/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */


package org.apache.commons.beanutils;


import java.io.File;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.net.URL;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Collection;

import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ArrayConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.BigDecimalConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.BigIntegerConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.BooleanConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ByteConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.CalendarConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.CharacterConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ClassConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ConverterFacade;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.DateConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.DoubleConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.FileConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.FloatConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.IntegerConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.LongConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ShortConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.SqlDateConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.SqlTimeConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.SqlTimestampConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.StringConverter;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.URLConverter;
import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;


/**
 * <p>Utility methods for converting String scalar values to objects of the
 * specified Class, String arrays to arrays of the specified Class.  The
 * actual {@link Converter} instance to be used can be registered for each
 * possible destination Class.  Unless you override them, standard
 * {@link Converter} instances are provided for all of the following
 * destination Classes:</p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>java.lang.BigDecimal (no default value)</li>
 * <li>java.lang.BigInteger (no default value)</li>
 * <li>boolean and java.lang.Boolean (default to false)</li>
 * <li>byte and java.lang.Byte (default to zero)</li>
 * <li>char and java.lang.Character (default to a space)</li>
 * <li>java.lang.Class (no default value)</li>
 * <li>double and java.lang.Double (default to zero)</li>
 * <li>float and java.lang.Float (default to zero)</li>
 * <li>int and java.lang.Integer (default to zero)</li>
 * <li>long and java.lang.Long (default to zero)</li>
 * <li>short and java.lang.Short (default to zero)</li>
 * <li>java.lang.String (default to null)</li>
 * <li>java.io.File (no default value)</li>
 * <li>java.net.URL (no default value)</li>
 * <li>java.sql.Date (no default value)</li>
 * <li>java.sql.Time (no default value)</li>
 * <li>java.sql.Timestamp (no default value)</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>For backwards compatibility, the standard Converters for primitive
 * types (and the corresponding wrapper classes) return a defined
 * default value when a conversion error occurs.  If you prefer to have a
 * {@link ConversionException} thrown instead, replace the standard Converter
 * instances with instances created with the zero-arguments constructor.  For
 * example, to cause the Converters for integers to throw an exception on
 * conversion errors, you could do this:</p>
 * <pre>
 *   // No-args constructor gets the version that throws exceptions
 *   Converter myConverter =
 *    new org.apache.commons.beanutils.converter.IntegerConverter();
 *   ConvertUtils.register(myConverter, Integer.TYPE);    // Native type
 *   ConvertUtils.register(myConverter, Integer.class);   // Wrapper class
 * </pre>
 * 
 * <p>
 * Converters generally treat null input as if it were invalid
 * input, ie they return their default value if one was specified when the
 * converter was constructed, and throw an exception otherwise. If you prefer
 * nulls to be preserved for converters that are converting to objects (not
 * primitives) then register a converter as above, passing a default value of
 * null to the converter constructor (and of course registering that converter
 * only for the .class target).
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * When a converter is listed above as having no default value, then that
 * converter will throw an exception when passed null or an invalid value
 * as its input. In particular, by default the BigInteger and BigDecimal
 * converters have no default (and are therefore somewhat inconsistent
 * with the other numerical converters which all have zero as their default).
 * </p>
 * 
 * <p>
 * Converters that generate <i>arrays</i> of each of the primitive types are
 * also automatically configured (including String[]). When passed null
 * or invalid input, these return an empty array (not null). See class
 * AbstractArrayConverter for the supported input formats for these converters.
 * </p>
 * 
 * @author Craig R. McClanahan
 * @author Ralph Schaer
 * @author Chris Audley
 * @author James Strachan
 * @version $Revision: 745079 $ $Date: 2009-02-17 15:04:10 +0100 (Tue, 17 Feb 2009) $
 * @since 1.7
 */

public class ConvertUtilsBean {
    
    private static final Integer ZERO = new Integer(0);
    private static final Character SPACE = new Character(' ');

    // ------------------------------------------------------- Class Methods
    /**
     * Get singleton instance
     * @return The singleton instance
     */
    protected static ConvertUtilsBean getInstance() {
        return BeanUtilsBean.getInstance().getConvertUtils();
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------- Variables


    /**
     * The set of {@link Converter}s that can be used to convert Strings
     * into objects of a specified Class, keyed by the destination Class.
     */
    private WeakFastHashMap converters = new WeakFastHashMap();

    /**
     * The <code>Log</code> instance for this class.
     */
    private Log log = LogFactory.getLog(ConvertUtils.class);

    // ------------------------------------------------------- Constructors

    /** Construct a bean with standard converters registered */
    public ConvertUtilsBean() {
        converters.setFast(false);   
        deregister();
        converters.setFast(true);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods
    
    /**
     * The default value for Boolean conversions.
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Boolean.TYPE and
     *  Boolean.class instead
     */
    private Boolean defaultBoolean = Boolean.FALSE;

    /**
     * Gets the default value for Boolean conversions.
     * @return The default Boolean value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Boolean.TYPE and
     *  Boolean.class instead
     */
    public boolean getDefaultBoolean() {
        return (defaultBoolean.booleanValue());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for Boolean conversions.
     * @param newDefaultBoolean The default Boolean value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Boolean.TYPE and
     *  Boolean.class instead
     */
    public void setDefaultBoolean(boolean newDefaultBoolean) {
        defaultBoolean = (newDefaultBoolean ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE);
        register(new BooleanConverter(defaultBoolean), Boolean.TYPE);
        register(new BooleanConverter(defaultBoolean), Boolean.class);
    }


    /**
     * The default value for Byte conversions.
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Byte.TYPE and
     *  Byte.class instead
     */
    private Byte defaultByte = new Byte((byte) 0);

    /**
     * Gets the default value for Byte conversions.
     * @return The default Byte value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Byte.TYPE and
     *  Byte.class instead
     */
    public byte getDefaultByte() {
        return (defaultByte.byteValue());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for Byte conversions.
     * @param newDefaultByte The default Byte value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Byte.TYPE and
     *  Byte.class instead
     */
    public void setDefaultByte(byte newDefaultByte) {
        defaultByte = new Byte(newDefaultByte);
        register(new ByteConverter(defaultByte), Byte.TYPE);
        register(new ByteConverter(defaultByte), Byte.class);
    }


    /**
     * The default value for Character conversions.
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Character.TYPE and
     *  Character.class instead
     */
    private Character defaultCharacter = new Character(' ');

    /**
     * Gets the default value for Character conversions.
     * @return The default Character value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Character.TYPE and
     *  Character.class instead
     */
    public char getDefaultCharacter() {
        return (defaultCharacter.charValue());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for Character conversions.
     * @param newDefaultCharacter The default Character value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Character.TYPE and
     *  Character.class instead
     */
    public void setDefaultCharacter(char newDefaultCharacter) {
        defaultCharacter = new Character(newDefaultCharacter);
        register(new CharacterConverter(defaultCharacter),
                    Character.TYPE);
        register(new CharacterConverter(defaultCharacter),
                    Character.class);
    }


    /**
     * The default value for Double conversions.
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Double.TYPE and
     *  Double.class instead
     */
    private Double defaultDouble = new Double(0.0);

    /**
     * Gets the default value for Double conversions.
     * @return The default Double value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Double.TYPE and
     *  Double.class instead
     */
    public double getDefaultDouble() {
        return (defaultDouble.doubleValue());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for Double conversions.
     * @param newDefaultDouble The default Double value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Double.TYPE and
     *  Double.class instead
     */
    public void setDefaultDouble(double newDefaultDouble) {
        defaultDouble = new Double(newDefaultDouble);
        register(new DoubleConverter(defaultDouble), Double.TYPE);
        register(new DoubleConverter(defaultDouble), Double.class);
    }


    /**
     * The default value for Float conversions.
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Float.TYPE and
     *  Float.class instead
     */
    private Float defaultFloat = new Float((float) 0.0);

    /**
     * Gets the default value for Float conversions.
     * @return The default Float value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Float.TYPE and
     *  Float.class instead
     */
    public float getDefaultFloat() {
        return (defaultFloat.floatValue());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for Float conversions.
     * @param newDefaultFloat The default Float value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Float.TYPE and
     *  Float.class instead
     */
    public void setDefaultFloat(float newDefaultFloat) {
        defaultFloat = new Float(newDefaultFloat);
        register(new FloatConverter(defaultFloat), Float.TYPE);
        register(new FloatConverter(defaultFloat), Float.class);
    }


    /**
     * The default value for Integer conversions.
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Integer.TYPE and
     *  Integer.class instead
     */
    private Integer defaultInteger = new Integer(0);

    /**
     * Gets the default value for Integer conversions.
     * @return The default Integer value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Integer.TYPE and
     *  Integer.class instead
     */
    public int getDefaultInteger() {
        return (defaultInteger.intValue());
    }
    
    /**
     * Sets the default value for Integer conversions.
     * @param newDefaultInteger The default Integer value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Integer.TYPE and
     *  Integer.class instead
     */
    public void setDefaultInteger(int newDefaultInteger) {
        defaultInteger = new Integer(newDefaultInteger);
        register(new IntegerConverter(defaultInteger), Integer.TYPE);
        register(new IntegerConverter(defaultInteger), Integer.class);
    }


    /**
     * The default value for Long conversions.
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Long.TYPE and
     *  Long.class instead
     */
    private Long defaultLong = new Long(0);

    /**
     * Gets the default value for Long conversions.
     * @return The default Long value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Long.TYPE and
     *  Long.class instead
     */
    public long getDefaultLong() {
        return (defaultLong.longValue());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for Long conversions.
     * @param newDefaultLong The default Long value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Long.TYPE and
     *  Long.class instead
     */
    public void setDefaultLong(long newDefaultLong) {
        defaultLong = new Long(newDefaultLong);
        register(new LongConverter(defaultLong), Long.TYPE);
        register(new LongConverter(defaultLong), Long.class);
    }


    /**
     * The default value for Short conversions.
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Short.TYPE and
     *  Short.class instead
     */
    private static Short defaultShort = new Short((short) 0);

    /**
     * Gets the default value for Short conversions.
     * @return The default Short value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Short.TYPE and
     *  Short.class instead
     */
    public short getDefaultShort() {
        return (defaultShort.shortValue());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for Short conversions.
     * @param newDefaultShort The default Short value
     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Short.TYPE and
     *  Short.class instead
     */
    public void setDefaultShort(short newDefaultShort) {
        defaultShort = new Short(newDefaultShort);
        register(new ShortConverter(defaultShort), Short.TYPE);
        register(new ShortConverter(defaultShort), Short.class);
    }



    /**
     * Convert the specified value into a String.  If the specified value
     * is an array, the first element (converted to a String) will be
     * returned.  The registered {@link Converter} for the
     * <code>java.lang.String</code> class will be used, which allows
     * applications to customize Object->String conversions (the default
     * implementation simply uses toString()).
     *
     * @param value Value to be converted (may be null)
     * @return The converted String value
     */
    public String convert(Object value) {

        if (value == null) {
            return null;
        } else if (value.getClass().isArray()) {
            if (Array.getLength(value) < 1) {
                return (null);
            }
            value = Array.get(value, 0);
            if (value == null) {
                return null;
            } else {
                Converter converter = lookup(String.class);
                return ((String) converter.convert(String.class, value));
            }
        } else {
            Converter converter = lookup(String.class);
            return ((String) converter.convert(String.class, value));
        }

    }


    /**
     * Convert the specified value to an object of the specified class (if
     * possible).  Otherwise, return a String representation of the value.
     *
     * @param value Value to be converted (may be null)
     * @param clazz Java class to be converted to
     * @return The converted value
     *
     * @exception ConversionException if thrown by an underlying Converter
     */
    public Object convert(String value, Class clazz) {

        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("Convert string '" + value + "' to class '" +
                      clazz.getName() + "'");
        }
        Converter converter = lookup(clazz);
        if (converter == null) {
            converter = lookup(String.class);
        }
        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
            log.trace("  Using converter " + converter);
        }
        return (converter.convert(clazz, value));

    }


    /**
     * Convert an array of specified values to an array of objects of the
     * specified class (if possible).  If the specified Java class is itself
     * an array class, this class will be the type of the returned value.
     * Otherwise, an array will be constructed whose component type is the
     * specified class.
     *
     * @param values Array of values to be converted
     * @param clazz Java array or element class to be converted to
     * @return The converted value
     *
     * @exception ConversionException if thrown by an underlying Converter
     */
    public Object convert(String[] values, Class clazz) {

        Class type = clazz;
        if (clazz.isArray()) {
            type = clazz.getComponentType();
        }
        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("Convert String[" + values.length + "] to class '" +
                      type.getName() + "[]'");
        }
        Converter converter = lookup(type);
        if (converter == null) {
            converter = lookup(String.class);
        }
        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
            log.trace("  Using converter " + converter);
        }
        Object array = Array.newInstance(type, values.length);
        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
            Array.set(array, i, converter.convert(type, values[i]));
        }
        return (array);

    }


    /**
     * <p>Convert the value to an object of the specified class (if
     * possible).</p>
     *
     * @param value Value to be converted (may be null)
     * @param targetType Class of the value to be converted to
     * @return The converted value
     *
     * @exception ConversionException if thrown by an underlying Converter
     */
    public Object convert(Object value, Class targetType) {

        Class sourceType = value == null ? null : value.getClass();

        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            if (value == null) {
                log.debug("Convert null value to type '" +
                        targetType.getName() + "'");
            } else {
                log.debug("Convert type '" + sourceType.getName() + "' value '" + value +
                      "' to type '" + targetType.getName() + "'");
            }
        }

        Object converted = value;
        Converter converter = lookup(sourceType, targetType);
        if (converter != null) {
            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
                log.trace("  Using converter " + converter);
            }
            converted = converter.convert(targetType, value);
        }
        if (targetType == String.class && converted != null && 
                !(converted instanceof String)) {

            // NOTE: For backwards compatibility, if the Converter
            //       doesn't handle  conversion-->String then
            //       use the registered String Converter
            converter = lookup(String.class);
            if (converter != null) {
                if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
                    log.trace("  Using converter " + converter);
                }
                converted = converter.convert(String.class, converted);
            }

            // If the object still isn't a String, use toString() method
            if (converted != null && !(converted instanceof String)) {
                converted = converted.toString();
            }

        }
        return converted;

    }

    /**
     * Remove all registered {@link Converter}s, and re-establish the
     * standard Converters.
     */
    public void deregister() {

        converters.clear();
        
        registerPrimitives(false);
        registerStandard(false, false);
        registerOther(true);
        registerArrays(false, 0);
        register(BigDecimal.class, new BigDecimalConverter());
        register(BigInteger.class, new BigIntegerConverter());
    }

    /**
     * Register the provided converters with the specified defaults.
     *
     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
     * @param defaultNull <code>true</code>if the <i>standard</i> converters
     * (see {@link ConvertUtilsBean#registerStandard(boolean, boolean)})
     * should use a default value of <code>null</code>, otherwise <code>false</code>.
     * N.B. This values is ignored if <code>throwException</code> is <code>true</code>
     * @param defaultArraySize The size of the default array value for array converters
     * (N.B. This values is ignored if <code>throwException</code> is <code>true</code>).
     * Specifying a value less than zero causes a <code>null<code> value to be used for
     * the default.
     */
    public void register(boolean throwException, boolean defaultNull, int defaultArraySize) {
        registerPrimitives(throwException);
        registerStandard(throwException, defaultNull);
        registerOther(throwException);
        registerArrays(throwException, defaultArraySize);
    }

    /**
     * Register the converters for primitive types.
     * </p>
     * This method registers the following converters:
     * <ul>
     *     <li><code>Boolean.TYPE</code> - {@link BooleanConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Byte.TYPE</code> - {@link ByteConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Character.TYPE</code> - {@link CharacterConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Double.TYPE</code> - {@link DoubleConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Float.TYPE</code> - {@link FloatConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Integer.TYPE</code> - {@link IntegerConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Long.TYPE</code> - {@link LongConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Short.TYPE</code> - {@link ShortConverter}</li>
     * </ul>
     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
     */
    private void registerPrimitives(boolean throwException) {
        register(Boolean.TYPE,   throwException ? new BooleanConverter()    : new BooleanConverter(Boolean.FALSE));
        register(Byte.TYPE,      throwException ? new ByteConverter()       : new ByteConverter(ZERO));
        register(Character.TYPE, throwException ? new CharacterConverter()  : new CharacterConverter(SPACE));
        register(Double.TYPE,    throwException ? new DoubleConverter()     : new DoubleConverter(ZERO));
        register(Float.TYPE,     throwException ? new FloatConverter()      : new FloatConverter(ZERO));
        register(Integer.TYPE,   throwException ? new IntegerConverter()    : new IntegerConverter(ZERO));
        register(Long.TYPE,      throwException ? new LongConverter()       : new LongConverter(ZERO));
        register(Short.TYPE,     throwException ? new ShortConverter()      : new ShortConverter(ZERO));
    }

    /**
     * Register the converters for standard types.
     * </p>
     * This method registers the following converters:
     * <ul>
     *     <li><code>BigDecimal.class</code> - {@link BigDecimalConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>BigInteger.class</code> - {@link BigIntegerConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Boolean.class</code> - {@link BooleanConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Byte.class</code> - {@link ByteConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Character.class</code> - {@link CharacterConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Double.class</code> - {@link DoubleConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Float.class</code> - {@link FloatConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Integer.class</code> - {@link IntegerConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Long.class</code> - {@link LongConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>Short.class</code> - {@link ShortConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>String.class</code> - {@link StringConverter}</li>
     * </ul>
     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
     * @param defaultNull <code>true</code>if the <i>standard</i> converters
     * (see {@link ConvertUtilsBean#registerStandard(boolean, boolean)})
     * should use a default value of <code>null</code>, otherwise <code>false</code>.
     * N.B. This values is ignored if <code>throwException</code> is <code>true</code>
     */
    private void registerStandard(boolean throwException, boolean defaultNull) {

        Number     defaultNumber     = defaultNull ? null : ZERO;
        BigDecimal bigDecDeflt       = defaultNull ? null : new BigDecimal("0.0");
        BigInteger bigIntDeflt       = defaultNull ? null : new BigInteger("0");
        Boolean    booleanDefault    = defaultNull ? null : Boolean.FALSE;
        Character  charDefault       = defaultNull ? null : SPACE;
        String     stringDefault     = defaultNull ? null : "";

        register(BigDecimal.class, throwException ? new BigDecimalConverter() : new BigDecimalConverter(bigDecDeflt));
        register(BigInteger.class, throwException ? new BigIntegerConverter() : new BigIntegerConverter(bigIntDeflt));
        register(Boolean.class,    throwException ? new BooleanConverter()    : new BooleanConverter(booleanDefault));
        register(Byte.class,       throwException ? new ByteConverter()       : new ByteConverter(defaultNumber));
        register(Character.class,  throwException ? new CharacterConverter()  : new CharacterConverter(charDefault));
        register(Double.class,     throwException ? new DoubleConverter()     : new DoubleConverter(defaultNumber));
        register(Float.class,      throwException ? new FloatConverter()      : new FloatConverter(defaultNumber));
        register(Integer.class,    throwException ? new IntegerConverter()    : new IntegerConverter(defaultNumber));
        register(Long.class,       throwException ? new LongConverter()       : new LongConverter(defaultNumber));
        register(Short.class,      throwException ? new ShortConverter()      : new ShortConverter(defaultNumber));
        register(String.class,     throwException ? new StringConverter()     : new StringConverter(stringDefault));
        
    }

    /**
     * Register the converters for other types.
     * </p>
     * This method registers the following converters:
     * <ul>
     *     <li><code>Class.class</code> - {@link ClassConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>java.util.Date.class</code> - {@link DateConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>java.util.Calendar.class</code> - {@link CalendarConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>File.class</code> - {@link FileConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>java.sql.Date.class</code> - {@link SqlDateConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>java.sql.Time.class</code> - {@link SqlTimeConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>java.sql.Timestamp.class</code> - {@link SqlTimestampConverter}</li>
     *     <li><code>URL.class</code> - {@link URLConverter}</li>
     * </ul>
     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
     */
    private void registerOther(boolean throwException) {
        register(Class.class,         throwException ? new ClassConverter()        : new ClassConverter(null));
        register(java.util.Date.class, throwException ? new DateConverter()        : new DateConverter(null));
        register(Calendar.class,      throwException ? new CalendarConverter()     : new CalendarConverter(null));
        register(File.class,          throwException ? new FileConverter()         : new FileConverter(null));
        register(java.sql.Date.class, throwException ? new SqlDateConverter()      : new SqlDateConverter(null));
        register(java.sql.Time.class, throwException ? new SqlTimeConverter()      : new SqlTimeConverter(null));
        register(Timestamp.class,     throwException ? new SqlTimestampConverter() : new SqlTimestampConverter(null));
        register(URL.class,           throwException ? new URLConverter()          : new URLConverter(null));
    }

    /**
     * Register array converters.
     *
     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
     * @param defaultArraySize The size of the default array value for array converters
     * (N.B. This values is ignored if <code>throwException</code> is <code>true</code>).
     * Specifying a value less than zero causes a <code>null<code> value to be used for
     * the default.
     */
    private void registerArrays(boolean throwException, int defaultArraySize) {

        // Primitives
        registerArrayConverter(Boolean.TYPE,   new BooleanConverter(),   throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Byte.TYPE,      new ByteConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Character.TYPE, new CharacterConverter(), throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Double.TYPE,    new DoubleConverter(),    throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Float.TYPE,     new FloatConverter(),     throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Integer.TYPE,   new IntegerConverter(),   throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Long.TYPE,      new LongConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Short.TYPE,     new ShortConverter(),     throwException, defaultArraySize);

        // Standard
        registerArrayConverter(BigDecimal.class, new BigDecimalConverter(), throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(BigInteger.class, new BigIntegerConverter(), throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Boolean.class,    new BooleanConverter(),    throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Byte.class,       new ByteConverter(),       throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Character.class,  new CharacterConverter(),  throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Double.class,     new DoubleConverter(),     throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Float.class,      new FloatConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Integer.class,    new IntegerConverter(),    throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Long.class,       new LongConverter(),       throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Short.class,      new ShortConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(String.class,     new StringConverter(),     throwException, defaultArraySize);

        // Other
        registerArrayConverter(Class.class,          new ClassConverter(),        throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(java.util.Date.class, new DateConverter(),         throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Calendar.class,       new DateConverter(),         throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(File.class,           new FileConverter(),         throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(java.sql.Date.class,  new SqlDateConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(java.sql.Time.class,  new SqlTimeConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(Timestamp.class,      new SqlTimestampConverter(), throwException, defaultArraySize);
        registerArrayConverter(URL.class,            new URLConverter(),          throwException, defaultArraySize);

    }

    /**
     * Register a new ArrayConverter with the specified element delegate converter
     * that returns a default array of the specified size in the event of conversion errors.
     *
     * @param componentType The component type of the array
     * @param componentConverter The converter to delegate to for the array elements
     * @param throwException Whether a conversion exception should be thrown or a default
     * value used in the event of a conversion error
     * @param defaultArraySize The size of the default array
     */
    private void registerArrayConverter(Class componentType, Converter componentConverter,
            boolean throwException, int defaultArraySize) {
        Class arrayType = Array.newInstance(componentType, 0).getClass();
        Converter arrayConverter = null;
        if (throwException) {
            arrayConverter = new ArrayConverter(arrayType, componentConverter);
        } else {
            arrayConverter = new ArrayConverter(arrayType, componentConverter, defaultArraySize);
        }
        register(arrayType, arrayConverter);
    }

    /** strictly for convenience since it has same parameter order as Map.put */
    private void register(Class clazz, Converter converter) {
        register(new ConverterFacade(converter), clazz);
    }

    /**
     * Remove any registered {@link Converter} for the specified destination
     * <code>Class</code>.
     *
     * @param clazz Class for which to remove a registered Converter
     */
    public void deregister(Class clazz) {

        converters.remove(clazz);

    }


    /**
     * Look up and return any registered {@link Converter} for the specified
     * destination class; if there is no registered Converter, return
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @param clazz Class for which to return a registered Converter
     * @return The registered {@link Converter} or <code>null</code> if not found
     */
    public Converter lookup(Class clazz) {

        return ((Converter) converters.get(clazz));

    }

    /**
     * Look up and return any registered {@link Converter} for the specified
     * source and destination class; if there is no registered Converter,
     * return <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @param sourceType Class of the value being converted
     * @param targetType Class of the value to be converted to
     * @return The registered {@link Converter} or <code>null</code> if not found
     */
    public Converter lookup(Class sourceType, Class targetType) {

        if (targetType == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Target type is missing");
        }
        if (sourceType == null) {
            return lookup(targetType);
        }

        Converter converter = null;
        // Convert --> String 
        if (targetType == String.class) {
            converter = lookup(sourceType);
            if (converter == null && (sourceType.isArray() ||
                        Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(sourceType))) {
                converter = lookup(String[].class);
            }
            if (converter == null) {
                converter = lookup(String.class);
            }
            return converter;
        }

        // Convert --> String array 
        if (targetType == String[].class) {
            if (sourceType.isArray() || Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(sourceType)) {
                converter = lookup(sourceType);
            }
            if (converter == null) {
                converter = lookup(String[].class);
            }
            return converter;
        }

        return lookup(targetType);

    }

    /**
     * Register a custom {@link Converter} for the specified destination
     * <code>Class</code>, replacing any previously registered Converter.
     *
     * @param converter Converter to be registered
     * @param clazz Destination class for conversions performed by this
     *  Converter
     */
    public void register(Converter converter, Class clazz) {

        converters.put(clazz, converter);

    }
}
