellectual activities of the course.com/envision Access to MyCompLab at http://www. she will have one additional absence to use at her discretion. Lynch. By Anne Frances Wysocki and Dennis A. If students reach the limit of absences by the drop date. class activities.Observations—completed throughout the semester once or more times a week. Participation will be measured through class discussion. Students are allowed up to THREE (3) excused absences. even if students have turned in all the required papers on time. Blank CDRs Laptop computer as per classroom teacher’s instructions Access to Envision Companion Website at http://www. they will often have missed not just hearing a lecture but actually working toward the successful completion of an assignment. Arriving late to class or leaving is unprofessional and will be factored into the attendance policy. provide evidence of student work and writing. If a student uses excused absences. excessive absences are an adequate reason for being failed in firstyear composition. the instructor may drop them from the class for excessive absences. Work Samples—all formal assignments (and their drafts). For example. 2009. Observations should be posted on the class blog. and interactive activities such as brainstorming or editing. she will not receive unexcused absences above and beyond those excused absences.
Students are encouraged to contact Student Disability Services to discuss their individualized needs for accommodation. technology. However. collaboration. promptness. it is best to communicate with me by email or my office phone. including collaborative work and your three major essays. The course is designed to stimulate interaction between students. on a flexible and individualized basis. Students are expected to bring their laptops to class with batteries fully charged. Your midterm and final grades will be based on your portfolio of written observations and your work samples. you will directly apply what you learn in this course. In other words. sound rhetorical skills. For more information visit http://www. by arguing for your own grade. You also can arrange to see me at other times that are mutually convenient. collaboration. reasonable accommodations to students who have disabilities. she cannot expect always expect to “get notes” from another classmate or otherwise “make up” the work because the social dynamic of the class period cannot be reconstructed. research. which necessitates regular attendance and participation for two reasons: 1) to listen to the ideas of other members of the class. but will receive individual attention from me and your classmates. Your goal is to demonstrate your development toward mastery of five course strands (rhetoric/ critical thinking. and lab) and development across five dimensions of learning 4 . argumentative writing. the grading strategy will track and monitor that development. creativity.html Technology Requirements This course requires the use of computer technologies in and out of class. Office hours belong to you just as much as our class time. Because the course is concerned with your development as a critical reader and writer. effective arguments. If a student misses class. and 2) to voice ideas for the benefit of the class. Office Hours Please note my regular office hours above. as well as completion of each component of your LR.edu/sds/student_guide/index. Students with Disabilities It is university policy to provide. Don’t hesitate to take advantage of my availability and the help I am ready to offer. you will argue for your grade by summarizing your learning and estimating the grade that the evidence of your learning supports. Grading Policy This class offers you an approach to learning that may be different from your past experiences. competent use of technology —all of these things and more contribute to an outstanding portfolio. level of writing.clemson. In the final step to completing your LR.online discussion in class blog. If you need to contact me outside of class time or office hours. Your work will be collected in the Learning Record (LR). participation. While some class time is provided for computer literacy instruction. the instructor on an individual basis will either provide additional help or recommend other support for advanced applications. Your assignments will not receive individual grades. Please turn off cellular/mobile phones and pagers during class. each component of the LR is vital to a quality body of work: your attendance.
5 . Evidence of significant and sustained development across the five dimensions of learning and five course strands. with generally good quality overall in course work. is oblique or irrelevant. • Shows poor or confusing organization. B: Represents good participation in all course activities (including attendance and promptness). shows little evidence of research. • Demonstrates clarity. • Attempts to document correctly. and questions according to convention. Evidence of marked and above average development across the five dimensions of learning and five course strands. D: Represents weak and uneven participation in course activities. • Uses only a few basic sources. and incorporates smooth. all assigned work completed on time. including strong analysis. Evidence of development across the five dimensions of learning and five course strands is partial or unclear. While each writing situation may call for some adjustment in the overall criteria based on the rhetorical situation. relies heavily on generalization. organization. the following descriptive rubric is consistent with the values of first-year composition at Clemson and describe very general indicators that both you and your instructor may take into consideration when assessing your work and progress in the course. is too short. • Shows unusual or substantial depth and complexity of thought. some gaps in assigned work completed. • Demonstrates competence in mechanics.(confidence and independence. with inconsistent quality in course work. • Incorporates a wide range of sources. Your estimation of your mid-term and final grades should be more detailed and specific. and reflectiveness). • Contains only minor mechanical errors and exhibits no pattern of errors. A: Represents excellent participation in all course activities (including attendance and promptness). • Consistently strays from topic. • Documents ideas. and unity throughout. • Responds fully to topic and thoroughly addresses issues. • Evidences mastery of mechanical and technical aspects of writing. with very high quality in all work produced for the course. • Demonstrates effective organization and adequate development. Evidence of some development across the five dimensions of learning and five course strands. • Clearly and directly responds to topic and to issues. • Thoroughly investigates the topic. shows full development with supporting detail. But the final interpretation and assessment of your grade remains the responsibility of your teacher. • Addresses question or topic and explores issues but draws no clear conclusion. well integrated transitions. • Demonstrates superior control of diction. C: Represents average participation in all course activities. all assigned work completed on time. • Reflects simplistic. • Shows depth and complexity of thought. • Documents sources correctly. These goals will be discussed throughout the course. knowledge and understanding. use of prior and emerging experience. all assigned work completed. reductive. focus. information. • Shows clarity of thought and organization but fails to show sufficient complexity or depth of thought. with consistently high quality in course work. shows appropriate variety of sentences. or stereotypical thinking. avoids major errors. investigates issues and addresses basic counterarguments. • Attempts to include adequate detail and development but may leave out obvious counterarguments. uses plenty of detail to support ideas and conclusions. with occasional minor errors. skills and strategies.
In the event that I do give quizzes. and I receive it on the following Tuesday. • Contains obvious or deliberate plagiarism.” A simple definition of plagiarism—one that we will expand upon this semester—is when someone presents another person’s words. Furthermore. we shall not tolerate lying. visuals. All work may be turned in early for evaluation and/or preplanned absences. or mechanics. and responsibility. F: Represents minimal participation in course activities. For example. or missing in some cases. Therefore. if a paper is due on a Thursday. • Provides no development. NOT the student. fails to address assignment. Due Dates All assignments are due within the first five minutes of class on the due date. • Exhibits consistent flaws in language. or ideas as his/her own. • Exhibits inadequate research or reading. • Exhibits inadequate research or reading. syntax. cheating. lacks documentation of some or all sources. • Documentation is careless. the Work Sample in your LR is date stamped automatically with the day and time you enter the assignment and its lateness will be taken into consideration when assessing the validity of your argument for your grade. so document them in your Learning Record as Work Samples. students are responsible for formally announced changes in the schedule. the instructor might revise the tentative course schedule. or very low quality in course work. they will count as evidence of your learning. Any extensions need to be documented in writing. Quizzes I may elect to give quizzes on the readings and class discussions/lectures if I feel that the assigned work is not being completed by all students satisfactorily. words or passages are nearly plagiarized. serious gaps in assigned work completed. • Contains garbled paraphrases.’ Fundamental to this vision is a mutual commitment to truthfulness. we have inherited Thomas Green Clemson’s vision of this institution as a 'high seminary of learning. The instructor determines the validity of excuses for late work. without which we cannot earn the trust and respect of others. or stealing in any form. unless otherwise specified. we recognize that academic dishonesty detracts from the value of a Clemson degree. fails to establish topic. Periodically. Late work without a valid excuse constitutes evidence in your Learning Record that will negatively affect your argument for a good grade. The best way to avoid quizzes is to complete the assignments and participate in the class discussions. • Displays gross technical or mechanical incompetence and repetitive errors. honor. incorrect. The instructor will deal with plagiarism 6 . Evidence of development is not available. Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty The following is Clemson’s official statement on “Academic Integrity”: “As members of the Clemson University community. • Distorts topic or assignment.
I also ask that all the assignments be turned in to me in hard copy. This means ALL assignments must be in an ELECTRONIC format. website. The most serious offense within this category occurs when a student copies text from the Internet or from a collective file.on a casebycase basis. See the Clemson site below for information about Academic Integrity and procedures regarding the violation of Clemson policies on scholastic dishonesty: http://www. make an argument that offers a new perspective on the topic at hand.html MAJOR ASSIGNMENTS NOTE: All assignments. Using the assigned readings in Envision in Depth and the models available on Envision Online (the Companion Website). interviews.edu/html/academics/academic_integrity_2002. Oct. must be included in your Learning Record. The report should be in MLA format and a minimum of 3000 words. Ch 7) This assignment should include a Works Cited page. including library sources. and effect. The form of this assignment is an integrated textual and visual essay that utilizes visual images and the rhetorical elements of composition. 7 . podcast. Nov. Students should put forth an argument using both writing and images. photoessay. social.clemson. or other multimedia combination. 8] Final draft due: Week 5 [Monday. Meanwhile. The aim of your argument is to support a thesis—using the tools of persuasion—concerning how your chosen visual text itself offers a persuasive argument. First draft due: Week 11 [Monday. (See EID. Sept.cs. or political issues raised by the visual in order to bring in research sources. make an argument that persuades readers of your thesis. MLA format. Visual rhetoric assignment: This assignment requires students develop proficiency in rhetorical analysis and argument by developing a writing piece that examines a visual text. Using readings from Envision in Depth and your own library/field research. and be a minimum of 1500 words. 15] Research argument assignment: This assignment requires you to broaden the topic from one visual text to the larger cultural. video. blog. intended audience. drafts and final drafts. minimum 2500 words. First draft due: Week 4 [Monday. A written report detailing your project’s rationale and process should accompany the final product. Sept. This type of academic dishonesty is a serious offense that will result in a failing grade for the course as well as the filing of a formal report to the university. mp3 file(s). presentation. This assignment emphasizes research skills. 27] Final draft due: Week 12 [Wednesday. via MyCompLab. be formatted according to MLA standards. 5] Multimedia assignment: This assignment requires students to develop an extended argument using multimodal composition strategies such as an opad. and other forms of academic inquiry.
You can choose to work alone or form a group with your classmates. Dec. Dec. 29] Parts B. The portfolio is reflective and helps students to understand their progress as writers while learning how to present ideas in multiple media. 1] Learning Record portfolio: This is a resource for managing and documenting the work and learning you do in this class. Sept. 5] 8 .2 are due: Week 16 [Friday. This assignment requires students to engage with electronic technologies and incorporate various media.1 and A. Various assignments will be due throughout the semester. and all observations. and essays must be included in the LR on the date due. visual communication. 17] Final draft due: Week 16 [Monday. and perhaps even video into their reflections on their development as writers. Parts A.2 and C.2 are due: Week 2 [Friday. Nov. including verbal writing. 24] Parts B. drafts.1 are due: Week 6 [Wednesday. Aug. Each group contains up to 3 people.1 and C.The project will be showcased to the class the day it is due. Outline/Storyboard due: Week 14 [Monday.
com/) Blogger Address: http://eng10331. your own observation on Online. Key to Abbreviations: EID = Envision in Depth EOL = Envision OnLine companion website (available at http://www. assignments. half the class argues that Marlette’s point is persuasive (& why). students instructor via MCL Read EID Ch 1 (pp 129). opening – how is rhetoric all around us? WEEK 1 Form groups.1 and A.mycomplab. 34) about student newspaper or from the Internet (through Envision Read EID Ch 2 (p. 272273. SYLLABUS ITINERARY (subject to change) [Assignments listed are due by the next class period unless noted otherwise] Readings and Resources.com/ Before Class In Class After Class Introductions: course. 280) Analyze John Riviello’s Flash Cartoon Movie on Barbie (p. EOL) ads and post your writing in Fri Blogger as Study ads in EID Ch 10 (p. OBSERVATION 1 272) Start working on LR parts A. p. 3 judges vote.com. Send a message to your instructor. half the class argues the point is not persuasive (& why). American Idol style on which team was most persuasive 9 .blogspot.2 that are due Conduct pro/con debate about Doug Marlette’s article (p. using a cartoon or comic either from the Clemson Complete Collaborative Challenge (p. in class. 264 Blogger 1/7 267.ablongman. and 283 the Set up your account in Blogger Atlas Comic) Upload a photo of yourself Watch some examples of multimedia project on to Blogger as your profile YouTube. picture. 20).com/envision) DK= The DK Handbook MCL = MyCompLab (available at http://www.30-52). Discussion of EID Ch 1 and Ch 10. Blogger. 1/9 266. LR. 15. complete Collaborative Challenge. 16 on 1/16 (next Fri). MCL. Set up your account in MCL Create an account in Wed Read EID Ch 10 (p.
53-81). p 72. 126129 Brainstorm to develop ideas for visual rhetoric assignments 10 . to 1/14 529537: Introduction. paying careful attention to the marginal annotations in Fri Mieszkowski. and Miliard LR PARTS A. Read. p. on historical Read EID. 2223 to refine the thesis Discussion of visual rhetoric assignment Review Jason Benhaim’s visual rhetoric assignment in EID (p. on “Week in Pictures” learn about invention. “Snapshots of the newspaper photo essays arrangement. p.53-81) and bios Each group of students choose one of the following to complete in class: • Collaborative Challenge. 185186). 2427). 58. • Collaborative Challenge. Sontag. 586-587 In groups. “America”. Ch 1. p. 298-299.1 and A. America 24/7 Each student will compose a thesis statement from the perspective of a different persona within the collaborative challenge activity. 61.2 blue concerning what makes for an effective essay 1/16 (EID Ch 14) DUE midnight in MCL Consult models of visual rhetoric assignments posted on EOL Read DK p. 31) work Discussion of EID Ch 3 (p. 52 for guidelines) 63) Mon Statements” p. Discussion of Ch 2 on Ads and Strategies of Persuasion. 1/12 357. p. on collections of hoax Complete Creative Wed “Representing Reality” p. 266 & 280 following the guidelines in Read EID Ch 3 (p. p. 78. or fake photos Practice. p. Ch 3 about persona (see Discussion of visual rhetoric assignment (See EID p. 29 collaborative challenge. analyze ads on p. in LR. and style Ordinary”. See models of student papers in EOL. PHOTO AND BIO is due also use ads that students bring to class to discuss how midnight in MCL rhetorical appeals and strategies of persuasion (p. complete Collaborative Challenge. Ch 1 & Ch 2 under Write a short bio (follow “Student Writing” Read EID “Visual guidelines on p. Reading” p. 46 in class. p. Read EID Ch 10 “Fashion and p. Work with EID. Ch 14. on photobanks through EOL WEEK 2 • Collaborative Challenge. Patricia Cox. Pick a photo of yourself.
followed by a list of principles you each pledge to uphold. 24 in small groups. due Monday 11 . Maximum 1-page document due midnight tonight. Mon MLK DAY 1/19 Discuss models of visual rhetoric assignments posted on EOL Each group analyzes three model papers and offers a short Complete Thesis exercise presentation on the papers to the class: discuss thesis. choice for your assignment (p. introduction and conclusion 23). ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGE In groups. 22 Work on draft of visual of visual rhetoric for analysis. craft a definition of Academic Integrity (one due Midnight in Blogger paragraph) (Read DK Handbook pp 144145 and 308311). and post it in Blogger by midnight In groups. rhetoric assignment Blogger as Discuss Sontag. Mieszkowski. complete the Creative Practice from EOL. due strategy. Finish the 1st draft of visual rhetoric assignment.. Pledge. and post your thesis Wed rhetoric assignment. due Bair’s rhetorical analysis from the student samples found 1/23 next Monday under Chapter 2 student web resources. Use EID p. Ch 14) and student observations in the LR about how cameras capture social identity WEEK 3 Coauthor a 1page Inclass peer review of thesis statements for visual rhetoric Academic Integrity assignment revisions. explicit or implicit use of rhetorical terms and statements for visual 1/21 next Monday strategies of persuasion from Ch 13 of EID. in conjunction with Traci Fri rhetoric assignment. “America”. and Miliard (EID OBSERVATION 2. on Work on draft of visual tonight University Promotional Materials.
Ch 14. p. p. Each student complete graphic brainstorm or mapping activity topic in class on Mon 9/15 for you own topic (on a computer. be 1/30 focus from one visual text ready to discuss your research to a larger research paper. 2637 http://inspiration. 591592. also bring a hard copy rhetoric assignment to should develop a thesis statement. FIRST 1/26 Bring a hard copy of the DRAFT due midnight in 1st draft of visual Complete the Creative Practice on apple ads. Then compare the group to class today class today. p. use free download of Read DK pp. the form on EOL strategies. and post your writing in Blogger as Read DK Handbook pp OBSERVATION 3. or how you 297. 1725 Decide on your research Browse topics in Case studies: EID. 558559. Ch 15. Ch 10. p. 610611. Read EID. 3334) Write a reflection on what Begin process of finding a WEEK 4 you observed from reading topic for your second Wed other people’s papers about research project In class Peer review the 1st of visual rhetoric assignment. thesis to the one in Seth Stevenson’s article (p. For example. Orbach. use 1/28 effective argumentation assignment. 268 FIRST DRAFT (of visual rhetoric assignment) DUE on advertising VISUAL RHETORIC Mon What is the thesis of Orbach’s piece? Assess it in class ASSIGNMENT. Document your research topic Fri will broaden out your What topics interest you? with notes in your LR. p. p. each group MCL.com or use pen and paper) 12 . essay topic. 326.
1 (Evaluation) in Discuss how to apply what you learned to your own research Develop some ideas for your LR topic idea research assignment 13 . Discuss EID Ch 4 and Research Topic Ideas Read EID Ch 4 (pp. Visit the Writing Center in Room 305 Daniel Hall some time this week to get help revising your 1st draft of visual rhetoric assignment. 84 Wed Discussion of research argument assignment Keep revising your 1st draft of 108) 2/4 visual rhetoric assignment In groups. as example of completed assignment Groups work through Creative Challenge: “Narrowing your Keep revising your 1st draft of Read student examples of Fri Topic” on EOL visual rhetoric assignment LR Parts B. assignment. analyze Tanner Gardner’s paper. 2/2 Revise your visual rhetoric Class does not meet. 252262. WEEK 5 Include your writer’s bio and photo to the end of the essay.1 (Analysis) 2/6 and C. p. and conclusion (see EID p. 27 for final check). 64 67) and make a last pass (see EID p. Mon assignment. intro. if the instructor suggested Teacher conference on the first draft of visual rhetoric during the conference. Include an effective title.
1 midnight tonight in MCL Look at examples of LR WEEK 6 Read Joseph Yoon’s Discuss Freewrites in class.1 and C. link to reading on p 96 of Peer review your freewrites in a group and work toward “So- EID) Whats” and a hypothesis or research question. 14 and Discuss DK pp 3886 tonight in MCL 14 .1 DUE MIDNIGHT in MCL Complete parts B.1 and C. FINAL DRAFT (of visual rhetoric assignment) DUE Complete the final draft of MIDNIGHT in MCL VISUAL RHETORIC Mon assignment that is due 2/9 Class discussion of LR parts B. 3886 C.1 and Fri Read DK p. LR PARTS B.1 of LR due midnight 2/13 Review Ch. including Joseph Yoon’s freewrite research freewrite on the Wed Vietnam Memorial (see 2/11 Develop a freewrite on your own and post it in Blogger.
Bibliography.118 to keep making entries in your LR Work on Annotated Read Case study in Ch 10: Discuss EID Ch 5 in class. 104113 Discuss Iceberg of Research (p. 2/20 297 and in Ch 11. 112 in your LR. 264 See “At a Glance” on EID p. Use the “At a Glance” on p. – both full-text sources and ones they have to go to the library to check out. 111). 372389). What kinds of texts form a range of perspectives on these issues? 15 . Complete the Creative Mon Practice on p. send students to the library to retrieve sources once they have completed their search. After Complete “At A Glance” class. 110 135 for guidelines. 113 Students search their topics through databases on their laptops 2/16 concerning searching. due “Playing Against Monday. Academic databases. p. use what you learned from the library workshop to locate a range of sources Read DK p. 140141 Record an observation in WEEK 7 your LR in which you Use Inspiration. Read EID Ch 5 (p. Discuss Google vs. 5 sources. p.com or other graphic brainstorm/mapping tool reflect on how the to create Iceberg for individual student research projects. 109 138) Read DK p. Stereotypes” (p. Fri “Marked Bodies. complete Collaborative challenge p. In groups. based research process is going Wed on both web sources (Google) and and how the visual 2/18 additional library sources mapping process helps you conceptualize the Complete the Creative Practice in EOL Ch 5 research necessary for your project.
135) and their own methods of avoiding “what is your method for examples in EOL unintentional plagiarism. and focus Compare outlines by LeeMing Zen p. 3/2 Also Read EID “Yo. Ch 6 (144151) http://www. Draft sample annotations for those 2 sources together. p. 149151) Fri how are the voices for 3/6 each article distinct? Peer review outlines using “At a Glance” p. Ch 5. Collaborative Peer Review Guidelines Compose a set of interview questions in your LR and Discuss interviews and surveys. Look at the websites in EID p. 238-239). Yao!” and Look at the poster (p. Use “At a Glance” p. 273). p. 152 What sources might Dexian Cai add to his Complete Collaborative challenge. talking about their sources. “Cultural Differences” (p. analyze websites on other topics together. Globalization. What do you learn about Websites? What do you learn from reading the articles that complicates your analysis of the Websites? Discuss bibliographies. p. 284). 313 Discuss Doris Kearns Goodwin article (p. Ch 6. Read EID. 125 WEEK 8 And then with EOL. to work on a visual (jpg) and the outline (txt) in map of your outline for the assignment. post the graphic WEEK 9 3/4 Use Inspiration in class. including “Year of the Yao” at outline with inspiration Wed Read EID. on the laptops. In small groups. LAST DAY TO DROP CLASS WITH A ‘W’ Read EID. talk about University Policy on Plagiarism. 120 & 121. discuss students’ individual Post your observation on Compare your methods to Fri note-taking styles (p. 293) as an interview. 271) then compare it to Pro BIBLIOGRAPHY DUE 2/23 Anna Websites in light of Udovitch’s argument (p. MIDNIGHT IN MCL Read Student sample annotated bibliographies Return to John Riviello’s website and assess the images of toys . 234239 Watch Bush versus Bush – how people answer questions 2/25 Conduct that interview as Analyze “Cultural Differences” (EID p. 358362) Look at Movie trailers in class as examples of outlines and Continue working on your organizational strategies. 293) ANNOTATED Next. 139 144 Mon To be arranged. Ch 5 for boys with regard to Pope’s article (p.yearoftheyao. find the Website for the Dove Campaign and analyze it in Mon light of Orbach’s argument (p. 152 research assignment? 16 . from EOL.144147 to Dexian Cai on “McDonaldization” – (p. your LR Read Ch 15. part of your research Is it serious? Humorous? Reliable? Compare it with the Interview about tattoo culture following 9/11 on EID. 123 Have students work in small groups. p. 2/27 note taking?” in Blogger as OBSERVATION 4. 130 Wed post them in Blogger Read Ch 9. peer review with “At a Glance” p.com/ technology. p.
different article in this case study. Ch 15. identity. taking over the world? Discuss EID. 152175 3/13 Compare images of Media Globalization on p. Record your observation in 560561). 154155 17 . 157) online during peer reviews) WEEK 12 Record an Observation in FIRST DRAFT (of research argument assignment) DUE Wed Read EID on integrating your LR about the first draft 3/25 sources. 614) in his essay? (see EID p. p. How does each one offer a distinct voice? What your LR about Read EID. 560561). “East Meets West” – Work on the first draft of small groups. EID p. How Mon does our position in the Record an observation in To be arranged. 3/9 world shape the way we your LR think about identity. Discussion of revision techniques and elevating style. and culture? In class: Discuss the readings in Ch 14. research based argument. research evidence makes the argument of each article? Work in WEEK 10 Ch 15. not inserting sources p. “East Meets West” – how are culture. and society changing with crosscultural influences? Fri Read Ch 6. identity. Read Ch 14. p. society. “Images of Crisis” (p. peer review. inclass writing of revisions of first draft of research argument Fri Read Ch 7 on Document assignment 3/27 Design. 178204 Focus on integrating. 3/11 and society changing with due Next Mon Students could also choose to report on articles from crosscultural influences? “McDonaldization” – how does the class respond to the Post it in Blogger as argument that McDonalds is a form of American culture that is OBSERVATION 5. 154155 and what you learned from Peer reviews in class Use EID. Discuss Sunthar Premakumar’s two drafts in Ch 6 Write a reflection Mon observation in your LR 3/23 (Bring hard copy or Collaborative Challenge: How might Sunthar integrate the about strategies for drafting prepare to show the draft article by David Wells (EID p. each group should offer a short report on a Wed how are culture. p. “Images of Crisis” (p. 623 to images of Gaming Culture found in Ch 13 3/16 WEEK 11 FALL BREAK 3/20 Finish your first draft (of research argument assignment) for Monday. 162 questions.
– have groups showcase ads and discuss their strategic use of appeals and strategies of development WEEK 14 Complete the appropriate “At a Glance” box for your Complete “Prewriting Work in groups on multimedia argument assignment. Small group work (if time) – give each group a short 174 and record your 3/30 assignment.510. analyze the images in Ch 10 as examples of storyboard/outline of Multimedia arguments. Share the revised papers with the class and talk about the WEEK 13 decisions in the use and placement of visual evidence. Against Drunk Driving. p. and 10. Anti-Piracy (filesharing). p.6. 18 . 558 on group mock-up an op-ad for a different cause. See Figure 10.1. EID. Fri Multimedia Argument 10.16. paper with no visuals – have them Google search some visuals observations in your LR to use as evidence in the paper and insert in appropriate places. Wed multimedia: OpAd. p. 234262 4/3 argument assignment in In groups. 10. 197 your LR Review multimedia argument assignment In groups. 199. complete the Collaborative Challenge on EID p.) Work in groups on multimedia argument assignment. analyze a few print and Mon commercial op-ads as a class – refresher on rhetorical appeals complete the Collaborative 4/6 and strategies of development. such as Mothers Multimedia features.205 Record an initial brainstorm Discuss Ch. your own revision process in 4/1 Why is it important to avoid Discussion of multimedia argument assignment. 7 p. 10. Read EID Ch 12 on FINAL DRAFT (of research argument assignment) DUE Record an observation on Wed Copyright and Creativity.3.2.188. etc. 8. see your LR plagiarism? Guidelines in EID Ch 7. Conference with instructor on research argument assignment Work on revisions of Discuss academic document design and use of visual rhetoric Complete “At a Glance: p Mon research argument in papers. Checklist” (p. p. 7 and EOL Ch. 10. Website examples Analyze examples in EID Ch. 10. 4/10 (Bring hard copy or CD to class Monday. Small group work: have each Challenge. 200 and p. 196. 9. Anti-Drug. brainstorm ideas for the project. 205) for 4/8 Photo Essay. 10. 202 and post in your LR Work on As a class. 10. Decide on your topic and Look at Ad layout on p. p.7.11. 7 and 12 Fri idea for the multimedia Read Ch.12.
Finish the final draft of the multimedia argument Mon assignment. 4/15 Work in groups on multimedia argument assignment.mycomplab.2 4/22 and C. include in your LR. 8. peer review instructor Compare student assignments to examples listed in EOL WEEK 15 bibliography for Ch 7 Conference with instructor on multimedia argument Wed To be arranged. WEEK 16 FINAL DRAFT (of Multimedia Argument assignment) Wed DUE Complete LR parts B.blogspot. 185186).2. To be arranged. Work in groups on multimedia argument assignment.2 and C.206-231 Mon 4/13 Prepare for conference with Inclass writing. Photo and Bio: (Due Midnight 1/12 in MCL) Pick a photo of yourself. 63) and write a short bio (follow guidelines on p. p. your LR.com/ 1. your instructor conference in 4/17 Work in groups on multimedia argument assignment. Part A1: Interview (Due Midnight 1/16 in MCL ) 19 . 4/20 Prepare showcase.com Class Blog: http://eng10331. To be arranged. Conference with instructor on multimedia argument Write an observation about Fri To be arranged. p. following the guidelines in Ch 3 about persona (see collaborative challenge. 2.2 Fri 4/24 DUE Course Evaluations ENGL 103 ACCELERATED COMPOSITION ASSIGNMENTS FOR MyCompLab/Class Blog MyCompLab: http://www. due Fri Hold showcase of Projects in class LAST DAY OF CLASS LR PARTS B. STORYBOARD/OUTLINE (of Multimedia Argument assignment) DUE Read EID Ch.
especially concerning: • Your estimated evaluation in terms of the grade criteria for the course. especially concerning: • Reflections on your learning experience in the course. The pledge should contain several paragraphs that define academic integrity (including citing the sources from which your definitions are drawn) and a list of responsibilities that each of you pledges to uphold during this course and your remaining semesters at Clemson University. Part B1: Midterm Analysis of Data (Due Midnight 2/13 in MCL) Develop your summary interpretation of your development in terms of the major strands of work. • Any supplementary information or comments not included in Parts A and B. We hope to contribute. and thinker. Part C2: Final Evaluation and Grade Estimate (Due Midnight 4/24 in MCL) Include here any comments you’d like to add. • Any suggestions for the instructor for future classes. to a new motto at Clemson: The Clemson Ethos IS the Clemson Experience! 5. 3. Part B2: Final Analysis of Data (Due Midnight 4/24 in MCL) Develop your summary interpretation of your development in terms of the major strands of work. Observations (Due every week in Blogger) Please include the following information for each observation. 6. Be sure to connect your interpretations with specific examples included in the observations and samples of work. Part A2: Personal Reflection (Due Midnight 1/16 in MCL) Reflections on your own development with respect to reading. • Then. indicate your final grade estimate. 8. or teacher. The interview should focus on the person’s impressions of your development as a reader. and listening. indicate your midterm grade estimate. speaking. writer. 4. Please identify the person (first name only) and how long he or she has known you. writing. Academic Integrity Collaborative Project (Due on 1/23 in Blogger) This assignment requires students to meet in groups to discuss and coauthor a 1page Academic Integrity Pledge. Remember that establishing your credibility as a writer means establishing your ethos as a person. 9. Be sure to connect your interpretations with specific examples included in the observations and samples of work. • Then. with this assignment. close friend. • Suggestions for your own further development during the remainder of the term. Each group member signs the document at the bottom. • Suggestions for class activities or for the professor to better support learning. 7. and other course strands (see your syllabus for the FIVE course strands information). a parent or other family member. Interview with another person who knows you well—for example. Copy and paste these observation fields for each new observation: 20 . Part C1: Midterm Evaluation and Grade Estimate (Due Midnight 2/13 in MCL) Include here any comments you’d like to add.
social. Using the assigned readings in Envision in Depth and the models available on Envision Online (the Companion Website). Visual rhetoric assignment (FINAL DRAFT) (Due Midnight 2/9 in MCL) This assignment requires students develop proficiency in rhetorical analysis and argument by developing a writing piece that examines a visual text. The aim of your argument is to support a thesis—using the tools of persuasion— concerning how your chosen visual text itself offers a persuasive argument. This assignment emphasizes research skills. intended audience. make an argument that persuades readers of your thesis. make an argument that persuades readers of your thesis. This assignment emphasizes research skills. (See EID. 11. interviews. social. make an argument that offers a new perspective on the topic at hand. including library sources. and be a minimum of 1500 words. Ch 7) This assignment should include a Works Cited page. Using the assigned readings in Envision in Depth and the models available on Envision Online (the Companion Website). Students should put forth an argument 21 . and other forms of academic inquiry. 12. 13. or political issues raised by the visual in order to bring in research sources. including library sources. minimum 2500 words. be formatted according to MLA standards. The aim of your argument is to support a thesis—using the tools of persuasion— concerning how your chosen visual text itself offers a persuasive argument. 14. and effect. be formatted according to MLA standards. Visual rhetoric assignment (FIRST DRAFT) (Due Midnight 1/26 in MCL) This assignment requires students develop proficiency in rhetorical analysis and argument by developing a writing piece that examines a visual text. and other forms of academic inquiry. Using readings from Envision in Depth and your own library/field research. The form of this assignment is an integrated textual and visual essay that utilizes visual images and the rhetorical elements of composition. presentation. (See EID. interviews. or political issues raised by the visual in order to bring in research sources. compiling. Annotated Bibliography (Due Midnight 2/23 in MCL) Conducting research and identifying your sources are essential parts of college studies. intended audience. and annotating a list of five different research sources. documenting. Research argument assignment (FINAL DRAFT) (Due Midnight 4/6 in MCL) This assignment requires you to broaden the topic from one visual text to the larger cultural. MLA format. Ch 7) This assignment should include a Works Cited page. The form of this assignment is an integrated textual and visual essay that utilizes visual images and the rhetorical elements of composition. presentation. In this assignment you will follow MLA guidelines to practice both of these skills. Students should put forth an argument using both writing and images. Research argument assignment (FIRST DRAFT) (Due Midnight 3/13 in MCL) This assignment requires you to broaden the topic from one visual text to the larger cultural. and effect. Date observed: Date entered here: Context (choose one): individual | pair | small group | large group | whole class | lab Activity: Observation: 10. and be a minimum of 1500 words.
17. Various assignments will be due throughout the semester. Multimedia assignment (FINAL DRAFT) (Due Midnight 2/9 in MCL) This assignment requires students to develop an extended argument using multimodal composition strategies such as an opad. visual communication. MLA format. and essays must be included in the LR on the date due. This assignment requires students to engage with electronic technologies and incorporate various media. A written report detailing your project’s rationale and process should accompany the final product. make an argument that offers a new perspective on the topic at hand. 15. blog. photoessay. blog. podcast. The portfolio is reflective and helps students to understand their progress as writers while learning how to present ideas in multiple media. mp3 file(s). Various assignments will be due throughout the semester. visual communication. The report should be in MLA format and a minimum of 3000 words. The project will be showcased to the class the day it is due. and all observations. or other multimedia combination. The portfolio is reflective and helps students to understand their progress as writers while learning how to present ideas in multiple media. mp3 file(s). podcast. Using readings from Envision in Depth and your own library/field research. Learning Record Final portfolio (Due Midnight 4/24 in MCL) This is a resource for managing and documenting the work and learning you do in this class. 18. and essays must be included in the LR on the date due. A written report detailing your project’s rationale and process should accompany the final product. website. using both writing and images. minimum 2500 words. website. including verbal writing. The report should be in MLA format and a minimum of 3000 words. video. The project will be showcased to the class the day it is due. Learning Record Midterm portfolio (Due Midnight 2/13 in MCL) This is a resource for managing and documenting the work and learning you do in this class. and all observations. drafts. photoessay. 22 . Multimedia assignment (STORYBOARD/OUTLINE) (Due Midnight 4/13 in MCL) This assignment requires students to develop an extended argument using multimodal composition strategies such as an opad. 16. drafts. and perhaps even video into their reflections on their development as writers. or other multimedia combination. and perhaps even video into their reflections on their development as writers. This assignment requires students to engage with electronic technologies and incorporate various media. video. including verbal writing. | 2019-04-20T04:27:34Z | https://www.scribd.com/document/9661187/ENG103syllabus-31 |
Establish standard processes for the use of College facilities.
Establish and maintain a consistent, effective and efficient approach to facility use and scheduling.
Establish and apply consistent fees and contracts for the use of College facilities.
Increase the degree of campus-wide communication and coordination relative to the effective and efficient scheduling of College facilities.
Increase the degree of campus awareness with regard to activities and events that use College facilities.
Provide designated liaisons to internal and external users to aid them in the scheduling and use of College facilities.
Optimize the appropriate use of College facilities.
The use of SUNY Oswego facilities is intended primarily for functions sponsored by official offices, departments and programs of the College in pursuit of its educational purposes. However, SUNY Oswego also recognizes its rightful public service role as a public institution. Therefore, external users may use College facilities where such use does not infringe upon, disrupt or conflict with the operations and activities of the College in pursuit of its educational purposes.
This policy applies only to the use of those facilities located on the main campus of SUNY Oswego.
The Rice Creek Field Station staff have sole responsibility for scheduling the use of facilities at Rice Creek Field Station.
The Division of Extended Learning has sole responsibility for scheduling the use of SUNY Oswego's Syracuse Campus, and any additional off-campus facilities used by the College for its educational purposes.
Auxiliary Services has sole responsibility for scheduling the use of facilities at Fallbrook Recreation Center.
The term “college community” refers to those students who are enrolled at SUNY Oswego, faculty who are employed by the College, and staff who are employed by the College, Auxiliary Services, the Student Association, the Oswego College Foundation or the Alumni Association.
The term “event” refers to a single, series or any combination of planned meetings, presentations, functions, gatherings, or other activities that are not part of or directly related to the College’s curriculum of formal instruction.
The term “facility” refers to any building, structure, indoor space, equipment, furnishings, parking lot, and/or outdoor space under the custody and control of the College and/or the College Foundation.
The term “sponsored” refers to the explicit responsibility for planning, producing and supervising an event.
The term “internal user” refers to any school, department, office, committee, task force or organization that is a part of or directly affiliated with the organizational and/or governance structure of the College.
For the purposes of this policy, the following entities are also considered an internal user: Auxiliary Services, the Oswego College Foundation, the Alumni Association, the Student Association, and registered student organizations.
For the purposes of this policy, individual members of the college community are not considered internal users.
The term “external user” refers to any individual, group, or organization that is not an internal user. External users shall complete a revocable permit to use space.
The term "academic class” refers to any credit-bearing course offered as part of the College’s curriculum of formal instruction and Extended Learning non-credit bearing courses.
The term “academic activity” refers to any meeting, presentation, program, or other activity that is not an academic class but is part of or directly related to the College’s curriculum of formal instruction.
The term “sponsored event” refers to an event that is sponsored exclusively by one or more internal users.
The term “co-sponsored event” refers to an event that is jointly sponsored by one or more internal users and one or more external users; and the primary audience for the event are members of the College community.
the primary audience for the event are members of the College community.
The term “hosted event” refers to an event that is jointly sponsored by one or more internal users and one or more external users; and the primary audience for the event are persons outside the College community.
the primary audience for the event are persons outside the College community.
The term “external event” refers to an event that is sponsored by one or more external users and does not meet the criteria to be classified as a co-sponsored event or a hosted event (e.g., a wedding reception or a conference sponsored by an external user).
The purpose for which a facility is requested to be used must be consistent with and suitable to the primary function(s) for which the facility was designed or is currently utilized. The proposed use of a facility must conform to building and fire codes, including adherence to occupancy limits and maintaining proper ingress and egress to the facility.
Certain facilities are not reservable due to their specific functions including, but not limited to: offices, storage rooms, closets, bathrooms, stairwells, and hallways.
Certain facilities may not be appropriate for use beyond their primary function for reasons of safety or security including, but not limited to: mechanical rooms, rooftops, maintenance shops, dining centers or catering kitchens, and laboratories.
College facilities may only be used for academic classes, academic activities, sponsored events, co-sponsored events, hosted events and external events (see Section E. Activity and Event Categories).
College facilities may not be used in a manner that infringes upon, disrupts or conflicts with the operations of the College or the College’s educational purposes (see Regulations and Procedures for Maintaining Public Order on Campuses of the State University of New York in this handbook).
College facilities may not be used in a manner that is inconsistent with the College’s status as a tax-exempt educational institution.
The College shall have the authority to limit activities and events to specific locations, specific dates(s) and specific time(s), limit the manner in which facilities are used, limit the number of participants at an activity or event, and set other limits to ensure the integrity of the College’s primary programs and educational purposes.
The College shall determine appropriate measures for the health, safety, and security of campus members and the public for activities and events and may deny or limit the use of College facilities accordingly.
Facility use may be denied or restricted if the College determines that the internal or external user(s) has violated College policy, federal, state or local law during a previous use of College facilities.
All internal and external users who schedule the use of College facilities and their visitors and guests must abide by College policies, the Regulations and Procedures for Maintaining Public Order on Campuses of the State University of New York (in this handbook) and other policies of the Board of Trustees of the State University of New York and the tenets of the SUNY Oswego Code of Students Rights, Responsibilities and Conduct (in this handbook). Violation of such policies may result in disciplinary action, criminal or civil actions. Violators may be required to reimburse the College for costs associated with damages or other services incurred as a result of such violation. Violators may be escorted off the campus by University Police.
The advertisement and/or posting of information in College facilities soliciting campus or community attendance at events using College facilities must comply with the College’s policy on Posting and Distributing Promotional Materials.
The use of College facilities by internal and external users must comply with all provisions outlined in this policy.
The Registrar’s Office, within the Division of Academic Affairs, is solely responsible for scheduling the use of College facilities for academic classes.
The Registrar’s Office shall be responsible for implementing this aspect of the policy.
The Registrar’s Office shall establish procedures to request, schedule, reserve, and coordinate the use of College facilities for academic classes.
The Event Management Office, within the Division of Student Affairs and Enrollment Management, is solely responsible for scheduling the use of College facilities for academic activities, sponsored events, co-sponsored events, hosted events and external events.
The Event Management Office shall be responsible for implementing this aspect of the policy.
The Event Management Office shall establish procedures to request, schedule, reserve, and coordinate the use of College facilities.
The Event Management Office shall establish procedures to arrange for services in support of activities and events.
a. Requests for the use of College facilities for academic classes must be directed to the Registrar’s Office in accordance with the College’s timeline and procedures for scheduling academic classes.
The Registrar’s Office will review each request and will approve or deny the request.
If the request is approved, the Registrar’s Office will publish the academic class and its assigned classroom, laboratory or other College facility in the College’s schedule of academic classes.
Requests for the use of College facilities by internal and external users for academic activities, sponsored events, co-sponsored events, hosted events and external events must be directed to the Event Management Office.
the relationship of the primary audience to the College.
If the request is approved, the Event Management Office will coordinate the planning of the activity or event, including the issuance of a revocable permit (where applicable), the scheduling of required facilities and services, the establishment and collection of applicable deposits and fees, and the disbursement of revenue to other College offices/departments.
Each activity and event will be scheduled in an available facility whose capacity and/or design is most appropriate for the size and/or nature of the proposed activity or event.
To optimize the overall use of College facilities, the Event Management Office reserves the right to change the location, reservation start time or reservation end time of a scheduled activity or event. Decisions to change the location, reservation start time or reservation end time of a scheduled activity or event will be made in consultation with the user(s) and with as much advance notice as possible.
The scheduling of academic classes shall receive first priority for the use of classrooms and laboratories.
The scheduling of academic classes shall not preempt or “bump” scheduled activities or events from other College facilities.
In general, requests for the use of College facilities for academic activities, sponsored events, co-sponsored events, hosted events and external events shall be accommodated on a first-come first-served basis.
An activity or event with a higher scheduling priority shall not preempt or “bump” a previously scheduled activity or event with a lower scheduling priority.
Classrooms and laboratories may not be scheduled for academic activities, sponsored events, co-sponsored events, hosted events and external events for a given semester or summer term prior to the release of the final schedule of academic classes for that semester or summer term except for those activities and events that are scheduled during academic breaks and/or non-class or weekend hours.
Requests for use of College facilities from SUNY System Administration shall have priority over external users.
The College reserves the right to preempt the facility use priority to meet the educational purposes of the College or in response to unique needs or circumstances.
Administrative Fee – a fee assessed for the planning and/or support of an activity or an event.
Damage Fee – a fee assessed for damage to a facility resulting from an activity or an event.
Deposit – a non-refundable payment made for the purpose of reserving the use of a facility or facilities for an activity or an event. The amount of the deposit is applied toward the total cost of all applicable fees arising from the production of the activity or event.
Rental Fee – a fee assessed for the use of space, furnishings and/or equipment.
Support Service Fee – a fee assessed for a service required or provided by the College, or its subcontractors, in support of an activity or an event (e.g., custodial, maintenance, catering, dining center meals, parking, traffic control, event security, and facility supervision outside normal operating hours).
The Event Management Office has sole authority to quote and assess fees for the use of College facilities for all academic activities, sponsored events, co-sponsored events, hosted events and external events.
Generally, an internal user who uses College facilities for an academic activity, a sponsored event or a co-sponsored event will not be assessed a deposit or administrative fees.
Rental fee(s) will be assessed for the use of residence hall facilities.
Rental fee(s) may be assessed for the use of facilities under the custody and control of Auxiliary Services (e.g., Fallbrook Recreation Center).
Support service fee(s) will be assessed for dining center meals and for catering.
Rental fee(s) may be assessed for furnishings and equipment when an activity or event requires additional furnishings or equipment not included in the routine operation of the facility or facilities used.
Support service fee(s) may be assessed when an activity or event requires additional staffing or support services not included in the routine operation of the facility or facilities used.
Damage fee(s) may be assessed when an activity or event results in damage to the facility or facilities used.
Generally, an internal and/or external user who uses College facilities for a hosted event or an external event will be assessed a deposit and applicable rental fees, support service fees, and administrative fees.
An external user who can provide evidence of its not-for-profit status may receive a discount of up to 25% on all qualifying rental fees.
respond to unique needs or circumstances.
In extremely rare situations, due to factors beyond the control of the College, including, but not limited to weather conditions, unavailability of facilities due to physical damage, or mechanical breakdown of support systems, the College may cancel a previously scheduled activity or event without penalty to the College.
The College reserves the right to establish reasonable cancellation deadlines for academic activities, sponsored events, co-sponsored events, hosted events and external events. Such deadlines will be established and communicated in a timely manner to internal/external users during the planning process. The cancellation of academic activities, sponsored events, co-sponsored events, hosted events and external events must be directed to the Event Management Office. Cancellations received by the Event Management Office after an established cancellation deadline may result in the assessment of additional fees and/or the loss of non-refundable fees.
The College reserves the right to require certain internal and external users to provide a certificate of insurance related to the users’ use of College facilities.
Workers’ compensation insurance sufficient to cover all employees of the user. Such policies shall name SUNY Oswego, SUNY, and the State of New York as additionally insured.
Comprehensive commercial general liability insurance, property damage insurance, and automobile liability insurance in such amounts as the College shall deem sufficient but no less than $250,000 each person, $1,000,000 each occurrence for bodily injury and property damage. Policies shall be on an occurrence basis only. Such policies shall name SUNY Oswego, SUNY, and the State of New York as additionally insured.
The user(s) must provide the College with current certificates of insurance. These certificates shall contain a provision that coverages afforded under the policies shall not be canceled or changed until at least 30 days’ prior written notice has been given the College.
The College reserves the right to require certain internal and external users to indemnify the College, SUNY, and the State of New York from any liability arising out of the actions of the user or its agents incidental to the use of the College facilities by the user.
Requests to waive or discount deposits and fees related to the use of College facilities must be submitted in writing to the Director of the Event Management Office or designee. The Director of the Event Management Office will then submit his/her recommendation to the Vice President for Student Affairs and Enrollment Management. The Vice President for Student Affairs and Enrollment Management will approve or deny the request. | 2019-04-19T04:55:16Z | https://www.oswego.edu/campus-life/facilities-use-policy |
Thanks to the entire staff for your continued commitment to my well being.
All of the personnel are very professional, yet warm and helpful.
I feel like family when I go to get my eye exam. Every part of my check up is top notch!!
The assistant and the eye doctor were both fantastic. Both personable, yet professional !!
This experience has left me with a good feeling about the clinic and its personnel. Personnel seem to work together for the patient;s best interests.
The equipment that is used for checking retinas and pressures has really built capacity. My appointment was very quick, probably twice as fast as it has been in the past. Staff is professional and Dr Richie is an utter pro.
Richie Eye Clinic - all personnel very courteous and helpful. Get the best service.
Very complete exam and they were friendly staff who took ample time with me.
Dr Hanson and his associate did a great job with my eyes. He found some different problems and got me going on meds to take care of it.
Always great and professional service!
I like the procedure of waiting behind the sign if someone is checking in, is for privacy. Staff is always smiling, they enjoy caring on a conversation.
Dr. Malmanger was oncall, and diagnosed my detached retina on a Sunday night. He was kind, patient, empathetic and arranged for the surgery the next day.
There is easy access to the facility and ample parking. There has been some staff turnover in the last year but all the "new" people have become experienced quite quickly. I am always greeted warmly, reminded of my next appointment and treated like a valuable patient.
The staff and the doctors at Richie eye clinic are helpful and friendly. They answer my questions, explain the difference tests I need to have done and always make sure I understand the results. The doctors always explain in terms I understand what is going on with my eye health and send letters to my primary care doctor to keep her in the loop. I wouldn't go anywhere else.
I’ve seen Bruce for eye care for 40+ years. Perfectly satisfied with the services of a trusted provider!
everyone is wonderful at your clinic. Makes me feel special!
Always happy with appointments at this clinic. Friendly & knowledgeable staff, up to date technology. Dr. Gustafson always answers my questions and addresses any concerns I have with my eyes. I feel I get a better examination than I have gotten at other clinics I have gone to in the past.
I am relieved to know that the equipment and knowledge is there. Otherwise if I had gone back to Walmart and other places doing eye tests, the changes in my eyes would not have found. I am impressed. Probably worth the 300$ it costs.
My Dad is 92 and really felt he did not need new prescription glasses Where he is going.... Every staff member was kind and thorough, and tried to communicate loader for him to be able to hear.
always a pleasure to come to the eye clinic. Very friendly and professional.
Excellent and professional personnel. All are very friendly.
Very friendly staff. Employees looked happy at work.
I love your clinic and the doctors or else I would to drive 3 hours to see them. I did not appreciate waiting over a hour today to see doctor but he did do my laser treatment, which I ws very thankful for.
All the staff was very helpful and pleasant.
Very pleasant at front desk and asst. Was very very pleasant Dr. Was kind and explain thing in an understandable manner.
I am pleased with the care my doctor takes during my visits and the detailed attention she pays to make sure my needs are met. I also appreciate the effort shown by the staff in assisting me with the purchase of new eyewear. The courteous and friendly staff at Richie Eye Clinic always makes my visit a pleasant experience.
Staff is courteous and friendly and Dr. Gustavsson is thorough and explains to you what needs to be done. There is no pressure to purchase eyeglasses every time.
Always professional, always efficient, always friendly too.
I have been going to Ritchie Eye clinic for 12 years. Awalys excellent service and cheerful personal. Highly recommend to all.
Everyone, from the receptionist to the opticians, were professional. The experience was a good one. I do wish you carried the Essilor brands, and not an off brand. And I do hope I will be happy with the new glasses.
Great visit always happy when I leave.
Very good people and provide good level of service.
I give Dr. Gustafson and his staff a 5 Star rating.
DR. MALMANGER does an excellent and thorough job with his exams. He is very personable.
Everybody in the office makes you feel welcome and are genuinely concerned about your eyes. I’ve been going to Dr. Gustafson since the 1970’s and he is great!
Always a great visit. Everyone is professional and kind. Picking out new glasses was painless, the support of the team made this daunting task fun. Thank you for always taking care of me. It was kind of funny how I found this clinic, while working in the area I scratched my eye. Desperate to find relief, Crossroads was not for from the job site. In less then 10 mins I was no longer in pain. I have continued to drive 40 mins to be seen at this clinic.
Great news good job recommendations for your service wonderful!!
Dr. Hanson is very thorough and his bed side manner is pleasant. I would recommend him or any of the Dr's at this clinic.
I love going to the eye doctor. Everyone is so helpful.
The appointment went well from the waiting room to the exit. NO waiting, all questions answered so I understood. Hard to think of anything that needs to be changed.
There when you need them and very pleasant staff.
Always very professional and friendly. Worth the looong drive from Northfield.
Friendly caring staff. Information from Dr. clear and easy to follow.
So expensive for someone who hasn’t met their deductible in a high deductible plan.
Very short wait time in the lobby. Friendly and professional staff.
It is a very nice eye clinic and everyone is so friendly. I am moving out of state and needed my records and they got them to me so quickly it was very nice of them.
Very helpful, clear and informative.
Intake technician who did the initial screenings never introduced herself or what she was going to do.
Your staff were very courteous, knowledgeable and professional during my visit. They were patient during difficult procedures and I appreciate their kindness.
I am pleased with the Richie Eye Clinic and especially Dr. Hanson. I have chronic dry eye syndrome and there is not much they can do for that but he always tries to come up with something that will help.
I have been going to Richie Eye Clinic for years and have trust in them.
I am pleased with my doctor.
I loved getting my reminders via text and email.. helps a lot!
I have always been and continue to be impressed with the professionalism and personal interest in my annual visits to Richie Eye Clinic.
I was very impressed with the thoroughness and care given by both Dr. Piller and the technician I worked with and pleased with their evaluation.
I needed to come in same day and had not problem. Staff are friendly and helpful!
Top rate from front desk through the entire exam. Very polite,courteous, and thorough. Going above and beyond to make sure I understand exactly what is going on with my eyes and what the next steps will be.
My experience at Richie eye clinic was excellent in every way.
4 1/2 stars very good people here!
Love Dr Piller, she is always so nice and professional.
I have gone to this clinic for several years. I am very happy with their service.
This is a great place - I have had cataract surgery here, and have been treated also for dry eye, and of course regular exams. Everyone is professional and friendly. You promptly get into your appointment, and everyone treats you with respect and are easy to get along with. I have recommended Richie Eye Clinic to others.
Wonderful service with very friendly and knowledgeable staff!
Always appreciate the excellent care and quality of service at Richie Eye Clinic! Thank you!
On time appointment, friendly and knowledgeable staff, great Doctor. All exceeded my expectations.
As always, very pleased with my annual eye exam. All staff is professional and knowledgeable. Dr. Gustafson does a great job of getting the right strength for my contact lenses so I can see using mono vision.
I had appointment this week at 8:10 AM, I walked out at 10:27. I waited and waited in the room for Dr. Richie. I would have appreciated someone to tell me or apologize the morning was running behind. You can't cover up the clock. I have always had a on time not waiting. I know unexpected can come up. Keep your patience informed.
Very thorough review of my vision as conducted by staff and Dr Pill4er. A followup visit with Dr Weisbrod at the helm leaves some doubts about future visits. His delivery system left a few doubts about the condition of my eyes.
Everyone working at Richie Eye Clinic is extremely knowledgeable, friendly and professional. I always know I'm in good hands. The front desk ladies are always pleasant, the technicians very thorough and Dr. Gustafson is wonderful. Optical department is also great with adjustments and sells excellent quality frames and lenses. I won't go anywhere else!
I was taken care of right away and everyone was very polite. It was a great experience.
Always a pleasure to come to Richie Eye Clinic.
Excellent service, knowledgeable and friendly.
Satisfied with Richie Eye Clinic, however, company operating this survey could make it easier to complete this survey.
The online reminders are excellent especially when making an appointment a year in advance.
Excellent care and wonderful people.
Was happy with the professionalism of personell. Highly recommend.
Everyone from Barb at checkin to Stacy for pre appt to Doctor Hanson were very pleasant, efficient and professional.
Wonderful associates with positive & friendly attitudes. Makes you feel relaxed.
Very pleased with everybody at this clinic.
My wife and I were able to set an appointment on the same day. It was our first visit to Richie Eye Clinic. The flexible hours were helpful in setting our appointments. We were both impressed with the professional office setting and quality of service. The staff was great; they were thoro, very warm and helpful. They answered questions and explained things as they went through the exam. We would highly recommend this clinic to anyone.
Very thorough eye exam. Efficient and friendly.
Dr Pillar is very thorough when dealing with my eyes/vision. The staff is knowledgeable and helpful. The location is great!
I've been a customer of Richie Eye Clinic since having Lasik surgery in 1998. Still pleased with my Lasik surgery and Richie Eye Clinic.
This was my first visit to Richie Eye Clinic, I was impressed with the people the facilty.
Excellent, 5 Star plus!! I would recommend and have recommended Richie Eye Clinic to others. Please thank the staff for their excellent care.
The best eye clinic ever!
In on time for appointment and very informative from my Doctor?
In and out very fast. My eye dr and his nurses are very efficient.
The three people that took care of my needs were just great and professional!
I had a very nice eye exam, the staff was excellent. I would refer the clinic to all my friends and family.
Great place to go, the entire team is awesome!!!
thank you for getting me in so quickly.
Always very prompt and attentive service.
Very pleased. I didn't have to wait. Dr Malmanger is very thorough. Everyone is very nice and efficient.
I was very impressed and pleased with my experience.
I always feel like I received the best care possible when I go to Richie Eye Clinic. I have been going to Dr. Gustafson since I was a child and would not go anywhere else. Staff is always friendly and helpful.
The staff are friendly and clearly have an upbeat, professional approach to eye care.
Appointment was on time. Everyone was friendly.
Everyone is friendly and heloful. Very professional.
Great Experience. On time and pleasant staff.
Richie Eye Clinic is the only place I will go for my eye exams!!
I received my appt. on time, and Mr. Hanson and his assistants were courteous and I got my results right there, and got suggestions as to help make my eye health better.
The service at the clinic is excellent, everyone is so kind and professional. I am only disappointed that I was not told before I had cataract surgery that it could cause dry eyes. I would give my experience a four star rating.
I am delighted due to the referral by a true Decorated War Vet and American Patriot! Trusting his advice, with delight, disclosed a most impressive Office decor and the Staff of excellence to detail and courtesy at Richie Eye Clinic. Nancy welcoming, Loren special tech, Tracy detailed, and patient comprehensive Dr. David Malmanger are undeniably the most punctual enduring, offering counsel to personalized options sustaining curative natural healing, complete my experience which validates this true combat decorated Veterans testimony!!!
The staff here at dr. Ritchie is just fantastic. I highly recommend anyone that needs any type of work or just going in for check-ups this is the place.
I had a good experience at the eye clinic.
As always, the care I experienced was exceptional. I feel I am in an atmosphere of the most knowledgeable and caring professionals.
I was very pleased with the care I received at the Richie Eye Clinic.The staff was very attentive and informative.Dr. Richie explained the procedure I will be having and made me feel at ease.
thanks for having a Sign Language Interpreter.
Thank you so much, everyone is so professional and helpful!
I have always found the Richie Eye Clinic personnel to be professional, friendly, and eager to help.
Excellent customer service. The health of my eyes is taken very seriously.
I can't say enough about Richie Eye Clinic, the staff and Drs. are all so wonderful and take time with every patient walking in. I looked around and listened when I came into the clinic and the people checking patients in to the people helping with glasses was a very calming atmosphere. Thank You to Dr. Misti who wanted to get another Dr. for a 2nd opinion, I am always comfortable walking into this office. I have recommended this eye clinic to many people. Thank You Dr. Richie for the visit today and his professionalism and knowledge of eyes that gave me comfort knowing I was in good hands. Thank You everyone!
Very nice freindly ladys at front desk .Doctor knew her stuff .
Had annual eye exam. Everyone was very professional and courteous.Highly recommend.
Very efficient staff from reception to exams. I will recommend this clinic.
Receptionist friendly and helpful. Exam professional and timely. I give all of them a thumbs up.
very detailed information sent home with patient for sucessful surgical recovery.
Continue contacting me online or text.
I've always liked Richie Eye Clinic. Excellent service and everyone is so nice & helpful and they really know what they're doing.
Support staff and doctor were very efficient. Did not wait long in waiting room. Had good appointment.
My visit was professional, courteous and timely.
From Barb at the front desk to Erin in my preliminary appt to my doctor Murray Hansen to picking out new glasses, you are treated with the utmost of professionalism.
I was very impressed with this clinic!! Very nice staff and helpful!!
I had an 11:00 appointment and thought I might need to wait - NOT - I was greeted promptly, the prep for my service was efficient and the treatment was nearly painless. Good Job!
Awesome care, everyone was very knowledgeable of their jobs and all my questions were answered.
I will never see anyone but Dr. Hanson!
Richie Eye Clinic has the best customer service and professional staff in the area. It is always a pleasure to have any eye needs taken care of by their team.
A good experience overall ..pleasant, helpful staff as well as thorough comfortable exam.
5 star....just want to check, what is the gray area in the back of my left eye is call.
My appt. Went good got in and out no time.
Thanks so much for the great customer service and medical care!
The Richie Eye Clinic is the BEST!! That's why I will continue to go there even after I move to Rochester!!
Great care and Richie delivered as promised the care for my eyes. Would definitely recommend them.
It was GREAT; I walked in (early) and they got me right away and I was seen by the nurse first and then by the doctor.
Richie Eye Clinic has always been on top of my medical issues and medications. The Docs are well educated and I can trust that they know what to watch for. The staff is also trained to run the equipment and is very nice.
Doctor Richie and his entire staff was professional and thorough during my visit. Everyone I encountered was kind and courteous. I feel very fortunate to have such a level of service so close to home.
I miss the personal interaction> I received an email & a text requesting that I confirm my appointment. The automated telephone system is disappointing as well. Seems like you are trying to be like the large clinics from the city, that isn't what small town people really want. Not the Richie eye Clinic that it used to be! Theresa & Dr. Gustafson were great but I did not feel very welcomed or appreciated by any other staff.
All the staff with Richie Eye Clinic makes your visit comfortable, from consults, concerned matters, check ups or surgery. They are the proof of Tender Loving Care! And Dr. Richie is always color coordinated. Cool!
As always professionals! So kind and friendly, a family environment. Thank you for your continued care!!!
Richie Eye Clinic was very timely and professional. I would go there any time I needed.
Great Visit!! Really enjoyed Misty, glad I had the opportunity to be seen by her.
The best eye clinic in the area.
I especially appreciated the technician saying, "Now I am going to--" and "Next we will--"
You guys do a great job! Everything was perfect, the people are both casual and social along with being professional. Its a really good combination and makes the appt not seem so intimidating. Bruce is a fantastic doctor and really makes the whole process easy and fun.
It's a pleasure to go to your office. Everyone seems to like their job. The girls are friendly with a smile and very helpful. They are relaxed and don't hurry through the exam. Thank you girls!!
The effort your staff makes to be pleasant, efficient and effective shine through all you do. Thank you all for taking care of my precious eyes.
I was treated very well by receptionist , nurse and from Dr. Purfeerst. No complaint about any of them.
The eye glass store had trouble pinning down a price on new glasses and when they did seemed exhorbitantly high. Will price my prescription at another facility.
I always feel safe and valued as a patient here. Also I have great confidence in their skill level.
I was asked "do you want new glasses" and i said no, and evidently that determined whether i needed new glasses or not, or if i needed an eye exam or not????
The staff and Dr. Purfeerst were extremely courteous and professional. I did not wait at all-very thorough. I'm a new patient and I wanted to establish care in the area. I have found it!!
Dr. Hanson is great and is always helpful. He listens, answers questions and is patient as well. He works well with myself and my son in explaining things about our eyes.
My exam was thorough and gave me an understanding of my eyes' health. Staff was friendly and courteous. Very nice office environment.
The exam and total visit were very thorough and helpful. Explanations were in depth and easy to understand. All my questions were answered.
Very satisfied with service so far, hope glasses work as planned.
Pleasant and friendly staff. Professional staff and respectful.
Charging $1700.00 for two pair of glasses is alot of money! I will have to wait till the glasses come in to evaluate fully if I got my monies worth. I don't know what the Drs visit will cost.
From the first call to make an appointment to the end of the visit, I appreciated the professionalism and friendliness of the staff. There is a definite pride as well as high level of skill at this clinic. The staff went over billing costs and options and really worked with my situation. I am very happy that I switched clinics.
Dr. Gustefson did a wonderful job of explaining things so I fully understood.
Everyone from the receptionists to the technician and the doctor were great to my daughter and I. We even had an extra young girl along as they had a family emergency and everyone was really nice and helpful.
The Doctors and staff always listen to and take time to respond to my questions and/or concerns.
Everyone was great. No problems.
Dr. Gustafson was very friendly and thorough, answered all of my questions and provided a number of options for my situation. And Gretchen was very helpful in assisting me in picking out frames. Very impressed.
My apt was on time, pleasant people and all went very smoothly; especially as I do not have any issues at this time! Thank you!
I've been going to the Richie Eye Clinic for over 12 years, the entire staff are wonderful & my doctor, excellent.
The staff members were very receptive to my questions. Very understanding of my situation. Helpful in setting me at ease with my diagnosis.
Great people great care really like coming here!
This was my first experience with your clinic. Very comfortable atmosphere. Very professional. Very secure feeling as well. Made me feel that my eye would be handled in the same way professional and "SAFE".
I aways feel I am getting top notch care at Richie Eye Clinic. I am treated like a friend not a "number." Dr Gustafson and Theresa Clark are always kind and caring, adding that home-town feel. Please don't ever change that. No matter how much a business grows, keeping that personal touch with patients is so important! Thank you for that!
Very friendly and good help.
Excellent, Professional, Friendly Staff! State of the art office and equipment!
Dr. Purfeerst was very pleasant to work with! She answered all of my questions and I was very happy!
Always friendly service and they try hard to get both our schedules to be convenient.
Couldn't ask for better service or friendlier staff.
I wouldn't go to any other eye doctors. They give you the best of care and are extremely thorough. I've heard horror stories about other eye clinics. I'm so happy that I chose Richie Eye Clinic for my eye care needs. I have MS and it's very important to have excellent eye care.
The doctors and staff are very professional and caring.
Dr. Ritchie was awesome. I am very disappointed with Dr. Purferrest. We spoke with her on the weekend, and by her input we did not go in until Monday morning, this was Saturday at 1100am. My son had a detached retina. My husband said my son mentioned a yellow color in the field of his vision. She noted that this was probably his lens passing in the way. When Dr. Ritchie noted on Moday that this was the viterius leaking. So the ophthalmologist is great, concerned about on call service. I know there is always the emergency room here, but I have reservations about the care in the ER.
I do appreciate it when the providers are punctual and they really were. Yet I didn't feel rushed.
It is always a pleasure to see Dr Hansen and staff.
We drive in from Burnsville, Mn to the Richie Eye clinic.
My cataract surgery was handled in a very professional manner by all.
For ? #4, when I arrived the one receptionist was on the phone and it did take a while for the other receptionist to come out from the back. No big deal. I have always seen Dr. Hanson and enjoy a good rapport with him. Optical was also quite busy and 3 or 4 people were waiting for help.
I was very thankful that the office staff were able to schedule me in on the same day to take care of the sty on my right eye lid.
I wish that I was given my prescription. I left with nothing in hand, sample contacts were ordered and will be delivered so that is nice. I will need to followup a week later to check the contacts. I should be given a signed copy of my prescription. It was nice to get a coupon for $50 off glasses purchased at their office.
Very good and nice doctors.
Dr. Purfeerst is an excellent doctor. She explained everything, gave me great advice with options and has a good sense of humor. What more could I ask for?!
Thank you for being very professional and helping me feel better.
Dr. Gustafson explained every thing in detail and answered all my questions. Staff was very professional. Overall a good experience.
The clinic exudes competence. They helped me understand what options I had, as well as the cost and probable consequences of those options. There was no pressure one way or another.
All went well! Thank you!!!
I had a corneal abrasion . The doctor was knowledgeable as to how to relieve the pain and the best way to treat it.
My experience at the Richie's has always been very professional yet personal. I have the faith and trust in them that they know what they are telling you is for your best interest.
I received the most complete and attentive exam that I could of. All my concerns and questions were not only answered, but I felt genuine concern for my eye health!
Good care and friendly atmosphere.
I alwaya leave with a good feeling knwing that things are stable.
It is comforting to know that we have a very good eye clinic located in our city where we can visit once a year and know that we are being taken care of.
Both the doctor and nurse were very thorough and professional in my examination.
I was very pleased with the care and service I received at my appointment.
Very good experience. Staff and Dr. Richie very knowledgeable and explained my eye situation very well.
Thanks for making my 3 year olds first time a success!
Thank you so much for getting me in to see Dr. Purveest (sp?) so quickly. She was great as was her assistant.
I was very satisfied with my yearly eye exam. All concerns wee addressed.
i felt very good about my experience. I left with the feeling my concerns will be taken care of in a very professional manner.
Dr. Purfeerst & her team were great to work with. It was a great education. Eyes are amazing.
I would rate Richie Clinic over Mayo Clinic for giving eye injections.
I have known a number of the doctors and team members at Richie Eye Clinic for some time, but never been a client. I knew what great people they had, but this was backed up with impressive technology and fantastic service at every turn. I highly recommend visiting Richie Eye Clinic!
All of the staff that were involved in my appointment were very helpful. Dr. Malmanger answered my questions concerning chemo and radiation on the eyes so I could easily understand.
I get a feeling of confidence from my visit.
Everyone was very friendly and helpful in regards to any questions or concerns I had. It was a very enjoyable visit.
I have seen DR. Hanson for a number of years and am always pleased with his concern and care of my eyesight.
Staff was there to take me back for my appointment before i even finished checking in. everyone was friendly and very helpful! Thanks!
I have no complaints. Staff friendly and courteous. Exam very thorough and professional. Would definitely recommend to others.
Felt very welcomed, staff all very friendly.
Dr. Malmanger answered all my questions in a manner I could understand. He did a great job !!
Everyone is friendly and smiling. Dr. Purfest is a treat!
Team very caring and explained everything clearly and in detail in easy to understand terminology.
The drops Dr. Gustafson used to dilate my eyes this time were MUCH BETTER than they've ever been. Not only was I better able to drive home but my eyes were back to normal in 3 hrs. whereas it usually takes all day. I hope he uses them from now on.
Dr. Hanson has been my doctor for years. He is always thorough and answers my questions. Everyone at Ritchie Clinic is friendly and helpful.
Love the people and service here. Thank you for taking care of my eyes.
The only thing I took away was that I needed to spend around $1,000.00 on a pair of new lenses and a frame to put them in. I don't know how much my visit cost and I have nothing to bring with me to compare price at another business.
Dr. Richie clearly explained my medical condition.
Prompt, professional, helpful staff. Clean inviting waiting room. Repair for glasses was fast and accommodating.
I came in for a consultation for refractive surgery. I was pleased with the professional staff and by the fact that they figured out that my previous lens prescription was too strong. They had me come back for an additional test a week after the initial just to be sure. That's the kind of attention to detail and to my eye health that I appreciate.
My visit to Dr. Richie was a follow-up to my stop at Mayo Clinic Emergency Room. Both of which I have great admiration. Both excel in getting you in and out in the minimal time and with complete explanation of your complaint with your eye(s). I would recommend him to anyone who needs a very expert and caring eye doctor.
Very professional. Was able to relax because of the feeling that the doctor knew what needed to be done.
Doctors bed side manor is severely lacking! and it's to bad as he comes highly recommended!
At my last visit, my dr. suggested some things for me to do that would cut some cost out of future visits, as my meds are real expensive!!
I am very happy with Dr. Purfeerst. She took the time to explain my condition and what I could do to improve my eye problems.I felt very comfortable with her and will continue to see her at the clinic.
I asked for first appt because I needed to be at work and the person visited with staff instead. This has never happened to me here before. I didn't say anything but they should know it's bothersome.
Dr. Gustafson is the best. And so is the staff. Very helpful and accommodating.
I appreciate the special service I receive for my eye issue. The care recommended has work very successfully.
I was very satisfied with my visit. I will refer this office to my friends for their eye care needs.
Excellent in all expectation. I really appreciate the personal attention the staff shows. You are not just another patient.
It's always a good experience when I go to Richie Eye Clinic. I've been with Dr Malmanger for years and followed him from his own practice out to his present location.
Friendly, curteous staff... Always on time!
I found everything to be first class, from the nurses and rcceptionists to the care in surgery.I have never been so impressed with a doctor as I was with Dr. Richie.
The only problem I have is, they seat you in the pt. rm. too soon, when the Dr. is busy with other pts. I believe I waited over 25 min. with no magazines to read. Perhaps, they could time it a little better when the Dr.is ready. Otherwise, everyone is wonderful.
I am pleased to see you have some new staff on the optical side. Dr Purfeerst is awesome, takes her time and knows her stuff!
I feel that I am getting the best attention for my eyes by going to Richie Eye Clinic.
All the employees were pleasant and knowledgeable. Dr Richie explained everything so i could you understand what was going on.
You have friendly, helpful staff, who took the tme to teach me what they were testing and what the results meant.
Dr. Purfeerst and her optical staff were very professional and courteous. They always treat me very kind.
I am so very glad that I had my eye surgery at your clinic . I am very happy to see so good again!
Was 10 min late for appt and had to reschedule. I know it is not respectful to be late but sometimes out of a person's control. | 2019-04-26T09:44:13Z | https://reviews.solutionreach.com/vs/richie_eye_clinic |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.