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0.942497 |
Can running the air conditioner actually reduce your braking power?
TOM: Geez, what a terrible predicament for this lady's mother. On the one hand, she's ailing and would love to have a visit from her daughter. On the other hand, without AC in a heat wave, the daughter's going to arrive smelling like my brother's gym bag. Tough call.
RAY: Actually, this is a stumper, Caroll. I can't think of any way the air conditioner would hinder the operation of the brakes. So I'm going to have to assume that your friend and the dealer had a misunderstanding.
TOM: There are two possible ways the AC could affect the brakes in small ways. One is via the idle air control (IAC).
RAY: When a major accessory, like the air conditioner, is turned on, the car's computer signals the idle air control to boost up the idle speed. That's because the air conditioner takes a lot of power from the engine, and the boost in idle speed keeps the engine from stalling and running rough when you're stopped at idle.
TOM: Normally, the IAC just boosts the idle speed back up to where it was before you turned the air conditioner on, so you don't even notice it. But I suppose if it's malfunctioning, it could be boosting the idle speed too much. And that could make your lady friend FEEL like the car is harder to bring to a complete stop -- because the engine is running faster and trying to keep it moving.
RAY: But that would have absolutely no effect on the brakes themselves, and certainly no effect at highway speed.
TOM: The other possible explanation has to do with the fact that the air conditioner's compressor cycles on and off continuously. If you're stopped at a light with your foot planted on the brake pedal, you might feel the pedal drop a tiny bit when the compressor cycles off and increases the engine vacuum slightly.
RAY: But again, this is completely benign, and would have virtually no effect at all on the brakes' ability to stop the car.
TOM: So here's what you should do, Caroll. First, get her a case of Handi-Wipes and a 55-gallon drum of Secret antiperspirant. That should help her socially until the mechanical problem is addressed.
RAY: Then ask her to get some more information from the dealer. Or you might even want to talk to the mechanic yourself. Find out what he thinks she's experiencing. I'm guessing it's something benign, and that it wasn't explained well to her. I can't imagine a dealership diagnosing a dangerous brake problem and then letting a customer drive away in the car.
TOM: Once she understands that there's no danger, she'll relax and go back to using her air conditioning. But I'm guessing this was more a communication failure than a brake failure. Write back and let us know.
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0.996963 |
The Preamble to the Constitution contains powerful language that is the bedrock of American political tradition. The opening line: We the People of the United States proclaims that the states remain in a unity and that they are not independent of one another. With these words the loose confederation of independent states ceased to exist after ratification of the Constitution. The Preamble also answers the question of the source of power of the government: the power comes from the people, not from the states. The phrase [I]n Order to form a more perfect Union implies that at the time of forming the country, the Articles of Confederation were weak in governing a growing nation. Next come the general goals for the American nation (originally set up by the Framers): establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity. The following words: do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America pose the formal creation of the new government after the ratification.
Article I vests all legislative powers in the Congress and establishes a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It also sets out the qualifications for holding office in each house, the terms of office, methods of selection of representatives and senators, and the system of apportionment among the states to determine membership in the House of Representatives. The Article I, section 8 contains enumerated powers and elastic clause.
Article II vests the executive power- the authority to execute the laws of the nation in a president of the United States. Section 1 sets the presidents term of office at four years, explains the electoral college, states qualifications for office and describes a mechanism to replace the president in case of death, disability, or removal. Section 3 sets out the powers and duties of the president (commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the authority to make treaties with the consent of the Senate, and the authority to appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, the Judges of the Supreme Court, and all the other Officers of the United States. The Article II also contains instructions for the president to report directly to Congress periodically, in what has to come to be known as the State of the Union Address, and to take Care that the laws be faithfully executed. Section 4 provides the mechanism for removal of the president, vice-president, and other officers of the US for Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Article III establishes a Supreme Court and defines its jurisdiction. Congress is permitted, but not required, to establish lower national courts. Thus, state courts and the national court system exist side by side with distinct areas of authority. Federal courts are given authority to decide cases arising under federal law. The Supreme Court is also given the power to settle disputes between states, or between a state and the national government. Judges are given appointments for life, presuming good behavior. Their salaries cannot be lowered while they hold office.
Article IV begins with what is called the full faith and credit clause, which mandates that states honor the laws and judicial proceedings of the other states. It also includes the mechanisms for admitting new states to the Union.
Article V specifies the way of adding amendments to the Constitution.
Article VI contains the supremacy clause and specifies that no religious test should be shall be required for holding any office.
Article VII concerns the procedures for ratification of the Constitution: Nine of the thirteen states have to agree to, or ratify, its new provisions before it becomes the supreme law of the land.
"Assessment of the Constitution Preface." GradesFixer, 12 Feb. 2019, https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/assessment-of-the-constitution-preface/. Accessed 24 April 2019.
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0.999974 |
Bretton Woods, compared to what?
The Bretton Woods Transcripts, which I edited with Andrew Rosenberg, is now available as a 700-page hardback–at, I might add, an unusually low price for such a book. Also available, for free, is a document called Questions and Answers on the Bank for Reconstruction and Development distributed at the Bretton Woods conference to explain the proposed organization now best known as the World Bank.
A post by Pete Boettke on Henry Hazlitt and Pete's accompanying working paper (which you can go to from the post) reminded me that Hazlitt was a great critic of Bretton Woods and was eventually proved right about the Bretton Woods system of pegged exchange rates. Though I respect Hazlitt, in editing the book and the "Questions and Answers" document I have come to a greater appreciation for the founders of the Bretton Woods system. The late Don Lavoie, one of my professors at George Mason University, always stressed that in economics a key question was "Compared to what?" What is the proper standard for evaluation? He particularly emphasized it in connection with comparisons between economic systems. (This was in the 1980s, before the collapse of the Soviet bloc.) Comparing real capitalism to hypothetical socialism, for instance, was faulty because it compared an imperfect but workable system with a perfect but unworkable, in the sense of never existing, system.
Looking back at the Bretton Woods conference, there are a number of possibilities to compare its consequences to. One is the pre-World War I arrangements of the gold standard, free movement of capital and people, and small government. Another is the currency controls and trade restrictions of the 1930s that arose out of the Great Depression. Still another is the war economies that existed at the time of Bretton Woods, with their extensive price controls, quotas, and other features of centralized economic planning. Compared to the pre-World War I system, Bretton Woods looks less free and less robust. (Remember that it took a world war to end the pre-World War I system, whereas no such great shock was present when the United States brought down the Bretton Woods gold standard in 1971.) Compared to the 1930s, Bretton Woods looks superior as a way of promoting harmony among national economic policies and creating space for freer trade. Compared to wartime centralized economic planning, it looks far superior, though of course it was explicitly designed as a peacetime system, not applicable in wartime.
Hazlitt was comparing Bretton Woods to the pre-World War I status quo. The delegates at Bretton Woods, on the other hand, were comparing it to the terrible experience of the previous 15 years. Hazlitt notwithstanding, a return to the pre-World War I status quo was not politically feasible in 1944, not in the United States and especially not elsewhere. I consider that under the circumstances the relevant comparison was the experience of the previous 15 years. Despite its flaws, Bretton Woods laid foundations for the increasingly liberalized trade that has marked the nearly 70 years since. It is also worth mentioning that for a few months there appeared to be the tantalizing possibility that the Bretton Woods agreements would be fully global, including the Soviet Union, all the countries occupied by Germany and, after a period of postwar rehabilitation, the Axis powers. That was worth sacrificing a little purity; it would have been as close as humanity has ever come to making real Immanuel Kant's dream of suitable arrangements to foster Perpetual Peace. The Soviet Union signed the Bretton Woods agreements but then failed to ratify them, and its satellites never joined or withdrew from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Not until after the collapse of the Soviet Union would most of their successor states join. The IMF and World Bank then became fully global institutions, reflecting that the failure of socialism in the Soviet bloc had created more of an international consensus about economic policy than had existed at any time since before World War I.
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0.976736 |
When it comes to mushroom toxicosis in dogs, it's often very difficult to confirm the type of mushroom ingested. That's because mushrooms are very difficulty to identify unless you're an avid mushroom hunter or a mycologist. That said, keep in mind that there are thousands of species of mushrooms in North America, with less than 100 of them being poisonous. When in doubt, never eat or trust a wild mushroom. Obviously, mushrooms sold in large-chain grocery store are safe and considered non-toxic to dogs (and humans). The best way of preventing mushroom toxicosis in dogs? Teach your pet owners to check their yard at least once a week (when poop scooping) to pull up any mushrooms that may be growing in the backyard.
There are 5 main types of mushrooms that are poisonous, and they all work by different ways.
• The most dangerous type of mushroom contains amanitin toxins, which results in severe gastrointestinal signs (within 6-24 hours), a “false recovery” period (where your dog appears to get better), and then severe liver failure (at 36-48 hours post-mushroom exposure). Kidney failure can also develop in the end stages. Examples of these types of deadly mushrooms include Amanita, Galerina, Lepiota, A. phalloids (death cap, death angel), and A. ocreata.
• Another type of mushroom contains muscarine and causes profuse SLUDE signs (e.g., salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea) and neurologic signs. They work somewhat similarly to the organophosphate and carbamates chemicals. Examples of these types of mushrooms include Inocybe spp. and Clitocybe dealbata.
• One type of mushroom contains muscimol and ibotenic acid, and causes profuse signs like ataxia, sedation and even tremors or seizures. Examples of these types of mushrooms include Amanita muscaria and A.pantherina.
• The false morel (Gyromitra spp.) causes profuse vomiting and diarrhea and is generally not fatal. Rarely, it can cause seizures.
• Some types of mushrooms just cause gastrointestinal irritation (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea) and are rarely life threatening when ingested. Signs can be seen in 1-6 hours, and generally resolve after 1-2 days. These types of mushrooms include the following types: Agaricus, Boletus, Entoloma.
• Hallucinogenic mushrooms aren’t life-threatening and rarely need treatment. That said, signs of ataxia, acting abnormal, howling, nystagmus, and hyperthermia can be seen when dogs ingest them. These types of mushrooms include the following types: Psilocybe, Conocybe, Gymnopilus spp.
Keep in mind that all mushroom ingestions should be treated. As mushrooms are difficult to identify, treatment is based on “worst case scenario” (just in case it is Amanita spp.). As a result, treatment includes inducing vomiting (if appropriate), charcoal administration (to bind the poison from the stomach and intestines), anti-vomiting medication, and depending on what type of clinical signs are seen, anti-seizure medication, muscle relaxants, atropine and symptomatic supportive care.
When in doubt, contact the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at 888.426.4435 for life-saving advice 24/7. Here, two free publications from the ASPCA (based out of Urbana, IL) here and here.
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0.999974 |
This is a beautiful cluster of quartz crystals from Minas Gerais, Brazil. The cluster measures 3" x 2" and the longest point is 2.1".
3" x 2", longest point 2.1"
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0.999992 |
Isn't it worse to rotten in a cell?
There is the possibility that the death penalty for capital crimes could dissuade people from committing them.
Prisoners are being given stuff like TVs and laptops and other luxuries the elderly do not get, and this puts strain on our justice system! We have DNA technology to accurately capture a criminal, so we can bring back the death penalty and kill the right people for their horrific accidents.
Jurisdictions that apply the death penalty do not have lower rates of affected crimes to jurisdictions without it. Therefore the death penalty is not a deterrent.
If the death penalty is reserved for very severe crimes then the perpetrators could be said to deserve death.
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0.99991 |
On March 14, 2001 IBM announced the newest version of WebSphere. IBM is dubbing this new version, "industry's first software enabled for Web services". IBM defines web services as "emerging e-business applications that can connect and interact with one another on the Web more easily and efficiently, eliminating much of the time-consuming custom coding currently required in, for example, B2B environments."
The more efficient integration is being driven by a wide range of new open Internet standards, which IBM helped develop and has incorporated into its new software. The new standards will allow software developers to create new e-business applications that will be able to navigate, discover and interact with other applications on the Internet similar to the way people navigate, discover and interact with Websites today. In other words, Web services are leading to a new phase in e-business in which the Internet will be driven increasingly by applications, which will lead to new levels of efficiency and productivity.
Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI), which enables businesses to describe themselves, publish technical specifications on how they want to conduct e-business with other companies and search for other businesses that provide goods and services they need all via online UDDI registries. IBM led the development of UDDI with Microsoft and Ariba.
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), which is a standard for reliably transporting electronic business messages from one business application to another over the Internet. IBM is the first to implement and integrate HTTPS, HTTP Authentication and SOAP security, including digital signatures, enabling end-to-end authentication, integrity and non-repudiation for SOAP messages. IBM and Lotus co-developed SOAP with Microsoft.
Java2tm Enterprise Edition (J2EE)*, which is technology that enables software developers to write the "guts" of business applications (i.e. connections to databases, handling transactions, etc.) that will run across different computing systems. IBM contributed to most of the J2EE technology working with Sun Microsystems. WebSphere passed the J2EE compatibility test suite (CTS) and is fully J2EE compliant.
Web Services Description Language (WSDL) , which describes programs accessible via the Internet (or other networks) and the message formats and protocols used to communicate with them. WSDL is important because it enables Web services to describe their capabilities in a standard way, which allows for easier interoperability among Web services and development tools. IBM co-developed WSDL with Microsoft.
Enhanced integration of leading XML technologies. IBM has been incorporating XML into its software since 1997. XML enables software developers to describe business data and content to a high degree of specificity and automatically exchange it.
WebSphere Technology for Developers supports what Gartner calls Services Oriented Development of Applications (SODA) and is IBM's Web application server software enabled with these standards. In addition, the IBM WebSphere Studio Technology Preview for Web Services is the first set of software tools that enables developers to create new Web services and provide existing e-business applications with Web services capabilities. Using the software tools, Web developers can create, test and deploy Web services with minimal knowledge of Java technology, XML or SOAP. It is available at www.alphaworks.ibm.com.
"A key part of IBM's e-business strategy has been to embrace the development of open standards and compete based on implementation," said Daryl Plummer, Group Vice President at Gartner. "For that reason, IBM has been working across the industry the last few years to develop open Internet standards that span from XML to Java technologies. And it will deliver the value of those standards to its customers through its middleware software like WebSphere." "WebSphere provides us with Internet infrastructure software and development tools that incorporate the broadest range of open Internet standards in the industry," said Greg Olsen, Chief Technology Officer, Extricity. "Because WebSphere is enabled with these open standards, it will enable Extricity to develop new Web services applications for B2B relationship management, which will take our customers to new levels of efficiency in e-business." WebSphere Technology for Developers is available at no charge on a limited basis today from IBM sales representatives and business partners.
The new WebSphere software runs on IBM's z/OS and OS/390 operating systems for the eServer z900** as well as S/390**. In addition, it includes support for Java2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE)* The new software products include WebSphere Application Server for z/OS** and OS/390 and CICS Transaction Server V2.1.
The WebSphere Asset Analyzer Version 1.0 analyzes software code and provides a "skeleton" of the application layout (database calls, connection points to other applications, libraries and sub-routines, etc.). About 40 percent of the cost of an application can be in the early work to define business needs, analyze the integration required and create the design. Asset Analyzer can lower total cost of development, make developers more efficient during the coding phase, and get the application into production sooner.
VisualAge Enterprise Suite Version 2.0 is a software development tool package offering of VisualAge for Java, VisualAge for COBOL, VisualAge for PL/1, VisualAge Generator and WebSphere Studio. The package supports WebSphere, CICS, MQSeries and IMS and providing Java technology as well as traditional transactional capabilities.
MQSeries Workflow V3.3 and MQSeries Link for SAP R/3 for OS/390 V1.2 were also announced. IBM's MQSeries family -- MQSeries, MQSeries Integrator and MQSeries Workflow -- is a complete portfolio of messaging software for business integration.
* Java and all Java-based trademarks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and othercountries.
**The IBM e-business logo, zSeries, S/390, OS/390 and z/OS are all trademarks of IBM Corporation. All others are trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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0.987026 |
Find fun and educational activities for children with autism.
Floor-time activities for children with autism teach daily living skills, improve behavior problems, increase communication and social skills and decrease emotional disturbances. Activities take place on the floor to create an intimate environment where the child and the adult are in close contact. Floor time activities can include playing with small toys, reading books, playing in a sandbox, listening to music or working with play dough.
Use different and exciting objects during floor play.
The purpose of using toys in floor-time play is to introduce new words, increase verbal communication and social interaction and to become familiar with non-verbal social cues. The adult should choose toys that the child is interested in and those toys will be used to prompt the child to take the lead during play activities. Puppets, dolls, and cars are good toys because they can be used to tell stories and to create meaningful interactions.
Books are used during floor time to facilitate abstract thinking, increase verbal communication and to learn about the correlation between cause and effect. The adult should choose books that the child likes and ones that solve problems or tell a story. The book should be read while the child is looking at the pictures and following along. The adult can then ask the child questions about the story and about the interactions between the characters in the book.
Uncover new vocabulary words while having a good time with everyday play.
Playing in a small sandbox is a floor-time activity that facilitates learning new words, increased verbal communication and improves emotional disturbances resulting from children touching new or disliked textures. The adult can hide objects or word cards in the sand to prompt the child to touch the sand and find the objects. The child can guess the words or objects hidden in the sand and the adult can ask questions and teach new vocabulary.
The purpose of listening to music during floor time activities is to increase social interaction, improve motor skills, expand vocabulary, decrease emotional disturbance and extinguish negative behaviors. The child should pick music that he or she likes to listen to, sing along with or dance to. The adult facilitates social interaction relating to the music with sing-along and dance. Music can often be played during floor time to soothe the child or calm them down after a negative experience.
Working with play dough during floor time increases social interaction, encourages learning about colors, numbers and shapes, and decreases difficulties with touching different types of textures. If the child is interested in using play dough, the adult can set up an area on the floor where the child and the adult can play. The child should take the lead in deciding what is being made and the adult can facilitate communication by asking questions and telling stories about the play dough objects.
Scrudders, Jayme. "Floor-Time Autism Activities." Synonym, https://classroom.synonym.com/floortime-autism-activities-7453424.html. Accessed 24 April 2019.
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0.947566 |
One of the most provocative recent observations in cancer epigenetics is the discovery of large hypomethylated blocks, including single copy genes, in colorectal cancer, that correspond in location to heterochromatic LOCKs (large organized chromatin lysine-modifications) and LADs (lamin-associated domains).
Here we performed a comprehensive genome-scale analysis of 10 breast, 28 colon, nine lung, 38 thyroid, 18 pancreas cancers, and five pancreas neuroendocrine tumors as well as matched normal tissue from most of these cases, as well as 51 premalignant lesions. We used a new statistical approach that allows the identification of large hypomethylated blocks on the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip platform.
We find that hypomethylated blocks are a universal feature of common solid human cancer, and that they occur at the earliest stage of premalignant tumors and progress through clinical stages of thyroid and colon cancer development. We also find that the disrupted CpG islands widely reported previously, including hypermethylated island bodies and hypomethylated shores, are enriched in hypomethylated blocks, with flattening of the methylation signal within and flanking the islands. Finally, we found that genes showing higher between individual gene expression variability are enriched within these hypomethylated blocks.
Thus hypomethylated blocks appear to be a universal defining epigenetic alteration in human cancer, at least for common solid tumors.
The original observation of altered DNA methylation in cancer was widespread hypomethylation affecting as many as one-third of single copy genes and arising at the earliest stages . Later studies identified CpG island hypermethylation as well . More recently large heterochromatin regions termed LOCKs were found to become euchromatic in cancer cell lines and partially methylated domains in embryonic stem cell lines . Recent whole genome bisulfite sequencing studies of human colorectal cancer showed that hypomethylation affects large genomic regions corresponding to chromatin regions (LOCKs) and nuclear organization (LADs), accounting for >95% of the DNA methylation change in cancer ,. This manifests itself as an intersample as an erosion of the normal methylation profile (hence increase in local/sequence related variation). Other work has identified similar hypomethylated blocks in breast cancer cell lines, and found direct correlation to chromatin modifications in the same population, . More recent work has even identified these blocks in medulloblastomas without obvious genetic drivers, underscoring the importance of this type of epigenetic change in cancer, . Large-scale hypomethylated blocks have also been associated with Epstein-Barr virus-induced B-cell immortalization , neuronally expressed genes , epigenetic changes prior to morphological transformation age-related drift in the pathogenesis of MDS and AML .
Here we present the first integrated whole genome analysis of six different tumor types. We examined breast, colon, lung, pancreas adenocarcinoma (ACA), pancreas neuroendocrine tumor (PNET), and thyroid cancer samples. For the breast, colon, pancreas, and thyroid we also examined early stage samples (Table1). Using these data, we have been able to identify blocks of altered methylation occurring in all of these cancer samples. Furthermore, it appears that many of the commonly reported hypermethylated areas (CpG islands) found in cancer are a subset of these blocks of altered methylation - we found that CpGs islands with altered methylation in these cancer samples were enriched within blocks, whereas most outside of blocks have unaltered methylation. A similar finding was reported for colon cancer . This suggests a large scale phenomenon of methylation dysregulation in cancer, rather than a specific targeting of methylation change at given sites. Furthermore, this dysregulation is occurring early in cancer - even samples taken at early stages of cancer development, and thought to be benign, have evidence of these methylation blocks. This suggests changes may be occurring even before full cancer development - hints of this already appear in the literature with cancer DMRs correlating with areas of age-related methylation drift .
The methylation changes within the blocks are progressive over time, showing a greater drift away from the normal profile as the cancer progresses.
DNA was isolated from tissue samples using either the MasterPure DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre) or DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen) according the manufacturers protocol.
Purity and quantity of DNA was measured using nanodrop spectroscopy.
A total of 500ng of gDNA was bisulfite treated using the EZ-DNA Gold methylation kit (Zymo Research). The resulting bisulfite treated DNA was then subjected to the manufactures protocol for the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip Kit. The data are publically available from GEO repository GSE53051, processed data can be browsed at .
We preprocessed the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip methylation data using the Illumina default procedure implemented in the Bioconductor minfi package . For the probe level analysis (Figure1, Table2) we averaged the values across all individuals within each category (for example, normal colon, breast cancer, thyroid adenoma, and so on) to produce one methylation profile for each. For each tissue, we computed the cancer, adenomas, and hyperplastic versus normal differences along with t-tests from which we obtained P values and then q values. For Table2 we defined as significant probes showing a q value < 0.05 and with a difference magnitude larger than 0.1. The latter filter was performed to avoid including CpGs with differences not considered to be biologically meaningful. We re-ran our analysis with other cutoffs (data not shown) and the main conclusions did not change. For the analysis related to variance, we defined across individual standard deviation for each category as we did for the average values. R code for analysis is available upon request.
Many of the methylation changes at single probes between cancer and normal are far from CpG islands. (A-C) Scatter graph of individual probe average values in normal (x-axis) and cancer (y-axis) for island (A), shore (B), and open sea (C) probes. A random sampling of 10,000 probes is used for each region to illustrate the pattern. Panels A-C, D-F, G-I, J-L, M-O, P-R correspond to breast, colon, lung, pancreas adenocarcinoma, pancreas neuroendocrine tumor, and thyroid, respectively.
For each sample we collapsed measurements from islands, shores, and shelves into one value. Specifically, we averaged all the measurements within each of these regions to produce one measure per region. We then grouped any open sea probe that was within 500bp from each other. If one of these regions exceeded 1,500bp we broke them up into subsets. Details are available in the code of the cpgCollapse function in minfi . This resulted in 223,497 collapsed regions: 26,571 CGIs, 47,344 CGI shores, 35,725 shelves, and 113,857 open sea. We then computed differences, standard deviations, and t-tests in the same way as we did for the single CpG analyses. R code for analysis is available upon request.
To detect blocks (Figure2) we used the method implemented in the blockFinder function in minfi . Briefly, the 113,857 open sea collapsed values are split into regions. Then collapsed region that are within 250kb from each other are grouped together. Finally the Bumphunter algorithm is applied to detect regions exhibiting average differences between cases (for example, cancer samples) and controls (normal samples). To account for the large resolution character of blocks we loess-smoothed the data with a 250kb window. Finally, a permutation test is run to determine which blocks have dimensions that are unlikely to occur by chance. We report blocks with q values <0.05 and containing at least five data points (collapsed regions). Note that this is an ad-hoc algorithm that does not use the standard definition of a P value . Also note that the blockFinder algorithm reports candidate block regions that do not achieve these cutoffs. For the purposes of defining block and non-block regions we left these gray area regions outside of both categories. R code for analysis is available upon request.
Illustrative blocks of aberrant methylation in cancer. Examples of a hypomethylated block. (A) Methylation values in normal and cancer samples for a block found in breast cancer, which is highlighted with a thicker line. (B) As (A) but showing difference between cancer and normal samples. The same plots are shown for colon (C, D), lung (E, F), pancreas (G, H), and thyroid (I, J).
To calculate the P values shown in the caption of Table3 we performed a Monte Carlo simulation. Specifically, for each list of blocks we created 1,000 equally sized lists of random blocks. In each of the random lists, each observed block in the original list had one region that was matched for genomic size (within 10% of the original size) and number of collapsed regions. For each region in the original list, we did this by sampling uniformly from all candidate genomic regions with the same number of collapsed regions and within 10% of the genomic width. Since the original list of observed blocks contains non-overlapping regions, we constrained the randomly generated block list to be non-overlapping as well (this was enforced by resampling until non-overlapping lists were created). With the 1,000 lists in place we computed the percent of regions in common with the colon blocks and kept these percentages to form the null distribution. P values were then calculated as the percent of values in the null distribution larger than the observed % agreement. All P values were less than 1/1,000 since none of the randomly created blocks had as many overlaps as the original lists. Note that this approach avoids biases due to the construction of the 450 K array since it uses matched regions that contain probes.
The `Blocks (n) column reports the total number of regions classified as blocks by our algorithm. `Total Mb inside blocks' is the total number of megabases contained by these blocks. The `Intersection with colon blocks (%) represents a comparison of the hypomethylated blocks for the comparison represented by the row, to the hypomethylated blocks identified between colon normal and cancer samples; note that 100% of colon blocks are inside colon blocks. We tested if overlaps this extreme can be due to chance and found P values <0.001 (0 occurrences in 1,000 permutations). The next three columns are the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of block region sizes. The `Median diff value2019; is the median of the average difference between cases and controls are all regions defined as blocks. The `Hypo-meth. (%) column shows the percent of blocks that are hypomethylated.
We obtained frma -normalized Affymetrix HGU133plus2 gene expression data for colon, breast, lung, pancreas, and thyroid tumors (curation and preprocessing of these data were previously described in . We calculated the log ratio of observed to expected variability as described in Alemu et al. . This method, which fits a local-likelihood regression method to estimate expected variability as a function of each gene's mean expression level was shown to better control for variability of lowly-expressed genes than the commonly used coefficient of variation. To calculate enrichment in hypo-methylation domains we only considered probesets of genes with transcription start sites within the collapsed 450k regions (described above) since these are the genomic regions covered by the 450k array within which blocks can be detected .
To study the profile surrounding CpG islands (Figure3) we averaged across islands in the following way. We first obtained across-individual averages for each probe on each tissue category. We then separated islands into those inside blocks and those outside. For every CpG island we saved the value m of every probe within 10kb and stored the distance d giving us several pairs (d,m) for each island. These were aggregated across all islands in consideration and a loess line was fit to these data. Then the average was computed for each island by aggregating all the values falling inside the CpG island. We did this analysis for islands inside and outside (not in grey area) hypomethylated. R code for analysis is available upon request.
Methylation changes in islands are enriched in the blocks. (A, B) Average methylation in normal breast (green) vs. breast cancer (orange) samples plotted against distance from CpG islands both inside (A) and outside (B) of blocks. (C, D) Difference between cancer and normal sample methylation plotted against distance from CpG islands both inside (C) and outside (D) of blocks.
We used the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip methylation array to probe cancer methylation 10 breast, 28 colon, nine lung, 38 thyroid, 18 pancreas cancers, and five pancreas neuroendocrine tumors as well as matched normal tissue from most of these cases and 51 premalignant lesions (Table1). We stratified the 485,512 probes included in the array into CpG islands, CpG island shores (1 to 2,000bp from island), CpG island shelves (2,001to 4,000bp from island) and CpG open seas (>4,000 bp from island). For each tissue we computed cancer and normal across-individual averages for each probe. We then examined the differences between these pairs and declared a difference statistically and biologically significant when the q value was below 0.05 and the observed difference above 0.10 or below −0.10. We found that the majority were either hypomethylated probes located in open sea sites or hypermethylated CpG island probes (Table2). For colon, lung, thyroid, and PNET there were more significantly hypomethylated probes than hypermethylated probes and for pancreas adenocarcinoma it was about the same. For breast there were more significantly hypermethylated probes than hypomethylated probes. In general, the hypomethylated probes were characterized by average methylation of approximately 75% in normal samples that dropped to approximately 60% in cancer samples (Figure1). In contrast, the hypermethylated CpG island probes were characterized by approximately 10% methylation values for the normal samples increasing to approximately 40% in cancer (Figure1). In both cases the methylation pattern moved from the extremes to the middle. The probes in CpG island shores are a hybrid of the other two types.
We computed the same summaries for the difference between early neoplastic tissue and normal tissue - specifically breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and normal breast tissue, colon tubular adenoma and colon normal, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and normal pancreas, and follicular thyroid adenomas, and normal thyroid tissue. We observed the same trend of methylation changes in these early neoplasms as in the fully developed cancers (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
To determine if the observed hypomethylation is related to large hypomethylated blocks, previously identified for colon cancer using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing ,, we applied a new method that permits the detection of large differentially methylated regions using 450 k Methylation microarray data (see Methods Section). To declare a region statistically and biologically significant, or blocks, we required a q value <0.05 and inclusion of at least five measurements (See methods). We also excluded the X and Y chromosomes. In the majority of cases, these blocks were hypomethylated regions, with median length on the order of hundreds of kb (Table3); a full tabulation of identified blocks is included as Additional file 2: Data 1-11. Hypomethylated blocks were observed in each of the six cancer types as well as in the early stage samples (Table3). Typically, blocks had an average methylation of approximately 75% in all the normal tissues (Figure2A; solid lines), but in cancer became distinctly hypomethylated (Figure2A; dotted liens). The difference between cancer and normal samples varied between types, with colon cancer showing the greatest area difference, and thyroid showing the least (Figure2B). The great majority of detected blocks were hypomethylated (83%, 99% 98%, 99%, and 78% for breast, colon, lung, PNET, and thyroid, respectively) except for pancreas adenocarcinoma for which 48% were hypermethylated. For each hypomethylated block, we determined if it intersected with a colon hypomethylated block (at least 5,000bps in common) and found these were highly co-localized (Table3). This co-localization is observed in the top ranked blocks for each tissue type (Figure2).
We calculated the methylation distribution for cancer samples and normal samples and noted that while the distribution changed dramatically within hypomethylated blocks, it remained about the same outside blocks (Additional file 3: Figure S2). The methylation distributions in normal tissues were bimodal, with a peak near 10% -- primarily unmethylated CpG islands, and a peak at around 80% methylated (Additional file 3: Figure S2). In contrast, inside of blocks, the normal tissue was characterized by a unimodal distribution centered approximately 80% methylated, while cancer methylation is hypomethylated with different distributions for the different samples (Additional file 3: Figure S2). This was confirmed by studying the location of CpG islands showing statistically significant differences, with effect sizes surpassing 0.10. Samples that had a high level of hypermethylated islands, specifically, breast, colon, and lung, showed strong enrichment of hypermethylated islands within blocks (Table4).
The `CGIs in testable area (n)' column shows the number of CpGs that are included in the analysis for that tissue. Note that CpGs that were inside region that were borderline from being called blocks are not included (see Methods for details). The next column shows the percentage of these CpG that were statistically significantly hypermethylated. The fourth column shows the number of the CGIs that were inside hypomethylated blocks. The next column shows the % that were hypermethylated among the CGIs that were in blocks (fourth column). The odds ratio and P value shown in the final two columns are based on the two by two table represented in each row: each CGI can be either hypermehtylated or not and inside a block or not.
We divided CpG islands into those inside and outside hypomethylated blocks. For each cancer type, for distances ranging from 1 bp to 15,000bp in both genomic directions, we then computed the average methylation value across all islands for normal and cancer. We also computed this average for probes within CpG islands. We found that across all examined tissues these average methylation profiles went from a pattern of methylated outside islands to unmethylated inside islands back to methylated outside islands in normal tissues (Figure3; Additional file 4: Figure S3). Outside blocks this pattern remained about the same for cancer samples, but within blocks the island methylation went up while the methylation right outside went down; both going from extreme to middle. The general trend is one of hypermethylation in islands, and hypomethylation of the surrounding area (Figure3; Additional file 4: Figure S3).
Gene expression hyper-variability in colon cancer was reported to be enriched in long hypomethylation blocks obtained from whole genome bisulfite sequencing . To establish how consistent this association is across solid tumor types, we performed a similar association test for the five tissues profiled here. We obtained publicly available gene expression microarray data for tumors in each of the five tumors from the Gene Expression Barcode project ,. Since expression is not available for normal samples in all tissues in this platform, we defined hyper-variability by calculating the log-ratio of observed variability to expected variability (conditioned on mean expression level) across tumor samples for each gene , and then tested association between hyper-variability (observed is twice the expected variability) and the gene's TSS being inside a hypo-methylation block in each cancer type. We found that hyper-variability is enriched in the hypomethylation blocks in each cancer type (P <0.05) except breast cancer (P = 0.5) where the small number of hypomethylation domains results in lack of power. We also observed that the odds ratio for hypomethylation domain presence increases along with hyper-variability for all tissues (Additional file 5: Figure S4).
We examined several precursor lesions, including 10 colonic tubular adenomas, six pancreatic intraductal mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), four breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 21 thyroid follicular adenomas. We found large numbers of hypomethylated blocks present even in these early neoplastic lesions, 1,880 blocks (23% of covered area) in colon tubular adenoma, 1,642 blocks (15% of covered area) in pancreas IPMNs, 327 blocks (3.7% of covered area) in breast DCIS, and 145 blocks (1% of covered area) in thyroid follicular adenomas. An example of this is plotted in Figure4A - an 800 kbp block shows a progressive hypomethylation from normal colon tissue, to tubular adenoma, through to colon adenocarcinoma.
Hypomethylated blocks occur early in cancer and increase with progression. (A) Across-individual methylation averages for colon normal (green), adenoma (orange), and cancer (purple). The hypomethylated block in cancer is shown in pink. The points represent sample-specific values. Thick lines represent the sample type average, thin lines are each sample. (B) As (A) but the difference from the average normal. (C, D) Summarized average methylation values for blocks (C) and islands (D) in colon normal, adenoma, carcinoma, and metastasis samples. (E, F) Summarized average methylation values for blocks (E) and islands (F) in thyroid normal, benign hyperplastic (adenomatoid nodules), adenoma, minimally invasive carcinoma, capsular invasive carcinoma, vascular invasive carcinoma, and metastatic samples.
We wanted to further stratify the different stages of cancer to determine number, size, and magnitude of blocks during cancer progression. We divided the thyroid samples into benign thyroid lesions, thyroid follicular adenomas, minimally invasive thyroid carcinoma, capsular invasive thyroid carcinoma, vascular invasive thyroid carcinoma, and metastatic thyroid cancer and detected large numbers of blocks (Table5). The number of blocks and the magnitude of changes increase in later stage cancers, but surprisingly we detected 51 blocks in benign hyperplastic adenomatoid nodules, which are not thought to have a pro-malignant potential . Note that there may be even more dysregulated regions with methylation alteration too small to detect above noise in these samples.
Columns are as in Table3. As in Table3, P values were all below 0.001.
To summarize and evaluate how average methylation in blocks changes with progression (Figure4A-B); we calculated a value for each sample using the average methylation level inside all blocks and inside all islands. Each sample then had a single value for blocks and a single value for islands. We performed this analysis for colon (Figure4C-D) and thyroid (Figure4E-F) with increasing stages of progression plotted along the x-axis. The normal samples in both cases had a clear tight clustering. However, even the earliest lesions showed marked alterations of large domains as seen in the later cancers.
There are three major results of this study. First, we have found that large hypomethylated blocks in cancer, which we first described in three colorectal cancers, are a universal feature of solid tumors. Blocks were found in all five tumor types, and in every cancer within them and hyper-variably expressed genes are enriched within hypomethylated blocks in all tumor types. Second, the hypomethylated blocks occur early in cancer: all four groups of premalignant lesions also showed the hypomethylated blocks. Thus more than any other mutation, copy number change, or individual methylation change, hypomethylated blocks represent the genetic signature of human solid tumors.
Third, in breast, colon, and lung cancer, altered DNA methylation in CpG islands are enriched in hypomethylated blocks. The hypermethylated islands contained in the blocks do not show hypermethylation per se, but flattening, that is, hypermethylation of the islands, and hypomethylation of the shores and shelves that flank them. Note that we may be underestimating the enrichment. First, we may be underestimating the genomic coverage of the blocks due to the statistically conservative threshold we use for defining them and because the array does not cover the entire genome (approximately two-thirds of the genome). Second, is the somewhat arbitrary choice of effect-size we used to define a hypermethylated CpG islands.
Note that these large domains defined by the hypomethylated blocks in cancer have been previously shown , to co-localize with regions showing heterochromatin modifications such as H3K9Me2 or H3K9Me3 (LOCKs) or lamin-associated domains (LADs) in normal cells. A recent report on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) showed that the loss of LOCKs is associated with this process reversibly, and the properties of cell spreading and chemoresistance can be inhibited by biochemical modification of LOCK demethylation . In the original report of LOCKs, their loss was also described in cancer cell lines . A recent report in prostate cancer demonstrates both hypo- and hypermethylation associated with reduced chromatin acetylation . These results motivate a relatively new view of cancer epigenetics in which large-scale heterochromatin structures are disrupted generally, at least in solid tumors, leading to loss of both epigenetic and gene expression regulation, resulting in hyper-variability of gene expression . These changes could even have interaction with large scale genetic domains important in cancer .
The data in this paper also offer a new perspective of the role of CpG island methylation in cancer. While historically the focus was on island hypermethylation, we see that: (1) much of the methylation change in cancer involves hypomethylated blocks; (2) many of the methylation changes at islands are more a flattening out of methylation rather than simply hypermethylation. The presence of these regions within the block domains suggests that the mechanism for island disruption is not necessarily island-specific but could be part of the loss of structural integrity of heterochromatin in these regions. That would explain the lack of data for specific mutations at islands or of island modifying or recognizing genes in most solid tumors. It is intriguing to speculate that the blocks might be the functional target of many of the chromatin modifiers already known to be disrupted in cancer. In particular, the advent of histone lysine demethylase therapy seems particularly relevant to these structures .
In summary, this is the first genome-scale analysis of DNA methylation in a large number of cancers and matched tissues, spanning six tumor types, and including premalignant lesions from four of the tumor types. This analysis allowed us to identify common features of the cancer epigenome in solid tumors and assess the timing of those changes. We also took advantage of new software that leverages the power of statistical smoothing and resampling to detect large statistically significant regions that are differentially methylated.
Cryogenically stored freshly frozen samples were obtained from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network (National Cancer Institute (NCI)), and Johns Hopkins Hospital under an institutional review board-approved waiver of consent. This conforms to the Helsinki Declaration as well as local legislation.
This work was supported by NIH grants HG003223 and CA054358 to APF, and GM083084 and RR021967/GM103552 to RAI.
WT conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. HCB developed part of the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. OMG, MG, CU, and MZ provided pathological and clinical information, samples, and participated in design of the study. APF conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. RAI participated in study design and coordination, developed and coordinated the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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0.9633 |
How to change the front disc brake pads on a 6th generation 2012 to 2016 Mitsubishi Mirage with the part numbers.
This automotive maintenance tutorial was specifically written to assist owners of the sixth generation (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, & 2016) Mitsubishi Mirage in changing the front disc brake pads and lubricating the caliper slider pins.
A few compatible sets of replacement front brake pads with their part numbers include the following: TRW TPC1731, Power Stop 16-1731 and Centric 105.17310.
The tools needed to complete this procedure include a plastic automotive pry bar tool, a lug nut wrench, a floor jack, two jack stands, a 14mm socket, a "C" or "F" clamp, a 3/8" drive ratchet and a tube of brake caliper grease.
The first two steps are to engage the emergency / parking brake and chock both sides of the rear wheels to prevent the vehicle from moving.
Gently pry off the plastic wheel cover or "hub cap" straight off the front wheel with a pry bar tool.
Set the wheel cover aside in a safe place.
Slightly loosen the four lug nuts on the front wheel with the tire iron by turning them counterclockwise.
Spin off the four lug nuts, set them aside in a safe place and carefully remove the front wheel to reveal the rotor, bracket, caliper and suspension.
Loosen the upper and lower caliper bolts on the back side of the caliper by turning them clockwise (as seen from the outside of the car) with the 14mm socket and the 3/8" drive ratcheting wrench.
The caliper bolts also act as the caliper slider pins or "guide pins".
Pull the two caliper bolts / slide pins out of the caliper and the bracket.
Pull the brake caliper out of the bracket and carefully rest it on the suspension.
Alternatively, you could suspend the caliper from the spring with a bungee cord or some twine.
The wear indicator bar or "squeal" bar is situated at the top of the old inner brake pad.
Pull the old outer brake from the caliper. It is held in place by two metal spring clips.
Attach the "C" or "F" clamp to the caliper and use the back of an old brake pad to evenly distribute the pressure across the piston.
Move to the right rear area of the engine bay and locate the white plastic brake fluid reservoir cap.
Twist off the brake fluid reservoir cap in the counterclockwise direction and set it aside in a safe place.
Removing the reservoir cap will allow the fluid to more easily travel back through the system when you compress the caliper piston.
Slowly turn the "F" clamp handle in the clockwise direction until the caliper piston is flush with the rubber dust boot surrounding it.
Replace the brake fluid cap as soon as possible since brake fluid is hygroscopic (easily absorbs moisture from the air).
Twist it on in the clockwise direction.
If your Mirage exhibits shuddering, pulsating, or vibrations during braking, you may need to have your rotors "turned" (resurfaced) or just replace them with new rotors. If this is the car's first front brake job and the rotors appear to be in excellent condition, you should be able to just replace the pads with great results.
To remove the existing rotors and install new ones, just remove the two bolts on the rear of the caliper bracket that attach it to the steering knuckle. Then loosen the old rotor with a rubber mallet, pull it off and slide the new one in its place.
Install the new inner brake pad in to the bracket with the wear indicator or "squeal" bar situated at the top of the pad.
Push the new outer brake pad in to the caliper.
Carefully lower the caliper over the rotor and in to the bracket.
Apply a thin layer of brake parts lubricant grease to the smooth part of the combination caliper slider pins / bolts.
Push the caliper slider pins through the holes in the caliper and in to the bracket.
Spin in the caliper bolts a few turns by hand in the counterclockwise direction (as seen from the outside of the car) to prevent them from becoming cross threaded.
Tighten the two caliper bolts with the 14mm socket and a 3/8" drive ratcheting wrench to just past hand tight or about 25 to 30 lb-ft of torque.
If your brake pedal previously felt soft, mushy or spongy, the brake fluid might be contaminated with water or the brake lines may contain a few air bubbles.
Replace the front wheel and spin on the four lug nuts by hand in the clockwise direction.
The tapered (slightly pointed) end of the lug nuts should be facing in towards the wheel. The flat side of the lug nuts should be pointing out away from the car.
Progressively tighten the lug nuts in a "criss cross" or "star" pattern to about 1/4 to 1/3 turn past hand tight. It would be best to use a torque wrench or an electric impact wrench with a torque stick to tighten the lug nuts to about 72 ft lbs of torque.
The owner's manual specifies that the lug nut torque is 72 lb-ft + or - 7. So anywhere from 65 to 79 lb-ft of torque.
Line up the plastic wheel cover and firmly tap it back in to place.
Double check that the hub cap is securely attached to the wheel.
Sit in the driver's seat of the car and firmly pump the brake pedal a few times to restore the brake line pressure. Check the brake fluid in the reservoir and verify that it is at the proper level. If it is low, add some DOT 3 or DOT 4 fluid.
To break in your new front brake pads, just drive normally for the first few hundred miles while trying to avoid any hard or "panic" stops which may glaze over the new pads and cause them to be noisy or not perform as well.
It's also a good idea to regularly check your driveway, parking spot or garage for drops of brake fluid which may indicate a leak, check the brake fluid level in the reservoir, and also verify that the lug nuts are still tight.
Don't forget to record the brake pad change in your car's service records.
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0.999605 |
When charging mileage as a disbursement to a client I have to collect GST. I charge the current treasury board rate.
To calculate the GST to be charged to the client for this disbursement do I calculate GST by adding 5 % to the treasury board rate? Or does the treasury board rate already contain the GST, in which case I would subtract out 5% to get the proper GST number?
It is my understanding that government travel allowance rates build the GST into the rates. This means you would bill the client the treasury board rate divided by 1.05 . The 5% GST collected would be on that invoiced amount. This ensures you are only "recovering" the treasury board rate.
For example, the treasury board rate at January 1, 2010 for Ontario is 54.5 cents / km. Their chart states it includes taxes. So your calculation would be 54.5 / 1.05 = 51.9 (invoiced amount) x 5% GST = 2.6 (GST collected).
From the expense side, if your employees use their personal vehicle for business purposes, there are published tax rate deduction limits for the tax-exempt portion of allowances that CRA considers reasonable. These rates are NOT the same as the treasury board rates.
I should have included this when I responded to your question earlier.
I think this link might also interest you. It was a similar question to yours.
As an incorporated business we have chosen to use our personal vehicle for business and charge $.52/km for mileage. Most of our contracts cover travel expense and we bill this mileage to clients.
Does the $.52/km include GST? Can we claim GST tax credits on this expense when paid to us personally?
We are invoicing a client for mileage of our employees, and in turn paying our employee what we bill, without any markup.
Do we charge our client HST, and submit to the gov't? and only pay our employee the mileage? And is it only a Taxable Benefit when our employee earns $5000?
When a GST/HST registered employer pays a reasonable allowance to an employee for the use of a motor vehicle in Canada, and no amount is included in computing the individual's income for income tax purpose, the employer is deemed to have paid tax equal to the ITC of the amount of the reasonable allowance.
As per a ruling from the Vancouver office , CRA does not care what your business bills your client for these expenses.
This is a good deal for the employer as the HST ITC is greater than the GST ITC.
If you go to the CRA publication T4130 Employers' Guide - Taxable Benefits and Allowances, if the allowance is reasonable, it is not taxable. The portion of the allowance that is over what CRA considers reasonable is a taxable benefit.
I would extrapolate that to mean that only the reasonable allowance portion is eligible for the ITC.
Hope this helps. If at any time I find out any of the above changes, I will post back here.
Now I understand that I should charge HST on mileage. My question is can I claim ITCs if my employee claimed $100 mileage? Does mileage rule apply to Incidentals as well?
Follow the links in the post above yours.
Just a point ... you do not charge HST on mileage, it is included in CRA's "reasonable allowance" amounts.
As stated above, an employer can claim ITCs on the mileage allowance paid to the employee.
Reimbursement of toll or ferry charges or supplementary business insurance is acceptable provided you did not calculate your allowance to include these reimbursements.
The allowance should only be paid on the business kilometers and the employee should NOT be reimbursed for expenses related to operating the vehicle as this allowance is meant to cover those costs.
You haven't told me what kind of incidentals. If it is personal expenses paid by the employee while doing business for you, the employee should submit an expense report with all receipts attached.
If you are still unsure of your situation, you should call CRA for confirmation.
Thank you so much for your response! I pay employees meal allowances by using the treasury board rate.
For example, the current rate for breakfast is $14.8 including taxes. I am in Ontario, so I claim half amount of ITC which is $0.85 ($14.8 * 0.13/1.13 * 50%).
To calculate the HST to be charged to the client for this disbursement do I calculate HST based on $13.95 ($14.8-$0.85) or $13.1 ($14.8-$0.85 * 2) or $14.8?
As previously talked about in reimbursement of expenses from clients, the CRA does not care what you bill your clients ... it depends what is in your contract.
It sounds to me like you don't mark up disbursements, so presumably you are trying to just recover your cost outlays. To me, that means you would bill your meals so the total cost including sales tax is $14.80 ... which equals $13.10 plus $1.70 HST.
It is my understanding that as your client is a GST/HST registrant and you are not marking up your expenses but recovering at cost, you cannot claim ITCs on reimbursable expenses as you will be recovering your sales tax through billing your client. Your client gets to claim the ITC. That means you need to photocopy / scan the receipts and attach the original receipts to your clients invoice. This enables them to claim the ITC. You were only purchasing on their behalf so to speak.
I've come across some information which says you can claim ITCs on reimbursable expenses. I am going to do some research. I will post back here with my findings.
Thanks Laura, I really appreciate it!
1) You are just recovering your expense purchased for your client or incurred while working for the client (mileage/meals that type of thing) - no markup (probably quoted as such in a contract) so you do not claim ITC's, you recover your sales tax through your client invoice. You give the original invoice to the client to claim the ITC.
2) You markup your expenses or you use your own supplies - you claim ITCs and charge sales tax on the reimbursed amounts on the client invoice. You keep the original invoice for your records and give the client a copy as backup for the invoice.
The CICA Handbook requires that revenue from reimbursements not be netted. The Income Tax Act follows GAAP.
This means that all purchases should be expensed and original documentation retained as proof of purchase in the event of an audit. All reimbursements would require GST/HST be charged when billed.
As I have found conflicting information here, you might want to call CRA and get their opinion. The GST/HST Guide is unavailable on their website as they are updating it for all the BC and Ontario HST related changes, so I haven't found an exact reference yet. If they can give you one, I would appreciate it if you could post back here with it.
I am reactivating my incorporated consulting business.
I charge mileage to my clients at $0.45 per km. Should I add HST or is kilometrage HST exempt?
I also bill meals and accomodation at cost as per receipts. Should I add HST?
As the previous posts point out, it depends on your contract with your clients. All mileage rates quoted by the Government include HST.
As your rate is below CRA's reasonable allowance of $0.52/km, which includes GST/HST, I would add HST over and above the $0.45 if your contract allows it.
With regards meals and accommodation, your receipts include HST. I wouldn't add any HST but break out the HST from your receipts ... but it again depends on your contract. If you are flat rating it or marking up, then I'd think you need to add HST.
My "contract" is really my quotation letter for my time plus a standard statement that kilometrage is charged extra at $0.49 per km and out of pocket expenses (meals and accommodation and gratuities etc.) at cost.
Obviously I don't want my clients to incur unnecessary taxes but I don't want to run afoul of the tax folks either.
My work is for the private sector and not for profit and consists of charges for time plus the expenses line referenced above..
A) I should always charge it on kilometrage but not on meals and accomodation.
B) if my quotation letter (essentially my contract/engagement contract) makes no reference to charging HST on kilometrage then I don't have to.
MY FIRST THOUGHT WAS ... Knowing that the gov't wants every pound of flesh they can get I find this a tad hard to believe that I have the option.
It basically means that they the Feds & Province don't get paid HST purely at my option as to how I choose to phrase my quote. If that is really the case then I won't charge it. I don't mark up expenses and my kilometrage rate I think a fair estimate devoid of markup.
BUT UPON REFLECTION.. I assume that the theory is they have already collected the HST on my inputs... gas, car maintenance, car purchase, etc and as I'm not marking it up it's a waste of effort to charge it and then try to stipulate offsets input credits from gas purchases etc etc etc.
Am I right therefore in not charging HST on either kilometrage or out of pocket expenses as long as I don't mark them up?
I don't have a lot of experience with not for profit, but it is my understanding that if you are a GST/HST registrant, you must charge GST/HST on all sales.
I didn't mean you don't charge GST/HST on your mileage. What I was trying to say ... rather poorly ... is you can choose whether your kilometre rate includes or excludes sales tax.
As you can see both options are still charging the sales tax.
With regards meals and entertainment, if you are asking to be reimbursed for costs, then your costs already include sales tax but you should itemize the sales tax component on your invoice as, I believe, non-profits get a GST/HST rebate.
We are new at starting up a partnership business and are about to have our first client. We are not HST registered because we don't know if we will earn enough revenue that we need to register. In the interim, how should we bill for our mileage to our clients considering we are not HST registered?
What is the allowable mileage rate in Ontario we can charge?
On the flip side, if I am using my personal vehicle to do work for the partnership, how should I reimburse myself for my mileage and at what rate? Should HST be included there?
Somehow I missed responding to your question. Sorry about that.
My first suggestion is you need to spend some time on this site reading. The reaon I created the site is that small business owners who can't afford a bookkeeper have a place to get information ... as long as they put in some of their own sweat equity.
With regards your first question on allowable mileage rates in Ontario, go back and read the above posts. What you charge out is up to you.
Now if you were talking about employee automobile allowance rates, that's a different kettle of fish.
When dealing with using your own vehicle for business, I have an article on that. Click here to read about it.
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0.989444 |
The first thing you need to do after logging in with an SSH client such as PuTTY or WinSCP is enable the rsync daemon. Edit /etc/default/rsync and make it look like the code below. All you really need to do is remove the # in front of the RSYNC_ENABLE=true line.
start rsync in daemon mode from init.d script? # only allowed values are "true", "false", and "inetd" # Use "inetd" if you want to start the rsyncd from inetd, # all this does is prevent the init.d script from printing a message # about not starting rsyncd (you still need to modify inetd's config yourself). RSYNC_ENABLE=true # which file should be used as the configuration file for rsync. # This file is used instead of the default /etc/rsyncd.conf # Warning: This option has no effect if the daemon is accessed # using a remote shell. When using a different file for # rsync you might want to symlink /etc/rsyncd.conf to # that file. # RSYNC_CONFIG_FILE= # what extra options to give rsync --daemon? # that excludes the --daemon; that's always done in the init.d script # Possibilities are: # --address=123.45.67.89 (bind to a specific IP address) # --port=8730 (bind to specified port; default 873) RSYNC_OPTS='' # run rsyncd at a nice level? # the rsync daemon can impact performance due to much I/O and CPU usage, # so you may want to run it at a nicer priority than the default priority. # Allowed values are 0 - 19 inclusive; 10 is a reasonable value. RSYNC_NICE='' # Don't forget to create an appropriate config file, # else the daemon will not start.
We are using the default location of the rsyncd.conf file, which is in /etc. So navigate there and create the file as shown below.
The first three lines are not essential. But I would recommend at least defining the log file, since it’s handy to have while you are trying to figure out why you can’t connect to your rsync target!
The essential part starts at the [rsync] line. This configuration defines the rsync module named rsync, which is a share you need to create in the My Book Live root share directory as shown below. I created the share via the My Book Live admin and gave it Public access, as are all my other shares. If you want to name your rsync directory differently, just change the [rsync] name in brackets and set the path variable accordingly.
I got the uid and gid settings by navigating to the* /shares* directory and doing a listing as shown below. The uid (user id) is listed first, followed by the gid (group id).
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0.967883 |
The authors of the article below are mad at Erdugan for failing to achieve his Nato's duties. Therfore, he "Should Mind His Own Glass House". The USA will leave Iraq by the end of this year, and there is a fiece struggle about filling the vacum.
Erdugan, failed to get a share in Iraq, and with fall of Hariri's govenment, he lost his dream to get a share in lebanon's cake. Consequently, his last hope to be "a would-be “leader” was in Syria, his "backyard", where his Syrian Muslem brothers are ready.
According to the Authors,"Turkey failed because Assad knows both the dreadful price of looking weak and that Iran will support him"
Yes, Assad as a member of the axis of resistance, who worked for years to get Turkey in the axis of restance, knows the dreadful price of surrendering to Erdugan's blackmailing, and the consequences of letting Erdgan succeed in adding Syria to "His Own Glass House".
Via Syria Erdugan would be a main player in both Lebanon and Iraq, and would save his chance to stay "a would-be “leader”" of the new middle east. He failed and betrayed his Syrian brothers who called him a "coward".
We say in Arabic: He tried to satify both his grand mother and grand father, and the outcome was, both are mad at him. طلع لا مع ستو بخير ولا مع سيدو بخير thats exactly what Sultan Erdugan achived.
His "zero problems with neighbors" and insistance in staying above the wall ended with tens of problems; not only with neighbors, but with his Nato master, after failing to show substantial results.
His Syrian adventure closed his gate to Arab world, and his Irani gate gate to Assia, consequently, he tried his luck in Eqypt, and heard the same advise even from his Egyptians brothers: Welcome, but mind your business.
Outwardly, the tour appeared to succeed. Erdogan’s airport arrivals won him “rock star” treatment, and he even addressed the Arab League – the first non-Arab afforded that distinction. Arab Spring activists, worried that hold-over militaries might yet derail their revolutions, marveled at Erdogan’s ability to reassert Islamism and, most recently, his success in bringing Turkey’s generals to heel. But his greatest appeal sprang from his vociferous attacks on Israel, which he threatened with naval war, and the West, whom he accused of seeking to exploit Libya’s wealth. By contrast, he cited Turkey as a long and selfless friend. Here was a man, he would have people say, willing to confront Israel like a Nasser, willing to lead like an Ottoman.
But it is in Syria that Erdogan has suffered his most serious setbacks. He had once loudly advertised a regional foreign policy of “zero problems with neighbors"; helped create an EU-like free trade and travel zone with Syria, Iraq and Iran; and backed Syria’s President Assad and Iran’s rulers in their quarrels with the West, even seeking to shield Iran’s nuclear program. But today, Turkey staggers under problems with Syria, Iraq and Iran. Worse yet, Erdogan has appeared ineffective. The Syrian crisis is the proximate cause, but Erdogan’s problems run deeper still.
Turkey failed because Assad knows both the dreadful price of looking weak and that Iran will support him. Herein lies the deeper cause of Erdogan’s failures in Syria: Iran also seeks to lead the region. For that, it needs its proxy Syria. Erdogan is in Syria’s and Iran’s way. So Iran charges that Turkey’s suppression of its Kurdish opposition is no different than Assad’s suppression of his opposition. Iran - which is itself shelling Iraqi territory – refers sometimes to the PKK not as “terrorists” but as “insurgents,” who are an authentic voice of legitimate Kurdish aspirations. As Erdogan squirms, Iran chortles.
Indeed, some in the Turkish opposition have begun to denounce Erdogan’s morally hypocritical “glass house.” They ridicule his government’s travels as motion without results. They deride his vanity, a man given to delivering moral sermons whose tests he fails - ironic commentary on the man who still holds with pride the Gaddafi prize for human rights.
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Will I have raw vegetables in my stuffing? I haven't added any if the liquid ingredients or binders yet; wondering if I could spread everything out on a sheet pan to roast for a bit and then proceed as usual.
Not to worry. The vegetables will cook, maybe in a minute or two longer than planned.
Many people prefer to cook the stuffing outside the bird, as it gives more control and food safety for both dishes.
Even if you were planning to stuff the bird, maybe you should should choose the separate-cooking method. Then you can add your liquid ingredients and binders.
And to ensure you get turkey flavor in the stuffing (now maybe called "dressing"), cook it with some turkey broth and/or serve with turkey gravy.
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0.999994 |
What is a SCSI drive?
SCSI stands for Small Computer Systems Interface, which is widely used in medium and large systems. SCSI is an industry-standard interface and generally offers faster transfer rates than does ATA/IDE, the interface most commonly used in desktop PCs. In general, ATA/IDE is considered easier to implement and less expensive but does not offer as many features as SCSI. SCSI can support both the connection of many devices and the connection of many devices over long distances.
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0.974255 |
An Atlas of Human Anatomy is a book of pictures of all the parts of the human physical body. These books are used by medical students and doctors for study and reference. They are also useful for anyone who works on the human body - physical therapists, massage therapists, bodyworkers, bodybuilders, athletes of all kinds, yoga students, yoga teachers. And of course since we all have bodies, anyone may find these books interesting. There are also textbooks on anatomy, or more commonly, anatomy and physiology (A&P) which explain how the body works. These are also very interesting books. Atlases mainly just have pictures. There are also many atlases which specialize in just some parts of the body.
Atlases of human anatomy can be found in libraries and in larger bookstores. They are usually kind of expensive but used copies can be found more cheaply in used bookstores and on eBay or Amazon. Most of the atlases on eBay will show up if you just search on "atlas anatomy", but you can search "human anatomy" and/or search descriptions and titles and many more books will show up.
There are several major current atlases of human anatomy. These are: Clemente, Grant, Netter, Pernkopf, Sobotta, and the more recent Thieme (which are all illustrated with drawings) and also McMinn and Rohen/Yokochi (which are illustrated with photographs). A detailed listing of these major atlases follows. If you find these books useful, you may want to get more than one, since they are all different. It can even be useful to have different editions of the same atlas. If you are a medical student, it may be useful to get one of the photographic atlases. Most people who will not be disecting cadavers or performing surgery would probably be better off with the non-photographic atlases. Clemente and Netter would probably be the best choices for most people. Sobotta is more expensive (and Clemente uses plates from Sobotta), Pernkopf is not easily obtainable (and is very expensive), and Grant's seems to be a bit less respected than Clemente or Netter (it is definitely a serious atlas, but the illustrations may be a bit less spectacular than those in the other atlases).
There are also many older atlases and lesser known or less important atlases. I'll also list some of these - just kind of a random list of ones I have found out about so far. For a large list of what is currently available, you can search on "human anatomy atlas" at Amazon.com.
I am not a doctor or medical student, I just find these books interesting. In fact, I think these are the most amazing books in the world. If you haven't seen one of these major atlases, go to a library or bookstore and have a look!
Also, some web links are listed at the bottom of this page.
With illustrations from Sobotta and (in the 2nd and later editions) from Pernkopf.
"Twenty-five years ago, while a student at the University of Pennsylvania, I marvelled at the clarity, completeness, and boldness of the anatomical illustrations of the original German editions of Professor Johannes Sobotta's Atlas and their excellent three-volume English counterparts, the recent editions of which were authored by the late Professor Frank H. J. Figge. It is a matter of record that before World War II these atlases were the most popular ones consulted by American medical students. In the United States, with the advent of other anatomical atlases, the shortening of courses of anatomy in the medical schools, and the increase in publishing costs, the excellent but larger editions of the Sobotta atlases have become virtually unknown to a full generation of students. During the past twenty years of teaching Gross Anatomy at the University of California at Los Angeles I have found only a handful of students who are familiar with the beautiful and still unexcelled Sobotta illustrations.
"With this background I enthusiastically accepted the proposal of creating a single-volume atlas from the Sobotta plates and those subsequently drawn by Professor Erich Lepier of Vienna, with the objective of making this teaching resource material once again available to American students, this time at a relatively low cost."
7th edition - 1978 Edited by James E. Anderson, M.D.
8th edition - 1985 Edited by James E. Anderson, M.D.
Major revison under new editor.
This is a photographic atlas. An anatomy teacher (who happens to be my accountant) once told me that McMinn's is good for bones, and I then noticed that many of the bones are depicted from various angles - front, back, left, right, top, bottom.
"The object of this atlas is to assist undergraduates and postgraduates in the study of human anatomy. Of course, good textbooks and atlases already exist and by colouring arteries red and nerves yellow, for example, they are justly popular as aids to learning. But so often, and especially for newcomers to the subject, the interior of the body seems to look very different from the neat diagrams in the book, and we believe it is helpful to show body strutures as they actually exist in suitably prepared specimens of the kind that students see in the dissecting room and meet in examinations. In this way we hope to bridge the gap between the description of the textbook and the reality of the body.
"We would like to think that this book may be regarded as something more than just an aid to academic learning and the passing of examinations. The human body is indeed 'fearfully and wonderfully made', and we hope our attempt at exercising some degree of photographic artistry to display the interior of the body will lead to a wider appreciation of the fact that beauty of form is not limited to the exterior."
Editors: P.H. Abrahams, R.T. Hutchings, S.C. Marks Jr.
A clinical atlas will show abnormal anatomy, as would be seen with various diseases and condtions, as opposed to the normal anatomy shown in a regular atlas. Not yet sure if they just changed the name on this atlas or if there are 2 versions.
A newer, very popular and well-respected atlas with excellent illustrations. Seems to be the current atlas of choice in medical schools. Can be found in larger bookstores. Used copies of current editions always go for top dollar on eBay.
These volumes can also be found on used on eBay or Amazon at various prices.
Although this German atlas is often considered to be the finest ever produced, it has become controversial due to its recently discovered Nazi origins. The author was a Nazi and holocaust victims may have been used as specimens and models. I read somewhere that it has been banned from sale in the U.S. I don't know if that is true but it doesn't seem to be easily available.
This is a photographic atlas. This is what everything actually looks like, which is interesting and may be more useful for medical students, but much messier looking than the drawings found in most atlases.
Well-respected German atlas with exceptional illustrations. Various editions are in sets of 2 or 3 volumes. In addition to the German editions, there are English editions with nomenclature in English, English editions with nomenclature in Latin, and Arab, French, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, and Turkish editions.
Editors: Michael Shuenke MD, PhD, Erik Shulte MD, Udo Shumacher MD, Edward D. Lamperti, PhD, Lawrence M Ross MD PhD.
Presents the work of one of the great anatomists of the past.
The New Analytic Anatomy, Physiology and Hygeine, Human and Comparative Calvin Cutter, M.D.
1846 Boston BB Mussey & Co.
1850 Boston Benjamin B Mussey & Co.
There are many versions of Gray's Anatomy available. Henry Gray began publishing his Anatomy books in England in the 1800's. A book that is very commonly found in US bookstores is a reprint of an ancient obsolete edition, known as "The Classic Collector's Edition" which is not really an atlas (or a "collector's edition" - you can get it for a quarter at a garage sale) and has just a few black and white line drawings. For some reason this has remained a very popular book and it is what many people think of as Gray's Anatomy (and what many think of as an Atlas of Human Anatomy). I suppose it has some value but it is nothing like the Atlases described above. Here is a page about it at Amazon.com.
Kapit, Wyn / Elson, Lawrence M.
Sinelnikov, R.D. - A Russian atlas, available in English and other languages.
Stone, Robert J, Stone, Judith A.
This is collection of black and white drawings, each one showing one muscle attached to the skeleton.
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) published a book in 1543 called De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books). The book is in Latin, seven volumes, about 700 pages, with over 200 beautiful illustrations. This is one of the most classic of all medical books and also a classic of Rennaisance graphic art. For this book, Vesalius is considered to be the "father of human anatomy". Some say that modern medicine began with the publication of this book. There is a reproduction of the whole book available on CD-ROM (see below) and it looks like the Norman Publishing Company is working on publishing an English translation of the whole book in several volumes (see below). There are other books containing just the illustrations. The Dover book is widely available and very affordable.
This 2-volume set consists of very clear line drawings, each showing one muscle and its motor points.
Covers the history of anatomical illustration. Actually the book is limited to the western tradition, and skips over the period from about 1900 up to "the digital age", covered in the last chapter. Includes short biographies the great anatomists from the 1500's through the 1900's. Probably at least 200 high-quality full-page illustrations, many in color.
This book documents an exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art called "Artists & Anatomists", which was a supplementary exhibit to a major exhibition of "The Anatomical Drawings of Leonardo Da Vinci".
"The Brain and the Visual Arts"
Source for Bachin Anatomical Charts and many other charts and anatomical products.
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0.972311 |
In the early literature, vitamin C deficiency was associated with pneumonia. After its identification, a number of studies investigated the effects of vitamin C on diverse infections. A total of 148 animal studies indicated that vitamin C may alleviate or prevent infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The most extensively studied human infection is the common cold. Vitamin C administration does not decrease the average incidence of colds in the general population, yet it halved the number of colds in physically active people. Regularly administered vitamin C has shortened the duration of colds, indicating a biological effect. However, the role of vitamin C in common cold treatment is unclear. Two controlled trials found a statistically significant dose–response, for the duration of common cold symptoms, with up to 6–8 g/day of vitamin C. Thus, the negative findings of some therapeutic common cold studies might be explained by the low doses of 3–4 g/day of vitamin C. Three controlled trials found that vitamin C prevented pneumonia. Two controlled trials found a treatment benefit of vitamin C for pneumonia patients. One controlled trial reported treatment benefits for tetanus patients. The effects of vitamin C against infections should be investigated further.
Vitamin C was identified in the early twentieth century in the search for a substance, the deficiency of which would cause scurvy [1,2]. Scurvy was associated with pneumonia in the early literature, which implies that the factor that cured scurvy might also have an effect on pneumonia.
Alfred Hess (1920) summarized a series of autopsy findings as follows: “pneumonia, lobular or lobar, is one of the most frequent complications (of scurvy) and causes of death” and “secondary pneumonias, usually broncho-pneumonic in type, are of common occurrence and in many (scurvy) epidemics constitute the prevailing cause of death” . He later commented that in “infantile scurvy ... a lack of the antiscorbutic factor (vitamin C) which leads to scurvy, at the same time predisposes to infections (particularly of the respiratory tract) ... Similar susceptibility to infections goes hand in hand with adult scurvy” . In the early 1900s, Casimir Funk, who coined the word “vitamin”, noted that an epidemic of pneumonia in the Sudan disappeared when antiscorbutic (vitamin C-containing) treatment was given to the numerous cases of scurvy that appeared at about the same time .
The great majority of mammals synthesize vitamin C in their bodies, but primates and the guinea pig cannot. Therefore, the guinea pig is a useful animal model on which to study vitamin C deficiency. Bacteria were often found in histological sections of scorbutic guinea pigs, so much so that some early authors assumed that scurvy might be an infectious disease. However, Hess (1920) concluded that such results merely showed that the tissues of scorbutic animals frequently harbor bacteria, and “there is no doubt that the invasion of the blood-stream does occur readily in the course of scurvy, but this takes place generally after the disease has developed and must be regarded as a secondary phenomenon and therefore unessential from an etiological standpoint. Indeed one of the striking and important symptoms of scurvy is the marked susceptibility to infection” . When summarizing autopsy findings of experimental scurvy in the guinea pig, Hess also noted that “Pneumonia is met with very frequently and constitutes a common terminal infection”.
Vitamin C was considered as an explanation for scurvy, which was regarded as a disease of the connective tissues, since many of the symptoms such as poor wound healing implied crucial effects on the connective tissues. Therefore, the mainstream view in medicine regarded vitamin C as a vitamin that safeguards the integrity of connective tissues . The implications of the earlier research by Hess and others were superseded. This historical background might explain the current lack of interest in the effects of vitamin C on infections, even though firm evidence that vitamin C influences infections has been available for decades.
Early literature on vitamin C and infections was reviewed by Clausen (1934), Robertson (1934), and Perla and Marmorston (1937) [5,7,8]. Those reviews are thorough descriptions of the large number of early studies on the topic of this review. Scanned versions of those reviews and English translations of many non-English papers cited in this review are available at the home page of this author . The book on scurvy by Hess (1920) is available in a digitized format .
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) emphasizes that in the evaluation of treatments researchers should focus primarily on clinically relevant outcomes, and little weight should be put on biological explanations. Therefore, this review focuses on infections and not on the immune system. Immune system effects are surrogates for clinical effects and there are numerous cases when surrogates had poor correlations with clinically relevant outcomes . Nevertheless, biology provides a useful background when we consider the plausibility of vitamin C to influence infections.
The vitamin C level in plasma of people in good health becomes saturated at about 70 µmol/L when the intake is about 0.2 g/day . On the other hand, when vitamin C intake is below 0.1 g/day, there is a steep relationship between plasma vitamin C level and the dose of the vitamin. Clinical scurvy may appear when the plasma concentration falls below 11 µmol/L, which corresponds to an intake of less than 0.01 g/day [12,13,14]. Thus, when healthy people have a dietary intake of about 0.2 g/day of vitamin C, there is usually no reason to expect a response to vitamin C supplementation. This does not apply universally because certain studies have shown the benefits of supplementation, even though the baseline intake was as high as 0.5 g/day (see below). If the initial vitamin C intake is lower than about 0.1 g/day, effects of vitamin C supplementation may be expected on the basis of the dose–concentration curve. Nevertheless, this argument does not apply to patients with infections since their vitamin C metabolism is altered and they have decreased vitamin C levels (see below).
Vitamin C is an antioxidant. Therefore, any effects of vitamin C may be most prominent under conditions when oxidative stress is elevated. Many infections lead to the activation of phagocytes, which release oxidizing agents referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS). These play a role in the processes that lead to the deactivation of viruses and the killing of bacteria . However, many of the ROS appear to be harmful to the host cells, and in some cases they seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of infections [16,17]. Vitamin C is an efficient water-soluble antioxidant and may protect host cells against the actions of ROS released by phagocytes. Phagocytes have a specific transport system by which the oxidized form of vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) is imported into the cell where it is converted into the reduced form of vitamin C [18,19].
Influenza A infection in mice resulted in a decrease in vitamin C concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which was concomitant with an increase in dehydroascorbic acid, the oxidized form of vitamin C , and in vitamin C deficiency influenza led to greater lung pathology . Respiratory syncytial virus decreased the expression of antioxidant enzymes thereby increasing oxidative damage . Bacterial toxins have also led to the loss of vitamin C from many tissues in animal studies (p. 6).
Increased ROS production during the immune response to pathogens can explain the decrease in vitamin C levels seen in several infections. There is evidence that plasma, leukocyte and urinary vitamin C levels decrease in the common cold and in other infections [1,23]. Hume and Weyers (1973) reported that vitamin C levels in leukocytes halved when subjects contracted a cold and returned to the original level one week after recovery . Vitamin C levels are also decreased by pneumonia [25,26,27,28].
Decreases in vitamin C levels during various infections imply that vitamin C administration might have a treatment effect on many patients with infections. There is no reason to assume that the saturation of plasma or leukocyte vitamin C levels during infections is reached by the 0.2 g/day intake of vitamin C that applies to healthy people (see above). In particular, Hume and Weyers (1973) showed that supplementation at the level of 0.2 g/day was insufficient to normalize leukocyte vitamin C levels in common cold patients, but when 6 g/day of vitamin C was administered, the decline in leukocyte vitamin C induced by the common cold was essentially abolished .
Heavy physical stress leads to the elevation of oxidative stress . Therefore, responses to vitamin C might be observed when people are particularly active physically. Electron spin resonance studies have shown that vitamin C administration decreased the levels of free radicals generated during exercise and vitamin C administration attenuated the increases in oxidative stress markers caused by exercise . Therefore, vitamin C supplementation might have beneficial effects on people who are under physical stress. In such cases there is no reason to assume that 0.2 g/day of vitamin C might lead to maximal effects of the vitamin. Direct evidence of benefits of vitamin C supplementation to physically active people was found in three randomized trials in which 0.5 to 2 g/day of vitamin C prevented exercise-induced bronchoconstriction [32,33].
Studies in animals and humans have indicated that vitamin C may protect against stress caused by cold and hot environments [34,35,36,37]. Some common cold studies with positive results investigated physically active participants in cold environments and other studies investigated marathon runners in South Africa (see below). Therefore, the effects of vitamin C in the protection against cold or heat stress might also be relevant when explaining the benefits in those studies.
It seems evident that any effects of vitamin C supplementation may be more prominent when the baseline vitamin C level is particularly low. As noted above, a profound vitamin C deficiency was associated with pneumonia in the early literature. It seems plausible that less severe vitamin C deficiency, which may be called “marginal vitamin C deficiency”, can also be associated with increased risk and severity of infections, although the effects may be less pronounced than those caused by scurvy.
Low vitamin C levels are not just of historical relevance. Cases of scurvy in hospitals have been described in several recent case reports [38,39]. One survey estimated that about 10% of hospitalized elderly patients had scurvy . Surveys have also shown that plasma vitamin C levels below 11 µmol/L were found for 14% of males and 10% of females in the USA, 19% of males and 13% of females in India, 40% of elderly people living in institutions in the UK, 23% of children and 39% of women in Mexico, and 79%–93% of men in Western Russia. Moreover, 45% of a cohort of pregnant women in rural India had plasma vitamin C levels below 4 µmol/L and the mean plasma vitamin C level fell to 10 µmol/L in a cohort of pregnant or lactating women in Gambian villages in the rainy season .
The mean vitamin C intake in adults in the USA has been about 0.10 g/day, but 10% of the population has had intake levels of less than 0.04 g/day . Thus, if low intake levels of vitamin C have adverse effects on the incidence and severity of infections, this may be important also in population groups in western countries, and not just in developing countries.
Vitamin C levels in white blood cells are tens of times higher than in plasma, which may indicate functional roles of the vitamin in these immune system cells. Vitamin C has been shown to affect the functions of phagocytes, production of interferon, replication of viruses, and maturation of T-lymphocytes, etc. in laboratory studies [1,23,42,43,44]. Some of the effects of vitamin C on the immune system may be non-specific and in some cases other antioxidants had similar effects.
Biochemistry textbooks usually mention the role of vitamin C in collagen hydroxylation. However, the survival time of vitamin C deficient guinea pigs was extended by carnitine and by glutathione , which indicates that scurvy is not solely explained by defects in collagen hydroxylation, and it is not clear whether hydroxylation is important at all in explaining scurvy . Vitamin C participates in the enzymatic synthesis of dopamine, carnitine, a number of neuroendocrine peptides, etc. [6,47,48,49,50]. Vitamin C is also a powerful antioxidant, as mentioned above.
Experimentally induced vitamin C deficiency leads to depression and fatigue [11,51]. Recently, vitamin C was reported to improve the mood of acutely hospitalized patients [52,53]. Such effects cannot be explained by collagen metabolism, and vitamin C effects on the immune system are not plausible explanations either. Instead, the effects of vitamin C on the neuroendocrine system or carnitine metabolism might explain such effects. Thus, if vitamin C has beneficial effects on patients with infections, that does not unambiguously indicate that these effects are mediated by the immune system per se.
It is quite a common assumption that the effects of vitamins are uniform. Thus, if there is benefit, it is often assumed that the same benefit applies to all people. However, it seems much more likely that the effects of vitamins, including vitamin C, vary between people depending on biology and their lifestyle. Thus, it is possible that there are benefits (or harms) restricted to special conditions or to particular people. In the case of vitamin E, there is very strong evidence for the heterogeneity in its effects on pneumonia [54,55] and on the common cold . Although the factors modifying the effects of vitamin E cannot be extrapolated to vitamin C, it seems probable that there is comparable heterogeneity in the effects of vitamin C.
Early research showed that severe deficiency of vitamin C increased the incidence and severity of infections in guinea pigs. Hemilä (2006) carried out a systematic search of animal studies on vitamin C and infections and analyzed their findings , which are summarized in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 and discussed below.
Many early studies with guinea pigs did not examine the effect of pure vitamin C. Instead, “vitamin-C-deficient groups” were fed diets that contained only small amounts of vitamin C, whereas the “vitamin C group” was administered oranges or other foods that contained high levels of vitamin C. The findings of studies on guinea pigs with tuberculosis and other bacterial infections are shown in Table 1.
Assuming that vitamin C containing foods do not influence infections, by pure chance only, one positive result at the level of p < 0.01 would be expected for a group of 100 studies. However, 20 of the reported 28 studies found significant benefits from feeding diets rich in vitamin C (Table 1). Although these findings are consistent with the notion that low vitamin C intake may increase the susceptibility to and the severity of infections, other substances in fruit and vegetables might also contribute to this effect, thus confounding the differences between the study groups.
As one example of Table 1 studies, McConkey (1936) reported that the administration of tuberculous sputum to 16 guinea pigs that were vitamin C deficient led to intestinal tuberculosis to 15 of them, but none of the five guinea pigs that were administered tomato juice as a source of vitamin C suffered from intestinal tuberculosis (pp. 507–508).
Table 2 summarizes the animal studies in which pure vitamin C was administered to the “vitamin C” group. Overall, 148 animal studies had been published by 2005.
Out of the 148 studies, over half found a significant benefit, p < 0.01, for at least one infectious disease outcome. Furthermore, over a third of the studies found a benefit at the level of p < 0.001 . Of the 100 studies with mammals, 58 found a significant benefit, p < 0.01, from vitamin C on some infectious disease outcome.
A benefit of vitamin C against infections was found in all animal groups. Although rats and mice synthesize vitamin C in their bodies, half or more of the studies with these species found significant benefits of additional vitamin C. This implies that rats and mice do not necessarily synthesize sufficient amounts of vitamin C to reach optimal levels that prevent or curtail infections. In addition to mammals, vitamin C protected against infections in several studies with birds and fishes.
Vitamin C was found to be beneficial against various groups of infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, Candida albicans, and protozoa (Table 2). Over half (n = 97) of all the studies evaluated the effect of vitamin C on bacterial infections or bacterial toxins, and 55 out of those studies found significant benefits of vitamin C (p < 0.01). Studies in which animals were administered diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, or endotoxin are also relevant, because these toxins are essential components in the pathogenesis of the bacterial infections. Over half of the studies on viruses, Candida albicans and protozoa also reported significant benefits (p < 0.01).
Table 3 shows the distribution of infections in studies that reported decreases in mortality caused by infections (p < 0.001). It is apparent that vitamin C reduced mortality in all etiological groups.
As one example of the studies in Table 2 and Table 3, Dey (1966) reported that five rats administered twice the minimal lethal dose of tetanus toxin all died, whereas 25 rats administered vitamin C either before or after the same dose of toxin all lived .
In addition to the animal studies yielding quantitative data on the effect of vitamin C on infections in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, a few studies reported interesting findings of vitamin C effects against infections in studies without control groups (p. 9). For example, two case-series suggested therapeutic benefit of vitamin C on dogs afflicted by the canine distemper virus. Belfield (1967) described a series of 10 dogs that appeared to benefit from 1–2 g/day of intravenous vitamin C over three days . Leveque (1969) noted that usually only 5%–10% of dogs recovered from canine distemper with signs of central nervous system (CNS) disturbance. He became interested in Belfield’s report and in a series of 16 dogs showing CNS disturbance that were treated with vitamin C, the proportion of dogs that recovered was 44% (95% CI: 20%–70%; based on 7/16) .
Many of the studies on vitamin C and infections summarized in Table 2 are old. However, it is unlikely that administering a specified dose of pure vitamin C and evaluating clinical outcomes of infections, such as mortality, will have changed meaningfully since those early days. Furthermore, 60 studies were published in the 1990s or later, and half of these later reports also found significant benefits of vitamin C on at least one infectious disease outcome.
The studies on guinea pigs are most interesting since that species is dependent on dietary vitamin C as are humans. Infections in guinea pigs against which vitamin C was significantly beneficial included Mycobacterium tuberculosis, β-hemolytic streptococci, Fusobacterium necrophorum, diphtheria toxin, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma brucei, and Candica albicans .
Some of the 148 studies in Table 2 were small and did not have sufficient statistical power to test whether vitamin C and control groups might differ. However, this problem cannot explain the large number of reported significant benefits. In contrast, inclusion of studies with a low statistical power biases the findings towards the opposite direction, leading to false negative findings.
Mortality and severity of infections in animals are definitive outcomes. In this respect, the animal studies with actual infections are much more relevant to humans than studies on laboratory determinations of the human immune system.
Given the universal nature of the effect of vitamin C against infections in diverse animal species as seen in Table 2, it seems obvious that vitamin C also has influences on infections in humans. It seems unlikely that human beings qualitatively differ from all of the animal species that have been used in the experiments listed in Table 2. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what degree the animal studies can be extrapolated to human subjects.
The fundamental question in human beings is not whether vitamin C affects the susceptibility to and severity of infections. Instead, the relevant questions are the following: What are the population groups who might benefit from higher vitamin C intakes? What is the dose-dependency relation between intake and the effects on infections? How does the optimal level of intake differ between healthy people and patients with infections?
The term “the common cold” does not refer to any precisely defined disease, yet the set of symptoms that is called “the common cold” is personally familiar to practically everybody . Typically the symptoms consist of nasal discharge, sore throat, cough, with or without fever. Young children typically have half a dozen colds per year, and the incidence decreases with age so that elderly people have colds about once per year . The common cold is the leading cause of acute morbidity and of visits to a physician in high-income countries, and a major cause of absenteeism from work and school. The economic burden of the common cold is comparable to that of hypertension or stroke .
The most relevant definition of the common cold is based on the symptoms; thus the “common cold” does not always entail a viral etiology. Although the majority of common cold episodes are caused by respiratory viruses, similar symptoms are also caused by certain bacterial infections and by some non-infectious causes such as allergic and mechanical irritation. The cough and sore throat after running a marathon does not necessarily imply a viral etiology, although some researchers have assumed so. It is still reasonable to use the term the “common cold” in such a context on the grounds of the symptom-based definition.
Interest in the effects of vitamin C on the common cold originated soon after purified vitamin C became available. The first controlled trials on vitamin C were carried out as early as the 1940s. For example, in the 1950s, a British study examined the clinical effects of vitamin C deprivation, and reported that “the geometric mean duration of colds was 6.4 days in vitamin C-deprived subjects and 3.3 days in non-deprived subjects”, and the authors concluded that the absence of vitamin C tended to cause colds to last longer .
Figure 1 shows the number of participants in placebo-controlled studies in which ≥1 g/day of vitamin C was administered. It also illustrates the main time points of the history of vitamin C and the common cold.
In 1970, Linus Pauling, a Nobel laureate in chemistry and also a Nobel Peace Prize winner, wrote a book on vitamin C and the common cold . He also published two meta-analyses, which were among the earliest meta-analyses in medicine [65,66]. Pauling identified four placebo-controlled studies from which he calculated that there was strong evidence that vitamin C decreased the “integrated morbidity” of colds (p = 0.00002 ). By integrated morbidity, Pauling meant the total burden of the common cold: the combination of the incidence and duration of colds. In his analysis, Pauling put the greatest weight on the study by Ritzel (1961), which was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with double-blinded placebo control and the subjects were schoolchildren in a skiing camp in the Swiss Alps . Ritzel’s study was methodologically the best of the four and used the highest dose of vitamin C, 1 g/day, and therefore Pauling concluded that gram doses of vitamin C would be beneficial against colds [64,65,66].
The activity of Pauling, in turn, led to a great upsurge in interest in vitamin C among lay people and also in academic circles in the early 1970s. From 1972 to 1979, in that eight-year period, 29 placebo-controlled studies were published, which amounted to a total of 8409 participants (Figure 1) [68,69]. Thus, the mean number of participants per study was 290.
In the interval from 1972 to 1975, five placebo-controlled trials were published that used ≥2 g/day of vitamin C. Those five studies were published after Pauling’s book and therefore they formally tested Pauling’s hypothesis. A meta-analysis by Hemilä (1996) showed that there was very strong evidence from the five studies that colds were shorter or less severe in the vitamin C groups (p = 10−5), and therefore those studies corroborated Pauling’s hypothesis that vitamin C was indeed effective against colds .
After the mid-1970s, however, interest in the topic plummeted so much so that during the 30-year period from 1985 to 2014, only 11 placebo-controlled trials comprising just 538 participants in total were published, with a mean of 49 participants per study (Figure 1). Thus, the number of studies published after 1985 is much lower than during the 1970s. In addition, the few recent studies are much smaller than the trials published in the 1970s. Therefore, the great majority of the data on vitamin C and the common cold that are currently available originated within the decade after the publication of Pauling’s book.
This sudden lack of interest after the middle of the 1970s can be explained by three papers published in the same year by Chalmers (1975), Karlowski et al. (1975), and Dykes and Meier (1975) [71,72,73] (Figure 1). Few trials were started after 1975, which indicates the great impact of these three papers. First, the findings of the placebo controlled studies will be summarized, and then difficulties in the interpretation of common cold studies will be considered, and finally problems in the three papers that were published in 1975 will be discussed.
Table 4 summarizes the findings of the studies on vitamin C and the common cold in the Cochrane review by Hemilä and Chalker (2013) [68,69]. Regularly administered vitamin C has not decreased the average number of colds among the general population (Table 4). Another meta-analysis combined the findings of the six largest trials that had used ≥1 g/day of vitamin C and calculated that there was no difference in the vitamin and placebo groups with RR = 0.99 (95% CI 0.93, 1.04) [74,75].
Thus, there is no justification for “ordinary people” to take vitamin C regularly in order to prevent colds. However, this conclusion does not mean that regular vitamin C supplementation is ineffective for all people. There is strong evidence that vitamin C decreases the incidence of colds under special conditions and/or among certain population groups.
Vitamin C halved the incidence of colds in five RCTs during which the participants were under heavy short-term physical activity (Table 4) [68,76]. Three of the studies used marathon runners in South Africa as subjects, whereas one study used Canadian military personnel on winter exercise, and the fifth study was on schoolchildren in a skiing camp in the Swiss Alps, i.e., the Ritzel (1961) trial . Thus, three studies were conducted under conditions of a hot environment and profound physical stress and the other two were carried out under cold environments and physical stress (see Section 2.4).
Another group in which vitamin C has prevented colds is British men [74,75,77]. Four trials found that vitamin C decreased the incidence of colds by 30%, and in another set of four trials, the proportion of men who had recurrent common cold infections during the study decreased by a mean of 46%. All these studies were carried out in the 1970s or earlier, and according to surveys, the intake of vitamin C in the United Kingdom was low when the studies were carried out, 0.03 to 0.06 g/day, and three of the U.K. trials specifically estimated that the dietary vitamin C intake was between 0.015 to 0.05 g/day . In particular, Baird (1979) administered only 0.08 g/day of vitamin C yet they observed 37% lower incidence of colds in the vitamin C group, indicating that it was the “marginal deficiency” and not a high dose that explained the benefit [77,78].
In addition, the levels of vitamin C are usually lower in men than in women, which may explain the benefit for British males, in comparison to no apparent effect in British females. Evidently, the dietary vitamin C intake in the United Kingdom has increased since the 1970s, and therefore these studies do not indicate that vitamin C supplementation would necessarily influence colds in ordinary British men nowadays. However, if low dietary vitamin C intake increases the risk of respiratory infections, then that may be currently relevant in other contexts, since there are still many population groups that have low intakes of vitamin C. A recent small study in the USA by Johnston (2014) was restricted to 28 males with marginally low vitamin C levels, mean 30 µmol/L, and found a decrease in common cold incidence, RR = 0.55 (95% CI: 0.33–0.94; p = 0.04) , which may also be explained by the low vitamin C levels.
Although vitamin C has not influenced the average common cold incidence in the general community trials (Table 4), some of them found that there was a subgroup of people who had obtained benefits from vitamin C. In a Canadian trial, Anderson (1972) reported that in the vitamin C group there were 10 percentage points more participants with no “days confined to house” because of colds (57% vs. 47%; p = 0.01, (p. 44)). Thus, one in 10 benefited from vitamin C in this outcome. In a trial with Navajo schoolchildren, Coulehan (1974) found that in the vitamin C group there were 16 percentage points more children who were “never ill on active surveillance by a medically trained clerk or the school nurse” (44% vs. 29%; p < 0.001; (p. 44)). A more recent study in the UK by van Straten (2002) reported that vitamin C decreased the number of participants who had recurrent colds by 17 percentage points (19% vs. 2%; p < 0.001, (p. 47)). Thus, the statistical evidence of benefit for a restricted subgroup in these three trials is strong.
The effect of vitamin C on the duration and severity of the common cold has been studied in regular supplementation trials and in therapeutic trials. Regular supplementation means that vitamin C was administered each day over the whole study period, and the outcome is the duration and severity of colds that occurred during the study. Therapeutic vitamin C trial means that vitamin C administration was started only after the first common cold symptoms had occurred and the duration of colds were then recorded.
In regular supplementation studies, ≥0.2 g/day of vitamin C decreased the duration of colds by 9% (Table 4). When the dosage was ≥1 g/day of vitamin C, the mean duration of colds was shortened by 8% in adults and by 18% in children. Vitamin C also significantly alleviated the severity of the colds.
Therapeutic studies have hitherto not shown consistent benefit from vitamin C. However, therapeutic trials are more complex to conduct and interpret than regular supplementation trials. If the timing of the initiation of supplementation or the duration of supplementation influences the extent of the benefit, false negative findings may result from inappropriate study protocols. For example, four therapeutic studies used only 2–3 days of 2–4 g/day vitamin C supplementation, whereas the mean duration of colds in these studies was about a week. None of these studies detected any benefit from vitamin C [68,83]. On the other hand, Anderson (1974) found that 8 g/day on the first day only reduced the duration of colds significantly (Figure 2). In addition, in a five-day therapeutic trial, Anderson (1975) reported a 25% reduction in “days spent indoors per subject” because of illness (p = 0.048) in the vitamin C group (1 to 1.5 g/day) (p. 48). Finally, none of the therapeutic studies investigated children, although the effect of regular vitamin C has been greater in children (Table 4). Thus, although the regular supplementation trials unambiguously show that vitamin C shortens and alleviates the common cold, there is no consistent evidence that therapeutic supplementation is effective.
The regular supplementation study by Anderson (1972) is one of the largest that has been carried out . They found that the proportion of participants who were not confined to the house decreased by 10 percentage points in the vitamin C group. In addition, they found that per episode the days confined to the house was 21% shorter in the vitamin C group. Together these combine to a 30% reduction in the days confined to the house per person (p = 0.001). Such a large effect gives statistical power for subgroup comparisons.
Anderson (1972) reported that vitamin C decreased total days confined to house by 46% in participants who had contact with young children, but just by 17% in participants who did not have contact with young children (Table 5). Anderson (1972) also reported that vitamin C decreased total days confined to house by 43% in participants who usually had two or more colds per winter, but just by 13% in participants who usually had zero to one cold per winter (Table 5).
In a study with adolescent competitive swimmers, Constantini (2011) found a significant difference between males and females in the effect of vitamin C, whereby the vitamin halved the duration and severity of colds in males but had no effect on females . In a study with British students, Baird (1979) also found a significant difference between males and females, but the outcome was the incidence of colds (Table 5).
Carr (1981) found that vitamin C had a beneficial effect on the duration of colds for twins living separately, but not for twins living together . This subgroup difference might be explained by swapping of tablets by twins living together, which was not possible for twins living separately.
The significant within-trial differences in the effect of vitamin C on the common cold indicate that there is no universal effect of vitamin C valid over the whole population. Instead, the size of the vitamin C effect seems to depend on various characteristics of people (see Section 2.8).
An earlier meta-analysis of dose-dependency calculated that on average 1 g/day of vitamin C shortened the duration of colds in adults on average by 6% and in children by 17%; and ≥2 g/day vitamin C shortened the duration of colds in adults by 21% and in children by 26% . Thus, higher doses were associated with greater effects. In addition, children weigh less than adults and the greater effects in children may be explained by a greater dose per weight. Nevertheless, such a comparison suffers from numerous simultaneous differences between the trials. The most valid examination of dose–response is within a single study so that the virus distribution is similar in each trial arm and the outcome definition is identical.
Coulehan (1974) administered 1 g/day to children and observed a 12% reduction in common cold duration, and in parallel they administered 2 g/day to other children and observed a 29% reduction in cold duration. Although the point estimates suggest a dose–response, the study was small and the 95% CIs overlap widely [68,83].
In a 2 × 2 design, Karlowski (1975) randomized participants to 3 g/day regular vitamin C and to 3 g/day vitamin C treatment for five days when the participant caught a cold. Thus, one study arm was administered placebo, the second was administered regular vitamin C, the third therapeutic, and the fourth arm was administered regular + therapeutic vitamin C (i.e., 6 g/day). The four arms of the Karlowski trial are shown in Figure 2A. The 95% CIs show the comparisons with the placebo group. The test for trend for a linear regression model gives p = 0.018.
Anderson (1974) randomized participants to a placebo and two vitamin C treatment arms which were administered vitamin C only on the first day of the cold. One treatment arm (arm #7) was given 4 g/day of, and another (arm #8) was given 8 g/day. These arms are compared with the placebo arm #4 in Figure 2B. The 95% CIs show the comparisons with the placebo group. The test for trend in a linear regression model gives p = 0.013.
Finally, some case reports have proposed that vitamin C doses should be over 15 g/day for the best treatment of colds [88,89]. Thus, it is possible that the doses used in most of the therapeutic studies, up to just 6–8 g/day, have not been sufficiently high to properly test the effects of vitamin C that might be achievable.
Given the strong evidence that regularly administered vitamin C shortens and alleviates common cold symptoms, it seems plausible that vitamin C might also alleviate complications of the common cold. One frequent complication is the exacerbation of asthma .
A systematic review identified three studies that provided information on the potential pulmonary effects of vitamin C in sufferers of common cold–induced asthma . A trial conducted in Nigeria studied asthmatic patients whose asthma exacerbations resulted from respiratory infections. A vitamin C dose of 1 g/day decreased the occurrence of severe and moderate asthma attacks by 89% . Another study on patients who had infection-related asthma reported that 5 g/day vitamin C decreased the prevalence of bronchial hypersensitivity to histamine by 52 percentage points . A third study found that the administration of a single dose of 1 g vitamin C to non-asthmatic common cold patients decreased bronchial sensitivity in a histamine challenge test .
It has also been proposed that vitamin C might prevent sinusitis and otitis media [95,96], but to our knowledge there are no data from controlled studies.
A further complication of viral respiratory infections is pneumonia; this is discussed in the section on pneumonia.
One great problem in the interpretation of vitamin C trials arises from the fundamental difference between vitamin C and ordinary drugs such as antibiotics. In a trial of an ordinary drug, the control group is not given the drug, which simplifies the interpretation of the findings. In contrast, it is impossible to select control subjects who have zero vitamin C intake and no vitamin C in their system. Thus, all vitamin C trials de facto compare two different vitamin C levels. The lower dose is obtained from the diet, and it has varied considerably among the controlled studies. In addition, the vitamin C supplement doses given to the vitamin C groups have also varied extensively. Finally, the placebo group in some trials was also given extra vitamin C, which further confuses the comparisons. Therefore, the comparison of different vitamin C studies and the generalization of their findings is complicated. As an illustration of these problems, Table 6 shows examples of the variations in vitamin C doses that were used in the common cold trials.
There are 10- to 30-fold differences in the vitamin C intake in the diet of the control groups of the Baird (1979) , the Glazebrook (1942) , and the Sabiston (1974) trials compared with the Peters (1993) trial, yet all of them are labeled “control groups” of vitamin C trials (Table 6). Evidently, we should not expect similar effects of supplemental vitamin C in such dissimilar studies. Usually the dietary intake of vitamin C is not estimated and therefore cannot be taken into account when comparing studies.
Vitamin C was administered to the placebo group in some studies. For example, Carr (1981) administered 0.07 g/day and some other studies administered 0.01 to 0.05 g/day to the control subjects. This was done to refute the notion that any possible effects of high doses were due to the treatment of marginal deficiencies. Such reasoning does not seem sound, since there are population groups for which ordinary dietary vitamin C intake is particularly low and it would be important to know whether vitamin C supplementation might be beneficial for them. Thus, marginal vitamin C deficiency is also an important issue. The administration of vitamin C to the control group biases the possible effects of vitamin C supplementation downwards.
Finally, there are up to a 240-fold difference between the lowest and highest vitamin C supplementary dose used in the common cold trials, yet the dosage is often ignored. For example, in his influential review (see Figure 1), Chalmers (1975) presented data from the following studies in the same table: Karlowski (1975) study administered up to 6 g/day of vitamin C to their subjects , whereas the Cowan (1942) study administered only 0.025 g/day as the lowest dose . Chalmers (1975) did not list the vitamin C dosages in his table and therefore his readers were unable to consider whether the comparison of such different studies was reasonable or not. Still, Chalmers’ review has been widely cited as evidence that vitamin C is not effective against colds (pp. 36–38).
Finally, combinations of the above variations lead to paradoxes. The “vitamin C group” of the Baird (1979) study received about 0.05 g/day of vitamin C from food and 0.08 g/day from supplements, which amounted to 0.13 g/day of total vitamin C . In contrast, the “placebo group” in the study by Peters (1994) received about four times as much, 0.5 g/day, of vitamin C from their usual diet . Furthermore, Baird (1979) administered 0.08 g/day of vitamin C to their vitamin C group , whereas Carr (1981) administered 0.07 g/day vitamin C to their placebo group . Thus, the dosages of vitamin C were essentially the same, but the groups were on the opposite sides in the evaluation of vitamin C effects.
High dietary vitamin C intake, and vitamin C supplementation of the placebo group, cannot lead to false positive findings about the efficacy of vitamin C against colds. In contrast, they can lead to false negative findings or estimates biased towards the null effect.
Carr (1981) studied twins, some of whom lived together, whereas others lived apart . Vitamin C had a significant effect on the duration and severity of colds in twins living apart, but no effect in twins living together (Table 5). Furthermore, the duration of colds among twins living together (5.4 days in vitamin C and placebo groups) was in the middle of the duration of colds among the vitamin C group (4.9 days) and placebo group (7.5 days) of twins living apart. An evident explanation for such a difference between twins living together and twins living apart, is that twins who lived together exchanged their tablets to some extent, whereas the twins who lived apart could not do so. Two studies on children found an increase in vitamin C levels in the plasma of boys and in the urine of boys of the placebo (sic) groups [81,101], which indicates tablet swapping among the children on vitamin C and placebo. Thus, non-compliance may have confounded the results and the true effects of vitamin C might be greater than those reported.
Given the great variations in the vitamin C dosage levels in the vitamin C and control groups, and the apparent problem of non-compliance in some studies, it is obvious that the comparison of different “vitamin C trials” can be complicated. The generalization of the findings of any particular trial is limited irrespective of its methodological quality and statistical power. However, the large variations in vitamin C levels in the vitamin C and control groups, and the non-compliance in some studies, both predispose against a false positive differences between the study groups. In contrast, they make it more difficult to detect true differences, and therefore the findings on common cold duration and severity shown in Table 4 may be biased downwards and might camouflage even stronger true effects.
Given the strong evidence from studies published before 1970 that vitamin C has beneficial effects against the common cold , and from the ≥2 g/day vitamin C studies published between 1972 and 1975 , it is puzzling that the interest in vitamin C and the common cold collapsed after 1975 so that few small trials on vitamin C and the common cold have been conducted thereafter (Figure 1).
This sudden loss of interest can be explained by the publication of the three highly important papers in 1975 (Figure 1). These papers are particularly influential because of their authors and the publication forums. Two of the papers were published in JAMA [72,73], and the third paper was published in the American Journal of Medicine . Both of these journals are highly influential medical journals with extensive circulations. Two of the papers were authored by Thomas Chalmers [71,72], who was a highly respected and influential pioneer of RCTs [1,102,103], and the third paper was authored by Paul Meier , who was a highly influential statistician, e.g., one of the authors of the widely used Kaplan–Meier method [1,104,105].
Karlowski, Chalmers, et al. (1975) published the results of a RCT in JAMA, in which 6 g/day of vitamin C significantly shortened the duration of colds (Figure 2A). However, these authors claimed that the observed benefit was not caused by the physiological effects of vitamin C, but by the placebo effect. However, the “placebo-effect explanation” was shown afterwards to be erroneous. For example, Karlowski et al. had excluded 42% of common cold episodes from the subgroup analysis that was the basis for their conclusion, without giving any explanation of why so many participants were excluded. The numerous problems of the placebo explanation are detailed in a critique by Hemilä [1,106,107]. Chalmers wrote a response , but did not answer the specific issues raised .
In the same year (1975), Chalmers published a review of the vitamin C and common cold studies. He pooled the results of seven studies and calculated that vitamin C would shorten colds only by 0.11 (SE 0.24) days . Such a small difference has no clinical importance and the SE indicates that it is simply explained by random variation. However, there were errors in the extraction of data, studies that used very low doses of vitamin C (down to 0.025 g/day) were included, and there were errors in the calculations [1,110]. Pauling had proposed that vitamin C doses should be ≥1 g/day. When Hemilä and Herman (1995) included only those studies that had used ≥1 g/day of vitamin C and extracted data correctly, they calculated that colds were 0.93 (SE 0.22) days shorter, which is over eight times that calculated by Chalmers, and highly significant (p = 0.01) .
The third paper was a review published in JAMA by Michael Dykes and Paul Meier (1975). They analyzed selected studies and concluded that there was no convincing evidence that vitamin C has effects on colds . However, they did not calculate the estimates of the effect nor any p-values, and many comments in their analysis were misleading. Pauling wrote a manuscript in which he commented upon the review by Dykes and Meier and submitted it to JAMA. Pauling stated afterwards that his paper was rejected even after he twice made revisions to meet the suggestions of the referees and the manuscript was finally published in a minor journal [111,112]. The rejection of Pauling’s papers was strange since the readers of JAMA were effectively prevented from seeing the other side of an important controversy. There were also other problems that were not pointed out by Pauling; see [1,70].
Although the three papers have serious biases, they have been used singly or in the combinations of two as references in nutritional recommendations, in medical textbooks, in texts on infectious diseases and on nutrition, when the authors claimed that vitamin C had been shown to be ineffective for colds (pp. 21–23, 36–38, 42–45). The American Medical Association, for example, officially stated that “One of the most widely misused vitamins is ascorbic acid. There is no reliable evidence that large doses of ascorbic acid prevent colds or shorten their duration” , a statement that was based entirely on Chalmers’s 1975 review.
These three papers are the most manifest explanation for the collapse in the interest in vitamin C and the common cold after 1975, despite the strong evidence that had emerged by that time that ≥2 g/day vitamin C shortens and alleviates colds .
Pneumonia is the most common severe infection, which is usually caused by bacteria and viruses.
As recounted at the beginning of this review, the association between frank vitamin C deficiency and pneumonia was noted by Alfred Hess and other early authors, when the chemical identity of vitamin C was not yet known. Vitamin C was purified in the early 1930s and soon thereafter a few German and U.S. physicians proposed that vitamin C might be beneficial in the treatment of pneumonia. For example, Gander and Niederberger (1936) concluded from a series of 15 cases that “the general condition is always favorably influenced (by vitamin C) to a noticeable extent, as is the convalescence, which proceeds better and more quickly than in cases of pneumonia, which are not treated with vitamin C” and other German physicians also claimed benefits of vitamin C [115,116]. Translations of these papers are available . Case reports from the USA also suggested that vitamin C was beneficial against pneumonia [117,118,119].
A Cochrane review on vitamin C and pneumonia identified three controlled trials that reported the number of pneumonia cases in participants who were administered vitamin C and two therapeutic trials in which pneumonia patients were given vitamin C [27,28].
Table 7 shows the findings of the three vitamin C and pneumonia trials. Each of them found a ≥80% lower incidence of pneumonia for their vitamin C group [27,28,120].
Glazebrook (1942) studied male students (15–20 years) in a boarding school in Scotland during World War II . No formal placebo was used; however, 0.05 to 0.3 g/day of vitamin C was added to the morning cocoa and to an evening glass of milk in the kitchen. Thus, the placebo effect does not seem to be a relevant concern in the dining hall. The ordinary diet of the schoolboys contained only 0.015 g/day vitamin C so that their intake was particularly low.
Kimbarowski (1967) studied the effect of 0.3 g/day of vitamin C on military recruits who had been hospitalized because of influenza type-A in the former Soviet Union . Thus, these pneumonia cases were complications of the viral respiratory infection. Vitamin C also shortened the mean stay in hospital for pneumonia treatment (9 vs. 12 days).
The latest of the three pneumonia prevention trials was carried out during a two-month recruit training period with U.S. Marine recruits by Pitt (1979) . The dose of vitamin C was 2 g/day. This was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, whereas the two earlier studies were not.
The findings of the three studies are consistent with the notion that the level of vitamin C intake may influence the risk of pneumonia. However, all the three studies were carried out using special participants under particular conditions, and their findings cannot be generalized to the ordinary current Western population. Dietary vitamin C intake was particularly low in the oldest study, and may also have been low in the second study. Thus, the benefit of vitamin C supplementation may be explained by the correction of marginal deficiency in these two older studies. However, in the study by Pitt (1979), the baseline plasma level of vitamin C, 57 µmol/L, corresponds to the dietary vitamin C intake of about 0.1 g/day . Furthermore, although the dose of 2 g/day was high, the plasma level of vitamin C increased only by 36% for the vitamin C group. This also indicates that the basal dietary intake vitamin C was high. Thus, treating marginal vitamin C deficiency is not a reasonable explanation for that latest study.
It is also worth noting that two of these trials used military recruits, and the third used young males who were accommodated in a boarding school . Therefore, the exposure to viruses and bacteria causing pneumonia may have been much higher compared to children and young adults living at home. In each of the three trials, the incidence of pneumonia in the control group was very high when compared with the incidence in the ordinary population [124,125]. A high incidence of pneumonia has been reported in military recruits , but the incidence of pneumonia has been even higher in some child populations of the developing countries (Table 7).
It seems reasonable to consider that these three studies observed a true effect of vitamin C against pneumonia in their specific circumstances. However, these findings should not be extrapolated to different circumstances. It would seem worthwhile to examine the effect of vitamin C in population groups that have a high incidence of pneumonia concomitantly with a low intake of vitamin C [27,41].
Two studies have reported on the therapeutic effect of vitamin C for pneumonia patients [27,28].
Hunt (1994) carried out a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial with elderly people in the UK (mean age 81 years), who were hospitalized because of acute bronchitis or pneumonia . The mean plasma vitamin C level at baseline was 23 µmol/L and one third of the patients had a vitamin C level of just ≤11 µmol/L. There was a significant difference in the effect of 0.2 g/day of vitamin C between patients who were more ill and those who were less ill when admitted to the hospital. Vitamin C reduced the respiratory symptom score in the more ill patients but not in their less ill counterparts. There were also six deaths during the study, all among the more ill participants: five in the placebo group, but only one in the vitamin C group.
Mochalkin (1970) examined the effect of vitamin C on pneumonia patients in the former Soviet Union . Although a placebo was not administered to the control group, two different doses of vitamin C were used and the observed difference between the low and high dosage cannot be explained by the placebo effect. The high-dose regime administered on average twice the quantity of vitamin C of the low dose, but both of them were related to the dosage of antibiotics so that the low dose vitamin C ranged from 0.25 to 0.8 g/day, and the high dose ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 g/day. The duration of hospital stay in the control group (no vitamin C supplementation) was 23.7 days. In the low dose vitamin C group the hospital stay was 19% shorter and in the high dose vitamin C group it was 36% shorter. A benefit was also reported on the normalization of chest X-ray, temperature, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Although both of these therapeutic studies give support to the old case reports stating that vitamin C is beneficial for pneumonia patients, the findings cannot be directly generalized to typical pneumonia patients of Western countries.
Tetanus is a disease caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani, which may contaminate wounds. An early case report claimed that vitamin C was beneficial against tetanus in an unvaccinated six-year-old boy in the USA . A Cochrane review identified one controlled trial in which the effect of vitamin C on tetanus patients was examined [129,130].
Jahan (1984) studied the effect of 1 g/day of intravenous vitamin C on tetanus patients in Bangladesh . In children aged one to 12 years, there were no deaths in the vitamin C group, whereas there were 23 deaths in the control group (p = 10−9) (p. 17). In tetanus patients aged 13 to 30 years, there were 10 deaths in the vitamin C group compared with 19 deaths in the control group (p = 0.03). The significant difference between the above-described age groups may be caused by the difference in the body weights of the patients. In the young children the same dose of vitamin C corresponds to a substantially higher dose per unit of weight. Although there were methodological weaknesses in the trial, they are unlikely explanations for the dramatic difference in the younger participants .
The effect of vitamin C supplementation on the common cold has been most extensively studied. One important reason for extensive research on vitamin C and the common cold seems to be the wide publicity given to it by Pauling [1,132]. Probably some researchers wanted to show that Pauling was either right or wrong, whereas others just wanted to study a topic about which a Nobel Prize winner had put his credibility on the line. Another reason for the large number of studies on the common cold is that it is a non-severe ubiquitous infection, and it is very easy to find common cold patients in schools and work places. It is much more difficult to study more serious infections.
The three infections discussed above, the common cold, pneumonia, and tetanus, were selected on the basis that the effects of vitamin C have been evaluated in Cochrane reviews, which entails a thorough literature search and a careful analysis of the identified trials. However, the selection of these three infections does not imply that the effects of vitamin C are limited to them.
Table 2 indicates that vitamin C may have effects on various infections caused by viruses, bacteria, Candida albicans and protozoa. Vitamin C might have similar effects in humans. However, it also seems evident that the role of additional vitamin C depends on various factors such as the initial dietary intake level, other nutritional status, the exposure level to pathogens, the level of exercise and temperature stress, etc.
Three extensive searches of the older literature on vitamin C and infections have been published, and they give an extensive list of references, but none of these publications gave a balanced discussion of the findings [133,134,135]. A few studies on the possible effects of vitamin C on other infections are outlined below, but this selection is not systematic.
Terezhalmy (1978) used a double-blind placebo-controlled RCT and found that the duration of pain caused by herpes labialis was shortened by 51%, from 3.5 to 1.3 days (p = 10−8), when patients were administered 1 g/day of vitamin C together with bioflavonoids (pp. 15–17). Furthermore, when vitamin C treatment was initiated within 24 hours of the onset of the symptoms, only six out of 26 patients (23%) developed herpes vesicles, whereas with later initiation of vitamin C, eight out of 12 patients (67%) developed vesicles (p = 0.003 in the test of interaction). Vitamin C was administered with bioflavonoids, so the study was not specific to vitamin C, but there is no compelling evidence to indicate that bioflavonoids affect infections.
Herpes zoster (reactivation of varicella zoster virus) can cause long lasting post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Chen (2009) found that patients with PHN had significantly lower plasma vitamin C plasma than healthy volunteers, and their RCT showed that vitamin C administration significantly decreased the pain level of PHN . A number of other reports have also suggested that vitamin C may be effective against the pain caused by herpes zoster [138,139,140,141,142].
Patrone (1982) and Levy (1996) reported that vitamin C administration was beneficial to patients who had recurrent infections, mainly of the skin [143,144]. Many of the patients had impaired neutrophil functions and therefore the findings cannot be generalized to the ordinary population.
Galley (1997) reported that vitamin C increased the cardiac index in patients with septic shock . Pleiner (2002) reported that intravenous vitamin C administration preserved vascular reactivity to acetylcholine in study participants who had been experimentally administered Escherichia coli endotoxin .
It seems unlikely that the effects of vitamin C on herpetic pain, cardiac index and the vascular system are mediated through effects on the immune system. Such effects are probably caused by other mechanisms instead. The question of the possible benefits of vitamin C against infections is therefore not just a question about the immune system effects of the vitamin, as was discussed earlier in this review (see Section 2.7).
Some physicians used vitamin C for a large set of infectious disease patients and described their experiences in case reports that are worth reading [89,147].
Cohort studies on vitamins are often unreliable because diet is strongly associated with numerous lifestyle factors that cannot be fully adjusted for in statistical models. Therefore, there may always remain an unknown level of residual confounding . The main source of vitamin C in the diet is fruit, and high dietary vitamin C intake essentially always means a high fruit intake . Thus, any substantial correlations between vitamin C intake and infections could also reflect some other substances in fruit. Only two observational studies are commented upon in this section.
Merchant (2004) studied men whose ages ranged from 40 to 75 years in the USA and found no association between their vitamin C intake and community-acquired pneumonia . These males were U.S. health professionals; thus they were of a population that has a great interest in factors that affect health. The incidence of pneumonia was only three cases per 1000 person-years (Table 7). The median vitamin C intake of the lowest quintile was 0.095 g/day and of the highest quintile it was 1.1 g/day. In contrast, the overall median of the adult U.S. population is about 0.1 g/day, and 10% of the U.S. population has an intake level of less than 0.04 g/day . Thus, Merchant and colleagues’ cohort study indicates that increasing the vitamin C intake upwards from the median level in the USA will not lead to any further decline in the already low pneumonia incidence among male health professionals. However, the study is uninformative about whether decreasing vitamin C level downwards from 0.1 g/day might increase pneumonia risk, or about whether vitamin C might have effects in populations that have particularly high incidences of pneumonia (Table 7). Even though we must be cautious about interpreting observational studies, it seems that biological differences, rather than methodological differences, are most reasonable explanations for the divergence between the findings in the Merchant et al. cohort study and the three controlled trials shown in Table 7.
A cohort analysis of Finnish male smokers that is part of the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer prevention (ATBC) Study found a significant inverse association between dietary vitamin C intake and tuberculosis risk in participants who were not administered vitamin E supplements [150,151]. The highest quartile had the median dietary vitamin C intake level of 0.15 g/day, whereas the lowest quartile had an intake level of only 0.052 g/day. The adjusted risk of tuberculosis in the lowest vitamin C intake quartile was 150% higher than that of the highest intake quartile. This is consistent with the animal studies that found that low vitamin C intake increases the susceptibility to, and severity of, tuberculosis (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3).
Vitamin C and vitamin E are both antioxidants and they protect against ROS. Therefore, these substances are of parallel interest as water-soluble vitamin C regenerates the lipid-soluble vitamin E in vitro . Dietary vitamin C intake modified the effect of vitamin E on mortality in the ATBC Study, which indicates that these substances may also have clinically important interactions . However, the major sources of the vitamin C in this subgroup were fruit, vegetables and berries and other substances in these foods might also have explained the modification of the vitamin E effect. Such a possibility was refuted by calculating the residual intake of fruit, vegetables and berries, and showing that the residual did not modify the effect of vitamin E. Vitamin C was thus indicated as the specific modifying factor. A similar approach was used to show that vitamin C specifically modified the effect of vitamin E on pneumonia .
Two subgroups of the ATBC Study were identified in which the combination of high dietary vitamin C intake and vitamin E supplementation increased the risk of pneumonia by 248% and 1350% when compared with high vitamin C intake without vitamin E (Table 8). In the former subgroup, one extra case of pneumonia was caused for every 13 participants and in the latter subgroup, for every 28 participants. In both subgroups, the residual intake of fruit, vegetables and berries did not modify the effect of vitamin E, indicating specificity of vitamin C. The total number of participants in the ATBC Study was 29,133 and in that respect the identified subgroups were relatively small and at 1081 individuals only amounted to 4% of all the ATBC participants. However, in these two subgroups the harm arising from the combination of vitamins C and E was substantial .
Another subgroup analysis of the ATBC Study found that the combination of high vitamin C intake together with vitamin E supplementation increased the risk of tuberculosis in heavy smokers by 125% compared with high vitamin C alone subgroup (Table 8). Thus, one extra case of tuberculosis arose in every 240 participants who had high intakes of vitamins C and E [150,151].
ROS have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, including infections. Antioxidants have been assumed to be beneficial since they react with ROS. However, given the suggestions that people should take vitamins C and E to improve their immune system, the subgroup findings in Table 8 are somewhat alarming. Nevertheless, the harm in the three subgroups is limited to the combination of vitamins C and E. This author does not know of any findings that indicate that similar doses of vitamin C alone might cause harm.
In the first half of the 20th century, a large number of papers were published in the medical literature on vitamin C and infections and several physicians were enthusiastic about vitamin C. The topic was not dismissed because of large-scale controlled trials showing that vitamin C was ineffective. Instead, many rather large trials found benefits of vitamin C. There seem to be four particular reasons why the interest in vitamin C and infections disappeared.
First, antibiotics were introduced in the mid-20th century. They have specific and sometimes very dramatic effects on bacterial infections and therefore are much more rational first line drugs for patients with serious infections than vitamin C. Secondly, vitamin C was identified as the explanation for scurvy, which was considered a disease of the connective tissues. Evidently it seemed irrational to consider that a substance that “only” participates in collagen metabolism might also have effects on infections. However, the biochemistry and actions of vitamin C are complex and not limited to collagen metabolism. Thirdly, the three papers published in 1975 appeared to herald the loss of interest in vitamin C and the common cold (Figure 1) and it seems likely that they increased the negative attitude towards vitamin C for other infections as well. Fourthly, “if a treatment bypasses the medical establishment and is sold directly to the public ... the temptation in the medical community is to accept uncritically the first bad news that comes along” .
The belief that vitamin C is “ineffective” has been widely spread. For example, a survey of general practitioners in the Netherlands revealed that 47% of respondents considered that homeopathy is efficacious for the treatment of the common cold, whereas only 20% of those respondents considered that vitamin C was . Prejudices against vitamin C are not limited to the common cold. Richards compared the attitudes and arguments of physicians to three putative cancer medicines, 5-fluorouracil, interferon and vitamin C, and documented unambiguous bias against vitamin C [157,158,159]. Goodwin and Tangum gave several examples to support the conclusion that there has been a systematic bias against the concept that vitamins may yield benefits in levels higher than the minimum needed to avoid the classic deficiency diseases .
The use of vitamin C for preventing and treating colds falls into the category of alternative medicine under the classifications used by the National Institutes of Health in the USA and of the Cochrane collaboration. However, such categorization does not reflect the level of evidence for vitamin C, but reflects the low level of acceptance amongst the medical community, and may further amplify the inertia and prejudices against vitamin C .
From a large series of animal studies we may conclude that vitamin C plays a role in preventing, shortening, and alleviating diverse infections. It seems evident that vitamin C has similar effects in humans. Controlled studies have shown that vitamin C shortens and alleviates the common cold and prevents colds under specific conditions and in restricted population subgroups. Five controlled trials found significant effects of vitamin C against pneumonia. There is some evidence that vitamin C may also have effects on other infections, but there is a paucity of such data. The practical importance and optimally efficacious doses of vitamin C for preventing and treating infections are unknown. Vitamin C is safe and costs only pennies per gram, and therefore even modest effects may be worth exploiting.
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/4/339/s1, Supplementary file 1 and Supplementary file 2.
No external funding. Parts of this review were published as earlier versions in the dissertation by Hemilä (2006) . Links to translations of the non-English papers cited in this review and many other references are available at .
Hess, A.F. Scurvy: Past and Present; Lippincott: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1920; Available online: http://chla.library.cornell.edu (accessed on 17 March 2017).
Hemilä, H. Vitamin C and Infections. Available online: http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/N2017 (accessed on 17 March 2017).
Hemilä, H.; Louhiala, P. Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating Pneumonia. Available online: http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CP (accessed on 17 March 2017).
Hemilä, H.; Chalker, E. Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold. Available online: http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC (accessed on 17 March 2017).
Hemilä, H.; Koivula, T. Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating Tetanus. Available online: http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CT (accessed on 17 March 2017).
Figure 1. The numbers of participants in the placebo-controlled trials for which ≥1 g/day of vitamin C was administered. The numbers of participants in studies published over two consecutive years are combined and plotted for the first of the two years. This figure is based on data collected by Hemilä and Chalker (2013) [68,69]. See Supplementary file 1 of this review for the list of the studies. RCT, randomized controlled trial.
Figure 2. (A) Dose–response relationship in the Karlowski (1975) trial. The placebo arm is located at 0 g/day, the 3 g/day regular vitamin C and the 3 g/day treatment vitamin C arms are in the middle and the regular + treatment arm is at 6 g/day . The 95% CIs are shown for the comparison against the placebo arm. With inverse-variance weighing, test for trend in a linear model gives p(2-tail) = 0.018. The addition of the linear vitamin C effect to the statistical model containing a uniform vitamin C effect improved the regression model by p = 0.002. Previously, analysis of variance for trend calculated p = 0.040 for the linear trend ; (B) Dose–response relationship in the Anderson (1974) trial. The placebo arm #4 is located at 0 g/day, vitamin C treatment arm #7 at 4 g/day and vitamin C treatment arm #8 at 8 g/day . In the Anderson (1974) trial, vitamin C was administered only on the first day of the common cold. The 95% CIs are shown for the comparison against the placebo arm. With inverse-variance weighing, test for trend in a linear model gives p(2-tail) = 0.013. See Supplementary file 2 for the calculation of the trend for both studies.
Table 1. Effect of vitamin-C-rich foods on infections in guinea pigs.
One group of guinea pigs was administered a vitamin-C-poor diet, and the other group was administered oranges, cabbage, etc. as supplements to the vitamin-C-poor diet. Based on Appendix 3 in Hemilä (2006) (pp. 119–121). See Supplementary file 1 of this review for the list of the studies. p(1-tail) is used in this table. a Bacterial infections included pneumococcus, group C streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella typhimurium.
Table 2. Effect of pure vitamin C on infectious disease outcomes in animal studies.
A shorter version of this table was published in Hemilä (2006) (p. 8). This table is based on data collected and analyzed in Appendix 2 of (pp. 105–118). See Supplementary file 1 of this review for the list of the studies and their characteristics. p(1-tail) is used in this table. a The mammals category combines all the mammal species from the rows above.
Table 3. Infectious agents in studies in which vitamin C decreased the mortality of mammals by p ≤ 0.025.
Table 3 is restricted to mortality as the outcome, and to studies in which the effect of vitamin C on mortality was statistically significant. See Supplementary file 1 of this review for a list of the studies in which vitamin C decreased mortality by p ≤ 0.025 (1-tail). In comparison, Table 2 includes studies with all infectious disease outcomes, such as incidence without the animals dying, and various forms of severity of infectious diseases. a Bacterial infections included pneumococcus and β-hemolytic streptococci; b Bacterial toxins included diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, endotoxin, and a set of clostridial toxins; c Protozoa infections include Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma brucei.
Table 4. Effects of regular vitamin C on the incidence and duration of the common cold a.
This table summarizes the main findings of the Cochrane review by Hemilä and Chalker (2013) [68,69]. a Regular supplementation of vitamin C means that vitamin C was administered each day over the whole study period. Duration and severity of colds indicates the effects on colds that occurred during the study; b Incidence indicates here the number of participants who had ≥1 cold during the study; c The unit in this comparison is the standard deviation. Thus −0.12 means that symptoms were decreased by 0.12 times the SD of the outcome.
Table 5. Possible differences in the effects of vitamin C on the common cold between subgroups.
Calculation of the subgroup differences for the Anderson (1972) and the Carr (1981) studies is described in Supplementary file 2. The interactions in the Constantini (2011) and Baird (1979) trials were calculated in [77,86]. p(2-tail) is used in this table.
Table 6. Variations in vitamin C dose in the control and vitamin C groups.
Modified from Table 12 from Hemilä (2006) (p. 34). a In addition to Carr (1981), a few studies administered 0.01 to 0.05 g/day of vitamin C to the placebo group, but they are not listed here; b In the 1970s, the average vitamin C intake in the USA was approximately 0.1 g/day. The participants of the Karlowski (1975) study were employees of the National Institutes of Health and therefore their mean dietary intake of vitamin C probably was higher than the national average, but intake of vitamin C was not estimated.
Table 7. Effect of vitamin C on the incidence of pneumonia.
Modified from Hemilä (2006) (p. 51). a Mid-p (1-tail); combined test for all three sets of data: p = 0.00002 ; b 9% of the hospitalized influenza A patients contracted pneumonia.
Table 8. Increase in pneumonia and tuberculosis risk with the combination of vitamins C and E.
Subgroups of the ATBC Study in which vitamin C increased the risk of pneumonia and tuberculosis [150,151,154]. ATBC Study, Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer prevention Study. NNH, number needed to harm: how many people in the particular subgroup need to be exposed to the treatment to cause harm to one person. RR, relative risk. a Interaction test was calculated for this review.
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The Carolina Chickadee is quite acrobatic when feeding. They generally nest in cavities in trees left by woodpeckers.
The Carolina chickadee is a small, plump, small-billed bird with a distinctive black "cap" on the head and black "bib" on the throat, white cheeks and a gray body with a white belly.
They are found throughout the southeastern United States in forests of all types, but they can also be found at backyard bird feeding stations. In Maryland, they range from the Eastern Shore to the foothills of Washington County.
Carolina chickadees are mostly insectivorous which means they eat insects. However, they will also consume a variety of fleshy fruits, suet, berries, acorns, and seeds, especially sunflower seeds.
What other kinds of chickadees live in Maryland?
The black-capped chickadee is found in western Maryland from Washington County west. They are similar to the Carolina; however, the black-capped chickadee is slightly larger, has a conspicuous white patch on its wing, and has a different and distinctive call.
Chickadees are cavity nesters. They raise their young in natural tree cavities which they enlarge to suit their needs. They will also use abandoned woodpecker cavities and man made nest boxes.
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WHAT is the PROFILE? The PROFILE is an online application that collects information used by certain colleges and scholarship programs to award institutional aid funds. (All federal funds are awarded based on the FAFSA, available after Jan. 1 at www.fafsa.ed.gov. Some colleges may require additional information, such as tax returns or an institutional application. If your parents are divorced, some colleges will also require your noncustodial parent to complete the Noncustodial PROFILE. The PROFILE is popular with private colleges and helps "middle class" families get a more accurate picture of expected family income (need).
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What is the recommended daily amount of iodine? Can you give me an idea of a meal plan so I can get this amount?
It is difficult to give an accurate meal plan that will provide sufficient iodine as this depends on the age of the individual. Furthermore, the concentration of iodine in foods varies with season (for example in milk), the soil iodine content, and many other factors. Our iodine fact sheet provides approximate iodine concentrations in a range of foods that can act as guide.
It is important that excessive iodine intake is avoided as this can also lead to problems with the thyroid.
Can you please tell me what foods contain iodine?
The richest dietary sources of iodine are fish, milk, other dairy products and eggs.
Half a pint of milk would provide, on average, 85 μg. Winter milk contains more iodine than summer milk (as cows receive mineral-fortified feed when indoors during the winter).
There is up to 40% less iodine in organic dairy products(link to fact sheet section of website).
Fish is a good source of iodine; there is much more iodine content in white fish than in oily fish. A portion (120g) of cod contains approximately 190 μg and a portion of salmon contains approximately 25 μg. Three fish fingers would provide approximately 90 μg.
Seaweed and Kelp products contain a variable amount of iodine and are not routinely recommended as supplements as they can lead to excessive iodine intake.
Unlike in many countries, iodine is not added to salt or bread in the UK.
I have heard that organic milk does not contain iodine – is that true?
No, organic milk contains iodine. However, research has found that the amount of iodine in organic milk is considerably lower than in conventional milk. Organic milk can still make an important contribution to iodine intake. For more details on the amount of iodine in organic and conventional milk, please check the table in our factsheet.
I've just read that iodine can be bad for your thyroid. i like to eat a small pack of sushi every day for my lunch. Should I stop?
In 100g of sushi there is 9 μg of iodine, on average. There might be more (around 20 μg iodine per 100g) in vegetable sushi. Although seaweed generally has a very high concentration of iodine, the seaweed used in sushi (nori) is a green seaweed that has a lower iodine concentration than brown seaweed. The iodine concentration in a portion of sushi (190g) at 17-38 μg would not therefore give excess iodine.
I eat a lot of broccoli/kale/seafood does this interfere with my iodine absorption and affect my thyroid?
The Brassica family of plants, which includes broccoli and kale, interfere with thyroid hormone manufacture in the thyroid and can therefore cause goitre. These type of foods are known as goitrogens. However you would need to eat very large amounts of these products to cause a clinical problem and this is a rare occurrence. Furthermore, these foods tend to be a problem only when iodine deficiency exists, so it is important that you ensure adequate iodine intake.
Sea food contains iodine as does kelp and seaweed. If consumed in large amounts the iodine could damage the thyroid gland, especially if the person is more susceptible due to the presence of thyroid disease or thyroid abnormalities. People who eat vast amounts of kelp (which would provide excess iodine) have been known to have thyroid abnormalities. For this reason, kelp is not recommended.
What is the best way to get iodine into my children, as they will not eat vegetables or fish?
Vegetables actually have a relatively low amount of iodine. However, fish is a rich source of iodine. If your children like fish fingers, this will provide a reasonable source of iodine (two fish fingers contain approximately 60 μg).
However, if your child doesn’t eat any fish, milk and dairy products are also rich sources of iodine (see fact sheet). Half a pint of milk would provide 85 μg and a pot of yoghurt would provide around 75 μg. Therefore milk and dairy products can provide the bulk of the requirement for children.
Eggs are also a good source of iodine – two eggs would provide around 50 μg of iodine.
I do not have a thyroid disorder but I do take an iodine support formula, can you tell me if this will give me more energy?
There is no evidence that this kind of formula will provide more energy.
I have read on the internet that taking kelp supplements is good for your thyroid/can help you lose weight. Is this true?
The short answer is no. In fact kelp supplements can damage your thyroid as they often contain excessive amounts of iodine, even if taken within the dose recommendations on the label.
I have Graves’ disease, should I stop eating all foods that contain iodine?
Normally you should continue on your current diet. You should not eat kelp or brown seaweed which have a very high iodine content.
I have been told by my doctor that I have a borderline thyroid disorder. Will kelp/iodine supplements help me?
Kelp or iodine supplements will almost certainly not help anyone with a borderline thyroid disorder because the disorder is probably an autoimmune condition. In fact kelp supplements could make things worse.
I've just been diagnosed with hypothyroidism, should i be taking iodised salt/iodine supplements?
There is no value in taking extra iodine if on levothyroxine as you are receiving manufactured hormone ready made without needing the raw material to make it yourself.
I've had hypothyroidism for 5 years and want to take some multivitamins. Can I take one that includes iodine?
It may be difficult to find a multivitamin preparation without iodine but if it does contain iodine that won’t matter – your thyroid won’t be affected.
Is there any benefit in taking kelp (iodine) supplements when you have a thyroid disorder?
High dose iodine preparations such as kelp can lead to both hypo- and hyperthyroidism in susceptible individuals with an underlying thyroid disorder so are best avoided.
I have thyroid cancer and need to follow a low iodine diet in preparation for radioactive iodine treatment. Can you tell me why? And can you tell me what foods to avoid, and for how long?
Iodine-containing foods can inhibit the uptake of the radioiodine isotope used in the treatment of the majority of thyroid cancers. If this treatment is planned then you will be given a list of foods to avoid including fish. Our article on low iodine diets has more information.
I have Graves’ disease and will soon have radioactive iodine treatment. Do I need to follow a low iodine diet?
I know that taking iodine is beneficial when planning a baby and during pregnancy, but is it possible to take too much?
The current recommendation for those who have no history of a thyroid disorder is that for the 3 months prior to pregnancy and during the pregnancy you should ensure adequate iodine intake. For more information on thyroid in pregnancy, see our pregnancy project pages.
For those with pre-existing hypothyroidism no additional iodine is required. They need to ensure that they have adequate replacement of their thyroid hormone pre-conception and ensure this in pregnancy particularly in the first trimester when they may require between 25-50mcg extra of levothyoxiine daily.
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Anne Bradstreet, originally Anne Dudley, was born in 1612 at Northampton, England. Anne was the daughter of Governor Thomas Dudley, leader of volunteer soldiers in the English Reformation and Elizabethan Settlement and steward to the Earl of Lincoln, and Dorothy Yorke Dudley, a gentlewoman of noble heritage and well educated.
At the age of sixteen, Anne married Simon Bradstreet, a twenty-five year old assistant and future governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company and the son of a Puritan minister, who had been in the care of the Dudleys since his father's death.
Anne and Simon emigrated to America along with Anne's parents in 1630 aboard the Arabella. The journey was tough, many died while others became sick with scurvy brought by malnutrition. After landfall in the colonies, many soon perished or elected to head back to England claiming they have already been through enough.
Thomas Dudley, along with his friend John Winthrop, set up the Boston settlement's government with Winthrop as Governor and Dudley as Deputy-Governor with Anne's father as Chief-Administrator.
Many colonists fought for survival through the harsh climate, lack of food and primitive living arrangement. Anne was one of them. She came ill as paralysis had set through her joints. However, Anne did not lose her will for living. She and her husband had eight children, which she loved dearly. As Simon prospered in their new home, life looked to only get better.
Sadly, the families home was destroyed by flames leaving them homeless with hardly any personal property. Luckily though, the family soon got back on their feet due to Simon's hard work and social standing in the community.
As with all political officials, Simon spent many days traveling to various colonies on diplomatic missions. This left Anne much time with her father's vast collection of books and time to educate her children. The reading allowed Anne to learn much about religion, science, history, arts, and medicine while dealing with the colonies way of life.
Anne Bradstreet's favorite reading material was that of poetry, which she began writing herself. Her poems and views were kept private amongst her close friends and family as women seeking intellectual enlightenment was looked down upon. A friend, Anne Hutchinson, was banished by the community because of airing her views publicly, Bradstreet did not want to make the same mistake.
Anne's brother-in-law, John Woodbridge, had secretly copied much of her work and brought it to England and had it published without her permission. Woodbridge admitted to this deed in the preface of Anne's first collection of poetry The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, By a Gentlewoman of Those Parts, which was published in 1650. This was also the last publication of her works until after her death.
Anne Bradstreet's health was slowly deteriorating as she became afflicted with tuberculosis. Shortly after contracting the disease, her daughter Dorothy also became ill and died shortly after. Anne found solace and acceptance of her own death by believing her own daughter had gone to a better place.
At the age of sixty, Anne Bradstreet passed away on September 16, 1672 in Andover, Massachusetts after a long battle with illness and was buried in the Old Burying Point in Salem, Massachusetts.
The Author to Her Book. Anne being embarrassed that her work was published before editing it.
Before the Birth of One of Her Children. Bradstreet speaks about death.
Contemplations. About humanity, nature, and God.
The Flesh and the Spirit. She conveys the two with voices as different personas.
To My Dear and Loving Husband. She speaks of her love.
The Prologue. Her struggles as a women in a puritan society.
The Vanity of All Worldly Things She speaks of materialism.
Verses upon the Burning of our House, July 18th, 1666. Her grief over her house burning.
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Rep. Sanford (R-S.C.) speaks after his Republican primary defeat on Tuesday.
It’s Thursday afternoon, less than 48 hours after Sanford’s shocking loss to a Republican primary challenger. It was the first and only electoral loss of a career that began with his election to Congress in 1994 and continued with eight years as South Carolina governor, punctuated by the now-infamous “hiking the Appalachian Trail” cover story for an extramarital affair he had with a woman in Argentina while in office. In 2013, Sanford bounced back, surprising those who believed his political career was finished by once again winning a seat in Congress.
First, I wanted to hear your reflections on Tuesday. You’ve had 48 hours to think about it.
I’m still digesting it, to answer your question. But like I say, it sits right there [points to his chest].
Have you talked to other colleagues here about it?
Oh yeah. It’s sort of a weird experience. I wrote to one of my sons – I said the good part of a funeral is you get the eulogies.
You get the eulogy without physical death. The conversations on the floor are the full gamut. Pretty morose. What every political figure fears most is losing at some level, and maybe that’s a simplification, but it’s not too far from the truth. It’s always like, I’m so sorry for your loss. You know it’s like you’ve died.
Is it strange that on a Tuesday, you lose your race and you’ve lost your seat, but you still have to go to work the next day?
Last night I was giving a night tour of the Capitol for [the Audubon Society] because I’ve always been tied to environmental issues.
You gave a tour of the Capitol the day after losing?
Here’s the real kicker. So I’m doing that, and around the corner comes Jeff Flake and his wife. They give me a hug. I had this conversation with Jeff. I was like it was the weirdest race – I’ve run a lot of races over the years. I’ve supported the president the bulk of the times. But on a handful of issues I’ve disagreed based on these principles or these promises or what the voters thought. And [my race] was just: Are you for Trump or against Trump? And he’s going, it’s completely the same in Arizona. One question: Are you for or against Trump? No gray.
That’s the dynamic that you saw in your race – be for or against Trump?
Yes. And that’s where the race has big implications well outside of whether I’m a member of Congress or not. I’m not using the cult of personality thing, but you have in my case a guy the Congressional Quarterly rated like 89 percent concurrence (voting with Trump). [Editor’s note: Roll Call found that Sanford’s percentage was much lower on votes where Trump had a clearly defined stance before the vote.] But basically you have two fascinating components that have come up. One, the president sends out a tweet that’s completely not true. And we’ve become so calloused to what he says or the way he might say it that nobody bats an eye. Nobody even questions the hypothesis of, wait, is that true or not?
“MIA” was the president’s tweet.
Missing in action. That’s the world in which we’re living. What it says, then, is it’s clearly not about issues; it’s about allegiance to him.
Just this week Chairwoman McDaniel of the RNC put out this tweet that if you’re not with the Make America Great Again agenda, you’re making a big mistake. So it’s spreading.
Yeah, it is metastasizing. That fits exactly what my opponent said in her victory talk back home on Tuesday night. This is the party of Donald J. Trump. Those were her words and I could not more vigorously disagree. It’s the party of a lot of people across this country that have worked hard and licked envelopes and stamps and all the things you do in advancing campaigns and the ideas that surround them. It doesn’t belong to somebody at the top in Washington D.C. And yet that’s what we’ve morphed into.
It’s cultural, attitudinal. You weren’t loyal or perceived to be loyal enough.
What it suggests – and this is what the president has at times played to – is the easy answer. And my point there in the talk the other night was: democracy is hard. It’s painful. It’s cumbersome. It’s all those different things. But it is the best system designed by man. The founding fathers did an incredibly great job. And what you see at least within that small group but a group that seems to be metastasizing given the comment you mentioned from the chairwoman of the RNC is “No, we want the easy answer. These institutions, these checks and balances, all of this debate, really hard stuff. Just get something done.” Vigorous debate is what our government is built upon. Legislative is a check on the executive, a check on the judicial. That’s what the system is built upon. And so I keep going back to the feedback loop that I got in the course of this campaign is tied to something that goes well beyond this campaign in the First District. Do we or don’t we believe in dissent? Is it OK?
You used the word metastasize. We use that word for a cancer, a disease. Is that what this allegiance is? Senator Corker called it a cult of personality.
I’m not calling it that but yeah, it is a cancerous growth. The basis on which people’s frustrations have been built is real and understandable in the way that at times Washington doesn’t work for them or their families and those they love. And I think that again that which gave rise to the Trump phenomenon needs to be acknowledged as real and valid. I think the metastasization component is the way in which at times the president has pandered in his answers suggesting that there’s an easy cure.
Would you have done anything differently with the campaign? Would you have run it differently?
You always do that. You Monday afternoon quarterback yourself to death about woulda coulda shouldas.
You had over $1.5 million on hand at the end of May. Should you have spent more of it on this campaign?
We had the resources. But again they talk about symmetry in war, or proportionality is what it’s called. But I’ve run a lot of races and I’ve run them successfully. All I’ll say is that particular model has worked well for me for a lot of different races, many of them incredibly tough races. I wasn’t unaccustomed to running races. And what worked for me in the past didn’t work in this instance.
How does the Republican Party pull back from this? Where everything is boiled down to are you for or against Trump?
The Founding Fathers’ admonishment that an educated citizenry was vital to the Republic. The systems that they set up which I’ve come to revere were really built upon the notion of the fallen nature of man. That we weren’t perfect. We oughta debate. Nobody has a lock on wisdom. That’s why I started my talk the other night with humility. We all ought to have the humility to say I don’t know what I don’t know. But I don’t even fully know what I think I know.
And there is such hubris that’s at times emanated out of the administration about “this is the way it is. Or let me demean somebody else as a way of advancing my point.” Or you can fill in all the blanks. But all I know – and this has been seared hard for me, given my implosion in 2009 and its aftermath and the reflection that comes with that, and was doubled down again in a different way with this latest experience – I’ve come to very strongly believe that a humility in one’s perspective is vital to listening to somebody else. And at the end of the day if we’re going to solve solutions in a collective sense, you better be listening pretty closely to that somebody else. We’re not doing that in the American political system right now.
Not listening and presuming you already have all the answers.
Do you think the president sets the tone on that?
He does. One ought to have the courage of one’s convictions but one ought to balance that with some degree of humility in the courage of one’s convictions. And that ain’t a selling message right now. That’s just not where the political marketplace is.
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0.988283 |
Planning a vacation in London? During your London holiday, at no cost can you forego visiting one of the city’s top attractions, the world famous London Eye. This giant Ferris wheel is located on the Southern bank of the River Thames and is also known as the Millennium Wheel.
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0.99999 |
They can cook on the trucks! HOORAY!
The 200ft rule is RIDICULOUS.
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0.999829 |
REST command (body) with tcp port range?
I'm trying to add a flow on my OVS with tcp port range (e.g. 1000-1007) via controller. I have successfuly installed this flow directly through CLI on my OVS (command: sudo ovs-ofctl add-flow bridge1 dltype=0x800,nwproto=6,tp_dst=1000/65528,actions=output:1) so I know my OVS version supports this.
What I want to do now is send REST command to my controller, and then the controller sends appropriate OpenFlow command to OVS which will add specified flow. To do this, I need appropirate XML body to send in my REST command. I've tried with the .xml body presented below, but I'm getting an error.
I think that I'm not using correct .xml tag for tcp port since I get an error below. Does anyone know how to do this?
<error-message>Error parsing input: Incorrect lexical representation of integer value: 1000/65528.
- an octal number (prefix 0).
I've searched through all these examples and haven't found the REST body I need. The example I've shown in my question is derived from your link.
I may be wrong, but I think this might be a limitation of openflowplugin. You can ask for clarification by sending an email to [email protected]... . If that's the case, you could request the enhancement on that list or open a bug on bugzilla.
In the meantime, as a workaround, maybe you could add 8 separate flows, one for each of the ports in your 1000-1007 range?
Thank you very much, it really appears that yang model does not support tcp port masking. I'll send an e-mail to [email protected] and ask them about my problem.
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0.999997 |
Come along and enjoy a day with our team at the local native plant nursery propagating local native plants for the restoration of local habitats. When we revegetate these local habitats, it is important to use local plants which survive and thrive in the region. Our time at the nursery will include activities which range from germinating seeds, to planting seedlings in pots, to weeding the growing trees, to general nursery maintenance. All the while you will be learning more about horticulture and the local environment.
Volunteers need to bring and wear long pants, a long-sleeved shirt, boots or sturdy shoes, and a broad-brimmed hat. It is also recommended that volunteers bring and use sun-screen (30+) and tropical-strength insect repellent.
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0.999689 |
The group's original line-up consisted of Dave Gahan (lead vocals), Martin Gore (keyboards, guitar, vocals, chief songwriter after 1981), Andrew Fletcher (keyboards) and Vince Clarke (keyboards, chief songwriter 1980 - 81). Vince Clarke left the band after the release of their 1981 debut album, and was replaced by Alan Wilder (keyboards, drums, production) with Gore taking over songwriting. Wilder left the band in 1995 and since then Gahan, Gore, and Fletcher have continued as a trio.
Singles Chart and #1 albums in UK, US and throughout Europe. According to EMI, Depeche Mode have sold over 75 million albums worldwide, as part of total worldwide record sales (including singles) in excess of 100 million, making them the most successful electronic music group in music history.
Depeche Mode's origins are in 1977, when Vince Clarke and Andrew Fletcher formed a band called No Romance in China, with Clarke on vocals and guitar and Fletcher on bass. In 1979, Clarke played guitar in an "Ultravox rip-off band", The Plan, with friends Robert Marlow and Paul Langwith. In 1978 - 79, Gore played in an acoustic duo, Norman and The Worms, with school friend Philip Burdett on vocals and Gore on guitar. In 1979, Marlow, Gore, Clarke and friend Paul Redmond formed a band called The French Look, Marlow on vocals/keyboards, Gore on guitar and Redmond on keyboards. In March 1980, Clarke, Gore and Fletcher formed a band called Composition of Sound, with Clarke on vocals/guitar, Gore on keyboards and Fletcher on bass. On 31 May 1980, The French Look and Composition of Sound played together at St. Nicholas School Youth Club, Basildon, Essex.
Soon after the formation of Composition of Sound, Clarke and Fletcher switched to synthesizers, working odd jobs including carpentry to buy or borrow them from friends. Dave Gahan joined the band in 1980 after Clarke heard him perform at a local scout-hut jam session, crooning to a rendition of David Bowie's "Heroes", and Depeche Mode was born. When explaining the choice for the new name (taken from a French fashion magazine, De'pe^che mode) Martin Gore has said, "It means hurried fashion or fashion dispatch. I like the sound of that." The band made their recording debut on the Some Bizzare Album, with the song "Photographic", later re-recorded for their debut album, Speak & Spell.
While playing a live gig at the Bridge House in Canning Town, the band was approached by Daniel Miller (an electronic musician and founder of Mute Records), who was interested in them recording a single for his burgeoning label. The result of this verbal contract was their first single "Dreaming of Me", recorded in December 1980 and released in February 1981, reaching number 57 in the UK charts. Encouraged by this, the band recorded its second single "New Life", climbing to number 11 in the UK charts. Three months later, the band released "Just Can't Get Enough" - its first single to enter the UK Top 10, peaking at number eight and was the first Depeche Mode song to get a music video. It is the only Depeche Mode video with Vince Clarke. This record was in many ways a breakthrough for the band, and its success paved the way for its debut album - Speak & Spell, released in November 1981, and eventually reaching number ten on the UK album charts. Critical reviews were mixed - Melody Maker described it as a "great album... one they had to make to conquer fresh audiences and please the fans who just can't get enough", while Rolling Stone was more critical, calling the album "PG-rated fluff".
During the touring and promotion for Speak & Spell, Clarke began privately to voice his discomfort at the direction the band was taking. He later expressed his agitation that "there was never enough time to do anything". In November 1981, Clarke publicly announced that he was leaving Depeche Mode. Soon afterwards, he joined with blues singer Alison Moyet to form Yazoo (Yaz in the U.S.) and later, the duo Erasure with Andy Bell. After initial talk of Clarke continuing to write material for the group ultimately amounted to nothing (Clarke offered the remaining members of Depeche Mode the track "Only You", but they declined; it subsequently went to UK #2 for Clarke's new band, Yazoo), Gore, who had written "Tora! Tora! Tora!" and "Big Muff" for Speak & Spell, was forced to become the band's new songwriter.
In late 1981, the band placed an anonymous ad in Melody Maker looking for another musician. Alan Wilder, a 22 - year old keyboardist from West London, responded and after two auditions, he was hired in early 1982 initially on a trial basis as a touring member.
In 2001, Depeche Mode released Exciter, which was produced by Mark Bell (of the pioneering techno group LFO). Bell introduced a minimalist, digital sound to much of the album, influenced by IDM and glitch. "Dream On", "I Feel Loved", "Freelove" and "Goodnight Lovers" were released as singles in 2001 and 2002. The critical response to the album was mixed. Whilst it received reasonably positive reviews from some magazines (NME, Rolling Stone and LA Weekly), others (including Q, PopMatters, and Pitchfork Media) derided it as sounding underproduced, dull and lacklustre.
On March 13 th, 2001 Depeche Mode held a press conference at the Valentino Hotel in Hamburg, Germany, to announce the Exciter Tour.
In 2003 and 2004, Mute released the DVD version of 101 and Devotional, filmed during their 1993 world tour, as well as a new remix compilation album Remixes 81 - 04 that compiled new and unreleased promo mixes of the band's singles from 1981 to 2004, including a reinterpreted version of "Enjoy the Silence" by Mike Shinoda entitled "Enjoy the Silence 04", which was released as a single, and reached #7 on the UK charts.
On 15 January 2009, the official Depeche Mode website announced that the new album would be called Sounds of the Universe. The album was released internationally on 20 April 2009 and in the U.S. on 21 April 2009.
On 14 May 2009, Depeche Mode announced they had been forced to cancel six shows on their Tour of the Universe due to further complications from singer Dave Gahan's severe bout of gastroenteritis. On 28 May 2009, Depeche Mode announced that Dave Gahan recovered from gastroenteritis after doctors found a "low-grade malignant tumour" in his bladder during tests and removed it. Also, doctors ordered him to rest until 8 June, when the band resumed touring starting in Leipzig, Germany.
On 3 December 2009, Sounds of the Universe was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album. They received a second nomination for the video Wrong : for Best Short Form Music Video.
As reported by Billboard (magazine), Tour of the Universe has become one of the 25 most profitable in 2009. The list headed by U2 and Madonna compares gross revenues billed by artists who were on tour between 6 December 2008 and 21 November 2009. Depeche mode is located in 20 th place in the list, with a total gross revenue of $45,658,648 in 31 concerts, generating an estimated audience of 690,000 viewers.
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0.99465 |
What are MVP Fitness core values?
Knowledge - To never stop developing our personal knowledge so that we can provide clients with the most up-to-date and beneficial information for continuous results.
Integrity - To stand for the truth in how results are going and be honest with clients about the process and what to expect along their journey, even when things might be going wrong.
Adaptability to growth - Having a growth mindset that will allow MVP to not stay within one training formula because no person is the same and each person will require different protocols in order to grow and develop, whether it is improvement in strength or setback from outside factors.
Caring - MVP Fitness will remain compassionate for each and every client while staying true to caring about developing each and every client’s knowledge and abilities in life whether it is physical or mental through training and guidance.
Commitment - We believe in being accountable for our training methods and giving the clients the tools they require to achieve their goals.
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0.999928 |
I noticed an issue in my mod Vore Tournament, which upon further investigation I suspect to be an undesired side effect with how the mutator hook works. Please correct me if this is a deliberate decision and not a bug.
The mutator hook ForbidWeaponUse makes it impossible to switch away from your weapon while it returns true. This causes the player to be stuck carrying a weapon they no longer have, in case another function removes the weapon from their inventory. Not even W_SwitchWeapon_Force() will make the player switch away from the non-existent gun.
For instance: If the player was holding the Electro and you use STAT(WEAPONS, this) &= ~WepSet_FromWeapon(wep) to remove it from them, the player will still appear to be holding the Electro even if it no longer shows up on the weapons bar, until ForbidWeaponUse returns false for one iteration.
To my knowledge, the goal of this hook is to prevent the player from firing or intentionally switching weapons. Causing them to carry a weapon they no longer have feels like a bug.
I noticed an issue in my mod Vore Tournament, which upon further investigation I suspect to be an undesired side effect with how the mutator hook works. Please correct me if this is a deliberate decision and not a bug. The mutator hook ForbidWeaponUse makes it impossible to switch away from your weapon while it returns true. This causes the player to be stuck carrying a weapon they no longer have, in case another function removes the weapon from their inventory. Not even `W_SwitchWeapon_Force()` will make the player switch away from the non-existent gun. For instance: If the player was holding the Electro and you use `STAT(WEAPONS, this) &= ~WepSet_FromWeapon(wep)` to remove it from them, the player will still appear to be holding the Electro even if it no longer shows up on the weapons bar, until ForbidWeaponUse returns false for one iteration. To my knowledge, the goal of this hook is to prevent the player from firing or intentionally switching weapons. Causing them to carry a weapon they no longer have feels like a bug.
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0.895585 |
Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan, Canada.
The city is a cultural and commercial metropole for both southern Saskatchewan and adjacent areas in the neighbouring American states of North Dakota and Montana.
It attracts numerous visitors for the vitality of its commerce, theatre, concerts and restaurants and to its summer agricultural exhibition (since the mid-1960s styled "Buffalo Days").
The population within Regina, Saskatchewan's metropolitan area was 194,971 as of 2006 Canada Census with an annual growth rate of 0.4%.
It is governed by Regina City Council.
Citizens of Regina are referred to as Reginans.
The city is situated on a broad, flat and originally treeless, though fertile plain.
There is an abundance of parks and greenspaces: all of its trees, shrubs and other plants were hand-planted and Regina's considerable beauty is entirely man-made.
Regina has a semi-arid continental climate with warm, somewhat moist summers and cold, dry winters.
Annual precipitation is 390 mm (17 inches), and is heaviest from June through August with June being the wettest month at 75 millimetres.
The average daily temperature for the year is 2.8°C (37°F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was -50.0 °C (-58 °F) on January 1, 1885 while the highest recorded temperature was 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on July 5, 1937.
Regina attained national prominence in 1885 during the North-West Rebellion when troops were mostly able to be transported from eastern Canada as far as Qu'Appelle on the CPR, which was substantially completed to that point before marching to the battlefield in the further Northwest.
Subsequently, the rebellion's leader, Louis Riel, was tried and hanged in Regina — giving the infant community increased and, at the time, not unwelcome national attention in connection with a figure of significance in Canadian history.
Regina was incorporated as a city on June 19, 1903 and was proclaimed the capital of the province of Saskatchewan on May 23, 1906 by the first provincial government, led by Premier Walter Scott.
On June 30 1912, a tornado known as the Regina Cyclone hit the community, levelling much of the young city's business district, killing 28 people and injuring hundreds, making it Canada's deadliest tornado.
Regina's early history is remembered for its rapid growth which continued until the Great Depression began in 1929, at which point Saskatchewan had been the third province of Canada in both population and economic indicators.
Thereafter, Saskatchewan never recovered its early promise and Regina's growth slowed and at times reversed.
From the 1930s onward, Regina became a centre of considerable political activism and experiment as its people sought to adjust to new, reduced economic realities.
Regina was a great contributor to the Canadian war effort in both world wars. During the Second World War, young men from Regina volunteered for service, finding their way into all branches of the Canadian armed services.
Hundreds of Regina men flew for the Royal Canadian Air Force during the war.
During the war, Regina was the home of three air force training facilities: No. 2 Initial Training School (which selected personnel for aircraft training; it was located in the province's Normal School or teachers college), plus No. 3 Air Observer School and No. 15 Elementary Flying Training School, the latter two at the Regina airport.
The General Motors assembly plant (east on Dewdney Avenue), which had ceased operations as the Depression gripped the prairies, was requisitioned for armaments manufacture before returning to idleness at war's end.
At the conclusion of the war Regina's population was about 65,000.
Events of national importance which occurred in Regina include the trial of Louis Riel (followed by Riel's execution) in July 1885; the Regina Manifesto, 1933; the Regina Riot, 1 July 1935 and the Saskatchewan Doctors' Strike in 1961 when medical doctors withheld their services in response to the introduction of Medicare.
After the war, Regina grew as a regional distribution centre for farming and rural activity.
Not until the 1970s did the economy begin to shift from agri-base to industrial-based activity, although agriculture continues to dominate the economy of the city and province.
Oil and natural gas, potash, kaolin, sodium sulphite and bentonite contribute a great part of Regina and area's economy.
The farm and agricultural component is still a significant part of the economy — the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, "the world's largest grain-handling co-operative" has its headquarters in Regina — but it is no longer the major driver of the economy; provincially it has slipped to eighth overall, well behind the natural resources sectors.
The provincial government continues to be a major driver in the civic economy though its relative importance is declining.
The Regina Research Park immediately adjacent to the University campus hosts several science and technology companies which conduct research activities in conjunction with University departments.
The two main school divisions encompassing the city are the Regina Board of Education (also known as the Regina public school board; the largest school division in the province) and Regina Catholic Schools, the Roman Catholic/separate school board.
The public system has approximately 21,000 students enrolled across the city; the Catholic board has an enrolment number of approximately 10,000 students.
There are also a number of independent schools located in Regina, including Luther College High School, Regina Christian School, and Western Christian College High School.
The University of Regina is a degree-granting institution located in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
The Wascana campus of this province-wide technical institute is adjacent to the University of Regina.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy, "Depot" Division, is on the western perimeter of the city. The "Depot" Division chapel (the oldest building still standing in the city) is a major visitor attraction in Regina. The first phase of a RCMP Heritage Centre opened in May 2007.
Regina is a travel destination for residents of southeastern Saskatchewan and the immediately adjacent regions of the neighbouring US States of North Dakota and Montana, and an intermediate stopping point for travellers on the Trans-Canada Highway.
Attractions for visitors in Regina include the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (a museum of natural history); the Saskatchewan Science Centre; the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery and numerous smaller galleries and museums.
The Saskatchewan Legislative Building; Holy Rosary Cathedral; the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) national training centre and the museum; Government House; Casino Regina, the Globe Theatre; events held at Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field; Ipsco Place (formerly Regina Exhibition Park), the venue for the annual Buffalo Days Exhibition every August; and the Connexus Arts Centre (see the City of Regina website above).
the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL.
North-east of the city lies Kings Park Speedway, a ⅓ mile paved oval used for stock car racing since the late 1960's.
Regina has a substantial proportion of its overall area dedicated as parks and greenspaces, with biking paths and other recreational facilities throughout the city.
The City operates five municipal golf courses, including two in King's Park northeast of the city.
Kings Park Recreation facility is also home to ball diamonds, picnic grounds, and stock car racing.
Within half an hour drive is the summer cottage and camping country in the Qu'Appelle Valley with Last Mountain and Buffalo Pound Lakes and the four Fishing Lakes of Pasqua, Echo, Mission and Katepwa; slightly farther east are Round and Crooked Lakes.
The CPR no longer operates regular passenger services, though in the past railway passenger trains constituted the principal mode of inter-urban transit between Western Canadian cities. Its former station in downtown Regina — once the urban hub — has become a casino.
Nowadays Regina can be reached by several highways including the Trans-Canada Highway from the west and east sides and four provincial highways from other directions.
The city's public transit agency, Regina Transit, operates a fleet of 110 buses, on 16 routes, 7 days a week with access to the city centre from most areas of the city.
Regina International Airport situated on the west side of the city and is the oldest established commercial airport in Canada. It has recently undergone a major upgrade and expansion to allow it to handle the projected increase in traffic for the next several years.
The Leader-Post is the main paper in Regina.
Prairie Dog is a free newspaper produced by a Saskatchewan worker co-operative.
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0.999984 |
Pick five of your favorite shows, in no particular order, before you read the below questions, then answer them!
01. Who's your favorite character in 2 (Chuck)?
Chuck himself. Zachary Levi is just incredibly adorkable and charismatic. He makes me want to hugglesmish him every second. The 2nd sneak peek for Chuck 3.14 is making me want to be Sarah, NGL.
02. Who's your least favorite character in 1 (Community)?
03. What's your favorite episode of 4 (Smallville)?
Oh my God, I don't even know. Several episodes of season 8 and 9 have made me happy, but I can't choose one.
04. What's your favorite season of 5 (Dexter)?
I loved season 2, especially the Doakes vs. Dexter showdown at the end. But I also (if you followed me on Twitter you already know) went into major spasms of fannish glee all of season 4.
05. Who is your favorite ship in 3 (Big Bang Theory)?
06. Who is your anti-ship in 2 (Chuck)?
I'm not actually sure I know what this means. Maybe the ship I'd not enjoy? Probably Sarah/Casey (sorry, my friends who love that!) I like them as partners best.
07. How long have you watched 1 (Community)?
Since the pilot aired - which I watched the day it premiered? Didn't watch the preview on Facebook, and missed it at Comic Con. But I loved it so much I had to create community_tv for it, and I've had THE BEST FANNISH YEAR EVER as a result.
08. How did you become interested in 3 (Big Bang Theory)?
I watched the show on and off during season 1 and early season 2, mostly when Chuck was in reruns. But then the infamous The Failure of Einstein's Universe got me hooked on Sheldon/Penny, and I mainlined the whole run of the show during Christmas break.
09. Who's your favorite actor/actress in 4 (Smallville)?
THE DURANCE. I wish everyone understood the amazingness of her portrayal of Lois Lane. But people are too factionalized about Smallville stuff, and most of you already love her (though there are several who don't on this f-list) so I won't bother explaining.
10. Which do you prefer: Show 1 (Community), 2 (Chuck) or 5 (Dexter)?
For fannish activity and joy, it's Community. For sheer OMGICANTWAITUNTILNEXTEPISODE-ness, it's Chuck.
11. Which show have you seen more episodes of, 1 (Community) or 3 (Big Bang Theory)?
Big Bang Theory, because it's had three seasons, compared to Community's one season.
12. If you could be anyone from 4 (Smallville), who would you be?
13. How would you kill off your favorite character in 1 (Community)?
Abed - I would probably try to combine every single death trope possible... subvert them... and then bring him back to life with a resurrection trope.
14. Give a random quote from 1 (Community).
This answer must come with a video example: "There's nothing to stop any one of us from looking at any of the others as a sexual... pros...pect..."
15. Which character from 5 (Dexter) would be a good guest star on 2 (Chuck)?
16. Would a 3/4 (Big Bang Theory/Smallville) crossover work?
Hmm. I suppose Chloe could show off her hacker skills to the boys, or Lois and Penny could swap stories of badassery?
17. Pair 2 characters in 1 (Community) that would make an unlikely but strangely okay couple.
Considering the quote from #14, I think ALL possibilities are on the table.
18. Has 5 (Dexter) inspired you in any way?
To be a better writer and plotter... though I can't say I've gotten anywhere close.
19. Overall, which show has a better cast, 2 (Chuck) or 4 (Smallville)?
Chuck. I think I love every cast member to bits... and there are Smallville people I could take or leave.
20. Which has better theme music, 3 (Big Bang Theory) or 5 (Dexter)?
They are both great in their own way. BBT is highly singable... Dexter's opening credits are masterfully creepy.
It would be awesome... except my fic backlog is way too large (3 drabbles owed from JANUARY, and a 15k bigbang to do)... SIGH.
I'll do this but narrowing down my top 5... have to think about this. Your answers are pretty much the same for me as far as SV, BBT and Chuck!
Try 1.07 "Introduction to Statistics" for a hilarious Batman impression. Or 1.10 "Environmental Science" for an amazing mash-up of 'Somewhere Out There' with Celtic music.
# 17, I am kinda rooting for Jeff/Annie instead of Jeff/Brita. I also think Troy/Britta would be kinda sweet. And Abed/anyone because he is bomb in the same way Sheldon is.
I ♥ your answers to 01, 09 and 19.
I'm going to sniff when I fill this out. I can't believe the news about LOTS. Between this and Lost,it's hard to deal with. I'm not a big tv viewer and even if I love Chuck, I can still Hulu it or multi-task while watching. I get too-distracted when I Hulu LOTS and usually need to sit still like a zombie because of all the action and the high fantasy scenes. It goes double for Lost, even if I've been missing episodes and going to Hulu a lot.
Btw...have you ever heard of a site called Five Sporkets? I'll email it to you once I get home,but it's amazing! You can use it for NaNo WriMo projects, comics and even tv and movie scripts as well as god knows whatever other projects people have,but it's also a social networking tool. Apparently,anyone who's into creative stuff and just wants to share their stuff and ideas with people and build an audience w/people can do it for free. I didn't publish my idea yet because I haven't figured out how to make my comic concept coherent or even like a comic, but it seemed cool and easy to use.
I know! That news killed me! SO UNFAIR.
I haven't heard of it. Wouldn't mind checking it out!
I totally plan to rant about it in a minute after I eat. I might not have ever been rabid about it or actively shipped anyone,but that's because it was just such a good show. It was a nice show I could watch with my dad,my brother or cousins and watch from episode one without getting confused or succumbing to the b.s. that comes with fandom and being a geeky fangirl.
I can usually think of something to gripe about for most non-sitcom shows except BBT because I dislike how Leonard has become during S3. LOTS has never once given me anything to gripe about with the notable exception of the Creator episode. I still watched the entire thing and found things I liked and managed to watch a 2nd time.
Why couldn't Syfy pick it up? If not them,some other small-time channel could have or should have. There are 999 channels on TV,yet not a single one would take the show? SERIOUSLY?!
What hurts my head is that they even give you free online lessons. I've never considered doing my own radio soap opera,but now I want to,just because I can,lol.
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0.996516 |
Some yeast fermentation terminology will be given here so that you will understand what you are reading in the homebrewing texts, what's going on in your carboy or bucket, and so you can communicate these terms concisely.
Attenuation: Beer Attenuation is usually represented as a percentage of the total wort that the yeast convert into alcohol and CO2. This is actually called the "apparent" attenuation. It is derived by comparing the original gravity (OG) of the beer with the final gravity (FG). The formula is (OG-FG)/(OG) and is represented as percentage.
As an example, if you have a beer with an OG=1.050, and a FG=1.010, the apparent attenuation would equal (50-10)/50=0.80 or 80%. Because alcohol weighs less than water, the apparent attenuation of a beer can be more than 100%.
Since this isn't possible, the "real" attenuation will always be less. For our purposes though, apparent attenuation will suffice as a way of measuring the degree of fermentation.
The apparent attenuation of yeast strains differ and are usually quoted. Since each fermentation will depend on temperature and the amount and types of fermentable sugars in your wort, the actual apparent attenuation you get will vary from that that is quoted for each strain. The quoted amounts are usually averages obtained under laboratory conditions, but are a good guide for the homebrewer to use when formulating recipes and deciding which yeast is appropriate.
Apparent attenuation for most yeast ranges from 67-77%, but can be much lower or as high as 85-90% (although I don't think I'd enter these beers in any competitions). Because it's not totally up to the yeast how much sugar they have to eat, the fermentability of your beer, (which you determine with your recipe and mash schedule,etc.) generally determines how much a beer will attenuate.
Lag Time: This refers to the amount of time it takes the yeast to go from when you pitch the yeast into your wort, through the reproductive phase, until you begin to see signs of fermentation. These would include a change in color of the beer to an opaque creamy color, foam beginning to form on the top of your beer, and bubbles rising up from the bottom of your fermenter and out the bubbling airlock.
Long lag times may or may not indicate problems. Long lag times are normal for lager yeasts and ale yeasts pitched cold. But in general, lag times for ales longer than 24 hours may indicate problems with oxygen levels, yeast health, or yeast pitching rates.
Pitching Rate: Pitching rate refers to the yeast cell count per volume of wort. Various pitching rates are encountered in brewing texts. As discussed on Jamil's website Mr Malty.com (Click Here to go to MrMalty's Pitching Rate Calculator), the consensus pitching rates are about 1 million cells of healthy yeast per milliliter of wort per degree Plato, less for ales and more for lagers. He recommends .75 million yeast cells for ales and 1.5 million for lagers and those are the numbers his pitching rate calculator uses.
I recommend you use the calculator and always know how much yeast you need to pitch for your beers. Pitching the correct amount of healthy yeast is just one less thing to worry about in your beers.
Both the White Labs vials of yeast and the Wyeast Activator packs of yeast have about 100 billion healthy yeast cells per container. As an example of proper pitching rates, for 5 1/2 gallons of wort with an OG of 1.048, you would need two vials or two smack packs of yeast to get the proper amount of healthy yeast ion your beer.
Flocculation: Flocculation refers to how yeast cells will congregate and form clumps of yeast that settle to the bottom of the fementer after fermentation is complete. Each yeast variety flocculates to a different degree.
Some form nice compact lees or sediment on the bottom while others form a fluffy mass of yeast which disturbs easily. Some of the highly flocculant yeast may even settle out before fermentation is complete. By gathering the bottom-most yeast from your primary for repitching, you are favoring those yeast that flocculate the most and drop out first.
This sometimes leads to undue sweetness in your beer from the extra fermentable sugars that are left. And since the yeast that flocculate last are the ones that consume the byproducts such as diacetyl, this is sometimes the cause of high levels of that substance in your finished beers.
All you as a homebrewer can do is to pitch the proper amount of healthy yeast into a well aerated wort, and when choosing yeast to re-pitch from a prior fermentation, use the yeast from the middle of the yeast cake. Click here to go to the Yeast Selection Guide.
Understanding yeast fermentation terminology will help you understand the processes of fermentation and allow you to communicate these processes to other homebrewers or winemakers. Although yeast fermentation terminology is pretty straightforward, there is some confusion when it comes to the specific application of terms such as apparent attenuation versus real attenuation. For most homebrewers, apparent attenuation is more than adequate for communicating degree of fermentation.
Information for this article on yeast fermentation terminology was taken from Jamil Zainasheff's MrMarly.com, John Palmer's How To Brew, Randy Mosher's Radical Brewing, and Al Korzonas' Homebrewing Vol.1.
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0.998723 |
What do I need to know when using an HMO plan?
While reading health plan materials may not be high on your list of things to do, an hour or two spent reviewing these documents is crucial when choosing or using an HMO. You need to understand what the plan covers and what it does not cover (exclusions and limitations). Review all coverage with the specific health needs of your family in mind. Look closely at the coverage provided in these areas: chronic conditions (such as asthma or diabetes), emergency care, prescription drugs, mental health, reproductive health and maternity benefits, coverage while traveling and referrals to specialists.
As an HMO member, you are less likely to have problems if you know what your rights and responsibilities are under the plan. If you don't understand something in your plan description, call your HMO member services department and ask for an explanation. Most plans have a toll-free number, which can be found on your membership card. Before obtaining care, confirm with the HMO that all the provider(s) you would be using are covered by the plan (for example, not just the ER facility, but also any attending specialist or surgeon).
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0.999981 |
gibt es einen Unterschied in der Verwendung beider Wörter?
Wenn ich beispielsweise jemanden wörtlich zitiere oder eine Gesetzesvorlage zitiere, ist es egal, welches Wort ich verwende?
bel: ,,to quote" bedeutet zitierern; ,,to cite" bedeutet eine gerichtliche Instanz zu identifizieren.
ist "to quote" die 3. Bedeutung von "to cite".
Frank D. Taff, der vermutlich Jurist ist, kennt nur die 1. Bedeutung.
Der Eintrag im LEO-Wörterbuch kann so bleiben.
Ich war bisher immer der Ansicht, dass "to quote" eher die wörtliche Wiedergabe, "to cite" dagegen eher die sinngemäße Wiedergabe einer Aussage meint. Lag ich damit falsch?
If you repeat something someone has said it's a quote. If it's something someone has written you're citing.
Für mein Verständnis bedeutet "to quote" und "to cite" dasselbe (abgesehen von Websters Bedeutung 1 von "to quote"), wobei bei "to quote" die Nebenbedeutung "wörtliche Wiederholung" deutlicher ist und bei "to cite" die Nebenbedeutung "anführen als Beleg / Beweis / Unterstützung einer Meinung".
Was den Unterschied zwischen mündlich und schriftlich betrifft, ergibt sich das vielleicht aus dem Gebrauch, bin aber keineswegs sicher.
@Rosentod: Damit dürftest du grundsätzlich Recht haben.
"Then he said - quote .... unquote -"
"She quoted a short passage from the grammar book"
"A government spokesman was quoted as saying that ..."
"Don't quote me on that"
"The film provides, to quote the director, "a huge amount of ..."
Some theorists say that Bacon was the author. Others cite Shakespeare.
May I cite an example from training?
When you quote someone what you are doing is repeating what he/she has said or written. You use the exact words that the individual has used; when you quote, you are reproducing and not paraphrasing. Here are a few examples.
*My father loves to quote Shakespeare.
*I have a lousy memory. I find it extremely difficult to quote people.
*In tomorrow's test I expect you to quote some of the important lines from the poem.
When you are having a debate and you cite someone, you are not really reproducing what he/she has said. You are merely using what he/she has said as proof of what you are saying. In other words, you normally "cite" someone or something when you wish to support the point that you are making. You are using what these individuals have said to substantiate what you are saying. It is for this reason that when you cite, you normally cite those who are considered to be an authority on the subject.
*Anand cited the low turnout figure as evidence of voter apathy.
*The young lawyer cited several cases to support his argument.
*The Minister couldn't cite a single legislation which could support his claim.
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0.987341 |
Odds are your child will have to take at least one standardized test each academic year and, considering the bills in the U.S. Congress, standardized tests will become high-stakes tests. A high-stakes test is a standardized test tied to a major education decision, such as whether a student will advance to the next grade, enter a preferred program, or receive a high school diploma. High-stakes tests could also be tied to district or school funding, and teachers' and administrators' salaries.
To help children prepare adequately for tests (whether teacher-made or standardized), you can do several things to provide support and create a positive test-taking experience.
1. The best way to prepare for tests is to study, know the work, and take the right courses.
2. If your child is nervous at test time, ask the teacher for tips on helping her relax.
3. Make sure that your child is in school during the testing sessions. Do not plan any doctor or dental appointments on test dates.
4. Make sure that you are aware of your child's performance and that you can help interpret the results when they become available.
5. Remember to keep well-informed about your child's tests. Know how test results are used and how they will affect your child's placement in school.
6. If there are major differences between standardized test scores and school grades, find out why.
7. Encourage your child to study over a period of time rather than "cram" the night before.
8. Encourage your child to listen carefully to all test-taking directions given by the teacher and to ask questions about any directions that are unclear.
9. See that your child gets his/her regular amount of sleep before the tests and is well-rested.
10. Make sure that your child eats his/her usual breakfast on the day of the test. Hunger can detract from a good test performance.
11. Encourage your child to do his/her best.
1. How many machine-scored, multiple-choice tests will my child take each year?
2. Who mandates them? Are these high-stakes? If so, what is at stake?
3. Do the results have an impact on specific children, or is it the school that is being measured and rated?
4. How much time is devoted to test preparation and practice? How much money is the district spending on outside testing?
6. What are the district, the school, and individual teachers not doing because of these tests?
7. How does a particular test influence the curriculum?
8. What are academic standards for each grade?
9. What is the district's policy on high-stakes testing?
1. Don't be too anxious about a child's test scores. If you put too much emphasis on test scores, this can upset a child.
2. Do encourage children. Praise them for the things they do well. If they feel good about themselves, they will do their best. Children who are afraid of failing are more likely to become anxious when taking tests and more likely to make mistakes.
3. Don't judge a child on the basis of a single test score. Test scores are not perfect measures of what a child can do. There are many other things that might influence a test score. For example, a child can be affected by the way he or she is feeling, the setting in the classroom, or the memory of a problem at home or on the playground.
4. Talk to your child's teacher when problems arise. Ask the teacher to suggest activities for you and your child to do at home to help prepare for tests and improve your child's understanding of schoolwork. Parents and teachers do their best work together.
5. Provide a quiet, comfortable place for studying at home. Make sure that your child is well rested on school days and especially the day of a test. Children who are tired are less able to pay attention in class or to handle the demands of a test.
6. It's important for children to review test results. This is especially true when they take teacher-made tests. You and the child should read and discuss all comments written by the teacher. If there are any comments that aren't clear, the child should ask the teacher to explain.
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0.972703 |
Hi Ankur C., I noticed your profile and would like to offer you my project. We can discuss any details over chat.
Hi Sam C., I noticed your profile and would like to offer you my project. We can discuss any details over chat.
Hi Madhureema C., I noticed your profile and would like to offer you my project. We can discuss any details over chat.
implement selectable ordering of the training data and make the net more powerful by enabling the MLP to be configured as a 3-, 4- or 5-layer MLP with a specified number of neurons in each layer and to use the MLP to classify all the given data. You are to also provide a test function so that the MLP can learn training data and be tested with different test data.
Hi Francois C., I noticed your profile and would like to offer you my project. We can discuss any details over chat.
Hi Hector C., I noticed your profile and would like to offer you my project. We can discuss any details over chat.
Hi Anna C., I noticed your profile and would like to offer you my project. We can discuss any details over chat.
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0.979925 |
"Alessandra is dead. Sunday's edition should fly off the newstands, with the photos Giorgio shot, the stuff we discovered in Lombardi's diaries, the interviews we did with the Vatican and the police, the comments we've gathered from the rich and famous throughout Europe." Opening Paragraph.
Synopsis: Italy 1899: Fiery-tempered, seductive, medim Alessandra Poverelli levitates a table at a Spiritualist séance in Naples. A reporter photographs the miracle, and wealthy, skeptical, Jewish psychiatrist Camillo Lombardi arrives in Naples to investigate. When she materializes the ghost of his dead mother, he risks his reputation and fortune to finance a tour of the Continent, challenging the scientific and academic elite of Europe to test Alessandra’s mysterious powers. She will help him rewrite Science. His fee will help her escape her sadistic husband Pigotti and start a new life in Rome. Newspapers across Europe trumpet her Cinderella story and baffling successes, and the public demands to know – does the “Queen of Spirits” really have supernatural powers? Nigel Huxley is convinced she’s simply another vulgar, Italian trickster. The icy, aristocratic detective for England’s Society for the Investigation of Mediums launches a plot to trap and expose her. Meanwhile, the Vatican is quietly digging up her childhood secrets, desperate to discredit her supernatural powers; her abusive husband Pigotti is coming to kill her; and the tarot cards predict catastrophe. Inspired by the true-life story of controversial Italian medium Eusapia Palladino (1854-1918), The Witch of Napoli masterfully resurrects the bitter,19th-century battle between Science and religion over the possibility of an afterlife, while earning praise from Kirkus Reviews as an "enchanting and graceful narrative that absorbs readers from the first page."
When Tommaso Labella is given the opportunity to photograph the famous Neopolitan medium, Alessandra Poverelli, he never dreamed his photograph would stir such interest. That is because he snapped it while the table was levitating. Tommaso becomes intrigued and falls for the lovely woman who can raise the dead and who games fame with every passing day.
The photograph and news of Alessandra's talent soon catches the attention of Camillo Lombardi, a scientist/psychiatrist who studies mediums. He makes Alessandra a rich offer to travel outside of Italy and undergo intensive testing. So Tommaso and Alessandra agree. News of this new medium reaches the ears of Nigel Huxley of England's Society for the Investigation of Mediums and he is bent on proving her false. This sets off an intriguing chain of events.
The Witch of Napoli is based on the famous Italian medium, Eusapia Palladino. It is a rag to riches story about one woman with a rare talent who struggles to gain credibility in an ever doubtful field filled with numerous fraudsters and charlatans. I thoroughly enjoyed Alessandra who is strong and determined, unafraid to stand up for herself, yet still vulnerable to the tricks of men.
This was nicely written in an effortless prose that made it easy to follow the story and allow the reader to immerse themselves completely. Michael Schmicker is a talented author and I look forward to reading more of his work.
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0.999993 |
The pescatarian diet is a vegetarian diet that includes seafood, and sometimes dairy and eggs.The pescatarian diet is higher in some nutrients than vegan and other vegetarian diets.As long as you manage your diet properly, you’ll have no trouble building muscle, losing fat, and staying healthy while eating a pescatarian diet.
What the pescatarian diet isIts pros and consThe most common muscle-building mistakes pescatarians makeHow to use the pescatarian diet to maximize muscle growth, fat loss, and strength gainsWhat foods to eat on a pescatarian diet planAnd more!
It reduces your risk of developing a number of diseases, like cancer, diabetes, and high blood pressure.It’s high in nutrients that many people’s diets lack.It’s easier for most people to follow than strict plant-based diets (such as a vegan diet).
Cutting out meat eliminates many foods that are high in calories, saturated fat, and potentially unhealthy ingredients like trans fats.Eating more fish is tied to a number of health benefits, such as a reduced risk of heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease (which are largely thanks to higher omega-3 intakes).People who follow pescatarian diets also tend to live healthier lifestyles on the whole—they smoke less, exercise more, and eat less junk food and more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fiber.
It can be high in mercury.It can be lower in certain key nutrients than a diet that includes meat.It’s harder to follow than a plant-centric omnivorous diet.
Some fish contain high amounts of mercury, and if you eat too much of them, you can harm your health.Going pescatarian can also reduce your intake of several key nutrients, including vitamin D, vitamin B12, and iron.Most people find the pescatarian diet harder to stick to than a plant-centric omnivorous diet (which can be just as healthy).
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0.957725 |
If I were asked which is the area of greatest misunderstanding and confusion in the field of nutrition, I would immediately be forced to reply that it is the failure to properly understand and interpret the symptoms and changes which follow the beginning of a better nutritional program.
What is meant by a better nutritional program?
It is the introduction of foods of higher quality in place of lower quality ones. For example, if a person replaces a protein rich food such as pork with beef, the beef may be considered the superior of the two due to its easier digestibility, lower and less saturated fat content, etc.; chicken is superior to beef and fish is superior to chicken because of its more rapid digestibility and lower saturated fat content. Lima beans, lentils, or chick peas, which are eaten at the same meal with vegetables are superior in all the nutrients needed to rebuild health.
As we go higher on the scale of quality, we begin to include protein rich food which may be eaten in the unfired state, such as cheese which is made from raw milk and unsalted. Then we ascend to the nuts and seeds which are eaten in the natural state (raw and unsalted).
To summarize: the closer the food comes to the natural state in which it occurs, or the closer to its raw, unfired form, the higher its quality. In this condition, all the enzymes are found intact. The amino acids are in their finest form. The minerals, vitamins, trace elements, carbohydrates, and "life force" are present. The life force, in turn, is capable of reproducing healthy tissue.
This same classification of quality which we analyzed in relation to protein rich foods applies to the carbohydrates (the starch and sugar-rich foods), the fats, and the mineral-rich foods.
The quality of a nutritional program is also improved by omitting toxic substances such as coffee, tea, chocolate, tobacco, salt, pepper, etc. from your diet.
What is the relation of quality of foods to recovery from illness? It is this in a nutshell: The higher the quality of food we eat, the quicker we recover from disease, provided we are able to digest and assimilate properly.
To this must be added the knowledge of (a) proper food combining; (b) proper order of eating the different kinds of food at a meal, e.g., the most easily digested food should be eaten first, the more complex one second, and the most concentrated item last; (c) the correct quantity of food to be consumed (of each type) in the meal; and (d) the correct time for eating (when hungry and not by the clock).
Now, what happens when a person follows these rules and makes a decided improvement in the quality of food consumed? Remarkable things begin to happen to the body as well as the mind. The amazing intelligence present in every cell of the body and the wisdom of the body in its operation immediately becomes manifest. The rule may be stated thusly: When the quality of the food coming into the body is of higher quality than the tissues which the body is made of, the body begins to discard the lower grade materials and tissues to make room for the superior materials which it uses to make new and healthier tissue.
This is the plan of Nature -- the body is very selective and always tries to produce health and always will, unless our interference is too great. Only then do we fail to recover and degenerate further into disease. The self-curing nature of many conditions such as colds, fevers, cuts, swellings, injuries, etc., furnishes endless examples of how the body tends towards health--always--unless we do something to stop the process.
What are the symptoms or signs which become evident when we first begin to omit the lower grade foods and instead introduce superior foods--those which are most alive, more natural than we are accustomed to? When the use of toxic stimulants such as coffee, tea, chocolate, or cocoa is suddenly stopped, headaches are common and a letdown occurs. This is due to the discard by the body of the toxins called caffeine and theobromine which are removed from the tissues and transported through the bloodstream during its many bodily rounds.
Before the noxious agents reach their final destination for elimination, these irritants register in our consciousness as pain--in other words, headache. The letdown is due to the slower action of the heart--the resting phase which follows the stimulation of more rapid heart beat forced upon the body by certain poisons called stimulants. The more rapid heart beat (or pulse) produces a feeling of exhilaration, and the slower action produces a depressed state of mind. Usually, within three days, the symptoms vanish and we feel stronger due to the recuperation which follows.
To a lesser extent, the same process occurs when we abandon lower quality foods and replace them with better foods. Lower quality foods have undergone more preparation. Spices, salt, and other ingredients have been added, as they tend to be more stimulating than less prepared and more natural foods. Animal foods such as meat, fowl, fish, etc. are more stimulating than cheese, nuts, and vegetable proteins.
Consequently, the withdrawal of stimulation which follows the abandonment of animal food produces a slower heart action--a resting phase--which registers in the mind as relaxation or a decrease of energy. This initial letdown lasts about ten days or slightly longer and is followed by an increase of strength, a feeling of diminishing stress and greater well-being.
Now let us return to the symptoms which occur in the process of regeneration. The person who starts a better diet, stays on it for three days to a week, and then quits will say, "Oh, I felt better on the old diet--the new one makes me feel weak." He failed because he didn't give his body a chance to adjust and complete its first phase of action--recuperation. If he had waited a while longer, he would have begun to feel better than before he started.
During the initial stage (lasting about ten days on the average to several weeks in others), the vital energies which are usually in the periphery or external part of the body such as the muscles and skin, begin to move to the vital internal organs and start reconstruction. This shunting of much of the power to the internal region produces a feeling of less energy in the muscles, which the mind interprets as some weakness.
Actually, the power is increased, but most of it is being used for rebuilding the more important organs and less of it is available for muscular work. Any weakness which is felt here is not true weakness, but merely a redeploying of forces to the more important internal parts. Here it is important for the person to stop wasting energy, and to rest and sleep more. This is a crucial phase, and if the person resorts to stimulants of any kind, he will abort and defeat the regenerative intent of the body.
It is important that he have patience and faith and just wait it out, and after a while he will get increasing strength which will exceed by far what he felt before he began the new program.
Success in recovery or improvement of health hinges upon the correct understanding of this point -- realizing that the body is using its main energies in more important internal work and not wasting it in external work involving muscle movements. Be wise, take it easy here, and relax. Just coast in your work and social obligations until you're out of the woods.
As one continues on the improved diet and gradually raises the food quality, interesting symptoms being to appear. The body begins a process called retracing. It says to itself, "Now we have a chance to get rid of this old garbage and build a beautiful new house. Let's get started immediately. Let's get this excess bile out of the liver and gall bladder and send it to the intestines for elimination. Let's get the sludge moving out of the arteries, veins, and capillaries. These smelly, gassy, brain-stupefying masses have been here too long--out with them! These arthritic deposits in the joints need cleaning up. Let's get these irritating food preservatives, aspirins, sleeping pills, and drugs out of the way, along with these other masses of fat which have made life so burdensome for us for so long. Let's get going till the job is down--till we have a beautiful house--and from there on we'll keep it a beautiful ideal model house."
During the first phase (called catabolism), the accent is on elimination, or breaking down of tissue. The body begins to clean house--in short, to remove the garbage deposited in all the tissues--everywhere. During this period, the body removes the ashes from the furnace preparatory to getting a better fire. Here the accentuation is on removal of the gross and immediate body obstructions. Wastes are discarded more rapidly than new tissue is made from the new food. This becomes evident as weight loss. This persists for a while and is then followed by the second phase--called stabilization.
Here, the weight remains more or less stable. During this phase, the amount of waste material being discarded daily is equal to the amount of tissue which is being formed and replaced by the newer, more vital food. This occurs after the excess of obstructing material in the tissues has been removed.
This state persists for a while and is then followed by a third phase -- a build-up period called anabolism, wherein weight starts to go up, even though the diet is lower in calories than it was before. At this point, much or more of the interfering wastes have already been discarded -- the tissues which have been formed since the diet was raised in quality are more durable and do not break down easily. Also, new tissues are now being formed faster. This is due to the improved assimilation made possible by the ceasing of wrong food combining. The body's need for the usual amounts of food decreases, and we are able to maintain our weight and increased energies with less food.
Many are able to function very efficiently on two meals a day. As the body progressively increases in efficiency and decreases in tissue breakdown under exercise, so do we gradually need less and less food to maintain life. The higher the percentage of raw food one lives on, the slower the rate of tissue deterioration which one evolves into. A sick body requires a gradual, carefully worked-out entry into this stage, where one is able to live on a 100% unfired (raw) diet, if desired.
They ask, "How come? I'm eating better now than I ever did before, and instead I'm getting worse." They don't understand that the body is retracing.
The skin is getting more alive and active. It's throwing out more poisons more rapidly now that the body is building more power which is saved from those hard-to-ingest meals which have been discontinued. These toxins being discarded are saving you from more serious disease which will result if you keep them in your body too much longer--possibly hepatitis, kidney disorders, blood disease, heart disease, arthritis, nerve degenerations or even cancer--depending upon your hereditary or structural weaknesses. Be happy you're paying your bills now in an easy-payment plan.
With some, colds which haven't appeared for a long time may occur, or even fevers. This is nature's way of housecleaning. Understand that these actions are constructive, even though unpleasant at the moment. Don't, but don't, try to stop these symptoms by the use of certain drugs, or even massive doses of vitamins which will act as drugs in huge concentrations. These symptoms are part of a curing process, and don't try to cure a cure.
These are not deficiency conditions or allergic manifestations -- not if you're eating properly in quality, quantity, combination and sequence. Here is where experienced advice is a great value. Unfortunately, there are few good books present today which give full guidance to the average reader. Try to find guidance through a doctor or teacher who has the requisite experience in this most confusing of all subjects--nutrition in relation to health and disease.
You may be eating perfectly in regard to quantity, quality, and observing all the correct rules, and still symptoms will occur. Those who have lived better lives in the past--who have eaten better foods and who have abused their bodies less with over-eating will have reactions ranging from almost none at all or very mild symptoms which may be uncomfortable or acute. Those who have lived worse lives and poisoned themselves more will experience more severe symptoms if their liver, kidneys, or other important eliminating organs have been damaged. When they have been renovated to the point of fair working order, they will no longer produce symptoms.
Headaches may occur at the beginning; fever and/or colds may also appear; the skin may break out; there may be a short interval of bowel sluggishness, occasional diarrhea, feelings of tiredness and weakness, disinclination to exercise, nervousness, irritability, negativity or mental depression, frequent urination, etc. However, the great majority of people find their reactions tolerable and are encouraged to bear with them because of the many improvements which have already occurred and are becoming more evident with each day. This acts as an inspirational force to them.
The symptoms will vary according to the materials being discarded, the conditions of the organs involved in the elimination, and the amount of energy you have available. The more you rest and sleep when symptoms are present, the milder they are and the more quickly they are terminated.
Be happy you are having symptoms. Realize deeply that your body is becoming younger and healthier every day because you are throwing off more and more wastes which would eventually have brought pain, disease, and much suffering. Those who have the worst symptom-reactions and follow through to their successful termination are thus avoiding some of the worst diseases which would eventually have developed had they continued their careless eating habits.
Don't expect to go on an ascending scale of quality, that improving your diet will make you feel better and better each day until you reach perfection. The body is cyclical in nature, and health returns in a series of gradually-diminishing cycles. For example, you start a better diet and for a while you feel much better. After some time, a symptom occurs--you feel nauseous for a day and have diarrhea with a foul-smelling stool. After a day, you feel even better than before and all goes fine for awhile. Then you suddenly develop a cold, feel chills and lose your appetite. After about two or three days (assuming you don't take drugs or do anything else about it), you suddenly recover and feel better than you did for years.
Let us say this well-being continues for two months, when you suddenly develop an itch or rash. You don't take anything special for it. This rash flares up, gets worse and continues for ten days, and suddenly subsides, immediately after this you find that your hepatitis is gone and your energy has increased more than ever before. The rash became an outlet for the poisons in the liver which produced the hepatitis.
This is how recovery occurs--like the cycles in the Dow-Jones Average at the beginning of a bull market recovery. You feel better, a reaction occurs and you don't feel as well for a short while. You recover and go even higher. Then another reaction occurs, milder than the last. You recover and go even higher. And so it goes, each reaction milder than the last as the body becomes pure--each becoming shorter in duration and being followed by a longer period of feeling better than ever before, until you reach a level plateau of vibrant health. Here you become relatively disease-free.
We must learn to obey the laws of Nature. We must learn to eat simple, pure, and natural foods, properly prepared and combined, and our bodies in return will cast off all the poisons we have taken in during our lives. The mysteries of the body, the operations of nature, the vital forces working in nature are far beyond what our minds are prepared to understand at present. Every great physician or scientist who ever lived marvelled in awe and humility at the wonders of nature. Yes--we are "fearfully and wonderfully made!"
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0.998541 |
How do I become a plumber?
You will need to complete a plumbing course aimed at S/NVQ Level 2/3 qualification, or similar. These courses are usually run by training providers, often called technical colleges.
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0.999884 |
Whether Christ's birth was made known in a becoming order?
Objection 1: It would seem that Christ's birth was made known in an unbecoming order. For Christ's birth should have been made known to them first who were nearest to Christ, and who longed for Him most; according to Wis. 6:14: "She preventeth them that covet her, so that she first showeth herself unto them." But the righteous were nearest to Christ by faith, and longed most for His coming; whence it is written (Lk. 2:25) of Simeon that "he was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel." Therefore Christ's birth should have been made known to Simeon before the shepherds and Magi.
Objection 2: Further, the Magi were the "first-fruits of the Gentiles," who were to believe in Christ. But first the "fulness of the Gentiles . . . come in" unto faith, and afterwards "all Israel" shall "be saved," as is written (Rom. 11:25). Therefore Christ's birth should have been made known to the Magi before the shepherds.
Objection 3: Further, it is written (Mat. 2:16) that "Herod killed all the male children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the borders thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently inquired from the wise men": so that it seems that the Magi were two years in coming to Christ after His birth. It was therefore unbecoming that Christ should be made known to the Gentiles so long after His birth.
On the contrary, It is written (Dan. 2:21): "He changes time and ages." Consequently the time of the manifestation of Christ's birth seems to have been arranged in a suitable order.
I answer that, Christ's birth was first made known to the shepherds on the very day that He was born. For, as it is written (Lk. 2:8, 15, 16): "There were in the same country shepherds watching, and keeping the night-watches over their flock . . . And it came to pass, after the angels departed from them into heaven they [Vulg.: 'the shepherds'] said one to another: Let us go over to Bethlehem . . . and they came with haste." Second in order were the Magi, who came to Christ on the thirteenth day after His birth, on which day is kept the feast of the Epiphany. For if they had come after a year, or even two years, they would not have found Him in Bethlehem, since it is written (Lk. 2:39) that "after they had performed all things according to the law of the Lord"---that is to say, after they had offered up the Child Jesus in the Temple---"they returned into Galilee, to their city"---namely, "Nazareth." In the third place, it was made known in the Temple to the righteous on the fortieth day after His birth, as related by Luke (2:22).
The reason of this order is that the shepherds represent the apostles and other believers of the Jews, to whom the faith of Christ was made known first; among whom there were "not many mighty, not many noble," as we read 1 Cor. 1:26. Secondly, the faith of Christ came to the "fulness of the Gentiles"; and this is foreshadowed in the Magi. Thirdly it came to the fulness of the Jews, which is foreshadowed in the righteous. Wherefore also Christ was manifested to them in the Jewish Temple.
Reply to Objection 1: As the Apostle says (Rom. 9:30,31): "Israel, by following after the law of justice, is not come unto the law of justice": but the Gentiles, "who followed not after justice," forestalled the generality of the Jews in the justice which is of faith. As a figure of this, Simeon, "who was waiting for the consolation of Israel," was the last to know Christ born: and he was preceded by the Magi and the shepherds, who did not await the coming of Christ with such longing.
Reply to Objection 2: Although the "fulness of the Gentiles came in" unto faith before the fulness of the Jews, yet the first-fruits of the Jews preceded the first-fruits of the Gentiles in faith. For this reason the birth of Christ was made known to the shepherds before the Magi.
Reply to Objection 3: There are two opinions about the apparition of the star seen by the Magi. For Chrysostom (Hom. ii in Matth. [*Opus Imperf. in Matth., falsely ascribed to Chrysostom]), and Augustine in a sermon on the Epiphany (cxxxi, cxxxii), say that the star was seen by the Magi during the two years that preceded the birth of Christ: and then, having first considered the matter and prepared themselves for the journey, they came from the farthest east to Christ, arriving on the thirteenth day after His birth. Wherefore Herod, immediately after the departure of the Magi, "perceiving that He was deluded by them," commanded the male children to be killed "from two years old and under," being doubtful lest Christ were already born when the star appeared, according as he had heard from the Magi.
But others say that the star first appeared when Christ was born, and that the Magi set off as soon as they saw the star, and accomplished a journey of very great length in thirteen days, owing partly to the Divine assistance, and partly to the fleetness of the dromedaries. And I say this on the supposition that they came from the far east. But others, again, say that they came from a neighboring country, whence also was Balaam, to whose teaching they were heirs; and they are said to have come from the east, because their country was to the east of the country of the Jews. In this case Herod killed the babes, not as soon as the Magi departed, but two years after: and that either because he is said to have gone to Rome in the meanwhile on account of an accusation brought against him, or because he was troubled at some imminent peril, and for the time being desisted from his anxiety to slay the child, or because he may have thought that the Magi, "being deceived by the illusory appearance of the star, and not finding the child, as they had expected to, were ashamed to return to him": as Augustine says (De Consensu Evang. ii). And the reason why he killed not only those who were two years old, but also the younger children, would be, as Augustine says in a sermon on the Innocents, because he feared lest a child whom the stars obey, might make himself appear older or younger.
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0.999996 |
When did Ford stop making the Courier?
Ford stopped production on the Courier in the 1982 model year. Ford produced the Courier for 1 year.
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0.97403 |
Summary: Question: How does the Manifesto view the relationship between events and rules?
Question: How does the Manifesto view the relationship between events and rules?
The relationship between events and rules is generally many-to-many.
Business rules generally apply at various points in time. Each of the various points in time when a behavioral rule needs to be evaluated represents an operational business event. Such events can arise in either business processes or ad hoc business activity.
How do you find these operational business events? Consider the behavioral rule: A customer must be assigned to an agent if the customer has placed an order. Figure 1 shows the relevant terms and wordings for this business rule.
The business rule has been expressed in declarative manner. This means, in part, that it does not indicate any particular process, procedure, or other means to enforce or apply it. It is simply a business rule - nothing more, nothing less.
The business rule makes no reference to any event where it potentially could be violated or needs to be evaluated. The business rule does not say, for example, "When a customer places an order, then ...."
This observation is extremely important for the following reason. "When a customer places an order" is not the only event when the business rule could potentially be violated and therefore needs to be evaluated.
Actually, there is another event when this business rule could be violated: "When an agent leaves our company...." The business rule needs to be evaluated when this event occurs too since the event could pose a violation under the following circumstances: (a) The agent is assigned to a customer, and (b) that customer has placed at least one order.
In other words, the business rule could potentially be violated during two quite distinct kinds of operational business event. The first - "When a customer places an order ..." - is rather obvious. The second - "When an agent leaves our company ..." - might be much less so. Both events are nonetheless important because either could produce a violation of the business rule.
Expressing each business rule in declarative form helps ensure none of its flash points is exempted inadvertently.
Discovering and analyzing flash points for business rules can also prove useful in validating business rules with business people. Important (and sometimes surprising) business policy questions often crop up.
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0.913579 |
How do I keep my 4a/b grey hair moisturized?
I BC'd in March 2014 after about 5 months of transitioning. I have mostly 4a hair with patches of 4b. I am very salt and pepper with a significant amount of grey hair framing my face. My whole head tends to be on the dry side but the grey is even dryer and with less of a curl pattern. Any special/specific tips for caring for greying natural hair; particularly for moisturizing and getting better curl definition?
Well-moisturized hair, in my experience, tends to have better curl definition. To get better moisture and hold on to it, start by avoiding harsh shampoos that strip your natural hair oils. Look for moisturizing shampoos and those that say sulfate-free. Some of my favorites are SheaMoisture (any except the black soap shampoo), Bigen and Creme of Nature Argan oil (Ouidad cleansing oil though pricey is good too). I would also recommend washing only weekly, but if you feel the need to wash more often, you might try co-washing in between weekly washing, or if you prefer it, use the conditioning cleansers regularly and then use a regular clarifying shampoo bimonthly or monthly. Nubian Heritage and NYC Curls, have nice conditioning cleansers, and there are others. Moisturizing daily or at least every other day is also important to retaining moisture. I like to wet my hair everyday even if I'm not washing. You can use a spray bottle to spritz your hair and refresh in the morning and then at night you can re-moisturize with water, some kind of daily moisturizing milk, lotion or leave-in and then seal in the moisture with a little bit of you favorite oil or butter. I like shea butter or my natural hair oils which I get by massaging my scalp and smoothing over my hair. But there is jojoba oil or some naturals like coconut oil, grapeseed oil, Jamaican black castor oil...you can use whatever your hair seems to like. You can do this moisturizing routine after each cleansing. You can also pre-poo or pretreat your hair with coconut oil or olive oil mixed with conditioner (anything heavily moisturizing) under a processing cap (with or without heat) for 20 min. to an hour before washing and/or you can deep condition with your own concoction or some store bought deep conditioning treatment after washing. You could do this every time you wash with real shampoo or bimonthly, or whenever your hair starts to feel dry no matter what you put on it.I hope that helps!
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0.999746 |
Self-advocacy is one of the most important ways in which people with intellectual disabilities have a voice of their own. The words of Jackie Downer, a self-advocate, encapsulate all that self-advocacy has the potential to be. Her words emphasise that having a voice of your own is immensely personal and therefore is important to different people for different reasons. Through her words, the importance of people with intellectual disabilities having a voice of their own, is emphasised.
In explaining self-advocacy, Jackie says, "Broken down it means 'speaking for yourself', 'communicating in other ways', but it's personal. For me it means that I can speak for myself. It means I've got a voice and even without a voice I can communicate in other ways. It means yes and no- most important- 'No, I don't want tea, I want coffee, I don't want sugar'- all the things we take for granted. It means people must listen to me, I can take a risk, I can have a relationship, that can be hard. I can think for myself, I can go to the shop with support and if I need help, people can help me…." (Jackie Downer in Goodley 2000:81).
Having a voice is important as a means by which you can communicate to others who you are, what you like, what you don't like, etc. It is important because it means you can make choices about your life and about what is important to you. As Jackie's words express, it can be about seemingly small things, like whether you take sugar in your tea, or about bigger things, like where you want to live. If you have your own voice then other people are less able to make assumptions about you and your life. This is especially important for people with intellectual disabilities who have traditionally been seen as incapable, as not having their own opinions, desires and wishes, and as being dependent on those who look after them. In this way having a voice of your own gives you power.
Self-advocacy is important because people can speak out publicly. If people have a voice of their own they can comment on the services they use, can define how they want to be known- as people with intellectual disabilities rather than 'handicapped', can campaign for issues which are important to them, for example the closure of institutions or how money is spent in day services, can advise on the creation of new policies and services, etc.
Self-advocacy is partly about knowing your rights as a human being. This is vitally important in a society which still discriminates against people, who have the label of intellectual disability, owning their own home, falling in love, getting married, having children and working in ordinary workplaces. If you have a voice of your own you can assert the right to take a risk, to choose again and to learn from your mistakes.
Finally, having a voice of your own is important because people with intellectual disabilities have traditionally been dependant on carers, professionals, and parents, for knowing what was best for them. If people have a voice of their own then the power relationship is significantly altered. It does not deny that people with intellectual disabilities need help and support, but emphasizes that they can define what kind of help they need, when they need it and for how long. It is thus acknowledged that all people have strengths and weaknesses and that no one individual can be either totally 'capable' or 'incapable'.
Through Jackie's words it can be seen why it is important for people with intellectual disabilities to have a voice of their own. Having a voice is important for everyone, but for people with intellectual disabilities it is crucial due to their segregated, isolated and discriminated against, position in society.
Goodley, D. (2000) Self-Advocacy in the Lives of People with Learning Difficulties, Buckingham: Open University Press.
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0.817492 |
How good is painting? Not individual painters, but the art of painting itself? Is it so good that we can take the techniques of figurative painting as it was practiced in the late 18th and early 19th Centuries and apply it successfully to our own circumstances? John Sanchez set out several years ago to answer this question, and his labors are culminating in a provable affirmative. Our circumstances, it needs to be said, do not permit a rehashing of artistic standards lifted wholesale from the year 1820. We're modern people with cameras and electric lights, and realist art that doesn't account for them, both as subjects and as influences on the history of image-making, doesn't fully pertain to us. Sanchez has identified a way of working at once painterly and photographic, employing the richness of glazed oils and the quirks of the camera. Lights blast into undifferentiated white masses, and shadows turn into black walls. Normally we would scold an artist for painting things in the way they turn out in a photo. But Sanchez has built a new sort of creature, combining the studied authority of photorealism and the drama of the Barbizon school. The paintings make one think alternately of Daubigny and Robert Bechtle.
Too, if painting is good, then the light that glints on the rain-washed asphalt of Biscayne Boulevard is as worthy of depiction as any light that fell on Inness's bucolic New Jersey. The thunderheads that menace Miami's landscape of overpasses and palms are not inferior to the ones that troubled the ships in Turner's seascapes. Not only is the red pickup truck lovely in the stadium lighting, but the artificial way that the camera records it in the surrounding darkness of the parking lot is beautiful as well. Indeed, these possibilities bear out. In Sanchez's work, sunshine of divine intensity obliterates the glass facade of a rest stop on the Florida Turnpike, as Americans, identifiable in their sneakered corpulence, pleasantly and heedlessly mill about in it. There is no irony here. The subject's banality and its beauty transform into a single phenomenon when seen in the right way.
The great novelist Jean Giono once wrote, "The present disgusts me, even to describe." I thought of Giono when I saw these paintings, which I studied in the presence of the artist as he prepared to have them set into frames that harkened to a previous century. (It was a smart choice, echoing the artist's dual pursuit - perfect contemporaniety, and consummate execution as measured by the tradition of oil painting.) If only Giono had seen what Sanchez sees in the present. He might have appreciated what the painter has found: a persistent attractiveness that belongs equally to every time.
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0.999981 |
A matte finish, vs. dewy finish? What's the difference, and which is better?
Best Answer: A Matte finish is very flat and creamy - like the surface of paper. It doesn't reflect light. The benefit is it will usually give you more coverage, matte foundation or powder can give you a more flawless look, but it will be more obvious that you have make up on. A dewy finish would have a slight sheen to it, and reflect light, this will give you a fresher, less "made up" look and hi light your cheekbones and brow bones. Eye and lip colours are the same. You could have a very creamy lipstick with no shimmer or shine in it - that would be matte. and a lip gloss or sheer lipstick would be dewy. Matte makeup - especially matte lips are more associated with a vintage style of glamour. Dewy makeup is a younger, fresher look. Think shimmer rather than full on glitter. If you like strong colour - go for a strong eye or a strong lip, never both - it's too much. As for what's in style, they both are depending on what kind of look you want to achieve. I recommend you try i.d bare minerals - its a semi matte powder makeup but still very natural. You can build up as much coverage as you need and it comes in tons of shades. I would steer clear of matte eye shadows - it can look aging.
air spun compact powder used mainly during the day, or loose powder applied over foundtion.
A dewy finish is usually achieved by a tinted moisturiser. Tinted moisturiser is an alternative to foundation. It gives less of a coverage and usually looks more natural. Here is an exapmle of dewy skin: http://www.facesbyvf.com/files/images/Rihanna.jpg Notice how the skin looks glowing?
This is a matte finish: http://www.doctormacro1.info/Images/Loy,%20Myrna/Annex/Annex%20-%20Loy,%20Myrna_06C.jpg See how the skin looks more polished, less shiny? Matte looks are usually achieved by thicker foundations.
And if you have only makeup on your eyes and lips, then you don't have either. I guess you have... I dunno! I guess you have normal skin! I think you have neither really. Depends on your skin type. Dry = matte. Oily = dewy probably. Maybe.
A matte finish is just a dull finish, that has no shine/shimmer. A dewy finish has a nice pretty "glowy" finish. People with oily skin prefer a matte finish, so their skin doesn't look shiny/oily. People who want a dewy prefer the glowly look.
And no, other eye makeup can not be considered matte or dewy, lol.
I personally prefer the dewy finish, it's so nice & pretty, and gives you a gorgeous super model glow to your skin! I think matte is too blah/dull.
Ive Both foundation this good great for Beginners also Maybelline dream Smooth mousse is good for dry skin is creamy hydrating it gives nice coverage and DEWY finish if your skin is oily skip this foundation. Maybelline Dream matte mousse is Totally matte foundation is airy it has Silky finish on the skin is feels like primer it gives nice coverage it can build up to Full coverage great for oily skin if you've dry skin skip this because it can accentuate dry patches on the skin.
Matte is a powder finish and less greasy in my opinion..
Dewy, more beamy, looks kinda like its the skins natural oils.
matte is like a powdery finish and dewy is more like a glowing sort of finish.
Dream Smooth Mousse vs. Dream Matte Mouse? Which one works better?
Urban Decay DeSlick Spray VS Skindinavia No More Shine: Which is better for very oily skin?
Can I use mascara that someone used on their eyebrow?
True/false: black eyeliner can look too heavy if you have fair skin?
What is your favorite mascara for full thick lashes?
What type of eyebrow product is best for me? pomade or powder?
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0.999984 |
Bill Text - AB-1395 State highways: Department of Transportation: litter cleanup and abatement: report.
An act to add Section 92.1 to the Streets and Highways Code, relating to transportation.
AB 1395, as amended, Chu. State highways: Department of Transportation: litter cleanup and abatement: report.
Existing law provides that the Department of Transportation has full possession and control of all state highways and associated property, and sets forth the powers and duties of the department with respect to the operation, maintenance, and improvement of state highways.
This bill would require each district within the department for its highway the department, within its maintenance programs relating to litter cleanup and abatement programs to assign the highest priority to segments along the state highway system that receive the highest volume of complaints and with the greatest incidence of litter and to prioritize funding appropriated for highway litter maintenance in order to implement this priority. abatement, to prioritize its litter cleanup and abatement efforts based on certain key indicators. The bill would also require the department, on or before January 1, 2020, to conduct an assessment of the problem of litter on state highways and to make a specified report to the Legislature on its findings. The bill would require the department to consult with interested stakeholders that may include city and county officials in the development of the report.
(a) Maintenance of our state highways and freeways is a long-standing problem in California.
(b) Litter, debris, and graffiti along California highways and freeways create unsightly scenes.
(a)(1)Each district within the department shall, for its highway litter cleanup and abatement programs, assign the highest priority within each district to segments along the state highway system that receive the highest volume of complaints and with the greatest incidence of litter.
(2)Each district within the department shall prioritize funding appropriated for highway litter maintenance in order to carry out the requirements of paragraph (1).
(2) The department shall reallocate litter cleanup resources as necessary for highway litter maintenance to implement this subdivision.
(3) Nothing in this subvision subdivision shall prevent the department from also prioritizing litter cleanup in environmentally sensitive areas pursuant to Section 91.6.
(1) An assessment of the levels of litter on state highways by categories of high-traffic volume, medium-traffic volume, and low traffic low-traffic volume.
(2) An assessment of the causes of litter on highways by categories of the most frequent type of litter complaint, the medium type of litter complaint, and the lowest type of litter complaint. high-traffic volume, medium-traffic volume, and low-traffic volume.
(3) Changes to the maintenance practices the department has made in order to prioritize litter cleanup on high-traffic volume highways and abatement efforts pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) and the outcome of those changes.
(c) The requirement for submitting a report imposed under subdivison (b) is inoperative on January 1, 2024, pursuant to Section 10231.5 of the Government Code.
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0.932824 |
I have drawn both on axes. I am having trouble with B). I know you have to do y=y.
1)y=x²-3x+2 2)y=8x-16/x-3 A)Sketch both on axes B)Calculate coordinate of points of intersection I have drawn both on axes. I am having trouble with B). I know you have to do y=y.
Consider the functions defined by f(x)=sin2x and g9x)=1/2tanx for x E[-90^0; 180^0] Questions 1. Sketch the graphs of f and g on the same system of axes. 2. Calculate the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of f and g. 3.
Math- How many points of intersection are there?
Find the equation of the ellipse having axes along the coordinate axes and passing through the points (4 ,3), (-1,4).
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0.983874 |
New York Harbor at mid-nineteenth century was the undisputed hub of American shipping. New York merchants dominated marine transportation to foreign countries, to other American ports—both Atlantic and Pacific—and to the interior of the continent via the Hudson River and numerous canal systems. Only Boston offered significant rivalry in some aspects of coastal and deep-water trade. (1) Lane’s depiction of New York Harbor has much in common with his Boston views, giving pride of place to vessel activity with just enough of the city skyline visible to make the location identifiable.
The complexity of vessel activity in this picture is wisely offset by muted atmospheric effects. It is late afternoon with the sun low in the west and fair-weather clouds moving off to the eastward. Sails, flags, and pennants hang slack in the still air; the only vessels moving are under steam power or oars. Has Lane mixed some prophecy into his composition?
1. Robert G. Albion, The Rise of New York Port, 1815–1860 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1939), 1–15, 373–86.
2. Erik A.R. Ronnberg, Jr., ”A Few Words about this Picture: An 1852 Artist’s View of New York Harbor,” American Heritage of Invention & Technology (Fall 1988): 14-20; and R. Frederick Allen, ed., Inventing America (New York: American Heritage, Forbes, 1995), 34–40.
3. Howard I. Chapelle, "Albion, Rise of New York Port", The History of American Sailing Ships (New York: W.W.Norton, 1935), 97, 116 (cotton trade); 162–64 (steam ships); 277–80 (packet ships); 293–94, 306 (brigs).
5. Ibid., 303–04 (sloops), 305–06 (schooners); and Howard I. Chapelle, American Small Sailing Craft (New York: W.W. Norton, 1951), 195–99 (Whitehall boats).
An 1852 artist's view of New York Harbor reveals itself to be an invaluable document of the wood-and-canvas technology of another era.
M. Knoedler & Co., New York, New York, Commemorative Exhibition of Karolik Private Collection Paintings by Martin J. Heade and Fitz Hugh Lane, May 3–28, 1954., no. 4.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, American Painting, 1815–1865: One Hundred and Fifty Paintings from the M. and M. Karolik Collection in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1957.
Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut, 42 Karolik Paintings, May 15–July 14, 1963.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, Maxim Karolik Memorial Exhibition, 1964.
DeCordova Museum, Lincoln, Massachusetts, Fitz Hugh Lane: The First Major Exhibition, March 20–April 17, 1966., no. 31.
Cummer Gallery of Art, Jacksonville, Florida, American Paintings of Ports and Harbors, February 4–March 16, 1969.
Traveled to: Norfolk Museum of Arts and Sciences, Norfolk, Va., April 5–May 11, 1969.
John Wilmerding, William A. Farnsworth Library and Art Museum, Rockland, Maine, Fitz Hugh Lane 1804-1805, July 12–September 15, 1974., no. 26.
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia, American Marine Painting, September 27–October 31, 1976.
Traveled to: The Mariners' Museum and Park, Newport News, Va., November 8–December 12, 1976.
New York State Museum, Cutural Education Center, Albany, New York, New York: The State of Art, October 8–November 27, 1977.
Coe Kerr Gallery, New York, New York, American Luminism, October 25–November 25, 1978.
Zhongguo Meishuguan [National Museum of China], Beijing, China, American Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, September 1–30, 1981.
Traveled to: Shanghai Bowuguan [Shanghai Museum], Shanghai, China, October 20–November 19, 1981.
National Gallery of Art, Washington, District of Columbia, Paintings by Fitz Hugh Lane, May 15–September 5, 1988., no. 38, ill. in color, p. 72, as New York Harbor.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, Art and the Empire City: The Visual Arts in New York, 1825–1861, September 11, 2000–January 7, 2001.
Lynes, Russell. The Art-Makers of Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Atheneum, 1970.
Fitz Hugh Lane 1804-1865. Rockland, ME: William A. Farnsworth Library and Art Museum, 1974.
Sill, Gertrude Grace. Newton Bee, November 17, 1978.
Wilmerding, John. Paintings by Fitz Hugh Lane. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art; in association with Harry N. Abrams, 1988., no. 38, ill. in color, p. 72.
Neill, Peter. On a Painted Ocean: Art of the Seven Seas. New York: New York University Press, 1995.
Wilmerding, John. Fitz Henry Lane. Gloucester, MA: Cape Ann Historical Association, 2005. Reprint of Fitz Hugh Lane, by John Wilmerding. New York: Praeger, 1971. Includes new information regarding the artist's name., pl. III.
Craig, James. Fitz H. Lane: An Artist's Voyage through Nineteenth-Century America. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2006.
Novak, Barbara. American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience, with a New Preface. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Citation: "New York Harbor, c.1855 (inv. 46)." Fitz Henry Lane Online. Cape Ann Museum. http://fitzhenrylaneonline.org/catalog/entry.php?id=46 (accessed April 19, 2019).
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0.999999 |
What are the Different Types of Cooking Classes for Kids?
Pizza can be a fun and easy dish to make during a kid's cooking class.
Some cooking classes for kids may feature desserts like brownies.
Cooking classes for kids are a fun way to teach kids how to make food, use kitchen utensils and appliances and serve food. These classes also might teach them basic math, science and reading. Learning safety, hygiene, the basics of a kitchen, how to measure properly, cooking techniques and plating are all things that might be covered in cooking classes for kids. These classes are generally broken down by skill level ranging from beginner to intermediate to advanced.
A beginning cooking class might focus on teaching children about safety and hygiene in the kitchen. They might learn how to properly wash their hands, cooking utensils and work space; how to be safe while using knives and other sharp objects; and how to prevent and stop kitchen fires. These are very important steps for little chefs and will serve as a great foundation to every type of cooking that they will learn.
Simple recipes also might be the focus of a beginning cooking class. These might be beverages, snacks or simple lunches and dinners. Smoothies, microwave quesadillas, salads and sandwiches are all great beginning foods. These get children comfortable and familiar with the kitchen and cooking utensils without having to use many sharp or hot objects.
Advanced recipes and preparation techniques might be covered in intermediate cooking classes for kids. Pizza, macaroni and cheese, chicken dishes and cakes all make for fun cooking. Kids generally love these types of foods, and making them helps the children become more at ease working with sharp and hot objects in the kitchen.
An advanced cooking class for kids might teach children various types of cooking techniques, such as how to roast, boil, bake and fry. Many recipes involve one or more of these techniques. Knowing how to execute them properly gives children a great foundation to cook for the rest of their lives.
Another item that might be covered in an advanced cooking class for kids is plating. It often is said that people first eat with their eyes, so creating a plate of food that looks appealing is a wonderful skill to have. Cooking classes for kids might teach children how to plate a meal in a way that is pleasing to the eye. These tips are particularly helpful when preparing a special meal.
Each class level might build on what was learned in a previous level. They also can build on what the child knows from his or her own personal experience. Cooking classes for kids might not be specifically labeled as "beginner," "intermediate" or "advanced," but what is covered generally will fall into one of these categories.
How Do I Choose the Best Online Baking Classes?
What Are the Different Types of Cooking Games for Kids?
What Are the Best Tips for Cooking with Children?
How Do I Choose the Best Recipes for Cooking with Kids?
What are the Different Types of Private Cooking Classes?
What is a Kids Cooking School?
What is a Kids' Cooking Party?
@browncoat - It's still good for them to have cooking classes in school though. I think it should be a universal thing, rather than something that some girls get funneled into while the boys end up in woodshop.
The amount of people I met at university who had no idea how to cook for themselves and basically survived on noodles was a revelation to me. Getting your child into cooking courses will help them to stay healthy and on a budget when they get older.
@bythewell - I don't remember ever going to cooking classes for kids so much as just learning how to cook through other groups, like the Girl Scouts. Even then it wasn't really formal lessons that I can remember so much as that we would occasionally have to cook for an occasion when parents were coming to see us, or when we were camping and you just picked up the idea from practical experience.
I think it's a mistake to teach kids that cooking is a skill that needs to be learned recipe by recipe. It's better to teach them safety and confidence. As long as they are willing to look up recipes and are confident enough to try them, they will be able to cook almost anything.
If your school doesn't offer cooking classes then it could be a good idea to enroll your kids into one as an extracurricular activity. It's a way for them to meet other children while learning something that isn't too specialized.
Even if you teach your children cooking at home, it can be worth letting them take a course in a particular kind of cuisine just so that they can learn different styles. And it might also encourage them to start helping out by making dinner once a week!
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0.932149 |
The nene (Branta sandvicensis), also known as nēnē and Hawaiian goose, is a species of bird endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The official bird of the state of Hawaiʻi, the nene is exclusively found in the wild on the islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauaʻi, Molokai, and Hawaiʻi.
The Hawaiian name nēnē comes from its soft call. The specific name sandvicensis refers to the Sandwich Islands, a former name for the Hawaiian Islands.
It is thought that the nene evolved from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis), which most likely arrived on the Hawaiian islands about 500,000 years ago, shortly after the island of Hawaiʻi was formed. This ancestor is the progenitor of the nene as well as the prehistoric Giant Hawaiʻi goose and nēnē-nui (Branta hylobadistes). The nēnē-nui was larger than the nene, varied from flightless to flighted depending on the individual, and inhabited the island of Maui. Similar fossil geese found on Oʻahu and Kauaʻi may be of the same species. The Giant Hawaiʻi goose was restricted to the island of Hawaiʻi and measured 1.2 m (3.9 ft) in length with a mass of 8.6 kg (19 lb), making it more than four times larger than the nene. It is believed that the herbivorous Giant Hawaiʻi goose occupied the same ecological niche as the goose-like ducks known as moa-nalo, which were not present on the Big Island. Based on mitochondrial DNA found in fossils, all Hawaiian geese, living and dead, are closely related to the giant Canada goose (B. c. maxima) and dusky Canada goose (B. c. occidentalis).
The nene is a medium-sized goose at 41 cm (16 in) tall. Although they spend most of their time on the ground, they are capable of flight, with some individuals flying daily between nesting and feeding areas. Females have a mass of 1.525–2.56 kg (3.36–5.64 lb), while males average 1.695–3.05 kg (3.74–6.72 lb), 11% larger than females. Adult males have a black head and hindneck, buff cheeks and heavily furrowed neck. The neck has black and white diagonal stripes. Aside from being smaller, the female Nene is similar to the male in colouration. The adult's bill, legs and feet are black. It has soft feathers under its chin. Goslings resemble the male, but are a duller brown and with less demarcation between the colors of the head and neck, and striping and barring effects are much reduced.
The nene is the world's rarest goose. It is believed that it was once common, with approximately 25,000 Hawaiian geese living in Hawaiʻi when Captain James Cook arrived in 1778. Hunting and introduced predators, such as small Asian mongooses, pigs, and cats, reduced the population to 30 birds by 1952. The species breeds well in captivity, and has been successfully re-introduced. In 2004, it was estimated that there were 800 birds in the wild, as well as 1,000 in wildfowl collections and zoos. There is concern about inbreeding due to the small initial population of birds. The nature reserve WWT Slimbridge, in England, was instrumental in the successful breeding of Hawaiian geese in captivity. Under the direction of conservationist Peter Scott, it was bred back from the brink of extinction during the 1950s for later re-introduction into the wild in Hawaiʻi. There are still Hawaiian geese at Slimbridge today. They can now be found in captivity in every WWT centre. Successful introductions include Haleakala and Piʻiholo ranches on Maui. The nene population stands at 2,500 birds.
This page was last edited on 3 April 2019, at 06:27 (UTC).
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Informant: You know those groups of musicians that die before the age of 24?
Informant: I think there’s like one person who died with like the story of using a white lighter so there’s always that curse… you know, don’t use that white lighter. It’s cursed. Something bad is going to happen, it’s bad luck. Literally, like, smoking with my friends, one of them, we were smoking at his house – he thought his parents weren’t going to be there for a while. We were like “oh man, only lighter we have is this white lighter, let’s use that” We use it and his parents come back wayy earlier than expected and were like “oh we left something here” and saw us in the middle of our smoke session outside.
Informant: One of my friends was looking in his car for a lighter and the only one in his car was a white one in the glovebox or whatever. I guess this house or parking lot he was at called the cops and they came up and arrested him. Pretty sure he ended up with a possession charge.
Informant: Yeah man stay away from those white lighters.
Context: My informant is a twenty one year old from a midwestern town bordering a legal marijuana state and an illegal marijuana state. This story was told while sitting around a table in a college dorm common room – my informant sat across from me and told me his story in person.
Background: My informant knows this story because it’s been passed between nearly everyone he knows who smokes – white lighters are never good luck. To him, it simply means to never use a white lighter – he admitted after our interview that he still makes a point of avoiding white lighters.
Analysis: The Story of the White Lighter is a classic example of an urban legend. Though my informant cannot necessarily verify its authenticity, his story nonetheless takes place in recent history. Interestingly, we can see here the actual evolution of the story. Not only does the interviewee sum up the general origin of the story and the gist of it, he also adds his own experience to it – one in which he himself was also cursed by the white lighter, thus adding further legitimacy to the story. Anyone who has a bad experience with a white lighter can add their own run-in with its curse to the story relatively easily, thus allowing the legend to more easily spread.
Informant is a teacher living in LA.
The story is one from a summer camp in CT where he and I met originally. The subject of the story is a town called “Dudleytown” which suffers a horrible curse: every 7 years, somebody nearby dies.
He says he heard the story from other people at the camp when he first got there, as the location was relatively close by. He swears it is real and true but he does so with an air of silliness, indicating to me that this belief is faux-sincerity. I think this choosing-to-believe makes sense: people like the strong narrative of a 7-year-curse more than they want to “ruin the fun” in applying logic. It’s a fun belief and brings people together over a common fear, even if it is just pretend.
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TL;DR: It was my first time at FOSDEM and it took some time to feel comfortable, this post may help newcomers.
As I mentioned in my previous post, I spoke at FOSDEM this year. It was my first time there (in the whole Europe, btw!) and it took some time to get used to the way the event goes. This post will show some tips that may help FOSDEM newcomers and maybe some veterans as well.
FOSDEM is the Free and Open Source Developers - European Meeting. Long story short, it’s a big self organized event that happens in Brussels every year since 2013.
The conference has many Devrooms organized by volunteers with a predefined schedule guided by topic. Aside of that are the main tracks, that are some unique presentations happening in some big rooms.
The whole event survives from donations and some sponsors, but it’s not organized by a company (like OSCON, for example). There are many volunteers that work hard to make it happen.
The conference happens at the Université libre de Bruxelles, using some buildings of the university.
All the tracks are spread across these buildings. Depending on where you are, you have to reserve some time to reach the other building. It is not so far, but may take 10 or 15 minutes depending on your location.
FOSDEM is chaotic. It’s is a good and a bad thing at the same time.
Conferences like these, organized by the community for the community, are the kinds of events I really like. They tend to be chaotic, but it means people are free to do whatever they want.
They can walk through the university and watch whatever they want. FOSDEM publishes a big schedule with information about all the presentations happening across all rooms and you may create your on schedule. I did it before going but forgot to consider the time between buildings and the “FULL” rooms.
There are some limits that need to be respected, one of them is the number of people inside the room. When the room is fulfilled with people they add a “FULL” sign at the door and nobody is authorized to enter. It make sense, but is really annoying for newcomers.
When planning your schedule, plan to get to the room at least 15 minutes before it starts.
TIP: instead of jump between many rooms, it’s a good idea to choose one or two and stay there for 2 or more presentations. It will guarantee a spot for you in the room.
My schedule did not consider the time walking between buildings and the full rooms, so… could not enter in 4+ rooms I wanted to be in.
There are some food trucks there. They do not give you a receipt (in case your company is refunding your travel, you may need it), so be prepared for that.
The conference don’t have any breaks, if you want to eat something, you will have to decide to not watch a presentation and use the time for it.
They have a pre-conference party at Delirium. The bar is closed for conference members only (they ask some tech questions to get you in :P). It is not a huge place to have everyone in, so it will be really crowded and hot there. Almost the same amount of people will be chatting and drinking outside of the bar as well.
After the first day of conference, there is a second party, usually in a hacker space in Brussels.
Always read the presentation description. Some of them has “click bait” (attend bait in this case?) title, sometimes not intended. I attended to one of them about a language development. I was expecting something about the day-to-day of the language development and what features are planned for the future. Unfortunately, it was not what I (and many people in the room) were expecting. It was about the metrics and dashboards of the language contributors and features.
In this case, it was not probably not intentional, but almost 50% of the room left before the presentation ended.
FOSDEM is a great event, I really enjoyed it! I would like to have received these tips before, so I would have planned my day better.
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How do you choose the best executive heroin addiction treatment program? Because heroin is classified in the same category as drugs like morphine (a powerful painkiller which is used in hospitals) and methadone, it is highly addictive, which can make it difficult to break free from the cycle of addiction. This makes finding a reputable treatment center that has experience treating people with heroin addictions very important.
For people in high-powered jobs, like executives and celebrities, it may be more difficult to find an appropriate addiction treatment center that allows them to go through their program in complete privacy, as well as give them some access to their work responsibilities. Executive treatment programs offer this to their high-powered clientele. Researching online is a good place to start (including on this site), as is getting a referral from a medical or mental health professional or trusted family member or friend.
Street heroin generally looks like a white, off-white or brown powder. It may also have a dark, sticky appearance, which is known as “black tar” heroin. The issue with buying it on the street is that you have no idea how pure the product is and what it has been cut with.
Some dealers will add sugar, powdered milk, or starch to the heroin. Others will cut their product with quinine, strychnine, or other poisonous substances. This is a true case of buyer beware.
Heroin may be ingested by smoking, snorting or injecting the drug. People who are injecting it may use up to four times a day, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Shooting heroin is the way to achieve the fastest and most intense high, and the effects of the drug may be felt in as few as seven or eight seconds. If the user smokes or sniffs heroin, the effects are felt in 10 to 15 minutes.
The initial feeling that you get when you use heroin is a rush of euphoria. Your skin may feel warm and flushed, and your arms and legs may feel heavy. You can expect your brain functioning to feel fuzzy during this time. Once the initial rush subsides, you will be “on the nod,'” where you will experience alternate stages of feeling drowsy and being alert.
The results of the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) had some very interesting results for heroin use among U.S. residents aged 12 and older. In that year, there were 140,000 first-time users. The average age of first use was 21.3 years.
In his book, Methadone in the Treatment of Narcotic Addiction, author Dr. Andrew J. Byrne, MB BS, discusses the work of Vincent Dole and Marie Nyswander, who used specific types of narcotics to treat addictions to similar drugs. The couple obtained better results with this method than using an abstinence-based approach to treatment. Going cold turkey is a very difficult way to break free from addiction. The withdrawal symptoms can be so unpleasant that a person starts to use again to make them stop, and the cycle of addiction starts all over again.
Methadone is similar to heroin, since it is in the same family of medications. When it is used as directed by a doctor, you can reduce the withdrawal symptoms you experience as you break away from your physical dependency on heroin, without getting high.
If you are using methadone as part of your addiction treatment plan, you may have to visit a methadone clinic daily to get your dosage. Keep in mind that if you are on methadone therapy, you have to stay away from alcohol completely. Drinking and using methadone only magnifies the sedative effects of the alcohol.
Methadone is meant to be part of an overall drug treatment plan. Getting off heroin is only the beginning. To avoid a relapse, you are going to need therapy and ongoing support to figure out the reasons you started using and better coping strategies for stresses which make you tempted to turn to the drug again. It may be helpful to think of the methadone as a way to get clean but the therapy is your long-term strategy for staying sober.
Buprenorphine is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms when you stop using heroin by producing similar effects in the body. However, when a heroin addict takes buprenorphine, they won’t experience the same “rush” that comes with heroin use.
This type of medication is available in a pill form and is placed under the tongue. It usually takes between two and 10 minutes for the tablets to melt. In most cases, a single dose is taken each day. Heroin addicts often have success maintaining their recovery when they utilize a buprenorphine maintenance program. Some addicts reduce their dosage of buprenorphine over a short period of time; however, some may need to take the medications for months or years.
Naltrexone is a different type of medication used to treat people who have a history of abusing alcohol and/or street drugs like heroin. This medication is only to be used if you have already stopped using heroin or drinking alcohol. It works by making the cravings for alcohol or drugs you may have less intense. It also blocks the effects of opioids, including street drugs like heroin and prescription medications.
If naltrexone is part of your treatment plan, you can either take it at home or at a clinic. If you are told to visit a clinic to get your medication, you will need to plan to go there each day. You will also need to make a point of attending all counseling sessions (individual and/or group), as well as educational programs, support group meetings, or other treatment options recommended by your addiction counselor or doctor. Any recovery program is only as effective as the effort you put into it. It’s worth the effort – so stay committed.
It’s important to continue to take naltrexone as directed by a doctor, even if you get to the point where you feel well. It can only work to prevent cravings and block the effects of opioids when it is used as directed. If you feel that you don’t need the medication anymore and you want to stop using it, discuss your plans with your doctor.
Breaking free from heroin and achieving long-term sobriety is a journey which you need to undertake on a day-by-day basis. If the idea of going through withdrawal has held you back from getting help with an addiction to heroin or if you have tried to get off the drug but have had a relapse, don’t give up. These medications are available to assist with your recovery and can help to keep you comfortable as your body chemistry adjusts to the new reality of life without heroin.
The best heroin addiction treatment medications do not take the place of expert addiction treatment offered by supportive counselors who can help you face your demons head on. Once the physical dependency has been dealt with, a way is cleared for you to work on underlying issues that contributed to the addiction. You may need to seek help at an inpatient or outpatient treatment center to learn how to live without turning to drugs as a means to escape stress, pain, anxiety or other troubling emotions. All of these tools, when used together, can lead to a new, sober life that is free from heroin use.
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Before performing this lift, explain to the person being evacuated how this lift is performed.
When the Helping Handles, are in place have the patient remain in a seated position.
The caregiver on the right side of the patient will have the patient hold the Helping Handle on the caregiver's right side. The caregiver will squat down, and grab the Helping Handle that's under the patient's buttocks with their right hand, with palm facing away from the patient, and use their left hand to hold the patient's right triceps.
The caregiver on the left side of the patient will have the patient hold the Helping Handle on the caregiver's left side. The caregiver will squat down, and grab the Helping Handle that's under the patient's buttocks with their left hand, palm facing away from the patient, and use their right hand to hold the patients left triceps.
Caregivers will then get in a squatted position, bending their knees, keeping their backs straight, and creating eye contact with each other. While maintaining eye contact, initiate verbal communication to ensure staying in unison. Once both caregivers are ready, they both lift standing straight up, at the same time while keeping their backs straight. Be sure to be slow and smooth, not jerky.
*If the patient is too heavy for the caregivers to lift and walk with, then follow your facility's evacuation protocol.
Now by turning the patient around the caregivers can walk forward with the patient facing backward.
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Should you use an iPhone case?
No, I do not have a case, nor have I ever used a case to protect the numerous mobile phones I have owned over the past 10 years. To me, it’s a foregone conclusion. Hardware manufacturers spend months — even years — worth of development to craft a beautiful smartphone, focusing on making it the slimmest on the market or deploying inventive new construction materials and methods only to have users cover up all of their hard work with a chunky piece of plastic.
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T he 1906 CGV was the Andersons’ grandest, most famous, and most expensive automobile. Purchased while on vacation in France in 1906, the car was nicknamed the Winniepocket, after the Andersons’ vacation home in New Hampshire, and this was also where Larz attended school, at the Phillips Exeter Academy. The Andersons would drive this car to New Hampshire as well as to their other residence in Washington D.C. The car contained different amenities found in houses, thus increasing the luxury of the automobile. The rear seat converted into a bed, and under two smaller seats was a wash bin and a toilet. Isabel installed a pseudo drawing room for herself as well.
The CGV began in France; Fernand Charron, one of the first garage owners in Paris, became a Panhard et Levassor dealer in 1897, and by 1901 he started an automobile company with two others, Girodot and Voight. Costing $23,000 to build, this automobile boasted a 90-horsepower 4-cylinder engine. The company sold 150 units in 1902 and 265 by 1904, and by this time they employed 400 people. By 1906 the CGV Company was sold to an English company, which manufactured and sold 753 automobiles under the CGV name. Beginning in 1906 the CGV became the first fully armored car, and 12 to 13 of them were produced and used over a 40-year period, even by the Russian Imperial Army.
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Suppose you are waiting for an email from someone who promised to get back to you soon, but has been silent for weeks. Suppose you don't want to ruin your business relationship with that person, since you need them more than they need you. How would you remind them very gently of yourself without making them feel they are being pestered?
Well I'll tell you how NOT to prompt for a reply. This goers back years - about 40 - and is an actual example. My boss had written some minutes for a meeting. It had action points. One of the members hadn't done his action points so he re-sent the minutes, with the person's name underlined twice in red against every action point (there were about 10). The person concerned phoned my boss, very angry. "I can't understand it, I was quite subtle". Really!!
Well, in my case the person concerned just went into hiding, and now promptly runs away from Facebook as soon as I appear online. And I just wished her a Happy New Year... Maybe I was too subtle.
Oh dear. There are some strange people out there!
Thanks. I have used a couple of those. but there are some fresh ideas for sure. Liking all posts? Certainly not - I seldom go beyond a friend request, in fact. As I said above, I'm probably too subtle, but I was born an introvert, and that's here to stay.
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Keyphrase extraction is one of fundamental natural language processing (NLP) tools to improve many textmining applications such as document summarization and clustering. In this paper, we propose to use two novel techniques on the top of the state-of-the-art keyphrase extraction methods. First is the anti-patterns that aim to recognize non-keyphrase candidates. The state-of-the-art methods often used the rich feature set to identify keyphrases while those rich feature set cover only some of all keyphrases because keyphrases share very few similar patterns and stylistic features while non-keyphrase candidates often share many similar patterns and stylistic features. Second one is to use the dependency graph instead of the word co-occurrence graph that could not connect two words that are syntactically related and placed far from each other in a sentence while the dependency graph can do so. In experiments, we have compared the performances with different settings of the graphs (co-occurrence and dependency), and with the existing method results. Finally, we discovered that the combination method of dependency graph and anti-patterns outperform the state-of-the-art performances.
The traditional text similarity measurement methods based on word frequency vector ignore the semantic relationships between words, which has become the obstacle to text similarity calculation, together with the high-dimensionality and sparsity of document vector. To address the problems, the improved singular value decomposition is used to reduce dimensionality and remove noises of the text representation model. The optimal number of singular values is analyzed and the semantic relevance between words can be calculated in constructed semantic space. An inverted index construction algorithm and the similarity definitions between vectors are proposed to calculate the similarity between two documents on the semantic level. The experimental results on benchmark corpus demonstrate that the proposed method promotes the evaluation metrics of F-measure.
In linguistics, stemming is the operation of reducing words to their more general form, which is called the ‘stem’. Stemming is an important step in information retrieval systems, natural language processing, and text mining. Information retrieval systems are evaluated by metrics like precision and recall and the fundamental superiority of an information retrieval system over another one is measured by them. Stemmers decrease the indexed file, increase the speed of information retrieval systems, and improve the performance of these sys- tems by boosting precision and recall. There are few Persian stemmers and most of them work based on mor- phological rules. In this paper we carefully study Persian stemmers, which are classified into three main clas- ses: structural stemmers, lookup table stemmers, and statistical stemmers. We describe the algorithms of each class carefully and present the weaknesses and strengths of each Persian stemmer. We also propose some metrics to compare and evaluate each stemmer by them.
The vast number of biomedical literature is an important source of biomedical interaction information discovery. However, it is complicated to obtain interaction information from them because most of them are not easily readable by machine. In this paper, we present a method for extracting biomedical interaction information assuming that the biomedical Named Entities (NEs) are already identified. The proposed method labels all possible pairs of given biomedical NEs as INTERACTION or NOINTERACTION by using a Maximum Entropy (ME) classifier. The features used for the classifier are obtained by applying various NLP techniques such as POS tagging, base phrase recognition, parsing and predicate-argument recognition. Especially, specific verb predicates (activate, inhibit, diminish and etc.) and their biomedical NE arguments are very useful features for identifying interactive NE pairs. Based on this, we devised a twostep method: 1) an interaction verb extraction step to find biomedically salient verbs, and 2) an argument relation identification step to generate partial predicate-argument structures between extracted interaction verbs and their NE arguments. In the experiments, we analyzed how much each applied NLP technique improves the performance. The proposed method can be completely improved by more than 2% compared to the baseline method. The use of external contextual features, which are obtained from outside of NEs, is crucial for the performance improvement. We also compare the performance of the proposed method against the co-occurrence-based and the rule-based methods. The result demonstrates that the proposed method considerably improves the performance.
This paper presents the development of a morphological processor for the Mongolian language, based on the two-level morphological model which was introduced by Koskenniemi. The aim of the study is to provide Mongolian syntactic parsers with more effective information on word structure of Mongolian words. First hand written rules that are the core of this model are compiled into finite-state transducers by a rule tool. Output of the compiler was edited to clarity by hand whenever necessary. The rules file and lexicon presented in the paper describe the morphology of Mongolian nouns, adjectives and verbs. Although the rules illustrated are not sufficient for accounting all the processes of Mongolian lexical phonology, other necessary rules can be easily added when new words are supplemented to the lexicon file. The theoretical consideration of the paper is concluded in representation of the morphological phenomena of Mongolian by the general, language-independent framework of the two-level morphological model.
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Are you looking for a way to lead a more environmentally friendly lifestyle? It can seem impossible at times, since so much of modern life is built around technologies and habits that hurt the environment. Even so, here are a few things to consider to help the planet.
One of the easiest changes you can make in your life is the way you travel. In addition to carpooling or riding public transportation, another way to cut down on harmful emissions from your vehicle is to find a more eco-friendly option, such as an electric or hybrid car.
Visit your local car dealer to test drive one.
Plastic waste is a major contributor to wildlife degradation. One easy way to cut back on plastic bag use while shopping is to bring your own grocery bag to the store.
If you’ve got a canvas tote bag or other sizeable bag, grocery stores are happy to bag your purchases into that instead of a plastic or paper bag.
Biodiesel recycling is another simple way to help the planet. This involves recycling your food waste, specifically any cooking oil you may use for preparing meals.
Recycled biodiesel can be used for both heating as well as transportation, making it a great area to focus your recycling efforts in.
You’d be shocked how much electricity can add up from excess lights being left on. The next time you leave a room, make sure you turn off the lights.
Not only will you be helping the planet, but you’ll also be saving on your energy bill!
Another contributor to plastic waste in landfills is plastic cutlery. You can purchase cutlery made from recycled bamboo, helping the earth even more.
If you’re ordering take-out food from your favorite restaurant, make sure to tell them you don’t need their plasticware and instead provide them your own utensils.
By breaking down your habits with simple solutions, you can make a big difference when it comes to helping the environment.
Leading a more environmentally friendly lifestyle is all about how small choices add up, so consider incorporating some of the mentioned tips into your daily routine and help the planet out!
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24 relations: Andalusia, Baron Foley, Belgravia, Bond Street (film), Composer, Denis Alexander, 6th Earl of Caledon, Game show, Ghislaine Alexander, Henry Cubitt, 4th Baron Ashcombe, Huntington Hartford, Jane Eyre, Kidderminster, London, Long Island, Marbella, Netherlands, New York City, Peerage, Pianist, Piccadilly Incident, Spain, To Tell the Truth, United Kingdom, United States.
Andalusia (Andalucía) is an autonomous community in southern Spain.
Belgravia is an affluent district in West London, shared within the authorities of both the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.
Bond Street is a 1948 British portmanteau drama film directed by Gordon Parry and based on a story by Terence Rattigan.
Denis James Alexander, 6th Earl of Caledon (10 November 1920 – 20 May 1980) was a soldier and landowner He was the son of Lt.-Col.
A game show is a type of radio, television, or stage show in which contestants, individually or as teams, play a game which involves answering questions or solving puzzles, usually for money or prizes.
Ghislaine Alexander (née Ghislaine Marie-Rose Edith Dresselhuys; 7 January 1922 – 25 April 2000) was a wealthy heiress and British socialite who was a panelist on the British version of ''What's My Line?''.
Henry Edward Cubitt, 4th Baron Ashcombe (31 March 1924 – 4 December 2013), was a British peer.
George Huntington Hartford II (April 18, 1911 – May 19, 2008) was an American businessman, philanthropist, stage and film producer, and art collector.
Kidderminster is a large town and civil parish in the Wyre Forest district of Worcestershire, England.
Piccadilly Incident is a 1946 British drama film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Anna Neagle, Michael Wilding, Coral Browne, Edward Rigby and Leslie Dwyer.
To Tell the Truth is an American television panel game show in which four celebrity panelists are presented with three contestants (the "team of challengers", each an individual or pair) and must identify which is the "central character" whose unusual occupation or experience has been read out by the show's moderator/host.
8th Baron Foley, Adrian Foley, Adrian Gerald Foley, Adrian Gerald Foley, 8th Baron Foley.
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This article is about the American songwriter. For the Canadian author, see Dianne Warren.
Diane Eve Warren (born September 7, 1956) is an American songwriter. She rose to prominence in 1983, and has since written songs for and co-written songs with multiple singers, as well as for several films.
Warren has had nine number-one songs and 32 top 10 songs on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Additionally, two of the top 13 hits in the Hot 100's 57-year history were written by her. Warren's career catapulted in the late 1980s shortly after joining forces with the UK music company EMI when Warren became the first songwriter in the history of Billboard magazine to have seven hits, all by different artists, on the singles chart at the same time prompting the UK's former Chairman of EMI Music Publishing Peter Reichardt to credit her as "the most important songwriter in the world". She has been rated the third most successful female artist in the UK.
Warren has won a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, three consecutive Billboard Music Awards for Songwriter of the Year, and has been nominated for ten Academy Awards. She has been inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Her UK success saw her win an Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors when she received the Special International Award in 2008. Warren owns a publishing company, Realsongs, which gives her control over her compositions.
Warren, the youngest of three daughters, was born to David, an insurance salesman, and Flora Warren, in the Los Angeles community of Van Nuys, where she said she felt misunderstood and "alienated" as a Jewish child growing up. Her family's surname "Warren" was originally "Wolfberg", but her father changed the name because it sounded too Jewish. Warren says she was rebellious as a child and told NPR's Scott Simon that she got into trouble and ran away as a teen but returned because she missed her cat. As a child, Warren loved listening to the radio and dreamed of performing on the radio herself. She was also influenced by music through her parents and her sisters who would play music. She began writing music when she was 11 but took a more serious approach at 14, commenting "music saved me." Warren has said that her mother asked her to give up her dream of a songwriting career and take a secretarial job. However, her father continued to believe in her and encouraged her. In addition, he bought her a 12-string guitar and a metal shed for her to practice and took her to music auditions. She wrote Celine Dion's 1996 song "Because You Loved Me" as a tribute to her father for his encouragement. She briefly attended college at Los Angeles Pierce College and California State University, Northridge but considered it a waste and spent more of her time writing songs while attending.
On the February 12, 2016 edition of All Things Considered, Warren said that she had been molested at age 12, and had later experienced sexual harassment and assault by a sound engineer during her working career.
Warren's first hit was "Solitaire", which Laura Branigan took to No. 7 in the U.S. pop charts in 1983.
She's actually more like the Emily Dickinson of Pop. As in the case of the great nineteenth-century reclusive New England poet known for her simple yet eloquent verses, Warren leads a life focused almost entirely on her art.
The original name for her publishing company, Realsongs, was "Warren Piece" because "War and Peace" was already taken. In 1998, Realsongs and its international partner, EMI Music Publishing, distributed A Passion For Music, a six-CD box set that showcased her music. EMI Music's London office assisted in distributing 1,200 copies of the box set primarily to the film and television industry for consideration in soundtracks and other commercial endeavors. It was not marketed to consumers. As of 2011[update], Warren's music has appeared in the soundtracks of over sixty films. She was awarded a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2001.
The Diane Warren Foundation, in conjunction with the ASCAP Foundation and the VH1 Save the Music Foundation created a joint initiative, beginning in 2000, called Music in the Schools. The initiative provides sheet music, band arrangements, folios, and method books to each of the schools that are already recipients of musical instruments from the VH1 Save the Music Foundation.
In 2004, Warren released a compilation album of love songs, titled Diane Warren Presents Love Songs, which includes several of her award-winning hits.
Warren continues to write hit songs for and with artists of all mainstream genres, including Whitney Houston, Belinda Carlisle, Britney Spears, Marcia Hines, Christina Aguilera, Beyoncé, TLC, Aaliyah, Elton John, Cher, Tina Turner, Bryan Adams, Selena, Jessica Simpson, Air Supply, Olivia Newton-John, Barbra Streisand, Aretha Franklin, Roberta Flack, Roy Orbison, Trisha Yearwood, Patti LaBelle, Michael Bolton, NSYNC, Gloria Estefan, Reba McEntire, Enrique Iglesias, Paloma Faith, Russell Watson, Rod Stewart, RBD, Aerosmith, The Cult, Kiss, Ricky Martin, Faith Hill, Meat Loaf, Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Toni Braxton, Exposé, Leigh Nash of Sixpence None the Richer, LeAnn Rimes, Kierra Sheard, Lady Gaga, Claire Richards, Westlife and so on, producing some of the songs as well. Her songs have been covered by artists including Joe Cocker, Weezer, Edwin McCain, Milli Vanilli, Mark Chesnutt, and so on.
Warren wrote three songs for Carrie Underwood's debut album, Some Hearts (2005) that were "Lessons Learned", "Whenever You Remember" and the title track.
In 2009, Warren co-wrote the United Kingdom's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest with Andrew Lloyd Webber the song "It's My Time". It was sung by Jade Ewen and achieved 5th place, the best for the U.K. since 2002.
In 2010, Warren partnered with Avon Products as a celebrity judge for Avon Voices, Avon's first ever global online singing talent search for women and songwriting competition for men and women. For the competition, Warren wrote a special anthem which was recorded by the finalists and produced by Humberto Gatica. Warren has been recognized six times ASCAP Songwriter of the Year and four times Billboard's Songwriter of the Year.
In 2012, Warren wrote the song "Counterfeit" for Tulisa's debut solo album The Female Boss.
Warren wrote Paloma Faith's 2014 song "Only Love Can Hurt Like This".
Warren's success in the U.S. has been paralleled in the U.K., where she has been rated the third most successful female artist. Peter Reichardt, former Chairman of EMI Music Publishing UK, credited her as "the most important songwriter in the world."
Warren is the first songwriter in the history of Billboard magazine to have seven hits, all by different artists, on the singles chart at the same time. Warren has had nine of her compositions hit #1 in the US Billboard Hot 100, all by different artists, and overall more than 30 of her songs have hit the U.S. top ten. Additionally, two of the top 13 hits in the Hot 100's 57-year history were written by her - "How Do I Live" (number four) and "Un-Break My Heart" (number 13). She has had an even bigger success on the U.S. Adult Contemporary charts, where sixteen of her songs have gone to #1, and overall more than 40 songs have hit the top ten on that chart. In the U.K., Warren has had three #1 hits, and more than 20 top ten hits. She has been inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Warren has never married, and does not think of herself as a person of commitment. In interviews, she has stated a belief that her lack of a romantic life makes her more peculiar as a songwriter. She had a relationship with producer/songwriter Guy Roche which ended in 1992 and claims she has not had another relationship since, commenting "I've never been in love like in my songs. I'm not like normal people. I'm no good at relationships. I draw drama to me — it's the Jew in me". Although she considers herself to be cynical regarding romance, Warren does not let this affect her songwriting and prefers to write alone, commenting "When I write with other people the experience is different. You have to compromise, which I have problems with. I'd rather listen to my own mind".
In a 2000 interview, Warren explained that she never let go of music despite experiencing rejections, depression and poverty. In 1994, Warren's house was damaged by the 1994 Northridge earthquake causing her to be miserable and homeless, drifting from hotels to rental houses. She has stated that therapy helped her with songwriting. She has also revealed that she works 12–16 hours a day, always takes her keyboard whenever she travels and is self-proclaimed and more active than when she was twenty years old.
Warren does not usually allow anyone into her Hollywood Hills office which she describes as a "cluttered, airless room … nothing has been moved or cleaned for 17 years because she is superstitious" and prefers to think of that room as her "secret world". In that room, Warren records melodies with a tape recorder on which she plays them again and chooses the songs she likes the most. But in an interview with CBS News Sunday Morning correspondent, Ben Tracy, she allowed part of the interview to be taped in the office.
^ a b c "Diane Warren Bio". Mtv.com. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
^ a b "Diane Warren - Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ a b c d "The Songwriter With a Golden Touch". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Porter, Susanna (July 28, 2000). "RECORD WOMAN". Daily Record (Scotland). Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ "Diane Warren Interview: I have not yet written my greatest song". Kingsorar.com. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
^ Laskow, Michael. "Diane Warren - Interviewed by Michael Laskow". Bmusic.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2006.
^ Newman, Melinda (February 9, 2008). "Q&A: Songwriter Warren taps into '70s soul for 'Gangster'". Reuters.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ a b Hunt, Dennis (November 26, 1994). "The Ballad of Diane Warren, Songwriter". Latimes.com. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
^ Ulaby, Neda (February 12, 2016). "Diane Warren On 'Til It Happens To You,' A Modern Anthem For A Hard Truth". NPR. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
^ a b Atkinson, Brian T. (January 1, 2007). "DIANE WARREN: Real Songs for Real People". Americansongwriter.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ "Diane Warren". Latimes.com. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
^ "Diane Warren Teams up With Universal Music Group for International Publishing Deal". Billboard.biz. June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
^ Sanderson, Elizabeth (January 24, 2009). "We wrote the Eurovision song in two hours, says Lloyd Webber". Daily Mail. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
^ Klier, Marcus (January 25, 2009). "United Kingdom: Song title announced". ESCToday. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
^ "Norway voted Eurovision winners". BBC News. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
^ "Avon Launches Avon Voices". Avoncompany.com. December 1, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
^ "Avon Honors Global Champions in the Fight Against Breast Cancer and Domestic Violence at the Avon Foundation Global Voices for Change Gala". Avoncompany.com. November 3, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
^ "Diane Warren Biography". Songwriters Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
^ "Digital Spy UK: Paloma Faith Releases New Single". Digitalspy.co.uk. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ "Radio 2 - The Diane Warren Story". BBC.co.uk. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ Gary Trust (January 26, 2016). "Ask Billboard: Diane Warren's Biggest Hot 100 Hits". Billboard.
^ "Diane Warren Exhibit Home". Songwritershalloffame.org. Archived from the original on January 4, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ Arianne Cohen (October 9, 2006). "I Belong to Me". Nerve.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ Sullivan, Caroline (May 13, 2009). "Diane Warren: 'I've never been in love'". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
^ Tracy, Brian (February 14, 2016). "The Tenacious Diane Warren and Lady Gaga". CBSnews.com. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
^ "Diane Warren Top ASCAP Songwriter". Tracy Chapman News at Yahoo! Music. Yahoo! Inc. May 20, 1998. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
^ "Repeat The Chorus: Warren Ascap's Songwriter Of Year". The Hollywood Reporter, archived at AllBusiness.com. May 18, 1999. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
^ Orr, Jay; Turneblah r, Shannon Wayne (October 3, 2000). "Los Angeles Comes to Nashville Pop Songwriter Diane Warren Named ASCAP's Country Songwriter of the Year". CMT News. MTV Networks. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
^ a b "Diane Warren - Awards". IMDb. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
^ "Past Winners Search: Diane Warren". Grammy.com. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
^ "WOMEN IN FILM, LOS ANGELES ANNOUNCES THE 2010 CRYSTAL + LUCY AWARDS® HONOREES". Wif.org. April 5, 2010. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diane Warren.
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On 22nd May, 1826, His Majesty's Ship Beagle set sail from Plymouth on a surveying voyage to South America.
Neither Darwin nor FitzRoy were on board. This was Beagle's first voyage. Her more famous second voyage was to begin five years later.
But her first voyage was not without incident: hardship; scurvy; several deaths; the suicide of Beagle's captain, Pringle Stokes; his temporary replacement by Lieutenant Skyring; his official replacement by the 23-year-old Robert FitzRoy, who joined the ship at Montevideo; surveying; the discovery and naming of the Beagle Channel; the abduction of four young Fuegian natives.
The first Beagle voyage was to establish Robert FitzRoy as an able and talented ship's captain, making him the logical choice to fulfil the same role on what was to become her far more famous second voyage. The need to return the young Fuegians to their homeland was surely a factor in FitzRoy's acceptance of the commission; Stokes's suicide a key factor in FitzRoy's decision to take a gentleman companion on the voyage.
In other words, were it not for the events of the first Beagle voyage, history might have been very different.
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Absolute Write Water Cooler > The Break Room > Office Party > Holidays and Special Occasions > Today is my Anniversary!
View Full Version : Today is my Anniversary!
Not only does it mark the anniversary of my marriage but it also marks the period of time that I graduated college, passed my state board exams, began my career and purchased my first home.
Wow talk about retrospection! Memories from the last 15 years are coming back to me as if they happened yesterday. Some good, some not so good but all worth remembering.
Have a great anniversary! :partyguy: Doing anything romantic?
Next month, 37 years of marriage.
Not only will it mark the anniversary of my marriage, but it also marks my last day of freedom.
Take it as it reads, Mrs. G. Although, she would have the same gripe--maybe worse.
May 18--the day Mount St. Helens blew its top.
PS: Rich, my bday is May 18. That might be a big party day here on AW. Of course, I'm flighty, so I'll probably flake and not even post.
I cannot believe I found this post today!
Happy Anniversary Gehanna! (24 for hubby and me this June!) Have a great celebration!
Congratulations to both of you - and best wishes for many more.
I've never been married but I did spend the night in jail once so I heartily commend you for your 15 years!!!
Congratulations, Gehanna, and Happy Anniversary! I wish you continued success!
LOL Rich! Mount St. Helens. Oy!
Wormo, if you think of that definition let me know.
Hey mommie4a! Gratz on 14 for you. What month is your anniversary?
Hello Pencilone, Gratz to you on 10 years!! What an awesome gift of forgiveness you gave your husband. May blessings come back to you for that.
Debbie, 24 years!! That's fantastic. Got any tips to share?
Hey Celeste!! There was a time that romance was gone from our marriage. Things seemed so empty, so dead and lonely. Not just for me but for my husband to. This seemingly dead period lasted almost 5 years.
I thought for sure our marriage was over and so did he. We stopped sleeping in the same bed together and could barely tolerate being in the same room together.
Talk about a time of trial by pain and misery. Pain and misery are two of the many negative emotions that will settle in when all other emotions are gone. Negative emotions are like parasites or demonic opportunists possessing their host with intent to destroy.
During that 5 years, many things took place. Some good and some not so good at all. One of the good things that took place was my spiritual realization. I'm not going to call it an awakening because spiritual events have been occurring in my life beginning as far back into my childhood as I can recall...but that is another story.
Anyway, there finally came a day that I began to get sick and tired of being sick and tired. I remembered a time a friend told me, "One day you'll wake up and leave. You will take your children and some belongings and you'll just go."
The more I thought about that the more I began to feel pissed off! I wasn't angry because of what she said, I was angry because I realized how easy it could be to just go and at first I couldn't figure out why after 5 years I hadn't left. Then "it" hit me hard. The reality of "it" had been there all along! I wondered how in the world I had failed to realize "it" for 5 years!
"It" began to make a difference especially after I took my understanding of "it" and shared "it" with my husband. He began to realize "it" to and then things began to get even better.
Yesterday was 15 years of marriage. Slowly my husband and I work to resolve the issues of our past and we strive to grow together. Yes we still have disagreements and arguments now and then. I am a Scorpio after all and he is a Taurus.
Despite my spiritual realization and despite any astrological influence there may or may not be, there is always the truth of "it". If you have "it" then you have "it" all even when you can't feel "it".
"It" is what remains when the romance is gone and "it" is what keeps two people together when they could easily leave one another.
Wonderful emotions, romance and passionate intimacy are all gifts of love. These experiences, of themselves, are not love. True love is never subject to emotional experiences despite the fact we allow ourselves to become subject to our emotions. Because of this subjection, we often lose sight of what is real for us and what has meaning.
Why can divorce be so devastating? Why does it leave such deep wounds? Why do relationships that end cause us so much grief? ... because we have "it" even if we did not realize "it".
Why does a battered woman return to her husband time and time again? You may say because of fear and I would agree but I say it is also because she loves him. Do I condone violence? Absolutely not! To anyone in an abusive relationship, "Get out! Save your life and your sanity!"
Our nature includes the capacity to love and to hate. We understand the fine line that exists between the two. It is up to each of us to decide what we want to do with "It" and to accept the consequence of our decisions.
Take "it" or leave "it" if you must but avoid placing value on "it" based on emotional experience or lack thereof.
How wonderful for you both. I'm sure there are people who thought--privately--that this might not work. Isn't it fun to prove them wrong? It's also great to reflect on what's different and what's unchanged, in what ways your lives together are better than they could possibly be apart.
A day late, but my sincere congratulations!
Ours is gone and I'm going on my sixth year of imprisonment in July (maybe).
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We are from Connecticut and are relocating to the Cincy area this Spring. We have 2 children ages 2 & 5 and after visiting last week we have narrowed our search down to Mason & Loveland based on the school districts. We like that Mason is a newer city and have highly ranked schools, but the schools seem very large to us. Does anyone know the # of students in the elementary classes and the # of class rooms? We currently live in a town with 19,000 people w/ excellent schools. What is the population of Mason vs. Loveland? I have gotten different #'s from different search engines on the internet. Any help, advise, on these 2 towns would be great!
My sister and BIL settled in Loveland some sixteen years ago, and decided to stay there last year when they needed to upsize (is that a word, well it is now.) You can't rely on Web databases for either Loveland's or Mason's population numbers because both communities are in a growth trend.
I have no great fondness for either town; they're both small farming/industrial villages which have morphed into suburbs filling up with subdivisions and big-box stores. Bleccchhhhh. Loveland, however, is bisected by the Little Miami, which is a "national scenic river" - great to canoe in or fish alongside. The bicycle trail leading north all the way to Waynesville also passes through. You'd also be a tad bit closer to I-275 there, with easy access to 71.
The typical class size in Loveland schools is less than 30 in the elementary grades. The city has responded capably to the need for more academic space as the number of kids increases - new high school, addition to the middle school, etc. I have no reason to doubt that Mason is doing the same.
Based admittedly on anecdotes and detached observation, I'd say Mason leans more conservative than Loveland, but Cincinnati as a whole is a lot more "red" than CT anyway. One example: A bar in Mason caused a stir by showing open hostility to Spanish-speaking would-be customers by putting up "English Only" signs. Contrast that with a newly-moved-in neighbor telling my sister that they'd relocated from another town because Loveland incorporated lessons about Jewish traditions in their classrooms and their former community did not.
By and large, there's little to distinguish Mason from Loveland, and you'd probably do fine no matter which place you end up selecting.
In other words, the suburbs up in that area are pretty much all the same.
I will be moving to this area as well. We are considering Mason, Loveland, and Kings. Both the Kings and Loveland middle schools got a shockingly lower score on Greatschools.org, which makes me nervous, but the other schools in those districts got high scores.
OP what are your conclusions after being in the area for a few years now?
I bought a home in Mason in August and don't even have kids. I wanted a nice, safe area that would have good resale value. It was a PITA to find a home here, even at asking price. Demand is so high. LMK if you need a realtor that works non stop. I got lucky, otherwise I'm sure Id still be looking for a simple 4 bed home with a fin basement, attached 2 car garage and a flat back yard. Any offer under asking price won't even be considered, as the demand is so high. At least when I was looking it was like that. Needless to say, we love it here.
Glad you like it here. Remember corresponding when you were considering the area. A prior poster said all of the suburbs around here are the same. While there are similarities, they certainly are not the same. Kings Mills and the Kings School District are in unincoporated Deerfield Township. Planning and zoning control are not nearly to the level of a city like Mason.
Loveland is a city, portions of which along the Little Miami are very old. Portions of Mason are also quite old, but the land coverage is much smaller than Loveland. As a boy in Madeira I remember discussing going to play the Loveland Tigers in football as we were in the same league. We would joke about having to travel along Loveland-Madeira Rd to the boonies to play in a cornfield. Loveland is unique in that portions of it exist in 3 counties, Hamilton, Clermont, and Warren. With the population explosion outward, Loveland has handled it well. They do not have ideal connections to the interstates and commutes, the primary connection being I-275. I will not knock Loveland, there is many pleasant things there.
But to get back to my favorite, Mason has an almost ideal location between I-71 and I-75. This location was very much a part of the growth of Mason. In my opinion the significant part was the industrial growth due to the access to two major Interstates. Companies like access to the distribution of their product. The encouragement of commercial enterprises is a significant factor in the health of any area. Our mayor of many years ago, Lou Eves recognized this. He may have only been a restaurant proprietor, but basically he was a businessman who recognized what commercial meant to a city. He insisted Mason set aside property as designated industrial park utilization. His forsight is why Mason is what it is today.
You hit the nail on the head as to why Mason is likely the most desirable northern suburb at this time. Statements like prepare to pay asking price or even over, in todays housing market, due to demand, just reinforces the number of people wanting to move here. Name me one other neighborhood of the Cincinnati area where perspective buyers do not intend to offer less than the asking price? So if maxmodder is right, you can forget Mason. Even though he says buying a house in Mason is a PITA, he says they love it. My conclusion is he has realized value received.
@ctmomof2 - I live in between Mason & Loveland, there are advantages and disadvantages to both. The vast majority of Mason parents I've known are happy with the schools, despite their size. Mason has alot of nice amenities like the community center. Lovelanders seem to be largely happy with their schools, too. Downtown Loveland has more character than downtown Mason does, partly because of the bike trail in Loveland.
I have to disagree with what someone else said re. how conservative the towns are - I'd say Loveland is hands down more conservative.
Biggest downside to both places is snobbery. Way too many people who think they are just it because they have a Loveland or Mason zip code or because they send the kiddos to Catholic schools. But the snobbery probably isn't as bad as some other parts of town.
@Lindaleep - I'm in Kings. They're rated high by the state, but they're only somewhat deserving of the ranking. I can't stand the way they teach math in the lower elementary grades. It's some newfangled method of teaching math that makes addition, etc. more complicated than it has to be. If your kids are average or a little above average academically, they may do fine. But if they're pretty intelligent, they'll be bored at least at the K-4 levels. It may or may not get more challenging at the 5th & 6th grade levels, it will depend on the teacher & whether they're in any gifted classes.
I was told by a teacher that Loveland and Kings are comparable in the elementary grades, but that Loveland is a little better at the junior high & high school levels.
The best thing you can do now is stop using greatschools.com. It is useless.
The vast majority of residents did move to Mason from somewhere else. In my circle of acquaintances however there are several older people who were born and raised in Mason. They resent all of the growth which has occurred and keep talking about old Mason as though there was some unique charm to it. I remark the only unique charm was there were few opportunities for someone to earn a decent living there unless they owned a farm. In my opinion they also represent the largest contingent of bigots, a different form of snobbery.
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Without the constant accessibility of technology, where would society be today? Amazon, an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company, has majorly contributed to the technological advancements that has helped shape modern America. By 2021, Amazon plans to open up 3,000 Amazon Go stores across the nation.
Functioning through a mobile app, an Amazon Go store is a checkout-free store that offers the “Just Walk Out” concept where customers can enter via app, select the desired items, and leave with the receipt digitally sent to them. Inside the store, the main products sold are readily accessible food and beverages. Ranging from breakfast, lunch, dinner, and basic groceries, the store offers daily made meals. Non-food items, however, are also sold, according to Super Market News.
With a modern and aesthetic look, it’s hard not to be intrigued by such a drastic change in regular grocery shopping. Because the store has no checkouts, there are no cashiers, meaning there are less workers. Other than the few security men who patrol around the store and the workers who restock the shelves, the highly developed, abundant amount of cameras to the make theft rare and uncommon.
At the end of the day, Amazon Go stores have pros and cons that are attached to their existence. Is it worth the risk of the decline of jobs and human interactions to profit off the rapid speed in grocery shopping? Will technology continue to take over and consume society? There are no guaranteed answers, but if society maintains the adaptation to modern advancements, the eventual generation will face a major dilemma.
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0.992707 |
What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used?
The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused. A Java object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in which it is used.
What if the main method is declared as private?
The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not public." message.
What if I write static public void instead of public static void?
Program compiles and runs properly.
What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?
Program compiles but throws a runtime error "NoSuchMethodError".
What is the first argument of the String array in main method?
How can one prove that the array is not null but empty using one line of code?
Print args.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been null then it would have thrown a Null Pointer Exception on attempting to print args.length.
What are Checked and Unchecked Exception?
A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class Runtime Exception and its subclasses. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown. eg, IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream's read() method· Unchecked exceptions are Runtime Exception and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown. eg, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's char At () method· Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be.
What are different types of inner classes?
Nested top-level classes, Member classes, Local classes, Anonymous classes Nested top-level classes- If you declare a class within a class and specify the static modifier, the compiler treats the class just like any other top-level class. Any class outside the declaring class accesses the nested class with the declaring class name acting similarly to a package. eg, outer. Inner. Top-level inner classes implicitly have access only to static variables. There can also be inner interfaces. These are of the nested top-level variety.
Member classes - Member inner classes are just like other member methods and member variables and access to the member class is restricted, just like methods and variables. This means a public member class acts similarly to a nested top-level class. The primary difference between member classes and nested top-level classes is that member classes have access to the specific instance of the enclosing class.
Local classes - Local classes are like local variables, specific to a block of code. Their visibility is only within the block of their declaration. For the class to be useful beyond the declaration block, it would need to implement a more publicly available interface. Because local classes are not members, the modifiers public, protected, private, and static are not usable.
Anonymous classes - Anonymous inner classes extend local inner classes one level further. As anonymous classes have no name, you cannot provide a constructor.
What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?
An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract. An interface has all public members and no implementation. An abstract class is a class which may have the usual flavors of class members (private, protected, etc.), but has some abstract methods.
Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading?
With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared variable while another thread is in the process of using or updating same shared variable. This usually leads to significant errors.
What are pass by reference and pass by value?
Pass by Reference means the passing the address itself rather than passing the value. Passby Value means passing a copy of the value to be passed.
What is HashMap and Map?
Map is Interface and Hashmap is class that implements that.
Difference between HashMap and HashTable?
The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls. (HashMap allows null values as key and value whereas Hashtable doesnt allow). HashMap does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant over time. HashMap is unsynchronized and Hashtable is synchronized.
Difference between Vector and ArrayList?
Vector is synchronized whereas arraylist is not.
Difference between Swing and Awt?
AWT are heavy-weight components. Swings are light-weight components. Hence swing works faster than AWT.
What is the difference between a constructor and a method?
A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has the same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operator. A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.
Some of the collection classes provide traversal of their contents via a java.util.Iterator interface. This interface allows you to walk through a collection of objects, operating on each object in turn. Remember when using Iterators that they contain a snapshot of the collection at the time the Iterator was obtained; generally, it is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator.
Abstract class must be extended/subclassed (to be useful). It serves as a template. A class that is abstract may not be instantiated (ie, you may not call its constructor), abstract class may contain static data. Any class with an abstract method is automatically abstract itself, and must be declared as such. A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This prevents it from being instantiated.
What is static in java?
Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a class might exist. This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a class.Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, if the original method was not declared final. However, you can't override a static method with a non-static method. In other words, you can't change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.
Are the imports checked for validity at compile time? e.g. will the code containing an import such as java.lang.ABCD compile?
In declaration, we just mention the type of the variable and it's name. We do not initialize it. But defining means declaration + initialization. e.g String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String ("abcd"); Or String s = "abcd"; are both definitions.
Objects are passed by value or by reference?
Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object.
Serialization is a mechanism by which you can save the state of an object by converting it to a byte stream.
How do I serialize an object to a file?
The class whose instances are to be serialized should implement an interface Serializable. Then you pass the instance to the Object Output Stream which is connected to a file output stream. This will save the object to a file.
Which methods of Serializable interface should I implement?
The serializable interface is an empty interface; it does not contain any methods. So, we do not implement any methods.
What is the common usage of serialization?
Whenever an object is to be sent over the network, objects need to be serialized. Moreover, if the state of an object is to be saved, objects need to be serilazed.
Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods read External and write External. These methods give you a control over the serialization mechanism. Thus, if your class implements this interface, you can customize the serialization process by implementing these methods.
What one should take care of while serializing the object?
One should make sure that all the included objects are also serializable. If any of the objects is not serializable then it throws a Not Serializable Exception.
What happens to the static fields of a class during serialization?
There are three exceptions in which serialization does not necessarily read and write to the stream.
-Serialization ignores static fields, because they are not part of any state.
-Base class fields are only handled if the base class itself is serializable.
What are the different ways to handle exceptions?
By wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the exceptions.
List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the method handle those exceptions.
What is the basic difference between the 2 approaches to exception handling? 1> try catch block and 2> specifying the candidate exceptions in the throws clause? When should you use which approach?
In the first approach as a programmer of the method, you urself are dealing with the exception. This is fine if you are in a best position to decide should be done in case of an exception. Whereas if it is not the responsibility of the method to deal with its own exceptions, then do not use this approach. In this case use the second approach. In the second approach, we are forcing the caller of the method to catch the exceptions, that the method is likely to throw. This is often the approach library creators use. They list the exception in the throws clause and we must catch them. You will find the same approach throughout the java libraries we use.
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You will be given a reference e-book to read which has 428 pages And the test will be based on that e-book , you can take final test within 1 year of purchase.
Construction Project Management (CPM) refers to the overall planning, control and coordination of a construction project from its inception up to the time when it is completed. The process requires the construction project manager or leader to make sure that the completed project is capable of meeting the requirements of a client, making it more financially and functionally viable. If you are thinking of getting your construction project management certification, then you should keep in mind that your most common responsibilities once you start to practice a career in this field will be divided into seven major categories and these include cost management, project management planning, contract administration, quality management, time management, construction management, professional practice and safety management. Certified construction project management experts are also required to perform vital activities and tasks within an organization and these include defining the management structure and responsibilities of the CPM team, leading and organizing the team through project control implementation, defining responsibilities and roles and establishing protocols for communication and determining project construction and design elements.
Deciding to earn a construction project management certification will require you to improve your skills in specifying the plans and objectives of a construction project including scope delineation, establishing standards and requirements for team performance, budgeting, selecting participants for the project and scheduling. Also included among your responsibilities are to maximize the efficiency of resources by procuring labor, equipment and materials, develop effective methods for resolving conflicts and implement different operations through properly coordinating and controlling plans, contracting, estimating, designing and constructing the whole construction project.
If earning a construction project management certification is your major objective, then you should know that Brainmeasures can offer you a high quality and comprehensive training. Brainmeasures offers the most detailed and accurate construction project management course so it is greatly possible for you to hone your skills and improve your knowledge in the field of CPM. Deciding to get your certificate from this legitimate online certification company is the wisest move that you can take as the topics and information covered in its program are not only accurate but are also updated. An online construction project management test is also provided by the program. This test has been developed by the CPM experts in Brainmeasures so expect to get the highest level of assessment by taking and passing it.
The construction project management certification program is intended for various professionals in the construction industry. You can expect this program to work perfectly for beginning graduate students, advanced undergraduates or professionals who wish to further improve their knowledge in construction, architecture, facilities management and engineering. The certification course aims to let these individuals understand that the entire construction project management certification process is such a challenging, exciting and dynamic one and requires skills in effectively managing construction projects and recording the past construction practices used.
Working as an expert in the construction project management industry is capable of increasing your annual income. You can expect to earn an average salary of $82,000 after you receive your construction project management certification.
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Could someone explain the use of each programming language connected to Cardano?
TL:DR. Plutus - general smart contract language for Cardano. Marlowe - simplified language for financial contracts for people with no experience in programming. Haskell - purely functional programming language, widely used in Cardano related software, Plutus is based on it too.
Marlowe interacts with real-world data and enables the expression of smart contacts. It is aimed at fixed-duration financial products, such as hedging, fixed-term deposits, credit swaps, and crowdfunding. Marlowe is ideal for financial start-ups, analysts, or those in the fintech community as well as universities who could use it for testing within their financial courses. With Marlowe you can write smart contracts for financial instruments that are easy to read, write, and understand without programming experience.
Haskell is a statically typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. Plutus is based on it. Most of Cardano related software is based on it.
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Cabrini-Green is a Chicago Housing Authority public housing development on Chicago's North Side. It’s bordered by Evergreen Avenue, Sedgwick Street, Division Street and Larrabee Street. At its peak, Cabrini-Green was home to 15,000 people who were living in the mid- and high-rise apartment buildings. Over the years, gang violence and neglect created terrible conditions for the residents, and the name "Cabrini-Green" became synonymous with the problems associated with public housing in the United States.
As of 2007, fewer than 5,000 residents remain in Cabrini-Green. Most of the buildings have been razed and the whole neighborhood is being redeveloped into a combination of high-rise buildings and row houses, with the stated goal of creating a mixed-income neighborhood with some units reserved for public housing tenants. Controversy has been created by the ways the plans have been implemented.
Cabrini-Green was composed of four sections built over a 20-year period: the Frances Cabrini row houses in 1942, Cabrini Extension North and Cabrini Extension South in 1958 and lastly, the William Green Homes in 1962. The construction reflected the "urban renewal" approach to U.S. city planning in the mid-20th century. The extension buildings were known as the "reds," for their red brick exteriors, while the William Green homes, with reinforced concrete exteriors, were known as the "whites." Many of the high-rise buildings originally had exterior porches called "open galleries." According to the CHA, the early residents of the Cabrini row houses were of predominantly Italian ancestry. By 1962, however, a majority of residents in the completed complex were African-American. White flight from the complex escalated over the following decade; by the 1970s, its population was almost entirely black.
Poverty and organized crime have long been associated with the area. A 1931 Map of Chicago's Gangland created by Bruce-Roberts, Inc. considers the intersection of Locust and Sedgwick Avenues as “death corner." Allegedly, as many as 50 murders have taken place at that street corner alone. At first, the housing was integrated and many residents held jobs. This changed in the years after World War II, when the nearby factories that provided the neighborhood's economic base closed and laid-off thousands. At the same time, the cash-strapped city began withdrawing crucial services like police patrols, transit services, and routine building maintenance. Lawns were paved over to save on maintenance, burnt-out street lights were left for months and apartments damaged by fire were simply boarded up instead of rehabilitated and reoccupied. Later phases of public housing development, such as the William Green homes, the newest of the Cabrini-Green buildings, were built on notoriously stingy budgets, having problems with construction quality and durability.
As a result, the houses became neglected, and there was an exodus of residents who had any kind of resources or options. Only the most marginalized and destitute residents or those still involved in the development's lucrative drug trade, remained. Such a resource-poor population could not effectively exert political pressure on the city, so the city increasingly neglected its obligations to those residents. Unlike many of the city's other public housing projects, such as Rockwell Gardens or the Robert Taylor Homes, Cabrini Green was situated in an extremely affluent part of the city. The poverty-stricken projects were actually situated at the meeting point of Chicago's two wealthiest neighborhoods: Lincoln Park and the Gold Coast. Less than a mile to the east sits Chicago’s widely-known Michigan Avenue with its expensive shopping and high-profile condos.
Meanwhile, the buildings' proximity to affluent areas made Cabrini-Green a lucrative site for illicit drug sales; in the absence of other employment opportunities, intense competition in this underground economy fostered gang formation and violence. Specific gangs “controlled” individual buildings, and residents felt pressure to ally with these gangs in order to protect them from escalating violence. During the worst years of Cabrini-Green's miseries, residents endured rat and cockroach infestations, rotting garbage in trash chutes, the stench of urine and insecticide in hallways, malfunctioning elevators, graffiti on walls, as well as problems with basic utilities, such as bursting pipes. On the exterior, boarded-up windows, burned-out areas on the façade, and pavement instead of green space—all in the name of economizing on maintenance—created an atmosphere of neglect and decay. The high porches proved to be dangerous, and for safety reasons, the CHA enclosed the entire height of the buildings with steel fencing to prevent residents from falling or being thrown off. This gave the entire housing project the appearance of being a large prison or animal cage, which further angered and embarrassed community leaders.
In response to these problems, residents have organized over the years both to pressure the city for assistance and to protect and support each other. In 1996, tenant activists had a new challenge when the government mandated the destruction of 18,000 units of public housing in Chicago, along with tens of thousands of other units nationwide. In response, some Cabrini-Green tenants organized to protect themselves from becoming homeless and to protect what they and their supporters see as a right to public housing for the city's poorest residents. The residents succeeded in obtaining a consent decree guaranteeing that some buildings will remain standing while the new structures are built, so that tenants can remain in their homes until new ones are available. The document also guarantees displaced Cabrini residents a home in the new neighborhood.
Further, in 2004, a tenant group sued the housing authority over relocation plans for displaced residents of Cabrini-Green under the city's Plan for Transformation, a $1.4 billion blueprint for public housing renewal. Richard Wheelock, an attorney representing the tenants, said the authority's demolition program had outpaced its reconstruction program, thus leaving families with few options beyond similarly or identically dangerous and segregated areas elsewhere in the city. People were simply being forced out of the residences and becoming homeless.
Though Chicago has had many ill-fated public housing projects, including the Robert Taylor Homes and the Stateway Gardens on the south side of the city, Cabrini-Green's name and its problems were the most publicized, especially beyond Chicago. The widespread familiarity may have developed in part because Cabrini-Green was surrounded by wealthy neighborhoods. As a result of this location, wealthy Chicagoans were more aware of Cabrini-Green than they were of other projects that were farther removed from their view and daily routes of travel.
Several infamous incidents contributed to Cabrini-Green's reputation. In 1992, 7-year old Dantrell Davis was killed by a stray bullet while walking to school with his mother. In 1997, 9-year-old "Girl X," as she was dubbed at the time and whose real name was Shatoya Currie, was brutally raped and poisoned in a stairwell, leaving her blind, paralyzed and mute. Members of the infamous street gang, the Gangster Disciples, who controlled most of Cabrini-Green, were ordered by the gang's leaders to find the person responsible for the crime and brutally assault him. Currie’s attacker, Patrick Sykes, who was not a gang member, was later apprehended by police and sentenced to 120 years in prison.
Cabrini-Green was so feared by the police during the 1990s that many refused to go into the complex for fear of their own lives. Several Chicago police officers had reported that once inside the complex, they were verbally abused, spit at, had rocks smashed through their cars and many had been shot. Also, an unanticipated result of the steel fencing installed to secure the previously open porches was that it became difficult for police to see through the steel mesh from outside; in 1970, two police officers were killed by snipers set off from within the neighborhood compounds.
In an effort to demonstrate a commitment to making the complex safer, then Chicago Mayor Jane Byrne moved into a fourth-floor apartment in 1981. Though she was backed by police and bodyguards, she stayed for only three weeks. This event, too, contributed to public perception of Cabrini-Green as the worst of the worst of public housing in the entire nation. While many non-residents regarded Cabrini-Green with almost unalloyed horror, long-term residents interviewed by a Chicago Tribune reporter in 2004 described mixed feelings about the end of the Cabrini-Green era. They told the reporter that, in the face of their shared hardships, many residents had developed bonds of community and mutual support. They lamented the uprooting and scattering of that community and worried about what would become of the residents who were being moved out of the old buildings to make way for new development.
The CHA, under a ten-year Plan for Transformation enacted in 2000, plans to demolish almost all of its high-rise public housing, including much of Cabrini-Green (except the original row houses, which will remain). By the 1990s, developers had converted thousands of acres of former industrial lands near the north branch of the Chicago River and directly north, south, and west of Cabrini-Green to office, retail, and housing. Speculators began purchasing property immediately adjacent to Cabrini-Green, with the expectation that the project would eventually be demolished.
Finally, in May of 1995, the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development took over management of the CHA and almost immediately began demolishing vacant "reds" buildings of the Cabrini extension intending to make Chicago a showpiece of a new, mixed-income approach to public housing. Shortly thereafter, in June 1996, the city of Chicago and the CHA unveiled the Near North Redevelopment Initiative, which called for new development on and around the Cabrini-Green site. Demolition of the Cabrini extension was completed in 2002. Part of the site was added to Seward Park, and construction of new, mixed-income housing on the remainder of the site began in 2006.
The number of people actually living in Cabrini-Green currently is down to less than 5,000, plus an unknown number of squatters occupying "vacant" apartments that are slated for demolition. New housing built on the 70-acre Cabrini-Green site will include 30 percent public-housing replacement homes and 20 percent "workforce affordable" housing, while many adjacent developments, almost all targeted at luxury buyers, include 20 percent affordable housing, half targeted as public-housing replacement, with a goal of 505 replacement units built off-site.
The Plan for Transformation's relocation process was the subject of a lawsuit, Wallace v. Chicago Housing Authority, which alleged that many residents were hastily forced into substandard, "temporary" housing in other slums, did not receive promised social services during or after the move, and were often denied the promised opportunity to return to the redeveloped sites. The lawsuit was settled in June 2006, as the parties agreed to two relocation programs for current and former CHA residents: First, CHA’s current relocation program, encouraging moves to racially integrated areas of metropolitan Chicago and providing for case-managed social services, would be applied to families initially moving from public housing; and second, an agreed-upon modified program run by CHA’s voucher administrator, CHAC Inc., would encourage former CHA residents to relocate to economically and racially integrated communities as well as give them increased access to social services.
Crime has dramatically decreased as the area's population has shifted. In the first half of 2006, only one murder occurred. Since most of the new housing post-dates 2000, no census figures are yet available, but the area is no longer predominantly Black. As of July of 2006, foundations are being built at Parkside, the first development on former public housing land. Demolition of Cabrini-Green continues slowly and is expected to be completed by late 2008. Plaintiffs in Wallace and others allege that CHA's hasty removal of residents has exacerbated socioeconomic and racial segregation, homelessness, and other social ills that the Plan for Transformation aimed to address by forcing residents to less-visible but still impoverished neighborhoods, largely on the south and west sides of the city.
The 1975 film Cooley High was set in and around the Cabrini-Green projects, though primarily filmed at another Chicago-area housing project. The actual Edward J. Cooley High School was located on the 800 block of West Scott Street in Chicago and was demolished in the late 1970s. The area around the former Cooley High School is, as of 2007, zoned to Lincoln Park High School.
Cabrini-Green was the setting for the film Candyman, a 1992 horror film based on a story by Clive Barker. The film chronicles the legendary life of the infamous Candyman (played by Tony Todd), a Black man who was brutally killed because of a love affair with the daughter of a local (and white) plantation owner. In the film, Candyman was killed at the site on which the future Cabrini-Green would be built (though this plot line would later be changed in the sequel), and within the film the residents of the housing project are under his sway, though most consider him nothing more than a figment of the collective imagination. The main character, Helen Lyle (played by Virginia Madsen), was researching the urban legend of Candyman and her journey took her to Cabrini-Green, though the housing project was only used for long distance and aerial shots according to online trivia of the film.
Danitra Vance, Saturday Night Live's first black female repertoire player (first appearing in the show's 1985-1986 season), had a recurring character named Cabrini-Green Jackson, a poor, black, teenage mother who acted as a motivational speaker to young, unwed mothers.
The sitcom Good Times (1974-1979) was ostensibly set in Cabrini-Green. Although Cabrini-Green was never mentioned by name as the housing project in which the Evans family of Good Times lived, exterior shots of Cabrini-Green were shown in both the opening and closing credits sequences of the sitcom.
In the latter half of the 1980's, the backstory of DC Comics character Amanda Waller, leader of the third incarnation of the Suicide Squad was initially tied specifically to Cabrini-Green.
The 1994 film Hoop Dreams chronicles the life of Cabrini-Green youth William Gates (along with Garfield Park resident Arthur Agee) in pursuit of his dreams to someday play in the NBA.
In the sitcom The Bernie Mac Show (2001-2006), Bernie's two nieces and nephew Vanessa, Bryana, and Jordan Tompkins lived in Cabrini-Green with their mom before they moved in with Bernie and Wanda.
In the 1999 film Whiteboyz, a group of white hip-hop fans from Iowa come to Cabrini-Green to buy drugs.
The book Cabrini-Green in Words and Pictures (compiled by David T. Whitaker, 2000) tells the story of this community from the perspective of those who lived there. Through interviews with three generations of residents, young and old share thoughts and memories of a place they called home.
In the 2001 Film Hardball, an aimless young man (played by Keanu Reeves) struggles with alcoholism, gambling and ticket scalping. Desperate for cash, he secures a loan from an acquaintance by agreeing to coach the Little League team of the Cabrini Green. His new job gives him purpose and he starts to turn his life around.
The 1990 futuristic fictional comic book series Give Me Liberty by Frank Miller and Dave Gibbons begins in Cabrini-Green. As of the opening of the story in 1995 the neighborhood has already been enclosed in a gigantic walled and roofed structure, turning it into a prison for its impoverished residents, reflecting the decision to enclose several buildings in steel mesh. The enclosure is demolished years later by direct order of Howard Nissen, the future United States President, who does so after being informed of the horrible living conditions by the story's protagonist, Martha Washington, who grew up there.
The 1999 documentary, Voices of Cabrini: Rebuilding Chicago's Public Housing (by Ronit Bezalel and Antonio Ferrera) is a half-hour look at the redevelopment/demolition of Cabrini through the stories of its residents. The film interviews resident Mark Pratt and his son Trevonte. In addition, Cabrini Green Barber George Robbins is also interviewed and eventually has to move out of the community.
In Alex Ross's Kingdom Come miniseries, he created a background character named Kabrini, a green monster in chains whose name is basically a joke referring to Cabrini-Green.
Sources: Wikipedia.com; Chicago Housing Authority website "Cabrini-Green Homes;” Saulny, Susan. "At Housing Project, Both Fear and Renewal". New York Times March 18, 2007; Gottfried, Keith E. "Remarks of the Honorable Keith E. Gottfried, General Counsel of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development." Presentation at the Multi-Housing World Conference and Expo, September 21, 2006. Page 3; Schmich, Mary. "Buildings stand because a leader stood her ground" Chicago Tribune Web Edition July 9, 2004; Chicago-Kent College of Law. "Media Advisories" February 28, 2005; THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS vs PATRICK SYKES Circuit Court of Cook County case No. 1-01-2942. June 30, 2003; Schmich, Mary. "Future closes in on Cabrini" Chicago Tribune Web Edition July 4, 2004; Business and Professional People for the Public Interest website. "Public Housing Transformation: Physical Planning, Relocation, Social Services, and Mobility Counseling Families Left Behind;" National Center on Poverty Law. Poverty Law Library. "Wallace v. Chicago Housing Authority: Chicago Housing Authority and Housing Advocates Settle Lawsuit over Resident Relocation."
Very interesting. I have always been terribly intrigued and horrified by the conditions in this housing (if you can call it that) development. I have read everything I could on it I think. I wish I could talk with people that lived there and people who are involved with the new development. I have heard conflicting opinions on the new development going up on the grounds. I think CG sounds like a terrible place, but also one of familiarity after a while I suppose. Stockholm syndrome?
I am white, but I believe these ghettos are absolutely designed to 'hold' African Americans in 'their place'. Wanna get out? Work like a dog and maybe you will. But probably not. We wouldn't have allowed that to happen to white people. Not to that magnitude. I think of it this way. It reminds me of the movie "A Time To Kill" with Samuel Jackson and Matthew McConaughy. Matthew gets the jury to close their eyes when they are thinking of Jackson's daughter being savagely murdered and they are about to let her killers go free. And Matthew says to them, "Now close your eyes... and pretend she's white." Ohh, the jurors say, now we get it. Too bad human beings have to think of someone having the same history and value system in order to be compassionate.
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"Art must have grandeur and moral purpose."
"The artist must be a philosopher and have no other guide except the torch of reason."
"A painter should be a man of order."
"The function of art is to make virtue adorable and vice repugnant."
"The same truth that guides the pen of the historian should govern the pencil of the artist."
Claude Lorrain's A landscape with Apollo guarding the herds of Admetus and Mercury stealing them (1645), depicts a scene from Greek mythology with contemporary details, as Apollo is playing a violin and Mercury resembles an ordinary villager, thus bringing the classical past and present reality into one serene vision.
While Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorraine were both French Baroque artists who spent most of their working lives in Rome, it was their distinctive emphasis on a more classical approach that appealed to Neoclassical artists. Claude, as he is commonly called, painted landscapes, using naturalistic detail and the observation of light and its effects, with figures from mythological or Biblical scenes, as seen in his A landscape with Apollo guarding the herds of Admetus and Mercury stealing them (1645) An effect of orderly harmony was conveyed in many of his works, which appealed to Neoclassicism's belief that art should express the ideal virtues.
Nicolas Poussin's The Death of Germanicus (1627) depicted the death and suspected assassination of the popular Roman general as recorded by the Roman historian Tacitus.
While he was also a noted painter of religious subjects, Nicholas Poussin's mythological and historical scenes were his primary influence on Neoclassicism. His The Death of Germanicus (1627) made him famous in his own time, and influenced Jacques-Louis David as well as Benjamin West whose The Death of General Wolfe (1770) draws upon the work. Though the works of Venetian Renaissance artist Titian influenced his color palette, Poussin's compositions emphasized clarity and logic, and his figurative treatments favored strong lines.
Pompeo Batoni's Francis Basset (1778) depicted his subject, a future British Baron, as the quintessential aristocratic tourist on the Grand Tour in Rome leaning against a fictional Roman altar with St. Peter's Basilica and the Castel Sant-Angelo in the background.
Neoclassicism was inspired by the discovery of ancient Greek and Roman archeological sites and artifacts that became known throughout Europe in popular illustrated reports of various travel expeditions. Scholars such as James Stuart and Nicholas Revett made a systematic effort to catalog and record the past in works like their Antiquities of Athens (1762). Wanting to see these works first hand, young European aristocrats on the Grand Tour, a traditional and educational rite of passage, traveled to Italy "in search of art, culture, and the roots of Western civilization," as cultural critic Matt Gross wrote. Rome with its Roman ruins, Renaissance works, and recently discovered antiquities became a major stop. Famous artists, such as Pompeo Batoni and Antonio Canova, held open studios as many of these aristocratic tourists were both avid collectors and commissioned various works.
Anton von Maron's Portrait of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1767) depicts the historian contemplating a reproduction of Greek art, while writing, and with a Greek bust behind him.
Neoclassicism began in Rome, as Johann Joachim Winckelmann's Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture (1750) played a leading role in establishing the aesthetic and theory of Neoclassicism. Though German, he lived most of his life in Rome where several notable Catholic officials became his patrons. Arguing that art should strive toward "noble simplicity and calm grandeur," he advocated, "the one way for us to become great, perhaps inimitable, is by imitating the ancients." The work, which made him famous, was widely translated, first into French, then into English by the artist Henry Fuseli in 1765.
Small Herculaneum Woman (30-1 B.C. E.) is a noted sculpture found during the excavation of Herculaneum.
In 1738, the ruined city of Herculaneum was discovered and excavated, followed by the excavation of Pompeii and Paestum in 1748. In the sudden eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE the cities had been covered in volcanic ash, so that elements of ancient everyday life, noted sculptures, and many frescoes were preserved. In 1758 Winckelmann visited the excavations, and published the first accounts of the archeological finds in his Letter about the Discoveries at Herculaneum (1762).
The title page of Johann Joachim Winckelmann's Geschichte der Kunst des Alterhums Vol. 1 (1776) shows Winckelmann in the center, with a bust of Homer and the Sphinx on the right, and the she-wolf with Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome on the left with an Etruscan vase behind them.
Winckelmann's masterwork History of Ancient Art (1764) became an instant classic, as art historians Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny wrote, his "most significant and lasting achievement was to produce a thorough, comprehensive and lucid chronological account of all antique art - including that of the Egyptians and Etruscans." He was the first to create an orderly vision of art, from beginning to maturity to decline, looking at a civilization's art as integrally connected to the culture itself. The book influenced noted intellectuals both of his time and in the following centuries, including Lessing, Herder, Goethe, Nietzsche, and Spengler.
Influenced by his close friend Winckelmann, Anton Raphael Mengs was an early pioneer of Neoclassical painting. The circle of artists that gathered around Mengs and Winckelmann positioned Rome as the center of the new movement. Mengs noted frescoes, depicting mythological subjects led to his being dubbed "the greatest painter of the day." He influenced a number of noted artists, who were to lead the subsequent development of Neoclassicism in Britain, including Benjamin West, Angelica Kauffman, John Flaxman, and Gavin Hamilton. He also influenced Jacques-Louis David, who led the later period of Neoclassicism centered in France, as the two artists met during David's Prix de Rome stay from 1775-1780.
This image shows the title page of the first volume of the twenty-eight volume Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) (1751-1772), edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert.
Neoclassicism developed with the Enlightenment, a political and philosophical movement that primarily valued science, reason, and exploration. Also called "The Age of Reason," the Enlightenment was informed by the skepticism of the noted philosopher René Descartes and the political philosophy of John Locke as the absolutes of the monarchy and religious dogma were fundamentally questioned, and the ideals of individual liberty, religious tolerance, and constitutional governments were advanced. The French Encyclopédie (Encyclopedia) (1751-1772), representing a compendium of Enlightenment thought and the most significant publication of the century, had an international influence. Denis Diderot, also known as a founder of the discipline of art history, who edited the work, said its purpose was " to change the way people think." As historian Clorinda Donato wrote, it "successfully argued...[for]...the potential of reason and unified knowledge to empower human will and ...to shape the social issues." Adopting this view, Neoclassical artists felt art could civilize, reform, and transform society, as society itself was being transformed by the rising forces of the Industrial Revolution, driven by scientific discovery and invention.
Joseph Wright of Derby's An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump (1768) depicted a scientific experiment as a heroic moment.
In Britain, the Neoclassicism of Benjamin West, among other artists, took on a more contemporary message, emphasizing moral virtue and Enlightenment rationality. Other artists such as Joseph Wright of Derby created works informed by scientific invention as seen in his An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump (1768) or Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery (1766). Rather than mythological subjects, British artists turned to classical historical accounts or contemporary history like West's The Death of General Wolfe (1770), in which he challenged the academic standards, refusing the advice to depict the soldiers in Roman togas as not based on reason or observation.
Jacques-Louis David's Oath of the Horatii (1784) was drawn from an account of the Horatii family in ancient Rome.
The later period of Neoclassicism, centered in France, emphasized strong line, austere classical settings lit with an artificial light, and simplified elements to convey moral vigor. Shown at the 1785 Paris Salon, Jacque-Louis David's Oath of the Horatii (1784) exemplified the new direction in Neoclassical painting and made him the leader of the movement. The artist completed the painting while he was in Rome, where he associated with Mengs, and, subsequently, visited the ruins at Herculaneum, an experience that he compared to having cataracts surgically removed. Although Oath of the Horatii (1784), appealed to King Louis XVI, whose government had commissioned it, with its emphasis on loyalty, the painting became subsequently identified with the revolutionary movement in France. The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching political and social upheaval that overthrew the monarchy, established a republic and culminated as a dictatorship under Napoleon inspired by radical new liberalist ideas. The Jacobins, a highly influential political club of the time, adopted the salute of the Horatii brothers as seen in David's The Tennis Court Oath (1791). David's influence was so great that the later period of Neoclassicism was dubbed "the Age of David," as he personally trained artists including Anne Louis Girodet-Trioson, François Gérard, Antoine Jean Gros, and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.
Influenced by Venetian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio's designs and informed by the archeological discoveries at Herculaneum and Winckelmann's theories, Neoclassical architecture began in the mid-1700s and spread throughout Europe. The ensuing style, found in the designs of public buildings, notable residences, and urban planning, employed a grid design taken from classical Roman examples. Ancient Romans, and before them even older civilizations, had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for defense and civil convenience purposes. At its most basic design, the plan emphasized a squared system of streets with a central forum for city services. However, regional variations developed in the early 1800s, as the British turned to the Greek Revival style, and the French to the Empire style developed during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. Both styles were connected to a sense of national identity, encouraged by the political environment of the time.
This photograph shows William Wilkins' Downing College, the Cambridge chapel (1807-1821) that exemplified the Greek Revival style dominating British architecture the first half of the nineteenth century.
The British Greek Revival style was influenced by the archeological findings of James Stuart and Nicholas Revett who published The Antiquities of Athens (1762), and the discovery of several Greek temples in Italy that could be easily visited. British Greek Revival architecture, led by the architects Williams Wilkins and Robert Smirke, noted for its emphasis on simplicity and its use of Doric columns, influenced architecture in Germany, the United States, and Northern Europe. Carl Gotthard Langhans's Brandenburg Gate (1788-1791) in Berlin was a noted example.
This photograph shows Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine and Charles Percier's Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (1801-1806) modeled on the Arch of Constantine (312) in Rome.
As Hugh Honour wrote, the French Empire style "turned to the florid opulence of Imperial Rome. The abstemious severity of Doric was replaced by Corinthian richness and splendor." Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine, both of whom trained in Rome, were the leading architects of the style, as seen in their Arc de Triomphe du Carousel (1801-1806). The triumphal arch became a noted feature of the style, both in France as seen in the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (1806-1836) and, internationally, as seen in the Navra Triumphal Arch (1827-1834) in Saint Petersburg to commemorate the Russian defeat of Napoleon.
Napoleon's bedchamber (c. 1804) in the Grand Trianon, Versailles exemplified the Empire style.
Interior design and furnishings in the Empire style were partially influenced by the discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii. Empire interiors, meant to impress, employed gilded ornament often with a militaristic motif or motifs evoking ancient Egypt and other civilizations conquered by the Romans, and in the early 1800s conquered by Napoleon. Both in architecture and design, the Empire style became international, as it corresponded to the Regency style in England, the Federal style in the United States, and the Biedermeier style in Germany.
Jean-Baptiste Pigaelle's Mercury (1744) was his reception piece for the French Royal Academy.
The French Jean-Baptiste Pigalle was an early leader of Neoclassical sculpture. His Mercury (1744) was acclaimed by Voltaire as comparable to the best Greek sculpture and widely reproduced. Pigalle was also a noted teacher, as his student Jean-Antoine Houdon, renowned for his portrait busts, subsequently led the movement in France. As the movement was truly international, the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova was considered to be the leading exponent of Neoclassicism as his works were compared in their beauty and grace to those of the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles. In England, John Flaxman was the most influential sculptor, known not only for his figures such as his Pastoral Apollo (1824) but his reliefs and his Neoclassical designs for Josiah Wedgwood's Jasperware, an internationally popular stoneware.
Neoclassicism in painting and sculpture began declining with the rise of Romanticism, though in the early 1800s the two styles existed in rivalry, as Ingres held to Neoclassicism, by then considered "traditional," and Delacroix emphasized individual sensibility and feeling. By the 1850s Neoclassicism as a movement had come to an end, though academic artists continued to employ classical styles and subjects throughout most of the 19th century, while opposed and challenged by modern art movements, such as Realism, Naturalism, and Impressionism.
Nonetheless Ingres' work continued to influence later artists as he evolved away from Neoclassicism and into Romanticism with his female odalisques and their elongated backs. He impacted Edgar Degas, Auguste Renoir, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso, who were informed by his figurative treatments with their stylistic distortions. David's work, particularly his The Death of Marat (1793), was rediscovered in the mid-19th century, and, subsequently, influenced Picasso and Edvard Munch, as well as contemporary artists such as Vik Muniz. Contemporary artist Cindy Sherman's History Portraits (1988-1990) repurposes a number of famous Neoclassical works through self-portrait film stills.
While Neoclassical architecture declined by the mid 1800s, its influence continued to be felt in new movements, such as the American Renaissance movement and Beaux-Arts architecture. Additionally, architects commissioned to create noted public projects continued to turn to the style in the 20th century as seen in the Lincoln Memorial (1922) and the American Museum of Natural History's Theodore Roosevelt Memorial (1936). The Soviet Union also frequently employed the style in state architecture, both at home and by exporting it to other communist countries.
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At what point in time will life and annuity companies decide to re-enter the structured sales market?
As one of the earliest advocates of structured sales I have watched with almost a sense of disbelief as the life insurance and annuity companies which stand to benefit the most from the growth of this concept, sit on their hands and discuss the problem of "finding new money business" for their annuity departments. As I have written in past columns, the retreat from the advocacy of actively promoting structured sales back in 2008-2011 fiscal years made a some sense. As the real estate market had collapsed, interest rates plunged to 50 year lows and tax rates for capital gains stayed at historically low levels. The market for these transactions had shrunk dramatically, so a retreat by Allstate and Prudential was understandable given the market issues and life company concerns about their post TARP balance sheets, but the question now is are those concerns still valid?
We and an industry are now looking at conditions which pretty much scream out for a life insurance or annuity company to jump into the structured sale market, but as of March 2014, all those of us in the profession hear from life markets is crickets chirping. While I understand the thinking of life company home office types, I was one of them way, way back, the fact is I receive almost daily calls and emails from clients looking to structure their real asset gains, so the consumer interest is there and growing, all with out any promotion or marketing by the life and annuity industry that would stand to benefit most by offering this option to their clients.
The real estate market, particularly commercial real estate sale, dwarf's the personal injury structured settlement market. Hard numbers are difficult to obtain but it is generally recognized that the commercial real estate transaction market is in excess of $200 billion per year, many multiples larger than the $5 billion structured settlement market. In short, the gross total of potential clients is huge and easily reached using modern marketing and advertising programs.
Unlike the early years of structured sales, roughly 2006-2009, we are looking at the reality of higher capital gains tax rates at both the State and Federal level. One of the previous objections to deferring gains was "what if capital gains tax rates increase", something the last tax bill made a reality. High rates now mean's a diminished potential of deferring gains to future years with even higher rates.
The aging of the American property owner. Most structured sales of real estate are initiated by clients over the age of 60, who by nature are more inclined to want a fixed, period certain income over time vs simply rolling a property into another investment after a few years. Longer term income horizons fit the needs of many older property owners looking to cash out and not purchase any more real estate.
Life and Annuity companies have constant angst over the "new money" issue and structured sales of real estate are true "new money" assets. In short, many feel the annuity market has grown by the recycling of existing cash or annuity assets from one company to another. Structured sales by contrast convert real estate equity into an annuity asset for the funding life or annuity market, creating a true new money business model with out issues of churning current annuity accounts.
The biggest reason life companies should be in this market is that most of the sellers have substantial assets, need estate planning and wealth management. Why in the world would life companies not want to speak to and work with this major market?
In short, there a at least five major reasons life and annuity companies need to be back in the structured sale market, however, all indications are they will continue to wait for another major player to jump in before we see a substantial growth of underwriting markets. That said it is clear that sellers and structured sale experts will not sit still for much longer waiting for the life companies to add this to their portfolio of products, but instead are crafting alternative assignment company and funding programs to meet the growing demand. More on that topic in Part II of this analysis.
Posted on March 5, 2014 by Editorial Staff.
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Whole or partially skimmed milk? Many choose cow in case of deciding between different milk types offered in large scale distribution, but the dilemma becomes more arduous and often does not consider the properties of each single product, just awarding taste.
Taste is the first aspect to consider on purchase, but it is always necessary to also know the characteristic properties of milk, like any element put in the trolley. Whole milk is outstanding among (fully or partly) skimmed milk types as it maintains all its original nutritional factors. It is subject to no process to skim or separate the fatter part, preserving an average lipid value around 3.5%, leaving the goodness of its essential acid fats unchanged too.
For the palate, it looks rounder and tastier, with an unbeatable ability to develop vitamin and mineral salt absorption due to high presence of phosphorus, proteins and provitamins A, B1 and B12. Overall, whole milk is the right food for children, pregnant women and sportspeople.
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What tools are required to make a frame?
The list can be endless and there's always a new tool on the market that will make things easier. Often, though, much of what you need can be found in or around the home.
Last, but not least, although it's not a tool, a good solid flat bench makes things so much easier. Ideally the work surface should be around about your "hip height". Even worse, trying to work on the floor can be back breaking.
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Rabbi Abraham Heschel presenting Judaism and World Peace award to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel (January 11, 1907 – December 23, 1972) was a major thinker of Conservative Judaism and leading U.S. social activist, considered by many to be one of the most significant Jewish theologians of the twentieth century. An exponent of the Jewish prophetic and mystical traditions, Heschel sought a middle ground between the critical approach to Jewish tradition as represented by Reform Judaism and what he saw as the legalism of Orthodoxy. He also sought to interpret Judaism in terms of the modern philosophy of religion.
On the foundation of his intellectual achievements in the 1950s, Heschel won fame as an activist for civil rights and an opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s. He was also a leading activist for freedom for Soviet Jewry. Heschel was chosen by American Jewish organizations to negotiate with leaders of the Roman Catholic Church at the Vatican Council II. He helped persuade the Church to eliminate or modify passages in its liturgy that demeaned the Jews and called for their conversion to Christianity.
Heschel is one of the few Jewish theologians widely read by Christians. His most influential works include Man is Not Alone, God in Search of Man, The Sabbath, and The Prophets. His theological works argued that the religious experience was a fundamentally human impulse, not just a Jewish one, and that no religious community could claim a monopoly on religious truth.
Born in Warsaw on January 11, 1907, Heschel was a member of preeminent rabbinic families of Europe both on his father's and mother's sides, and a descendant of Rebbe Avrohom Yehoshua Heshl of Apt. He was the youngest of six children. In his teens he received a traditional yeshiva education, and obtained ordination as a rabbi. He then studied at the University of Berlin, where he received his doctorate, and at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, where he earned a second, more liberal, rabbinical ordination.
Heschel's teachers included some of the best German-Jewish thinkers: Chanoch Albeck, Ismar Elbogen, Julius Guttmann, and Leo Baeck. He later taught the Talmud in Berlin, Frankfurt, and Warsaw. Escaping from the Nazis, he found refuge both in England and the United States, where he briefly served on the faculty of Hebrew Union College (HUC), the main seminary of Reform Judaism, in Cincinnati.
Increasingly uncomfortable with the lack of observance of Jewish law at HUC, Heschel sought for an academic institution which upheld Jewish customs as normative but, like HUC, also allowed critical modern scholarship of the Bible and the Talmud. He found such a place in 1946 when he came to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS), the main seminary of Conservative Judaism. He accepted a position there as Professor of Jewish Ethics and Mysticism, where he served until his death in 1972.
He married Sylvia Straus on December 10, 1946, in Los Angeles. They had a daughter named Susannah who eventually became a scholar of Judaism in her own right.
Heschel explicated many facets of Jewish thought including studies on medieval Jewish philosophy, Kabbalah, and Hasidism. He had a special interest in the prophets and their lives. His books contain civil but pointed rejoinders toward those in Reform Judaism who no longer held that Jewish law was normative, and also toward those in Orthodox Judaism who valued legalism over the spirit of the law, according to Heschel.
His views were strongly criticized by his colleague Mordechai Kaplan, founder of Reconstructionist Judaism. Kaplan affirmed that God is not personal, and that all anthropomorphic descriptions of God are, at best, imperfect metaphors. Kaplan also held that Jewish law is no longer binding on Jews. Many students who attended JTS in the 50s sympathized with Kaplan over Heschel.
Heschel also saw the teachings of the Hebrew prophets as a clarion call for social action in the United States and worked for black civil rights and against the Vietnam War. After marching with Martin Luther King, Jr. in Selma, Alabama, Heschel said: "Legs are not lips, and walking is not kneeling. And yet our legs uttered songs. Even without words, our march was worship. I felt my legs were praying." Heschel played a prominent role at the National Conference of Religion and Race in Chicago in 1963, which helped to organize the March on Washington later that year. Later, Heschel served as co-chairman of Clergy and Laity Concerned about Vietnam, a key component of the growing opposition to the Vietnam War. He was also a major force in the campaign to promote the human rights of Soviet Jewry.
Heschel also made history in his efforts to reconcile Jews and Catholics. He was an important influence at the Second Vatican Council in the crafting the 1965 statement Nostra Aetate which which is seen as a turning point in the relations between Christians and Jews. Several aspects of Catholic teaching and liturgy were changed as a result, no longer blaming the Jews for Christ's death and refraining from calling for Jews to convert to Catholicism.
Heschel died on December 23, 1972 at his home in New York City.
This work started out as his Ph.D. thesis in German but was later expanded and translated into English. Originally published in a two-volume edition, it covers their life and the historical context that their missions were set in, summarizes their work, and discusses their psychological state. In it Heschel promulgated what would become a central idea in his theology: that the prophetic (and, ultimately, Jewish) view of God is best understood not as anthropomorphic but rather as anthropopathic—that God has human feelings. He emphasized the social role of the prophets as men who courageously spoke the truth to those in power, be they kings, priests, or those who controlled great wealth. It remains widely read today.
The Sabbath: Its Meaning For Modern Man is a work on the nature and celebration of the Jewish Sabbath. This work is rooted in the thesis that Judaism is a religion of time, not space, and that the Sabbath symbolizes the sanctification of time. He also promulgated Hasidic and kabbalistic views which see the Sabbath as a type of manifestation of God's grace, which is to be welcomed by the Jewish community with mystical gratitude. Unlike Reform Jews, Heschel insisted that proper observance of the Sabbath was crucial to Judaism.
Man Is Not Alone: A Philosophy of Religion offers Heschel's views on how man can approach God, who is beyond comprehension. Judaism views God as being radically different from man, so Heschel explores the ways that Judaism teaches that a person may have an encounter with the ineffable. A recurring theme in this work is the radical "amazement" that humans experiences in the presence of the Divine. Heschel also explores the problems of doubt and faith, what Judaism means by teaching that "God is one," the essence of humans and their needs, the definition of religion and Judaism, and man's yearning for spirituality.
God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism is a companion volume to Man is Not Alone. In this book Heschel discusses the nature of religious thought, how thought becomes faith, and how faith creates responses in the believer. He discusses ways that humans can seek God's presence and the radical amazement that humans receive in return. He offers a criticism of nature worship, a study of man's metaphysical loneliness, and his view that we can also consider God to be in search of man. He studies the concept of Jews as a chosen people, the idea of revelation, and what it means for one to be a prophet. Heschel rejects the idea that mere faith (without law) is enough, but then cautions against adding too many added restrictions in Jewish law, as imposed, he believes, by many Orthodox rabbis. He discusses the need to correlate ritual observance with spirituality and love, the importance of kavvanah (intention) when performing mitzvot.
Heschel also wrote a series of articles on the existence of prophecy in Judaism after the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem in 70 C.E. These essays were published in English as Prophetic Inspiration After the Prophets: Maimonides and Others by the American Judaica publisher Ktav. The book counters the traditional view that prophecy ended early in the Second Temple era, around the fourth century B.C.E. Countering this, Heschel argued that prophecy continued during of the inter-testamental and medieval periods. He held that prophetic inspiration occurred even in post-Talmudic times into the modern period and emphasized that prophecy involves men of God standing not only for religious truth, but also for social justice.
Many consider Heschel's Torah min HaShamayim BeAsafklariah shel HaDorot (Torah from Heaven in the light of the generations) to be his masterwork. The three volumes of this work are a study of classical rabbinic theology and aggadah (exegesis), as opposed to halakha (Jewish law.) It explores the views of the rabbis in the Mishnah, the Talmud, and the Midrash about the nature of Torah, the revelation of God to mankind, prophecy, and the ways that Jews have used scriptural exegesis to expand and understand these core Jewish texts. In this work Heschel views the second century sages Rabbis Akiva and Ishmael ben Elisha as paradigms for the two dominant world-views in Jewish theology.
Abraham Heschel had a significant impact on twentieth-century Judaism, taking a leading role in the Jewish commitment to the Civil Rights Movement, the anti-Vietnam War protest movement, and the campaign for the human rights of Soviet Jewry. Even if one did not agree with some of his political opinions, his writings and example showed that the true spirit of the prophets lives not simply in theology but in social action.
His ecumenical work with the Catholic Church during Vatican II did much to heal the historical breach between Christianity and Judaism, by influencing the Church to remove many of the parts of its liturgy that were offensive to Jews.
In theology, Heschel took the middle ground between the liberalism of Reform Judaism and the conservatism of Orthodoxy. He emphasized that God is not anthropomorphic in form, but that God and humans do share common feelings such as the desire for love and indignation at injustice. His many thought-provoking books continue to stimulate questions and debates among Jewish theological students today and remain among the few Jewish theological books read by Christians.
Heschel's life's work has inspired three namesake schools: one on the Upper West Side of New York City, one in Northridge, California, and one in Toronto, Canada.
"Never forget that you can still do your share to redeem the world in spite of all absurdities and frustrations and disappointments."
↑ Neil Gillman, Conservative Judaism: The New Century (West Orange, NJ: Behrman House, 1993, ISBN 0874415470), 163.
↑ Edward K. Kaplan, Abraham Joshua Heschel: Prophetic Witness (Yale University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0300124644).
History of "Abraham Joshua Heschel"
This page was last modified on 25 January 2019, at 17:11.
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The following is a true story from the past of brother A and his older sister L who are among us today.
One day, sister L said: "Hey, I have an idea. Why don't we make our rooms into libraries? You can borrow my books, and I can borrow your books."
Hiding his initial excitement, brother A looked at his older sister suspiciously and asked, "Do I have to pay?"
"No silly, you can borrow library books for free!"
"Oh yeah! Let's do that, then!"
Brother A then proceeded to go over to his sister's room and borrowed a big stack of books. Sister L played the good librarian and jotted down which books were being borrowed and marked the date.
"These are due in 2 weeks," said sister L with a smile.
"All right!" said brother A excitedly, who immediately forgot about the books and didn't read a single one.
After 3 months, brother A remembered and tried to return the books, with a few missing books of course.
"There is a late fee and a lost book fee," said sister L, "and it'll be $20."
Brother A tried to argue, but sister L simply showed him that this is how libraries work, and that he can't argue against libraries.. So brother A paid, blowing his life savings that he had accrued since the last time he got ripped off.
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What is the best free e-commerce plugin for WordPress ?
I would like to know best free e-commerce plugin for WordPress.
There are plenty of wordpress plugins available in the marketplace for building a wordpress ecommerce site. And this plugin would be good for building your ecommerce store http://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-e-commerce/.
There are so many free WordPress eCommerce plugins available but in my view DukaPress and WooCommerce are the best free plugins. These plugins can be more than other premium plugins in features.
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U.S. Marines raid cleric Muqtada al-Sadr's house.
NAJAF, Iraq (CNN) -- Efforts to broker a peace agreement with rebel forces loyal to Shiite Muslim cleric Muqtada al-Sadr in the embattled south-central city of Najaf have failed, Iraqi government officials said Saturday.
"The Iraqi interim government has exhausted all efforts and did not leave any stone unturned to lead to a peaceful conclusion to this crisis," said Mouwaffaq al-Rubaie, Iraq's national security adviser, at a news conference.
Al-Rubaie said that military operations would resume to "return the city of Najaf to normal city functions and to establish law and order."
The development came as thousands of people headed to Najaf on Saturday to show their support for al-Sadr, whose militia has engaged U.S. and Iraqi forces in several cities across the country.
Al-Sadr supporters were trekking toward the Imam Ali Shrine in the center of Najaf, where they hope to protect the mosque, among the most sacred sites in the world to Shiites.
Najaf Gov. Adnan al-Zurufi said the Iraqis are welcome to visit the shrine but no one will be allowed to bring a weapon.
In a fiery speech Friday, Al-Sadr, one arm wrapped in a bandage, demanded U.S. forces leave Iraq and told the crowd to defend Najaf and "be a martyr."
An aide to the cleric said al-Sadr suffered minor shrapnel wounds while he was in the Imam Ali Shrine compound.
"Nobody can force me to leave or depart you," al-Sadr said. "We got rid of Saddam [Hussein] only to have him replaced by something worse than him."
Al-Sadr's Mehdi Army has been battling U.S. and Iraqi forces in Najaf for more than a week. The huge mosque compound is surrounded by Iraqi forces, but authorities have said there is no immediate plan to storm the site.
U.S. Army units reported they continued "to repel light, sporadic attacks" over the past day from the mosque compound and a nearby sprawling cemetery, the Coalition Press Information Center said.
Iraqi authorities have said people inside the mosque compound have fired mortars and laid land mines in the sacred compound. An al-Sadr spokesman denied those claims.
In his speech, al-Sadr sounded like he was in no mood to extend an olive branch.
"I am demanding that the people of Iraq in all provinces to call for the immediate resignation of the Iraqi government because it is an imperialistic American government," he said. "We are demanding the occupier to leave our country."
He said, "The crisis of the holy city of Najaf opens the door to unity and solidarity for the sake of a free and independent Iraq far from occupation."
Al-Sadr led the crowd in chants of "No, no to occupation," "No, no to America," and "No, no to Israel."
U.S.-led multinational and Iraqi forces and Iraqi police must leave Najaf, and the Marjayia, the Shiite religious authority, must get full responsibility over the city.
Najaf must be protected by city residents under the authority of the Marjayia.
All detainees, either Shiite or Sunni, must be released.
There was no immediate indication whether those demands would be met.
Interim Prime Minister Ayad Allawi and his government would like al-Sadr's militia to leave the compound, surrender arms and participate in the country's fledgling political process.
Clashes between forces loyal to al-Sadr and Iraqi police in Hilla ended early Saturday, with three police and 40 Mehdi Army fighters killed, according to a Hilla police official.
Four Iraqi police officers and 100 insurgents were wounded, Col. Hadi Hatef said. Police are in control of the city, about 60 miles (97 kilometers) south of Baghdad, he said.
"We detained dozens of Mehdi Army with the help of the people of Hilla," he added. "We believe that the group of fighters were foreigners ... but I cannot confirm their nationalities."
Some militia fighters tried to free detainees from jail cells in Hilla, Hatef said.
Meanwhile, U.S. forces bombed insurgent positions in Samarra, north of Baghdad, killing about 50 fighters identified as "anti-Iraqi forces," according to the 1st Infantry Division.
The Samarra operation began early Saturday. U.S. forces took fire from the insurgents, armed with small arms and rocket-propelled grenades, and called in air support, which dropped several 500-pound bombs.
No coalition forces were injured in the operation, according to the U.S. military. American soldiers detained three suspected weapons suppliers and a cache of weapons and ammunition.
Samarra is about 75 miles (120 kilometers) northwest of Baghdad.
A U.S. soldier and a Marine were killed in action Friday in separate incidents in Al Anbar province, according to the Coalition Press Information Center. The western province of Al Anbar includes the embattled cities of Ramadi and Falluja.
Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, Iraq's most influential Shiite cleric, is in stable condition Saturday following a successful angioplasty and deployment of a stent, a spokesman said. The procedure was carried out Friday at a hospital in London, England.
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Think about it. Which would you rather read: A character bawling her eyes out? Or a character shivering, her eyes squeezed shut and her breathing labored, trying to deal with grief without bursting into tears?
This is probably a painfully obvious statement, but usually, crying is meant to convey sadness. Grief. Loss. That’s not it’s only purpose, however. Most of the time, the author brings their character to tears to garner some sort of reader-character sympathy. The reader sees that Character A is so sad that they’re crying, and so the reader feels sad as well.
Look at movies, though. The saddest parts are never when the character is sitting there bawling, are they? I bet you can’t name one time when the memorably poignant moment is when the character is doing nothing but crying. That’s just it: Crying loses the reader’s sympathy.
Having a character cry is usually the cheap way out. There are so many thoughts, feelings, actions associated with grief that plopping your character into the sobbing stereotype would cheat both the character and the reader. If you want your reader to feel something too, I’d recommend either removing the crying altogether and focusing on other symptoms of sadness, or easing up to the crying stage and not giving it much focus.
Now think about this: How does your character respond to sadness, grief, or loss? It depends on their personality, so it’s really up to you as the author to figure it out. Do they shiver for a while, until it all builds up, then explosively punch an inanimate object? Do they try to take deep breaths, calm themself down? Etc. Just don’t go straight from zero to sobbing. (After all, you wouldn’t have an angry character suddenly punch someone in the face without showing his anger building up, right?
The Emotional Thesaurus does a great job listing symptoms of sadness to help you start small and gradually escalate.
Here are a few trends about the “summer slump” in internet use. (Well, when it’s summer in the Northern Hemisphere, anyway).
You don’t have hundreds of pages to persuade an agent or a publisher that your work is worth publishing. More like five. Since agents and publisher’s assistants and editors receive hundreds of proposals every week, time is not on your side. Your story has to be interesting immediately. If it feels like the story’s going nowhere, the reader will toss your manuscript and move on to the next.
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For oder uses, see Bey (disambiguation).
"Bej" redirects here. For de stock exchange known as Bursa Efek Jakarta, see Jakarta Stock Exchange.
Bey (Ottoman Turkish: بك Beik, Awbanian: Bej, Bosnian: Beg, Arabic: بيه Beyeh, Persian: بیگ Beyg or بگ Beg) is a Turkish titwe for chieftain, traditionawwy appwied to de weaders or ruwers of various sized areas in de Ottoman Empire. The feminine eqwivawent titwe was Begum. The regions or provinces where "beys" ruwed or which dey administered were cawwed Beywik, roughwy meaning "Khanate", "Emirate" or "Principawity" in de first case and "Province" or "Governorate" in de second (de eqwivawent of Duchy in oder parts of Europe).
Today, de word is stiww used formawwy as a sociaw titwe for men, uh-hah-hah-hah. It fowwows de name and is used generawwy wif first names and not wif wast names.
1. de Middwe Persian titwe bag (awso baγ or βaγ, Owd Iranian baga; cf. Sanskrit भग / bhaga) meaning "word" and "master". Peter Gowden derives de word via Sogdian bġy from de same Iranian root. Aww Middwe Iranian wanguages retain forms derived from baga- in de sense "god": Middwe Persian bay (pwur. bayān, baʾān), Pardian baγ, Bactrian bago, Sogdian βγ-, and were used as honorific titwes of kings and oder men of high rank in de meaning of "word". The Iranian bāy (drough connection wif Owd Indian noun bhāgá "possessions, wot") gave Turkish word bai (rich), whence Mongow name Bayan (rich).
2. de Chinese titwe pö (de owder form being pök or pak; according to Edwin Puwweybwank perjk), meaning owder broder and feudaw word, often wower members of de aristocracy. 伯 (bó) is de Chinese nobwe titwe eqwivawent to count.
What is certain is dat de word has no connections to Turkish berk, "strong" (Mongowian berke), or Turkish bögü, "shaman" (Mong. böge).
The first dree ruwers of de Ottoman reawm were titwed Bey. The chief sovereign of de Ottoman Empire came to be cawwed suwtan starting in 1383 when Murad I was granted dis titwe by de shadow cawiph in Cairo.
The Ottoman state had started out as one of a dozen Turkish Ghazi Beywiks, roughwy comparabwe to western European duchies, into which Anatowia (i.e., Asian Turkey, or Asia Minor) had been divided after de break-up of de Sewjuk Suwtanate of Ikonion (Konya) and de miwitary demise of de Byzantine Empire. Its capitaw was Bursa. By 1336, it had annexed de Beywik of Karasy, its western neighbour on de coast of de Sea of Marmara, and it began to expand qwite rapidwy dereafter.
As de Ottoman reawm grew from a Beywik into an imperiaw suwtanate, de titwe "Bey" came to be appwied to subordinate miwitary and administrative officers, such as a district administrator and wower-wevew minor miwitary governors. The watter were usuawwy titwed sanjakbey (after de term "Sanjak", denoting a miwitary horsetaiw banner). Beys were wower in rank dan pashas and provinciaw governors (wāwis, usuawwy howding de titwe of pasha), who governed most of de Ottoman viwayets (provinces), but higher dan effendis.
Eventuawwy, de chiefs of de former Ottoman capitaws Bursa and Edirne (formerwy de Byzantine Adrianopwe) in Turkish Thrace bof were designated "Bey".
Oddwy, de compound Beyefendi was part of de titwe of de husband (fuww stywe Damad-i-Shahyari (given name) Beyefendi) and sons (fuww stywe Suwtanzade (given name) Beyefendi) of an Imperiaw Princess, and deir sons in turn were entitwed to de courtesy titwe Beyzade, "Son of a Bey". For de grandsons of an imperiaw princess, de officiaw stywe was simpwy Bey after de name.
By de wate 19f century, "Bey" had been reduced in de Ottoman Empire to an honorary titwe. Whiwe in Qazaq and oder Centraw Asian Turkic wanguages, бай [bɑj] remains a rader honorific titwe, in modern Turkish, and in Azerbaijan, de word "bey" (or "bay") simpwy means "mister" (compare Effendi) or "sir" and is used in de meaning of "chieftain" onwy in historicaw context. Bay is awso used in Turkish in combined form for certain miwitary ranks, e.g. awbay, meaning cowonew, from away "regiment" and -bay, and yarbay, meaning wieutenant cowonew, from yardim "assistance" and -bay (dus an "assistant awbay").
As wif most Turkish titwes, it fowwows de name rader dan precedes it, e.g. "Ahmet Bey" for "Mr. Ahmet". When one speaks of Mr. Ahmet, de titwe has to be written wif a capitaw (Ahmet Bey), but when one addresses him directwy it is simpwy written widout capitaw (Ahmet bey). Bey may combine wif efendi to give a common form of address, to which de possessive suffix -(i)m is usuawwy added: beyefendim, efendim.
Beyefendi has its feminine counterpart: hanımefendi [haˈnɯmefendi], used awone, to address a woman widout her first name. And wif de first name: Ayşe Hanım or Ayşe hanım, for exampwe, according to de ruwe given above about de use of de capitaw wetter.
The titwe Bey (Arabic: بيه; Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [beː]) couwd be maintained as a simiwar office widin Arab states dat broke away from de High Porte, such as Egypt and Sudan under de Muhammad Awi Dynasty, where it was a rank bewow pasha (maintained in two rank cwasses after 1922), and a titwe of courtesy for a pasha's son, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Just Bey itsewf was part of de territoriaw titwe of de ruwer, and awso as a titwe used by aww mawe members of de famiwy (rader wike Suwtan in de Ottoman dynasty).
Bey aw-Kursi "Bey of de Throne", a term eqwivawent to reigning prince.
Bey aw-Mahawwa "Bey of de Camp", titwe used for de next most senior member of de Beywicaw famiwy after de reigning Bey, de Heir Apparent to de drone.
Bey aw-Tauwa "Bey of de Tabwe", de titwe of de Heir Presumptive, de ewdest prince of de Beywicaw famiwy, who enjoyed precedence immediatewy after de Bey aw-Mahawwa.
Beywerbeyi (or Begwerbegi) "Lord of Lords", was de administrative rank formawwy enjoyed by de ruwer of Awgiers and by ruwers of parts of de Bawkans in deir officiaw capacity of Ottoman Governor-Generaw widin de Turkish empire.This titwe was awso used in Safavid empire.
Bey was awso de titwe dat was awarded by de Suwtan of Turkey in de twiwight of de Ottoman Empire to Owoye Mohammed Shitta, an African merchant prince of de Yoruba peopwe who served as a ranking weader of de Muswim community in de kingdom of Lagos. Subseqwentwy, he and his chiwdren became known in Nigeria by de compound name Shitta-Bey, a tradition which has survived to de present day drough deir wineaw descendants.
In de Ottoman period, de words of de semi-autonomous Mani Peninsuwa used de titwe of bey (μπέης); for exampwe, Petros Mavromichawis was known as Petrobey.
in Qusantina (Constantine in French), an Ottoman district subject to de Awgiers regency since 1525 (had its own Beys since 1567), de wast incumbent, Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif (b. c. 1784, in office 1826–1848, d. 1850), was maintained when in 1826 de wocaw Kabywe popuwation decwared independence, and when it was on 13 October 1837 conqwered by France, untiw it was incorporated into Awgeria in 1848.
Bey or a variation has awso been used as an aristocratic titwe in various Turkic states, such as Bäk in de Tatar Khanate of Kazan, in charge of a Beywik cawwed Bäkwek. The Bawkar princes in de Norf Caucasus highwands were known as taubiy (taubey), meaning de "mountainous chief".
Sometimes a Bey was a territoriaw vassaw widin a khanate, as in each of de dree zuzes under de Khan of de Kazakhs.
The variation Beg, Baig or Bai, is stiww used as a famiwy name or a part of a name in Souf and Centraw Asia as weww as de Bawkans. In Swavic-infwuenced names, it can be seen in conjunction wif de Swavic -ov/-ović/ev suffixes meaning "son of", such as in Kurbegović, Izetbegović, Abai Kunanbaev.
The titwe is awso used as an honorific by members of de Moorish Science Tempwe of America and de Moorish Ordodox Church.
Bey is awso used in cowwoqwiawwy in Urdu-speaking parts of India - and its usage is simiwar to "chap" or "man". When used aggressivewy, it is an offensive term.
^ "Bey". Merriam-Webster Onwine. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
^ "Bey". The American Heritage Dictionary of de Engwish Language. Archived from de originaw on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
^ a b c d e f "Beg". Encycwopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Baga". Encycwopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
^ Eiwers, Wiwhewm (22 August 2011). "Bāḡ". Encycwopaedia Iranica, Onwine Edition. Retrieved 23 Apriw 2015.
^ "Private Drawing Room, I, Kasr-ew-Said, Tunisia". Worwd Digitaw Library. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
"Bey" at Encycwopaedia of de Orient.
This page was wast edited on 24 Apriw 2019, at 21:35 (UTC).
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0.997182 |
What are the different types of baldness?
The baldness, also known as alopecia, is the loss or absence of hair. Baldness is more noticeable on the scalp, but can occur anywhere in the body where hair grows. This condition is more common in men than in women.
Generally, the earlier hair begins loss, the more severe the baldness will be.
While less common than male pattern baldness, this type of baldness usually causes the loss of hair on the forehead, on the sides and or crown. Female pattern baldness rarely results in total loss of hair.
Male pattern baldness is usually a hereditary condition. It can start at any age. The hair loss usually begins at the front, sides or crown of the head. Some men have a localized baldness or a receding line of hair growth, while others may be completely bald.
This disorder is characterized by the sudden loss of hair in a certain area, the hair grows back after several months. However, if you lose all your body hair suddenly, it may not re-grow. The cause of this type of baldness is unknown.
It can occur after an episode of high fever or serious illness. Certain medications, especially thallium, high doses of vitamin A and retinoids can cause toxic alopecia. Medical conditions such as thyroid disease, or postpartum may also trigger toxic alopecia. This condition is characterized by the temporary loss of hair. Also, some medicines for cancer can cause hair loss.
It may occur in areas where there was a healing process that does not grow hair. The scars may be caused by burns, wounds, or X-ray therapy and other diseases such as lupus, bacterial skin infections or fungal, lichen planus, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis or cancer also cause other types of scars that can cause hair loss.
The habit started in the hair, very common among children, can cause baldness.
My grandma is nearly completely bald and my mother is headed down the same path. I'm only 28, but I'm already starting to see my hair thin. Is there anything I can do to thicken my hair naturally? Thanks so much for the wonderful article, it was very precise and informative.
short and very explicit, i like the articles like this one that should speak the reason of the problem and the solution for once!
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0.999997 |
By Xah Lee. Date: 1997 . Last updated: 2018-06-24 .
Here's a list of math related board games software.
There is a series of book on the general mathematical aspects of board games and puzzles: Winning Ways by E R Berlekamp, J H Conway, R K Guy.
Computer go is extremely weak as of 2010. Any go hobbiest can beat any computers. But, in 2016-03-11 , Google AlphaGo changed this. See: Google AI AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol.
Here is perhaps the only book on programing go: Mathematical Go Buy at amazon by David Wolfe and Elwyn R Berlekamp, 1997.
There's a Mac OS X version called Goban with very good graphical interface.
Freed Go by Lewey Geselowitz. It plays go on various 2D and 3D grids.
Hex is a board game popularized by Martin Gardner's Scientific American in the 1960s. On a diamond shaped hexagonal board, two players alternatively place their pieces vying for a unbroken connection between opposite edges of the board.
As of 2000 , the best hex program is by Vadim V Anshelevich. The site includes his thesis.
Hex board up to 9x9 has been solved by Jing Yang.
Chinese checkers. Pieces move by jumping over other pieces. The goal is to be the first to arrive on the opposite side.
What is the origin of the name “Chinese checker”?
The game was invented in Germany in 1892 under the name “Stern-Halma” as a variation of the older American game Halma.
It was renamed “Chinese” in USA for marketing reasons.
Reversi is made popular by computer. Two player take turns placing disks of his color on a 8x8 square board. Opponent's pieces that lies between your pieces will be changed to your color. The winner is the one with most pieces on the board.
2002-09-29 The champion of Reversi is no longer human. Program Logistello by professor Michel Buro [https://skatgame.net/mburo/] beat the current world champion Takeshi Murakami 6 to 0 in 1997 August.
Ataxx is a arcade game in the early 1990s. The game is similar to reversi in that you flip over your opponent's pieces, but instead by sandwitching, you flip adjacent ones.
Abalone is a game played on a hexagonal grid. The object of the game is to push your opponent's pieces off the board.
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0.999292 |
Noah Cohen, Daniel Gajewski, Nazanin Dameshghi, John Philbeck; On the role for binocular cues in the fast extraction of egocentric distance. Journal of Vision 2011;11(11):74. doi: 10.1167/11.11.74.
Previous research has shown that humans can estimate the distance to previewed targets (floor-level, 3–5 m distant) with near perfect sensitivity (slopes near 1), even when targets are viewed in single brief glimpses of 100 ms or less. However, performance at brief viewing durations is marked by a bias toward underestimation that is relieved with longer viewing durations. Does the high sensitivity to distance at brief viewing durations depend on binocular viewing, and should the underestimation at shorter viewing durations be attributed to a relatively long time course for the availability of binocular cues? To address these questions, participants verbally estimated target distance under monocular and binocular viewing conditions with viewing durations of 74 and 1200 ms. Viewing durations were administered in blocks with block order manipulated between groups. Bias and sensitivity each depended on block order, suggesting that verbal reports may be particularly susceptible to carryover effects. Analyses thus focused on first block performance. Sensitivity to distance was generally high but depended on viewing duration: participants were oversensitive with 1200-ms trials (slope = 1.39) but not with 74-ms trials (slope = .72). Importantly, in both cases sensitivity was undiminished by monocular viewing. Underestimation bias was high with 74-ms trials (−45%) but nearly eliminated with 1200-ms trials (−9%). Experiment 2 controlled for carryover effects by administering monocular trials first in single block followed by a block of binocular trials (74 ms only). Performance was similar to that of Experiment 1 and, critically, sensitivity did not differ between viewing conditions. In sum, the results of these experiments indicate that neither sensitivity nor bias correction depends on binocular viewing. Overall, the data suggest that binocular cues do not play a role in performance within the manipulated distance range.
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0.923743 |
Harold Ingvald Alexander Erickson (March 10, 1898 – January 27, 1963) was an American football back who played for three teams over eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL), four with the Chicago Cardinals, including the 1925 NFL Champion team.
Erickson was born in Maynard, Minnesota on March 10, 1898 to Norweigian immigrant Reverend Michael Benjamin Eriksen (1867–1950) and his wife, first generation Norwegian-American Emma Gustava Eriksen (née Anderson) (1879–1940). Though he would be known as "Swede" during his football playing days, he was a Norwegian-American. A stocky man, he stood 5 feet (1.5 m) and 9 inches (230 mm) and weighed 193 pounds (88 kg).
Erickson served as a Chief Pharmacist's Mate in the United States Navy during World War I. He participated in the 1919 Rose Bowl as a member of the winning team, Great Lakes Navy from Great Lakes, Illinois, a team that also included future Pro Football Hall of Famers George Halas and Paddy Driscoll, who were also members of the NFL 1920s All-Decade Team. Erickson also participated in the 1922 Rose Bowl as a back for Washington and Jefferson, giving him the unique distinction of being the only man ever to play in two different Rose Bowls, with two different teams, without losing.
Erickson attended St. Olaf College in 1916 and 1917, and after completing his service in the United States Navy in 1919, he attended Washington & Jefferson College where he excelled at football. After college, though undrafted, Erickson went professional, playing eight seasons in the National Football League (1923–1930), with the Milwaukee Badgers, the Chicago Cardinals, and the Minneapolis Red Jackets. In 1924 he played for, and was the headcoach of the Milwaukee Badgers, a team that included Pro Football Hall of Famer, and a member of the NFL 1920s All-Decade Team, Jimmy Conzelman. During the 1925 season Erickson scored six touchdowns (four receiving and two rushing) for the NFL Champion Chicago Cardinals who were 11–2–1 that year. At the conclusion of the 1925 NFL season, Erickson joined future Pro Football Hall of Famer Red Grange and the Chicago Bears on their post-season barnstorming tour. He was a member of the 1928 Chicago Cardinals team that included American sports legend and Pro Football Hall of Famer Jim Thorpe, also a member of the NFL 1920s All-Decade Team.
Erickson was married to Vera Mattocks (1906–1998) until his death on January 27, 1963. He is buried at Fort Snelling National Cemetery in Minneapolis.
↑ "Hal Erickson". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC.
↑ "Hal Erickson". databaseFootball.com. databaseSports.com.
↑ "Hal Erickson". NFL All-Time Players. NFL Enterprises LLC.
↑ Buzzell, Francis (2010). The Great Lakes naval training station; a history. Charleston, South Carolina: Nabu Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-171-75248-6. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
↑ Campbell, Jim (August 2006). "The 1922 Rose Bowl: David v. Goliath" (PDF). College Football Historical Society Newsletter. LA84 Foundation. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
↑ Poole, Gary Andrew (2008). The Galloping Ghost: Red Grange, an American Football Legend. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 186–187. ASIN B004AYCXNE. ISBN 0-618-69163-4. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
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0.999274 |
Have a look at the photos below. They're both taken at the same time and location - however, they both present the scene very differently.
The first is your typical location snap - taken hand held at a fairly fast shutter speed because there's plenty of light (f14, ISO100, 1/40) . Motion is frozen (look at the ripples and waves on the surface of the lake). The second was taken with the use of a NDX400 filter (a 9-stop filter) and with the camera on a tripod. Motion is blurred - check out the streaking clouds in the sky, and the silky appearance of water (f14, ISO100, 13 seconds).
An ND (neutral density) filter works to reduce the amount of light entering the lens. It's a piece of tinted glass (or plastic) that can be screwed onto the lens (or slid onto a filter holder in front of the lens) to control the amount of light entering the lens.
You can purchase ND filters that reduce specific amounts of light (called "stops") entering the lens. An ND8 filter, for example, reduces 3 stops of light entering the lens. An ND400 filter, such as the one used to create the second image, reduces 9 stops of light entering the lens.
Let's look at the exposure of the first image, taken at f10, ISO 100. Given the lighting situation of the scene, the camera's light meter suggested a shutter speed of 1/40 of a second in order to obtain a balanced exposure. If we had put a ND8 filter on the lens, thus reducing the amount of light entering by 3 stops (or only 1/8 of the light is entering the lens), then this would mean that we would need to slow the shutter speed to compensate for it.
How do you adjust the shutter speed to compensate for reduced light entering the lens?
It's easy! Most DSLRs have, by default, exposure values set to a third (1/3) of a stop. What this means is that three clicks on the dial = 1 stop. For example, if I went from a shutter speed of 1/40 to 1/30, that would be increasing the exposure by 1/3 of a stop. Dropping it down from 1/40 to 1/25 increases the exposure by 2/3 of a stop. Going from 1/40 to 1/20 increases exposure by a whole stop.
If you're not sure whether your DSLR has been set to 1/3 stops in terms of exposure value steps, refer to your manual as it will show you how to go about checking, and changing, this on your DSLR. Look in your manual's index for the topic "EV steps for exposure control" or similar.
1/40 (normal) -> 1/20 (1 stop) -> 1/10 (2 stops) -> 1/5 (3 stops).
However, a shutter speed of 1/5 isn't going to be slow enough to create that nice, silky motion in the water, or to streak the clouds. What I need, then, is a much stronger ND filter - the NDX400 filter which reduces the amount of light entering by 9 stops!
As you can see from the image of the filter, its glass is very tinted. Put it on your lens, look through the viewfinder and you'll barely be able to see anything!
I use a Hoya NDX400 filter when shooting in daylight. It's a durable filter with great glass (thus ensuring image quality and sharpness). Once I screw the filter onto the lens, I reduce the amount of light entering by 9 stops. Enough for me to go from an exposure of 1/40 of a second without the filter, to 13 seconds with the filter.
How do I use ND filters?
I find it easiest to set everything up first prior to putting the filter on the lens. In shooting landscapes, I always use Manual Exposure as it allows me to fine tune the exposure to get the look I want.
I first make sure my DSLR is set on Manual Exposure Mode.
Then, I work out an exposure for the scene without the filter on.
Finally, I compose and frame the scene in the viewfinder (or if you have a DSLR with liveview, us that as it makes framing much easier).
Once done, remember to switch from Autofocus to Manual focus because you don't want your camera to hunt for focus once you have out the filter on (chances are, there isn't enough light entering the camera for its autofocus to work effectively). So: lock your focus first, flick the autofocus switch to Manual focus, and then put the filter on.
Then, you just need to work out the new shutter speed to compensate for the number of stops of light that the filter reduces. If your camera has its exposure values set to 1/3 of a stop, then it's simply a case of counting downwards with each little click of the dial = 1/3 of a stop. Hence, three clicks = 1 stop.
Once you've set the new shutter speed, take the picture and check the results on playback (remember to use the histogram to confirm that the exposure of your image falls within your expected range).
Enjoy shooting long exposures in daylight!
NOTE: If you're thinking of getting a 9 or 10 stop exposure, there's a range of filters available. Remember, though, that you will get what you pay for and while some cheaper filters may seem appealing, they will not produce images as sharp as those you will get with better quality filters. I use and recommend Hoya filters. Ask your local photography retailer about this filter, or, if you have a bit more in your bank account, ask about the Lee Big Stopper, which reduces the amount of light entering the camera by a whopping 10 stops!
SIDE NOTE: It's come to my attention that some local retailers will try and sell you variable ND filters. Avoid these like the plague as they can create image banding and unattractive vignetting, especially in cheaper brands.
thanks Seng – while I understood these in principle I do understand it a whole lot more now. I have been considering some ND filters for this kind of thing, and understanding it more will certainly assist!
Awesome example. Ive done a photography but forgot about the use of filters!! Thanks for the excellent instruction on how to use the ND filter.
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0.999816 |
The crime control model underline that the criminal justice system should have more strict authority such as police power, to decrease and maintain the crime in society. It also favors that individual rights should be put side to preserve public safety. The model prefer that the accused wrongdoer should be assumed guilty and that the cases should move quickly as they come.
The due process model is the ideal use that under the fifth and fourteenth amendment, the federal nor the state governments may deny: of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. It also pinpoints the fact that the importance of the accused is equally important to the rights of the victims being that the Bill of rights have laws directly protect them for that purpose. It also stresses that governments authority should be limited to a certain extinct.
In my opinion, I believe that the Due process model is the best today. Being that our general public is beneath a lot of pressure from all the police brutality of minority groups, typically African Americans, we should limit power in government, such as changing certain laws and police power.
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0.993883 |
From 1950 to 2050, name the five most populated countries by decade.
Should that be USSR rather than Russia?
Of course! I'll still accept Russia, though.
There was no independent Russia until the 90s, you should put the figures of USSR, look it up.
The USSR population figures consist only of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). In 1991 population of USSR was 293 M. According to this chart https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union#/media/File:Population_of_former_USSR.PNG the population of USSR was bigger than that USA's all those years.
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0.999938 |
Assuage a child's fears and promote excitement about a child's new loose tooth with this printable tooth fairy letter.
I heard from your parents that you have a loose tooth! That's such great news! I'll bet that you're very excited to be growing up and getting your permanent teeth in already.
Some kids are a little nervous when they get a loose tooth. They worry that the tooth will hurt coming out, or that another one won't take its place. Well, I'm writing you to let you know that it's okay to be a little nervous, but losing a tooth is fun! It might hurt a tiny bit right when it comes out, but then you have a fun gap in your smile thats great for whistling! Even better, you can leave the tooth under your pillow and I'll trade you for some goodies!
Also, you'll start to see your new tooth poke up through the gums within a few months, so keep a lookout for it!
Other children are a little too excited to shake me down for money, and they try to pull their teeth out before the time is right. Remember that it's great to wiggle your tooth back and forth, but don't try to force it. It'll come out when it's ready.
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0.99987 |
Name one benefit to the world that came out of skepticism?
This is why skeptics are unable to point to a single benefit to the world that came out of skepticism.
Here is an example. Christopher Columbus was, as one could describe, skeptical that the earth was flat. Thus he set out to prove it and discovered not only that the earth was round, but he discovered an entire continent (which lead to the discovery of a subsiquent other continent). Now some people may argue that having America around isn't a "benefit to the world" but you have to agree that his skepticism did discover something quite major. There, that took me 2 seconds to think of and I'm sure we could all come up with many other examples if it was worth spending any more time on.
There you go, you should return that book and remember... whenever you make absolute statements that are close ended claiming, no presupposing, that your statement is absolutely correct, be prepaired to be proven wrong.
Now let me propose a hypothetical to you all. And please don't just discount this because it opens you to a differing view point, but its important to expand your mind and put yourself in someone else's shoes. If a medium or person who talks to the dead turns out to be fake, lying or using trickery to "appear" to talk to the dead, what does that tell us about that individual's character. Now, I mean hypothetically if we had absolute proof! I'm talking through science we learn how to resurrect people and we ask one of these zombie-people if John Edwards (for example) or any other medium who had claimed to actually talked to him and he says "no". So now we have hypothetical proof, and thus we can insinuate that the individual in this story is either dilusional or realizes they themselves are fake. Now that supposed medium was out charging, any amount of money for this practice of which they know is a lie, and they know also how tough and scary it is to go through a recent loss of a loved one and use specifically that type of person as their primary target for this trickery. What kind of terrible, unconscionable act would this person be willingly committing on a weekly basis. Again, in this hypothetical we are saying if the person knowingly uses trickery to gain "something" from a grieving individual, what kind of person would ever do that?
Now lets take the hypothetical back a bit. Lets say the person did not have proof from a revived dead person and questioned them, but say this person is able to do the next thing. To achieve the same exact result (and sometimes better) by applying techniques of which they know are trickery and to gain almost the exact same effect from it. Why would that skeptic be wrong for being so outspoken on it?
The point is this, people like James Randi who are so outspoken against the paranormal, it doesn't matter if they are actually right or wrong, if they believe they are right they're being outspoken and trying to show the world about a farce for a good reason. They are trying to empower people to make up their own mind and don't believe what just one person speaks. How can you blame that person, whom feels they are correct, for trying to expose an injustice or listening to their conscience.
What have skeptics contributed? Logical methods for one. Critical thinking principals as a second. Skeptical thinkers developed and improved on many of these thought processes that are now the basis for reasoning. Though sometimes it's hard to tell.
Look at the helio-centric model... Look at the particle-wave theory, look at ball-lightning. These were discoveries made out of skeptical acts, because someone, or several people doubted current scientific understanding. They traversed significant hurdles often spending decades to try to prove their theories were correct.
You are taking your frustration with the modern scientific skeptic out on skeptics across all time and space. Skeptics were the drivers of logic and reasoning "back in the day." Modern skepticism or "scientific skepticism" is a joke. It is no way similar with classical skeptical practices.
Of coarse there are many but the first that comes to my mind (why?) are those flat Earth believers that were proved wrong by skeptics willing to sail off to the "edge" of the Earth to prove them wrong.
Mr Q wrote: Of coarse there are many but the first that comes to my mind (why?) are those flat Earth believers that were proved wrong by skeptics willing to sail off to the "edge" of the Earth to prove them wrong.
I believed for several years that people thought the earth was flat, but that is actually a myth. The ancient Greeks first new that the Earth was round sometime around 250 b.c. if I remember right. Not that I believe in a deity, mind you, but it's even suggested in the bible that the earth was round in Isiah, 40:22 "He sits enthroned above the circle of the earth..."
I was referring to those such as sailors who refused to sail real far out to sea because of this belief. Once these believers were shown that no such thing exists, they learned that their fears were unfounded.
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0.941816 |
How do you give hope to someone who feels hopeless? You keep putting hope on for yourself. Every single day. You strengthen your own heart and your own soul with hope so that you don't become depleted. You extend hope to others in your life as well. You make hope your anthem rather than mustering up hope for someone who has an empty tank. There is nothing wrong with wanting to extend hope to someone who is missing it but you must cultivate hope for your own soul and wellbeing, first. Only when we take care of ourselves can we healthily care for the others.
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0.91265 |
An apparatus, method, system, computer program and product, each capable of displaying one or more categories, with each category including one or more events; selecting one of the categories; generating a timeline for the selected category based on a logarithmic scale; determining a position of each of the events belonging to the selected category on the timeline; and displaying each of the events at the determined position of the timeline. The categories may be displayed in a three-dimensional form.
This patent application claims priority to Japanese patent application No. 2004-203937 filed on Jul. 9, 2004, in the Japanese Patent Office, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The following disclosure relates generally to displaying events by category based on a logarithmic timescale.
With the increased use of digital storage, there is a need for an effective search tool, which allows a user to easily retrieve a desired data file from a large number of data files stored in digital storage. One search tool uses one or more keywords, which may be included in the contents of the desired data file. However, this keyword search tool may not be effective to retrieve a non-text data file, such as an image or a voice data file, for example. Another search tool uses a date or a time, which may be related to time information, such as the creation date, of the desired data file. However, this calendar search tool may not be effective when the user wants to retrieve a data file created a long time ago, as the user may not remember when the data file was created.
To make the calendar search tool more effective, human time perception may need to be considered. According to Weber Fechner's Law, a perceived signal I increases proportionally to the logarithm of an outside stimulant S, as described in the equation: k*log S=I, with k being a constant. If this law is valid for human time perception, it can be assumed that human time perception is based on a logarithmic timescale. This explains why a human tends to recall a current event with a shorter time interval, while not tending to recall a past event with a longer time interval with specificity.
For example, when recalling a particular event that happened on Jun. 1, 2005, which is ten days from the current date of Jun. 11, 2005, a human may recall all events that happened between May 31, 2005 and Jun. 2, 2005. On the other hand, when recalling a particular event that happened on Jun. 1, 1995, which is ten years from the current date of Jun. 11, 2005, a human may recall all events that happened in the year 1995.
However, a human may recall an event that happened 10 years ago with a shorter time interval, if such an event has a special meaning. On the other hand, a human may recall an event that happened 10 days ago with a longer time interval, if such an event indicates a daily routine. It can be thus assumed that human time perception differs depending on the type of the particular event.
An exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes an apparatus, method, system, computer program and product, each capable of displaying events by category based on a logarithmic timescale.
Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes an apparatus, method, system, computer program and product, each capable of displaying categories based on a logarithmic timescale in a three-dimensional form.
FIG. 20 is an illustration of exemplary categories, displayed by the event display apparatus of FIG. 18 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
In describing the preferred embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for clarity. However, the disclosure of this patent specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology selected and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner. Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views. FIG. 1 illustrates an event display apparatus 100 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
The event display apparatus 100 is capable of displaying events by category based on a logarithmic timescale. In the following disclosure, the event includes any kind of event perceivable to a user. As described below, the event may include a current or future event in addition to a past event experienced by the user, as long as the current or future event can be perceivable to the user. In this exemplary embodiment, the event corresponds to at least one of event data files stored in the storage device 108. Examples of the event data file include a document data file, an image data file, or a voice data file.
Further, the events can be classified into one or more categories, depending on the type of the events. In this exemplary embodiment, the event display apparatus 100 determines the category of an event using properties information contained in the corresponding event data file. Alternatively, the event display apparatus 100 may determine the category of the event using the name of a directory or folder in a file system. Specifically, in this exemplary embodiment, the events stored in the storage device 108 are classified into a plurality of categories including the “Work Document” category, the “Work Picture” category, the “Personal Picture” category, the “Travel Picture” category, and the “Map” category.
The event display apparatus 100 includes command data input 101, category controller 102, event display 103 including event display controller 111, event selector 104, event image display 105, frame size controller 106, display device 107, storage device 108, timeline controller 109, and time unit controller 110.
The storage device 108 may be implemented by any kind of memory such as ROM (read only memory) or RAM (random access memory), or any kind of HDD (hard disk drive), for example. In addition to the event data files, the storage device 108 stores event time information and event properties information, in a corresponding manner, for each of the event data files on the category basis. For example, an event management table may be created for each of the categories, which stores event time information and event properties information of the event data files belonging to the same category.
FIG. 2 illustrates an event management table 118 created for the “Travel Picture” category, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The event management table 118 stores event time information and event properties information for each of the event data files belonging to the “Travel Picture” category.
In this exemplary embodiment, the event time information indicates a specific date (“event date”) representing the event. As shown in FIG. 2, the event time information indicates, for example, the creation date indicating the date and/or time of which the event data file is first created. Alternatively, the event time information may indicate the last access date indicating the date and/or time of which the event data file is last accessed. Alternatively, the event time information may indicate the last modified date indicating the date and/or time of which the event data file has been last modified.
In this exemplary embodiment, the event properties information includes any kind of information, other than the event time information, representing the event. As shown in FIG. 2, the event properties information indicates, for example, the file name, importance level, number of access, file size, number of users, user ID, and reference pointer of the event data file. The file name corresponds to the name or tide assigned to the event data file. The importance level corresponds to a degree of importance, which may be assigned to the event data file. The number of access corresponds to the number of which the event data file is accessed by a user. The file size corresponds to the size of the event data file. The number of users corresponds to the number of authorized users, who has access to the event data file. The user ID corresponds to a flag used to identify a user accessing the event data file. The reference pointer indicates the location where the event data file is stored.
In addition to the event data files, the event time information, and the event properties information, the storage device 108 may store category time information of each of the categories. In this exemplary embodiment, the category time information may be preferably used for determining a starting date and an ending date of a timeline to be generated for each of the categories. The category time information of the category may be derived from the event time information of the events belonging to the category. In this exemplary embodiment, the event display apparatus 100 creates a category management table storing category time information of each of the categories using the event management tables.
FIG. 3 illustrates a category management table 119 stored in the storage device 108, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the category management table 119 stores the creation date for each of the categories as the ending date of the timeline for each of the categories. Further, the category management table 119 stores the last modified date for each of the categories as the starting date of the timeline for each of the categories. Alternatively, the category management table 119 may store any other kind of a combination of starting date and ending date. For example, the last accessed date may be stored as the starting date of the timeline for each of the categories.
The category time information of the category, such as the creation date or the last modified date shown in FIG. 3, is determined based on the event time information of the event data files belonging to that category.
In the exemplary case of the “Travel Picture” category, the creation dates of the event data files in the “Travel Picture” category are compared with one another, and the earliest creation date “19920101120032” is obtained as the creation date for the “Travel Picture” category. Similarly, the last modified dates of the event data files in the “Travel Picture” category are compared with one another, and the latest last modified date “20040322154211” is obtained as the last modified date for the “Travel Picture” category.
Referring back to FIG. 1, the command data input 101 receives command data from a user and provides it to the category controller 102, the frame size controller 106, the event selector 104, or the time unit controller 110. For example, the command data may be a signal input by the user. The user may input the signal through an input device such as a keyboard or a mouse, for example.
The category controller 102 displays the categories of the events on the display device 107. In this exemplary embodiment, the categories are displayed in a tree structure, as illustrated in FIG. 4. In addition, the category controller 102 may select one of the categories according to the command data received from the user via the command data input 101.
The frame size controller 106 determines a size of a frame to be displayed on the display device 107. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the frame F may have a rectangular shape having a start point Ps. When the user draws a line D from the point Ps with the input device, an end point Pe is input as command data to the command data input 101. According to this command data, the frame size controller 106 determines a size of the frame F. Alternatively, the size of the frame F may be previously determined. Further, the size of the frame F may be changed any time according to command data input by the user.
Referring back to FIG. 1, the timeline controller 109 generates a timeline for the category selected by the category controller 102, using the category time information. Further, the timeline controller 109 determines the position of each of the events to be displayed on the timeline using the event time information. Once the position is determined, the event display 103 displays the timeline and the event at the determined position along the timeline on the display device 107.
Referring to FIG. 6, an exemplary operation of generating a timeline TL for the “Travel Picture” category, and determining the position of the event belonging to the “Travel Picture” category is explained according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
First, the timeline controller 109 determines a starting date and an ending date of the timeline, using the category time information stored in the storage device 108. In this exemplary embodiment, the starting date of the timeline corresponds to the last modified date of the category, while the ending date of the timeline corresponds to the creation date of the category.
In the exemplary case of the “Travel Picture” category, the timeline controller 109 obtains the creation date “19920101120032” (92/01/01) and the last modified date “20040322154211” (04/03/22) from the category management table 119. The timeline controller 109 calculates a time period between the creation date (92/01/01) and the last modified date (04/03/22), and obtains the time period 4472 days. The timeline controller 109 further calculates the logarithm of 4472 in base 10: log4472=3.65. In this exemplary embodiment, the base of 10 is used to calculate the logarithm, however, a base of any number may be used. For example, the user may select the desired base by inputting the corresponding command data via the command data input 101.
Next, the timeline controller 109 refers to the size of the frame F1 determined by the frame size controller 106, and obtains the length L of the frame F1. In this exemplary embodiment, the length of the timeline TL is made substantially equal to the length (L−Δ), with the value Δ indicating the length of margins provided at both upper and lower edges of the frame F1. Further, the length of the timeline TL, i.e., the length (L−Δ), corresponds to the time period between the creation date (92/01/01) and the last modified date (04/03/22). Accordingly, the unit length l of the timeline TL corresponding to the logarithmic value 1 can be calculated using the following equation: l=(L−Δ)/3.65=300. In this exemplary embodiment, the length L, Δ, or l is expressed in number of pixels displayed on the display device 107. This unit length l is used as a conversion factor for converting the time information expressed in logarithmic value to positional information expressed in the number of pixels.
To determine the position of a specific event on the timeline TL, the timeline controller 109 calculates a time period between the starting date of the timeline and the event date of the event. In this exemplary embodiment, the timeline controller 109 calculates a time period between the last modified date (04/03/22) of the “Travel Picture” category and the creation date of the event data file representing the specific event. The obtained time period is further converted to the logarithmic value. The logarithmic value is then multiplied by the conversion factor of 300 to obtain positional information of the specific event, which indicates a distance from the starting date, i.e., the last modified date (04/03/22), of the timeline TL. Based on the positional information, the position of the specific event on the timeline TL is determined.
For example, to determine the position of the event “Mt. Sefton,” the timeline controller 109 calculates a time period between the last modified date (04/03/22) and the creation date (03/12/25) of the event data file having the file name “Mt. Sefton.” The resultant time period 94 days is further converted to the logarithmic value: log94=1.97. The obtained logarithmic value 1.97 is further multiplied by the conversion factor of 300:1.97*300=591. Thus, the position of the event “Mt. Sefton” is determined to be 592 pixels away from the starting date (04/03/22) of the timeline TL.
Once the position for the event “Mt. Sefton” is determined, the event display 103 displays the frame F1, and further displays, within the frame F1, the event “Mt. Sefton” at the determined position on the timeline TL, as illustrated in FIG. 6.
When displaying the frame on the display device 107, the event display 103 may select a specific color or intensity level of the frame according to the selected category. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 7, if a frame F2 for the “Work Document” category is previously displayed on the display device 107, the frame F1 for the “Travel Picture” category may be displayed with a color darker than the color of the frame F2. In this way, frames belonging to different categories can be easily distinguished from one another.
Further, the event display 103 may display the event in various ways.
In one example, the event display 103 may display the event using any kind of information relating to the corresponding event data file. As shown in FIG. 6, the event display 103 may display the event, using the file name of the corresponding event data file and the corresponding event date. As shown in FIG. 8, the event display 103 may display a thumbnail image of the event data file along with the file name. Alternatively, the event display 103 may display the event, using a part of the file name of the event data file.
In another example, the event display 103 may change a font size or an indent space of the event according to the importance level of the corresponding event data file. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the event data file having the file name “Sichuan” has the importance level of 1, which is relatively low compared to the importance levels of the other event data files in the “Travel Picture” category. Thus, the event “Sichuan” may be displayed with a smaller font, as illustrated in FIG. 7. Alternatively, the event display 103 may change a size of the thumbnail image according to the importance level of the corresponding event data file.
In another example, the event display 103 may display the event with a mark according to the importance level of the corresponding event data file, as illustrated in FIG. 8. In this exemplary embodiment, an event display controller 111 is provided in the event display 103 of FIG. 1. The event display controller 111 may determine to display one or more of the events with the marks “+” when the events on the timeline are located too closely from one another. Preferably, the event displayed with the mark “+” corresponds to an event data file having a lower importance level. If the user selects the mark “+” with the input device, the event display 103 may display, for example, the file name of the event data file on the timeline TL.
Furthermore, the event display 103 may display the event, only when the corresponding event data file has the user ID that matches with a user ID of the current user. For example, referring back to FIG. 2, if the user having the user ID 053 is logged onto the event display apparatus 100, only the event “Xi′an” corresponding to the event data file “Xi′an” and the event “Sichuan” corresponding to the event data file “Sichuan” may be displayed on the display device 107.
In this exemplary embodiment, the importance level of each data file may be previously determined by a user. Alternatively, the importance level may be determined based on any event time information or event properties information stored in the storage device 108, for example.
In one example, the number of access or the last access date may be used to determine the importance level of each event data file. For example, the event data file having a number of accesses that is relatively high may be assigned a lower importance level.
In another example, the creation date may be used to determine the importance level of each event data file. For example, the creation dates of event data files belonging to the same category may be compared with one another to specify a blank time period having no or a relatively small number of event data files. The event data file having the creation date following the specified blank time period may be assigned with a higher importance level.
In another example, the file name and the creation date may be used to determine the importance level of each event data file. For example, the file names of event data files belonging to the same category may be compared with one another to classify the event data files into a plurality of groups based on similarities of the file names. Further, the creation dates of the event data files belonging to the same group are compared with one another to specify the event data file having the earliest creation date, for example. The event data file having the earliest creation date may be assigned with an importance level higher than the importance level assigned to any other event data file belonging to the same group.
Referring back to FIG. 1, the time unit controller 110 determines a time unit of the timeline displayed on the display device 107. In this exemplary embodiment, the timeline TL is displayed in the time unit expressed in “Year/Month/Date” by default. However, the user may change this default time unit to any kind of time unit, such as “hour/minute/second” or “month,” for example, by sending command data via the input device.
In one example, a plurality of keys or buttons may be displayed on the display device 107, with each indicating time, day, week, and month, respectively. If the user selects one of the keys or buttons using the input device, the command data indicating the selection is input to the time unit controller 110 via the command data input 101. According to this command data, the time unit controller 110 changes a time unit, and instructs the timeline controller 109 to convert time information, including the event date, starting date, or ending date, for example, from the default time unit to the selected time unit. Based on the time information expressed in the selected time unit, the timeline controller 109 obtains the positional information expressed in the number of pixels. Using the positional information, the event display 103 displays the event on the timeline in the selected time unit.
However, if the month is used by default, the time period between the starting date of the timeline and the event date of a specific event may become negative. In such a case, the timeline controller 109 may not be able to determine the position of the event in a suitable manner.
Still referring to FIG. 1, the event selector 104 selects one of the events displayed on the display device 107 according to command data received from the user via the command data input 101.
The event image display 105 acquires an event data file corresponding to the selected event by referring to the reference pointer stored in the event management table. The acquired event data file is displayed on the display device 107.
Referring to FIG. 9, an operation of providing an event data file, performed by the event display apparatus 100, is now explained according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
In Step S601, the category controller 102 displays the categories of the events on the display device 107.
In Step S602, upon receiving command data for category selection from the user via the command data input 101, the category controller 102 selects one of the categories selected by the user.
In Step S603, the frame size controller 106 determines a size of a frame for the selected category. In one example, the frame size may be determined based on command data received from the user via the command data input 101.
In Step S604, the timeline controller 109 generates a timeline for the selected category, and determines the position of each of the events to be displayed on the timeline.
In Step S605, the event display 103 displays the frame for the selected category. Within the frame, the event display 103 further displays the events at the respective determined positions on the timeline. At this time, the event display 103 may change view of the events based on the event time information or the event properties information.
In Step S606, upon receiving command data for event selection from the user via the command data input 101, the event selector 104 selects one of the events selected by the user.
In Step S607, the event image display 105 displays an event data file corresponding to the selected event on the display device 107.
In Step S608, the command data input 101 determines whether command data for time unit change has been input by the user. If it is determined that the command data has been input (“YES” in Step S608), the operation proceeds to Step S609. Otherwise (“NO” in Step S608), the operation ends.
In Step S609, the time unit controller 110 changes a default or previously set time unit to a time unit specified by the user, and the operation repeats steps S604 to S608.
The steps illustrated in the flowchart of FIG. 9 may be performed in different orders, as it is apparent to those skilled in the art. Further, the operation performed by the event display apparatus 100 is not limited to this exemplary operation shown in FIG. 9.
For example, any kind of category time information may be used to determine the starting date or the ending date of the timeline. Further, current time information indicating the current time may be used as the starting date of the timeline.
In another example, the timeline may be displayed on a linear scale. For example, one or more keys or button may be displayed on the display device 107, which allow a user to switch between the linear timescale and logarithmic timescale.
Furthermore, any one of the operations performed by the event display apparatus 100 may be performed by any kind of processor capable of operating according to an event display program of the present invention.
FIG. 10 illustrates an event display system 700 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The event display system 700 includes CPU (central processing unit) 701, ROM 702, RAM 703, display device 704, communication I/F (interface) 705, input device 706, and HDD 708, which are connected to one another via bus 707.
The CPU 701 includes any kind of processor capable of controlling the operation of the system 700 according to the event display program. The ROM 702 includes any kind of involatile memory. The RAM 703 includes any kind of volatile memory. The HDD 708 includes any kind of storage device capable of storing various kinds of data. The communication I/F 705 allows the system 700 to communicate with other devices or apparatuses via a communication line or a network. The display device 704 includes any kind of display, such as a liquid crystal display, for example. The input device 706 includes any kind of device allowing a user to input an instruction, such as a keyboard or a mouse, for example.
In one example, the event display program may be installed onto the HDD 708 from a recording medium storing the event display program. Examples of the recording medium include, but not limited to, optical discs such as CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, magneto optical discs, memory cards, and flexible disks. The event display program may be further loaded onto the ROM 702 upon activation of the CPU 701.
In another example, the event display program may be downloaded from any device or apparatus via the network, such as the Internet, through the communication I/F 705. The event display program may be further loaded onto the ROM 702 upon activation of the CPU 702.
Referring now to FIG. 11, an event display apparatus 800 is explained according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The event display apparatus 800 is substantially similar in structure to the event display apparatus 100 of FIG. 1. The differences include category controller 801, event display 802 including the event display controller 111, event image display 803, communication device 804, and timeline controller 805.
The event display apparatus 800 is capable of displaying events by category based on a logarithmic timescale. However, in this exemplary embodiment, an event corresponds to at least one of event data files is obtainable from a network via the communication device 804.
The category controller 801 obtains category data, which indicates categories of the events, from the network via the communication device 804. Based on the category data, the category controller 801 displays the categories of the events on the display device 107, preferably, in a tree structure, as illustrated in FIG. 4, for example. In addition, the category controller 801 may select one of the categories according to the command data received from the user via the command data input 101.
The timeline controller 805 acquires event time information of the event data files belonging to the selected category from the network. At this time, the timeline controller 805 may obtain a portion of or the entire properties information for the event data files of the selected category. Using the obtained event time information, the timeline controller 805 generates a timeline for the selected category, and determines the respective positions of the events on the timeline, in a substantially similar manner performed by the timeline controller 109.
The event display 802 displays the events at the determined positions on the timeline, in a substantially similar manner performed by the event display 103. At this time, the event display 802 may acquire, from the network, a portion of or the entire event properties information for the event data files of the selected category. Alternatively, or in addition, the event display 802 may acquire, from the network, information necessary for displaying a thumbnail image of the event belonging to the selected category.
The event image display 803 acquires an event data file corresponding to one of the events, which has been selected by the user, from the network via the communication device 804.
Referring to FIG. 12, an operation of providing an event data file, performed by the event display apparatus 800, is now explained according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
In Step S901, the category controller 801 obtains category data from the network via the communication device 804.
In Step S902, the category controller 801 displays the categories of the events on the display device 107.
In Step S903, upon receiving command data for category selection from the user via the command data input 101, the category controller 801 selects one of the categories selected by the user.
In Step S904, the frame size controller 106 determines a size of a frame for the selected category.
In Step S905, the timeline controller 802 obtains event time information of the event data files belonging to the selected category from the network via the communication device 804.
In Step S906, the timeline controller 802 generates a timeline for the selected category, and determines the position of each of the events to be displayed on the timeline.
In Step S907, the event display 802 displays the frame for the selected category. Within the frame, the event display 802 further displays the events at the respective determined positions on the timeline. At this time, the event display 103 may change view of the events, according to event time information or event properties information.
In Step S908, upon receiving command data for event selection from the user via the command data input 101, the event selector 104 selects one of the events selected by the user.
In Step S909, the event image display 803 obtains an event data file corresponding to the selected event from the network via the communication device 804.
In Step S910, the event image display 803 displays the event data file on the display device 107.
In Step S911, the command data input 101 determines whether command data for time unit change has been input by the user. If it is determined that the command data has been input (“YES” in Step S911), the operation proceeds to Step S912. Otherwise (“NO” in Step S911), the operation ends.
In Step S912, the time unit controller 110 changes a default or previously set time unit to a time unit specified by the user, and the operation repeats steps S906 to S911.
The steps illustrated in the flowchart of FIG. 12 may be performed in different orders, as it is apparent to those skilled in the art. Further, the operation performed by the event display apparatus 800 is not limited to this exemplary operation shown in FIG. 12.
For example, any kind of category time information or current time information may be used to define a time period corresponding to the length of the timeline. In another example, the timeline may be displayed based on a linear scale.
Furthermore, any one of the operations performed by the event display apparatus 800 may be performed by any kind of processor capable of operating according to an event display program of the present invention.
FIG. 13 illustrates an event display system 1000 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The event display system 1000 includes two clients 1001A and 1001B, a server 1002, and a storage device 1003, which are connected to one another via a network 1004.
Any one of the clients 1001A and 1001B may be implemented by a processor capable of controlling the system 1000 according to the event display program, such as a personal computer, for example. The server 1002 includes any kind of processor capable of communicating with any one of the clients 1001A and 1001B, such as a personal computer, for example. The storage device 1003 includes any kind of memory or storage device, such as a HDD. In this exemplary embodiment, the storage device 1003 stores a plurality of event management tables, a category management table, and a plurality of event data files. The network 1004 includes any kind of wired or nonwired network, including PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), LAN, and the Internet, for example.
Alternatively, the server 1002 and the storage device 1003 may be incorporated into one apparatus. For example, the server 1002 and the storage device 1003 may be implemented by a personal computer having a memory. In another example, the server 1002 and the storage device 1003 may be implemented by a multifunctional peripheral device (MFP).
Referring to FIG. 14, an event display apparatus 1100 is now explained according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The event display apparatus 1100 is substantially similar in structure to the event display apparatus 100 of FIG. 1. The differences include cluster generator 1102, and event display 1101.
The cluster generator 1102 determines whether to group a plurality of events into one cluster, when the events on the timeline are located too closely to one another, for example.
Referring now to FIGS. 15 to 17, an operation of clustering, performed by the cluster generator 1102, is explained according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 15, a plurality of events is displayed on a logarithmic timeline TL1. The event positioned at the top of the timeline TL1 corresponds to the event data file having the latest creation date, while the event positioned at the bottom of the timeline TL1 corresponds to the event data file having the earliest creation date.
The cluster generator 1102 calculates a time period (“distance time period”) between the two adjacent events, and compares the distance time period with a reference time period. When the distance time period is smaller than the reference time period, the corresponding two adjacent events are grouped into one cluster.
In this exemplary embodiment, the above clustering operation is performed in five clustering steps, as illustrated in FIG. 15.
In the first clustering step, the cluster generator 1102 compares a distance time period with a first reference time period. As a result, the “File Found” event and the “File Lost” event are grouped into cluster 1.
In the second clustering step, the cluster generator 1102 compares a distance time period with a second reference time period, which is larger than the first reference time period. As a result, the “Blood Donation” event and the “Personnel Transfer” event are grouped into cluster 2.
In the third clustering step, the cluster generator 1102 compares a distance time period with a third reference time period, which is larger than the second reference time period. As a result, the “Office Equipment” event and the “Antivirus Software” event are grouped into cluster 3.
In the fourth clustering step, the cluster generator 1102 compares a distance time period with a fourth reference time period, which is larger than the third reference time period. As a result, the “Mail Server Restored” event and the “Mail Server Down” event are grouped into first cluster 4. In addition, the cluster 2 including the “Blood Donation” and “Personnel Transfer” events and the cluster 1 including the “File Found” and “File Lost” events are grouped into a second cluster 4.
In the fifth clustering step, the cluster generator 1102 compares a distance time period with a fifth reference time period which is larger than the fourth reference time period. As a result, the second cluster 4 including the “Blood Donation,” “Personnel Transfer,” “File Found,” and “File Lost” events and the “Newspaper Article” event are grouped into cluster 5. In this exemplary embodiment, the first to fifth reference time periods may be determined based on a size of the frame or an average character size of the events in the frame, for example.
After performing these five clustering steps, four main clusters (indicated by the arrows A) and four sub-clusters (indicated by the arrows B) remain. The event display 1101 displays the events by cluster in the frame F3 as illustrated in FIG. 16. As shown in FIG. 16, the event belonging to the main cluster is displayed with a font larger than the font of the event belonging to the sub-cluster. Further, the event belonging to the sub-cluster may be indented.
In this exemplary embodiment, the mark “+” placed above the “Blood Donation” event in FIG. 16 indicates an event belonging to the cluster represented by the “Blood Donation” event. If the user selects the mark “+” with the input device, the event display 1101 may display the file name of the corresponding event data file, i.e., “Personnel Transfer,” on the timeline TL1, as illustrated in FIG. 17. In this exemplary embodiment, the file name of the corresponding event data file may be displayed in a newly created frame, such as a pop-up window, for example.
In this exemplary embodiment, the event display 1101 displays the file names of the event data files belonging to the main cluster and the sub-cluster. However, any number of clusters may be displayed with the file name, depending on the number of clustering steps performed by the cluster generator 1102, or depending on the number of clusters being considered by the event display 1101.
Further, any one of the known clustering methods may be used in the above clustering steps, such as Chameleon clustering method, for example.
Furthermore, in addition to the event time information displayed on the timeline, the cluster generator 1102 may use any other information related to the event data files for clustering.
In this exemplary embodiment, the importance level of an event data file is not considered. However, the event display 1101 may change the font size or the indent size according to the importance level, in a substantially similar manner as described with reference to FIG. 1, for example. Further, the event display 1101 may be provided with the event display controller 103 of FIG. 1, for example.
The event display apparatus 1100 performs an operation of providing an event data file in a substantially similar manner as described with reference to FIG. 9. The differences include the addition of clustering, preferably performed right before Step S605.
Alternatively, the event display apparatus 1100 may perform an operation of providing an event data file in a substantially similar manner as described with reference to FIG. 12. The differences include the addition of clustering, preferably performed right before Step S907. In such a case, the storage device 108 may be replaced with the communication device 804.
Referring to FIG. 18, an event display apparatus 1500 is now explained according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The event display apparatus 1500 is capable of displaying categories based on a logarithmic timescale in a three-dimensional form. The event display apparatus 1500 of FIG. 18 is substantially similar in structure to the event display apparatus 100 of FIG. 1. The differences include category controller 1501 and category timeline controller 1503.
The category controller 1501 displays the categories of the events on the display device 107 in the three-dimensional form, preferably in a tree structure, as illustrated in FIG. 19, for example. As shown in FIG. 19, each category is represented by a rectangular box.
The category timeline controller 1503 generates a category timeline (not shown in FIG. 19) in the Z axis of the display device 107 for each of the categories. Further, the category timeline controller 1504 determines which portion of the category timeline corresponds to a time period represented by the category.
First, the category timeline controller 1503 determines a starting date and an ending date of the category timeline, based on the category time information. In this exemplary embodiment, the stating date is set to the current date, while the ending date is set to the earliest date (“earliest category date”) obtained from the category time information. For example, referring to the category management table of FIG. 3, the earliest category date is “19920101120032,” which is the creation date of the “Personal Picture” category or the “Travel Picture” category. The category timeline controller 1503 then calculates a time period T between the current date and the earliest category date.
Next, the category timeline controller 1503 obtains the maximum length Lz in the Z axis direction of the display device 107. The maximum Z axis length Lz is previously determined based on various characteristics of the display device 107. In this exemplary embodiment, the length of the timeline for each of the categories is made substantially equal to the maximum Z axis length Lz. Further, the length of the timeline, i.e., the maximum Z axis length Lz, is assumed to correspond to the time period T between the current date and the earliest category date. Accordingly, the unit length l in the Z axis corresponding to the logarithmic value 1 can be calculated using the following equation: l=Lz/log(T). This unit length l is used as a conversion factor for converting time information expressed in logarithm to positional information expressed in number of pixels to be displayed on the display device 107.
To determine the portion of the category timeline corresponding to a selected category, the category timeline controller 1503 first obtains the starting date of the timeline for the selected category. In this exemplary embodiment, the category timeline controller 1503 obtains the last modified date of the selected category, and calculates a time period between the current date, i.e., the starting date of the category timeline, and the last modified date of the selected category. In the exemplary case of the “Travel Picture” category shown in FIG. 3, the category timeline controller 1503 obtains a time period between the last modified date (2004/03/22) and the current date. The logarithmic value of the obtained time period is further multiplied by the conversion factor of l to obtain positional information of the category, which indicates the position of the category timeline at which the selected category starts.
The category timeline controller 1503 further obtains the ending date of the timeline for the selected category. In this exemplary embodiment, the category timeline controller 1503 obtains the creation date of the selected category, and calculates a time period between the current date, i.e., the starting date of the category timeline, and the creation date of the selected category. In the exemplary case of the “Travel Picture” category shown in FIG. 3, the category timeline controller 1503 obtains a time period between the creation date (1992/01/01) and the current date. The logarithmic value of the obtained time period is further multiplied by the conversion factor of l to obtain positional information of the category, which indicates the position of the category timeline at which the selected category ends.
Based on the starting date and the ending date of the category, the category controller 1501 displays the box representing the category, as illustrated in FIG. 19, for example. At this time, the category controller 1501 displays the name of the category using the category data.
Referring back to FIG. 18, once the categories of the events are displayed in the three-dimensional form, a user may select one of the categories with the input device. The category controller 1501 selects the category selected by the user.
Once the category is selected, the event display 103 displays a frame for the selected category. Within the frame, the event display 103 further displays events belonging to the selected category.
The event display apparatus 1500 performs an operation of providing an event data file in a substantially similar manner as described with reference to FIG. 9.
Alternatively, the event display apparatus 1500 may perform an operation of providing an event data file in a substantially similar manner as described with reference to FIG. 12. In such a case, the storage device 108 may be replaced with the communication device 804.
Further, the event display apparatus 1500 may be additionally provided with the cluster generator 1102.
Furthermore, the length of the category timeline may not correspond to the time period between the current date and the earliest category date.
Furthermore, when displaying a box representing a specific category, the category controller 1501 may select a specific color or intensity level of the box according to the time information of the corresponding category. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 20, if a box is located at a position relatively close to the starting date of the category timeline, the box may be assigned with a darker color. If a box is located at a position relatively far from the starting date of the category timeline, the box may be assigned with a lighter color.
Numerous additional modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the disclosure of this patent specification may be practiced by methods and apparatuses other than those specifically described herein.
For example, elements and/or features of different illustrative embodiments may be combined with each other and/or substituted for each other within the scope of this disclosure and appended claims.
Furthermore, as mentioned above, the present invention may be implemented using one or more microprocessors and/or signal processors programmed according to the teachings of the present disclosure. Alternatively, as mentioned above, the present invention may be implemented by an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), prepared by an appropriate network of component circuits or by a combination thereof according to the present disclosure.
displaying each of the events belonging to the selected category at the determined position of the timeline.
selecting one of the events being displayed.
displaying an event data file corresponding to the selected event.
selecting a time unit of the timeline, wherein each of the events belonging to the selected category is displayed in the selected time unit.
converting the timeline from the logarithmic scale to a linear scale.
forming a frame having a predetermined size for the selected category, wherein the timeline is displayed within the frame.
7. The event display method of claim 6, wherein the timeline has a length corresponding to the size of the frame.
8. The event display method of claim 1, wherein the timeline ends at an ending date preceding the starting date.
9. The event display method of claim 8, wherein the ending date is determined based on category time information.
10. The event display method of claim 9, wherein the starting date is determined based on category time information.
11. The event display method of claim 9, wherein the starting date is determined based on current date information.
obtaining, for each of the events belonging to the selected category, a time period between the starting date of the timeline and an event date of the event.
converting the obtained time period with a conversion factor, wherein the determined position corresponds to the converted obtained time period.
obtaining event time information for each of the events belonging to the selected category, wherein the position of each of the events is determined based on the corresponding event time information.
obtaining event properties information for each of the events belonging to the selected category.
changing a view of the displayed events based on at least one of the event properties information and the event time information.
clustering the events belonging to the selected category into one or more clusters, based on at least one of the event properties information and the event time information.
changing a view of the displayed events based on the result of the clustering step.
19. The event display method of claim 1, wherein the one or more categories are displayed in a three-dimensional form.
generating a category timeline for each of the categories based on a logarithmic scale, with each category timeline indicating a time period represented by the corresponding category.
changing a view of the categories based on the category time information.
displaying the selected events on the determined positions of the timeline.
displaying each of the categories at the determined portion of the category timeline.
displaying each of the events belonging to the selected category on the determined position of the timeline.
25. The event display system of claim 24, wherein the storage device further stores one or more event data files.
obtaining an event data file corresponding to the selected event for display.
event time information for each of the event data files.
event properties information for each of the event data files.
means for displaying each of the events belonging to the selected category at the determined position of the timeline.
means for selecting a time unit of the timeline, wherein each of the events belonging to the selected category is displayed in the selected time unit.
means for converting the timeline from the logarithmic scale to a linear scale.
means for displaying the selected events on the determined positions of the timeline.
means for displaying each of the categories at the determined portion of the category timeline.
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0.999548 |
Could you please tell me what the average life span of a denture is? The dentist who gave me these unspeakable torturous things said 3 years, yet I have only had them for 2 years. He also gave me less than adequate service and charged me $9000.00 for sub standard work. He issued me with faulty implants as well. I complained to the Dental Board about this and they sided with him I was the bad guy. I have no dentist now and have lost my faith in all dentists.
Unfortunately your question doesn't have a simple answer. A lot depends on how many teeth are on the denture, what it is made out of, how it is held in place, how it is maintained, and the general condition of the rest of the mouth. On average, a denture can be expected to function for around 3 years before maintenance or remaking is needed, but there are a multitude of different things which can drastically change that.
Think of your dentures as being a little bit like the tyres on your car. Sure, there's an average lifespan, but you're going to get more life and better performance out of some top of the range tyres than the cheapest re-treads. Then there's how you drive. Do you only putt around to the corner shop once a week? Or do you leave black marks around every corner on your mission to drive from Sydney to Perth in 48 hours? And if your wheels are out of alignment, it's going to cause excessive and uneven wear on your tyres. Dentures are put under a lot of stress day in and day out, it's amazing they last as long as they do in some people.
I'm sorry to hear you've had a bad experience and feel let down by your dentist. If your case has been investigated by the Dental Board of Australia, you can be assured that your dentist has not been negligent. Sometimes bad things happen to good people and it's nobody's fault. Remember that dentists are people too, there's good ones and less-than-good ones. Don't be afraid to shop around, and ask your friends and family for recommendations. Once you find someone you like and trust, your mouth will thank you for it.
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0.99953 |
In this article we will be addressing what seems to be a very important concern: Taking Xanax and alcohol together. This is definitely a topic you would want to educate yourself about, as the result of not doing so can be fatal.
With that said, let’s take a quick look at what Xanax is all about and what can be the effects of mixing Xanax and alcohol.
First things first, Xanax (alprazolam) is believed to be the result of an effort to finding an alternative to Valium (diazepam), something that’s primarily used to treat anxiety and other related disorders, especially the ones associated with the activity of the central nervous system. When it comes to classifying both these drugs, they would fall under benzodiazepines, which are basically nothing but tranquilizer drugs.
These drugs also have other uses apart from the ones mentioned above, although it’s not known whether they are medically recommended to be used for any other purpose than they were originally intended to.
Based on a study conducted by the American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, while Xanax can be a dangerous drug to consume, the cases of Xanax turning out to be fatal on its own are very rare. The majority of cases that end up with fatal consequences due to the use of this drug are often those where Xanax is mixed with other drugs.
To be a bit more specific here, the American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology studied 178 cases of postmortem. Out of these cases, only two cases were found to have been a result of using Xanax alone. On the other hand, as many as 87 fatalities were reported to be due to mixing Xanax with other drugs. This study concluded, with more than a fair bit of certainty, that anyone using Xanax would be subjected to extremely fatal, deadly consequences if they mix it with other drug, a practice known as polydrug abuse in medical terms.
Now, if you’re wondering what this information has to do with using Xanax with alcohol, then we have to say that we pity you. This is because it means you’re not aware of the fact that alcohol is just as much a drug as the other conventional drugs out there, if not more.
The reason it’s not believed to be so is probably due to its common use, or the fact that it’s never used as a drug in the typical sense. However, alcohol has been proven to be a depressant, being associated with things like slowing down vital functions of the body as well as the ability to think and react quickly. This is a typical “drug” behavior.
Furthermore, alcohol also heavily affects and interferes with the way the brain performs, which is often what many other drugs seem to do as well. But as we all know, alcohol actually has far stronger effects than other drugs, which makes it even more “drug-ish” than most other conventional drugs.
What Makes Drinking Alcohol When Taking Xanax Dangerous?
Drinking alcohol when taking Xanas triggers a process in your body that can be extremely dangerous and fatal. The thing is, the same liver enzymes in your body are responsible for clearing both alcohol and Xanax. And as they are broken down by the same compounds, it takes significantly longer for your body to get rid of them.
This basically means that these substances stay in your body for much longer than they would had they been taken alone. This, in turn, leads to both of them augmenting the effects of each other. Xanax makes the alcohol in your body much more potent, and alcohol returns the favor by making the Xanax present in your body more potent. This substantially increases the risk of dangerous health conditions such as respiratory depression, extreme sedation, cardiac issues, loss of consciousness as well as makes you much more likely to end up having dangerous accidents.
If you ignore the initial effects of taking these drugs together and continue doing so, it would be a matter of time before you start experiencing much more worse problems including serious psychological and cognitive issues. A few of the things you’re likely to encounter due to long-term use of these drugs include sleeplessness, depression, memory problems and agitation.
Although we have walked you through more than enough perfectly reliable information on why mixing Xanax and alcohol is something you should totally avoid, you may also be interested in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) opinion.
There’s a warning label issued by the FDA and if you read it, you will find that it clearly mentions that taking Xanax with alcohol, or any other drugs for that matter, can have life-threatening consequences. It says this is especially true if you have been taking the other drugs without being prescribed to take them.
Besides the highly worrying health issues we discussed above, using alcohol or any other drug with Xanax would greatly compound the side effects of Xanax itself. Some of them may include fatigue, drowsiness, clumsiness and weakness. Similarly, you would also want to note that apparently a surprisingly large number of accidents are linked with using Xanax with alcohol or other drugs. Some of the other issues you make yourself very likely to develop during the process include unconsciousness, serious breathing difficulties and even unintentional death.
There’s also the fact that alcohol has a reputation for damaging your ability to remember and judge things properly. This could lead to you being much more likely to lose track of the amount of Xanax you have taken, which drastically increases the chances of an overdose. Needless to say, an overdose of Xanax may very well cost you your life, as the statistics clearly suggest.
Although we have discussed quite a bit about the effects of taking these drugs together, we will now also take a quick look at most of the common symptoms that are associated with this type of drug abuse. Of course, if you find yourself dealing with any of these symptoms, it may very well be your last chance to get yourself out of a situation where the eventual result may be an unexpected, sudden death.
Now, here are some of the more severe symptoms, which usually seem to show up when you ignore the symptoms above.
If you’re someone that didn’t bother doing any research before getting into the dangerous habit of using Xanax with alcohol or other drugs, you may definitely want to seek help immediately. Of course, to anyone that’s still on the fence about following something as stupid and dangerous as polydrug abuse, you would absolutely want to avoid doing so at any costs.
As a matter of fact, Xanax itself is something you may want to avoid taking. Pfizer, the company that introduced this drug to the world, says that anyone taking this drug may experience withdrawal symptoms similar to quitting long-term alcohol habit, as well as even develop dependency towards it.
However, if you’re facing some serious health issues and have been prescribed the drug by a reliable medical professional, and if you or your doctor fail to find a better alternative, then quitting your alcohol habit is the least you need to do in order to not put your life on the line just to continue drug abuse. In fact, whether or not you need to take Xanax, quitting alcohol is certainly one of the best things you can do to yourself and your loved ones.
If you’re finding it difficult, you may want to check out our detailed guide on how to quit drinking alcohol. It would make it considerably easier to no longer be a slave to alcohol.
The Combination of Amoxicillin and Alcohol – Is It Safe?
Is Genetic Accounted For Alcoholism?
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0.988699 |
Answer this: What market do you want to win in?
The American rancher is amazing—give us a target and a little incentive, and we will produce it. However, the challenge of late is trying to determine what environment we are operating in and what the targets are.
Overall there remains an understandable degree of uncertainty surrounding the market, especially after experiencing a historically large decline in prices recently. In and of itself, that doesn’t portend well for the beef business, but one tends to feel a little better if you consider that per-capita meat consumption showed its largest jump in roughly 40 years recently. Further, consider that supplies of beef and competing proteins are expected to increase the next couple of years at a much slower rate.
Demand has remained astonishing considering the underlying fundamentals: a strengthening U.S. dollar which sharply curtailed exports, the worst performing economy in four decades and one of the largest drops in disposable income for the middle class in the post-depression era. None of these factors are positive and more importantly, these trends appear to be long term, at least to some degree.
However, there are some positive long-term trends at work as well. First, there’s a world population that is expected to reach 9 billion-plus in the next 35 years. Then, while the middle class is shrinking and poverty is growing in the U.S., the trend globally is just the opposite. And most importantly, when given the choice, the world prefers high-quality beef and the U.S. is the largest and most efficient producer of that product.
The short-term trend for the overall health of the beef business is gradually weaker, but the long-term fundamentals are positive. It would require a pessimist of gigantic proportions not to be excited about the future of the beef industry.
The question for ranchers is this: what do I produce and how do I produce it, so that we can ensure our competitiveness in the future and position ourselves for the most consistent and largest profits?
Profitability and success seem to boil down to four relatively well-defined categories – genetics, management, marketing and relationships. The first may be the easiest to define and achieve, and also the most challenging. Market and/or economic signals are pretty clear cut for most traits and whether they are threshold traits or traits with diminishing levels of return, the optimum range is fairly well known by producers, given their environment and marketing strategies.
As producers, we tend to focus on production traits and will continue to make incredible progress in these areas. What is optimum today will likely be well below average in a decade, but we have the tools and the information to continue to move forward in these areas.
However, it becomes more difficult to assess our present and future when we begin to make the leap from the economic drivers of the feeding sector to the packing sector and eventually to the consumer. The reason for the uncertainty in part is that should margin operators, which is what feeders and packers are, develop a silo mentality and assume they have no vested interest in beef demand, it can tend to distort market signals.
Compound that with the fact that there are many different consumers and that consumer trends tend to change, plus the real substantive genetic antagonisms we contend with, and it becomes more difficult for ranchers to determine what the targets are.
Weight has been king for quite some time and with the spread between cost of gains and prices being so dramatic, that will likely continue to be the case for quite some time. But there is a limitation. Chasing weight at the feedbunk affects mature size and efficiency at the cow-calf level at some point, and we run into portion size and product limitations at some point as well.
I can still remember when the first National Beef Quality Audit was done and there was considerable talk then about red meat yield, retail yield, muscle and leanness. It was made clear that fat was a problem and closely trimmed products shifted the paradigm. There was talk then of wanting to produce all Yield Grade 1s and 2s.
However, a combination of things have led us to a point where we are killing cattle at fatter end points, heavier weights and being increasingly rewarded for marbling. Ironically, the industry has almost abandoned USDA’s Yield Grade formula. The electronic cameras now used in packing plants are better predictors of red meat yield and economics have made the pursuit of leaner Yield Grades essentially a joke.
If you are selling on a typical grid, you are leaving money on the table if you aren’t producing 10% or higher Yield Grade 4s. Discount lines for heavy carcasses continue to rise, and while packers and feeders are striving to produce 900-pound carcasses, they don’t necessarily want the subsequent increase in ribeye area that would result in Yield Grade 1s or 2s.
Efficiency, weight and marbling seem to be the drivers and we have the tools to make dramatic strides in all three simultaneously. It is important to note that efficiency and weight are interrelated and apply to all segments of the business with sometimes confounding results.
For cow-calf producers, the impact of genetics, management, marketing and relationships is growing larger and more competitive. The reason for that is that the tools to accomplish these goals are improving greatly.
The result is that we are seeing every segment of the industry change and differentiate. Currently, it is most pronounced at the seedstock and cow-calf level, but the gap between the haves and have nots, between the progressive and traditional mindsets, and the commodity and value-added perspectives is widening.
As producers, we have to decide first where we are going to compete and then what it will take to compete in that arena. Easier said than done.
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0.973276 |
Democratic Party leaders are balancing a complex political calculus and a host of competing egos as they consider who they will choose to respond to President Trump Donald John TrumpThorny part of obstruction of justice is proving intent, that's a job for Congress Obama condemns attacks in Sri Lanka as 'an attack on humanity' Schiff rips Conway's 'display of alternative facts' on Russian election interference MORE's first State of the Union address later this month.
More than 30 party strategists, leaders and members of Congress interviewed for this story said Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer Charles (Chuck) Ellis SchumerHillicon Valley: House Dems subpoena full Mueller report | DOJ pushes back at 'premature' subpoena | Dems reject offer to view report with fewer redactions | Trump camp runs Facebook ads about Mueller report | Uber gets B for self-driving cars Dem legal analyst says media 'overplayed' hand in Mueller coverage Former FBI official praises Barr for 'professional' press conference MORE (D-N.Y.) and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro PelosiSenate Republicans tested on Trump support after Mueller End of Mueller shifts focus to existing probes Democrats renew attacks on Trump attorney general MORE (D-Calif.) must decide just what message they want the prime-time address to convey.
They may decide to feature the message Democrats will take to voters in November's midterm elections. They might opt to highlight a specific issue on which they contrast with Trump and the Republican Congress. Or they could pick a rising star to thrust into the spotlight, someone who conveys a new and different tone for a party that lacks a mega-star.
But Schumer and Pelosi, the leaders who will jointly pick the Democrat responding to Trump, must also contend with a huge field of potential presidential candidates who are already jockeying ahead of the 2020 elections. Choosing anyone already seen as preparing a run for president risks angering dozens of other would-be candidates. Even if Schumer and Pelosi choose someone who is not seen as a possible candidate, he or she could be vaulted into the top tier with a successful speech.
Most Democrats interviewed for this story said they did not want Schumer and Pelosi to pick a potential Trump rival.
"We don't need to offer the 2020 alternative this year. Trump's going to present his own bizarro reality about where the country stands, but the Democrat, whoever she or he is, needs to reframe the real issues facing the country and explain how Democrats would solve those problems," said Adam Hodge, a former Democratic National Committee spokesman.
"The challenge is selecting one potential 2020 nominee over the others presents the party with a choice it doesn't want and shouldn't take," said Scott Mulhauser, a longtime Democratic strategist who worked for Joe Biden Joseph (Joe) Robinette BidenCory Booker has a problem in 2020: Kamala Harris 2020 Dems ratchet up anti-corporate talk in bid to woo unions Resurfaced Buttigieg yearbook named him 'most likely to be president' MORE during the 2012 campaign. "You can't really do that this year without inviting all kinds of scrutiny that you don't need and the perception that you're playing favorites."
Still, State of the Union responses are notoriously fraught events, where the tiniest slip-up becomes a career-defining headline. No one remembers what Sen. Marco Rubio Marco Antonio RubioSenate Republicans tested on Trump support after Mueller Cuban negotiator says Trump's efforts to destabilize Cuba's government will fail Freedom to Compete Act would benefit many American workers MORE (R-Fla.) said when he responded to former President Obama's 2013 address. Everyone remembers that he took a sip of water in the middle of his moment in the spotlight.
"It is the hardest task in politics. The president's State of the Union is a jam-packed prime-time address with perfect lighting and crowd participation that you cannot beat on television. And then you ask somebody to follow it with basically a chair and a studio," said Josh Holmes, a former chief of staff to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Addison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellSenate Republicans tested on Trump support after Mueller Anti-smoking advocates question industry motives for backing higher purchasing age Former Bush assistant: Mueller report makes Obama look 'just plain bad' MORE (R-Ky.).
Asked who he would pick, Ron Klain, the former chief of staff to Biden and Vice President Al Gore Albert (Al) Arnold Gore20 years after Columbine, Dems bullish on gun reform Lobbying world 2020 Dems audition for Al Sharpton's support MORE, said he would choose his worst enemy in politics.
“The win-loss record of [State of the Union] responders (both Democratic and Republican) largely matches the win-loss record of the Washington Generals in playing the Globetrotters,” Klain said in an email.
When Obama was in office, McConnell's staff and representatives from then-House Speaker John Boehner John Andrew Boehner20 years after Columbine, Dems bullish on gun reform Dem says marijuana banking bill will get House vote this spring Trump appears alongside Ocasio-Cortez on Time 100 list MORE's (R-Ohio) office would meet months before the State of the Union to build a list of possible responders. They consulted with other party leaders, including the chairman of the Republican National Committee, before presenting a shorter list to McConnell and Boehner John Andrew Boehner20 years after Columbine, Dems bullish on gun reform Dem says marijuana banking bill will get House vote this spring Trump appears alongside Ocasio-Cortez on Time 100 list MORE, who would make a final decision.
At times in recent years, the response has been meant to convey different messages. Sen. Jim Webb's (D-Va.) response to President George W. Bush's 2007 address sought to illustrate a Democratic Party unified against the war in Iraq. When Obama addressed a joint session of Congress on health care in September 2009, Republicans picked Rep. Charles Boustany Charles William BoustanyMarch tariff increase would cost 934K jobs, advocacy group says Bottom Line On The Money: US adds 155k jobs in November | Unemployment holds at 3.7 percent | Wage growth strengthening | Trump signs stopgap spending bill delaying shutdown MORE (R-La.), a medical doctor, to deliver a rebuttal.
Republicans focused their efforts late in Obama's term on illustrating the party's gender and racial diversity, tapping House Republican Conference Chairwoman Cathy McMorris Rodgers Cathy McMorris RodgersWe can accelerate a cure for Alzheimer's Overnight Energy: Wheeler vows to keep funds for Great Lakes cleanup | Inslee presses Trump on climate in House testimony | Dems seek more funds for Interior watchdog Inslee presses Trump on climate change in House testimony MORE (Wash.) in 2014, Sen. Joni Ernst Joni Kay Ernst Embattled senators fill coffers ahead of 2020 GOP senators divided on Trump trade pushback Abrams: Schumer has been 'relentless but thoughtful' about Senate bid MORE (Iowa) in 2015 and South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley Nimrata (Nikki) HaleyPollster says Trump unlikely to face 'significant' primary challenge Trump blocked renomination of Obama-era UN racism official, won't pick a replacement: report Trump says he considered nominating Ivanka to lead World Bank MORE, now Trump's ambassador to the United Nations, in 2016.
Some Democrats said the party should use this opportunity to introduce new faces after eight years in which Obama dominated the Democratic stage.
"We've got to do a better job of introducing Democratic stars to the nation, and we have not done that as well as we should have. I for one support presenting as many as these individuals as possible to the public," said Rep. Emanuel Cleaver (D-Mo.). "We don't have the bench that Republicans have had, at least not in the Congress."
There is no consensus favorite among Democrats this year, though several competing camps have emerged. Some Democrats favor a speaker who would demonstrate the party's electoral wins in the Trump era. Others want to show off a female voice, at the height of the "Me Too" movement. And some want to try something completely out of the box, picking a messenger from outside the world of politics altogether.
Among the first group, Sen. Doug Jones (D-Ala.) and Virginia Gov.-elect Ralph Northam (D) stand out. Northam won his race in November by a surprisingly large margin, while Jones became the first Democrat in a generation to win a Senate seat in Alabama. Some suggested the two newcomers give the Democratic response side by side.
In the second group, several party strategists mentioned potential 2020 candidates like Sens. Kamala Harris Kamala Devi HarrisCory Booker has a problem in 2020: Kamala Harris Booker to supporter who wanted him to punch Trump: 'Black guys like us, we don't get away with that' Tulsi Gabbard fundraises off 4/20: 'Appalls me' that feds consider marijuana illegal MORE (Calif.) and Kirsten Gillibrand Kirsten Elizabeth GillibrandCory Booker has a problem in 2020: Kamala Harris Booker to supporter who wanted him to punch Trump: 'Black guys like us, we don't get away with that' 2020 Dems ratchet up anti-corporate talk in bid to woo unions MORE (N.Y.). Others pointed to Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto Catherine Marie Cortez MastoLife in the minority at the FCC Dem senators call for Trump to restore release for pregnant migrants Jury rejects Harry Reid lawsuit against fitness band maker MORE (Nev.), who is not seen as a possible 2020 contender. And a surprising number pointed to Rep. Cheri Bustos Cheryl (Cheri) Lea Bustos2020 is the Democrats' to lose — and they very well may DCCC opens Texas office to protect House pickups, target vulnerable GOP seats Speaker in waiting? Rapid rise of Hakeem Jeffries fuels talk MORE (Ill.), who represents a more rural district Trump narrowly carried last year. Former Rep. Ellen Tauscher (Calif.) said she would like to see Sen. Dianne Feinstein Dianne Emiel FeinsteinDems reject Barr's offer to view Mueller report with fewer redactions Five takeaways from Mueller's report Only four Dem senators have endorsed 2020 candidates MORE (Calif.), whom Trump attacked this week, give the address.
"She has unparalleled responsibilities to get to the bottom of Russian interference in 2016 election, which I think is most important issue Trump and Republican majorities continue to ignore, call a hoax and discredit," Tauscher said.
Finally, those Democrats hungry for an outside-the-Beltway choice named governors like Colorado's John Hickenlooper and Montana's Steve Bullock, big-city mayors like Mitch Landrieu of New Orleans or Eric Garcetti of Los Angeles, and even Pete Buttigieg, the mayor of South Bend, Ind., who would be the first member of the millennial generation to deliver a response. Some suggested someone who is not in politics at all, like a teacher or a "Dreamer."
"I’d pick a woman who teaches in a public school, to talk about the impact [the state and local tax deduction] is going to have on public school funding, and to set the stage for this year’s battles by talking about protecting Social Security and Medicare for working people," said Jeff Liszt, a Democratic pollster. "All of it while hammering home that Washington is working for corporations, not regular people."
There are no rules and few standards for offering a response to a State of the Union address. Since the first response, offered by Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (R-Ill.) and House Minority Leader Gerald Ford (R-Mich.) in 1966, during the Lyndon Johnson administration, parties have tried to offer their alternatives from inside the Capitol or from the heartland, alone or in groups, live and in pre-recorded videos.
In 1972, four Democratic senators and seven members of Congress hosted a 53-minute show that included unscripted calls from the public, according to the Senate Historian's office. In 1974, Sen. Mike Mansfield (D-Mont.) responded to President Richard Nixon's State of the Union the day after Nixon addressed Congress. Democrats skipped altogether a response to President Gerald Ford in 1977. And in 1984, Democrats set a record by showcasing 13 responders, ranging from former Vice President Walter Mondale to Sens. Robert Byrd (D-W.Va.) and Joe Biden (D-Del.), House Speaker Tip O'Neill (D-Mass.) and a young Rep. Barbara Boxer Barbara Levy BoxerOnly four Dem senators have endorsed 2020 candidates Hispanic civil rights icon endorses Harris for president California AG Becerra included in Bloomberg 50 list MORE (D-Calif.).
Schumer and Pelosi might even decide to keep the response for themselves. Opposition party leaders have responded to the president on 21 occasions, most recently in 2005, when Pelosi and then-Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid Harry Mason ReidSanders courts GOP voters with 'Medicare for All' plan Glamorization of the filibuster must end Schumer won't rule out killing filibuster MORE (D-Nev.) responded to Bush.
But, Holmes cautioned, the more ambitious the set-up for an opposition response, the more likely the night could end in spectacular disaster.
"You can get way too cute in a hurry," Holmes said. "If you try to do too much stagecraft or if you try to go outside the lines of a seasoned professional or politician, you really are rolling the dice."
Rep. Hakeem Jeffries Hakeem Sekou JeffriesDems attack Barr's credibility after report of White House briefings on Mueller findings The Hill's 12:30 Report: Assange faces US charges after dramatic arrest Dem leader: Trump's Fed picks like something out of 'SNL' MORE (D-N.Y.) said the State of the Union response pick will have long faded by the time November’s midterms arrive.
“It’s an important short-term consideration, but at the end of the day most Americans have no idea who delivered the rebuttal to Trump’s first [speech to Congress] last year, and it will long be forgotten whoever delivers it this time around,” Jeffries said. “The singular issue that will drive the electorate in November will be, ‘Do you support the direction that Donald Trump has taken this country, or do you have problems with it?’"
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Romeo and Juliet Love Essay In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, violence, prejudice and hatred interfere with love and happiness. This is brought about through as love as a cause of violence, the conflict between this individual and society and the idea of fate this shown in the ballroom scene and the fight scene. A scene that explores the idea of how violence, prejudice and hatred interfere with the ability for the main characters of Romeo and Juliet is Act 1, Scene 5, The Ballroom Scene. Violence, prejudice and hatred is shown mostly in this scene by Tybalt anger for the Montague’s.
Just as Romeo saw Juliet and he was amazed by her beauty, Tybalt saw Romeo in anger an, prejudice was introduced by the words of “Come hither, covered with an antic face, to fleer and scorn at our solemnity? ” This quote made me feel that Tybalt dislikes Romeo and Tybalt believes Romeo is there to ruin the Capulet celebration, also Tybalt is trying to show family honour. This uses the Shakespearian language technique of oxymoron’s with fleer and scorn. Also in Act 1, Scene 5 prejudice is also explored through the dialogue between Lord Capulet and Tybalt.
Furthermore it’s explained the prejudice that Tybalt has to the Montague. “Uncle, this is a Montague, our foe, a villain that is hither come in spite to scorn at our solemnity. ” Consequently, Tybalt’s prejudice systematically puts a obstacle in the way of Romeo’s natural love for Juliet. This is linked to the theme of the Individual vs Society. Romeo’s natural instincts are to follow his natural feelings but his societal ideals are that he must hate Juliet as she is a Capulet an vice versa for Tybalt. His natural instincts are to strike at Romeo but this would be poor in front of the crowd at the party.
The other act that explores A scene that highlights the idea inevitability of fate is the fight scene illustrating that the natural tendencies of violence overcome Romeo’s love and happiness. In Act 3, Scene 1 the fight amongst Mercutio, Tybalt and Romeo, Benvolio and Mercutio are met by the Capulet and ask for Romeo who is not there at the time. When Romeo arrives insults are thrown to Romeo with hatred and prejudice “Romeo, the love I bear thee can afford no better term than this: thou art a villain” and then all Romeo basically says back is that I can love you and I excuse your insult because we are family now. Right now Tybalt cant believe what he is saying and is challenging him to a fight through Tybalts’ words of violence “Boy, this shall not excuse the injuries that thou hast done me. Therefore turn and draw” this quote makes the reader sense that Tybalt is very angry with Romeos’ words. Violence is also explored also later in the play with a dramatic ending to Mercutio’s life. When Romeo backs down Tybalt’s fight, Mercutio was angry with Romeo so he took the fight with Tybalt. When Romeo tries to break up the fight Tybalt reaches under Romeos’ arm and stabs Mercutio, with his dyeing words, Mercutio morns “A plague o’ both your houses! right now is extremely angry with both of their families because he has died for the problems and is cursing both Montague’s and Capulet’s by trying to say a death on your families. This is using the Shakespearian technique of ‘foreshadowing’. At this stage this act has truly shown the idea of inevitability of fate. Again scene that explores the idea of how violence, prejudice and hatred interfere with the ability for the main characters of Romeo and Juliet is Act 1, Scene 5 further in, The Ballroom Scene. Tybalt shows hatred for his anger of the Montague’s.
As Tybalt and his uncle Capulet are still disagreeing about Romeo existence at the ballroom, Tybalt uses harsh hatred in his argument “it fits when such a villain is guest I’ll not endure him” this quote is describing Romeo as a villain and Tybalt will not tolerate him. This is associated to the theme of the Individual vs Society. Another act that explores the idea of hatred is also again Act 3, Scene 1 The fight amongst Mercutio, Tybalt and Romeo. This quote takes place in the insults before Tybalt ask Romeo to fight. The quote is a combination of hatred and prejudice that Tybalt has. Romeo, the love I bear thee can afford no better term than this: thou art a villain,” this show all hatred for Romeo cause. Tybalt explains that the only thing he could call him is a villain. This is linked to the theme of the Love as a Cause of violence. Tybalt’s natural instincts are to follow his hatred thoughts about what Romeo is doing to him. In conclusion Shakespeare has majestically written about a tragic love story of sworn for bidden love between Romeo and Juliet. This is a story that shows the continuous obstacles of violence, prejudice and hatred that stopped these star cross lovers from each other.
Romeo and Juliet: Was It Love or Lust?
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Maybe I have the spelling wrong, but I put the word for man, not human!!
English 'man' can be interpreted both ways.
Why tego and not ten?
"słyszeć" takes Accusative. In Accusative, it is important whether a masculine noun is animate or inanimate.
For an animate masculine noun, and a man is obviously animate, the noun phrase (this man) takes a form identical to Genitive: "tego mężczyznę".
For inanimate masculine nouns, it is identical to Nominative: "Słyszysz ten telewizor" (You hear this television set).
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Will eSports become an Olympic sport? It could happen. Recent news that eSports is set to be a medal event at 2022 Asian Games, to be held in Hangzhou, China shows it could become a reality.
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This is a summary of our facilities: To make a booking, click Online Booking to go to our Hallmaster booking system. We now have free public WiFi - access details are on the notice board in the entrance hall.
Main Hall: Capacity 300 standing or 150 seated. This Hall is 16.5 m by 9 m with a sprung hardwood floor marked out for indoor sports. There is a serving hatch to the kitchen. This hall can also be used with the second hall as they are connected by soundproofed folding doors.
Small Hall: Capacity 160 standing or 80 seated. This is a more intimate space at 9 m by 9 m with a light, airy feel. There is a spacious serving hatch to the kitchen. This hall can also be used with the Main Hall. Also has a small bar area.
Kitchen: One of the many great features of the Memorial hall is its large kitchen. Equipped with cookers, fridges, microwave and urn. We also provide a large range of crockery, cutlery and some glassware. The kitchen is included in the hire fee of the Sports and Second Halls.
Stour Lounge: Capacity 70 standing or 30 seated. The Stour Lounge measures 6.3 m by 5 m,suited to committee meetings and smaller club gatherings. The room is carpeted, with soft furnishings and comfortable chairs and coffee tables. A hatch connects to a small bar area.
Consultation Room: This area is mainly used by the visiting doctors surgery for medical consultations. It would also be suitable for therapists sessions as it has an examination bed, desk, privacy screening and blinds on all windows.
Furniture: We have 23 large folding tables, 20 smaller tables and 80 folding chairs.
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