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2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] Extreme Value Theorem [Question]
|
A rule stating that a function has both a minimum and a maximum on a closed interval if the function is continuous.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] Mean Value Theorem [Question]
|
A rule stating that instantaneous velocity equals average velocity using derivatives. With integrals, there exists a rectangle whose area is the same as that under the curve.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] Rolle's Theorem [Question]
|
The rule stating that if a function has two x values with the same y value and is differentiable between those two x values, then there exists a value in between where the derivative is equal to zero.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] increasing. [Question]
|
It's what a function is doing if x1
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] decreasing [Question]
|
It's what a function is doing if x1f(x2).
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] horizontal asymptote [Question]
|
The line y=d that a function approaches as the function's x values near ∞ or -∞.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] point of inflection [Question]
|
A place where the concavity of a function's graph changes.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] concavity [Question]
|
The type of direction or shape of a graph that can be determined through the second derivative.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] optimization [Question]
|
Applications involved in determining a minimum or maximum value.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] primary equation [Question]
|
The main equation or formula that is to be optimized.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] secondary equation [Question]
|
An equation or formula that is substituted into an equation that is to be optimized.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] perimeter [Question]
|
The distance around a polygon.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] circumference [Question]
|
The distance around a circle.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] propogated error [Question]
|
A difference in measurements that when computer into other equations or formulas leads to this type of error.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] relative error [Question]
|
The ratio of the propagated error and the actual result of a given situation.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] percent error [Question]
|
An error formed by moving the decimal twice to the right on the relative error.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] Newton's Method [Question]
|
A technique used for approximating the real zeroes of a function by using numerous iterations after having an initial guess.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] iteration [Question]
|
A repetition of process.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] differential equation [Question]
|
An equation involving a derivative and its variables which can be solved by integration methods.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] integration [Question]
|
The process of finding a function given derivative.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] indefinite integral [Question]
|
The general function of a differential equation whose constant is not readily known.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] particular solution [Question]
|
The result of finding the unknown constant to an indefinite integral.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] sigma [Question]
|
Σ or summation.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] exhaustion method [Question]
|
Archimedes method for determining the area of a region with sums rather integrals by squeezing the region between two polygons whose number of sides increase.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] Riemann Sums [Question]
|
A method used to approximate area or an integral using summation.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] definite integral [Question]
|
The numerical limit of Riemann Sums on an interval.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] Fundamental Theorem of Calculus [Question]
|
Given the integral of f(x)dx bounded by [c, d], it's the rule that allows F(d) - F(c)
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] Simpson's & Trapezoid Rules [Question]
|
Approximation techniques used to evaluate a definite integral.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] logarithm [Question]
|
An alternate way to express a number using exponents and a variety of numerical bases, of which 10 is the most common.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] natural logarithm [Question]
|
An alternate way to express a number using exponents and a base of 'e'.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] inverse [Question]
|
An equation formed by interchanging the domain and the range.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] monotonic [Question]
|
Any function that is either entirely increasing or entirely decreasing.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] horizontal line test [Question]
|
A method used to determine if a function has an inverse.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] proportionality constant [Question]
|
A number that increases or decreases another quantity at a set rate over time.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] growth [Question]
|
A process of a substance becoming larger or more numerous.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] decay [Question]
|
The gradual reduction of the quantity of a substance often associated with chemical elements and radioactivity.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] solid of revolution [Question]
|
A three-dimensional figure formed by rotating a curve about an axis.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] axis of revolution [Question]
|
A line that a curve rotates around in the creation of a solid.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] volume [Question]
|
The amount of space inside a solid.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] disk method [Question]
|
A method of finding the volume of a solid of revolution.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] washer method [Question]
|
A method of finding the volume of a solid of revolution with a hole in it.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] catenary [Question]
|
The shape taken by something flexible suspended from two points.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
2b57bafd_lashcards_about_Calculus_Words__Question
|
[Answer] surface area [Question]
|
The amount of material needed to make the outside of a geometric solid.
|
[] |
Flashcards about Calculus Words
|
Question
|
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-401171
|
11/1438042988048.90_20150728002308-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_732099640_3.json
|
337fcd5a_n_Center___Feelings_Vocabulary__3
|
[0] abandoned [1] distrusted [2] put down [3]
|
diminished
|
[
[
"d",
"i",
"m",
"i",
"n",
"i",
"s",
"h",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"o",
"v",
"o",
"k",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"s",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"s",
"u",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"r",
"n",
"e",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"n",
"w",
"a",
"n",
"t",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"a",
"t",
"r",
"o",
"n",
"i",
"z",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"-",
"o",
"p",
"t",
"e",
"d"
]
] |
Sweetwater Zen Center - Feelings Vocabulary
|
3
|
http://www.swzc.org/pages/feelings.html
|
37/1438042982013.25_20150728002302-00011-ip-10-236-191-2_742846452_21.json
|
337fcd5a_n_Center___Feelings_Vocabulary__3
|
[0] abused [1] interrupted [2] rejected [3]
|
provoked
|
[
[
"d",
"i",
"m",
"i",
"n",
"i",
"s",
"h",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"o",
"v",
"o",
"k",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"s",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"s",
"u",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"r",
"n",
"e",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"n",
"w",
"a",
"n",
"t",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"a",
"t",
"r",
"o",
"n",
"i",
"z",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"-",
"o",
"p",
"t",
"e",
"d"
]
] |
Sweetwater Zen Center - Feelings Vocabulary
|
3
|
http://www.swzc.org/pages/feelings.html
|
37/1438042982013.25_20150728002302-00011-ip-10-236-191-2_742846452_21.json
|
337fcd5a_n_Center___Feelings_Vocabulary__3
|
[0] attacked [1] intimidated [2] taken for granted [3]
|
used
|
[
[
"d",
"i",
"m",
"i",
"n",
"i",
"s",
"h",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"o",
"v",
"o",
"k",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"s",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"s",
"u",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"r",
"n",
"e",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"n",
"w",
"a",
"n",
"t",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"a",
"t",
"r",
"o",
"n",
"i",
"z",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"-",
"o",
"p",
"t",
"e",
"d"
]
] |
Sweetwater Zen Center - Feelings Vocabulary
|
3
|
http://www.swzc.org/pages/feelings.html
|
37/1438042982013.25_20150728002302-00011-ip-10-236-191-2_742846452_21.json
|
337fcd5a_n_Center___Feelings_Vocabulary__3
|
[0] betrayed [1] let down [2] threatened [3]
|
pressured
|
[
[
"d",
"i",
"m",
"i",
"n",
"i",
"s",
"h",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"o",
"v",
"o",
"k",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"s",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"s",
"u",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"r",
"n",
"e",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"n",
"w",
"a",
"n",
"t",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"a",
"t",
"r",
"o",
"n",
"i",
"z",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"-",
"o",
"p",
"t",
"e",
"d"
]
] |
Sweetwater Zen Center - Feelings Vocabulary
|
3
|
http://www.swzc.org/pages/feelings.html
|
37/1438042982013.25_20150728002302-00011-ip-10-236-191-2_742846452_21.json
|
337fcd5a_n_Center___Feelings_Vocabulary__3
|
[0] boxed in [1] manipulated [2] unappreciated [3]
|
cornered
|
[
[
"d",
"i",
"m",
"i",
"n",
"i",
"s",
"h",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"o",
"v",
"o",
"k",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"s",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"s",
"u",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"r",
"n",
"e",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"n",
"w",
"a",
"n",
"t",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"a",
"t",
"r",
"o",
"n",
"i",
"z",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"-",
"o",
"p",
"t",
"e",
"d"
]
] |
Sweetwater Zen Center - Feelings Vocabulary
|
3
|
http://www.swzc.org/pages/feelings.html
|
37/1438042982013.25_20150728002302-00011-ip-10-236-191-2_742846452_21.json
|
337fcd5a_n_Center___Feelings_Vocabulary__3
|
[0] bullied [1] misunderstood [2] unheard [3]
|
unwanted
|
[
[
"d",
"i",
"m",
"i",
"n",
"i",
"s",
"h",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"o",
"v",
"o",
"k",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"s",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"s",
"u",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"r",
"n",
"e",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"n",
"w",
"a",
"n",
"t",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"a",
"t",
"r",
"o",
"n",
"i",
"z",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"-",
"o",
"p",
"t",
"e",
"d"
]
] |
Sweetwater Zen Center - Feelings Vocabulary
|
3
|
http://www.swzc.org/pages/feelings.html
|
37/1438042982013.25_20150728002302-00011-ip-10-236-191-2_742846452_21.json
|
337fcd5a_n_Center___Feelings_Vocabulary__3
|
[0] cheated [1] neglected [2] unseen [3]
|
patronized
|
[
[
"d",
"i",
"m",
"i",
"n",
"i",
"s",
"h",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"o",
"v",
"o",
"k",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"s",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"s",
"u",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"r",
"n",
"e",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"n",
"w",
"a",
"n",
"t",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"a",
"t",
"r",
"o",
"n",
"i",
"z",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"-",
"o",
"p",
"t",
"e",
"d"
]
] |
Sweetwater Zen Center - Feelings Vocabulary
|
3
|
http://www.swzc.org/pages/feelings.html
|
37/1438042982013.25_20150728002302-00011-ip-10-236-191-2_742846452_21.json
|
337fcd5a_n_Center___Feelings_Vocabulary__3
|
[0] coerced [1] overworked [2] unsupported [3]
|
co-opted
|
[
[
"d",
"i",
"m",
"i",
"n",
"i",
"s",
"h",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"o",
"v",
"o",
"k",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"s",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"s",
"u",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"r",
"n",
"e",
"r",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"u",
"n",
"w",
"a",
"n",
"t",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"p",
"a",
"t",
"r",
"o",
"n",
"i",
"z",
"e",
"d"
],
[
"c",
"o",
"-",
"o",
"p",
"t",
"e",
"d"
]
] |
Sweetwater Zen Center - Feelings Vocabulary
|
3
|
http://www.swzc.org/pages/feelings.html
|
37/1438042982013.25_20150728002302-00011-ip-10-236-191-2_742846452_21.json
|
57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
|
[Used for] 3 Stars Anemia 2.5 to 25 mg daily for three weeks, then 1.5 to 2.5 mg per day as maintenance therapy [Why]
|
Vitamin B6 deficiency can contribute to anemia, supplementing with this vitamin may restore levels and improve symptoms. Deficiencies of iron , vitamin B12 , and folic acid are the most common nutritional causes of anemia.1 Although rare, severe deficiencies of several other vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A ,2 , 3 vitamin B2 ,4 vitamin B6,5 , 6 vitamin C ,7 and copper ,8 , 9 can also cause anemia by various mechanisms. Rare genetic disorders can cause anemias that may improve with large amounts of supplements such as vitamin B1 .10 , 11
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[] |
Health Information Library
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Why
|
http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
|
14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
|
57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
|
[Used for] 3 Stars Anemia and Genetic Vitamin B6-Responsive Anemia 50 to 200 mg per day [Why]
|
Taking vitamin B6 may partially correct sideroblastic anemia, although they must be taken for life. Sideroblastic anemia refers to a category of anemia featuring a buildup of iron-containing immature red blood cells (sideroblasts). One type of sideroblastic anemia is due to a genetic defect in an enzyme that uses vitamin B6 as a cofactor.12 , 13 Vitamin B6 supplements of 50 to 200 mg per day partially correct the anemia, but must be taken for life.14
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[] |
Health Information Library
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Why
|
http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
|
14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
|
[Used for] 3 Stars Autism 30 mg daily per 2.2 lbs (1 kg) of body weight; doctor's supervision recommended [Why]
|
Research shows that vitamin B6 can be helpful for autistic children. Uncontrolled and double-blind research shows that vitamin B6 can be helpful for autistic children.15 , 16 , 17 In these trials, children typically took between 3.5 mg and almost 100 mg of B6 for every 2.2 pounds of body weight, with some researchers recommending 30 mg per 2.2 pounds of body weight. Although toxicity was not reported, such amounts are widely considered to have potential toxicity that can damage the nervous system; these amounts should only be administered by a doctor. One prominent researcher has suggested that vitamin B6 is better supported by research than is drug treatment in dealing with autism.18
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[] |
Health Information Library
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Why
|
http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
|
14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
|
[Used for] 3 Stars Depression 20 mg twice daily [Why]
|
Oral contraceptives can deplete the body of vitamin B6, a nutrient needed for normal mental functioning. In such cases, vitamin B6 supplementation may improve mood. Oral contraceptives can deplete the body of vitamin B6, a nutrient needed for maintenance of normal mental functioning. Double-blind research shows that women who are depressed and who have become depleted of vitamin B6 while taking oral contraceptives typically respond to vitamin B6 supplementation.19 In one trial, 20 mg of vitamin B6 were taken twice per day. Some evidence suggests that people who are depressed-even when not taking the oral contraceptive-are still more likely to be B6 deficient than people who are not depressed.20 Several clinical trials also indicate that vitamin B6 supplementation helps alleviate depression associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS),21 although the research remains inconsistent.22 Many doctors suggest that women who have depression associated with PMS take 100-300 mg of vitamin B6 per day-a level of intake that requires supervision by a doctor.
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[] |
Health Information Library
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Why
|
http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
|
14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
|
[Used for] 3 Stars High Homocysteine (Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) 400 to 1,000 mcg of folic acid daily, 10 to 50 mg of vitamin B6 daily, and 50 to 300 mcg of vitamin B12 daily [Why]
|
Vitamin B6, folic acid, and vitamin B12 all play a role in converting homocysteine to other substances within the body and have consistently lowered homocysteine levels in trials. Vitamin B6, folic acid , and vitamin B12 all play a role in converting homocysteine to other substances within the body. By so doing, they consistently lower homocysteine levels in research trials,23 , 24 , 25 a finding that is now well accepted. Several studies have used (and some doctors recommend) 400-1,000 mcg of folic acid per day, 10-50 mg of vitamin B6 per day, and 50-300 mcg of vitamin B12 per day. Of these three vitamins, folic acid supplementation lowers homocysteine levels the most for the average person.26 , 27 It also effectively lowers homocysteine in people on kidney dialysis.28 In 1996, the FDA required that all enriched flour, rice, pasta, cornmeal, and other grain products contain 140 mcg of folic acid per 3½ ounces.29 This level of fortification has led to a measurable decrease in homocysteine levels.30 However, even higher levels of food fortification with folic acid have been reported to be more effective in lowering homocysteine,31 suggesting that the FDA-mandated supplementation is inadequate to optimally protect people against high homocysteine levels. Therefore, people wishing to lower their homocysteine levels should continue to take folic acid supplements despite the FDA-mandated fortification program.
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[] |
Health Information Library
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Why
|
http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
|
14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
|
[Used for] 3 Stars Morning Sickness 10 to 25 mg three times daily [Why]
|
In two double-blind trials, supplementation with vitamin B6 significantly reduced the severity of morning sickness. In two double-blind trials, supplementation with vitamin B6 (10 or 25 mg three times per day) significantly reduced the severity of morning sickness.32 , 33
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[] |
Health Information Library
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Why
|
http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
|
14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
|
[Used for] 3 Stars Premenstrual Syndrome 100 to 200 mg per day on a regular basis [Why]
|
Many clinical trials show that taking vitamin B6 helps relieve PMS symptoms. Many,34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 though not all,39 clinical trials show that taking 50-400 mg of vitamin B6 per day for several months help relieve symptoms of PMS. A composite analysis of the best designed controlled trials shows that vitamin B6 is more than twice as likely to reduce symptoms of PMS as is placebo.40 Many doctors suggest 100-400 mg per day for at least three months. However, intakes greater than 200 mg per day can cause side effects and should never be taken without the supervision of a healthcare professional.Vitamin B6 has also been reported to relieve cyclic breast pain.41
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Health Information Library
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Why
|
http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
|
14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
|
[Used for] 2 Stars Age-Related Cognitive Decline 20 mg daily [Why]
|
There is evidence that supplementing with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) may improve memory performance, especially in people who are deficient. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency is common among people over age 65.42 A Finnish study demonstrated that approximately 25% of Finnish and Dutch elderly people are deficient in vitamin B6 as compared to younger adults. In a double-blind trial, correcting this deficiency with 2 mg of pyridoxine per day resulted in small psychological improvements in the elderly group. However, the study found no direct correlation between amounts of vitamin B6 in the cells or blood and psychological parameters.43 A more recent double-blind trial of 38 healthy men, aged 70 to 79 years, showed that 20 mg pyridoxine per day improved memory performance, especially long-term memory.44
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Age-Related Cognitive Decline (Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) Refer to label instructions [Why]
|
In women with cardiovascular disease or related risk factors and low dietary intake of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, supplementing with a combination of these nutrients may protect against age-related cognitive decline. In a study of female health professionals who had cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors, daily supplementation with folic acid (2.5 mg), vitamin B6 (50 mg), and vitamin B12 (1 mg) for 5.4 years had no effect on cognitive function. However, supplementation appeared to prevent age-related cognitive decline in the 30% of women who had low dietary intake of B vitamins.45 Supplementation with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6) also slowed the rate of brain atrophy in elderly people who had mild cognitive impairment and high homocysteine levels.46
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Asthma 100 to 200 mg daily [Why]
|
Vitamin B6 deficiency is common in asthmatics. Supplementing with the vitamin may decrease the frequency and severity of asthma attacks. Vitamin B6 deficiency is common in asthmatics.47 This deficiency may relate to the asthma itself or to certain asthma drugs (such as theophylline and aminophylline ) that deplete vitamin B6.48 In a double-blind trial, 200 mg per day of vitamin B6 for two months reduced the severity of asthma in children and reduced the amount of asthma medication they needed.49 In another trial, asthmatic adults experienced a dramatic decrease in the frequency and severity of asthma attacks while taking 50 mg of vitamin B6 twice a day.50 Nonetheless, the research remains somewhat inconsistent, and one double-blind trial found that high amounts of B6 supplements did not help asthmatics who required the use of steroid drugs.51
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 100 to 300 mg daily for no more than three months; 50 to 100 mg daily after that [Why]
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Vitamin B6 deficiency is common in people with carpal tunnel syndrome, supplementing with the vitamin has reportedly relieved symptoms. Some, but not all, studies have found vitamin B6 deficiency to be common in people with CTS.52 Supplementation with vitamin B6 has reportedly relieved the symptoms of CTS,53 but some researchers have not found this treatment to be beneficial.54 , 55 Several studies report that people with CTS are helped when given 100 mg of vitamin B6 three times per day.56 , 57 Although some researchers have found benefits with lesser amounts,58 , 59 , 60 , 61 using less than 100 mg taken three times per day for several months has often failed.62 , 63 , 64 Most doctors assume that people with CTS who respond to vitamin B6 supplementation do so because of an underlying deficiency. However, at least one group of researchers has found vitamin B6 to "dramatically" reduce pain in people with CTS who did not appear to be B6-deficient.65 Some doctors believe that B6 is therapeutic because it reduces swelling around the carpal tunnel in the wrist; this theory remains completely undocumented. Very high levels of vitamin B6 can damage sensory nerves, leading to numbness in the hands and feet as well as difficulty in walking; supplementation should be stopped if these symptoms develop after beginning vitamin B6 supplementation. Vitamin B6 is usually safe in amounts of 200 to 500 mg per day,66 although occasional problems have been reported in this range.67 Higher amounts are clearly toxic.68 Any adult taking more than 200 mg of vitamin B6 per day for more than a few months should consult a doctor. In order to be effective, vitamin B6 must be transformed in the body to pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP). Some doctors have suggested that people who do not respond well to vitamin B6 supplements should try 50 mg of PLP three times per day. There is no clear evidence that using PLP provides any advantage in reducing symptoms of CTS.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Celiac Disease (Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) 3 mg vitamin B6, 0.8 mg folic acid, and 0.5 mg vitamin B12 [Why]
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Daily supplementation with a combination of vitamin B6 (3 mg), folic acid (0.8 mg), and vitamin B12 (0.5 mg) have been shown to help relieve depression in people with celiac disease. In one trial, 11 people with celiac disease suffered from persistent depression despite being on a gluten-free diet for more than two years. However, after supplementation with vitamin B6 (80 mg per day) for six months, the depression disappeared.69 Daily supplementation with a combination of vitamin B6 (3 mg), folic acid (0.8 mg), and vitamin B12 (0.5 mg) for 6 months also improved psychological well-being in people with long-standing celiac disease who had poor psychological well-being despite being on a strict gluten-free diet.70
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Depression and Premenstrual Syndrome Take under medical supervision: 100 to 300 mg daily [Why]
|
Several studies indicate that supplementing with vitamin B6 helps alleviate depression, including depression associated with PMS. Oral contraceptives can deplete the body of vitamin B6, a nutrient needed for maintenance of normal mental functioning. Double-blind research shows that women who are depressed and who have become depleted of vitamin B6 while taking oral contraceptives typically respond to vitamin B6 supplementation.71 In one trial, 20 mg of vitamin B6 were taken twice per day. Some evidence suggests that people who are depressed-even when not taking the oral contraceptive-are still more likely to be B6 deficient than people who are not depressed.72 Several clinical trials also indicate that vitamin B6 supplementation helps alleviate depression associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS),73 although the research remains inconsistent.74 Many doctors suggest that women who have depression associated with PMS take 100-300 mg of vitamin B6 per day-a level of intake that requires supervision by a doctor.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Intermittent Claudication (Alpha-Linolenic Acid, Fish Oil, Folic Acid, Oleic Acid, Vitamin E) 200 mg of EPA and 130 mg of DHA daily, plus small amounts of vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin E, oleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid [Why]
|
In one study, men with intermittent claudication who drank a milk product fortified with fish oil, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin E, oleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid could walk further without pain than those who drank regular milk. Men with intermittent claudication consumed a fortified milk product or regular milk daily for one year. The fortified product provided daily 130 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 200 mg of docosahexaenoic acid (EPA and DHA, two fatty acids in fish oil ), small amounts of supplemental vitamin E , folic acid , and vitamin B6, and additional amounts of oleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. Compared with regular milk, the fortified milk product significantly increased the distance the participants could walk before the onset of pain .75
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Low Back Pain (Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12) Take under medical supervision: 50 to 100 mg each of vitamins B1 and B6, and 250 to 500 mcg of vitamin B12, all taken three times per day [Why]
|
A combination of vitamin B1, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 may prevent a common type of back pain linked to vertebral syndromes and may reduce the need for anti-inflammatory medications. A combination of vitamin B1 , vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 has proved useful for preventing a relapse of a common type of back pain linked to vertebral syndromes,76 as well as reducing the amount of anti-inflammatory medications needed to control back pain, according to double-blind trials.77 Typical amounts used have been 50-100 mg each of vitamins B1 and B6, and 250-500 mcg of vitamin B12, all taken three times per day.78 , 79 Such high amounts of vitamin B6 require supervision by a doctor.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Macular Degeneration (Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) 2.5 mg folic acid, 50 mg vitamin B6, and 1 mg vitamin B12 [Why]
|
In a double-blind study of female health professionals who had cardiovascular disease or risk factors, daily supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 significantly decreased age-related macular degeneration. In a double-blind study of female health professionals who had cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors, daily supplementation with folic acid (2.5 mg), vitamin B6 (50 mg), and vitamin B12 (1 mg) for 7.3 years significantly decreased the incidence of age-related macular degeneration.80
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars MSG Sensitivity Refer to label instructions [Why]
|
In one study, eight out of nine people stopped reacting to MSG when given vitamin B6. Many doctors suggest that people having MSG-sensitivity symptoms try supplementing with vitamin B6 for three months as a trial. Years ago, researchers discovered that animals who were deficient in vitamin B6 could not properly process MSG.81 Typical reactions to MSG have also been linked to vitamin B6 deficiency in people.82 In one study, eight out of nine such people stopped reacting to MSG when given 50 mg of vitamin B6 per day for at least 12 weeks. The actual percentage of people with MSG sensitivity who are deficient in vitamin B6 and who respond to B6 supplementation is unknown. Nonetheless, many doctors suggest that people having MSG-sensitivity symptoms try supplementing with vitamin B6 for three months as a trial.
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Health Information Library
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Why
|
http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
|
14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Neuropathy (Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) Refer to label instructions [Why]
|
Taking a supplemental form of folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 may improve neuropathy symptoms and quality of life. For people with type 2 diabetes and neuropathy, taking a supplemental form of a biologically active folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 (L-methylfolate calcium, methylcobalamin, and pyridoxal phosphate, respectively), improved symptom scores by about 25% after 24 weeks of treatment, compared with 15% improvement in the placebo group. This vitamin combination may improve quality of life as well, and there were few adverse effects in the supplemented group.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Neuropathy (Vitamin B1) 25 mg vitamin B1 daily, with 50 mg of vitamin B6 daily [Why]
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Taking vitamin B1 combined with vitamin B6 may improve symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. A controlled trial in Africa found that supplementing with both vitamin B1 (25 mg per day) and vitamin B6 (50 mg per day) led to significant improvement of symptoms of diabetic neuropathy after four weeks.83 However, since this was a trial conducted among people in a vitamin B1-deficient developing country, these improvements might not occur in other people with diabetes. Another trial found that combining vitamin B1 (in a special fat-soluble form) and vitamin B6 plus vitamin B12 in high but variable amounts led to improvement in some aspects of diabetic neuropathy in 12 weeks.84 As a result, some doctors recommend that people with diabetic neuropathy supplement with vitamin B1, though the optimal level of intake remains unknown.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Pregnancy and Postpartum Support and High Homocysteine 750 mg daily taken under the supervision of a doctor [Why]
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Women who habitually miscarry have been found to have high homocysteine levels. Vitamin B6 may reduce these levels and increase the chances of a successful pregnancy. The relationship between folate status and the risk of miscarriage is also somewhat unclear. In some studies, women who have had habitual miscarriages were found to have elevated levels of homocysteine (a marker of folate deficiency).85 , 86 , 87 , 88 In a preliminary study, 22 women with recurrent miscarriages who had elevated levels of homocysteine were treated with 15 mg per day of folic acid and 750 mg per day of vitamin B6, prior to and throughout their next pregnancy. This treatment reduced homocysteine levels to normal and was associated with 20 successful pregnancies.89 It is not known whether supplementing with these vitamins would help prevent miscarriages in women with normal homocysteine levels. As the amounts of folic acid and vitamin B6 used in this study were extremely large and potentially toxic, this treatment should be used only with the supervision of a doctor.
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Schizophrenia Consult a qualified healthcare practitioner [Why]
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Vitamin B6 has been used in combination with niacin in the treatment of schizophrenia with some reported benefits. The term "orthomolecular psychiatry" was coined by Linus Pauling in 1968 to refer to the treatment of psychiatric illnesses with substances (such as vitamins) that are normally present in the body. In orthomolecular psychiatry, high amounts of vitamins are sometimes used, not to correct a deficiency per se, but to create a more optimal biochemical environment. The mainstay of the orthomolecular approach to schizophrenia is niacin or niacinamide ( vitamin B3 ) in high amounts. In early double-blind trials, 3 grams of niacin daily resulted in a doubling of the recovery rate, a 50% reduction in hospitalization rates, and a dramatic reduction in suicide rates.90 In a preliminary trial, some schizophrenic patients continued a course of vitamins (4 to 10 grams of niacin or niacinamide, 4 grams of vitamin C , and 50 mg or more of vitamin B6) after being discharged from the hospital, while another group of patients discontinued the vitamins upon discharge. Both groups continued to take their psychiatric medications. Those who continued to take the vitamins had a 50% lower re-admission rate compared with those who did not.91 Several later double-blind trials, including trials undertaken by the Canadian Mental Health Association, have been unable to reproduce these positive results.92 , 93 Early supporters of niacin therapy contend that many of these trials were poorly designed.94 One clinical trial reported no greater improvement in a group of schizophrenic patients given 6 grams of niacin than in others given 3 mg of niacin; all patients were also being treated with psychiatric medications.95 There are potential side-effects of niacin therapy, including an uncomfortable flushing sensation, dermatitis (skin inflammation), heartburn , aggravation of peptic ulcers , increased blood sugar, increased panic and anxiety , and elevation of liver enzymes , which may indicate damage to liver cells. A positive side effect of niacin therapy is reduction of cholesterol levels . Some of these effects, such as flushing, gastric upset, and reduction of serum cholesterol, do not occur with the use of niacinamide .96 Because of the seriousness of some of these side effects, high amounts of niacin should not be used without the supervision of a healthcare practitioner. Vitamin B6 has been used in combination with niacin in the orthomolecular approach to schizophrenia. Pioneers of orthomolecular medicine reported benefits from this combination. However, although two placebo-controlled trials found significant improvement when schizophrenic patients were given either 3 grams of niacin or 75 mg of pyridoxine along with their psychiatric medications, this improvement was lost when the two vitamins were combined.97 , 98 In a double-blind trial, schizophrenic patients were given either a vitamin program based on their individual laboratory tests or a placebo (25 mg of vitamin C ) in addition to their psychiatric medications. The vitamin program included large amounts of various B vitamins, as well as vitamin C and vitamin E . After five months, the number of patients who improved was not different in the vitamin group compared with the placebo group.99 Clinical trials of the effects of vitamin B6 have yielded differing results. The results of supplementation with 100 mg daily in one schizophrenic patient included dramatic reduction in side effects from medication, as well as reduction in schizophrenic symptoms.100 In a preliminary trial, 60 mg per day of vitamin B6 resulted in symptomatic improvement in only 5% of schizophrenic patients after four weeks.101 Another preliminary trial, however, found that a higher amount of vitamin B6-50 mg three times daily given for eight to twelve weeks-in addition to psychiatric medications, did bring about significant improvements in schizophrenic patients. These patients experienced a better sense of well-being, increased motivation, and greater interest in their "personal habits and their environment."102 L-tryptophan is the amino acid precursor of serotonin, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger in the brain). There is evidence that L-tryptophan levels in schizophrenic people are lower than in non-schizophrenics103 and the way the body uses L-tryptophan is altered in people with schizophrenia.104 , 105 In a preliminary trial, patients with schizophrenia were given 2-8 grams of L-tryptophan and 100 mg of vitamin B6 daily. This resulted in decreased agitation and less fear and anxiety , but these improvements were not as great as those achieved with psychiatric medications.106 It is not clear whether the benefits seen in this trial were due to vitamin B6, L-tryptophan, or a combination of the two. No other clinical trials using L-tryptophan have been published. L-tryptophan is currently available by prescription only.
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Schizophrenia and High Homocysteine (Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) Take folic acid (2 mg), vitamin B6 (25 mg), and vitamin B12 (400 mcg) daily [Why]
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People with schizophrenia who have high homocysteine levels may improve symptoms by supplementing with folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. In another double-blind study, daily supplementation with folic acid (2 mg), vitamin B6 (25 mg), and vitamin B12 (400 mcg) for three months improved symptoms of schizophrenia compared with a placebo.107 All of the participants in this study had elevated blood levels of homocysteine, which can be decreased by taking these three B vitamins. Based on this study, it would seem reasonable to measure homocysteine levels in people with schizophrenia and, if they are elevated, to supplement with folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12.
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Tooth Decay For adults: 20 mg per day in capsules or lozenges; for children: 9 mg daily [Why]
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Vitamin B6 appears to increase growth of beneficial mouth bacteria and decrease growth of cavity-causing bacteria. Test tube studies show that vitamin B6 increases growth of beneficial mouth bacteria and decreases growth of cavity-causing bacteria.108 A double-blind study found that pregnant women who supplemented with 20 mg per day of vitamin B6 had significantly fewer new caries and fillings during pregnancy.109 Lozenges containing vitamin B6 were more effective than capsules in this study, suggesting an important topical effect. Another double-blind study gave children oral lozenges containing 3 mg of vitamin B6 three times per day for eight months, but reported only insignificant reductions in new cavities.110
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Type 1 Diabetes 1,800 mg daily of of pyridoxine alpha-ketoglutarate or 50 mg daily pyridoxine [Why]
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People with diabetes often have low vitamin B6 levels. Supplementing with the vitamin may restore levels and improve glucose tolerance. Blood levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine) have been found to be low in people with type 1 diabetes.111 A controlled trial in Africa found that supplementing with both vitamin B1 (25 mg per day) and vitamin B6 (50 mg per day) led to significant improvement of symptoms of diabetic nerve damage (neuropathy) after four weeks.112 However, since this was a trial conducted among people in a vitamin B1-deficient developing country, these improvements might not occur in other people with diabetes. Another trial found that combining vitamin B1 (in a special fat-soluble form) and vitamin B6 plus vitamin B12 in high but variable amounts led to improvement in some aspects of diabetic neuropathy in 12 weeks.113 As a result, some doctors recommend that people with diabetic neuropathy supplement with vitamin B1, though the optimal level of intake remains unknown.114 Many people with diabetes have low blood levels of vitamin B6.115 , 116 Levels are even lower in people with diabetes who also have neuropathy.117 In a trial that included people with type 1 diabetes, 1,800 mg per day of a special form of vitamin B6-pyridoxine alpha-ketoglutarate-improved glucose tolerance dramatically.118 Vitamin B6 may also reduce the amount of glycosylation, so taking adequate amounts of this vitamin may be beneficial for all people with diabetes.119
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Type 2 Diabetes 1,800 mg pyridoxine alpha-ketoglutarate daily or 50 mg daily pyridoxine daily [Why]
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People with diabetes often have low vitamin B6 levels. Supplementing with the vitamin may restore levels and improve glucose tolerance. Many people with diabetes have low blood levels of vitamin B6.120 , 121 Levels are even lower in people with diabetes who also have nerve damage (neuropathy).122 Vitamin B6 supplementation has improved glucose tolerance in women with diabetes caused by pregnancy.123 , 124 Vitamin B6 supplementation is also effective for glucose intolerance induced by birth control pills.125 In a trial that included people with type 2 diabetes, 1,800 mg per day of a special form of vitamin B6-pyridoxine alpha-ketoglutarate-improved glucose tolerance dramatically.126 Standard vitamin B6 has helped in some,127 but not all, trials.128
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Neuropathy (Vitamin B1) 25 mg of vitamin B1 daily, with 50 mg of vitamin B6 daily [Why]
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Taking vitamin B1 combined with vitamin B6 may improve symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. A controlled trial in Africa found that supplementing with both vitamin B1 (25 mg per day) and vitamin B6 (50 mg per day) led to significant improvement of symptoms of diabetic neuropathy after four weeks.129 However, since this was a trial conducted among people in a vitamin B1-deficient developing country, these improvements might not occur in other people with diabetes. Another trial found that combining vitamin B1 (in a special fat-soluble form) and vitamin B6 plus vitamin B12 in high but variable amounts led to improvement in some aspects of diabetic neuropathy in 12 weeks.130 As a result, some doctors recommend that people with diabetic neuropathy supplement with vitamin B1, though the optimal level of intake remains unknown.
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 2 Stars Vertigo Consult a qualified healthcare practitioner [Why]
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Studies have shown vitamin B6 to be effective at reducing symptoms. Two preliminary human studies reported that vitamin B6 supplementation reduced symptoms of vertigo produced with drugs in a laboratory setting.131 Vitamin B6 supplementation has not been studied in BPPV or other forms of vertigo and may not share the same causative mechanism as experimentally induced vertigo.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Acne Vulgaris Refer to label instructions [Why]
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While not proven in research, some reports suggest that it may alleviate adolescent and premenstrual acne, however, another report has suggested that it might make acne worse. A preliminary report suggested that vitamin B6 at 50 mg per day may alleviate premenstrual flare-ups of acne experienced by some women.132 While no controlled research has evaluated this possibility, an older controlled trial of resistant adolescent acne found that 50-250 mg per day decreased skin oiliness and improved acne in 75% of the participants.133 However, another preliminary report suggested that vitamin B6 supplements might exacerbate acne vulgaris.134
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Alcohol Withdrawal Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Alcohol-related anxiety may be improved by a combination of vitamin B6, vitamin C, niacin, and vitamin E, though the high amounts of niacin and vitamin B6 used in the study need a doctor's supervision. The daily combination of 3 grams of vitamin C , 3 grams of niacin , 600 mg of vitamin B6, and 600 IU of vitamin E has been used by researchers from the University of Mississippi Medical Center in an attempt to reduce anxiety and depression in alcoholics.135 Although the effect of vitamin supplementation was no better than placebo in treating alcohol-associated depression, the vitamins did result in a significant drop in anxiety within three weeks of use. Because of possible side effects, anyone taking such high amounts of niacin and vitamin B6 must do so only under the care of a doctor.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Alzheimer's Disease (Coenzyme Q10, Iron) Refer to label instructions [Why]
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A combination of coenzyme Q10, iron (sodium ferrous citrate), and vitamin B6 may improve mental status in people with Alzheimer's disease. In a preliminary report, two people with a hereditary form of Alzheimer's disease received daily: coenzyme Q10 (60 mg), iron (150 mg of sodium ferrous citrate), and vitamin B6 (180 mg). Mental status improved in both patients, and one became almost normal after six months.136
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Amenorrhea Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Preliminary evidence found that vitamin B6 restored menstruation and normalized hormone levels in three women with amenorrhea who had high prolactin levels. Prolactin is a hormone that may be elevated in some cases of amenorrhea. A preliminary trial of 200 to 600 mg daily of vitamin B6 restored menstruation and normalized prolactin levels in three amenorrheic women with high initial prolactin levels; however, 600 mg daily of vitamin B6 had no effect on amenorrheic women who did not have high prolactin levels.137 A number of other small, preliminary trials have not demonstrated an effect of either oral or injected vitamin B6 on prolactin levels,138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 and they also have reported inconsistent effects on restoring menstruation.143 , 144 , 145 Larger, controlled trials are needed to better determine the usefulness of vitamin B6 in amenorrhea.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Atherosclerosis Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine have been linked to atherosclerosis and heart disease in most research. Taking vitamin B6 may help lower homocysteine levels. Blood levels of an amino acid called homocysteine have been linked to atherosclerosis and heart disease in most research,146 , 147 though uncertainty remains about whether elevated homocysteine actually causes heart disease.148 , 149 Although some reports have found associations between homocysteine levels and dietary factors, such as coffee and protein intakes,150 evidence linking specific foods to homocysteine remains preliminary. Higher blood levels of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 , and folic acid are associated with low levels of homocysteine151 and supplementing with these vitamins lowers homocysteine levels.152 , 153 While several trials have consistently shown that B6, B12, and folic acid lower homocysteine, the amounts used vary from study to study. Many doctors recommend 50 mg of vitamin B6, 100-300 mcg of vitamin B12, and 500-800 mcg of folic acid. Even researchers finding only inconsistent links between homocysteine and heart disease have acknowledged that a B vitamin might offer protection against heart disease independent of the homocysteine-lowering effect.154 In one trial, people with normal homocysteine levels had demonstrable reversal of atherosclerosis when supplementing B vitamins (2.5 mg folic acid, 25 mg vitamin B6, and 250 mcg of vitamin B12 per day).155 Similar results were seen in another study.156 For the few cases in which vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid fail to normalize homocysteine, adding 6 grams per day of betaine (trimethylglycine) may be effective.157 Of these four supplements, folic acid appears to be the most important.158 Attempts to lower homocysteine by simply changing the diet rather than by using vitamin supplements have not been successful.159
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Refer to label instructions [Why]
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In one study, high amounts of vitamin B6 was more effective than methylphenidate (Ritalin). A healthcare practitioner knowledgeable in nutrition must be consulted when using high amounts of this vitamin. B vitamins , particularly vitamin B6, have also been used for ADHD. Deficient levels of vitamin B6 have been detected in some ADHD patients.160 In a study of six children with low blood levels of the neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) serotonin, vitamin B6 supplementation (15-30 mg per 2.2 pounds of body weight per day) was found to be more effective than methylphenidate (Ritalin®). However, lower amounts of vitamin B6 were not beneficial.161 The effective amount of vitamin B6 in this study was extremely large and could potentially cause nerve damage, although none occurred in this study. A practitioner knowledgeable in nutrition must be consulted when using high amounts of vitamin B6. High amounts of other B vitamins have shown mixed results in relieving ADHD symptoms.162 , 163
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Bulimia (L-Tryptophan) Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Vitamin B6, when taken with L-tryptophan, has been shown to improve eating behavior, feelings about eating, and mood among women with bulimia. People with eating disorders who restrict their food intake are at risk for multiple nutrient deficiencies, including protein, calcium , iron , riboflavin , niacin ,164 folic acid ,165 vitamin A , vitamin C ,166 and vitamin B6,167 and essential fatty acids.168 A general multivitamin-mineral formula can reduce the detrimental health effects of these deficiencies. Serotonin, a hormone that helps regulate food intake and appetite, is synthesized in the brain from the amino acid L-tryptophan. Preliminary data suggest that some people with bulimia have low serotonin levels.169 Researchers have reported that bulimic women with experimentally induced tryptophan deficiency tend to eat more and become more irritable compared to healthy women fed the same diet,170 , 171 though not all studies have demonstrated these effects.172 Weight-loss diets result in lower L-tryptophan and serotonin levels in women,173 which could theoretically trigger bingeing and purging in susceptible people. However, the benefits of L-tryptophan supplementation are unclear. One small, double-blind trial reported significant improvement in eating behavior, feelings about eating, and mood among women with bulimia who were given 1 gram of L-tryptophan and 45 mg of vitamin B6 three times per day.174 Other double-blind studies using only L-tryptophan have failed to confirm these findings.175 , 176 L-tryptophan is available by prescription only; most drug stores do not carry it, but "compounding" pharmacies do. Most cities have at least one compounding pharmacy, which prepares customized prescription medications to meet individual patient's needs.
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Celiac Disease Refer to label instructions [Why]
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For people with celiac disease who experience depression even after following a gluten-free diet, supplementing with vitamin B6 may be beneficial. In one trial, 11 people with celiac disease suffered from persistent depression despite being on a gluten-free diet for more than two years. However, after supplementation with vitamin B6 (80 mg per day) for six months, the depression disappeared.177
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Epilepsy Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Vitamin B6 has helped children with seizures related to a genetic enzyme defect. However, it is not known whether supplementation would benefit people with epilepsy. Vitamin B6 has been used to treat infants and small children who have seizures related to a genetic enzyme defect.178 , 179 , 180 , 181 However, this condition is not considered true epilepsy, and whether people with epilepsy would benefit from taking vitamin B6 supplements is unknown.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Heart Attack Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Taking vitamin B6 may reduce blood levels of homocysteine. High homocysteine levels have been linked to an increased heart attack risk. High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine have been linked to an increased risk of heart attack in most,182 , 183 , 184 , 185 though not all,186 , 187 studies. A blood test screening for levels of homocysteine, followed by supplementation with 400 mcg of folic acid and 500 mcg of vitamin B12 per day could prevent a significant number of heart attacks, according to one analysis.188 Folic acid 189 , 190 and vitamins B6 and B12 are known to lower homocysteine.191 There is a clear association between low blood levels of folate and increased risk of heart attacks in men.192 Based on the available research, some doctors recommend 50 mg of vitamin B6, 100-300 mcg of vitamin B12, and 500-800 mcg of folic acid per day for people at high risk of heart attack.
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star HIV and AIDS Support Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Vitamin B6 deficiency was found in more than one-third of HIV-positive men, deficiency was associated with decreased immune function in this group. Supplementing with the vitamin may improve survival rate. In HIV-positive people with B-vitamin deficiency, the use of B-complex vitamin supplements appears to delay progression to and death from AIDS.193 Thiamine ( vitamin B1 ) deficiency has been identified in nearly one-quarter of people with AIDS.194 It has been suggested that a thiamine deficiency may contribute to some of the neurological abnormalities that are associated with AIDS. Vitamin B6 deficiency was found in more than one-third of HIV-positive men; vitamin B6 deficiency was associated with decreased immune function in this group.195 In a population study of HIV-positive people, intake of vitamin B6 at more than twice the recommended dietary allowance (RDA is 2 mg per day for men and 1.6 mg per day for women) was associated with improved survival.196 Low blood levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 are also common in HIV-positive people.197
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Hypoglycemia Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Vitamin B6 helps control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes, and since there are similarities in the way the body regulates high and low blood sugar levels, it might be helpful for hypoglycemia as well. Research has shown that supplementing with chromium (200 mcg per day)198 or magnesium (340 mg per day)199 can prevent blood sugar levels from falling excessively in people with hypoglycemia. Niacinamide (vitamin B3) has also been found to be helpful for hypoglycemic people.200 Other nutrients, including vitamin C , vitamin E , zinc , copper , manganese , and vitamin B6, may help control blood sugar levels in diabetics .201 Since there are similarities in the way the body regulates high and low blood sugar levels, these nutrients might be helpful for hypoglycemia as well, although the amounts needed for that purpose are not known.
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Kidney Stones Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Taking vitamin B6 with magnesium can inhibit oxalate stone formation. Both magnesium and vitamin B6 are used by the body to convert oxalate into other substances. Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to an increase in kidney stones as a result of elevated urinary oxalate.202 Vitamin B6 is also known to reduce elevated urinary oxalate in some stone formers who are not necessarily B6 deficient.203 , 204 Years ago, the Merck Manual recommended 100-200 mg of vitamin B6 and 200 mg of magnesium per day for some kidney stone formers with elevated urinary oxalate.205 Most trials have shown that supplementing with magnesium206 , 207 , 208 and/or vitamin B6209 , 210 significantly lowers the risk of forming kidney stones. Results have varied from only a slight reduction in recurrences211 to a greater than 90% decrease in recurrences.212 Optimal supplemental levels of vitamin B6 and magnesium for people with kidney stones remain unknown. Some doctors advise 200-400 mg per day of magnesium. While the effective intake of vitamin B6 appears to be as low as 10-50 mg per day, certain people with elevated urinary oxalate may require much higher amounts, and therefore require medical supervision. In some cases, as much as 1,000 mg of vitamin B6 per day (a potentially toxic level) has been used successfully.213 Doctors who do advocate use of magnesium for people with a history of stone formation generally suggest the use of magnesium citrate because citrate itself reduces kidney stone recurrences. As with calcium supplementation, it appears important to take magnesium with meals in order for it to reduce kidney stone risks by lowering urinary oxalate.214
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Manganese, Zinc) Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Some doctors have reported good results using a combination of zinc, manganese, and vitamin B6 for people with Osgood-Schlatter disease. Another group of doctors has reported good results using a combination of zinc , manganese , and vitamin B6 for people with Osgood-Schlatter disease; however, the amounts of these supplements were not mentioned in the report.215 Most physicians would consider reasonable daily amounts of these nutrients for adolescents to be 15 mg of zinc, 5 to 10 mg of manganese, and 25 mg of vitamin B6. Larger amounts might be used with medical supervision.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Osteoporosis and High Homocysteine Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Homocystinuria, a condition associated with high homocysteine levels, frequently causes osteoporosis. By lowering homocysteine levels, vitamin B6 may help prevent osteoporosis. Folic acid , vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 are known to reduce blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine, and homocystinuria, a condition associated with high homocysteine levels, frequently causes osteoporosis. Therefore, some researchers have suggested that these vitamins might help prevent osteoporosis by lowering homocysteine levels.216 In a double-blind study of people who had suffered a stroke and had high homocysteine levels, daily supplementation with 5 mg of folic acid and 1,500 mcg of vitamin B12 for two years reduced the incidence of fractures by 78%, compared with a placebo.217 The reduction in fracture risk appeared to be due to an improvement in bone quality, rather than to a change in bone mineral density. However, supplementation with these vitamins did not reduce fracture risk in people who had only mildly elevated homocysteine levels and relatively high pretreatment folic acid levels.218 For the purpose of lowering homocysteine, amounts of folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 found in high-potency B-complex supplements and multivitamins should be adequate.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Parkinson's Disease Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Vitamin B6 has been reported to improve Parkinson's symptoms. It can be used in conjunction with L-dopa plus carbidopa (Sinemet) or selegiline (Eldepryl, Atapryl), rather than with L-dopa alone. Although vitamin B6 was reported many years ago in preliminary research to improve symptoms of Parkinson's disease,219 it must not be used by people taking L-dopa alone. Taking vitamin B6 with L-dopa increase the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine outside the brain,220 , 221 thereby reducing delivery of dopamine to the brain., However, vitamin B6 can be used in conjunction with L-dopa plus carbidopa (Sinemet) or seglegiline (Eldepryl, Atapryl).222
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Photosensitivity Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Vitamin B6 has been used to successfully reduce reactions to sunlight. Cases have been reported of people with photosensitivity who responded to vitamin B6 supplementation.223 , 224 Amounts of vitamin B6 used to successfully reduce reactions to sunlight have varied considerably. Some doctors suggest a trial of 100 to 200 mg per day for three months. People wishing to take more than 200 mg of vitamin B6 per day should do so only under medical supervision.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Pre- and Post-Surgery Health Refer to label instructions [Why]
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In one trial, a combination of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 before and after surgery prevented post-surgical reductions in immune activity. Vitamin B1 , given as intramuscular injections of 120 mg daily for several days before surgery, resulted in less reduction of immune system activity after surgery in a preliminary trial.225 In a controlled trial, an oral B vitamin combination providing 100 mg of B1, 200 mg of vitamin B6, and 200 mcg of vitamin B12 daily given for five weeks before surgery and for two weeks following surgery also prevented post-surgical reductions in immune activity.226 However, no research has explored any other benefits of B vitamin supplementation in surgery patients.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Preeclampsia Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Supplementing with vitamin B6 and folic acid may lower homocysteine levels. Elevated homocysteine damages the lining of blood vessels and can lead to the preeclamptic symptoms. Women with preeclampsia have been shown to have elevated blood levels of homocysteine .227 , 228 , 229 , 230 Research indicates elevated homocysteine occurs prior to the onset of preeclampsia.231 Elevated homocysteine damages the lining of blood vessels,232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 which can lead to the preeclamptic signs of elevated blood pressure , swelling, and protein in the urine.239 In one preliminary trial, women with a previous pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia and high homocysteine supplemented with 5 mg of folic acid and 250 mg of vitamin B6 per day, successfully lowering homocysteine levels.240 In another trial studying the effect of vitamin B6 on preeclampsia incidence, supplementation with 5 mg of vitamin B6 twice per day significantly reduced the incidence of preeclampsia. Women in that study were not, however, evaluated for homocysteine levels.241 In fact, no studies have yet determined whether lowering elevated homocysteine reduces the incidence or severity of preeclampsia. Nevertheless, despite a lack of proof that elevated homocysteine levels cause preeclampsia, many doctors believe that pregnant women with elevated homocysteine should attempt to reduce those levels to normal.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Seborrheic Dermatitis in Adults Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Topical applied vitamin B6 ointment improved adult seborrheic dermatitis in one study. However, oral vitamin B6 was ineffective. One physician reported that injections of B-complex vitamins were useful in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis in infants.242 A preliminary trial found that 10 mg per day of folic acid was helpful in 17 of 20 cases of adult seborrheic dermatitis.243 However, this study also found that oral folic acid did not benefit infants with cradle cap. A preliminary study found that topical application of vitamin B6 ointment (containing 10 mg B6 per gram of ointment) to affected areas improved adult seborrheic dermatitis.244 However, oral vitamin B6 (up to 300 mg per day) was ineffective. Injections of vitamin B12 were reported to improve in 86% of adults with seborrheic dermatitis in a preliminary trial.245 Oral administration of vitamin B12 for seborrheic dermatitis has not been studied.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Sickle Cell Anemia Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Vitamin B6 has been shown to have anti-sickling effects on the red blood cells. It can also correct vitamin B6 deficiency, which is common in people with sickle cell anemia. Preliminary research has found that patients with sickle cell anemia are more likely to have elevated blood levels of homocysteine compared to healthy people.246 , 247 Elevated homocysteine is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease .248 In particular, high levels of homocysteine in sickle cell anemia patients have been associated with a higher incidence of stroke .249 Deficiencies of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid occur more frequently in people with sickle cell anemia than in others250 , 251 , 252 and are a cause of high homocysteine levels.253 A controlled trial found homocysteine levels were reduced 53% in children with sickle cell anemia receiving a 2-4 mg supplement of folic acid per day, depending on age, but vitamin B6 or B12 had no effect on homocysteine levels.254 A double-blind trial of children with sickle cell anemia found that children given 5 mg of folic acid per day had less painful swelling of the hands and feet compared with those receiving placebo, but blood abnormalities and impaired growth rate associated with sickle cell anemia were not improved.255 In the treatment of sickle cell anemia, folic acid is typically supplemented in amounts of 1,000 mcg daily.256 Anyone taking this amount of folic acid should have vitamin B12 status assessed by a healthcare professional. In test tube studies, vitamin B6 has been shown to have anti-sickling effects on the red blood cells of people with sickle cell anemia.257 , 258 Vitamin B6 deficiency has been reported in some research to be more common in people with sickle cell anemia than in healthy people.259 , 260 In a controlled trial, five sickle cell anemia patients with evidence of vitamin B6 deficiency were given 50 mg of vitamin B6 twice daily. The deficiency was reversed with this supplement, but improvement in anemia was slight and considered insignificant.261 Therefore, evidence in support of vitamin B6 supplementation for people with sickle cell anemia remains weak.
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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57d50aa9_Health_Information_Library__Why
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[Used for] 1 Star Stroke and High Homocysteine Refer to label instructions [Why]
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Elevated blood levels of homocysteine have been linked to stroke risk in most studies. Supplementing with vitamin B6 may lower homocysteine levels and reduce stroke risk. Elevated blood levels of homocysteine , a toxic amino acid byproduct, have been linked to risk of stroke in most studies.262 , 263 , 264 Supplementation with folic acid , vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 generally lowers homocysteine levels in humans.265 , 266 , 267 In a pooled analysis (meta-analysis) of eight randomized trials, folic acid supplementation in varying amounts (usually 0.5 mg to 5 mg per day) reduced stroke risk by 18%.268
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Health Information Library
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Why
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http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&hwid=hn-2928009
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14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00213-ip-10-236-191-2_719918234_0.json
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