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Is there a way to take a screenshot of an Android device and save it as an image file?
You can press the Power button + the Volume Down button at the same time to take a screenshot. It will be saved to your gallery.
Note: You need to keep the buttons pressed for around a second for this to work. This is to avoid the screenshot when this combination is accidentally pressed.
If you're rooted: you can install an app called drocap2. This will let you shake your phone, wait on a timer, or click on a notification in your notification bar to take a screenshot and it'll save it to your phone.
If you're not rooted: you can not run a screenshot app on your phone, period. You'll have to install the Android SDK on your computer, connect you phone via USB, and run a program called DDMS. This program is mainly used for developer debugging, but it has a screenshot utility under one of its menus. For a tutorial, see this page. Also, some constructor like Samsung have implemented this function on their phones (the buttons combination change from phone to phone, so search for yours).
However some screens are protected and therefore can not be captured, e.g. some system settings dialogs.
In the Galaxy S Froyo (Android 2.2) you can take screenshots by holding the back key and tapping the home button.
Install the Android SDK on your computer, connect the phone and run DDMS from the terminal and then select Device > Screen Capture (or Ctrl+S) and a screenshot will be made.
On a Samsung Galaxy S II, it's simultaneously pressing the Power+Home button. It's tricky though; 9 out of 10 times I can't get it. Obviously that's specific to that model of phone and not the Android OS.
As far as I know, there isn't any native app built-in to the OS for all phones, it's too bad really.
The following method also requires root, but may be better and easier if you need the screenshots while writing articles, app reviews or documentation.
You do not need complex instructions or the Android SDK, and this works on all rooted devices.
On the HTC EVO3D, you may press lock button and home button at same time to capture a screenshot.
End result, is a PNG file called my_picture_of_android_home_screen.png is saved.
Once rooted, I've liked working with Screenshot (Cyrket link).
Set the timer, go to your application and wait; or set it to “Shake” mode, go to your application and shake it. Hard. And files show up in a screenshot folder. Happy day.
I mean it. SHAKE IT HARD. Unless there's some trick to shaking and I'm doing it in the wrong direction, this is NOT a sensitive shaker.
UPDATE: yeah, I'm using the timer option. Either the Incredible has a lousy shake sensor, the app is implementing it weirdly, or something else -- but shaking was just ridiculous. Would have been a nice interface, if that worked.
(Variable) Timer to take screenshots works just fine!
ShootMe does work for me on the Galaxy Tab (2.2), even if I did not root it and the ShootMe page says, that it works only for rooted devices.
Your phone has to be rooted. If it is just search "screenshot" in the market for many options. For an unrooted phone you can use dolphin browser hd with an addon to get screen captures of a website.
On the Samsung Galaxy Pocket GT-S53001, you can do it without any third party software.
Go to the screen that you'd like to capture.
Press and hold the Home button (center), then right after that, quickly press the Power button. If you wait too much it won't work and you'll just set the phone block.
If that is done successfully, you should be able to hear the classic click and also see a white border appear in your screen.
Go check your Gallery application.
1: It's possible that this works on all Android phones running Gingerbread, but I didn't try personally.
When I got the 2.3.4 Upgrade on my Sony Ericsson Arc (from 2.3.3) holding down the power button brings up the "airplane mode/power off/silent" menu, and new to 2.3.4 is the presence of a "take screenshot" button as well.
What happens next is, a screenshot will be taken. Then you will be able to adjust it before either accepting or discarding the screenshot.
Some phones have the functionality built in, such as the previous mentioned Galaxy S. On the Droid Charge, hold the back button and press home. On most new LG Android phones, hold home and press power.
Unfortunately, the only universal method is using the Android SDK to take screenshots with a computer. Rooting and using a screenshot app works on many devices, but sometimes not, and it's not the easiest way to take a screenshot.
On Android 7.1.2, long press Home for OK Google and issue voice command Take Screenshot , it will respond with All right, taking a Screenshot, touch to continue.
The least time consuming method for me is using keyboard through USB OTG.
And then just press Print Screen.
On the xperia z5, you simply hold lock button and that gives you the option of taking screenshot.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged images screenshots or ask your own question.
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When I ask questions about the application process in the U.S., people always respond by saying, "It depends on each college." That is really frustrating.
I'm not surprised you have gotten that response, because there is no "standard" procedure that U.S. colleges follow in the admissions process. You should study web sites and talk to representatives at each institution to which you are applying.
What kinds of documents do I need to send with my application?
Most colleges are going to need your school transcripts or mark sheets showing the grades you earned in each subject each year. Students living in a country such as the United Kingdom or India, where national exams (GCSE, HSC, etc.) are administered should also send those results. Admissions officers often focus heavily on those national exam results, since they provide a standard of comparison between many students from the same educational system. If your native language is not English, most colleges will ask you to submit the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or another approved English exam score. You may be asked to submit the SAT or ACT, two standardized exams used in the admissions process. You should submit everything in your native language, but please include English translations of all documents. Finally, an application fee is usually required, and if you are not a citizen or permanent resident of the U.S., you will have to submit an affidavit of financial support.
Do I have to write an essay?
The application form for each college will indicate what is required, or you can check the web sites. Beyond the basic credentials mentioned earlier, you might be asked to submit an essay, a resume detailing your activities and honors, recommendation letters from teachers and school administrators, and other information about yourself. It is common for private colleges to require these types of documents, since admissions decisions might take into account personal characteristics, leadership, or special talents. This might be due to the college's specific recruitment goals or the desire to look beyond the quantitative measures to distinguish between students. Essays, resumes and recommendations can be especially helpful if an applicant's grades or test scores are slightly low or if the applicant is being considered for merit scholarships. Some private colleges will allow applicants to submit videos and tapes, but please be careful about sending bulky items because admissions offices have limited storage space!
Public institutions often focus primarily on the school transcripts, national exam results and test scores. These are the "quantitative" items, according to Bill Smart, Assistant Director of Admission at Oregon State University. For instance, they might be looking for a specific grade average from students in each country. He pointed out that Oregon State does require the SAT from students attending American style schools, while the test is waived for other international applicants. You will find many variations of testing requirements at different colleges (both public and private). My advice is that you take two standardized tests: the TOEFL (or other English test) and either the SAT or ACT. In doing this, you will be prepared for whatever the different colleges might require. This is important because at the time you begin preparing for college you probably haven't decided to which institutions you will apply.
Are personal interviews required if I'm living outside the U.S.?
Very few universities will formally require international students to have an admissions interview. However, many private universities will offer optional interviews. Duke University, a highly competitive private university, allows students to have personal interviews with their alumni living around the world. Phyllis Supple, Coordinator of International Admissions at Duke, recommends that you take advantage of this opportunity. Even though it's not a formal part of the process, it shows staff members another dimension of a student, and a thorough report of the interview is written by someone who understands your community and your situation. This can bring to life your unique qualities. "Whether it is required or not," Supple advises, "Be prepared to talk about yourself and to ask probing questions. Don't just ask questions that can be answered by reading admissions materials. This is a two-way process. Admissions officers will learn about you, but more importantly, you will learn about the institution, so that you can make the best decision." If you are able to visit a college in the U.S., we recommend that you request a campus tour and personal interview if it is available.
With the currency exchange rate between the U.S. and my country, it is going to be difficult for my parents to send me to the U.S. Do you think I should even consider a private education?
Absolutely! Private colleges and universities often cost more, but they typically offer more generous financial assistance. They receive less funding from the government than public institutions do, but they receive many private donations. Do not eliminate a private university from your list of choices until you have investigated its financial aid and scholarship offerings for international students. I also recommend that you check with local organizations in your home country regarding scholarship opportunities. Before you start applying to U.S. universities, you should sit down and discuss finances with your parents. Discuss how much they can contribute to your education each year. For instance, let's assume that your family and other sponsors can afford to contribute at least $10,000 per year. You are considering a college that costs $20,000, and its literature indicates that scholarships of at least $10,000 per year might be available to top students. Since you are one of the strongest students in your class, it would be realistic for you to apply to that institution. There are two basic types of awards typically offered. Merit-based awards are the most common and are based on extraordinary achievements (academic, athletic, fine arts, etc.). Need-based awards are based on your family's financial situation.
Do public universities ever offer financial aid and scholarships?
Yes, some do. Some may offer similar awards to those offered by private colleges. Others will offer non-resident fee waivers, such as the University of Missouri - Kansas City, according to Keith Grafing, Assistant Director of International Student Affairs. UMKC offers in-state tuition rates for academically strong F-1 visa students who meet the criteria. Judy Young, Director of the International Office at the University of Texas at Arlington indicates that students who receive one of their academic scholarships will also pay "in-state" tuition rates at UTA. First year international students are eligible to apply for scholarships, but the number of recipients is extremely low, because of the high SAT score and very early acceptance required. University of Wisconsin - Superior has a similar policy for a limited number of students living outside the state of Wisconsin. Imran Mandviwalla, Sr. International Admissions Advisor at the University of North Texas, indicated that UNT has limited scholarships for incoming students (athletes, musicians, Mexican citizens, and Texas community college transfer students who qualify). Most of UNT's scholarships go to strong continuing students. Continuing students who receive at least a $1,000 scholarship will have their out-of-state tuition rate waived and pay the same rate as state residents do. Oregon State offers competitive academic scholarships and some other awards to international students for cultural service. All of the awards mentioned above cover only a portion of a student's funding, as is the case with most awards from private universities.
What are some of the other differences between a public and private university?
Tracy Williams, Study Abroad Coordinator at TCU, has worked at both types of institutions. "Because of the number of students, public institutions are regulated by rules that are applied to the masses, and there is less flexibility for individual circumstances. Whereas at a private institution, we make more case-by-case decisions. This applies to situations in the classroom as well as outside the classroom. A professor might know a student personally and support his application for an internship or spend more time with him during the academic advising process. Professors might even invite students to their homes. Faculty and staff are advocates of the students in every way, and we want them to succeed." However, Williams adds that "larger institutions may offer a more diverse international environment, with large numbers of students from all over the world." It is a personal choice. Some students want the cultural support group and familiarity of having 100 others from their country. Others prefer to be in an environment where there are only a few students from their country, so that they will learn more about different cultures and languages. Young from UTA adds that "larger universities may have a wider range of majors and more classes within each major from which to choose. The range of academic fields available at the college you choose is important, since the U.S. educational system makes it possible for students to change their majors. There are more choices at a large public university."
I understand that private colleges generally have smaller class sizes. But do state schools always have large classes?
Many students choose private universities because of the small class sizes, availability of personal interaction with faculty and classmates in the classroom, and opportunities for leadership outside the classroom. However, even the largest universities have smaller classes in the more advanced levels (the last two years, typically). Young at UTA indicates that "first and second-year students have to make the effort to make themselves known to whomever they are working with, but it is definitely possible." Finally, there are some public institutions that are actually quite small, such as the University of Wisconsin - Superior, with an enrollment of 2800. Steven Houghton, International Student Services Specialist, talks about being able to walk into the chancellor's office and say "Hi," which would be unusual at a large university. He has extensive contact with students during the admissions process and often picks them up at the airport when they arrive.
So...which do you think is better, public or private?
Both. That is a very personal choice, depending on your needs and interests. In my case, I didn't want to attend a large state school, but I didn't want to attend a very small school either. I chose a mid-size private university that could offer some of the features of both large public and small private colleges. You might look for completely different qualities. This is going to be an exciting process for you. You are asking good questions and researching the opportunities available at various U.S. institutions, so I am confident that you will make a good decision.
Provided by Karen Scott, Director of International Admissions, Texas Christian University.
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What does a car insurance policy look like?
There are numerous parts to an automobile insurance policy. Familiarizing yourself with the terms and content of your policy will help you locate a section quickly if you need to find it in the future. The first aspect of your policy will be the heading with the company name on it. This is the name of the automobile insurance company that you have the contract with. If you purchase your policy through a broker, the broker's name may be on the contract as well. Make certain you know the difference between the two. It is illegal for a brokerage firm to use the phrase "insurance company" in their name if they do actually offer the service themselves. The words "services", "marketing", and "agency" can serve as a hallmark to identify the brokerage firm's name from that of the actual insurance company.
The next two portions of the policy you will see will be the policy number and the policy period or term of your coverage. The policy number is a distinctly unique number for your policy. It helps to identify your policy from that of other consumers the company has. The policy number can be a combination of letters and numbers. This will change each time you purchase a new policy or renew your coverage. The policy term identifies the dates through which your policy is valid. Traditional policies are purchased in blocks of three, six, or twelve months worth of coverage. In order to determine more acute specifics, like the time your policy started on a certain day, you would have to request a "letter of experience" from your vehicle insurance company. That will have an exact breakdown of time.
Your contact information and your vehicle description will also be on the policy. Your contact information includes the address of your place of residence and your phone number. If multiple drivers are included on your policy, their various addresses will be included on the policy if they differ from yours. The vehicle description will include the year, make, and model of your car. Additional information will include the vehicle's VIN number. A VIN number works to identify a car in a similar manner that a social security number identifies a person. It can be found under the window of the driver side of your vehicle, close to the hood. A special mark may be included next to your vehicle's information, marking whether or not the car is deemed to be a high risk vehicle. This is common among higher end luxury cars or sports cars.
The most important section of your policy is the one that includes details about your premiums and the specifics of the coverage you have chosen. Identifying this section and educating yourself about its content will be beneficial to you. It will identify, in dollar amounts, what the limits of your coverage are. Other aspects of your policy will include your endorsements, the loss payee, the garaging address, and the signature of your insurance agent. You should familiarize yourself with all of these sections of your policy.
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Essay on my family in spanish?
The most memorable moment in my life essay Free Essays The History Behind Spanish Lake - Over the last few weeks, I really enjoyed reading and learning about the information in the readings, films, and chapters.
Alicia is the eldest. She is intelligent and likes to read books. Key expressions in the Conversation: I wake up early every day, but I get up at 7: Culture and Language - I never in my life did expect one day to be at my computer to write a scholarship essay and to write it in English. Where do they live? Virginia Woolf writes of Orlando, the protagonist in her story, a young man of around thirty six years who metamorphosed over a couple of days from a man to a woman.
I like her family very much. As I grew up, I was surrounded by Romanian culture which has influenced a significant amount of my life. Mi Familia Mi familia es muy grande! These constant battles came from family members, friends, and strangers. I don't understand what you are asking False headlines are hella exciting.
Having a clear understanding of your family background allows you to better appreciate the things that you would normally take for granted. Ella es inteligente y le gusta leer libros.
Alicia es la mayor de todos. I also have many uncles, aunts, and cousins. Louis, Missouri, as inhabitants of that fine city take many precautions to safeguard themselves and their families against this the most memorable moment in my life essay malady currently sweeping our great nation.
B Carlos tiene un hermano y 2 hermanas. My dream was always to work with children, so this internship class allowed me to find an internship that I would love On vacations we see the grandparents. A farmer's life is never easy, but this was my year.
Louis's book on how to prevent this illness from spreading Type your answers in the box which will expand as you type. It is a given that language is essential to communication, since it is used on a daily basis. Listening Practice.
These changes help to establish attainable access to social and community supports for families and their children with ID. Sometimes I ran after the lions and some times they ran after me and sometimes el Cid ran after the lion I: The Spanish culture and customs are very unique and make them stand out from a lot of other countries.
Language reflects your background and where you come from, according to Fromkin, Rodman and Hyams, an accent is a regional phonological distinction She is a nurse. There are seven ethnic groups in Venezuela. She has a chemistry major and teaches every chemistry student here at Wesleyan. This essay summarizes the article by analyzing the research model, measures and the results of the research.
Essay on me and my family in spanish advanced readers essay on me and my family in spanish feel free to show off a bit. This comedic production hits the hearts to many because while it may be humorous, it is also a reality to hundreds of thousands of people worldwide and so it hits close to home to many.
Papers] Good Essays The Role Of The Special Education Service System - Family Advocacy Mental health advocacy often encompasses the special needs community, often information can be used in a purposeful way to generate change in policies and promote rights and psychological needs of individuals with intellectual disabilities. My father informed me that I was an advanced child because I learned things fast and was advanced in the average age of doing the motor skills.
As a result of not having enough resources, our visa was declined. Christianity was thought to be the best and biggest religion and all other religions were looked down upon. Here are the following questions I asked my interviewee — Q. No Fear Shakespeare. I drive in the area quite often; I have family, friends, and clients who live in Spanish Lake.
Similarlythe adjective will also take a singular form when describing only one person as in: Culture Venezuela has a strong free online clothing store business plan template Words - Pages 2 Essay about Research proposal topic selection Notes Lucas Bell April 15, Spanish 8 Alejandro translation and activities The next morning the Toledo family decided to take a trip from madrid to toledo, an old city about 40 miles south of Madrid.
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None of the trademark holders are affiliated with this website. It always had questioning my language and personal identity. Question 3 Essay on me and my family in spanish Ella es enfermera. There was never a doubt in my mind that this is where I am from since this is where I was born.
Very soon, these "cultural filters," which allow us to make sense of reality and shape it, become fixed, invisible and unconscious; they are part of our worldview which - as unique as we might think it is essay on me and my family in spanish rests on the shared the dreamhome case study - an overview of a particular linguistic community That being said, in the United States the most prevalent language is English, but depending on the region, your language might business plan financial projections pdf different to other people.
Es alto. Language Evolution, World Studies] Better Essays How A Middle Adolescence Aged Male Teenager Perceives His Environment - This interview provided me valuable insight about how a middle adolescence aged male teenager perceives his environment as a 9th grader in two main environmental influences within the public compulsory school system and his home.
Mi Familia Essay Spanish Combine all of that and try to introduce your family in Spanish.
The interview took place at her office on October Soy un chico afortunado! I speak English, write Research proposal topic selection, read English, and went to English speaking schools. I am tall and creative.
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Language is truly part of our literature review filetype ppt During their time living in Romania, they were raised with strict religious values.
Since the store has a dominantly Hispanic demeanor there was only one other Caucasian in the store besides myself. It was particularly hard for me my junior year of high school. She also has a stepmother and stepfather. Ya soy casado.
On that boat, of our sailors were killed essay on me and my family in spanish the explosion. At that time I was able to talk fast and say complete sentences The decision is likely to have existence because obtaining intellectual expertise of Spanish in Spain is included, which is my heritage, that I would endear to experience further involvement about Spanish.
I am the oldest. Language specifically stuck with me the most as it came to me almost as easy as learning English.
Only at the time I had essay on me and my family in spanish idea what was going on or the obstacles it would create for me in the near future. Vocabulary is lost in the process, pronunciation and syntax are changed, and more vocabulary essay on me and my family in spanish added. How could you tell your friend all the events in order? Placing an order is very easy and we will deliver the paper to your email by the deadline.
Immigration is the main topic of this motion picture, but I want to focus on one subdivision of it only; language. For example, how to write conclusion of thesis student who comes from a bilingual family might speak another fluent language at home If she had a supportive family, they could have guide her in distinguishes between right and wrong and also could have helped her in creating positive identity Sleep came soon as I had no sleep on the journey so far and was rudely essay on me and my family in spanish at 4: His primary language is Creole and his secondary language is English.
The way Hispanic people celebrate changes throughout each country. Their study involved audiologists from across five states with the highest reported Spanish speaking population at that time: Start Congratulations - you have completed Listening Quiz: At the same time exploring Paris is within the selection of choice, which in general to beyond, I would endear to consume time with the historically romantic, and ever enduring wonderful Paris Javier is a good boy.
Remember that you can activate the subtitles if you need them.
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A friend mentioned Twitter's troubles, and said that Twitter lacks a real identity and a reason to exist that distinguishes itself from other services. That got me thinking about social networking generally and the purpose of various sites, which is what inspired this post. What purpose do the sites serve?
Facebook -- This is the big dawg. Everyone wants to be Facebook. So what is the purpose? Pretty much whatever you want it to be. Do you want to post a bunch of political stuff? Do you want to post about theology? Do you want to keep it limited to posting stuff about what you're doing, pictures, and so forth? Do you want your posts to be public or more limited? Do you want to play games? Do you simply want to keep up with friends and family and not post hardly anything yourself? You can do any of that. Your interaction can be with the public or only with your friends. Facebook's biggest strength is versatility.
Twitter -- Twitter does something Facebook does not do: By default, you can follow, retweet or "mention" anyone else. It pretty much levels everyone on the platform. If you simply want to get your voice out there in a public way, Twitter is the quickest way to do it - especially if you get retweeted by someone with a much bigger audience. Twitter's 140 character limit makes it ideal for a "hot take." That character limit is both the platform's greatest strength and greatest weakness.
Tumblr -- Tumblr is kind of like "Twitter Plus." You cannot mention people the way you do on Twitter, but it is more versatile. I am not sure Tumblr should be classified as a social networking site or as a blog hosting service with social networking features. Tumblr is the service that probably has the least identity.
Google Plus -- Google tried to integrate both Facebook and Twitter. To be brutally honest, there is not much point to being on Google Plus. Google integrated Plus with Blogspot, but it was too little, too late.
Instagram -- Share photos. That's it. Instagram knows what it is, and has built quite a following based on that. You can share photos with the public, or only with your followers.
Honorable mention: MySpace -- MySpace was Facebook before Facebook went public, and served some of the same purposes. It never grew or offered more, so it has withered.
Honorable mention: MyFamily.com -- No link here, as the site is dead. The purpose here was simple: A private, invitation-only service to keep up with family. You could post pictures, news, recipes or reviews, and everyone can see it. While it lasted, it was a great service. MF came before any of the other social networks, and was great for keeping up with family scattered over a large area. What most likely killed MF was the growth of Facebook, which offers everything MF did but without an annual subscription fee or limits on storage.
Social networking services offer different things, and each has its benefits. Which ones to use is entirely dependent on what you want to use it for. Except for Google Plus, which really has no use.
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A beverage can is a metal container designed to hold a fixed portion of liquid such as carbonated soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, fruit juices, teas, herbal teas, energy drinks, etc. Beverage cans are made of aluminum (75% of worldwide production) or tin-plated steel (25% worldwide production). Worldwide production for all beverage cans is approximately 370 billion cans per year worldwide.
Beginning in the 1930s, after an established history of success with storing food, metal cans were used to store beverages. The first beer was available in cans beginning in 1935 in Richmond, Virginia. Not long after that, sodas, with their higher acidity and somewhat higher pressures, were available in cans. The key development for storing beverages in cans was the interior liner, typically plastic or sometimes a waxy substance, that helped to keep the product's flavor from being ruined by a chemical reaction with the metal. Another major factor for the timing was the end of Prohibition in the United States at the end of 1933.
Tab (German: Tabau) is a town in Somogy county, south-western Hungary. It is situated approximately 175 km South West of Budapest.
A Swiss-system tournament is a tournament which uses a non-elimination format. There are several rounds of competition, but considerably fewer rounds than in a round-robin tournament, so each competitor (team or individual) does not play every other competitor. Competitors meet one-to-one in each round and are paired using a predetermined set of rules designed to ensure that as far as possible a competitor plays competitors with the same current score, subject to not playing the same opponent more than once. The winner is the competitor with the highest aggregate points earned in all rounds.
A Swiss system may be used when it is not feasible to play as many rounds as required in a round-robin, but it is not desired to eliminate any competitors before the end of the tournament. This is the case for many tournaments of amateurs where the tournament's purpose is to provide playing experiences, and if continuing full use of facilities is not too expensive. On the other hand, if facilities are constrained or costly, if players are professionals who must be paid for their games played, and if the tournament's purpose is to present exciting matches of top contenders to a viewing audience, then single elimination would serve better. In a Swiss system there are a predetermined number of rounds and a predetermined scoring system. All competitors play in each round unless there is an odd number of competitors.
Would you like to buy that?
Of course. How much is that ?
3 pound 6 then please Sir .
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Try easier levels of this lesson: Starbucks Cafes - Level 0, Starbucks Cafes - Level 1 or Starbucks Cafes - Level 2.
The cafe chain Starbucks has made a new policy about who can use its cafes. Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz has announced that anyone can enter a Starbucks cafe in the USA without needing to make a purchase. That means people are free to sit in the cafe or use the restrooms. Mr Schulz has asked all Starbucks staff to treat every person entering the cafe as a customer. He said: "Any person who enters our spaces, including patios, cafes and restrooms, regardless of whether they make a purchase, is considered a customer." This means people can simply use Starbucks to sit down, relax and use the Internet. The new policy applies to more than 8,000 cafes in the United States.
The new policy will also make it easier for store managers and baristas to do their job. There have been high-profile cases recently of managers asking real customers to leave a cafe or telling them they cannot use the bathroom. On April 12, two black men were arrested and escorted out of a Philadelphia Starbucks in handcuffs for waiting for a friend to arrive before they ordered. A week later, another black man was told he could not use the bathroom because he hadn't bought anything. He posted a video online of a white man using the bathroom in the same cafe without buying anything first. Mr Schultz said he didn't want to make Starbucks a public bathroom, but the new policy was "the right thing" to do.
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When attending a funeral, it is always important to show respect for the deceased, as well as the other loved ones mourning his or her passing. As such, it is essential to make sure to wear respectful attire that is aligned with funeral service etiquette. While funerals often come as unexpected, it is easy to plan an outfit that is both simple and tasteful. Here are a few guidelines for those looking for guidance on what to wear to a funeral.
Color may be one of the most important aspects of funeral attire, as it should reflect the mourning atmosphere of the event. Typically, black is considered a standard for funerals; however darker, neutral colors may prove appropriate depending on the situation and nature of the service.
Men will generally wear black suits, black dress shoes paired with a white dress shirt and a neutral tie. Similarly, women wear black dresses, or darker blouses and pants accompanied by formal black shoes.
It is important to remember that a funeral service is an event designed for loved ones to say goodbye to the deceased and to reflect on his or her life. As such, it is important to make sure that any outfit worn to a funeral is neither flashy nor detracts from the attention of the service. Following the color guidelines above, both women and men should make sure that the jewelry and other accessories they wear are tasteful and blend in with the entire outfit.
Since women often choose to wear black dresses, they often have many more choices on how to dress for a funeral. However, attendees should make sure that their dresses are not too revealing and follow a simple shape. While hats and veils are often seen at funerals, it is important to wear those that are not ostentatious or large. If in doubt, keep it as simple as possible.
Although funerals may come as a surprise to some attendees, it is important to make sure that outfits worn are presented in a tasteful, crisp and conservative fashion. It is suggested to make sure that all selected pieces fit appropriately and are dry cleaned ahead of time for optimal appearance.
Considering that many funeral services are followed by outdoor burials at a cemetery gravesite, it is also essential to plan outfits that are tasteful and reserved, yet comfortable and conducive to seasonal weather. Services held in warmer weather may encourage attendees to wear lighter fabrics, so they do not reveal too much skin to stay comfortable. When attending a winter service, it is appropriate to wear conservative black coats, gloves and scarves to protect one’s self from the cold.
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Syrian regime's forces completed its control over the areas which were controlled by the Syrian armed opposition in Aleppo recently, due to an agreement to displace people of these areas to the west of the city for those who wanted to leave from both civilians and armed opposition members with their light weapons, which was mediated by turkey and Russia and an Iranian intervention , in exchange of declaring a truce for a ceasefire by all parties and evacuation of nearly 4000 people from the villages of Kafrya and Fouaa in Idleb countryside that were besieged by opposition.
About 35 thousand people of eastern Aleppo left their areas after several obstacles occurred during the exit of buses convoys prepared for evacuation .
After this agreement, Russia pressed to reach the ceasefire in all Syrian areas, not just in Aleppo, as the opposition factions demanded before the agreement of Aleppo.
This Russian pressure ended by a trilateral meeting in Moscow on 20/12/2016 for foreign ministers of Russia , turkey and Iran which led to an agreement between the three countries on a joint understanding as an outlines to resolve the Syrian issue which was called (declaration of Moscow) including emphasizing the sovereignty and unity of the Syrian territory as a democratic and secular state , and that Russia , turkey and Iran are preferring the joint efforts in eastern of Aleppo to evacuate civilians and armed opposition , and the readiness of the three parties to be guarantors of the agreement between the Syrian regime and the opposition.
According the description of the Russian foreign minister "Sergei Lavrov", the trilateral frame "Russia, Turkey and Iran" is the most effective one regarding to Syria, because the international group to support Syria has not been able to take a role in implementation of UN resolutions regarding to Syria, and Washington could not confirm its participation in the joint actions .
After a days from intensive talks between Russia and Turkey, they agreed on a draft ceasefire in all Syrian areas, Russia will put pressure on the Syrian regime to accept, while turkey will present it to the Syrian opposition to commit to the ceasefire.
The declaration of ceasefire started at 12 am on 30/12/2016 .
The displacement agreement from Aleppo How it happened?And how it has been done?
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0.973904 |
Is eating grass-fed, certified organic meat healthier?
Remember that the health benefits or dangers of these foods goes way beyond the fat content. I am left with serious concerns about protein content, cholesterol, lack of fiber and lack of vitamins and minerals even in the best organic, grass-fed meat because, ultimately, it remains an animal food package with a relatively poor nutrient profile when compared to whole plants.
This is a great question, as this topic has become such a hot-button issue in the past couple years. Grass-fed, organic beef and other meats have become much more appealing and popular over the past several years, especially as the ‘locavore’, or ‘farm-to-table’, movement has gained momentum in the United States. Part of their popularity stems from the idea that there are likely to be health benefits to eating this type of meat; and for social and environmental reasons, it just feels better to support this type of meat production. Overall, grass-fed, organic meat just seems much more natural, and therefore, it must be better! Right? Unfortunately, the answer is not that simple.
Meat may only be labeled organic if it is produced using the following guidelines: the animal must have had access to the outdoors; it must have been raised without antibiotics, growth hormones, slaughter byproducts or genetically modified organisms (GMOs); the animal must have been fed 100% organic feed; then, it must have been processed without GMOs, irradiation or other ‘non-organic’ contamination. 1 These rules do not dictate the type of feed used, other than it be organic, but we often hear specifically that grass-fed has a better nutrient content. So, there end up being two possible health benefits to eating grass-fed, organic meat: first, it may be lower in contaminants and second, at least in the case of beef, it may have a better nutrient profile.
Unfortunately, the differences in contamination are less impressive than you might hope. One of the most comprehensive reviews2 found that there was no difference in the likelihood of bacterial contamination between organic and conventional meat. Regardless of farming method, about two thirds of all chicken had Campylobacter, and one third had Salmonella. Up to two thirds of pork had E. coli, and both the organic and non-organic meat was equally contaminated with Salmonella and Listeria. There were, however, some data to show that these bacteria were less likely to be resistant to multiple antibiotics in the organic meat.
In addition, there are unlikely to be major nutrient differences between organic and non-organic meat just by virtue of the organic label. On the other hand, if the meat is grass-fed instead of grain-fed, there are likely to be significant differences in the fatty acids present in the meat. A review3 specifically comparing grass-fed and grain-fed beef found that there is less overall fat, more omega-3 fats, and possibly more antioxidants in grass-fed beef. In addition, the omega-3 fats are in a much more favorable ratio with the omega-6 fats3. But how much of a difference does this make in our health? The truth is we don’t know for sure because we don’t have enough evidence comparing the consumption of grass-fed versus grain-fed meat and how it affects our health over a long period of time; however, I am seriously doubtful that this is the health revelation that some make it out to be.
Certainly, some of these nutrient differences in meat have been used to advocate for grass-fed, organic meat. The public is happy to buy this story if they like to eat meat, but the reality is that when the total nutrients of the food are considered, these trumpeted nutrient differences are likely to be relatively insignificant in the grander scheme of things. The table below is a comparison from the USDA Nutrient Database of 100 calories each of different samples of grass-fed ground beef, grain-fed ground beef, and broccoli. You can see that any nutrient differences between grass-fed and grain-fed beef are insignificant compared to the differences between the beef and the broccoli.
* It is presumed that this entry in the USDA nutrient database represents grain-fed beef, since grass-fed is specified separately, but this is not delineated.
Clearly, if nutrients have anything to do with health and disease (and of course we know they do), the significant choice for health is between plant and animal, not between grain-fed and grass-fed. As you can see, these two types of beef are still composed of animal protein, fat, cholesterol, and small amounts of several vitamins and minerals. The change in fat composition does not alter the basic nutrient content. The broccoli on the other hand, has plenty of protein, and a more healthful type of protein at that, less fat, a substantial amount of fiber, no cholesterol, and abundant vitamins and minerals, all of which are health-promoting.
Another way to think of this is to realize that regardless of what the animal eats, the particular flesh of the animal serves the same function. Muscle tissue must move bones, and muscle tissue in a grass-fed animal is the same as muscle tissue in a grain-fed animal. Both are made of the same basic muscle cell units performing the same basic functions. There may be different fat content throughout the muscle tissue, but there are only so many ways to make muscle, so you can certainly appreciate that the basic nutrients from eating a group of muscle cells is going to be similar irrespective of the animal’s diet.
The belief and discussion around the possible health benefits of eating animals grown in a more sustainable way is a good example of a lot of news generated about details out of context. There is a healthier fat profile and there may be tiny differences in absolute antioxidant content in grass-fed meat (these benefits don’t apply to the organic label alone – only to grass fed). For these reasons, if you must have meat, consuming grass-fed, organic meat or wild game instead of factory farm, grain-fed meat would be best; but remember that the health benefits or dangers of these foods goes way beyond the fat content. I am left with serious concerns about protein content, cholesterol, lack of fiber and lack of vitamins and minerals even in the best organic, grass-fed meat because, ultimately, it remains an animal food package with a relatively poor nutrient profile when compared to whole plants.
Smith-Spangler C, Brandeau ML, Hunter GE, et al. Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives?: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2012;157:348-66.
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0.9997 |
Plan a four- or five-course meal and go to a different restaurant for every course.
Step 3: Home sweet home. Let's plan our next date!
Think about other ways in which you can keep changing the pace and rhythm of your dating experiences and bringing an element of unexpected fun into your everyday lives.
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0.930584 |
Get a good description of the suspect if personal safety allows. Note his/her height, weight, gender, race, approximate age, clothing, method and direction of travel, and name if known. This provides vital information to investigating police officers. Should a suspect attempt to or get away in a vehicle, bicycle, etc., note the make and model, license number (if possible), color, outstanding characteristics (bumper stickers, dents, scratches, broken windows), etc.
Remain where you are until a police officer arrives.
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0.975119 |
Who do not know Gucci brand? Gucci is one of the famous fashion brands which is worldwide. Gucci is a fashion Italian brand that popular with their high quality product like bag, wallet, belt, perfume, etc. As a fashion observer or writer, I could say that Gucci has their taste about fashion that could make them still being a great fashion brand until now. One of their great products is Gucci wallet. But nowadays, of course there are many fake Gucci wallet that common sold by people. So you have to aware with how to get the original Gucci wallet and how to distinguish the fake with the original.
If you would buy an original Gucci wallet, you must know already the characteristic of the original Gucci wallet. Because these days, there are too many seller that sell a fake product with the famous fashion brand like Gucci. The first way to distinguish the fake Gucci and the original Gucci, you could see from the color. The color of the original Gucci wallet is so strong and sharp. While the fake is not. Then the Logo G, look at that carefully, is that look like E or not. If it refers to E than to G, it means that is a fake Gucci wallet.
Original Gucci wallet also has some characteristic that could be distinguished. You maybe know from the package, the stitching, and the texture of the wallet. Because Gucci has a high quality of the main material. You must know how the gimcrack material with high quality material. And maybe you could visit the Gucci website and know more about the different of fake and original Gucci wallet. And what the primary and the commonly characteristic of original Gucci wallet. Despite it is not an easy thing, but I think it is important to have an original thing than a fake thing.
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0.970535 |
ACTA MEPs they say "no"
The European Parliament has voted against the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) aka "the bill that refuses to die."
The ACTA bill was rejected by an overwhelming majority in the European Parliament with 478 MEPs voting against the bill, leaving just 39 in favour, with 165 abstentions.
The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement is an international treaty signed by 22 EU members - including the UK – and is aimed at standardising copyright protection, and curbing the trade of counterfeit physical goods, including copyrighted material online, such as films and music.
It has been compared to the US's Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) bill, which sparked widespread disgruntlement across the internet earlier this year.
The final nail in the coffin?
While this should be the final nail in the coffin of the bill - The MEP vote on the bill followed five consecutive no votes by various European parliamentary committees - however it seems that Europe is unwilling to let ACTA die.
After the vote Commissioner Karel de Gucht announced that, regardless of the Parliament's rejection, the European Commission would wait for the European Court of Justice's decision on the treaty's compatibility with fundamental rights and freedoms, before considering what to do next.
Jim Killock, Executive Director of the Open Rights Group commenting on de Gucht's announcement said, "The bill should be dead and continuing on with the bill is extremely unwise politically." Adding "With this level of political discontent they should just start again, and consider a more multi-lateral agreement."
Killock recommends that the entertainment industries should go away and have a rethink, "Their profits are up and they appear to be making a good success of the internet. They should consider thinking of something that's less draconian."
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0.899456 |
Just what types of penalties and repercussions can you face these days for lying on your taxes?
While your overall risk of having the Internal Revenue Service audit you is low, there are certain things you can do to get your name moved to the top of the pile. Lying or omitting information on your taxes is one of them. The IRS receives notification about all the income you have received throughout the year, so not being truthful when it comes to your income will almost undoubtedly come back to bite you.
Lying on your taxes, can, at best, leave you facing substantial fees and penalties, and at worst, you could wind up facing considerable legal trouble. If your lies or omissions make it so you do not pay your entire tax obligation by the due date, you can anticipate facing late fees or underpayment penalties. Falsifying information on your taxes can potentially lead to late fees as high as $250,000.
About 300 Americans receive convictions for tax fraud every year, and those who do often face serious criminal consequences. Depending on the circumstances surrounding your tax crimes, you could potentially face as many as 10 years behind bars. Tax fraud convictions can lead to periods of imprisonment that last up to five years, while concealing assets in foreign bank accounts can lead to imprisonment terms of up to 10 years.
In summary, even if you do not intentionally lie on your taxes, failing to enter all information, or accidentally entering the wrong information, can lead to considerable penalties and hardships.
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0.98747 |
Editor's Note: Sarah Parcak, an Egyptologist, is pioneering the young field of satellite archaeology, using futuristic tools to unlock secrets from the past and transform the way discoveries are made. Recently named a National Geographic Fellow, Parcak blends expertise with advanced computer programs, satellite imagery analysis, and old-fashioned digging to reveal thousands of new sites, including lost pyramids, temples, monasteries, tombs, homes, and even entire towns.
As a fellow and emerging explorer at National Geographic, tell me a little bit about the field you've pioneered: satellite archaeology.
"Satellite archaeology" refers to the use of NASA and commercial high resolution satellite datasets to map and discover past structures, cities, and geological features.
We lose so much perspective by being on the ground, and with huge areas to survey (and increasing restrictions on funding and time in the field), we need state-of-the-art technologies to help us map and locate otherwise obscured ancient places quickly and efficiently. We use different parts of the light spectrum (satellites can be referred to as "multispectral") captured by the satellites to enhance subtle changes in Earth surface geology, vegetation, or water.
In addition we use the high resolution capabilities of the satellites (which can see items as small as 1.5 feet wide from 400 miles in space!) to map architectural features. Together, these form powerful tools that have allowed archaeologists to discover thousands of previously unknown settlements, tombs, and even pyramids.
How did you first come upon this idea of harnessing 21st century cutting-edge technology to unlock some of the secrets to our past, and where does this passion come from?
I grew up going to his office, and looking at cool 3D images of aerial photos via a stereoscope. He was the reason I took my first remote sensing class as an undergraduate at Yale. I thought, "I wonder if I could use modern technology like my grandfather and apply it to Egypt?"
I had assumed many people had done this work previously. I was wrong. Unfortunately Grampy died before he could see me follow in his footsteps, but every time I look at satellite images I feel like he's with me.
What kinds of things have you discovered so far using these new high-tech methods, and what can these discoveries teach us?
I've found numerous things—settlements, temples, possible pyramids, forts, roads—the list goes on and on. I'm not as interested in the discoveries as the types of questions they help us formulate. These include questions about the size and scale of past human populations (which were much bigger/more extensive than previously thought all over the world), and how we reacted to past sudden environmental change. Seeing sites and features in places where we never looked or never thought things might exist is causing archaeologists across the world to think deeper about their sites or entire cultures. This also shows us how both fragile and resilient we are as human beings, and should cause us to be more humble about where we might be as a civilization in 1,000 years or more.
As this field matures, what kinds of things might we be able to discover that were previously age-old archaeological mysteries?
The resolution of satellites has improved from 180 feet to 1.5 feet in 35 years. Next year, a satellite is being launched, called WorldView-3 (by Digitalglobe) which will have a resolution of just under a foot. Who knows what resolution satellite will have in 5 or 10 years? Pretty soon we'll be able to zoom in from hundreds of miles in space and see a single pottery shard. The implications are incredible.
Now, archaeologists are using technology flown on airplanes to map entire cities beneath rainforests in Central America and Cambodia. Hopefully this high resolution technology will someday be available from satellite sensors. I predict that there are hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of undiscovered ancient sites across the globe. The only way to map them and locate them quickly is from satellites. This is becoming essential in the face of global archaeological looting (which has seen a massive increase following the Arab Spring). I've mapped thousands of looting pits in Egypt. It is amazing that we can now track progress of looting on sites daily or weekly, which will help protecting and preserving our past in ways that archaeologists 25 years ago could only dream of.
How might other disciplines related to your field benefit from harnessing the new world of technology to aid in their own efforts?
Scientists use satellites to track weather, map ice sheet melting, detect diseases, show ecosystem change...the list goes on and on. I think nearly every scientific field benefits or could benefit from satellite imagery analysis. Like anything in archaeology or science done remotely, the results need to be ground checked, but the utility of satellites is amazing.
Combining satellites with ground-based change detection sensors is going to be the next step in science, and it’s happening already, but we're going to see it more and more. I also think we're getting to a point where real-time open source satellite data collection needs to be a part of international dialogue. We now can obtain satellite data anywhere in the world in 24 hours (commercially). What are the ethical and legal implications of a "big brother" in the sky (which may be where we are headed, and sooner than we think)? We want to look back at the people collecting the data as much as they want to look at us.
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Genetic changes causing dramatic brain size expansion in human evolution have remained elusive. Notch signaling is essential for radial glia stem cell proliferation and a determinant of neuronal number in the mammalian cortex. We find three paralogs of human-specific NOTCH2NL are highly expressed in radial glia cells. Functional analysis reveals different alleles of NOTCH2NL have varying potencies to enhance Notch signaling by interacting directly with NOTCH receptors. Consistent with a role in Notch signaling, NOTCH2NL ectopic expression delays differentiation of neuronal progenitors, while deletion accelerates differentiation. NOTCH2NL genes provide the breakpoints in typical cases of 1q21.1 distal deletion/duplication syndrome, where duplications are associated with macrocephaly and autism, and deletions with microcephaly and schizophrenia. Thus, the emergence of hominin-specific NOTCH2NL genes may have contributed to the rapid evolution of the larger hominin neocortex accompanied by loss of genomic stability at the 1q21.1 locus and a resulting recurrent neurodevelopmental disorder.
The human brain is characterized by a large neocortex that forms the substrate for the development of human-specific higher cognitive functions (Lui et al., 2011; Molnar et al., 2006; Rakic, 2009), but evolutionary changes to our genome that underlie the increase in size and complexity of the human neocortex are poorly understood (Varki et al., 2008). Structural genomic variants account for 80% of human-specific base pairs and are therefore an important class of genomic regions to consider (Cheng et al., 2005). Of particular interest are loci where segmental duplications have created entirely new human-specific gene paralogs that are associated with cortical development, such as SRGAP2C (Dennis et al., 2012), (Charrier et al., 2012), ARHGAP11B (Florio et al., 2015) and TBC1D3 (Ju et al., 2016). Interestingly, human-specific duplicated genes are often located within segmental duplications that mediate recurrent rearrangements associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (Stankiewicz and Lupski, 2010) (Florio et al., 2015), (Nuttle et al., 2016), (Popesco et al., 2006), (Dumas et al., 2012), (Dougherty et al., 2017). One region susceptible to these rearrangements lies on human chromosome band 1q21, which was involved in a large pericentric inversion involving considerable gene loss and duplication during human evolution (Szamalek et al., 2006), contains a disproportionate number of human-specific genes (O’Bleness et al., 2012), and also contains the 1q21.1 distal deletion/duplication syndrome interval (Mefford et al., 2008), (Brunetti-Pierri et al., 2008). De novo deletion of one copy of this 1q21.1 locus frequently leads to an abnormal reduction in brain size (microcephaly) and reciprocal duplication often results in an abnormal increase in brain size (macrocephaly), among other symptoms.
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0.997598 |
Why is this drug prescribed: Verapamil-based medications can be prescribed for several heart and blood pressure problems. The fast-acting brands (Calan and Isoptin) are taken for angina (chest pain due to clogged cardiac arteries), as well as irregular heartbeat and high blood pressure. The longer-acting brands (Calan SR, Isoptin SR, Verelan, and Verelan PM) are typically used only for high blood pressure. Covera-HS is prescribed for both high blood pressure and angina. Verapamil is a type of medication called a calcium channel blocker. It eases the heart's workload by slowing down the passage of nerve impulses through it, and hence the contractions of the heart muscle. This improves blood flow through the heart and throughout the body, reduces blood pressure, corrects irregular heartbeat, and helps prevent angina pain. Some doctors also prescribe verapamil to prevent migraine headache and asthma and to treat manic depression and panic attacks.
Most important fact about this drug: If you have high blood pressure, you must take verapamil regularly for it to be effective. Since blood pressure declines gradually, it may be several weeks before you get the full benefit of verapamil; and you must continue taking it even if you are feeling well. Verapamil does not cure high blood pressure; it merely keeps it under control.
How should you take this medication: Calan, Isoptin, and Verelan can be taken with or without food. Calan SR and Isoptin SR should be taken with food. Covera-HS, Calan SR, Isoptin SR, Verelan and Verelan PM must be swallowed whole and should not be crushed, broken, or chewed. You may open Verelan capsules and sprinkle the pellets on a spoonful of cool applesauce. Swallow all of the mixture immediately, and then drink a glass of cool water. Take this medication exactly as prescribed, even if you are feeling well. Try not to miss any doses. If the drug is not taken regularly, your condition can get worse. Check with your doctor before you stop taking this drug; a slow reduction in the dose may be required. --If you miss a dose... Take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you missed and go back to your regular schedule. Never take 2 doses at the same time. --Storage instructions... Store at room temperature away from heat, light, and moisture.
Why should this drug not be prescribed: If you have low blood pressure or certain types of heart disease or heartbeat irregularities, you should not take verapamil. Make sure the doctor is aware of any cardiac problems you may have. If you are sensitive to or have ever had an allergic reaction to Calan or any other brands of verapamil, or other calcium channel blockers, do not take this medication.
Special warnings about this medication: Verapamil can reduce or eliminate angina pain caused by exertion or exercise. Be sure to discuss with your doctor how much exertion is safe for you. Verapamil may cause your blood pressure to become too low. If you experience dizziness or light-headedness, notify your doctor. Congestive heart failure and fluid in the lungs have occurred in people taking verapamil together with other heart drugs known as beta blockers. Make sure your doctor is aware of all medications you are taking. If you have a heart condition, liver disease, kidney disease, myasthenia gravis, or Duchenne's dystrophy (the most common type of muscular dystrophy), make certain your doctor knows about it. Verapamil should be used with caution. If you are taking Covera-HS and you have a narrowing in your stomach or intestines, be sure your doctor was aware of it when the drug was prescribed. The outer shell of Covera-HS does not dissolve; do not worry if you see it in your stool.
Special information if you are pregnant or breastfeeding: The effects of verapamil during pregnancy have not been adequately studied. If you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant, inform your doctor immediately. The drug appears in breast milk and could affect a nursing infant. If this medication is essential to your health, your doctor may advise you to discontinue breastfeeding until your treatment is finished.
Recommended dosage: Dosages of this medication must be adjusted to meet individual needs. In general, dosages of this medication should not exceed 480 milligrams per day. Your doctor will closely monitor your response to this drug, usually within 8 hours of the first dose. Safety and effectiveness of this drug in children have not been established. Angina The usual initial dose is 80 to 120 milligrams, 3 times a day. Lower doses of 40 milligrams 3 times a day may be used by people who have a stronger response to this medication, such as the elderly or those with decreased liver function. The dosage may be increased by your doctor either daily or weekly until the desired response is seen. Irregular Heartbeat The usual dose in people who are also on digitalis ranges from 240 to 320 milligrams per day divided into 3 or 4 doses. In those not on digitalis, doses range from a total of 240 to 480 milligrams per day divided into 3 or 4 doses. Maximum effects of this drug should be seen in the first 48 hours of use. High Blood Pressure Effects of this drug on blood pressure should be seen within the first week of use. Any adjustment of this medication to a higher dose will be based on its effectiveness as determined by your doctor. The usual dose of this drug, when used alone for high blood pressure, is 80 milligrams, 3 times per day. Total daily doses of 360 milligrams and 480 milligrams may be used. Smaller doses of 40 milligrams 3 times per day may be taken by smaller individuals and the elderly.
Overdosage: Any medication taken in excess can have serious consequences. If you suspect an overdose, seek medical attention immediately. An overdose of Calan can cause fluid buildup in the lungs, kidney problems, seizures, dangerously low blood pressure, and life-threatening heart problems such as a slow or irregular heartbeat. After treatment for an overdose, you should remain under observation in the hospital for at least 48 hours, especially if you have taken the sustained-release form of the drug.
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0.999826 |
Imagine you are delivering a technology presentation and your audience is riveted by your messages and your style. Wouldn't it be nice to know exactly what your audience is understanding or not understanding about your technology expertise?
How long this course takes is up to you. The longest part of the course involves you speaking on video, critiquing yourself, and doing it over until you like it. But if you get to the point where you love how you look and sound when you present it will be well worth the time spent. And having this skill will save you time for all future technology presentations in your life.
You can begin improving your technology presentation skills right now. You may have an opportunity to speak out as soon as tomorrow, so why waste another day worried that your presentation skills are not up to high standards. Please enroll today.
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0.999996 |
What is Project Management in Construction?
Project management in construction is an incredibly important part of carrying out a project, designed by an architect, from start to finish.
Project management is a very diverse and professional career, which is filled by a construction project manager. He/she has a lot of requirements, such as a degree and job duties that need to be adhered to.
These managers can work in various areas of development. They are responsible for the implementation and overseeing a building project until the final project is finished according to what the architect’s blueprints instructed him/her to do.
Duties include hiring labourers, which are also professionally known as construction workers, to negotiate contracts, as well as obtain any required permits for the building site.
Construction project managers also supervise projects and must ensure that work is completed according to a schedule every day, to ensure the building or structure will be completed in time and meet the given deadline.
These individuals must thus be very time-efficient, be able to work under strict deadlines, in a fast-paced environment and be able to combat stress, to ensure the success of the project at hand, as well as their career.
Their experience within the industry is extremely important and no less than a bachelor’s degree will do.
These individuals work towards controlling time, quality and the initial cost of construction projects. They can work on any project, including industrial and commercial buildings, bridges, roads and schools.
They work towards planning every aspect of the construction process, as well as coordinating the duties that must be carried out accordingly. It may include the hiring of contractors, working with engineers, vendors, as well as architects.
One manager is usually designated to oversee an entire project and can either be self-employed or employed by a construction company. They generally make about $100,000.
A project manager is responsible for scheduling different phases of each project. These are scheduled according to deadlines, which should be met accordingly.
They are required to negotiate contracts with their vendors, architects, contractors and other construction workers. They are also responsible for securing building permits, licenses and the delivery of all materials, as well as the delivery and management of equipment to construction sites.
With the development of a project, construction managers also must communicate with supervisors and advise them on managing their workers, monitor the construction progress, as well as project productivity, compliance with building safety regulations and codes and ensure the project is completed according to the given schedule. It is their job to solve problems that may be caused by the weather, emergencies, as well as any obstructions that may cause a delay.
Needless to say, they have very important job descriptions, and a construction project cannot continue without their level of expertise.
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0.969122 |
On April 11, 1945, the spearhead of the advancing American troops of the 3rd Armored Division entered Nordhausen where they were to link up with the 104th Infantry Division before continuing its drive to the east.
The liberating troops had been told to "expect something a little unusual" in the Nordhausen area but they weren't prepared for the horrific sight as they entered Dora camp where they found 1,300 to 2,500 corpses along with a few survivors. They soon discovered the entrances to the Mittelwerk tunnels where they found rows of V2 parts and subassemblies stretched out through the tunnels. Work had stopped at Mittelwerk on April 10, 1945, but the assembly line was left with its electric power and ventilation systems still running, as if the former occupants had gone out for lunch, and would return after a while.
100 V2's were eventually shipped back to New Mexico for further study much to the annoyance of the British government who had been promised half of the captured V2's by prior agreement. By offering immunity, the Americans were able to entice some 1,000 German V2 personnel and their families to come to America to work on the US rocket programme, this included the head of operations Werner von Braun who was later to head the US ICBM & Saturn V programmes, eventually becoming Director of NASA.. The personnel were evacuated from the area 24 hours before the Russians arrived to occupy the Nordhausen region which had been scheduled for 21st June 1945. The first reassembled V2 was successfully launched on June 28, 1946.
After its liberation the site remained derelict and unused although on the first anniversary of the liberation (1.4.1946) a commemorative celebration took place at a monument erected by the Soviets at the crematorium. Having plundered any remaining plant and V2 component parts the Russians attempted to blow up the interior of the tunnels but finding this impossible they sealed the complex by blowing up the four entrances in 1948. In 1954 the crematorium was designated a 'site of honour' at a ceremony attended by thousands of people.
It was not until 1966 that the memorial officially, now designated the 'Gedenkstätte Mittelbau-Dora' was established; by this time the crematorium and fire station were the only buildings still standing on the site.
The memorial was expanded in the 1970's with the construction of an administration building on the foundations of the former Political Department barrack with a typical East German exhibition overemphasising the antifascist resistance struggle of the political inmates while more or less ignoring the hardships suffered by the other inmate groups. The exhibition was not accessible to anyone from the west.
After reunification in 1989 the essential elements of the East German memorial were preserved although the permanent exhibition in the crematorium was replaced in 1995 on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the liberation of the Dora Concentration Camp by a new permanent exhibition in a reconstructed accommodation barrack. This event was accompanied by the opening of a section of the tunnel system up to the first crosscut gallery (No. 46) to visitors after a new entrance tunnel had been dug to former rail Tunnel A from a point near the original southern entrance to Tunnel B.
A safe raised walkway was constructed along Tunnel A to Gallery 45 with many of the minor rocket parts still clearly visible littering the floor below including propellant tanks, nose cones, and gyroscopes which are all still recognisable. A V2 engine assembly can also be seen in Tunnel A.
The blocked entrance to Tunnel A, destroyed by the Soviets in 1948. A V2 rocket engine assembly can be seen on the bottom right.
At present, there is a small Mittelwerk display in the southern part of Tunnel A that served first as the prisoner barracks and then for the manufacture of the V1. Much of the remainder of the tunnel complex is still intact but is now partially flooded and dangerous to enter due to ongoing surface gypsum extraction.
The complex became a National Historic Site in May of 1991 and has since been protected from further damage. There are plans to extend the existing Mittelbau Dora memorial site and to build a new documentation center near the former concentration camp.
The outdoor facilities are open to visitors daily until sunset. The exhibition centre and tunnels are open from October 1 to March 31 between 10 am - 4 pm and from April 1 to September 30 between 10 am - 6 pm; the exhibitions are closed on Mondays.
Guided tours of the tunnels take place each Tuesday - Friday at 11 am and 2 pm and on Saturday and Sunday at 11 am, 1 pm and 3 pm and last approximately 90 minutes. Photography is not normally allowed in the tunnels.
Other web sites: V2Rocket.com - A very full and detailed history of the Mittelwerk facility and the Dora concentration camp with archive and current pictures.
Spearhead web site - war photographer Jim Bates' horrific scenes of Dora concentration camp after liberation by the Americans.
My thanks to Tracy Dungan from V2Rocket.com for permission to use material from her web site.
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Confessions (Latin: Confessiones) is the name of an autobiographical work, consisting of 13 books, by Saint Augustine of Hippo, written in Latin between AD 397 and 400. The work outlines Saint Augustine's sinful youth and his conversion to Christianity. Modern English translations of it are sometimes published under the title The Confessions of Saint Augustine in order to distinguish the book from other books with similar titles. Its original title was Confessions in Thirteen Books, and it was composed to be read out loud with each book being a complete unit.
Confessions is generally considered one of Augustine's most important texts. It is widely seen as the first Western autobiography ever written, and was an influential model for Christian writers throughout the Middle Ages. Professor Henry Chadwick wrote that Confessions will "always rank among the great masterpieces of western literature".
The work is not a complete autobiography, as it was written during Saint Augustine's early 40s and he lived long afterwards, producing another important work, City of God (book) . Nonetheless, it does provide an unbroken record of his development of thought and is the most complete record of any single person from the 4th and 5th centuries. It is a significant theological work, featuring spiritual meditations and insights.
In the work, Augustine writes about how much he regrets having led a sinful and immoral life. He discusses his regrets for following the Manichaean religion and believing in astrology. He writes about Nebridius's role in helping to persuade him that astrology was not only incorrect but evil, and Saint Ambrose's role in his conversion to Christianity. The first nine books are autobiographical and the last four are commentary and significantly more philosophical. He shows intense sorrow for his sexual sins and writes on the importance of sexual morality. The books were written as prayers to God, thus the title, based on the Psalms of David; and it begins with "For Thou hast made us for Thyself and our hearts are restless till they rest in Thee." The work is thought to be divisible into books which symbolize various aspects of the Trinity and trinitarian belief.
His infancy, and boyhood up to age 14. Starting with his infancy, Saint Augustine reflects on his personal childhood in order to draw universal conclusions about the nature of infancy: the child is inherently violent if left to its own devices because of Original Sin. Later, he reflects on choosing pleasure and reading secular literature over studying Scripture, choices which he later comes to understand as ones for which he deserved the punishment of his teachers, although he did not recognize that during his childhood.
Augustine continues to reflect on his adolescence during which he recounts two examples of his grave sins that he committed as a sixteen-year-old: the development of his God-less lust and the theft of a pear from his neighbor's orchard, despite never wanting for food. In this book, he explores the question of why he and his friends stole pears when he had many better pears of his own. He explains the feelings he experienced as he ate the pears and threw the rest away to the pigs. Augustine argues that he most likely would not have stolen anything had he not been in the company of others who could share in his sin.
He begins the study of rhetoric at Carthage, where he develops a love of wisdom through his exposure to Cicero's Hortensius. He blames his pride for lacking faith in Scripture, so he finds a way to seek truth regarding good and evil through Manichaeism. At the end of this book, his mother, Monica, dreams about her son's re-conversion to Catholic doctrine.
Between the ages of 19 and 28, Augustine forms a relationship with an unnamed woman who, though faithful, is not his lawfully wedded wife, with whom he has a son. At the same time that he returned to Tagaste, his hometown, to teach, a friend fell sick, was baptized in the Catholic Church, recovered slightly, then died. The death of his friend depresses Augustine, who then reflects on the meaning of love of a friend in a mortal sense versus love of a friend in God; he concludes that his friend's death affected him severely because of his lack of love in God. Things he used to love become hateful to him because everything reminds him of what was lost. Augustine then suggests that he began to love his life of sorrow more than his fallen friend. He closes this book with his reflection that he had attempted to find truth through the Manicheans and astrology, yet devout Church members, who he claims are far less intellectual and prideful, have found truth through greater faith in God.
While Saint Augustine is aged 29, he begins to lose faith in Manichean teachings, a process that starts when the Manichean bishop Faustus visits Carthage. Augustine is unimpressed with the substance of Manichaeism, but he has not yet found something to replace it. He feels a sense of resigned acceptance to these fables as he has not yet formed a spiritual core to prove their falsity. He moves to teach in Rome where the education system is more disciplined. He does not stay in Rome for long because his teaching is requested in Milan, where he encounters the bishop Ambrose (Saint Ambrose). He appreciates Ambrose's style and attitude, and Ambrose exposes him to a more spiritual, figurative perspective of God, which leads him into a position as catechumen of the Church.
The sermons of Saint Ambrose draw Augustine closer to Catholicism, which he begins to favor over other philosophical options. In this section his personal troubles, including ambition, continue, at which point he compares a beggar, whose drunkenness is "temporal happiness," with his hitherto failure at discovering happiness. Augustine highlights the contribution of his friends Alypius and Nebridius in his discovery of religious truth. Monica returns at the end of this book and arranges a marriage for Augustine, who separates from his previous wife, finds a new mistress, and deems himself to be a "slave of lust."
He further describes his inner turmoil on whether to convert to Christianity. Two of his friends, Simplicianus and Ponticianus, tell Augustine stories about the conversions of Marius Victorinus and Saint Anthony. While reflecting in a garden, Augustine hears a child's voice chanting "take up and read." Augustine picks up a Bible and reads the passage it opens to, Romans 13:13–14: "Not in revelry and drunkenness, not in debauchery and wantonness, not in strife and jealousy; but put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and as for the flesh, take no thought for its lusts." This action confirms his conversion to Catholicism. His friend Alypius follows his example.
Augustine shifts from personal memories to introspective evaluation of the memories themselves and of the self, as he continues to reflect on the values of confessions, the significance of prayer, and the means through which individuals can reach God. It is through both this last point and his reflection on the body and the soul that he arrives at a justification for the existence of Christ.
Augustine analyzes the nature of creation and of time as well as its relation with God. He relies on Genesis throughout this book to support his thinking.
Through his discussion of creation, Augustine relates the nature of the divine and the earthly as part of a thorough analysis of both the rhetoric of Genesis and the plurality of interpretations that one might use to analyze Genesis.
Confessions was not only meant to encourage conversion, but it offered guidelines for how to convert. Saint Augustine extrapolates from his own experiences to fit others' journeys. Augustine recognizes that God has always protected and guided him. This is reflected in the structure of the work. Augustine begins each book within Confessions with a prayer to God. For example, both books VIII and IX begin with "you have broken the chains that bound me; I will sacrifice in your honor." Because Augustine begins each book with a prayer, Albert C. Outler, a Professor of Theology at Southern Methodist University, argues that Confessions is a "pilgrimage of grace [...] [a] retrac[ing] [of] the crucial turnings of the way by which [Augustine] had come. And since he was sure that it was God’s grace that had been his prime mover in that way, it was a spontaneous expression of his heart that cast his self-recollection into the form of a sustained prayer to God." Not only does Confessions glorify God but it also suggests God’s help in Augustine’s path to redemption.
Written after the legalization of Christianity, Confessions dated from an era where martyrdom was no longer a threat to most Christians as was the case two centuries earlier. Instead, a Christian’s struggles were usually internal. Augustine clearly presents his struggle with worldly desires such as lust. Augustine’s conversion was quickly followed by his ordination as a priest in AD 391 and then appointment as bishop in AD 395. Such rapid ascension certainly raised criticism of Augustine. Confessions was written between AD 397–398, suggesting self-justification as a possible motivation for the work. With the words "I wish to act in truth, making my confession both in my heart before you and in this book before the many who will read it" in Book X Chapter 1, Augustine both confesses his sins and glorifies God through humility in His grace, the two meanings that define "confessions," in order to reconcile his imperfections not only to his critics but also to God.
Much of the information about Augustine comes directly from Augustine’s own writing. Augustine’s Confessions provide significant insight into the first thirty-three years of his life. Augustine does not paint himself as a holy man, but as a sinner. The sins that Augustine confesses are of many different severities and of many different natures, such as lust/adultery, stealing, and lies. For example, in the second chapter of Book IX Augustine references his choice to wait three weeks until the autumn break to leave his position of teaching without causing a disruption. He wrote that some "may say it was sinful of me to allow myself to occupy a chair of lies even for one hour." In the introduction to the 1961 translation by R.S. Pine-Coffin he suggests that this harsh interpretation of Augustine’s own past is intentional so that his audience sees him as a sinner blessed with God’s mercy instead of as a holy figurehead.
Due to the nature of Confessions, it is clear that Augustine was not only writing for himself but that the work was intended for public consumption. Augustine’s potential audience included baptized Christians, catechumens, and those of other faiths. Peter Brown, in his book The Body and Society, writes that Confessions targeted "those with similar experience to Augustine’s own." Furthermore, with his background in Manichean practices, Augustine had a unique connection to those of the Manichean faith. Confessions thus constitutes an appeal to encourage conversion.
^ Chadwick, Henry (1992). St. Augustine, Confessions (2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. xxix. ISBN 9780199537822.
^ Saint Augustine (Bishop of Hippo.) (2006). Confessions. Hackett Publishing. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-0-87220-816-2.
^ Chadwick, Henry. Confessions. Oxford University Press. p. 4 (ix). ISBN 9780199537822.
^ Saint Augustine (Bishop of Hippo.) (2006). Confessions. Hackett Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-87220-816-2.
^ Bourke 1966, p. 158.
^ Bourke 1966, pp. 193–94.
^ Bourke 1966, p. 194.
^ Bourke 1966, p. 225.
^ Bourke 1966, p. 262.
^ Bourke 1966, pp. 455–56.
^ Saint Augustine of Hippo (1961). Confessions. Harmonds worth Middles ex, England: Penguin Books. Book IX, Chapter 1.
^ Outler Introduction 1955, p. 5.
^ Saint Augustine of Hippo (1961). Confessions. Harmondsworth Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. Book X, Chapter 1.
^ Outler Introduction 1955, p. 7.
^ Saint Augustine of Hippo (1961). Confessions. Harmondsworth Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. Book IX, Chapter 2.
^ Pine - Coffin, R.S. (1961). Introduction to Confessions. Harmondsworth Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. 12.
^ Brown, Peter (2008). The Body and Society. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 388.
Augustine Confessions, Trans. Vernon J. Bourke. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1966. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
Augustine. Introduction. Confessions and Enchiridion. Ed. and Trans. Albert C. Outler. Library of Christian Classics, 7 Vol. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955. Print.
Brown, Peter. Augustine of Hippo, reprint edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
Brown, Peter. The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity, Twentieth Anniversary edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Augustine. Confessions. Trans. Pierre de Labriolle. 3rd ed. Paris: Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres," 1969. Print. Collection des Universités de France .
Image Books, trans. John K. Ryan (New York: Image Books, 1960).
Christian Classics, trans. Albert C. Outler (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955).
New Advent, trans. J.G. Pilkington (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1886).
Georgetown, trans. E.B. Pusey (Oxford : J.H. Parker; London: J.G. and F. Rivington, 1838).
E.B. Pusey's 1838 Translation: Revised 'you' version (2012) by Cormac Burke .
New City Press, trans. Maria Boulding, O.S.B.; ed. John E. Rotelle, O.S.A. (Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 1997).
Saint Augustine of Hippo. Confessions, translated by R.S. Pine–Coffin. Harmondsworth Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1961.
Augustine. Confessions: A New Translation by Sarah Ruden. New York: Modern Library, 2017.
"An Introduction to Augustine's Confessions", by James J. O'Donnell.
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One strategy for building pectoral muscles is to separate the chest into four areas: upper chest, lower chest, inner chest, and out chest.
An anatomical illustration showing many muscles in the upper body, including the pectoralis major.
A variety of weight workouts may help build pectoral muscles.
Incline bench presses, a variation of flat bench presses, primarily work the upper chest and shoulder muscles.
An incline bench press is an exercise in which a person lies down with his back at an incline.
Push-ups strengthen the upper chest muscles.
Because the pectoral muscles are large, a workout to build pectoral muscles can be quite strenuous. It is important to work the different groups of pectoral muscles consistently to get the best results, and a variety of weight workouts can help build pectoral muscles safely and quickly. Consistency is key, and a workout regiment should be adhered to as closely as possible for as long as possible, preferably for a period of a few months.
One strategy to build pectoral muscles is to break the chest down into four parts: the upper chest, lower chest, inner chest, and outer chest. Then, it is necessary to find specific exercises that will benefit each group. Isolate the specific exercises into a workout routine, focusing on one area per workout. For example, on day one, work on the upper chest. On day two, rest. On day three, work on the lower chest. Continue this pattern on a schedule that works for you.
To build pectoral muscles in the upper chest, an incline bench press is a good start. An incline bench press is an exercise in which a person lies down with his or her back at a slight incline. Then, a barbell can be lifted above the body for several repetitions. People who want to build pectoral muscles but are new to this exercise should start with less weight and work his or her way up. Another good exercise for this area of the chest is the incline dumbbell fly.
To build pectoral muscles in the lower chest, try a decline bench press, which is essentially the same thing as an incline bench press, except instead of lying with the back slightly raised, the lifter will lie down with his or her back slightly lowered so the chest is below the hips. Another good option for lower chest muscles is the parallel bar dip, in which a person holds onto parallel bars, one with each hand, and lowers him or herself, then raises back up again.
The flat bench dumbbell fly and cable weight crossovers are good ways to improve the inner chest muscles. These exercises involve cross-body movements or movements that expand and contract the inner chest muscles. A flat bench press, in which the body lies flat on the bench, is a good way to improve outer chest muscle strength.
How Do I Fix a Saggy Chest?
What is the Pectoral Muscle?
How do I Treat a Torn Pectoral Muscle?
What are the Most Common Causes of Pectoral Muscle Pain?
What are the Different Types of Pectoral Workouts?
What is a Dumbbell Fly?
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Have you been following the latest discussions about happiness, and what makes for a happy life? The current wisdom is that for most of us it’s the positive life experiences, rather than the things we buy and own, that are most likely to bring joy. Experts recommend that we spend our time and money on experiences, rather than buying the latest new gadget.
Based on that recommendation, we have a suggestion that’s sure to add some happiness to your life. It might be time for you and yours to take a walking tour, mixology tour, and/or culinary tour in Charleston, for an experience that is sure to be both enjoyable and memorable!
And really, there might not be a better time of year to book your culinary tour. We’re now officially entering the season of giving, and it’s highly likely that most of us DON’T need another sweater, pair of slippers, candle, or other white elephant gift.
Instead, it’s better to give an experience that is sure to be memorable, and even give you a little bonding time with your friends and loved ones. That could include a walking tour through a historic neighborhood, a culinary tour to experience a world-class meal made by the best chefs, or a mixology tour to experience artisan craft cocktails.
How? Let’s explore the idea of ‘experiences and not things’ a little more closely. According to a number of credible studies, people reported greater levels of satisfaction and overall happiness derived from experiences than they do from acquiring a new object — even when it’s the latest iPhone.
That’s because there’s always a better object to buy, and we’re likely to get used to our possessions and become dissatisfied.
Having an experience, however, is different. We get to enjoy the anticipation, the event itself, and then be able to savor the memory. Additionally, experiences give us an opportunity to build on other things that are more likely to make us happy.
For example, most of us are more likely to be happy if we have close relationships. Experiences with people are what build and cement relationships.
Additionally, experiences are also good for our sense of self. We’re more likely to regard time spent doing something we can check off our bucket list, learning something new, exploring, or reaching a goal as time well spent, and as part of our identity.
For example, knowing how to cook or make a killer drink is a skill you can take with you after an experience. Buying a new sweater isn’t.
So, how does this apply to taking a walking or culinary tour? We’d say that booking a tour to experience the best Charleston has to offer is the ‘gift that keeps on giving’ this holiday season.
Are you ready to give something that will be appreciated, savored and enjoyed — rather than stowed in a drawer or the back of a closet? Consider booking a walking tour, culinary tour, or mixology tour with Charleston Culinary Tours.
Taking time to share a drink, meal, or even just take a walk is a gift both to yourself, and the people you share the experience with. You’re investing in yourself, and giving the kind of uninterrupted time to loved ones that make them feel special. The takeaway is a great time out, and a lasting memory.
You might even get inspired to learn to cook, make your own cocktails at home, or learn more about local architecture or history. It’s all up to you.
Ready to learn more? We invite you to visit us online to learn about all of the experiences available with our tours in Charleston, then give us a call. We hope to hear from you!
Whether you know a Lowcountry local or someone planning a trip to Charleston, a culinary tour is a great way to explore a new or familiar city!
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Situated at the southern end of South America, Argentina is the eighth largest country in the world. It borders Chile in the west, Bolivia and Paraguay in the far north, Brazil and Uruguay to the east, with the Atlantic ocean on the southern, east side and the Pacific on the southern west. It has a population of around 40 million with more than a third of the population living in greater Buenos Aires. Argentina is a Republic with its congress structure similar to that of United States. Argentines are colonials, mainly from European ancestry, who have been known to describe themselves as Italians; speaking Spanish, acting as though they are English. The official language is Spanish, although in Buenos Aires, they have their own version known as Castellano, understood to be influenced by the large number of Italians living there. Argentina has been an agricultural exporter for the past four centuries, with exports ranging from beef to grain, from dairy products to leather, from fruit and wines to Polo players. More recently its exports include oil, gas and phosphates. It is self sufficient in most foodstuffs. Investment opportunities abound at this time of turn-around, from investing in some of the most fertile farming land in the world; where the topsoil is over a metre deep, to development opportunities in commercial real estate ventures, from forestry investment to lifestyle developments. If it is diversity you are looking for, then Argentina is your oyster. Tourism is wide open, from ski resorts to hunting operations, to action-packed outdoor activities, to Eco-tourism opportunities.
If you are interested in living a cosmopolitan lifestyle in one of the most exciting cities in the world, in a luxurious downtown apartment within walking distance of spectacular museums and art galleries, divine restaurants, incredible shopping and a sophisticated culture the likes of which you would find in the 30's & 40's last century, you absolutely must consider all that Buenos Aires has to offer at value unsurpassed.
The most common question asked of us is Why Argentina? I am sure for each person who comes under Argentina's spell; the answer would be similar. Argentina offers a great lifestyle, one that is no longer possible in many European countries. As the jewel in the crown Argentina's rich natural resources will fuel economic growth for many decades to come.
In addition, the favorable climate, the sophisticated, well-dressed people, the exciting history, the beautiful neighbourhoods, buildings and parks, the social culture, their obsessive sporting culture Futbol (Soccer) golf, rugby; the music and dancing, particularly the Tango, the embracing family culture, the best beef in the world, delicious wines, the fantastic restaurants and entertainment on offer for incredible value, and of course the diversity and sheer beauty of the country. So diverse, you can go from region to region and so great is the change, you can easily think it is a different country.
From the deepest south, the coldest region, Tierra del Fuego to the incredible natural beauty of Bariloche to the majestic soaring Andes in the west, to the desert-like areas in the far north, not forgetting the beautiful rainforests and tropical areas of Misiones in the east, the incredible fertile pampas through the central plains and of course the picturesque wine growing country of Mendoza. This country truly has to be one of the world's best kept secrets!
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Linux 4 Tier Token Bucket Filter for "Fair Share QoS"
This tc-4ttbf project is an extension of the Linux QoS tc-htb filter and associated tc command interface, and requires direct experience with Linux kernel level programming.
Normal tc-htb has a 1 or 2 token bucketd that fills at "rate" and limits traffic to "rate" after a burst period based on the token buffer size.
1) the first token buffer allows packets to depart at "rate1" as long as tokens are available, and fills at "FairShare" rate until the token buffer reaches "quota1", after which excess tokens are passed to the second token buffer.
2) Tokens for the second token buffer allow packets to depart at "rate2" as long as tokens are available, and fills until the token buffer reaches "quota2", after which excess tokens are passed to the third token buffer.
3) Tokens for the third token buffer allow packets to depart at "rate3" as long as tokens are available, and fills until the token buffer reaches "quota3", after which excess tokens are passed to the fourth token buffer.
4) Tokens for the fourth token buffer allow packets to depart at "rate4" as long as tokens are available, and fills until the token bucket reaches "quota4", after which excess tokens are discarded.
5) if all token buffers are empty, the outgoing rate will default to "FairShare" since this is the rate tokens will trickle into the first token bucket.
The intent here is to provide multiple tiers to provide high bandwidth for interactive tasks (the first tier), and to progressively slow the traffic over the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th tiers with increasingly heavy sustained use, but still provide relatively fast recovery to the interactive rate when the sustained traffic ceases.
would progressively slow the connection at 50mb/1gb/5gb/100gb to the corresponding rates of 20mbps/5mbps/2mbps/1mbps and default to 500mbps when all the token buffers empty.
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Bessette Pitney Text: A Spine Grows in Iowa?
A Spine Grows in Iowa?
Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley called on President Donald Trump to “drain the swamp” and rescind an opinion by the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) that attempted to insulate unelected government bureaucrats from questions by the people’s elected representatives in Congress.
In his letter to the President, Grassley excoriates the OLC opinion for its claim that congressional committees and committee chairmen are the only “constitutionally authorized” requests for information originating in the legislative branch.
Grassley lays out a thorough case for the constitutional need for every member of Congress to request and receive information from the executive bureaucracy regardless of committee membership, chairmanship. Grassley also emphasizes the importance of oversight and inquiry regardless of partisan affiliation.
“I know from experience that a partisan response to oversight only discourages bipartisanship, decreases transparency, and diminishes the crucial role of the American people’s elected representatives,” Grassley said in his letter.
He further notes that the Obama administration continuously relied on “tenuous claims of privilege” to avoid scrutiny, leading to increased brinkmanship between the Legislative Branch and Executive Branch.
Grassley has long advocated for transparency in government and strong congressional oversight. Earlier this week, Grassley testified to the importance of unobstructed Congressional oversight in a hearing before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee. The hearing covered the continuously obstructed and still-pending investigation into Operation Fast and Furious at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, a sad example of obstruction when oversight could make for better governance and improved accountability.
In February, I wrote to you about the importance of empowering whistleblowers to help you “drain the swamp.” Today, I write to urge you to encourage cooperation with congressional oversight as another key way to accomplish that goal and to alert you to a bureaucratic effort by the Office of Legal Counsel to insulate the Executive Branch from scrutiny by the elected representatives of the American people.
Our Constitutional system of separation of powers grants to Congress all legislative authority. The Supreme Court has recognized time and again that the power of congressional inquiry is inherent in these vested legislative powers. That is because without access to information held by the Executive Branch, Congress cannot legislate effectively or help assure the American people that their hard‑earned tax dollars are being spent wisely.
Every member of Congress is a Constitutional officer, duly elected to represent and cast votes in the interests of their constituents. This applies obviously regardless of whether they are in the majority or the minority at the moment and regardless of whether they are in a leadership position on a particular committee. Thus, all members need accurate information from the Executive Branch in order to carry out their Constitutional function to make informed decisions on all sorts of legislative issues covering a vast array of complex matters across our massive federal government.
Unfortunately, the May 1, 2017 Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinion authored by Acting Assistant Attorney General Curtis E. Gannon on this topic completely misses the mark. It erroneously rejects any notion that individual members of Congress who may not chair a relevant committee need to obtain information from the Executive Branch in order to carry out their Constitutional duties. It falsely asserts that only requests from committees or their chairs are “constitutionally authorized,” and relegates requests from non-Chairmen to the position of “non-oversight” inquiries—whatever that means.
The Constitution does not mention committees or committee Chairmen at all. The committee structure in Congress is simply how the Legislative Branch has chosen to internally organize itself. It works through committees “[b]ecause of the high volume and complexity of its work,” not for the purpose of cutting off the flow of information to members who do not chair those committees. Unless Congress explicitly tells the Executive Branch to withhold information based on committee membership or leadership position, there is no legal or Constitutional basis for the Executive Branch to do so.
[R]egardless of the Office’s ultimate legal conclusions, it should strive to ensure that it candidly and fairly addresses the full range of relevant legal sources and significant arguments on all sides of a question.
The Office must strive in our opinions for clear and concise analysis and a balanced presentation of arguments on each side of an issue.
The most recent OLC opinion is anything but balanced. For example, it fails to cite and analyze any authority that challenges its conclusion.
As a result, the opinion takes an unduly restrictive and unsupported view of the responsibilities of Members of Congress and the nature of congressional oversight. In so doing, the opinion equates requests from individual members to Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests from unelected members of the public. But the powers vested in the Congress—both explicitly and inherently by the Constitution—impose significant and far-reaching responsibilities on the people’s elected representatives. They include the authorization and appropriation of federal funds, the organization of federal departments, the enactment of laws executing the enumerated powers, the confirmation of nominees, the impeachment and removal of officers, and the investigation of the execution of the laws and of waste, fraud, and abuse in federal programs. These responsibilities are all forms of oversight, all mechanisms that support the legislative check and balance of the executive power. All members participate in deciding whether, when, and how Congress will exercise these authorities.
The United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit recognized in Murphy v. Dep’t of the Army that, “[a]ll Members [of Congress] have a constitutionally recognized status entitling them to share in general congressional powers and responsibilities, many of them requiring access to executive information.” Each member “participates in the law-making process; each has a voice and a vote in that process; and each is entitled to request such information from the executive agencies as will enable him to carry out the responsibilities of a legislator.” Yet, the OLC opinion ignores these points and authorities. It avoids good faith presentation of any significant arguments contrary to its conclusion. It utterly fails to acknowledge or respond to anything supporting the notion that a request from a Member of Congress might be entitled to greater weight than a FOIA request.
The OLC opinion also inexplicably asserts that this responsibility of congressional “oversight” is restricted to only certain inquiries made by Chairmen or full committees on the grounds that only those responses can be compelled. As the OLC opinion notes, the rules of the House and the Senate authorize its standing committees to conduct oversight. And that authority, as the Supreme Court has recognized time and again, is extremely broad.
It is true that through this process Congress can compel the production of witnesses and documents. However, the scope of information Members of Congress need from the Executive Branch in order to carry out their Constitutional duties is far broader than merely what is obtained through compulsory process. The vast majority of information Congress obtains, even through a Chairman’s requests, is obtained voluntarily, not by compulsion. Yet, reading the OLC opinion, it would seem oversight is only “oversight” if it’s mandatory.
Simply put, that’s just not how it works.
First, by declaring that non-Chairman requests are not “authorized,” OLC purports to speak for the Legislative Branch, an act which itself lacks any authority. It simply is not the province of another branch of government to say which information gathering activities by Members of Congress are “authorized” or not. Voluntary requests for information from the Executive Branch by members or groups of members without regard to committee chairmanship or membership have occurred and have been accommodated regularly since the beginning of the Republic.
It would be an inappropriate intrusion into the legislative sphere for the courts to decide without congressional direction that, for example, only the chairman of a committee shall be regarded as the official voice of the Congress for purposes of receiving such information, as distinguished from its ranking minority member, other committee members, or other members of the Congress.
It is just as inappropriate for the Executive Branch as it would be for the Courts. Receiving information in response to voluntary requests is completely different from compelling information, and Members of Congress need access to both in order to do their jobs effectively. But the OLC opinion unnecessarily conflates the two in order to reach its conclusions.
Second, as noted above, nothing in the committee structure or in our internal rules suggests that Congress meant to stifle the flow of information to non-Chairmen. In fact, the consideration of compulsory process generally requires the consent or other participation of non-Chairmen. That process almost always begins with voluntary requests and negotiations with the Executive Branch. Non-Chairmen need to, and often do, participate in receiving information voluntarily in the course of that process in order to determine whether, and when, compulsory process becomes necessary. And, the decision to enforce that process through contempt belongs to the whole body—a decision in which every Member participates.
Even a cursory review of House and Senate committee rules, which the OLC apparently did not perform, plainly shows that most committees’ rules envision or require the participation of the minority ranking member or even the full committee in the issuance of a subpoena. Only a handful of committees have delegated the authority to a Chairman to unilaterally issue a subpoena without even consulting or notifying the Ranking Member. Thus, OLC’s distinction between Chairmen as “authorized” to seek information because such oversight can be compelled by a Chairman acting alone is mostly false. The Executive Branch’s so-called “longstanding” practice of responding only to Chairmen plainly does not, and cannot, depend on the voluntariness of such a response. The actual practice in almost every case, whether made to a Chairman or not, is that responses are fully voluntary.
The Executive Branch has in fact been voluntarily responding to requests from individual members for the entirety of its existence, whether or not those members did or had the power to unilaterally issue a subpoena. In most cases, congressional requests—even from Chairmen—never reach the compulsory stage precisely because of this process of voluntary accommodation. Traditionally, a subpoena has been used as a last resort, when the voluntary accommodation process has already failed. Thus that process begins, or at least ought to begin, well before a Chairman or a committee issues a subpoena or a house issues a contempt citation. OLC offers no authority indicating that courts expect the other two branches to cooperate with each other only when compelled to do so. Such a position would itself undermine the very purpose of comity and cooperation between the branches.
Imagine if the Congress took a similar position and refused to voluntarily disclose any information to an Executive Branch official unless the official was capable of compelling an answer. Imagine Congressional legal opinion instructing Members and staff to withhold all information about bills, nominations, or appropriations from most Executive Branch officials on the grounds that Congress has “no constitutional obligation to accommodate information requests from the Deputy Undersecretary of Legislative Affairs.” It’s absurd. It would never happen, but that is analogous to what this OLC opinion says. Members of Congress simply do not treat Executive Branch officials with such contempt and they do not deserve such treatment in return. This is especially true given that, unlike virtually all Executive Branch officials, Members are elected to Constitutional positions. Instead, the Executive Branch should work to cooperate in good faith with all congressional requests to the fullest extent possible.
Finally, the practical implications of the policy that this opinion is reportedly designed to support are extremely troublesome for the effective and efficient functioning of our constitutional democracy. Notably, leaving aside the fact that the contrived distinction between “oversight” and “non-oversight” requests makes little sense, the opinion does not say that determinations whether to comply voluntarily with an individual request depend or should depend upon the party of the requester. Nonetheless, I know that bureaucrats in the Executive Branch sometimes choose to respond only to the party in power at the moment. I also encountered significant problems in gaining answers to my requests from the Obama administration, whether I was in the majority or the minority.
I know from experience that a partisan response to oversight only discourages bipartisanship, decreases transparency, and diminishes the crucial role of the American people’s elected representatives. Oversight brings transparency, and transparency brings accountability. And, the opposite is true. Shutting down oversight requests doesn’t drain the swamp, Mr. President. It floods the swamp.
I also know from long experience that, even in a highly charged political environment, most requests for information—by majority and minority members—are not “partisan” or at least not intended to be so. Many requests simply seek information to help inform Members as they perform their Constitutional duty to legislate and fix real problems for the American people. That is the kind of information Republicans and Democrats in Congress need to be able to do our jobs on behalf of the people we all represent.
Therefore, I respectfully request that the White House rescind this OLC opinion and any policy of ignoring oversight request from non-Chairmen. It harms not just the Members who happen to be in the minority party at the moment, but also, Members in the majority party who are not currently Chairmen. It obstructs what ought to be the natural flow of information between agencies and the committees, which frustrates the Constitutional function of legislating.
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The National Anthropology Museum (Spanish: Museo Nacional de Antropología, MNA) is a national museum of Mexico. It is the most visited museum in Mexico. Located in the area between Paseo de la Reforma and Calle Mahatma Gandhi within Chapultepec Park in Mexico City, the museum contains significant archaeological and anthropological artifacts from the pre-Columbian heritage of Mexico, such as the Stone of the Sun (or the Aztec calendar stone) and the 16th-century Aztec statue of Xochipilli.
Designed in 1964 by Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Jorge Campuzano and Rafael Mijares, it has an impressive architecture with exhibition halls surrounding a patio with a huge pond and a vast square concrete umbrella supported by a single slender pillar (known as "el paraguas", Spanish for "the umbrella") around which splashes an artificial cascade. The halls are ringed by gardens, many of which contain outdoor exhibits. The museum has 23 rooms for exhibits and covers an area of 79,700 square meters (almost 8 hectares) or 857,890 square feet (almost 20 acres).
At the end of the 18th century the documents that formed part of the collection by Lorenzo Boturini were placed by order of the viceroy of Bucareli in the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. There they also sheltered the sculptures of Coatlicue and the Sun Stone which would begin the tradition of constructing museums in Mexico.
On 25 August 1970 it was unveiled the first Museum of Natural History set up by botanist Jose Longinos Martínez. The inauguration of this museum necessitated a meeting of elderly people with great importance given to protect these historical monuments.
By the 19th century the museum was visited by illustrious science men, such as Alexander von Humboldt, who spread the artistic and historical value of the pre-Hispanic monuments. It was obtained in 1825 by order of the president of the Republic Guadalupe Victoria, and advised by the historian Lucas Alamán that they found the National Mexican Museum as an autonomous institution. By the year of 1865, the emperor Maximiliano of Habsburg ordered the move of the museum to the building located on the street of Moneda 13, where the Casa de Moneda had been.
By 1906 the growth of the collections encouraged Justo Sierra to divide the stock of the National Museum, therefore the collections of natural history moved to the beautiful building of Chopo which was constructed specifically to shelter permanent expositions.
The museum then received the name National Museum of Archaeology, History and Ethnography and was re-opened September 9th, 1910 in the presence of President Porfirio Díaz. In the year of 1924 the stock of the museum had increased to 52,000 objects and had received more than 250,000 visitors which conceded it the right to vote for the adjudication of the Nobel Prize. It was considered one of the most interesting and prestigious museums of the world.
The Mexican people lift this monument in honor of the admirable cultures that flourished during the Pre-Columbian period in regions that are now territory of the Republic. In front of the testimonies of those cultures, the Mexico of today pays tribute to the indigenous people of Mexico in whose example recognizes characteristics of their national originality.
Opened in 1964 by President Adolfo López Mateos, the museum has a number of significant exhibits, such as the Stone of the Sun (depicted below), giant stone heads of the Olmec civilization that were found in the jungles of Tabasco and Veracruz, treasures recovered from the Mayan civilization, at the Sacred Cenote at Chichen Itza, a replica of the sarcophagal lid from Pacal's tomb at Palenque and ethnological displays of contemporary rural Mexican life. It also has a model of the location and layout of the former Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, the site of which is now occupied by the central area of modern-day Mexico City itself.
The permanent exhibitions on the ground floor cover all pre-Columbian civilizations located on the current territory of Mexico as well as in the southwestern states of the USA. They are classified as North, West, Mayan, Mexican Gulf, Oaxaca, Mexico, Toltec, and Teotihuacan. The permanent expositions at the first floor show the culture of Native American population of Mexico since the Spanish colonization.
The museum also hosts visiting exhibits, generally focusing on other of the world's great cultures. Past exhibits have focused on ancient Iran, Greece, China, Egypt, Russia, and Spain.
There is another institution, the National Museum of History which is located in the nearby Chapultepec Castle, but it is a different museum altogether. The former focuses on pre-Columbian Mexico and modern day Mexican ethnography. The latter focuses on the Viceroyalty of the New Spain and its progress towards modern Mexico, up to the 20th century.
However, the official administrative body that manages both museums (and many other national and regional museums) is the National Institute of Anthropology and History (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia).
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Despite early predictions and rapid progress in research, the introduction of personal genomics into clinical practice has been slow. Several factors contribute to this translational gap between knowledge and clinical application. The evidence available to support genetic test use is often limited, and implementation of new testing programs can be challenging. In addition, the heterogeneity of genomic risk information points to the need for strategies to select and deliver the information most appropriate for particular clinical needs. Accomplishing these tasks also requires recognition that some expectations for personal genomics are unrealistic, notably expectations concerning the clinical utility of genomic risk assessment for common complex diseases. Efforts are needed to improve the body of evidence addressing clinical outcomes for genomics, apply implementation science to personal genomics, and develop realistic goals for genomic risk assessment. In addition, translational research should emphasize the broader benefits of genomic knowledge, including applications of genomic research that provide clinical benefit outside the context of personal genomic risk.
Despite early predictions [1,2], genomic research has not (yet) created a new, more personalized medical care. Many reasons have been offered for this gap between expectations and reality. Some emphasize the evidence deficit: few genetic tests have been demonstrated to improve health outcomes [3,4]. Others point to the slow process of translation, calling for clinician education and decision support to expedite uptake of personal genomics [5,6]. Still others question the proposition that genomics will revolutionize medical care, arguing instead that expectations for personal genomics are inflated . In this paper we explore these explanations and suggest that each offers insights for addressing the gap between genomic knowledge and clinical application.
Many genetic tests have been marketed with scant evidence of clinical value. For example, a guidelines group evaluating CYP450 testing to inform use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression found no evidence that testing assisted decisions about drug use or improved patient outcomes . Further, CYP450 genotypes were not clearly correlated with drug levels in people using SSRIs . Clinicians are unlikely to embrace practice change when the evidence for benefit is so uncertain or incomplete.
But how much evidence is enough? The few tests that have moved rapidly into clinical practice suggest that evidence requirements vary. For example, clinical testing for BRCA mutations began within a few years of gene discovery, based on strong evidence of clinical validity—that is, evidence for a significant association between mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and risk of breast and ovarian cancer —but without evidence of improved health outcomes after testing . The likely explanation for this rapid translation is that clinicians valued a test that could identify which members of high-risk families had inherited the cancer risk. In this instance, clinical validity was sufficient to provide a test with a clear clinical purpose: to guide screening and prevention measures already in use for women at high risk .
Gene expression profiling of breast tumors offers a more contested example. Gene expression assays can be used to identify women at low risk of recurrence, who might safely avoid adjuvant chemotherapy, and clinical studies document changes in chemotherapy recommendations with testing . However, there are differences of opinion among expert groups about the evidence. Some consider the retrospective data establishing the clinical validity of gene expression profiling sufficient, while others argue that prospective clinical trials are still needed [13,14]. In fact, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have played a pivotal role in the uptake of some genetic tests: an RCT demonstrating benefit was key to wide adoption of pharmacogenetic testing for the drug abacavir [15,16]. Conversely, recent RCTs with partially conflicting results have failed to resolve the debate about the value of pharmacogenetic testing for warfarin therapy [17–19].
The issue of adequate evidence is likely to become even more controversial as whole genome approaches are adopted. For example, success in the development of targeted therapies for some tumor mutations has led to increasing use of tumor genome analysis in oncology . Yet tumors are often genetically heterogeneous and develop new genetic changes over time ; therefore, assessing appropriate uses and outcomes of this testing approach may require innovative analytic approaches.
These examples indicate that the evidence needed to justify clinical use of a new genetic test varies. For tests that meet a defined clinical need, the evidence requirements are likely to be obvious, and often may not involve RCTs, as BRCA testing illustrates. Where the purpose of testing is less clear, or the results difficult to interpret, the evidence requirements are likely to be more stringent, and experts may disagree on the evidence threshold. Expediting genomic translation therefore requires two efforts related to evidence: more clinical research focused on health outcomes, and consensus development concerning acceptable evidence thresholds for different uses of genomic information . Evidence requirements will be particularly important—and challenging to define—as genomics moves from tests of individual genes to whole exome and whole genome testing.
Although lack of evidence explains why some genetic tests are slow to enter clinical practice, it cannot explain the poor uptake of tests for which there is strong evidence of benefit. Documented barriers to appropriate genetic testing include lack of genetics knowledge among point-of-care physicians and a dearth of useful (and useable) clinical decision support. In addition, patients may be concerned about the cost of testing and follow-up or have difficulty understanding complex testing protocols. Patient follow-up may be particularly challenging among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations . As these barriers suggest, there is no single “correct” approach to implementation issues, because health systems vary in staffing, location, and capacity of the different clinical specialties involved. In particular, genetics resources (genetic counselors, medical geneticists, specialists with genetics expertise) vary and may dictate differing assignment of responsibilities in different health systems.
A case in point is universal tumor screening for Lynch Syndrome (LS) among patients with colorectal cancer. LS is a condition that confers a high lifetime risk of colorectal cancer and accounts for 2%–4% of colorectal cancers in the US . The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) program recommends screening for LS in individuals newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer to identify patients and family members at risk who will benefit from targeted screening and follow-up . There are many approaches to LS screening, involving choices about the initial screening test, the application of family history criteria at different stages of screening, and the methods used to reach family members when a proband is diagnosed with LS. Successful screening therefore requires local planning to define the preferred screening approach, followed by systematic procedures for implementation of each step of the screening process [26,27]. Given this complexity, it is not surprising that universal LS screening is far from common, with significant variability in screening procedures and low rates of follow-up of patients and family members [23,27,28].
Implementation science, which focuses on identifying and overcoming barriers associated with deploying and tailoring new interventions, offers a means to address the gap between testing capability and practice. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), developed by health services researchers at the Veterans Administration, can be a particularly useful framework because it provides a model that can inform both the initial implementation approach and the subsequent analysis that identifies the barriers and facilitators of success that can be used to guide improvements . As summarized in Table 1, CFIR recognizes several domains critical for successful deployment of a new medical service. The application of this framework to LS screening (Table 1) identifies many factors in implementation, and points to specific actions that institutions could take to improve uptake. For example, institutions need to be mindful of local capabilities and the need to coordinate LS screening across the different specialties of oncology, gastroenterology, and primary care. Some suggest the Electronic Medical Record as a way to standardize guideline adherence. However, not all organizations will have the information technology capabilities necessary for successful implementation [30,31]. Institutions may also need to consider the genetics knowledge of the clinicians ordering the tests and the commitment of institution administrators to implementation of a new standard of care. LS screening is likely to be launched successfully only if these issues are taken into account as screening procedures are adapted to local circumstances.
Tab. 1. Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) domains and Lynch Syndrome screening implementation.
Planning, buy-in, and execution will take different forms for different applications of genomic medicine, but the systematic approaches suggested by the CFIR framework will remain relevant. With the move from programs based on single gene conditions such as LS to genome sequencing approaches, a wide range of implementation challenges will need to be considered, including efficient identification and referral of patients, informed consent procedures, laboratory quality measures, and the scope of secondary findings, unrelated to the clinical problem for which testing was done, to be assessed and delivered. To address these challenges, investments in implementation science will be an important priority for genomics.
As efforts to strengthen the evidence base and pursue implementation science are undertaken, there is a concurrent need to define realistic expectations for personal genomics. The health information incorporated in the human genome is complex and heterogeneous; its value varies according to both the nature of the information and the circumstances of the patient. Information about being a carrier for an X-linked or autosomal recessive disease, for example, is primarily of value for people of reproductive age, and only then if they choose to use such information in reproductive decision making. Similarly, cancer risk information may be highly valuable to a young adult but of little interest to an elderly patient with end stage heart disease. This heterogeneity points to a central challenge for genomic medicine: the need to define the genomic information that is useful in a particular clinical context.
For example, pharmacogenetic testing can improve the safety of abacavir treatment for HIV-AIDS, and thiopurine treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia [15,32]. In both cases, pharmacogenetic tests are relevant only in particular clinical circumstances and serve to identify the minority of patients who are at risk for severe adverse reactions, so that an alternative drug or dosage can be used. This information has high clinical utility and points to a future in which pharmacogenomic testing will improve the safety and efficacy of medication use. However, conventional drug choices work for most people; few need individualized adjustment. Similarly, the early benefits of whole genome sequencing have related to gene discovery for rare disorders [33,34] and improved diagnosis of individuals with rare phenotypes whose problems have eluded conventional work-up .
Although personal genomics is touted as the means to move from one-size-fits-all to a more individualized approach to health care [20,36], these examples, as well as LS and BRCA testing, suggest a different interpretation: genomic risk assessment identifies the minority of outliers who require a modification in treatment or prevention efforts. These successes of genomic medicine underscore, paradoxically, that one size often does fit most, if not all.
In other words, the benefits of genomic risk assessment are important, but have little to do with the health care needs of most people, most of the time. Universal recommendations for vaccinations, Pap testing, and blood pressure evaluation still apply in the era of genomics, and all of us will benefit from well-balanced diets, regular exercise, and avoidance of cigarettes, no matter what genetic predispositions we have. When individual adjustments to care are needed, they most often relate to comorbidities or social circumstances —for example, individualizing an exercise program for a person who uses a wheelchair or adjusting Pap screening recommendations based on HPV status.
As a corollary, genomic risk prediction is likely to be least effective in addressing the population health burdens that matter most—those deriving from common complex diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Genetics contributes to risk for all these conditions. Rare outliers have high risk due to inheritance of highly penetrant mutations such as those causing LS. More commonly, genetics is only a modest contributor to risk.
For example, variation at over 40 loci is associated with likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes, but a few lifestyle factors account for the majority of risk [38–40]. A recent study evaluating diabetes risk in more than 25,000 individuals illustrates the key role of lifestyle. In this study, a genetic risk score had substantially less effect on absolute risk than obesity: among normal weight individuals, 10-year risk of type 2 diabetes ranged from 0.25% to 0.89% across genetic score quartiles, while for obese individuals the risk ranged from 4.22% to 7.99% .
The same general observation applies to virtually all other common diseases: although genetic variation contributes to differences in individual risk, lifestyle and other social determinants of health play a dominant role in health outcomes . Variance in genetic risk for common complex diseases is modest compared to the effect of social factors. Thus, although the genomic risk profile of each individual is unique, most people’s genetic susceptibilities fall within a limited range, from a little below to a little above average . This point is particularly important in considering health disparities. For most people, in the words of Thomas Frieden, head of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “your longevity and health are more determined by your ZIP code than they are by your genetic code” . While the heritability of many diseases is only partially defined [20,39], there is little reason to think that a more complete description of genetic contributors will change this fundamental reality .
Further, identifying risk for common diseases is generally not difficult: a variety of metrics, including weight, blood pressure, and biomarkers such as cholesterol and hemoglobin A1c, are available for this purpose. Assisting people to make behavioral changes to reduce their health risks is more difficult. Yet it has been estimated that hundreds of thousands of premature deaths could be avoided by reducing smoking, improving diet, and increasing activity levels . As a corollary, public policies related to availability of healthy food, safe places to exercise, access to smoking cessation programs, and research on lifestyle modification are likely to be better long-term investments for improving public health than providing genetic screening for addressing common disease risks.
To be sure, genomic risk assessment is still of value, and opportunities to improve health outcomes through genomic screening are likely to increase over time. As the LS example illustrates, clinical translation of such discoveries will require both evidence for improved outcomes from screening and systematic efforts to implement screening programs. In addition to single gene conditions like LS, further research may point to ways in which genomic risk profiles can be used to identify outliers with high cumulative risk for complex diseases . As this knowledge accumulates, there will be increasing justification for genome-scale screening to ensure that high-risk individuals are offered appropriate targeted care. In some instances, genomic risk profiling could provide benefits in cases not limited to high-risk conditions like LS: for example, a genomic risk profile for cancer could conceivably outperform family history as a means to identify individuals with moderately increased risk who are candidates for early breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer screening . The potential harms of screening and the many nongenetic contributors to risk suggest, however, that this type of genomic profiling will require robust evidence of benefit .
It remains the case that genomic discovery related to the major disease burdens of the population will yield many variants of small effect. For most such findings, there is no translational gap in personalized medicine to overcome, because the information lacks clinical value. Instead, there will be an increasing need for analytic, technical, and clinical strategies that pull from the genome the information that can improve health care, while avoiding the introduction of large amounts of poorly predictive and distracting health information into the medical record.
Although most gene variants associated with common complex diseases will be poorly predictive and lack clinical utility for individual health care, they nevertheless represent highly valuable research findings. Every gene causally associated with disease is a marker for a biological pathway, potentially revealing unexpected mechanisms of disease, connections between different pathological processes, and interactions between biological pathways and environmental risk factors. Promising examples are proliferating at a rapid rate. For instance, genome wide association studies (GWAS) have clarified the importance of autophagy in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, identified new loci associated with disease, and pointed to shared pathways between inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility and host responses to mycobacterial infection . In age-related macular degeneration, GWAS played a pivotal role in clarifying the importance of the complement system in pathophysiology of the disease , leading to new insights for therapy. Studies of the genetics of type 2 diabetes similarly provide insights about the relationship between this disorder and cardiovascular disease , the role of immune factors , and diverse contributors to insulin resistance . These examples underscore the power of genome-scale research methods that do not rely on prior biological hypotheses for gene discovery, and point to the increasing potential for progress as researchers move from GWAS to whole genome studies .
Genomics is a source of an expanding set of molecular tools for other avenues of health research as well . For example, there is a growing body of research demonstrating the powerful effect of epigenetic changes in gene expression as a source of disease risk . These studies may provide new insights into social determinants of health and could conceivably inform social policies related to issues such as maternal and early childhood nutrition or other environmental exposures relevant to health.
Genomic research can also improve care by defining the genotypes of other organisms. In a recent widely publicized case, an infectious agent was identified and treated through the use of DNA-based diagnostics , pointing to the growing use of genomics in pathogen identification . This use of genomics is an early indicator of an expanding role for the genomics of pathogenic and symbiotic organisms, with applications including the assessment (and potential amelioration) of the microbiome and the use of genomics in vaccine development .
These examples provide only a glimpse of the potential benefits of genomic health research. However, they offer an important insight about closing the gap between genomic knowledge and clinical care: the task is not solely, or even primarily, one of learning how to use individual genomes in clinical care . A person’s genotype undoubtedly offers useful information in some clinical circumstances, but much of the benefit will come from leveraging genomic knowledge to develop a more precise understanding of molecular physiology. Such efforts point to a different way in which the translational gap may be closed: by developing prevention and therapeutic strategies that provide benefit outside the context of genetic risk.
13. (2014) Aetna Clinical Policy Bulletin: Tumor Markers. http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0352.html. Accessed 4 August 2014.
21. (2012) Genome-Based Diagnostics: Clarifying pathways to Clinical Use: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine.
28. Kidambi TD, Blanco A, Myers M, Conrad P, Loranger K, et al. (2014) Selective Versus Universal Screening for Lynch Syndrome: A Six-Year Clinical Experience. Dig Dis Sci. Epub ahead of print.
42. Khoury MJ (2 July 2014) Nobody is average but what to do about it? Genomics and Health Impact Blog. http://blogs.cdc.gov/genomics/2014/07/02/nobody-is-average/. Accessed 4 August 2014.
43. Weintraub K (1 May 2014) CDC: Lifespan more to do with geography than genetics. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/05/01/preventable-deaths-cdc/8570951/. Accessed 4 August 2014.
44. Roberts NJ, Vogelstein JT, Parmigiani G, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, et al. (2012) The predictive capacity of personal genome sequencing. Sci Transl Med 4: 133ra 158.
55. Zimmer C (4 June 2014) In a first, test of DNA finds root of illness. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/05/health/in-first-quick-dna-test-diagnoses-a-boys-illness.html?_r=0. Accessed 4 August 2014.
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And one used in the Labyrinth..
You're in a room with two doors. There's a guard at each door. One door is the exit, but behind the other door is something that will kill you. You're told that one guard always tells the truth and the other guard always lies. You don't know which guard is which. You are allowed to ask one question to either of the guards to determine which door is the exit. What question should you ask?
I would ask... How many fingers am I holding up?
This one took me a bit.
I'd ask either guard: What door the other guard would say is the good door? And after that I will do the opposite.
Why? Because if I ask the guard who always tells the truth, he knows the other guard will always lie about it and in consequence he'll point me to the bad door.
If I ask the guard who always lies, he knows the other guard will show me the exit, so he'll lie and point me to the bad door too.
A genie in a distant kingdom is so smart and intelligent that he's able to answer and solve every question thrown at him regardless of the topic. What would you ask him to finally defy his knowledge?
What is the question you cannot answer?
Lol Golden, sorry, just saw your edit.. I thought that was a brain teaser at first.
No worries, I just realized I wasn't very specific in my question/answer.
Warlko, do they all go forward and then turn right?
You are standing outside a room with no windows, only a solid door. Outside there are three switches to three lightbulbs inside. You can go inside only once. How do you tell which switch goes to which light bulb.
Also. You are in a room. No windows no doors no way out. made of concrete. No way out.
The only things in the room with you, are a table and a mirror. How do you get out?
1) Turn one switch to off. Let us denote it switch 'A'.
2) Wait a sufficient amount of time.
4) Immediately enter the room.
5) The light remaining on is 'C' and then 'A' and 'B' can be determined from comparing the temperature of the bulbs.
And come on with the pun! the pun is the point!
Context: 10c coins, 20c coins, 50c coins, $1 coins, and $2 coins.
One cannot be a 10c coin.
One is not a 10c coin: That one is a 20c coin.
The other one is the 10c coin.
I ate three bowls of spaghetti for breakfast.
I ate one bowl of spaghetti for lunch.
I ate two bowls of spaghetti for dinner.
How many bowls have I eaten today?
Hopefully none, but you have eaten an awful lot of spaghetti.
Three friends check into a motel for the night and the clerk tells them the bill is $30, payable in advance.
They decide to devide the bill up evenly and each pay the clerk $10 and go to their room.
A few minutes later, the clerk realizes he has made an error and overcharged the trio by $5. He asks the bellhop to return $5 to the 3 friends who had just checked in. The bellhop sees this as an opportunity to make $2 as he reasons that the three friends would have a tough time dividing $5 evenly among them; so he decides to tell them that the clerk made a mistake of only $3, giving a dollar back to each of the friends.
He pockets the leftover $2 and heads home feeling pleased with himself!
Each friend spent $9 on the room.
But wait..they started with $30!!! Where's the missing dollar gone?
1: There's $30 with the friends.
2: There's $30 with the clerk.
3: There's $5 with the bellhop and $25 with the clerk, 5+25= 30.
4: There's $2 with the bellhop, $25 with the clerk, and $3 with the friends, 2+25+3= 5+25= 30.
I realize that "trick" questions are the point of brain teasers, but isn't it cheating to give false information for your brain teaser?
The $27 they spent on the room includes the $2 in the bellhop's pocket. If you then say there are $2 in the bellhop's pocket and bump the number to $29 you're saying there are $4 in the bellhop's pocket. I'm wondering if that's intended as misleading information (say, including $2 in the bellhop's pocket that aren't related to this particular transaction), or if it's outright misinformation (given that the $2 in his pocket are actually included in the initial $27, meaning you can't add it twice to get $29).
See, the way you have it written there, they spent $29 on the room & bellhop and got $3 back, which means there isn't one missing dollar, there are two extra dollars (as you'd end up with $27 for room, $2 for bellhop, and $3 back to the friends - $32 total). That's if it's misinformation, as opposed to intentionally misleading via including two unrelated dollars.
That's actually a classic 'teaser. I know I've seen it in a Martin Gardner collection along with the fox/chicken/grain problem.
:( This one seemed to be missed!
You find yourself in a room with no windows, doors, holes, cracks, or any other means of escape. In the room with you is a table and a mirror. How do you get out?
Something like this, I may have the exact wording wrong.
Look in the mirror such that you can see the table. Do it again, so that you see what you saw.
Saw the table in half.
Take the two halves of the table and make a whole.
Climb out through the hole.
Woot! You got it! Anyone else wanna try?
I also have one waiting to be solvde.
you ring yourself outside of a room with now windows.
There is a lamp hanging in the room, contoled by one of the three switches outside of the room.
You only get one chance to enter to room, and go back out, and you don't see the light burning from outside of the room.
How can you find out which swicht is controling the lamp?
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Might a simple card game have a giant positive effect on a child? Professional poker player Liv Boeree thinks so.
Olivia "Liv" Boeree is a poker player, TV presenter and model from England who won the 2010 European Poker Tour in Sanremo. Born in Kent, Boeree studied at Ashford School before going on to earn a First Class Honours degree in Physics with Astrophysics at the University of Manchester. She was the #1 ranked female player on the Global Poker Index as of November 2015, and #6 on the female all-time live poker winnings list.
Boeree was a keen guitar player in her early twenties, specializing in the heavy metal genre. In University she played lead guitar in the band Dissonance, and in 2006 she briefly featured as lead guitarist for rock/goth band Nemhain before starting her career in poker.
Boeree also modeled in her early twenties for rock and alternative lifestyle features.
Boeree was introduced to the poker industry when she was selected as one of five contestants for the reality TV show Ultimatepoker.com Showdown, which aired on Five in Autumn 2005.
After the show, Boeree began playing poker regularly at the Gutshot Club in London, and from there became an on-screen reporter for Gutshot TV at the World Series of Poker in Las Vegas. Soon after she became the host of Challenge TV's on-line coverage of the European Poker Tour, also appearing as a reporter for the World Series of Poker Europe on WorldSeriesofPoker.com.
On 21 April 2010, Boeree won the European Poker Tour main event in San Remo, at the time the largest ever poker tournament held on European soil. Boeree won €1,250,000 and thereby became the third woman ever to win an EPT title.
She has shown continuous success on the EPT circuit with twelve Main Event cashes to date. Other notable results include a 2nd place in the 2014 UKIPT Edinburgh Main Event a 3rd place in the EPT Barcelona High Roller event for €391,000 in August 2015.
Boeree has been a member of Team PokerStars Pro since September 2010. Her total live tournament winnings exceed $3,000,000.
In February 2016 she was announced as the Team Manager of the Global Poker League team "The London Royals".
Liv Boeree: Do I think we should teach poker in elementary schools? Yes, I think there are elements of the game that you should teach in terms of like—because what poker really does is teach you how to deal with probabilities and uncertainties, and that's so integral to life.
Everything we try to do—“should we take this route or that route”, “should I go here on vacation or there”—it's all about dealing with uncertainties and probabilities of things happening, and poker is a very fun and easy way to teach someone how to do that.
It's a shame people often put poker in the same ballpark as just general gambling. Just because some people choose to play it for money, but you don't have to play for money—it's just about winning. You could win anything. You could win pride. You could win matchsticks or money.
And there is so many like core fundamentals of the game that I wish I had known at age ten, these ides, these sort of ways of thinking about expected value and probabilistic thinking in general would have sped up a lot of things in my life had I been more aware of it.
And also learning how to evaluate evidence; that's something that is not taught in school or very rarely taught in school, learning how to change our minds, update our beliefs. When we get new information being able to weigh is that information reliable or not and playing poker has taught me how to do those much more accurately.
So, if there's a way to teach children through a game, and children love to learn through games, poker could be one of those methods.
I think being mathematically minded is—there's probably some aptitude involved in it, but I still think the vast majority of it is down to the determination and practice.
You can take someone, I mean if you can just understand the concept of numbers in the first place, which I think the vast majority of humans can, then you can train someone to be more mathematically capable.
It's like learning a language; it's almost like you have that initial passion and desire to get better, then it's those little incremental jumps.
And it makes me so sad when I meet people who are like “I’m no good at math, no good at math” and if you actually keep asking them why and go back in their history it almost always comes down to some bad experience they had when they were probably seven years old and the teacher asked them “what's five times five?” and they screwed up and their friends laughed at them, and then these barriers get built and they're like “oh it's not my thing”.
And I think it's just a huge tragedy because most humans can learn to be at least competent at basic mathematics, especially the mathematics involved in poker. It's really not that complicated.
There's a lot of approximations you can do and I found that I used to actually not be very good at mental arithmetic. I was fine if I had a pen and paper and algebra, that was, I liked that, but in the moment of, mental arithmetic I could never do.
But I started playing poker and started practicing these things and now it's a skill I'm proud of. So it's just a willingness to keep plugging away at it.
Champion poker player Liv Boeree isn't suggesting that children become professional gamblers who play for high stakes, like she often does. But she is suggesting that if more children learned poker, they might be more ready for the real world. For instance, what is a poker hand other than a progressive set of decisions with consequences, sort of like adult life itself? Liv posits that children would learn that their actions have consequences and the benefits of updating your beliefs, both of which are very important developmental skills (and ones that even some adults have yet to master). You can find out more about Liv at www.livboeree.com.
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SAN ANTONIO CITIZENS LEAGUE. The Citizens League was formed in San Antonio after the Wurzbach-McCloskey 1928 congressional election contest. Harry McLeary Wurzbach, the Republican incumbent who had served three terms in the United States House of Representatives, was apparently defeated in 1928 by Augustus McCloskey, the Democratic nominee who had been supported by the San Antonio city political machine. After thirteen months Wurzbach was declared the winner in the disputed election, and he replaced McCloskey in the House. The league, founded by prominent citizens, declared itself against "machine rule" and demanded honest elections, honest spending of bond proceeds, only two terms for officeholders, and an end to organized gambling. The league won most county offices in the Democratic primary in 1930, but in 1931 it failed to capture city hall; the machine's virtual monopoly of the Latin American and African American vote was an insuperable barrier. In 1932 the league again won a sweeping victory in the county races; African Americans did not vote in the Democratic primary.
Internal dissension in the league and the death of its chief target, Mayor C. M. Chambers, combined to defeat its ticket in the 1933 city election. The weakened league rallied in 1934 to win most of the county offices, losing its district attorney, Walter Tynan, but sending its tax assessor, Fontaine Maury Maverick, to a new congressional seat. In 1935 its candidate for mayor withdrew after the campaign was under way, and the league then withdrew the rest of its candidates. In 1936 the executive committee, then nine in number, quarreled over whether it should oppose its incumbent sheriff for not closing the gambling houses. By a vote of five to four the sheriff was placed on the ticket, but the four dissenters resigned and withdrew, three of them doing so publicly. Only Maverick and a few minor candidates survived the machine landslide. While in theory the league consisted of a convention of all of the citizens of San Antonio, in practice the executive committee determined policy in campaigns and nominated candidates, and the officeholders ran the league between elections. The six campaigns waged by the league featured nightly rallies designed to carry the campaign to every part of town. While the executive committee was always conservative politically, the league's best-known product, Maverick, was an unqualified liberal.
Judith Kaaz Doyle, An Ironic Crusade: Maury Maverick, San Antonio Politics, and the Black Political Machine, 1938–1941 (M.A. report, University of Texas at Austin, 1982). Judith Kaaz Doyle, Out of Step: Maury Maverick and the Politics of the Depression and the New Deal (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1989). Richard B. Henderson, Maury Maverick: A Political Biography (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970). Nowlin Randolph, The Citizen's League Will Win Again! (Houston: Randolph, 1973).
Handbook of Texas Online, Nowlin Randolph, "SAN ANTONIO CITIZENS LEAGUE," accessed April 25, 2019, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/wes01.
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0.991455 |
How does the ketogenic diet affect athletic performance?
There is controversy in the scientific and popular communities about the effects of the ketogenic diet on performance.
You can go for longer. The increased ability to burn fat during exercise gives you larger fuel reserves.
Greater well-being and less inflammation.
Some studies have reported a reduced ability to perform high-intensity exercise.
Feelings of subjectively lower energy.
1. Volek, J.S., and Phinney, S.D. (2012). The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Performance. (Beyond Obesity LLC ).
2. van Loon, L.J., Greenhaff, P.L., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Saris, W.H., and Wagenmakers, A.J. (2001). The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 536, 295-304.
7. Caryn Zinn, Matthew Wood, Mikki Williden, Simon Chatterton, and Ed Maunder.
8. Shimazu, T., Hirschey, M.D., Newman, J., He, W., Shirakawa, K., Le Moan, N., Grueter, C.A., Lim, H., Saunders, L.R., Stevens, R.D., Newgard, C.B., Farese Jr, R.V., De Cabo, R., Ulrich, S., Akassoglou, K., and Verdin, E. (2013). Suppression of oxidative stress by β-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science 339, 211-214.
9. Youm, Y.-H., Nguyen, K.Y., Grant, R.W., Goldberg, E.L., Bodogai, M., Kim, D., D'Agostino, D., Planavsky, N., Lupfer, C., Kanneganti, T.D., et al. (2015). The ketone metabolite [beta]-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nat. Med. 21, 263-269.
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0.999567 |
I will be 39 weeks, and my doctor offered to induce me 5 days before my due date. Should I?
I am nervous because it is my first baby and I heard that being induced may make it a little bit of a worse experience. Please tell me what you think and your stories. Another thing is that I am also pretty miserable and my blood pressure keeps going up, so I am thinking I should do it to be safe. I am dilated 2cm but still have not felt any contractions.
No! It greatly increases your chances of a c-section. I would not consent to an induction before 42 weeks. Average gestation for a first time mother is over 41 weeks. Just wait it out.
I induced the day before my son was due. We had great sucess with it and plan on doing it again this Thursday for my 2nd child. After all the research and opinions out there. In the end it's up to you. With me I wanted to make sure I was at least 3cm dialted and 50-60 effaced and lost my mucus plug prior to inducing. These are all signs your body is preparing for labor. With your blood pressure increasing, I would highly consider inducing. Having to high a blood pressure can cause stress to your child and you my need a c-section because of that. I had an epidural after I started having contractions with my son and everything went smoothly. There is a higher chance of c-section with induction but this also percentage also include people who are have 2nd C-sections and planned c-section. My doctor said people who are induced who are not dialated or only 1 cm have a higher risk than people who are 2-3cm.
No No No! I was induced 3 days past my due date with my first and it was awful and ended in a c section. My body and the baby were just not ready yet. If it becomes an exorbitant amount of time that has passed I would say go for it. But this early I would just wait it out.
I personally would say "no thanks Doc" and see if you can just let the baby come on its own. Until it get to the critcal point you should be fine..uncomfy but fine. With my first my blood pressure was getting scary the last 2 weeks, but then he was on his way! With him I ended up having to get Magnesium after I had him do to my blood pressure issues... but I still had a natural birth. Stick to your guns and make your man be your bouncer! What you decided before you were in labor should be the plan during labor..sometimes they try to get you to change your mind and in your laboring state it's like "that sounds nice". Try and get the meds after you have the baby that way the baby's not effected.
I would say if you know your due date is accurate, go for it. If your not 100% sure on the conception date and your due date may be a bit off, then don't. As a previous comment stated, in the end its up to you, no one else. I was induced 2 weeks past my due date with my first, and it ended in a c-section. And thats at 42 wks! I know people who are induced at 39 and have success.
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0.981741 |
How can I create textures styles with affinity photo?
Good morning, I have Affinity photo for iPad and I have a gardening company.
I need it to make garden designs.
I have given an example of what I want to do with volcanic gravel.
Just take your above top volcanic gravel image and make a style out of it.
I'm just seeing you asked for APhoto and not ADesigner on iPad. Can't tell if there are differences in their implementation regarding styles, since personally I don't use the iPad versions. - However some APh iPad user can hopefully tell you for sure here.
Does APhoto have under Layer Effects that Styles selection as shown in the video? If yes does it has that top hamburger menu too with "Add style from selection"?
On the desktop APh version you would select the gradient tool, switch for that in the context toolbar it's setting to "bitmap", which in turn opens an bitmap image browser and let's you select a PNG/JPG image and then you would add that as a new style to the styles panel.
Here is your above image (two styles inside a "volcania category") created on a desktop APh version, you can try to import that styles file and see if it is reusable for you.
¿Tiene APhoto debajo de Efectos de capa la selección de estilos como se muestra en el video? Si es así, ¿tiene ese menú superior de hamburguesas también con "Agregar estilo de la selección"?
En la versión APh del escritorio, seleccionaría la herramienta de degradado, cambie a eso en la barra de herramientas contextual, está configurando a "mapa de bits", que a su vez abre un explorador de imágenes de mapa de bits y le permite seleccionar una imagen PNG / JPG y luego lo agregaría como Un nuevo estilo para el panel de estilos.
Aquí está su imagen anterior (dos estilos dentro de una " categoría de volcania ") creada en una versión APh de escritorio, puede intentar importar ese archivo de estilos y ver si es reutilizable para usted.
Hello, after many attempts I have been able to create personalized styles, I made a video so you can see the steps to follow, thank you very much for your help.
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0.971013 |
What technologies do we use currently?
Other than the following, we’re looking for engineers who want a challenge, want to learn and want to have a meaningful role as a key part of a small dedicated product team. You should be passionate about your craft and also about user experience and building an amazing product. Since we're a small team you'll also have some say over the product direction as a whole.
Experienced in TDD, refactoring and automation frameworks like Selenium/Detox/Cypress.
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0.994512 |
How can I link people’s names in a post?
You can tag your friends and other things you’re connected to in your Facebook status and other posts. This feature works with the share menu at the top of your home page, your profile and your friends’ profiles.
1. When you want to create a tag, type the “@” symbol in the text field. Or, type the first letter of the name you want to tag in caps.
2. Directly after the “@” symbol or capital letter, continue typing the name you would like to tag. A drop-down menu will appear with all matching entries. You can tag friends, Pages, groups, events and applications.
3. Select the name you would like to tag. It will appear as a link in your post. You can tag multiple different names in the same post.
People who can see your post will be able to click through to view the profile, Page, group or event you tag, but only if the existing privacy settings permit this.
Tagging allows you to more actively mention your friends and other things you are connected to on Facebook. It also lets you direct a post at specific people while still keeping the conversation open. Friends you tag will receive a notification and Wall story that you have tagged them, and also when someone else comments on a post they are tagged in.
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0.998187 |
Swallow stands his ground. He is determined to stay in his home to protect it, but his friends convince him to flee to safety. His house is destroyed by the mob-- they break windows and doors, uproot trees, demolish furniture, and steal valuables. The next day, should he try to get justice for what happened, or should he give up and leave town?
He should skip town immediately.
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0.871767 |
Jean-Jacques Dessalines Michel Cincinnatus Leconte was President of Haiti from 15 August 1911 until his death on 8 August 1912. He was a great-grandson of Jean-Jacques Dessalines—a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti—and was an uncle of Joseph Laroche, the only black passenger to perish on theRMS Titanic.
Leconte, a lawyer by trade, had served as minister of the interior under President Pierre Nord Alexis. He was forced into exile in Jamaica after a 1908 revolt deposed Alexis and gave François C. Antoine Simon the presidency.
Returning from exile in 1911, Leconte gathered a large military force. After leading the revolution that ousted President Simon and brought Leconte back to Port-au-Prince in triumph on 7 August 1911, Leconte was unanimously elected president of Haiti by Congress on 14 August with a seven-year term. His salary was set at $24,000 a year.
Upon attaining the presidency he instituted a number of reforms: paving streets, increasing teacher pay, installing telephone lines, and decreasing the size of the army. Collier's Weekly argued in August 1912 that it was "generally admitted" that Leconte's administration was "the ablest and the cleanest government Haiti has had in forty years." Zora Neale Hurston, writing in the 1930s after extensive research in Haiti, pointed out that Leconte was "credited with beginning numerous reforms and generally taking positive steps."
Leconte pursued a discriminatory policy toward what was referred to as the "Syrian" population (most were actually Lebanese Christians), an already persecuted minority group which one historian described as constituting the "opening wedge of the American economic conquest of Haiti in the early 1900s." Prior to ascending to the presidency, he had promised to rid Haiti of its Syrian population. In 1912 Leconte's foreign minister released a statement stating that it was "necessary to protect nationals against the disloyal competition of the Easterner whose nationality is uncertain." A 1903 law (aimed specifically at Syrians) limiting the immigration levels and commercial activities of foreigners was revived, and the harassment of Syrians that had been prevalent in the first few years of the 1900s was resumed. The Leconte administration did, however, continue to process claims made by Syrians who had been persecuted by the government of Nord Alexis. When Leconte died suddenly in 1912, a number of Syrians celebrated his passing and were imprisoned as a result, while others were deported. His Syrian policy would be continued by his successor Tancrède Auguste.
So great was the force of the explosion, that a number of small cannon, fragments of iron and shell were thrown long distances in all directions, and many of the palace attendants were killed. Every house in the city was shaken violently and the entire population, greatly alarmed, rushed into the street.
A 1912 account of the explosion in Political Science Quarterly reported that an "accidental ignition of ammunition stores caused the death of General Cincinnatus Leconte," while a 1927 article in the same journal deemed his death an "assassination." Oral histories circulating in Haiti—some of which were chronicled by Hurston in the 1930s in her book Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica—differed significantly from most written accounts. As Hurston explained, "The history books all say Cincinnatus Leconte died in the explosion that destroyed the palace, but the people do not tell it that way. Not one person, high or low, ever told me that Leconte was killed by the explosion. It is generally accepted that the destruction of the palace was to cover up the fact that the President was already dead by violence." According to Hurston there were "many reasons given for the alleged assassination", but the main actors in the supposed plot were men who "were ambitious and stood to gain political power...by the death of President Leconte."
Just several months before Leconte died, his nephew, Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche, had been one of over 2,200 passengers and crew on board the RMS Titanic for its maiden voyage. While Laroche's wife and daughters survived the sinking of the ocean liner, Laroche himself, the only man of African descent on board the ship, perished in the disaster.
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0.999718 |
good name even better food it got it going on..
cockroaches every where i want to know why they still open is thr health deparment know that place or they totally forgot.
The food is absolutely outstanding!
Good food, one should try their fried rice and lunch combos, friendly staff, daily specials, delivers.
pretty decent but they dont do delivery.
The food is so good and delicious. Love love love it.
Fair prices. Food is very textured and interesting. I like coming here for the atmosphere and the food, they are a winning combination.
This place seems to be out of business, but AI can not find out why.
horrible. i once ordered food and they never showed up! then when i went another time to pick it up, it was greasy and semi raw. i just hated it.
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0.999993 |
Discuss role of the local Boston Police Department during the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013.
As you may recall from the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013, the role of the local Boston Police Department was far more extensive than the “getting coffee for federal agents” that TV police dramas sometimes portray. It was a true partnership between local and federal agencies, working hand-in-hand to protect the local community and potentially the entire country from initially unknown enemy. The police role in homeland security is comprised of four sectors or systems.
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0.967699 |
Cancer robustness is enabled at the tumor cell population level by heterogeneity in therapy responses, which is driven by genomic instability, specially by aneuploidy: gains and losses of whole or partial chromosomes. It is unknown how cancer cells deal with so much aneuploidy whereas normal cells are very sensitive. A possible explanation is given by the hypothesis of gene dosage compensation (genetic balance), a mechanism that has been described for other organisms to compensate the negative effects of aneuploidy. It has been shown for aneuploid cancers that messenger RNA (mRNA) levels generally correlate well with an increased DNA copy number (gene dosage) but these changes are not reflected at the protein levels for several genes. Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of a gene dosage compensation mechanism that provides stability to cancer despite its genomic instability. However, this mechanism must be able to regulate the expression of a handful of critical genes simultaneously. We hypothesize the existence of a complex regulatory network mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) to compensate for gene dosage changes in aneuploid cancer cells. miRNAs are small endogenous RNA molecules that bind mRNAs and repress gene expression. Currently, 1500 miRNAs have been described within the human genome regulating the expression of nearly 30% of all genes. Additionally, miRNAs can regulate hundreds of genes and their target genes can be regulated by several miRNAs. Furthermore, they form regulatory interactions with transcription factors including feedback and feedforward loops leading to non-linear, systems-level properties such as bistability, ultrasensitivity and oscillations. We suggest that the manipulation of specific nodes of this miRNA-based regulatory network could block gene dosage compensation, representing a specific target against cancer. Due to the complexity of this network, identification of optimal targets requires an advanced computational platform to: i) integrate multiple cancer data, ii) develop algorithms oriented to the identification of factors mediating genetic balance, and iii) identify optimal targets against cancer through the use of the mathematical modeling and simulation of miRNA-transcription factor networks. In order to identify possible genes under gene dosage compensation, we compared copy number, gene expression and proteomic data of the NCI60 panel. Our results suggest the existence of 19 candidate genes under dosage compensation across the NCI60 panel, partially related by common chromosomal locations or other functional interactions. To evaluate whether there are any reported or predicted connections between these candidate genes and miRNAs/TF, we automatically constructed a network of putative regulatory interactions based on the information available at the databases Mirtarbase, MiRBase, Pazar, TRED. Our results indicate that several putative regulatory loops link together all the candidate target genes and these regulatory motifs with potential systems-level properties are widely present within our network. Next, we translated this network into a large scale mathematical model of miRNA-transcription factor regulations of gene dosage compensation using COPASI. After model fitting and refinement we obtained a mathematical able to fit the data and ready to perform sensitivity/stability analysis to identify possible targets against gene dosage compensation in aneuploid cancer (unpublished ongoing project).
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0.912421 |
Hybrid muscle activation is a modality used for muscle force enhancement, in which muscle contraction is generated from two different excitation sources: volitional and external, by means of electrical stimulation (ES). Under hybrid activation, the overall EMG signal is the combination of the volitional and ES-induced components. In this study, we developed a computational scheme to extract the volitional EMG envelope from the overall dynamic EMG signal, to serve as an input signal for control purposes, and for evaluation of muscle forces.
A "synthetic" database was created from in-vivo experiments on the Tibialis Anterior of the right foot to emulate hybrid EMG signals, including the volitional and induced components. The database was used to evaluate the results obtained from six signal processing schemes, including seven different modules for filtration, rectification and ES component removal. The schemes differed from each other by their module combinations, as follows: blocking window only, comb filter only, blocking window and comb filter, blocking window and peak envelope, comb filter and peak envelope and, finally, blocking window, comb filter and peak envelope.
The results showed that the scheme including all the modules led to an excellent approximation of the volitional EMG envelope, as extracted from the hybrid signal, and underlined the importance of the artifact blocking window module in the process.
The results of this work have direct implications on the development of hybrid muscle activation rehabilitation systems for the enhancement of weakened muscles.
Electromyography (EMG) is an important tool in the fields of biomechanics and kinesiology. In the time domain, the envelope of the rectified EMG signal is commonly used for several applications including: force estimator , muscle activity indicator , fatigue indicator , and more recently as a bio-control signal (e.g: [4–9]).
The term Hybrid muscle activation, coined by the present authors [10, 11] is a modality where muscle contraction is generated from two different excitation sources, volitional and external electrical stimulation (ES). This modality has been described in previous works, usually for the enhancement of deficient muscles [5, 6, 8, 11–14]. In hybrid activation, the overall EMG signal is the combination of the volitional and the induced components.
A typical muscle response to ES includes the stimulus artifact, in the form of a spike which immediately follows the electrical stimulus; and an M-wave response which appears afterwards. Due to the fact that the spike's major effect lasts just a few milliseconds, it can be eliminated by using various methods, such as time-windowing . On the other-hand, the M-wave response spreads over most of the inter-pulse time and has a characteristic and repetitive general shape whose specific features depend on factors such as stimulus intensity, shape and polarity.
Current knowledge on the mode of interaction between the volitional and the ES components of the EMG is ambiguous. Early works assumed that in the hybrid EMG signal those two components are simply added up, reflecting the muscle electrical activity when volitional and ES activations take place simultaneously . Recently, however, we were able to show that this assumption is not accurate [10, 11].
Extraction of the volitional component from the overall EMG signal thus requires the elimination of the ES component. This is feasible by using hardware and/or software techniques.
Hardware solutions were suggested to suppress the stimulus artifact by using a signal blocking window [4–6, 8, 11–19]. Software solutions were used for both stimulus artifact and M-wave elimination [6–8, 12, 20–23] and were achieved by a variety of signal processing filters, including the comb-filter [6, 12], wavelets [22, 23], adaptive filters , or Gram-Schmidt filters .
Despite the many methods for the elimination of the ES-induced component, providing the volitional only EMG component, most of them do not provide an evaluation of the accuracy of the extraction procedure i.e., how well the procedure resolves a hybrid signal into its components. The few reports that did so, based their evaluation on steady muscle contraction analysis, and involved mathematical procedures that are difficult to implement [7, 16].
In this paper we compare methods for the accurate extraction of the volitional EMG envelope out of the raw dynamic EMG signal. A synthesized, well-defined and known EMG signal, served for the development and validation of the preferred method. Hybrid activation of the muscle was represented by the combined contributions of the volitional and ES induced muscle contractions under dynamic conditions of muscle activation, simulating in vivo gait-like contractions of the Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscle. The method of choice was reached by comparing the scoring results from several processing algorithms.
Five subjects (see details in Table 1) participated in the study. The subjects had an average (SD) age of 28.6 (5.4) years, height of 1.77 (0.13) m, and mass of 66.2 (12.7) kg. All subjects were in an excellent state of health, with no history of muscle weakness, neurological disease or drug therapy. The experiment was approved by the local ethical committee and each subject provided informal consent according to the local ethical committee's guidelines.
On-line readings of the ankle torque and EMG of the right TA muscle were taken during each of the experimental trials. The isometric torque was monitored in the seated position by means of a load cell connected on one side to a holding fixture and on the other side to a plate which served as a foot rest and to which the foot was strapped (Fig. 1). The torque due to gravitation was compensated for from the load cell readings while the foot rested on the plate. At this stage, the subject was instructed to relax his leg muscles. Relaxation was confirmed from the unnoticed EMG signal obtained from the monitored muscles. During the test, the ankle, knee and hip angles were set at 90°.
Experimental set-up used for data acquisition.
EMG was monitored using three surface SKINTACT® Ag-AgCl circular electrodes (contact diameter of 1.5 cm, external diameter of 5 cm): two active electrodes were located on the muscle belly along its longitudinal axis at mid-distance between the ES stimulation electrodes (see below), the distance between the electrodes was 6 cm center-to center [5, 12, 15]. The third electrode was a ground electrode and was placed on the bony medial epicondyle area of the knee femur. Before attachment of the electrodes the skin surface was cleaned and rubbed until the electrical impedance between each pair of electrodes was smaller than 5 KΩ. The three electrodes were connected to a specially designed 10 kHz bandwidth DC amplifier with stimulus artifact suppression .
The artifact suppressor consists of a sample-and-hold amplifier. The amplifier board is designed to synchronize with the stimulation pulses and to hold the output for a period of 2 milliseconds from the stimulation-pulse onset.
The torque and EMG signals were sampled at a sampling rate of 1 KHz.
Transcutaneous stimulation was delivered to the muscle using two surface rectangular electrodes (5 × 5 cm): one placed over the TA motor point, and the second, 20 cm distally to the first one (center-to-center). The stimulation parameters were controlled through a PC.
Both electrode-sets distances were slightly modified (if necessary), to obtain an overall optimal performance of both EMG, and ES system.
Before any experimental activity, measurement of the Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) was carried out. The subject was asked to maximally and isometrically contract his right TA muscle for 5 s. A time window of 0.5 s from the maximal contraction plateau was taken to calculate the mean torque and mean envelope of the rectified EMG signals. Three trials were made, with 5 min of resting time between them, and the average was taken to represent MVC for normalization of the torque and EMG.
For the acquisition of the volitional EMG signals the subjects were requested to volitionally track a visually displayed torque-time profile by isometrically activating the Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscle through the application of a dorsi-flexion torque at the ankle. The general features of the target torque (T target ), mimic the TA torque activity observed during the late swing phase of human gait (Fig. 2) ; inability to provide this torque is directly related to biomechanical problems such as drop foot.
Target torque (solid line) and ES profile (dash-dot line, ON/OFF modes) used to synthesize the EMG database. The target torque amplitude varied from 0.05 to 0.25 MVC.
The session included 5 trials, each of 15 s duration, with five min interval time between them for resting. The trials differed from each other by their amplitudes, which were varied between 0.05 to 0.25 MVC, at increasing steps of 0.05 MVC, and providing altogether five levels of volitional activity. The 0.25 MVC limit was chosen because this is the typical range of the TA volitional torque during swing . Table 1 describes the specific volitional torques levels for each subject.
For acquisition of the EMG signals from the electrically induced contractions, the subject was instructed to stop any volitional activation while his muscle was subjected to the dynamic stimulation profile depicted in Fig. 2. Justification of this profile is based on the role of ES, which was intended to serve for enhancement of the volitional activation . Thus it was necessary to set the ES signal in concert with the target torque signal from the following aspects: (a) duration of the ES signal; (b) synchronization between the two signals. ES was applied by a constant current, electrical stimulator providing 0.3 sec stimulation trains with mono-phasic rectangular pulses of 100 μs duration, and frequency of 20 Hz .
An automatic operation signal was used to dynamically turn the stimulator on and off. The ES activation session was performed five min after completion of the volitional session. The trials differed from one another by the stimulation intensity, which was set to cover induced torque amplitudes, ranging between 0.05 to 0.15 MVC; the 0.15 MVC limitation was determined as the highest intensity in which the subjects felt comfortable. For the subjects taking part in this study 5 trials or more were necessary to cover this range. Also here, the time length of each trial was 15 s and the resting time between successive trials was 5 min. Table 1 describes the ES intensities that were used to stimulate each subject.
A database of the EMG signal was set to gain information on the partition between the volitional and ES-induced components in the overall EMG signal. The database was produced from in-vivo experimental data. A basic signal in the database was the simple summation of the EMG signals that were acquired from volitional excitation only and ES-excitation only muscle tests. The entire database normally included 25 or more synthesized EMG signals, which covered the above described combinations volitional and ES trials.
Several processing schemes of the EMG signal were used to extract the volitional EMG envelope from the raw EMG signal, which included both of the volitional and the ES components. Each scheme comprised several stages, which can be divided into two block groups: rigid blocks whose inclusions are mandatory in the scheme, and flexible blocks, whose inclusions in the scheme are optional. The effect of the flexible blocks was tested by their progressive inclusion into the processing scheme.
A Processing scheme of the EMG signal. The grey blocks designate "Rigid" processing modules and their inclusion was mandatory in the scheme. The white blocks designate "Flexible" processing modules whose inclusions in the scheme are optional, and they were inserted into and out of the process in various combinations. * Butterworth, 4th order, with cut-offfrequency of 15 Hz. ** Butterworth, 4th order, with cut-off frequency of 5 Hz.
Where x(n) is the nth sample of the actual EMG signal, N stim is the stimulus duration expressed in number of samples and y(n) is the filtered EMG signal.
(e) The signal envelope was obtained by connecting the rectified signal peaks by straight lines.
(g) The smoothed envelope was normalized to EMG MVC , as previously defined: EMG Normalized = EMG envelope /EMG MVC .
The "rigid" modules thus included steps (a), (d), (f), and (g); and the "flexible" modules included steps (b), (c), and (e). Six different schemes, covering all possible combinations of "flexible" modules inclusion into the process, were tested.
where: N is the number of samples, CVEMG i is the i-th sample of the Calculated Volitional EMG (as obtained from the hybrid signal), MVEMG i is the i-th sample of the Measured Volitional EMG (as obtained from the database nominal signal), and PeakAmp MVEMG is the mean peak amplitude of the measured EMG.
This definition enabled a comparative analysis of errors, without being affected by their changing amplitudes.
Where: k is the gait cycle number, PeakAMP CVEMG_K is the peak amplitude of the Calculated Volitional EMG in cycle k, and PeakAMP MVEG_K is the peak amplitude of the Measured Volitional EMG in cycle k.
Both RMSE and MAE were calculated for each of the database files using all the EMG processing schemes. ANOVA statistics (α < 0.05) were used to determine statistical differences in the schemes' RMSE and MAE values.
Figure 4 illustrates typical volitional EMG envelopes that resulted from processing the synthesized signal, using three different processing schemes. The naked eye inspection reveals that the processing scheme including comb-filtering and artifact blocking window gave the closest result to the original volitional EMG signal. Tables 2 and 3 summarize the results of the RMSE and MAE values of the tested subjects and for the implemented processing schemes. The results indicate that the complete process, which included all blocks, consistently yielded low mean RMSE and MAE values compared to the other tested processes.
The RMSE values for the complete processing scheme, i.e., including all three "flexible" blocks, ranged between 1.21(0.87) and 3.85(3.32), lower compared to every other tested processing scheme. The highest RMSE errors were observed in those processes that did not include the Artifact Blocking Window module and their value ranged between 9.55(7.25) and 31.57(17.91). This points out to the importance of that module for the successful computation of the volitional EMG.
The MAE analyses results were not so conclusive. In 4 out of 5 subjects, the complete processing scheme yielded lower values, between 7.69(6.10) and 17.98(15.72), compared to every other tested processing scheme. In 3 subjects that decrease was significant. In one subject the process which included only two out of three "flexible" blocks, i.e., peak envelope and artifact blocking window, yielded lower (= 7.94) MAE values, compared to the complete process results (8.13). However, this difference was not significant. Similar to the RMSE indication, the MAE values also revealed high errors in processing schemes that did not include the artifact blocking window, with values ranging between 34.51(24.72) to 185.06(118.35)), thus providing further indication to the importance of this block.
The EMG signal provides useful information about the muscle force developed under volitional muscle contraction. In the time domain, the rectified EMG envelope has been widely used for various applications, ranging from simple On/Off activation trigger to muscle force estimation (e.g. [1, 26, 27]).
In cases of hybrid activation, i.e., when ES is being used to augment volitional muscle activation, the rectified EMG can be used either as a control signal [4–6, 14, 16], or as a muscle force estimator . In this mode of activation the volitional and ES-induced components of the EMG mix up together, and extraction of the volitional component from the raw EMG signal is required for monitoring and control purposes, necessitating multi-step processing procedures. Methods to extract the volitional component out of the raw EMG signal during hybrid activation have been developed (e.g., [6, 12, 16]). Few of these reports validate the success in extracting the volitional EMG. To accomplish that, the hybrid EMG signal was emulated by adding up together its volitional and induced components [7, 16].
In these latter studies muscle was under static contraction and the EMG signals were represented mathematically (i.e., by an explicit mathematical equation); thus the extraction process necessitated complex processing procedures such as filtration with adaptive filters , or Gram-Schmidt prediction error filters .
Several methods were used for evaluation of the success of extraction of the volitional EMG. The basic one was by visual inspection of the approximated signal which, despite not providing information on the processing method accuracy, can tell if the signal can be successfully utilized for control purposes [4–6, 9, 14].
More advanced methods utilized mathematical parameters to score the processing success. Yoem et al. used three evaluation criteria: (a) visual inspection of the power spectra of the signals; (b) comparison of the signals' RMS values; and (c) 'false-positive' parameter that calculated the number of times in which the extracted signal peak amplitude is higher than the maximum value of the pure original EMG ingredient. The obtained parameters' values, which indicated: good visual matching, RMS value close to 1, and small 'false-positive' value, enabled the authors to conclude that a 6th order Gram-Schmidt prediction error filter successfully preserves the original volitional EMG signal.
Sennels et al. illustrated various quantitative tools to test several configurations of adaptive filters. They showed, that for simulated data the adaptive filters they used were relatively insensitive to variations in the muscle responses; however for real-data, it was better to use adaptive filter with a large number of elements. Their results led them to the conclusion that a 6-element adaptive filer can successfully eliminate the ES share from the hybrid EMG signal.
The methodology developed in the present study was different in two respects: (a) each of the activation components was the result of dynamic, rather than static contraction, and (b) the signals were represented numerically, by means of their sampled actual values, obtained from repetitive dynamic contraction data simulating typical gait-like activity of the TA muscle during a swing phase. The advantage of this approach is that it better reflects real-life situation, whereby signals are normally dynamic, rather than static and they may not always be represented mathematically.
Additionally, since we were interested in the EMG envelope of the volitional component rather than in its raw signal, the resulting processing scheme turned to be much simpler than the one developed in the abovementioned previous works. This concept is different from other works, in which it is first attempted to obtain the raw volitional signal, and then apply standard processing routines to derive its envelope [4–6, 8, 12, 16, 20]. The idea here is that since the envelope pattern is smoother and well-defined compared to the raw EMG, it can be recovered more accurately and with less complexity, compared to the traditional methods. Those advantages are of great relevance when using the procedure for real-time applications.
Basically, the signal processing scheme relies on commonly used routines, involving 'rigid' and 'flexible' modules. The 'rigid' modules, which include high-pass filtration, signal rectification, and low-pass filtration, are commonly used for EMG envelope calculations (e.g.: [1, 20]); and the 'flexible' modules are commonly found in the context of ES artifacts removal [6, 12, 15, 17, 21]. The role of each module in the process is well defined: The "Artifact Blocking Window" module suppresses the ES artifact (e.g.: [6, 12], ). The Comb-filter filtration module further cleans the signal from the ES component . The Rectified signal peak envelope module provides a rough representation of the EMG envelope, and reconstructs its pattern in regions where the signal has been chopped out for artifact suppression (e.g., in the blocked regions). A processing scheme that combines together these modules is not found in literature.
Several works dealt with the ES artifact with utilization of only one of the above modules; mostly Comb-filter filtration or Artifact Blocking Window [12, 20, 21]. Frigo et al. have used both Comb-filter filtration and Artifact Blocking Window modules, and reported on improved elimination of ES component.
Our work has shown that all three 'flexible' modules are necessary for the appropriate elimination of the ES component from the overall signal. However, when only the Comb-filter or Artifact Blocking Window module takes part in the process, we demonstrated that inclusion of the Rectified peak envelope module was not necessary and could introduce substantial errors. This is because the Rectified Peak Envelope module is only effective when the signal is completely cleaned from its ES component.
When the Comb-filter filtration and Artifact Blocking Window were joined together in the process, the rectified signal did not have any substantial ES remainders and the envelope reconstruction was successful. However, when only one of the above modules was used, there were still some ES residuals that led to an erroneous envelope reconstruction.
It should be noted, though, that in the Rectified signal peak envelope module, a complete period of the signal is required in order to reconstruct its blocked regions. This introduces a time delay of one period, thus preventing real-time application of the Rectified signal peaks envelope module. For real-time applications, the literature has suggested several solutions to emulate the operation of this module, the most common being a blocking window with an average signal value, or a holder that retains the pre-blocking last sample value of the signal [8, 20, 21]. This allows for the reconstruction of the missing samples, thus providing its real-time envelope approximation.
To compare between the calculated volitional EMG-envelope (i.e., from synthetic database) and the actual one (from volitional only tests), we used two parameters, RMSE and MAE, for the large and small scale comparisons, respectively.
The RMSE expresses the mean difference between two signals, and reflects their general similarity. This parameter is widely used in literature (e.g: [7, 22]).
The MAE parameter expresses the difference between the approximated and actual signal amplitudes. Assuming that the signals do not have any difference in phase and shape, the difference in amplitudes represents the local error. Since many applications use the value of the EMG envelope as a control signal [4–6, 8, 12], MAE becomes important and knowledge of the envelope approximation error is required for system design. A similar MAE analysis is not found in literature, probably since all the related works dealt with recovery of the raw volitional-EMG signal and not of its envelope (e.g., [7, 20, 21, 23]).
The suggested method in our work provides rational evaluators for the performance of the various schemas. These, however, are not the only possible evaluators. For instance, Sennels et al used other evaluators to test the success of their methods. The first evaluator was used on simulated data, and examined the ratio between the input signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the output SNR; the second evaluator was used on real-data, and examined the power reduction of the input and output signals. Thus, further works should enable unbiased comparisons between current and earlier works.
It is noticeable that the variance of the MAE, and RMSE values between the subjects was high. Several reasons can lead to such behavior; e.g.: differences in anatomy, tissue structure, muscle fatigue, etc., which have an effect on the subject's ES pattern, and therefore on the schema performance. Nevertheless, for the selected schema, the obtained low values of RMSE and MAE (RMSE: 1.21 – 3.85%, MAE: 7.58 – 10.46%) in all the subjects but one, indicate the high accuracy of the processing method, and point out that the preferred computational scheme should include all modules.
A major assumption was made in this work, according to which the hybrid EMG can be represented by the superposition of the volitional only and induced only EMG signals. This assumption relied on a preliminary work, which verified that a superimposed signal has the characteristics of an actual hybrid signal; thus, the superimposed hybrid signal has a typical spike and M-wave which can be related to the ES component, together with a stochastic-like signal resulting from the volitional component. In addition, since the origins of the superimposed signal are known, we can establish an unbiased comparison between the various signal-processing schemes and their ability to satisfactorily resolve the hybrid signal into its components.
When a preferred signal-processing scheme is obtained, we can apply it to an in-vivo hybrid EMG signal with high certainty that the process outcome well-describes the hybrid signal origins.
Another assumption was that the simulated dynamic motion torque reflects the actual gait profile. This assumption should be further examined due to the fact that the actual gait motion is non-isometric, and is influenced by body kinematics that could in turn be reflected on the volitional and induced EMG signals. Nevertheless, the generality of the selected schema enables its implementation to more realistic gait-like signals without any noticeable changes.
This work defined a computational scheme to extract, from the overall dynamic EMG signal, the volitional EMG envelope, to serve as a basic signal for control and force evaluation. For this purpose, a "synthetic" database was created from in-vivo experiments to emulate hybrid EMG signals, including the volitional and induced components. The database was used to evaluate the performance of six different signal processing schemes. Performance was evaluated by means of two measures that examined the process success both from the local and in the global aspects: RMSE and MAE, respectively. The results indicated that the processing scheme that included seven modules led to an excellent approximation of the volitional EMG envelope after extraction from the hybrid signal. Moreover, it underlined the importance of Artifact Blocking Window module in the process. The results of this work have direct implications on the development of hybrid muscle activation rehabilitation systems. Future work should focus on the implementation of the algorithm in actual rehabilitation systems and on the evaluation of its performance in real-time conditions.
This study was supported in part by the Isler Foundation. The technical assistance of Dr. Oleg Verbitsky is gratefully acknowledged.
EL participated in the design of the study, carried out the experiments, data analysis and drafted the manuscript. EI participated in the design of the study, especially the clinical aspects. JM participated in the design of the study, drafted the manuscript, and supervised the research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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What should I know before signing a lease for an apartment?
Read the rental lease carefully. It should describe the condition of each room in detail.
Note any damage or items in disrepair. Get the landlord to agree, in writing, to make repairs before you sign or pay a deposit.
Make sure you are aware of any extra fees involved, like pet rent, a parking fee, or a utility fee.
Clarify who pays for electric, gas, water, sewage, trash, lawn care, and pest control. If you're on the line for these expenses, make sure you're prepared to pay.
If you don't understand something in the lease, ask what it means. Never sign a lease with blanks to be filled in later. And never settle for an oral agreement. If it isn't in writing, you have no proof to support you in a dispute.
If you have doubts about anything in a lease agreement, talk to an attorney.
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Did you know that the United Nations declared spirulina the best food for the future?
As a health-foodie, I'm always on the lookout for the next best superfood.
Quinoa. Blueberries. Coconut Oil. Kale. Chia seeds. Stalwart superfoods.
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Does Huperzine A Really Work?
Huperzine A is a potent nootropic substance extracted from a Chinese herb known as club moss (Huperzia serrata). The extracts of this herb have been used for ages in china as a tradition treatment for headaches and fever (source). The drug has a great potential as a cognitive booster and memory enhancer. It is known to improve cognitive function and speed up learning by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine; a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with learning and intelligence.
Huperzine A has also been shown to protect the brain against stress from injuries such as stroke and physical fatigue. In addition, researchers have used the compound to treat neurodegenerative illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease with some impressive results. To determine whether this supplement works, let’s take a quick look at some of its effects and benefits.
Boosts cognitive power and memory: Huperzine A is known to enhance cognitive function by improving memory, mental clarity, focus and the speed of learning. It does this by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine hence boosting its levels in your brain. Most neuroscientists describe acetylcholine as learning transmitter’; this is because it improves electrochemical communication between the neurons which in turn promotes memory retention.
It protects the brain: Research on some elderly individual has revealed that Huperzine A can help protect your brain from neuron effect damage. Additionally, it has been shown to alleviate the oxidative brain damage from glutamine toxicity. Studies have also revealed that this supplement can help to hasten recovery from traumatic brain and spinal cord injury by preventing damage to the mitochondria and postponing cell death.
Prevents Alzheimer’s disease: Aggregate data from multiple Alzheimer’s studies has shown that Huperzine A has a stronger effect on treating Alzheimer’s disease compared to other interventions. This supplement is thought to improve mental ability and overall well-being as well as reduce inflammation which in turn prevents Alzheimer’s escalations.
Can help with Epileptic Seizures: Studies conducted on animals have shown that the drug can protect the brain cells from overexcitement and death associated with convulsions. Additionally, it makes the brain tissue more resistant to various forms of epilepsy-induced seizures.
A safe way to treat addiction: Several studies based on self-administration revealed that Huperzine A can decrease an individual’s perception of the cocaine, which could be a safe way of treating the addiction.
Traditional uses: Club moss extract has been used for centuries in China as a traditional medicine in the treatment of headaches, fever, strains, swelling, and bruises. More recently, club moss extract has been used in treating rheumatism, colds, organophosphate poisoning, schizophrenia, and myasthenia gravis.
This is an extremely potent substance with very powerful effects. It can be taken orally by ingestion or as an injection. Each method of administration has its own circumstances. For instance, injections can be given on a daily basis to patients with muscle weakness caused by diseases such as myasthenia gravis. On the other hand, oral ingestion is best recommended for Alzheimer’s patients who have intellectual skills decline.
The general recommended dosage range for Huperzine A is between 100mcg and 200mcg (micrograms) once per day. In patients with senile dementia, two doses of 30 mcg per day are recommended, which should be increased to two doses of 100mcg per day in adolescents.
Some suppliers recommend a single dose of 200mcg per day for those who are simply in for its cognitive benefits. However, it is highly recommend that you read the label carefully or visit the manufacturer’s website to see their recommendations on dosage.
Huperzine A is generally a safe substance and does not cause any serious side effects even with daily use. Users may not notice any reactions within the first month of using the compound under the recommended dosage rate. However, at slightly high doses, some users have reported side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite, blurred vision, sweating, muscle twitching, slurred speech, restlessness and increased saliva.
Users who are pregnant or nursing, and those with any history of a heart disease or epilepsy should not take this drug. In general, self-medicating users who are new to this kind of drugs should start with smaller doses and only consider to increasing to higher doses when they have fully understood the drug’s effects.
Huperzine A is an excellent supplement for enhancing cognitive performance, boosting memory and protecting your brain. It’s one of the very few brain supplements that offer numerous nootropic and neuroprotective properties with massive acceptance by the research and neuroscience community.
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I am working on my AI project.
I want to see images diffrence then previous image.Means In Output only diffrence from previous image should come not the full image.
But i am not able to do that.IS it possible?
Please let me know if i am clear with my problem.
Yes, this is possible. See the Other->Movement module. This module will allow you to show the difference (absolute subtraction) from the current image to the previous. See http://www.roborealm.com/help/Movement.php for more information about this module.
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Spent the day shooting a guest star role in the upcoming Netflix drama Unbelievable starring Toni Collette and produced by Katie Couric!
I remember reading this article when it first came out three years ago and feeling so deeply affected by it. It’s an important story about the injustices that women regularly face that needs to be told, and I am truly honored to help the show’s producers do just that.
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Usual unit testing is based on examples: We define the input for our unit and check for an expected output. Thus, we can ensure that for a specific sample our code works right. However, this does not prove the correctness for all possible inputs. Property based testing, also called property checking, takes another approach by adhering to the scientific theory of Falsifiability: As long as there is no evidence that a proposed property of our code is false, it is assumed to be true. In this article we are using Vavr (formerly called Javaslang) for property based testing to verify a simple FizzBuzz implementation.
I am using Vavr Streams to generate an infinite FizzBuzz sequence which should satisfy certain properties. Compared with Java 8 Streams, the main benefit in the scope of this article is that the Vavr variant provides a good API to retrieve individual elements with the get function.
Property based testing (PBT) allows developers to specify the high-level behaviour of a program in terms of invariants it should fullfill. A PBT framework creates test cases to ensure that the program runs as specified.
A property is the combination of an invariant with an input values generator. For each generated value, the invariant is treated as a predicate and checked whether it yields true or false for that value.
As soon as there is one value which yields false, the property is said to be falsified and checking is aborted. If a property cannot be falsified after a specific amount of sample data, the property is assumed to be satisfied.
Take a function that reverses a list as an example. It has several implicit invariants that must hold in order to provide proper functionality. One of them is, that the first element of a list is the last element of the same list reversed. A corresponding property combines this invariant with a generator which generates lists with random values and lengths.
Asssume, that the generator generates the following input values: [1,2,3], ["a","b"] and [4,5,6]. The list reverse function returns [3,2,1] for [1,2,3]. The first element of the list is the last elment of the same list reversed. The check yields true. The list reverse funcion returns ["a", "b"] for ["a", "b"]. The first element of the list is not the last element of the same list reversed. The check yields false. The property is falsified.
In Vavr the default amount of tries to falisfy a property is 1000.
FizzBuzz is often taken as a sample exercise in job interviews where applicants should fizzbuzz the numbers from 1 to 100. FizzBuzz can also be used as a Kata simple enough to focus on the surroundings like language, libraries or tooling instead of the business logic.
A stream seems to be a good way to model FizzBuzz. We will start with an empty one and gradually improve it to pass our tests.
From the description of FizzBuzz we can derive a first property about the FizzBuzz Stream: Every third element should start with Fizz. Vavr’s property checking implementation provides fluent APIs to create generators and properties.
Arbitrary.integer() generates arbitrary integers which are filtered for positive multiples of 3 using filter.
The function mustStartWithFizz is the invariant: For a given index, the corresponding element in the stream (get is 0-indexed) must start with Fizz. The call to suchThat further below requires a CheckedFunction1, which is like a function but may throw a checked exception (something we do not need here).
Property::def takes a short description and creates a Property. The call to forAll takes an Arbitrary and ensures that the invariant in suchThat must hold for all input values generated by the Arbitrary.
The check function uses the generator to create multiples of 3 in the range from 0 to 100. It returns a CheckResult which can be queried about the result or be asserted.
The property is not satisfied, because for every generated multiple of 3 the corresponding element does not exist in the empty Stream. Let’s fix this by providing a suitable stream.
Every third element must start with Fizz: OK, passed 1000 tests in 111 ms.
Per default, check tries to falsify a property 1000 times. Each time, the given Arbitrary generates a sample value which depends on a size parameter. Per default, the size parameter is set to 100. For Arbitrary.integer() the negative size parameter defines the lower bound and the positive size parameter defines the upper bound for the generated value. This means, a generated integer has a value between -100 and 100. We further limit the generated values to be only positive and to be multiples of 3. This means, we test each multiple of 3 in the range from 1 to 100 approximately 30 times.
Fortunately, Vavr allows us to adapt the size and the number of tries by providing corresponding parameters to the check function.
Now, the generated multiples of 3 are drawn from a range between 1 and 10’000 and the property is checked 1000 times.
A second property which can be derived from the FizzBuzz description is that every multiple of 5 must end with Buzz.
This time, property checking and assertion are combined.
This property is falsified just like the one checking Buzz was initially. But this time not because there are no elements (since the last test the fizzBuzz function creates an infinite stream) but because every fifth element is an empty string or sometimes Fizz but never Buzz.
Let’s fix this by returning Buzz for every fifth element.
Every fifth element must end with Buzz: Falsified after 7 passed tests in 56 ms.
Expected satisfied check result but was Falsified(propertyName = Every fifth element must end with Buzz, count = 8, sample = (30)).
The reason is, that 30 is divisible by 3 and by 5 but in the fizzBuzz() implementation above divisibility by 3 has a higher precedence than divisibility by 5. However, a change in precedence does not solve the issue, because the first property that every third element should start with Fizz would be falsified. A solution is to return FizzBuzz if it is divisible by 3 and 5.
Both properties are satisfied with this approach.
A third property that can be derived from the FizzBuzz description is that every non-third and non-fifth element should remain a number.
The check of this property fails, because so far the fizzBuzz function maps non-Fizz and non-Buzz numbers to the empty String. Returning the number solves this issue.
Checking these three properties is enough to shape the fizzBuzz function. There is no need for a special FizzBuzz property because this case is already covered by the Fizz and Buzz properties. However, we could add another property which should not hold for all elements. For example, there should be no white space between Fizz and Buzz in FizzBuzz. I think this is a nice exercise and I leave it you, my dear reader, to define and check such a property.
There is another flaw in our tests, though: Our properties are not specific enough. Checking that an element starts with Fizz or ends with Buzz is also satisfied by a stream which just contains FizzBuzz for any multiple of 3 and 5. Can you fix our properties?
As said before, PBT has the advantage that one can focus on specifying the expected behaviour of a program instead of defining each edge case. This shifts testing to a more declarative level.
Compared with other implementations Vavr provides a nice fluent API which is unobtrusive regarding the used test framework. It works with JUnit 4, JUnit 5 and TestNG. Spock has a BDD mindest and I am not sure if the term specifcation has the same meaning in Spock as in PBT but this could be explored in another article. It seems to be a nice addition to the data-driven approach.
A disadvantage is that rare bugs may not be discovered on the first run and may brake later builds. Further, coverage reports may differ from build to build. However, this is negligible.
The crucial part of PBT is how well the underlying random number generator (RNG) performs and how well it is seeded. A bad RNG yields a bad distribution of test samples and this may result in “blind spots” of the tested code. Vavr relies on ThreadLocalRandom and this is more than okay.
Vavr currently has a limited amount of supported types. It would be beneficial to also support generic subdomains like time and to provide a way to generate random entities and value objects of a core domain.
We have seen that Property based testing is based on the theory of Falsifiability. We learned that Vavr has a fluent API which codifies this idea. It enables us to define porperties as the combination of an invariant and an input values generator. Per default, an invariant is checked against 1000 generated samples.
This enabled us to think about FizzBuzz on more declarative level. We defined and checked three properties and discussed the outcomes.
Last, we talked about benefits and disadvantages of PBT.
Gregor wrote his first program, a text adventure in BASIC, when he was 12 years old. Since then he had a look in many topics of Software Development. Gregor values learning, modesty and team work. Currently, he is into Scala and the functional extensions of Java 8. Further, he eagerly tries to understand all facets of Domain Driven Design. You can hire Gregor and get more information about him from his personal blog.
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According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, prices for transportation services were 2,627.23% higher in 2018 versus 1935 (a $16,551.57 difference in value).
Between 1935 and 2018: Transportation services experienced an average inflation rate of 4.06% per year. This rate of change indicates significant inflation. In other words, transportation services costing $630 in the year 1935 would cost $17,181.57 in 2018 for an equivalent purchase. Compared to the overall inflation rate of 3.56% during this same period, inflation for transportation services was higher.
Therefore, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, $630 in 1935 has the same "purchasing power" as $17,181.57 in 2018 (in the CPI category of Transportation services).
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Whether you are an exercise pro or a beginner to the gym chances are you have a few questions about your workout. With summer just around the corner everyone is stepping up the workout to get ultimate results. Here are a few tips to keep that workout moving in the right direction.
Work out every day: You don’t need to be at the gym seven days in a row, but try for at least five days. To get a good habit started you must be consistent. Doing something every day even if it is just a little is all you need to keep up the motivation. For the best results, don’t overwhelm yourself. You should aim for 30 minutes of cardio every day and strength training twice a week for the first month or two. Once this workout has become a part of your regular routine you are ready to increase your intensity.
Set new goals: It’s easy for gym regulars to hit a slump and stop seeing the benefits or having the fun that kept them motivated in the past. Before you start dodging gym dates, find a new challenge: Sign up for a 5K, or plan an active vacation like hiking or kayaking. Keeping your workouts interesting and goal oriented will make it more fun and also give you something to work toward.
Breathe better: To improve your performance, focus on your breathing. Next time you are jogging on the treadmill or out on the path try inhaling to a count of three and exhaling to a count of three. Steady your breathing with your pace and you will feel more energized during your workout.
Something new: Many advanced exercisers can get stuck in a workout rut. Some exercisers will stick to the same workouts because they are familiar with it. Try new exercises that are completely different from what you normally do. Those are the moves that help build a stronger, more balanced body and prevent overuse injuries. By changing up your routine you are challenging your body in a different way and forcing your body to adjust. This will help create a more balanced workout.
Work out with someone slower: Once a week, exercise with a buddy who moves at a more leisurely pace. You’ll give your body a chance to regenerate, and maybe you’ll even have a bit more fun. It’s good to be competitive but every once in a while it’s nice to give your body a break and change up the normal routine.
Get stuck on the treadmill: New exercisers often do the same routine for the same duration and at the same intensity every time they work out. First of all, this is a really good way to make exercise become a task instead of a release. This bad habit gets reinforced because, as your workouts get easier, you’re fooled into thinking you’ve become more fit. In reality, your muscles have just grown accustomed to the challenge. Be sure to mix up your routine by varying your time and intensity and by cross-training on the bike or elliptical machine, or by going for a jog outside.
Be a slouch: Whether you’re leafing through the latest gossip rag on the elliptical or curling dumbbells on a bench, straighten up. Slumping causes you to check out of your workout both mentally and physically. Focus on sitting or standing up straight, since most people spend a lot of time sitting at a computer give your shoulders a break and pay attention to posture. Slouching also keeps you from breathing deeply, which is necessary for delivering the oxygen your muscles need to work at full capacity.
Be unbalanced: Most regular exercisers are diligent about including cardio, strength, and flexibility in their routines, but they forget about balance. This critical skill allows you to move fluidly and avoid injuries. At the end of your workout, stand on one leg and lift the other out in front of you. Try to hold this for 20 to 30 seconds, then, repeat with the other leg. If this maneuver seems too easy for you try adding a BOSU ball to your workout. Stand on the BOSU while doing bicep curls or shoulder presses.
Focus on the numbers: Tracking your running time or calorie count provides instant feedback on your workout. Try not to get too hung up on the numbers. When you have a goal whether it be time, distance or calories it feels great to reach it. If it becomes an obsession it takes the joy out of the workout. Be sure not to push yourself to your limits all the time. Take a day and run just for fun.
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How much will a solicitor charge to write a letter stating the marital status of my mother? i asked a friend who said it would be about £300! which seems excessive.
I seriously doubt it would cost anywhere near that. We don't charge our clients for letters they need as proof of something to show anyone (for all sorts of things). Some charge around £10-£20. Depends on each individual firm I suppose.
thats what i thought, basically my mums separated but not divorced, she has all the council tax and tax credit stuff so i'm guessing that would be sufficient proof, but i was told she needs to come in for consultation and adding the charge of the letter makes the bill around about £300.
she hasn't got a 'decree absolute', but she is separated.
I would guess about an hour of their time. My hourly rate is £144+vat.
It isnt just a letter that needs writing. A file would need to be opened, ID taken, instructions given etc.
I used to charge out at £160 + VAT over 10 years ago :-) but a lot of solicitors also offer free legal clinics at certain times so it's worth having a look locally and seeing if there are any nearby, as you may well be able to get this done for free if it's straightforward.
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Central Alaskan Yup'ik is the largest of the state's Native languages, both in the size of its population and the number of speakers.
Of a total population of about 21,000 people, about 10,000 are speakers of the language. Children still grow up speaking Yup'ik as their first language in 17 of 68 Yup'ik villages, those mainly located on the lower Kuskokwim River, on Nelson Island, and along the coast between the Kuskokwim River and Nelson Island. The main dialect is General Central Yup'ik, and the other four dialects are Norton Sound, Hooper Bay-Chevak, Nunivak, and Egegik.
Central Alaskan Yup'ik lies geographically and linguistically between Alutiiq and Siberian Yupik.
The use of the apostrophe in Central Alaskan Yup'ik, as opposed to Siberian Yupik, denotes a long p. The word Yup'ik represents not only the language but also the name for the people themselves (yuk 'person' plus pik 'real'.) In Chevak the language is referred to as Cup'ik, and in Nunivak as Cup'ig, words that are also used in place of Yup'ik to denote a person of this group.
Early linguistic work in Central Yup'ik was done primarily by Russian Orthodox, then Jesuit Catholic and Moravian missionaries, leading to a modest tradition of literacy used in letter writing. In the 1960s, Irene Reed and others at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks developed a modern writing system for the language, and their work led to the establishment of the state's first school bilingual programs in four Yup'ik villages in the early 1970s.
Since then a wide variety of bilingual materials has been published, as well as Steven Jacobson's comprehensive dictionary of the language and his complete practical classroom grammar, and story collections and narratives by many others, including a novel by Anna Jacobson.
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TL;DR news is the only place to get all of your Scottish football news ranked and prioritised in order of importance for you.
Zenit St Petersburg have claimed a story in the Scottish Sun, stating that Celtic fans could be targeted by gangsters posing as fake police offers, as “fake news.” The Daily Record seem to agree, referring to the paper as “a downmarket English-based tabloid” in their coverage of the remark from Celtic’s next opponents.
Graeme Murty has stated that he nor the club are under any financial pressure to sell Alfredo Morelos.
Jose Mourinho has urged Alex McLeish to call up young Manchester United midfielder, Scott McTominay, before the English FA snap him up.
Murty has taken an entertaining 5-3 victory over Hamilton in his stride, stating that Rangers shouldn’t limit their hopes at simply finishing second above the rest of the Scottish Premiership sides.
Youssouf Mulumbu has told the Scottish Sun that Kilmarnock are now targeting a top four finish in the league.
Tommy Wright has urged his players to play like they did against Celtic each and every week for the remainder of the season. Although drawing 0-0 in each their remaining fixtures may not get them very far.
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respond to these 2 questions in 100 words or more with references and in text citations.
1. In science, a measurement is collection of quantitative or numerical data that describes a property of an object or event. A measurement is made by comparing a quantity with a standard unit. Since this comparison cannot be perfect, measurements inherently include error, which is how much a measured value deviates from the true value. The study of measurement is called metrology. There are many measurement systems that have been used throughout history and across the world, but progress has been made since the 18th century in setting an international standard. The modern International System of Units (SI) bases all types of physical measurements on seven base units. International System of Units (SI) is an official system of measurement used throughout the world for units in length, volume, mass, temperature, and time.
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Energy is the ability to do work. Energy comes in many forms: chemical energy, electrical energy, heat energy, light energy, mechanical energy and nuclear energy. Wind energy is a form of renewable energy that comes from wind. Other types of renewable energies include slow but steady tidal power, geothermal power (only possible in some areas, tapping heat from deep in the Earth), and biofuels (fuels derived from plants and algae). These energy types are renewable because the source of the energy is never ending (wind, sun, water etc.). Perhaps wind energy might be the energy source for future cars?
Design a mast and sail for a car of the future. You have been provided with a car base to attach it to. Plan it using the materials given and the design engineer process. You will need to test and adjust your design so that you obtain the best distance travelled by your car.
Measure the distance it travels when using a fan (A more specific machine/toy could be provide: car, kit, plane, boat).
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Should you winterize your homes crawlspace for the winter? As the weather starts turning colder, many homeowners will start to look at the exterior of their home to find ways to save on energy usage by weatherizing faucets, windows and crawlspace vents.
Woodpeckers are very common in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in the spring and fall seasons. Woodpeckers have sharply pointed beaks and a long tongue that is specifically adapted to stick out for an extended period of time to probe cracks and crevices for food sources. There are over 20 species of woodpeckers in the United States, and are migratory.
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The hydrologic framework of the Santa Clara Valley in northern California was redefined on the basis of new data and a new hydrologic model. The regional groundwater flow systems can be subdivided into upper-aquifer and lower-aquifer systems that form a convergent flow system within a basin bounded by mountains and hills on three sides and discharge to pumping wells and the southern San Francisco Bay. Faults also control the flow of groundwater within the Santa Clara Valley and subdivide the aquifer system into three subregions.
After decades of development and groundwater depletion that resulted in substantial land subsidence, Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) and the local water purveyors have refilled the basin through conservation and importation of water for direct use and artificial recharge. The natural flow system has been altered by extensive development with flow paths toward major well fields. Climate has not only affected the cycles of sedimentation during the glacial periods over the past million years, but interannual to interdecadal climate cycles also have affected the supply and demand components of the natural and anthropogenic inflows and outflows of water in the valley. Streamflow has been affected by development of the aquifer system and regulated flow from reservoirs, as well as conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. Interaquifer flow through water- supply wells screened across multiple aquifers is an important component to the flow of groundwater and recapture of artificial recharge in the Santa Clara Valley. Wellbore flow and depth-dependent chemical and isotopic data indicate that flow into wells from multiple aquifers, as well as capture of artificial recharge by pumping of water- supply wells, predominantly is occurring in the upper 500 ft (152 m) of the aquifer system. Artificial recharge represents about one-half of the inflow of water into the valley for the period 1970–1999. Most subsidence is occurring below 250 ft (76 m), and most pumpage occurs within the upper-aquifer system between 300 and 650 ft (between 91 and 198 m) below land surface.
Overall, the natural quality of most groundwater in the Santa Clara Valley is good. Isotopic data indicate that artificial recharge is occurring throughout the shallower parts of the upper-aquifer system and that recent recharge (less than 50 yr old) occurs throughout most of the basin in the upper-aquifer system, but many of the wells in the center of the basin with deeper well screens do not contain tritium and recent recharge. Age dates indicate that the groundwater in the upper-aquifer system generally is less than 2000 yr old, and groundwater in the lower-aquifer system generally ranges from 16,700 to 39,900 yr old. Depth-dependent sampling indicates that wellbores are the main path for vertical flow between aquifer layers. Isotopic data indicate as much as 60% of water pumped from production wells originated as artificial recharge. Shallow aquifers not only contain more recent recharge but may be more susceptible to anthropogenic and natural contamination, as evidenced by trace occurrences of iron, nitrate, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in selected water-supply wells.
Water-resource management issues are centered on sustaining a reliable and good-quality source of water to the residents and industries of the valley. While the basin has been refilled, increased demand owing to growth and droughts could result in renewed storage depletion and the related potential adverse effects of land subsidence and seawater intrusion. The new hydrologic model demonstrates the importance of the aquifer layering, faults, and stream channels in relation to groundwater flow and infiltration of recharge. This model provides a means to analyze water resource issues because it separates the supply and demand components of the inflows and outflows.
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When World War II ended, Korea became a divided nation. North of the 38th parallel, a line that crosses Korea at 38 degrees north latitude, the Japanese surrendered to the Soviets. South of that line, the Japanese surrendered to the Allies.
As in Germany, two nations developed. The Soviet Union supported a Communist government in North Korea. The United States supported a non-Communist government in South Korea. On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. President Truman fought this move with help from the UN. The United States and other countries sent troops to assist South Korea. At first, the North Korean army captured almost all of South Korea.
Then the UN army made a bold counterattack. The attack was led by General Douglas MacArthur. In 1953, the two Koreas agreed to a cease-fire. The earlier boundary splitting North and South Korea remained the same.
North Korea had a Communist government. It had a strong army and tight government control, but it also had many economic problems. For more than 30 years, dictators ruled South Korea. But its economy grew, in part because it received U.S. aid. Free elections were held in South Korea after a new constitution was adopted in 1987.
A nationalist named Ho Chi Minh drove the French out of Vietnam. This worried the United States because Ho had turned to the Communists for help. Many Americans thought if one country became Communist, others would also, like a row of dominoes. This idea is known as the domino theory. A peace conference split Vietnam in two, with Ho taking charge of North Vietnam. The country had a Communist government. Communist rebels - the Vietcong - stayed active in the South.
The non-Communist government of the South had been set up by the United States and France. Its leader was Ngo Dinh Diem. When his government was threatened by Communists, the United States began to send troops. When they could not win the war on the ground, they tried bombing. Many people in the United States came to oppose the war.
How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
In the late 1960s, President Richard Nixon began a plan called Vietnamization. This plan called for a gradual pullout of U.S. troops. At the same time, the South Vietnamese increased their combat role. The last American troops left in 1973. Two years later, North Vietnam overran the South and made Vietnam one country again. Today, Vietnam remains Communist but is looking for other nations to invest in its economy.
Fighting in Vietnam spilled over into Vietnam's neighbor, Cambodia. Rebels there were known as the Khmer Rouge. They set up a brutal Communist government. The Khmer Rouge killed 2 million people. In 1978, the Vietnamese invaded the country. They overthrew the Khmer Rouge. Vietnam withdrew in 1989. In 1993, Cambodia held free elections for the first time.
What happened in Vietnam after the United States withdrew?
In which year was the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam the highest?
What is the greatest number of troops the South Vietnamese army had at one time?
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*Disclaimer - The products in this post were sent to me from Sephora, in order to facilitate this review.
Are you a Sephora lover? Then you'll love these makeup items!
Sephora has always been known for a huge variety of makeup and other beauty products as well. I love their eyeshadows a lot and enjoy getting to try out different colors throughout the year for them.
I kept the lighter colors and ended up giving the darker ones to my sister in laws and nieces, and of course, they love them so far. Our nieces are always wanting me to get makeup for them!
Sephora also sent me their Holiday Collection for beauty items and I shared these with my sister in laws and nieces as well. If there is one category that you can never have enough of it's makeup! All of the items that I received would make great stocking stuffers for women, especially the eyeshadows!
I always enjoy getting Sephora's holiday collection each year to see what they have coming out, and they never disappoint! I know so many people who would absolutely love to have these beauty products, but they're not local so they'll have to check out their Sephora store or online for the items.
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On 30 April 1938, Preston North End defeated Huddersfield Town 1-0 in the FA Cup Final before a crowd of 93,497 at Wembley Stadium. The match is notable for being the first FA Cup final to be broadcast live on television.
The first 90 minutes were scoreless, so the teams went to extra time. In the last minute of extra time, the match was still scoreless and a replay seemed inevitable when BBC commentator Thomas Woodrooffe famously said "If there's a goal scored now, I'll eat my hat." Seconds later, Preston North End were awarded a penalty, which forward George Mutch scored by bouncing it off the underside of the crossbar, giving Preston the win.
Woodrooffe later kept his word, eating a hat made from cake.
On 29 April 1967, Celtic defeated Aberdeen in the Scottish Cup Final, one of the five trophies claimed by the Glasgow club that season.
Celtic roared through the early stages of the Cup, beating Arbroath 4-0 in the first round, then crushing Elgin City 7-0 in the second round. Queen's Park proved a more difficult opponent before succumbing 5-3, and Clyde actually held Celtic to a 0-0 draw in the semifinals, but lost 2-0 in the replay.
The final was played at Hampden Park, Glasgow, before a crowd of over 126,000. Scotland was well represented, as the only non-Scottish player for either side was Aberdeen's Danish midfielder Jens Peterson. Even both managers were Scottish, with Eddie Turnbull for the Dons and Jock Stein for Celtic. Celtic won the match 2-0, with both goals coming from forward Willie Wallace (pictured with the Scottish Cup).
Celtic had already won the Glasgow Cup and the Scottish League Cup that season, and would go on to claim the league title as well. The season is best remembered, however, for their 2-1 win over Inter Milan in the European Champions Cup in Lisbon.
On 28 April 1948, Evanivaldo Castro was born in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil. Better known as "Cabinho," he spent the majority of his career in Mexico, where he was one of the league's top goalscorers.
He started his career for Brazilian club Flamengo, but played only six matches for them before moving in 1974 to Mexico's Club Universidad Nacional, better known as the UNAM Pumas. He made an immediate impact, scoring 16 goals his first season, then becoming the team's leading goalscorer for the next four seasons (though he shared that title in 1978-79 with teammate Hugo Sánchez). With Cabinho providing the attack, UNAM won their first league title in 1977.
In 1979, he transferred to Atlante FC, where he continued his scoring touch, leading the team in goals in each of his first three seasons. He later played for Club León and UANL Tigres, in between returning to Brazil for a one-year stint with Paysandu. In all, he scored 312 goals in 415 matches for Mexican sides.
On 27 April 1901, Tottenham Hotspur defeated Sheffield United 3-1 to claim the FA Cup. At the time, Spurs were members of the Southern League and thus were the first non-Football League side to win the FA Cup.
The cup final was originally played on 20 April 1901 at Crystal Palace, London, before a crowd of almost 115,000. At the end of extra time, however, Spurs and the Blades were deadlocked at 2-2, forcing a replay. The replay was held one week later, with the venue changed to Burnden Park, Bolton. The crowd was substantially smaller for the second match, with attendance barely topping 20,000.
Sheffield United left winger Fred Priest gave the Blades a 1-0 lead in the 40th minute, but Spurs forward John Cameron equalized in the 52nd minute. Tottenham right winger Tom Smith then found the net in the 76th minute, putting them ahead 2-1. Finally, in the 87th minute, Spurs center forward Sandy Brown scored the final goal (pictured above) and Tottenham won 3-1. The wife of club director Morton Cadman tied colored ribbons on the FA Cup before it was presented to Spurs captain Jack Jones, starting an English tradition that endures to the present day.
Labels: 1901 FA Cup Final, Alex "Sandy" Brown, Fred Priest, Jack Jones, John Cameron, Sheffield United F.C., Tom Smith, Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
On 26 April 1902, English Second Division side Newton Heath F.C. changed its name.
The club, nicknamed the Heathens, was founded in 1878 by workers from the Newton Heath depot of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, located in the city of Manchester. Their origins were reflected in the team's original name - Newton Heath L&YR F.C. They joined the Second Division of the Football League in 1893, dropping the "L&YR" from their name.
By 1902, the Heathens were in financial trouble. Their debts - which had climbed to over £2,500 - threatened to force them into bankruptcy. The club captain, Harry Stafford, met with J.H. Davies, the managing director of the nearby Manchester Breweries. Stafford persuaded Davies to make a substantial investment, allowing the club to continue. In return, Davies became club president.
The team decided to adopt a new name and colors in celebration of their new ownership and fresh start. They abandoned their gold and green shirts for red and white and, after considering such names as "Manchester Central" and "Manchester Celtic," decided to call themselves Manchester United F.C. They were promoted to the First Division soon after, in 1906, and won their first league title in 1908.
Labels: Harry Stafford, J.H. Davies, Manchester United F.C., Newton Heath F.C.
On 25 April 1947, football legend and three-time European Footballer of the Year Johan Cruyff was born in Amsterdam.
A pioneer in the Dutch concept of "total football," Cruyff started his playing career at the age of 10, when he joined the Ajax youth academy. His first appearance for the first team came on 15 November 1964, when he scored the only goal for Ajax in a 3-1 loss.
Within a year, he was a regular first team player, scoring 25 goals in 23 games in the 1965-66 season, as Ajax claimed the Eredivisie title. He was the league's top goalscorer the following season, with 33 goals, as Ajax again claimed the league title and also won the KNVB Cup. He stayed with Ajax until August 1973, scoring 251 goals in 319 appearances in all competitions.
In the summer of 1973, Cruyff was sold to Barcelona for 6 million guilder, and immediately helped them claim the La Liga title that season - their first since 1960. He was an immediate fan favorite, and continued his prolific scoring, with 61 goals in 184 total appearances for the Catalan side.
Cruyff was lured away from Barça in 1979 by the Los Angeles Aztecs, who offered him a very lucrative deal in their efforts to legitimize American football. His was named NASL Player of the Year in his one season with the Aztecs. He then played for the Washington Diplomats and Levante in Spain before returning to the Netherlands to play for Ajax and then Feyenoord.
He retired from playing in 1984, but enjoyed a successful managerial career with Ajax (1986-88) and Barça (1988-96), winning multiple awards and trophies.
On 24 April 1988, Luton Town F.C. staged a dramatic upset victory over heavily-favored Arsenal in the 1988 League Cup Final, claiming the club's first major trophy.
Playing at Wembley Stadium before a crowd of 95,732, the Hatters shocked the defending champions by taking an early lead with a goal from forward Brian Stein in the 13th minute. In the second half, however, Arsenal rallied. Gunners striker Alan Smith brought them level in the 71st minute, then winger Martin Hayes scored three minutes later to give Arsenal a 2-1 lead.
The match appeared to be a certain victory for Arsenal when, in the 85th minute, the Gunners were awarded a penalty. Luton keeper Andy Dibble saved Nigel Winterburn's spot kick, however, and the Hatters regained their early momentum. In the 82nd minute, after a faulty clearance from Arsenal defender Gus Caesar near the edge of his penalty area, Stein crossed the ball in for Luton midfielder Danny Wilson, who headed home the equalizer.
With seconds left in regulation, and extra time looming, Arsenal defender and captain Tony Adams fouled Luton substitute Mark Stein. Brian Stein then scored his second goal of the match from the ensuing free kick, and Luton were League Cup champions. The trophy itself was broken during the post-match celebrations.
The Hatters returned to the League Cup Final in 1989, but lost to Nottingham Forest. In 1992, they were relegated from the top flight. Luton's fortunes continued to sour, leading to subsequent relegations and administration. After spending the last five seasons out of the Football League, Luton recently earned promotion and will return for the 2014-15 season.
On 23 April 1945, Bayern Munich defeated 1860 Munich 3-2 in what turned out to be the last recorded match in the Third Reich.
When Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party came to power in 1933, the new regime quickly expanded its control into all areas of German society, including football. The Nazis appointed party member Hans von Tschammer und Osten as the country's Reichssportsführer, placing him in charge of all German sports, including the nation's football teams.
As part of the new Third Reich, the football clubs were required to purge all Jews from their ranks. Thus, in 1933, Bayern's Jewish president, Kurt Landauer (pictured), was forced to resign. He later spent two months in a concentration camp, but escaped Germany in 1939 and fled to Switzerland. In 1940, Bayern visited Landauer in Switzerland as a show of support. He returned to Bayern in 1947. Between 1913 and 1951, he spent approximately 18 years as Bayern's president, giving him the club's longest tenure in that office. There is a street named after him in the Munich suburb of Friemann.
On 2 May 1945, nine days after Bayern's victory over 1860 Munich, Germany unconditionally surrendered, officially ending the Third Reich.
On 22 April 2006, legendary Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer announced his retirement from football. The Newcastle native is the all-time leader in Premier League goals with 260 (73 more than second-place Andrew Cole).
Shearer joined Newcastle from Blackburn Rovers in 1996 for the then-world record transfer fee of £15 million. He proceeded to lead Newcastle to second position in the final Premier League table at the end of the 1996-97 season and to the FA Cup Finals in 1998 and 1999. In all, Shearer made 404 appearances for the Toon, scoring a Newcastle record of 206 goals in all competitions.
He scored his 206th Newcastle goal in his last competitive match, played on 17 April 2006 against Newcastle arch-rivals Sunderland. Shearer scored once in the 4-1 win, then tore the medial collateral ligament in his left knee in a collision with another player. He had previously declared his intent to retire at the end of that season, but the injury advanced his schedule, effectively ending his career with three games left.
Since retirement, Shearer has enjoyed a successful career as a television pundit, making regular appearances on the BBC's Match of the Day. In April 2009, however, he returned to Newcastle as temporary manager until the end of the season, standing in for Joe Kinnear, who was in poor health.
Labels: Alan Shearer, Blackburn Rovers F.C., Joe Kinnear, Newcastle United F.C.
On 21 April 1991, midfielder John Harkes became the first American to play in an English cup final at Wembley Stadium. He started the match for Second Division Sheffield Wednesday against First Division Manchester United in the League Cup Final before a crowd of 77,612.
The Owls beat United 1-0, with the lone goal coming from Harkes' midfield partner John Sheridan. The victory was particularly meaningful for Sheffield Wednesday manager Ron Atkinson, who had been the manager of Manchester United until 1986, when he was replaced by Alex Ferguson.
Two years after his record-setting appearance, Harkes became the first American to score in a League Cup final, as the Owls lost 2-1 to Arsenal. He played in England from 1990 through the 1995-96 season, including stints at Derby County and West Ham United.
In 1996, he returned to the U.S. to play for MLS side D.C. United under coach Bruce Arena, who had coached Harkes at the University of Virginia.
Labels: John Harkes, John Sheridan, Manchester United F.C., Sheffield Wednesday F.C.
On 20 April 2004, the English Football Association credited Marc Burrows (right) with scoring the fastest goal in football history.
Burrows, then a forward for English non-league side Cowes Sports F.C., scored 2.5 seconds into a match on 3 April 2004 against Eastleigh F.C. Preparing for the start of the match, Burrows noticed that the Eastleigh keeper was off his line and so launched the kickoff directly toward the goal. His shot was aided by a strong wind at his back, which helped direct the ball straight into the net. Burrows was later quoted as saying "The ball just sailed over their poor keeper. I was so stunned I didn't really celebrate. I just put my hands in the air and burst out laughing." Burrows scored two other goals in the match, leading Cowes Sports to a 5-3 victory.
Burrows' lightning strike beat the previous record of 2.8 seconds, made by Argentina's Ricardo Olivera in 1998. The FA waited to receive the match report from the referee before confirming the record goal.
Tragically, Burrows died of cancer on 9 February 2009 at the age of 30.
On 19 April 1958, 20-year old Manchester United striker/midfielder Bobby Charlton made his international debut for England in a British Home Championship match against Scotland at Hampden Park, Glasgow. England won 4-0, with two goals from Derek Kevan, one from Bryan Douglas, and one from Charlton - his first in an English record of 49 international goals. His last international goal came in England's 4-0 win over Colombia in a friendly played on 20 May 1970 in Bogotá.
Charlton played for the English national team through the 1970 World Cup, where England was knocked out in the quarterfinals by Franz Beckenbauer's West German side. In all, he made 106 national team appearances, a record at the time, though later surpassed by Bobby Moore (108), David Beckham (109), and Peter Shilton (125), so he is now the fourth most-capped player for England.
His goal-scoring record still stands, however, almost 39 years after that last goal in Colombia.
On 18 April 1955, a group including Switzerland's Ernst Thommen, Italy's Ottorino Barassi, and England's Stanley Rous founded the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, an annual football tournament for European club teams.
As reflected in its name, the tournament was designed originally to promote international trade fairs, with participation limited to teams from cities participating in such fairs. The rules limited each participating city to one team each.
Because the matches themselves were scheduled to coincide with the fairs, the tournament's first season ran for three years, from 1955 to 1958. That first season included teams from Barcelona, Basel, Birmingham, Cologne, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Lausanne, Leipzig, London, Milan, Vienna, and Zagreb, with the team from Barcelona (consisting primarily of players from FC Barcelona, along with one player from RCD Espanyol) claiming the first title.
In 1971, UEFA took control of the tournament and rebranded it as the UEFA Cup, with Leeds United winning the first UEFA Cup trophy.
Starting in the 2009-2010 season, the tournament was rebranded again and is now called the Europa League.
On 17 April 2004, D.C. United's Freddy Adu became the youngest goalscorer in MLS history before a crowd of 31,419 at New York's Giants Stadium.
At 14 years, 320 days, the Ghanian-born U.S. international entered the match in the 54th minute, replacing Alecko Eskandarian. D.C. was trailing 3-1 when Adu put a six-yard shot past MetroStars goalkeeper Jonny Walker in the 75th minute. That was the last goal of the match, however, which ended 3-2 in favor of the MetroStars.
Despite the loss, D.C. went on to win the MLS Cup that year, with Eskandarian claiming the honors for the league's Most Valuable Player.
Adu stayed with United through the 2005-06 season, making a total of 87 appearances and scoring 11 goals.
Photo copyrighted by Bill Kostroun - AP.
On 16 April 1960, Rafael Benítez Maudes was born in Madrid.
A midfielder, he played his youth football for Real Madrid Aficionados, the secondary reserve team for Real Madrid C.F. His senior career started in 1974, when he joined Real's primary reserve team, Real Madrid Castilla C.F. He played there from 1974 to 1981, making 247 appearances and scoring 73 goals. He subsequently played for Spanish sides A.D. Parla (1981-85; 124 appearances, 28 goals) and C.D. Linares (1985-86; 34 appearances, 17 goals) before injuries forced him to end his playing career at the age of 26.
Benítez stayed in football, however, joining Real Madrid's coaching staff from 1986 to 1994, working at first with the reserve squads, then advancing to assistant manager for the first team. After the 1993-94 season, he left Real to become manager of Real Valladolid in the Primera División, but was sacked after winning only two of his first 23 matches in charge. He then moved to C.A. Osasuna in the Segunda División, but was again sacked after achieving only one win in his first nine matches.
Benítez's fortunes soon turned, however, as the peripatetic coach led both C.F. Extremadura (1997-99) and C.D. Tenerife (2000-01) to promotion to the Primera División. In 2001, he moved to Valencia C.F., where he won La Liga twice (in 2002 and 2004) and the UEFA Cup (2004).
After his double-winning season in 2004, Benítez resigned from Valencia over disagreements with the sporting director and moved to Liverpool for the 2004-05 season. He led them to immediate success by winning the 2005 UEFA Champions League, followed shortly after by the FA Cup trophy in 2006.
In 2010, he left Liverpool, spending time with Inter (2010) and Chelsea (2011-12) before taking charge of his current club, Napoli, in 2013.
Labels: Liverpool F.C., Rafa Benítez, Real Madrid C.F., S.S.C. Napoli, Valencia C.F.
On 15 April 1989, 94 Liverpool supporters died at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, England during an FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool F.C. and Nottingham Forest F.C. Two people died later as a result of injuries sustained that day, raising the total number of fatalities to 96. A total of 766 fans were injured.
The stadium - like many around the world at the time - had standing room only areas called terraces, which were sectioned off into a number of fenced pens.
A number of fans showed up late to the match, having been held up by unscheduled roadworks. Large crowds formed at the entrances as the match started and the police, in order to ease the congestion and avoid injuries, opened two side gates into the central pens for the Liverpool supporters. The police failed to monitor the number of supporters in the central pens, however, so that the ensuing rush of supporters filled them far beyond capacity.
The people in the front were forced up against the fencing between the terraces and the pitch, crushed by the weight of the crowd behind them. Because of an absence of stewards or police to direct the crowd, the entering supporters did not know what was happening at the front and continued to press their way in to see the match. The pressure of the crowd was so great that many of the 96 casualties died while standing up.
The British government appointed Lord Justice Taylor to investigate the circumstances leading to the disaster. His conclusion, known as the Taylor Report, led to the elimination of fencing between the supporters and the pitch and the conversion of many of the larger stadiums in Britain to all-seaters.
To this day, the incident at Hillsborough is the deadliest stadium-related disaster in British history.
On 14 April 1917, Celtic beat Hibernian in Edinburgh by the score of 0-1. The win put a bookend on Celtic's record streak of 62 unbeaten league matches, a streak that started the previous season with a 2-0 home win over Kilmarnock on 20 November 1915.
The streak was a small part of Celtic's overall dominance of the Scottish league of the period, which saw them them win four consecutive league titles from 1915-1918 under manager Willie Maley. Maley was one of the first players signed by Celtic in their inaugural season in 1888 and became their first manager in 1897. He retired in 1940, making him Celtic's longest-serving manager. In those 43 years, Maley helmed Celtic to 30 major trophies, including 16 league titles.
Coincidentally, the team at the front end of Celtic's unbeaten streak - Kilmarnock - ended it on 21 April 1917, beating the Hoops in Glasgow by the score of 0-2.
On 12 April 2008, Queen of the South F.C. beat Aberdeen 4-3 in the Scottish Cup to advance to their first Scottish Cup final.
The club, located in Dumfries, was founded in March 1919 as the result of the merger of two area clubs - the 5th Kirkcudbrightshire Rifle Volunteers/5th Kings Own Scottish Borders Football Team and Arrol-Johnston F.C. The new club's name was taken from David Dunbar, a local poet/politician who once referred to the town of Dumfries as "the Queen of the South."
Nicknamed "the Doonhamers," the club joined the Scottish Football League in 1923 as part of the Third Division. They enjoyed quick success, gaining promotion to the Second Division for the 1925-26 season, and then to the First Division for the 1933-34 season. The success was not to last, however, as 1959 saw the club relegated back to the Second Division. They returned to the top flight briefly for the 1962-63 and 1963-64 seasons, but have since moved between the second and third levels of the Scottish football pyramid. They currently play in the second tier.
Although the Doonhamers lost the 2008 Scottish Cup Final to Rangers, 3-2, the final remains a high point in the club's history.
Labels: Aberdeen F.C., Queen of the South F.C., Rangers F.C.
On 11 April 1964, Leeds United secured their return to the First Division with a 0-3 away win over Swansea Town. Going into the match, Leeds were on top of the table and needed only a point against 18th-place Swansea to secure promotion. Striker Alan Peacock opened the scoring for the Mighty Whites in the 15th minute, then added another four minutes later. Midfielder Johnny Giles then scored the third goal in the 34th minute.
Leeds' promotion to Division One was all the more remarkable, given that two years earlier, they nearly dropped down into Division Three, finishing the 1961-62 season in 19th place out of 22 Division Two teams and only three points above the relegation zone.
Leeds' promotion campaign was orchestrated by manager Don Revie, who had been appointed in March of 1961. It was the first of several honors he helped secure for the club, including the Division One title in 1969 and 1974, the FA Cup in 1972, the League Cup in 1968, the Charity Shield in 1969, and the Fairs Cup in 1968 and 1971. He also led them to the finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1973.
On 10 April 1886, Heart of Midlothian F.C. opened its current ground, Tynecastle Stadium, with a 4-1 win in a friendly against English side Bolton Wanderers. Located on Edinburgh's Gorgie Road, the stadium has hosted a number of historic matches and undergone several renovations since that first match, including the construction of the old Main Stand by famous stadium architect Archibald Leitch.
Tynecastle hosted its first international match on 26 March 1892, a British Home Championship contest between Scotland and Wales. The Scots won by the score of 6-1.
Tynecastle's record attendance is 53,396, acheived for Hearts' 3rd-round Scottish Cup match against Rangers on 13 February 1932, which Hearts lost 0-1. Due to its conversion to an all-seater, however, and other renovations, Tynecastle's current capacity is 17,529.
In 2004, in an effort to curb the club's rising debt, Hearts chief executive Chris Robinson announced plans to sell the stadium, claiming that it was no longer suitable. Hearts supporters strongly opposed the plan, however, and responded with the "Save Our Hearts" campaign to block the sale. The sale was canceled upon Vladimir Romanov's purchase of the club in January 2005.
On 9 April 1995, 35-year old Crystal Palace supporter Paul Nixon died during an outbreak of violence before the FA Cup semi-final between Crystal Palace and Manchester United at Villa Park.
According to police reports, Nixon and a group of other Crystal Palace fans were outside a pub in Walsall, eight miles from Villa Park, when they were attacked by a group of United supporters. Nixon was stabbed and hit by a brick before falling and being crushed under the wheels of a bus as he tried to escape.
Nevertheless, the match was played, ending in a 2-2 draw. United won the replay four days later by the score of 2-0, with first-half goals from Gary Pallister and Steve Bruce. United then progressed to the final, where they lost to Everton. It was the first season since 1989 that United had failed to earn a trophy.
Tensions had been high between supporters of Crystal Palace and Manchester United since January of that year, when Manchester United played away to Crystal Palace. During that match, which ended in a 1-1 draw, star United forward Eric Cantona leapt into the crowd and kicked a Palace supporter he claimed had been issuing racist taunts. Cantona was suspended for the rest of the season and fined £20,000.
On 8 April 1908, Bolivian club The Strongest was founded in La Paz by Jose Leon Lopez Villamil, making it the oldest active football club in the country, as well as the only one that has played in Bolivia's top flight for over 100 years without interruption.
The club's colors are yellow and black, adopted in 1908 from the colors of the Chayñita, a local bird.
The Strongest have earned numerous honors, their first being the inaugural (and only) Copa Prefectural championship in 1911. That was the first football tournament played in Bolivia and was contested between amateur sides. They went on to win the first of 28 league titles in 1914.
The Strongest also have the distinction of being the only Bolivian team to finish a season without conceding a goal (in 1933, though they did not win the league that year).
At Bayern, Ribéry was instrumental in helping restore the club to its former glory, securing a double in 2007-08 by winning the German Cup and the league. For his role, Ribéry was named both the 2008 French Player of the Year and the 2008 German Footballer of the Year. He is currently still playing for Bayern, having won another three league titles (2010, 2013, 2014) and the Champions League (2013).
On 6 April 1924, the Italian national team suffered its worst defeat to date, losing 7-1 to Hungary in Budapest. The match, a friendly, was played in preparation for the upcoming 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris (where Italy failed to earn a medal, losing 2-1 in the semifinals to silver medalist Switzerland).
Italy's unlucky goalkeeper against Hungary was 22-year-old Gianpiero Combi from Juventus, making his first appearance for the Azzurri. He did not play again for the national team until almost a year later on 22 March 1925, when Italy beat France 7-0 in Turin. He was Italy's primary goalkeeper for the next ten years and helped them win the bronze medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics - Italy's first trophy - and captained them to the World Cup trophy in 1934.
On 5 April 1902, during a match between the Scottish and English national teams at Ibrox Park in Glasgow, the West Tribune Stand collapsed, killing 25 people and injuring 547 others.
Close to 80,000 people were in attendance to watch the match between Scotland and England, the first one contested between entirely professional sides. It was the final scheduled match of the 1902 British Home Championship, with the title yet to be decided. A win for either side would have delivered the championship, while Scotland could also have claimed the title with a draw.
The stadium was state-of-the-art, having just been built by Rangers in 1899 for the then-substantial cost of £20,000. Early in the match, however, a portion near the top of the western terrace (pictured above) collapsed, dropping several hundred people a distance of 40 to 50 feet. The majority of the 25 fatalities were caused by impact, either from the fall or by debris from the collapsing structure. Three people reportedly died from shock trauma or heart failure.
The collapse caused a panic in the crowd, forcing people onto the pitch. The game was halted for approximately 20 minutes, then resumed, with the teams playing to a 1-1 draw. After the extent of the injuries was revealed, the match was declared void. The teams held a replay on 3 May 1902 at Villa Park in Birmingham. The result was another draw, this time 2-2, giving the title to Scotland.
The contractor who built the western terrace faced criminal prosecution later that year, but was acquitted of any wrongdoing in connection with the collapse.
On 4 April 1991, former Tottenham star midfielder Glenn Hoddle (pictured second from the right) was appointed player-manager of Division Two side Swindon Town F.C.
Prior to his term with Swindon, he had just finished a successful four-year term at AS Monaco in France playing under Arsene Wenger. (He spent a month with Chelsea in the interim, but made no senior appearances for the Blues before taking the post with the Robins).
Swindon Town was Hoddle's first managerial appointment. At the time he took charge, the Robins were 17th in the Division 2 table and in danger of relegation. Hoddle kept them up, but just barely, taking only 7 points of the 24 available during the remainder of the season and finishing in 21st place, only two points above the drop zone.
Under Hoddle, the Robins finished in 8th place the following season. The improvement continued in the 1992-93 season, when Swindon reached the playoffs and earned promotion to England's top flight, the recently-established Premier League.
Hoddle went on to manage Chelsea from 1993-96 (as player-manager from 1993-95, and solely as manager in 1996), then England from 1996-99. His tenure with English national team was controversial, despite qualifying for the 1998 World Cup, where England lost to Argentina on penalties in the second round in a match famous for David Beckham being sent off in the 47th minute. Hoddle was dimissed from the English side in 1999 after giving an interview with the Times in which he suggested that physical disabilities were the result of bad karma "from another lifetime."
Hoddle returned to management with Southampton (2001-01), Tottenham Hotspur (2001-03), and Wolverhampton Wanderers (2004-06), but has since retired from management.
In 2008, he established the Glenn Hoddle Academy in Jerez, Spain to aid former Premier League and Football League Championship players in their efforts to return to professional football.
Labels: AS Monaco, Chelsea F.C., England, Glenn Hoddle, Southampton F.C., Swindon Town F.C., Tottenham Hotspur F.C., Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.
On 3 April 1905, Club Atletico Boca Juniors was founded in the La Boca neighborhood of Buenos Aires by five Italian immigrants - Esteban Baglietto, Juan Farenga, Teodoro Farenga, Santiago Sana, and Alfredo Scarpati. The first match was played on 21 April 1905. The photo above is the first-known photograph of Boca Juniors, taken in 1906.
Boca Juniors play in blue and yellow, which the club reportedly patterned after the colors of the Swedish flag. Prior to that, Boca played in shirts with black and white vertical stripes, which were also used by another local club. In 1906, the two clubs played a match, with the winner keeping the stripes. Boca lost, and decided to use the colors of the first ship to sail into port at Buenos Aires, which was a Swedish freighter. Thus Boca adopted their now-famous blue and yellow kits.
Boca won their first title - the Argentinian amateur championship - in 1919, starting a series of successes that now includes 32 domestic and 18 international trophies, making them one of the most decorated clubs in history. Their achievements include four Intercontinental Cup/FIFA Club World Cup titles (in 1977, 2000, 2003, and 2007).
A number of international stars have played for Boca, including Juan Roman Riquelme (1995-2002 and again from 2007-present), Carlos Tevez (2001-04) and Argentine football legend Diego Maradona (1981-82, 1995-97).
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According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, prices for internet services and electronic information providers were 0.75% lower in 2019 versus 2015 (a $0.37 difference in value).
Between 2015 and 2019: Internet services experienced an average inflation rate of -0.19% per year. In other words, internet services costing $50 in the year 2015 would cost $49.63 in 2019 for an equivalent purchase. Compared to the overall inflation rate of 1.63% during this same period, inflation for internet services was lower.
In the year 2015: Pricing changed by -0.70%, which is below the average yearly change for internet services during the 2015-2019 time period. Compared to inflation for all items in 2015 (0.12%), inflation for internet services was lower.
Years with the largest changes in pricing: 2007 (-20.53%), 1999 (-9.98%), and 2000 (4.50%).
Therefore, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, $50 in 2015 has the same "purchasing power" as $49.63 in 2019 (in the CPI category of Internet services and electronic information providers).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics began tracking the Consumer Price Index for Internet services and electronic information providers in 1997. In addition to internet services, the index produces monthly data on changes in prices paid by urban consumers for a variety of goods and services.
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1 :: How do you prioritize the tasks to be completed in one complete work project?
Answer should show that applicant knows how to plan ahead, make good decisions, analyze different possibilities, and effectively accomplish the maximum workload.
2 :: How do you accommodate last minute changes that have to be incorporated into your work?
Candidate should anticipate the possibility that amendments have to be made and plan accordingly. They should also have the skills to integrate new information into a nearly completed project.
3 :: When it is your responsibility to organize and plan a project what steps do you take?
Answer should show preparation and focus when using organizational skills. Applicant should be able to prepare narrowly focused project plans.
4 :: Illustrate how you prioritize each days tasks?
Applicant should have the necessary skills to recognize the top business priorities.
5 :: What do you do when a project is not coming to fruition as expected, because of inefficient planning?
Applicant should have the ability to problem solve, handle competing priorities, be able to multi-task and have the ability to effectively process and re-organize planning structures to ensure a successful conclusion.
6 :: What steps do you take when the work of a colleague threatens the completion of a project?
Applicant should be able to accommodate and reorganize a schedule. They should be strong enough to sort out, with tact and success, any work deficiencies of a team member and communicate with that co-worker.
7 :: What steps do you take to organize and plan a project?
8 :: Tell me how to accommodate last minute changes which have to be incorporated into your work?
9 :: How to prioritize tasks to be completed in one complete work project?
10 :: How you prioritize your each day's tasks?
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The medieval Arabs took a keen interest in the study of heavens: partly because they considered the celestial bodies to be divine, partly because the dwellers of desert-regions often travelled at night, and relied upon knowledge of the constellations for guidance in their journeys. After the advent of Islam, the Muslims needed to determine the time of the prayers, the direction of the Ka’bah, and the correct orientation of the mosque, all of which helped give a religious impetus to the study of astronomy and contributed towards the belief that the heavenly bodies were influential upon terrestrial affairs as well as the human condition. The science dealing with such influences was termed astrology (Arabic: علم النجوم Ilm an-Nujūm), a discipline contained within the field of astronomy (more broadly known as علم الفلك Ilm al-Falak 'the science of formation [of the heavens]'). The principles of these studies were rooted in Arabian, Persian, Babylonian, Hellenistic and Indian traditions and both were developed by the Arabs following their establishment of a magnificent observatory and library of astronomical and astrological texts at Baghdad in the 8th century.
Medieval Islamic astronomy and astronomy continued Hellenistic and Roman era traditions based on Ptolemy's Almagest. Centres of learning in medicine and astronomy/astrology were set up in Baghdad and Damascus, and the Caliph Al-Mansur of Baghdad established a major observatory and library in the city, making it the world's astronomical centre. During this time knowledge of astronomy was greatly increased, and the astrolabe was invented by Al Fazari. Many modern star names are derived from their Arabic names.
Albumasur or Abu Ma'shar (805 - 885) was one of the most influential Persian astrologers. His treatise Introductorium in Astronomiam (Kitab al-Mudkhal al-Kabīr) spoke of how '"only by observing the great diversity of planetary motions can we comprehend the unnumbered varieties of change in this world". The Introductorium was one of the first books to find its way in translation through Spain and into Europe in the Middle Ages, and was highly influential in the revival of astrology and astronomy there.
Muslims also combined the disciplines of medicine and astrology by linking the curative properties of herbs with specific zodiac signs and planets. Mars, for instance, was considered hot and dry and so ruled plants with a hot or pungent taste, like hellebore, tobacco or mustard. These beliefs were adopted by European herbalists like Culpeper right up until the development of modern medicine.
The Muslims also developed a system called Arabic parts, by which the difference between the ascendant and each planet of the zodiac was calculated. This new position then became a 'part' of some kind. For example, the 'part of fortune' is found by taking the difference between the sun and the ascendant and adding it to the moon. If the 'part' thus calculated was in the 10th House in Libra, for instance, it suggested that money could be made from some kind of partnership.
The Almagest, together with the original contributions of 9th to 10th century Islamic astronomy such as the astrolabe, was introduced to Christian Europe beginning in the 11th century, by contact with Islamic Spain.
Another notable astrologer and astronomer was Qutb al-Din al Shirazi (1236–1311). He wrote critiques of Ptolemy's Almagest and produced two prominent works on astronomy: 'The Limit of Accomplishment Concerning Knowledge of the Heavens' in 1281 and 'The Royal Present' in 1284, both of which commented upon and improved on Ptolemy's work, particularly in the field of planetary motion. Al-Shirazi was also the first person to give the correct scientific explanation for the formation of a rainbow.
Ulugh Beyg was a fifteenth-century Persian Sultan and also a mathematician and astronomer. He built an observatory in 1428 and produced the first original star map since Ptolemy, which corrected the position of many stars and included many new ones.
Some of the principles of astrology were refuted by several medieval Muslim astronomers such as Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), Avicenna, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni and Averroes. Their reasons for refuting astrology were often due to both scientific (the methods used by astrologers being conjectural rather than empirical) and religious (conflicts with orthodox Islamic scholars) reasons. However these refutations mainly concerned the judicial branches of astrology rather than the natural principles of it. For example, Avicenna’s refutation of astrology (in the treatise titled Resāla fī ebṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm) revealed support for its overarching principles. He stated that it was true that each planet had some influence on the earth, but his argument was the difficulty of astrologers being able to determine the exact effect of it. In essence, Avicenna did not refute astrology, but denied man’s limited capacity to be able to know the precise effects of the stars on the sublunar matter. With that, he did not refute the essential dogma of astrology, but only refuted our ability to fully understand it.
"First of all, it is worth noting that the Arabs knew astronomy a long time ago. They would predict time through observing the movements of stars. According to the scholars of Shar`iah, there are two terms confused in many people's minds when it comes to dealing with the question in hand. These terms are astronomy and astrology. Astronomy is the science that deals with studying the movements of the celestial bodies and reducing observations to mathematical order. That science is useful in determining time, seasons, the direction of Prayer, etc. Astrology, on the other hand, is concerned with studying the positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs. Astrologists believe that the movements of stars have an influence on people's lives. Both Muslim astronomers and [religious] scholars refuse the prophecies of astrologists."
^ a b c Wasim Aktar, Contributions of Ancient Arabian and Egyptian Scientists on Astronomy; Public Science & Reference, retrieved 19 August 2011.
^ "Introduction to Astronomy, Containing the Eight Divided Books of Abu Ma'shar Abalachus".
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PYTHON_BIN not defined, use current python.
LibclangError: [Error 126] . To provide a path to libclang use Config.set_library_path() or Config.set_library_file().
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I heard the coach say “we are working on technique today”. What does that mean?
Sprint kayaking is more than just paddling around on flat water. The coach is teaching, watching and filming each athlete to analyze his/her kayak stroke. The coach is looking at 5 specific areas of the stroke: the set-up, drive, catch, pull and exit. According to the USA Canoe/Kayak Technical Template, the set-up is key, as it paves the way for the rest of the stroke. An important cue to remember for the set-up is to “sight the horizon” through the knuckles in the bottom hand. The drive phase involves a powerful downward motion from the set-up to the water. The catch refers to the paddle entering the water and maintaining a solid, square position. The pull, perhaps the most important part of the stroke, involves a powerful drive of the legs against the foot-board, accompanied by a rotation of the hips and torso. The exit should be quick and quiet, and the paddle should be out of the water before it drags behind the paddler’s hip.
To the observer, it may look like the kayaker is only using the arms and upper body. The reality is that the athlete’s core, legs and hips are doing the work.
After practice the coach reviews the film with each athlete to review the stroke and offer both positive and corrective feedback.
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Help a young girl from the Stone Age discover the beauty and danger of five different places in time! Time Machine - Evolution combines the best parts of intelligent match 3 and adventure gameplay. Travel through time, explore new places, construct buildings in different architectural styles, solve puzzles, and win prizes. One unique feature is mood : the emotional state of the heroine affects gameplay! Time Machine - Evolution is a dynamic game that's been carefully constructed for perfect playability!
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Purple 10 2 7/8" x 2 7/8"
Pink 4 2 7/8" x 2 7/8"
2 6 1/2" x 2 1/2"
6 2 1/2" x 2 1/2"
White 6 2 7/8" x 2 7/8"
4 6 1/2" x 2 1/2"
8 4 1/2" x 2 1/2"
4 2 1/2" x 2 1/2"
Yellow 1 4 1/2" x 4 1/2"
Take 10 purple 7/8" x 2 7/8" squares, 4 pink 2 7/8" x 2 7/8" squares and 6 white 2 7/8" x 2 7/8" squares.
Draw a diagonal line in pencil or water soluble pen on the wrong side of the purple squares.
2. Place a purple and pink square wrong sides together and using the line as a guide, sew a 1/4" seam on either side. Repeat for purple and white squares aswell.
3. Take a ruler and rotary cutter and cut along drawn line on each sewn square.
4. Press open, pressing seam towards darker fabric. Trim off 'ears' sticking out at corners of squares.
5. To make top and bottom slices of the block:Arrange a white piece 6 1/2" x 2 1/2", then two half square triangles of purple and white, and finally another white piece 6 1/2" x 2 1/2". 6. Sew together. 7. Make two, one for top slice and one for bottom slice.
8. Arrange a 6 1/2" x 2 1/2" piece of pink fabric, two half square triangles of pink and purple, then a single 2 1/2" x 2 1/2" square, as shown in photo below.
9. Sew together. Make two, one for top and one for bottom of block. 10. Arrange Half Square Triangles as shown in photo below, with a white piece 4 1/2" x 2 1/2" in the middle and a single square at the end. 11. Make two.
12. Arrange two strips as shown in the photo, matching seams.
13. Sew together. Make two of these.
14. Sew a piece of white 4 1/2" x 2 1/2" to each end.
16. Take the yellow 4 1/2" x 4 1/2" square and 4 2 1/2" x 2 1/2" squares.Draw a diagonal line on the wrong sides of the white squares. 17. Place two white squares on opposite corners of the yellow square, wrong sides together. Sew along diagonal lines.
18.Trim off leaving a 1/4" seam allowance.
19. Repeat for other two corners.
20. Again trim off, leaving 1/4" seam.
22. Sew a 4 1/2" x 2 1/2" piece of white fabric to opposite sides of the diamond. 23.Add half square triangles and single squares as shown in the photo below.
24. Now its time to sew all the pieces together! Mix up your colours for that Hippy look! I'd love to see your blocks, I've got a Flickr group here, so upload your photo and share your colour combinations!
That is just incredible... thanks sooooo much for the tutorial!!!!
Love this block, think it could be my next quilt. Thanks so much for sharing.
I love this block and used larger size for a quilt. Forgot about how fun it was to make. Gonna make a couple mug rugs for friends at work. Thanks for yet another project but at least mug rugs work up quickly!
This is wonderful! By chance do you have a .pdf version?
Amazing tutorial, I love this block and going to bookmark this page. Thanks for sharing.
Que lindo!Pensei que fosse mais difícil.
Ola! boa noite esse trabaçho é muito lindo manda para meu e-mail novidades. abraços e obrigada.
Adorei! Embora eu seja Brasileira e não fale Inglês, eu consegui entender apenas pelas ilustrações. Obrigado!
I love this block and your colors. So cheerful. Thanks for sharing.
THANK you VERY much!~ Love this.
well I did it. and learned a lot! not too shabby for a first try, but definitely lots to improve upon!
Thank you for sharing your time and talent with the world! I love the pattern and the colors! Beautiful!
Ballynanny Bluebells and another giveaway!
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Evidence one of the most despicable and treasonous examples of profiteering in human history.
Bankers in Allied countries worked hand in hand with Hitler, including the Bank of England, who not only lent money to Hitler, even as Germany was invading Europe and bombing London, but also leaked valuable intelligence information to the Third Reich directly resulting in the shedding of Allied blood.
[Editor’s Note: For more than 100 years, people have sensed a sinister & malevolent power stealthily encroaching on their freedom and security. The following is an excerpt from a French book now suppressed: “La Conjuration Juive Contre Les Peuples” (1909) by Paul Copin-Albancelli (1851-1939.) While it focuses exclusively on the Jewish role, we should remember two points.
1. The Illuminati (Cabalist) Jewish bankers have empowered a proxy Gentile elite, with whom they have intermarried. The Gentile leadership, organized in Freemasonry, is a full partner in this diabolical plan. (For anyone in doubt, I recommend the book, “Unholy Alliances” by Dr. James Wardner.) The Illuminati cult began as a satanic Jewish heresy that took over Judaism and Freemasonry; and used them to inspire Communism, Zionism, Socialism, Liberalism, Fascism, feminism etc.
Human history and political life are a charade conjured by these Cabalist magicians using the mass media.
Humanity is the political and mental prisoner of the Illuminati . We are being inducted into their cult via the media and education. All of our “leaders” belong to this cult. Advancement is based on witting or unwitting cooperation with the Illuminati agenda.
2. The majority of Jews, and people in general, are kept in the dark, the better to dupe/entice them into advancing it.
Copin-Albancelli says that publicly-held companies and “democracies” (“Republics”) are ways of disguising Illuminati wealth and power which has been dominant for more than a hundred years.
Produced by Michael Tsarion and Blue Fire Film, Architects of Control: Program One explores humankinds future and the posthuman world.
Will the perfect human be a dumbed down, regimented inhabitant of a cyber purgatory created by unseen elites? Will the children of tomorrow be smiling depressives of a technocratic dystopia?
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One of the best places to look for a new job could be the company you are working for now. You may be interested in transitioning to a different role, shifting your career focus, working for a new department, or you could be relocating and want to continue working for the same employer.
Companies want to keep good employees, and if you're interested in a job change, but don't want to switch companies, checking out what options are available can make good sense.
Most companies list open positions online. In addition, you may be able to sign up to receive email alerts when new jobs are posted. Before you apply, be sure that you have the credentials the company is seeking. The company isn't going to give you a different job just because you applied. Plus, you are wasting your time, and the company's time, applying for jobs that aren't a good fit.
It's important to let your boss know that you have applied for another position before he or she finds out from someone else. However, it's also important to be careful as to how you mention your application. You don't want your boss to infer that you aren't happy with your current role, even if it's true. You may not get the new job, so it's important to stay on good terms with your supervisor.
The best rationale focuses on the positive aspects of the new job without expressing dissatisfaction about the job you have now. In fact, it is usually safest to emphasize that you are enjoying your current job, so your boss doesn't think you can't wait to move on.
What's the best way to apply? It depends on whether you are applying for a transfer or seeking a promotion. However, in both cases, companies typically have an internal job application process you will need to follow.
Following the instructions is just as important, perhaps even more so, when you are applying for an internal job opening versus an external position. Hiring managers expect all applicants to follow the rules. You won't get a pass if you don't follow the application guidelines. In fact, your application may not be considered if you don't submit the required application materials.
Don't presume that you will automatically be hired for the new job just because you are already working for your employer. Some companies will give preference to current employees; others evaluate all candidates equally.
That's why it's important to carefully write a cover letter targeted specifically to the job for which you are applying and to update and target your resume, as well.
Who do you know who can help your application? A referral from your current supervisor would be terrific, but other employees can also put in a good word for your candidacy. Again, be sure to talk to your boss before you start networking. You don't want your boss to find out that you are seeking a new position from anyone other than you.
Many companies require references, typically three employment-related references. If your reference list includes current company employees who are willing to attest to your qualifications it will boost your candidacy. Talk to managers and colleagues to see if they would be willing to provide you with a reference.
It's important to take the time to get ready to interview. Don't think that you'll get off easier because you already work for the company. In fact, you may be held to an even higher standard than external job applicants and may be expected to know more about the company and the job. Take the time to thoroughly prepare for the interview.
Check out the company website to be sure you are up-to-date with all the latest news. Review sample interview questions. Make a list of the company's requirements for the new job and the qualifications you have for it.
It's always important to say thank you for a job interview, regardless of whether you are interviewing for a job with your present employer or at a new company. Send a thank you letter via email or in writing to let your interviewer(s) know that you appreciate their consideration for the job.
If you do get the job, it's a good idea to take the time to thank your boss for the opportunities you were provided with while working with him or her. Also, thank everyone who helped support your candidacy for the position.
Don't feel bad if you don't get the job. There may have been other candidates, internal or external, who were a better fit for the position. Ask for feedback from those you met with. They may not be able to disclose why you weren't hired, but, if they can, it will help you plan your next steps—which could entail applying for another internal position or seeking employment outside the company.
Even though it can be challenging when you are excited about switching jobs, be sure not to neglect your current position. It's important not to slack off and to continue to excel in your present role. It will not only enhance your chances of getting a new job next time around. It will also assure your boss that you are still committed to the job you have.
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“A single picture is worth a thousand words” so it is said, and the rise of numerous image sites such as Instagram and Twitpic are clear indicators of the veracity of that saying. The online world is ideally suited to the exchange of pictures of all kinds, and sites such as these drive home the importance that people place on photographs. Serving numerous functions that online audiences routinely make use of, these two are the subjects of this comparison article.
Instagram is a photo sharing application for the iPhone that allows users to take photographs and share them with other Instagram users via social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook.
Twitpic is a similar service, and it allows users to post pictures to Twitter. The service is often utilized as a means to upload and share pictures almost instantaneously while a particular event is taking place.
The developers of Instagram, Systrom, claims that the service provides capabilities that similar services do not, such as support for high quality photos, a much easier way to share photos, and shorter upload times. Most users are particularly enamored of the first benefit, since the filters employed by Instagram supposedly makes even the most ordinary photos more compelling and more striking.
One notable difference between the two services is that Twitpic photos always end up on Twitter, which users generally use for purposes other than viewing pictures. Twitter users who follow topics pertaining to technology for example, may pose objections to viewing random photos in the same stream.
With Instagram on the other hand, users are expected to post photos and nothing else. Instagram also has the advantage of better–or at least, more flattering–filters, as mentioned previously, and even lackluster or even blurry photos end up looking pretty impressive. Instagram users are also much more likely to post comments in reply to submitted photos than in Twitpic, since photo submissions aren't as well integrated into the Twitter experience. Instagram also allows quick access to photos, unlike Twitpic, which typically requires users to click on slow loading URLs, without any previews.
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Where do I research a multi-level marketing company?
The Better Business Bureau (BBB) is a good place to start researching for any business opportunity, but do not assume that because a company is not registered with the BBB, it is a scam.
Also make sure you check out ripoffreport.com which is a comprehensive resource that enables you to research the business you're interested in before jumping into their bandwagon.
Also visit mlmwatchdog.com, and the Direct Selling Association website at dsa.org.
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Martin Denny was born April 10, 1911 in New York City. A child prodigy, at age ten he studied piano under Lester Spitz and Isadore Gorn. For four years he toured South America with the Don Dean Orchestra, followed by a 43-month stint in the U.S. Air Force during World War II. Following his December 1945 discharge, Denny settled in Los Angeles, studying piano, composition, and orchestration at the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music. In early 1954 he relocated to Hawaii, contracting to appear at the Honolulu club Don the Beachcomber's. The following year Denny formed his own group, originally consisting of vibist Arthur Lyman, bassist John Kramer, and percussionist Augie Colón. In 1956, while appearing at steel and shipping magnate Henry Kaiser's Shell Bar — a club inside the open-air Oahu resort Hawaiian Village, complete with a small pond adjacent to the stage — the combo realized that the croaking of nearby bullfrogs blended perfectly with their tropical musical approach. On a lark, Colón also began imitating bird calls on-stage, much to the delight of the audience. Denny soon began incorporating South Pacific and Far East instruments into his arrangements as well, and by the time he recorded his Liberty Records debut, 1957's Exotica, his singular sound was firmly in place.
The release of Exotica proved perfectly timed — as the '50s drew to a close, tiki culture was all the rage in mainland America, with Hawaiian shirts a fashion trend and tiki torches a staple of backyard parties. Moreover, the evolution from mono to stereo recording and playback had taken root, and with its bird whistles, jungle calls, and far-flung instruments, the many distinctive components of Denny's sound were ideal for channel separation. Originally composed by Les Baxter, the instrumental "Quiet Village" was a massive success, earning Denny and his group an appearance on TV's American Bandstand, and the accompanying Exotica LP topped the Billboard charts. But ironically, even as his music came to embody Hawaiian culture and its mythical allure, Denny himself was no longer a fixture of the island musical culture — after a bitter contract dispute with Kaiser, he brought his group stateside, and they made their first mainland appearance at the 1957 Pebble Beach Crosby Open golf tournament party. Soon after, Kaiser lured Lyman back to Hawaii to assume Denny's vacated spot headlining the Shell Bar; Denny replaced him with Julius Wechter. Likewise, Kramer was later replaced by Harvey Ragsdale, and a second percussionist, Harold Chang, was also added the lineup.
For many listeners, the exotica craze proved short-lived, and Denny never again matched the success of "Quiet Village," although subsequent singles including "A Taste of Honey," "The Enchanted Sea" and "Ebb Tide" did find some favor on the pop charts. For connoisseurs, however, the story certainly does not end there. Denny continued making records in his trademark style throughout the '60s, many of them housed in eye-popping sleeves featuring model Sandy Warner, who was such a ubiquitous presence that she was even dubbed "The Exotica Girl." (Warner eventually recorded her own LP, Fair and Warmer, with Denny himself authoring the liner notes.) While his interests in African and Pacific Rim musical traditions yielded concept records like Afro-Desia and Sayonara, other efforts turned towards more conventional easy listening, which Liberty dubbed his "honey" sound. For the most part, however, Denny remained a restless innovator. For Primitiva, he recorded using a number of gongs, drums, and odd brass instruments acquired from a Buddhist mountaintop temple in Burma by friend and filmmaker John Sturges, on location to shoot the Frank Sinatra vehicle None But the Brave. (According to legend, the instruments were then carried down the mountain by a procession of Buddhist monks.) For 1969's Exotic Moog, his Liberty swan song, Denny even embraced electronics, much to the chagrin of his dwindling fan base.
With his recording career largely behind him, Denny maintained a busy touring schedule throughout the '70s and into the following decade. In 1985 he announced his retirement, settling in Hawaii with his longtime wife June, but three years later he grew restless, reuniting with Lyman, Colón, Chang, and adding bassist Archie Grant to return for a series of sold-out club dates. A Japanese tour yielded the live recording Exotica: The Best of Martin Denny. As the new decade began, he was the recipient of the Hawaiian Association of Music's Hoku Award for lifetime achievement; the honor coincided with the beginnings of an exotica/space age pop revival, and virtually overnight Denny's vintage LPs began disappearing from used record stores. He was also the subject a major CD reissue campaign on the Scamp label. Now a music icon for a new generation, Denny again returned to the road, making live appearances even into the 2000s. His last concert was held in Hawaii on February 13, 2005 at a benefit to aid tsunami victims. Just three weeks later on March 3, 2005 Martin Denny, icon and innovator, passed away at the age of 93.
Remember! The quality of this recording is not probably the clearest one because it was made from the oridginal vinyl. But a few cracks make this recording sound pretty nice!
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Or more specifically, filming in Ethiopia. To describe the experience in a few words: It's my dream! The dream isn't exactly to live in Ethiopia, the dream is to travel all around the world to film and share stories of people that will bring awareness and inspire change. It could be working with organizations that rescue women and children from human trafficking, or that help bring clean water to villages around Africa, or help kids all over the world get adopted. I can't describe how much these things lay heavily on my heart; so when I was asked if I'd like to travel to Ethiopia to film stories of kids that needed help, I was so extremely excited!!!
It was a fairly short trip with lots and lots of traveling. We ended up being in three different cities- Addis, Ziway and Waliso.
The rest of the time in Ethiopia we spent filming stories. It's no surprise that there are some terribly sad stories of people living in third-world countries. As horrible as it is to say- it's expected, and if we're not careful, we can get numb to the stories because there are so many of them.
We ended up meeting two young girls who had very compelling stories: Yemisrash & Abaynesh. I won't share their stories here, because I don't want to spoil the film, but I can say they are heart-wrenching. But I'm so incredibly grateful to have met these God fearing girls, their strength and love for God inspires me!
With Abaynesh and her mom.
There's so much more I could say about this trip, but I think I've expressed how impactful it was for me. At one point I was on the bus as we traveled for many hours to another village, and I remember just having this incredible moment where I suddenly felt "at home", I felt so comfortable in a very uncomfortable place- where I had no wifi, no AC, I was dirty, sick to my stomach, and yet I knew I was exactly where God wanted me to be. He's put these passions on my heart (missions and film), and it was an amazing experience to know that he was leading and directing me as I did what He's called me to do. Daily I pray that He would lead me to more opportunities like this one.
This was a "hotel room" that we stayed in. It was a large hut, and there were wild monkeys crawling all around it!
Filming on top of the large van we travelled in. Had to be very convincing to get up there, people were a little bit nervous about it. The shot was SO worth it!!
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Rugby refers to the team sports rugby league and rugby union, but generally refers to rugby union due to its popularity throughout the globe.
Legend claims that rugby football was started about 1845 in Rugby School, Rugby, Warwickshire, England, although forms of football in which the ball was carried and tossed date to medieval times. Rugby eventually split into two sports in 1895 when twenty-one amateur clubs split from the original Rugby Football Union, to form the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU)/Northern Union (later to be named rugby league in 1922) in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, Northern England over broken-time payments to players who took time off work due to the nature of the sport, thus making rugby league the first code to turn professional and pay players, rugby union turned fully professional in 1995.Both sports are run by their respective world governing bodies World Rugby (rugby union) and the Rugby League International Federation (rugby league). Rugby football was one of many versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century. Although rugby league initially used rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports. In addition to these two codes, both American and Canadian football evolved from rugby football.
Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two forms rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two distinctly different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league and most other forms of football as an openly professional sport.
The Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as "ἐπίσκυρος" (Episkyros) or "φαινίνδα" (phaininda), which is mentioned by a Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388–311 BC) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria (c.150-c.215 AD). These games appear to have resembled rugby football. The Roman politician Cicero (106–42 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis. Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA.
In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union (RFU). In 1892, after charges of professionalism (compensation of team members) were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union (NU), was formed. The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, and officials involved in the new organization. After the schism, the separate clubs were named "rugby league" and "rugby union".
1100–1800 Many different types of football are played throughout Britain.
1830 Running with the ball became common in 1830s at Rugby School and Rugby School football became popular throughout the UK in the 1850s, and 1860s.
1845 First written code of rules adopted at Rugby School.
1861 The Montevideo Cricket Club is founded in Montevideo, Uruguay. The first club to play rugby outside the British Islands.
1863 The Football Association (FA) is formed, formalising the schism between association football and rugby football.
1864 The first rugby clubs are formed, followed by hundreds more in Cumberland, Lancashire and Yorkshire in the 1870s, and 1880s.
1865 The British Army plays a game of rugby against civilians in Montreal, introducing rugby to the country. This movement would later evolve into Canadian football.
1871 The Rugby Football Union is founded, following a meeting of 25 clubs at the Pall Mall restaurant.
1871 First recognised international rugby match, played between England and Scotland.
1876 Matthew Bloxam's letter is published in The Meteor. It claims William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School, picked up the ball and invented rugby. Although a Rugby Football Union inquiry in 1895 found no actual proof, it decided to perpetuate the myth.
1877 The number of players is reduced from 20 to 15 a side.
1880 English Rugby rules required for a tackled player, when the ball was "fairly held", to put the ball down immediately for scrummage.
Walter Camp proposed at the US College Football 1880 rules convention that the contested scrummage be replaced with a "line of scrimmage" where the team with the ball started with uncontested possession. This change effectively started the evolution of the modern game of American football away from its rugby origins.
1883 First Home Nations Championship between England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
1886 Concerned at the growing dominance of the largely working-class northern clubs, the Rugby Football Union introduces strict amateur rules: no one was allowed to seek or receive payment or other material reward for taking part in the game.
1888 New Zealand Native football team tours Britain, Australia and New Zealand in 1888 and 1889.
1890 Modern points scoring is uniformly accepted by the Home Nations for the 1890–91 season.
1892 Charges of professionalism are laid against rugby football clubs in Bradford and Leeds, after they compensated players for missing work. This was despite the fact that the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was allowing other players to be paid, such as the 1888 British Isles team that toured Australasia, and the account of Harry Hamill of his payments to represent New South Wales (NSW) against England in 1904.
1893 Yorkshire clubs propose allowing players to be paid six shillings ‘broken-time’ payments when they miss work due to matches. RFU votes down proposal. Widespread suspensions of northern clubs and players begin.
1895 The Schism in rugby football results in the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU). Many factors played a part in the split, including the success of working class northern teams, a decree by the RFU banning the playing of rugby at grounds where entrance fees were charged, threat of expulsion from the RFU if clubs cannot prove their amateurism, and the banning of "broken time payments" to players who had taken time off work to play rugby. Twenty-two clubs met at the George Hotel, Huddersfield and formed the "Northern Rugby Football Union". Within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the Northern Union.
1897 To make the game more exciting, the Northern Union abolishes the line-out and reduces value of all goals to two points. Line outs were replaced with punting the ball back into play from the touch-line. Tries worth three points.
1897 The Challenge Cup is established and proves a success from the start. Batley became the first winners, beating Saint Helens 10–3.
1898 Professionalism is introduced in the Northern Union. The professionalism is strictly part-time, with players obliged to have other "proper" jobs.
1900 Rugby union features at the 1900 Olympics. It finishes in the 1924 Olympics.
1904 First rugby league international match. England lose to Other Nationalities 3–9, at Wigan.
1905 Wales narrowly beat The Original All Blacks, in what was dubbed as "The Game of the Century".
1906 England play South Africa (known as the Springboks) in rugby union for the first time. James Peters is withdrawn from the England squad after the South Africans objected to playing against a black player.
1906 James Peters becomes the first black person to play rugby union for England, against Scotland.
1906 In the Northern Union the number of players is reduced from fifteen to thirteen a side, in order to allow more room for creative play. The early form of play-the-ball is introduced as the game's way of restarting play after a tackle.
1907 A New Zealand professional rugby team tours Britain. Albert Henry Baskerville, a Post Office clerk in New Zealand, organises a touring side branded the ‘All Golds’ in Sydney due to the players receiving a share of any profits from the tour. They play under rugby union rules in Sydney. On their way to Britain, Australia's greatest player, Dally Messenger, joins them on tour. They win the game's first test series 2–1, but Baskerville dies of pneumonia on the way home at the age of 25.
1907 Rugby league spreads to Australia and New Zealand. The New South Wales Rugby Football League is founded at Bateman's Hotel in Sydney. The New South Wales Rugby League sets up an eight-team competition after a row with the New South Wales Rugby Union over compensation for injured players. The first Premiership is won by South Sydney. Rugby league goes on to displace rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales and Queensland.
1908 The first Australian Kangaroo tourists visit Britain. Hunslet become the first club to win all four trophies available to them; the Championship, the Challenge Cup, the Yorkshire Cup and the Yorkshire League. Hunslet were led by Albert Goldthorpe, a dominant figure in the early years of the code.
1910 The Rugby Union Home Nations Championship becomes the Five Nations Championship when France joins.
1910 The first Northern Union British Lions tour Australia and New Zealand, winning the test matches in Sydney, Brisbane and Auckland.
1912 South African rugby union tour of the British Isles and France. The tourists achieved a "Grand Slam" of victories over all five major European teams, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and France.
1914 British tourists defeat Australia 14–6 to win Ashes in final test, finishing with only ten men in what becomes known as ‘Rorke’s Drift’ Test match. Proposals are made and preliminary steps taken in Australia to amalgamate the rules of rugby league with Australian rules football – Australia's dominant football code outside New South Wales and Queensland – to form a universal football code for the country, but efforts to that end subside as World War I escalates, and are never seriously revived.
1922 Northern Union changes its name to the Rugby Football League, the name used for the sport in Australia.
1925 All Blacks Rugby Union tour of Britain, France, and Canada. The New Zealanders remained undefeated throughout the tour, earning the title "The Invincibles".
1929 First rugby league Challenge Cup Final is played at Wembley. Wigan defeat Dewsbury 13–2 in front of 41,500.
1930 Rugby union's European Cup starts, outside the Five Nations. It is interrupted by WWII.
1930 Unprecedented fourth rugby league test match played between Britain and Australia at Rochdale after third test is drawn 0–0. Britain win the test 3–0 to take the Ashes.
1932 First rugby league match under floodlights.
1933 On New Year's Eve, England and Australia play in Paris — the first game of rugby league in France. The French had been excluded from the rugby union Five Nations competition amid allegations of professionalism, so the country was receptive to the new game.
1934 Rugby league is established in France by Jean Galia, a former rugby union international and champion boxer. By 1939, the French league has 225 clubs.
1941 The French Vichy government bans rugby league, because of its links with the Allies and a desire to ban all professional sports. The code's funds and property are all confiscated or passed to rugby union clubs. Rugby union is allowed to carry on unscathed and regains much of the ground it had lost to rugby league. To this day, the rugby league clubs' assets have never been returned to them.
1943 A Northern Command army rugby league side defeats a Northern Command rugby union side 18–11 at Headingley playing rugby union rules. The following year a Combined Services rugby league side beats a Combined Services rugby union side 15–10. These are the only league vs union matches played until 1996.
1944 With the fall of the Vichy Government, the French ban on rugby league is lifted.
1945 Brian Bevan makes his rugby league debut for Warrington. Over the next 16 seasons he scored 740 tries for the club in 620 games. His career total was 796, more than 200 ahead of his nearest rival.
1946 The Lance Todd Trophy first presented to Challenge Cup final Man of the match. Wakefield's Billy Stott is first winner. Lance Todd, killed in a car accident in 1942, was a 1907 New Zealand tourist who managed Salford from 1928–40.
1946 The most famous rugby league tour of all, as the Lions sail to Australia on HMS Indomitable, stoking the boilers to keep fit. After a five-day train journey across Australia, Gus Risman’s team retain the Ashes, drawing one and winning two Tests.
1949 The French Rugby League is banned from using ‘rugby’ in its name. Changes its name to Jeu à Treize (Game of Thirteen).
1951 The South American Rugby Championship commences.
1951 The South African Rugby Union tour the British Isles and France. South Africa achieved a second five-nation Grand Slam.
1951 Just a decade after being wound up, France win their first rugby league series in Australia. They repeat the feat by winning again in 1955.
1951 Rugby league's Cec Thompson becomes the first black player to represent Great Britain in any sport.
1952 Rugby union's European Cup restarts.
1954 102,569 spectators watch the 1953–54 rugby league Challenge Cup final at Bradford, setting a new record for attendance at a rugby football match of either code.
1954 First Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, staged in France. Great Britain beat France 16–12 in final at Parc des Princes, Paris.
1956 Springboks' rugby union tour of New Zealand. South Africa suffer their first ever test series loss against New Zealand.
1957 Australia wins the Rugby League World Cup.
1958 Rugby league's Cec Thompson becomes the first black manager of any sport in Britain.
1958 Great Britain defeat Australia 25–18 in the second rugby league test match with only eight fit players on the pitch. Alan Prescott plays for 77 minutes with a broken arm.
1960 Great Britain wins the Rugby League World Cup. The tournament is decided on a league system.
1964 Substitutes allowed in rugby league for the first time, but only for players injured before half-time.
1966 The Rugby League International Board introduces a rule that a team in possession is allowed three play-the-balls and on the fourth tackle a scrum is to be formed. The Southern hemisphere adopts the rule the following year, but it becomes six-tackle rugby in 1972, and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover.
1967 Professional rugby league adopts Sunday as its main match day, in a bid to reverse declining attendances.
1968 Substitutes allowed in rugby union for the first time, but only for injured players.
1969 Springbok rugby union tour to Britain and Ireland. The tour is marked by protests against apartheid; South Africa would not tour the Home Nations again until after the end of apartheid.
1969 Rugby league finally gains recognition as a sport in British universities and colleges.
1970 Great Britain wins rugby league's Ashes in Australia, after winning the final two test matches.
1970 Rugby league's World Cup attracts poor crowds in England. Australia win.
1971 New Zealand wins a rugby league series in Britain for the first time since the original 1907–08 tour.
1971 Lions rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand. This is the only Lions team to have won a test series in New Zealand.
1971 Springbok rugby union tour of Australia is marked by protests.
1972 Timekeepers and sirens were introduced into rugby league for first time.
1972 Great Britain regains the Rugby League World Cup in France.
1973 Rugby union's Barbarians defeat the All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park.
1973 The British Amateur Rugby League Association sets itself up to run the sport at grassroots level after complaining of neglect by the RFL. Formal re-unification takes 30 years.
1974 Rugby union's Lions tour of South Africa. The notorious '99' call.
1975 Wales and England field separate teams in the Rugby League World Cup, played over several months in both hemispheres. Australia takes the trophy by finishing one point ahead of England in the final league table.
1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa. Twenty-eight nations boycott the 1976 Summer Olympics in protest against the International Olympic Committee's refusal to ban New Zealand from the games for defying the IOC's ban on sporting contact with South Africa.
1978 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland – New Zealand completes Grand Slam of victories over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales for the first time.
1980 Australia establishes rugby league's State of Origin series, where Queensland and New South Wales born players face each other. From 1982 onwards, it is played as a three match series and is recognised as the fiercest, toughest rugby in the world.
1981 The ‘Sin Bin’ is introduced into rugby league, in Australia.
1981 Springbok rugby union tour of New Zealand.
1981 South Africa is banned by the International Rugby Board from international competition until such time as apartheid ended.
1982 Rugby union's Pacific Tri-Nations between Tonga, Fiji and Samoa.
1982 Australian rugby league tourists win all tour games for first time and become known as 'The Invincibles'.
1983 A rugby league try is increased to four points. The character of the game changes further with the introduction of the turn-over possession on the sixth tackle, drastically reducing the number of scrums. The Sin Bin is introduced for offences that do not merit a sending off.
1983 The Rugby League international transfer ban is lifted.
1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland — Australia completes the Grand Slam of victories over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales for the first time.
1987 New Zealand Rugby Union defeats France 29–9 in the first Rugby Union World Cup, held in New Zealand and Australia.
1987 A "free gangway" between the two codes of rugby at amateur level is introduced, but individual cases of discrimination continues.
1987 The RFU introduces the Courage Leagues into Rugby Union — a league pyramid with roughly 1000 clubs playing in 108 leagues each with promotion and relegation.
1988 Rugby league's Wigan start their run of eight Challenge Cup final victories. The modern version of the Team of All the Talents, featuring players like Ellery Hanley, Andy Gregory, Jason Robinson and Shaun Edwards dominate for a decade, winning three World Cup titles in the process.
1989 Widnes beat Canberra 30–18 in first official World Club Challenge.
1990 Russia takes up rugby league. Russia goes on to appear in the 2000 World Cup and to enter club sides in the Challenge Cup.
1990 Blood-bin introduced into rugby league.
1990 The ban on French Rugby League using ‘rugby’ in its name is lifted. It changes its name back to Rugby à Treize.
1991 Australia defeat England 12–6 at Twickenham, London, in the second Rugby Union World Cup, held in the British Isles and France.
1992 The Springboks are readmitted to international rugby union.
1992 73,631 at Wembley see Australia defeat Great Britain 10–6 in the Rugby League World Cup final.
1994 David Hinchliffe MP introduces the Sports (Discrimination) Bill, to ban discrimination of amateur players of rugby league and other sports.
1994 The three British Armed Services recognises rugby league as a sport. Rugby league would be on the same footing as other sports in the Services.
1995 The International Rugby Board declares Rugby Union an 'open' professional game. It removes all restrictions on payments or benefits to those connected with the game.
1995 South Africa defeats New Zealand 15–12 (after extra time) at Ellis Park, Johannesburg in the third Rugby Union World Cup, held in South Africa.
1995 Rugby League centenary is celebrated by reviving the World Cup in Britain. Australia beat England 16–8 in the final at Wembley. Fiji, Tonga, South Africa and Western Samoa join the established nations in a successful tournament, whilst Ireland, Scotland, the US, Russia, the Cook Islands, Moldova and Morocco all compete in an Emerging Nations Tournament.
1995 The Heineken Cup is formed as a competition for 12 Rugby Union European clubs.
1995 As part of the struggle for television rights in Australia, the RFL in Britain is offered £87 million by News Corporation to set up rugby league's Super League. The game agrees to switch to a summer season, with Paris St Germain joining leading British clubs in a 14 team competition.
1996 The RFL introduces video referees into rugby league's Super League.
1996 Rugby union's Tri Nations Series begins between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
1996 Bath Rugby and Wigan, England's top union and league sides respectively, made history by playing against each other at both codes of rugby. The first match was at Maine Road, Manchester under league rules, Wigan beating Bath 82–6; then two weeks later the return match was held at Twickenham under union rules, Bath 44 beating Wigan 19.
1997 In Australia, the Super League war came to an end, with News International and the Australian Rugby League agreeing to merge their competitions to create the National Rugby League.
1998 Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games commences.
1999 IRB Sevens World Series commences.
1999 Australia defeat France 35–12 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in the fourth rugby union World Cup, held in Wales with matches also being played in England, Scotland, Ireland and France.
2000 The IRB introduces the ‘Sin Bin’ into international rugby union, after being trialled on the domestic stage within the southern hemisphere's Super 12 competition.
2000 The IRB introduces the "Television Match Official" (TMO) into international rugby union, after being trialled on the domestic stage within the southern hemisphere's Super 12 competition.
2000 Rugby union's Courage League is replaced by the Zurich Premiership.
2000 Rugby union's Five Nations becomes the Six Nations Championship, when Italy joins.
2000 New Zealand narrowly defeats Australia at Stadium Australia (Sydney) in rugby union, in front of 109,874 spectators, a world-record crowd for either code.
2001 Lions rugby union tour of Australia. The Wallabies defeat the Lions in a series for the first time ever.
2003 Rugby union's Churchill Cup commences with Canada, the US, and England Saxons (England "A") as permanent participants and one invited team (later three).
2003 England defeat Australia 20–17 (after extra time) at Stadium Australia, Sydney in the fifth Rugby Union World Cup, held in Australia.
2003 The Rugby League European Federation (RLEF) is created to promote the sport across Europe.
2006 French team Catalans Dragons are granted a rugby league Super League licence.
2007 South Africa defeat England 15–6 at Stade de France, in the sixth rugby union World Cup, held in France with matches also being played in Scotland and Wales.
2008 Rugby league holds its first World Cup since 2000, with New Zealand defeating Australia in Brisbane by a score of 34–20 in the final to take their first Rugby League World Cup.
2011 New Zealand defeat France 8–7 at Eden Park, Auckland, in the seventh rugby union World Cup, held in New Zealand.
2011 14 teams qualify for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup: Australia, England, New Zealand, Samoa, Wales, Fiji, France, Papua New Guinea, Ireland, Scotland, Tonga, Cook Islands, Italy and United States of America.
2012 The Tri-Nations series is expanded to include Argentina, and is renamed The Rugby Championship.
2015 New Zealand defeat Australia 34–17 at Twickenham Stadium, England, in the eighth rugby union World Cup, held in the United Kingdom. In doing so, New Zealand becomes the first team to win consecutive titles.
2016 Inaugural season of PRO Rugby in the United States. The competition folded after just one season.
2016 Rugby sevens at the Olympic Games commences.
2017 Toronto Wolfpack become the first fully professional rugby team in Canada, joining the British/French professional rugby league system in the third tier League 1.
Rugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions: New Zealand, Ireland, Wales, England, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, Scotland, Italy and France. Second and third tier unions include Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Fiji, Georgia, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Kenya, Namibia, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Samoa, Spain, Tonga, the United States and Uruguay. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby (WR), whose headquarters are located in Dublin, Ireland. It is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Georgia and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally. The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, into the programme from Rio de Janeiro in 2016 onwards. There was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped.
In Canada and the United States, rugby union evolved into gridiron football. During the late 1800s (and even the early 1900s), the two forms of the game were very similar (to the point where the United States was able to win the gold medal for rugby union at the 1924 Summer Olympics), but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart, introduced by Walter Camp in the United States and John Thrift Meldrum Burnside in Canada. Among unique features of the North American game are the separation of play into downs instead of releasing the ball immediately upon tackling, the requirement that the team with the ball set into a set formation for at least one second before resuming play after a tackle (and the allowance of up to 40 seconds to do so), the allowance for one forward pass from behind the site of the last tackle on each down, the evolution of hard plastic equipment (particularly the football helmet and shoulder pads), a smaller and pointier ball that is favorable to being passed but makes drop kicks impractical, a generally smaller and narrower field measured in customary units instead of metric (in some variants of the American game a field can be as short as 50 yards between end zones), and a distinctive field (shaped like a gridiron, from which the code's nickname is derived) with lines marked in five-yard intervals.
Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a global level by the Rugby League International Federation. In addition to amateur and semi-professional competitions in the United States, Russia, Lebanon, Serbia, Europe and Australasia, there are two major professional competitions—the Australasian National Rugby League and the Super League. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand. In Papua New Guinea it is the national sport. Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup and European Cup respectively.
Distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the oval ball and throwing the ball forward is not allowed so that players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. As the sport of rugby league moved further away from its union counterpart, rule changes were implemented with the aim of making a faster-paced and more try-oriented game.
Union players contest possession following the tackle: depending on the situation, either a ruck or a maul can occur. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle: play is continued with a play-the-ball.
In league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession. Union has no six-tackle rule; a team can keep the ball for an unlimited number of tackles before scoring as long as it maintains possession and does not commit an offence.
Set pieces of the union code include the "scrum", in which packs of opposing players push against each other for possession, and the "line-out", in which parallel lines of players from each team, arranged perpendicular to the touch-line, attempt to catch the ball thrown from touch. A rule has been added to line-outs which allows the jumper to be pulled down once a players' feet are on the ground.
In the league code, the scrum still exists, but with greatly reduced importance as it involves fewer players and is rarely contested. Set pieces are generally started from the play-the-ball situation. Many of the rugby league positions have similar names and requirements to rugby union positions, but there are no flankers in rugby league.
In England, rugby union is widely regarded as an "establishment" sport, played mostly by members of the upper and middle classes. For example, many pupils at public schools and grammar schools play rugby union, although the game (which had a long history of being played at state schools until the 1980s) is becoming increasingly popular in comprehensive schools. Despite this stereotype, the game, particularly in the West Country is popular amongst all classes. In contrast, rugby league has traditionally been seen as a working-class pursuit. Another exception to rugby union's upper-class stereotype is in Wales, where it has been traditionally associated with small village teams made up of coal miners and other industrial workers who played on their days off. In Ireland, both rugby union and rugby league are unifying forces across the national and sectarian divide, with the Ireland international teams representing both political entities.
In Australia, support for both codes is concentrated in New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory. The same perceived class barrier as exists between the two games in England also occurs in these states, fostered by rugby union's prominence and support at private schools.
Exceptions to the above include New Zealand (although rugby league is still considered to be a lower class game by many or a game for 'westies' referring to lower class western suburbs of Auckland and more recently, southern Auckland where the game is also popular), Wales, France (except Paris), Cornwall, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Scottish Borders, County Limerick (see Munster) and the Pacific Islands, where rugby union is popular in working class communities. Nevertheless, rugby league is perceived as the game of the working-class people in northern England and in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland.
In the United Kingdom, rugby union fans sometimes used the term "rugger" as an alternative name for the sport, (see Oxford '-er'), although this archaic expression has not had currency since the 1950s or earlier. New Zealanders refer to rugby union simply as either "rugby" or "union", or even simply "football", and to rugby league as "rugby league" or "league". In the U.S., people who play rugby are sometimes called "ruggers", a term little used elsewhere except facetiously.
In France, rugby is widely played and has a strong tradition in the Basque, Occitan and Catalan areas along the border regions between Spain and France. The game is very popular in South Africa, having been introduced by English-speaking settlers in the 19th century. British colonists also brought the game with them to Australia and New Zealand, where the game is widely played. It has spread thence to much of Polynesia, having particularly strong followings in Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. Rugby union continues to grow in the Americas and parts of Asia as well.
A rugby ball, originally called a quanco, is a diamond shape ball used for easier passing. Richard Lindon and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched, four-panel, leather casings and pigs’ bladders. The rugby ball's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig's bladder, although early balls were more plumb-shape than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig's bladder was.
In rugby union, World Rugby regulates the size and shape of the ball under Law 2 (also known as Law E.R.B); an official rugby union ball is oval and made of four panels, has a length in-line of 280–300 millimetres, a circumference (end to end) of 740–770 millimetres, and a circumference (in width) of 580–620 millimetres. It is made of leather or suitable synthetic material and may be treated to make it water resistant and easier to grip. The rugby ball may not weigh more than 460 grams or less than 410 and has an air pressure of 65.71–68.75 kilopascals, or 0.67–0.70 kilograms per square centimetre, or 9.5–10.0 lbs per square inch. Spare balls are allowed under the condition that players or teams do not seek an advantage by changing the ball. Smaller sized balls may also be used in games between younger players. Much larger versions of traditional balls are also available for purchase, but these are mainly for their novelty attraction.
The Rugby World Cup, which was first held in New Zealand and Australia in 1987, occurs every four years. It is an international tournament organized by World Rugby. The event is played in the union format and features the top 20 teams from around the world. The current world champions are New Zealand, who won the 2015 Rugby World Cup, which was played in England.
The Rugby League World Cup was the first World Cup of either of the Rugby codes and was first held in France in 1954, and as of 2013 occurs on a 4-year cycle. It is an international tournament that is organized by the Rugby League International Federation. The event is played in the league format and features the top 14 teams from around the world. The current world champions are Australia, who won the World Cup in 2013, played in England, Wales, France, and Ireland.
Rugby shirts were formerly made of cotton but are now made of a cotton and polyester mix. This material has the advantage of not absorbing as much water or mud as cotton alone. Owing to the more aggressive nature of the game, rugby clothing, in general, is designed to be much more robust and hardwearing than that worn for association football.
The rugby jerseys are slightly different depending on the type of rugby game played. The shirts worn by rugby league footballers commonly have a large "V" around the neck. The players in rugby union wear jerseys with a more traditional design, sometimes completely white (Cahors Rugby in France). The number of the player and his or her surname are placed on the upper back of the jersey (often name above number, with the number being significantly larger and more central), and the logo of the team on the upper left chest.
Like most team sports, both forms of rugby are vulnerable to match-fixing, particularly bets involving easily manipulated outcomes, such as conceding penalties and first point scorer. A recent example is a deliberate infringement by Ryan Tandy in order for the first points scored to be a penalty goal in a 2010 NRL match; the attempt backfired when instead of taking a shot at goal, a try was scored.
^ "The Rugby World Cup: Second Only To The Soccer World Cup in Attendance [Infographic]". Forbes. 18 September 2015.
^ "Rugby League World Cup:Will World Cup joy finally come for Sam Burgess?". BBC Sport. 30 November 2017.
^ "The Other (and Less Popular) Rugby World Cup Gets Underway". New York Times. 27 October 2017.
^ "Broken Time -review". The Guardian. 2 October 2011.
^ "27 August 1995:Rugby Union turns professional". MoneyWeek. 27 August 2015.
^ Gilbert, Ian (10 October 2003). "The bluffer's guide". Archived from Age%5d%5d the original Check |url= value (help) on 15 July 2013.
^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007 Edition: "In ancient Greece a game with elements of football, episkuros, or harpaston, was played, and it had migrated to Rome as harpastum by the 2nd century BC".
^ Baker, Andrew (20 August 1995). "100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era". The Independent. independent.co.uk. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
^ Tony Collins (2006). "Schism 1893–1895". Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football (2nd ed.). Routlage. pp. 87–120. ISBN 0-415-39616-6.
^ Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845) – via Wikisource.
^ "National football". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 17 April 1915. p. 12.
^ "Annual meeting of the league – the proposed universal code". The Mercury. Hobart, TAS. 30 March 1915. p. 8.
^ Kemp, Stuart (24 August 2007). "Rugby World Cup gaining wide popularity". Reuters. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
^ "International Rugby Board – News". Irb.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
^ Michaelis, Vicki (8 July 2005). "Baseball, softball bumped from Olympics". USA Today. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
^ "PNG vow to upset World Cup odds". Rugby League. Federación Peruana de Frontón. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2009. But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history if Papua New Guinea – the only country to have rugby league as its national sport – were to qualify for the last four.
^ "PNG seal 2010 Four Nations place". BBC. 1 November 2009.
^ Sommerville, D. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Rugby Union. Aurum Press, UK. ISBN 1-85410-481-0.
^ a b Collins, T. (2005). "Australian Nationalism and Working-Class Britishness: The Case of Rugby League Football." History Compass, Vol. 3, No. 1.
^ Collins, T. (1998). Rugby’s Great Split: Class, Culture and the Origins of Rugby League Football (London).
OED: Rugger "Slang or colloquial alteration of RUGBY (in the sense of 'Rugby football'). Freq. attrib. rugger-tackle".
Tony Collins, Football, rugby, rugger?, BBC sound recording with written transcript, and a comment in prose by Jonnie Robinson, Curator, English accents and dialects, British Library Sound Archive.
^ The New Zealand Pocket Oxford Dictionary. ISBN 0-19-558379-5.
^ International rugby board. "Rugby ball laws" 22 Feb. 2010.
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My Aspergers (high functioning) child’s teachers complain about the fact that it takes him longer to finish an assignment. How can I help him work faster so he does not fall behind in his assignments?
Teachers often complain about the slow work pace of students with Aspergers and High-Functioning Autism (HFA). The lack of language skills plays a part, as well as the student’s physical limitations due to the lack of fine motor skills. The student’s handwriting skills are probably awkward and clumsy, thus slowing him down.
Poor organizational skills interfere with the student’s ability to produce timely assignments. In addition, many children on the autism spectrum are perfectionists bordering on obsessive behaviors. This causes control issues.
The slow pace problem is often addressed in the student’s education plan. The student is offered reduced workload, additional time for most assignments, reading assistance during testing, and occupational therapy exercises to improve fine motor skills such as handwriting. The first thing you can do is to make sure your child has these special accommodations in place to help him become a successful student.
• Take steps to control obsessive behaviors. Unfortunately, these behaviors are common in children with Aspergers and HFA. They can take control and cause many problems. Learn and perform behavior modification techniques for obsessive and/or compulsive issues.
• Remember the importance of routine. Your child performs best when he has a set and regular routine. Work to make his home time a seamless, structured continuation of his school day. It may seem like too much to you, but children on the spectrum attain great comfort, thus becoming more productive, when the routine is rigid.
• Practice fine motor skills exercises and handwriting regularly. Practice will help increase his handwriting speed. With added speed, he can finish assignments faster. Taking notes during class will become easier for him.
• Organizational skills are necessary for independence. Learning time management techniques, thought process control, as well as basic organizational skills like keeping a daily calendar, creating written lists, and using other visual aids will help our child become more productive.
Complaining teachers can increase your child’s anxiety levels. Since children with Aspergers and HFA are likely to suffer from anxiety, this negative input is sure to have an effect on your child. Behavior modification, therapy, or medication may be needed to control anxiety due to academic pressure.
Taking steps to deal with your child’s weaknesses will improve the situation. In addition, it would not hurt to schedule a meeting to remind your child’s complaining teachers about his educational limitations.
Uh...the school needs to make allowances for him because the more research you do, the more you realize you cant speed up the process caue that is how the Asperger brain works. ANd the school should know it and make accopmodations for assignements, testing, quizes, and other things because your child is smart...his brain just takes the long way for it to come out! Do not allow the school to for one min think he can or should SPEED UP....it will cause unnecessary anxiety for him!
You may not be able to "make" him work faster. Does he have an IEP or 504? My 11 yr old Aspie's teacher lets him finish work at home. For certain projects she also allows for an extention on the deadline.
Yup, school needs to work with your child and if he has an IEP, accomodations for completion time for work needs to be accounted for if it is due to his challenge of requiring time for completion, not due to stubborness.
its not up to the child to speed up.its up to the teacher to be patient + understand.
Any school who thinks you can teach an aspie or autistic child to learn or work faster, obviously doesnt know crap about it and really needs more education!!!!
I agree. Be sure your child has an IEP. As a result of him being an awesome aspie the school should make allowances and accommodate him. My son also sees an occupational therapist at the school which helps him with his motor skills.... It is a process.
Twice as much time, half as much done is the concept. The teacher needs to comply with THAT!
My 13 yr old aspie son has an amazing teacher. If he cannot get an assignment finished in school she sends it home. If he completely forgets that he has an assignment she will call me or email me to let me know what it is on. Most times she gives me my own copy of the assignment so that if he forgets then I have a copy here for him. The school also gave me a copy of all his text books and work books. All of his teachers keep in constant contact with me on progress.
Also make sure to push for those things that will make your child's life easier. Extra computer time, typing lessons. My oldest son who is Aspbergers has terrible hand printing, very poor muscle control for writing I finally forced CCAC to teach him cursive script and forced the school to accomodate him with teaching him to type early. Most of these kids can type if they are taught and the typing motion will help strenghten the hand. I don't know how many times I've pointed out that I'm supposed to be the "stupid parent" I never finished college and yet I'm giving concise, common-sense ideas to help my child that some of these people should have thought of on their own.
Test him for other diseases...like Lyme Disease...then treat if he has that too. His functioning will improve.
So many good replies here. It has taken us 2 years to try and get my son the assistance he needs and some of teachers still don't get it. I know it's frustrating to deal with, but just think how the Aspie child feels and tries to cope.
My 6th grade son takes longer to do some of his work because it has to look perfect. He obsesses over the fact that it has to look just this way! In his IEP they allow him to have extra time if needed. On the upside - the teacher is always impressed when he turns his his work! We are very lucky that my child goes to a school who does fantastic work with ASD kids, and any other special education needs for any student. I would go to the school and say this is what my child needs and as his teacher, this is what you are going to do for him!!! Good luck!
If parents run into these kinds of situations, I recommend getting in contact with their local Parent Training center. All services are free and we are nationwide. We can meet with parents to review the IEP to ensure it provides for the child based on their needs as an INDIVIDUAL! That IS what an IEP is all about! If anyone needs info for their local Parent Training center, please leave a comment on our page. Best wishes!
Teachers give my son leeway to finish in school assignments at home and turn them in the next day. it is a partial solution to the problem..
I think the teachers need to chill out and quit expecting so much of the kids. Let them follow their special interests and obsessions unfettered, and they'll rule the world. Try to force them to conform to neurotypical study habits and to be "balanced," and you'll get very frustrated, angry and self-doubting kids. This is coming from an AS mom of an AS daughter. I know I can't change the schools but I can change what I expect of my daughter. If she gets bad grades but is happy and successful in a trade related to her special interest someday, I will be happy for her. I think parents need to be proactive on this one and not pressure their kids so much. Just because the schools pressure the kids, as long as they are passing and getting the services they need, we don't need to add additional pressure. I know how hard this is and I have just mellowed out with her about it. If she takes too long or can't finish an assignment I write a note to the teacher saying how long she took and how hard she worked on it.
The article makes an important point about how complaining teachers cause anxiety in AS children that slows them down. Parents shouldn't add to that by reinforcing the teacher's complaints at home.
I am a teacher and would like some advice. I have a student in class with Asperger's. He works very slowly and cannot finish an assignment in the class time alloted. I have no problem with allowing him to take the work home, but what if it is something that we are going over in class and discussing, then moving on to another lesson? I'm talking about reading a passage and answering 5 multiple choice questions. Do I allow him to sit through the answers and the discuss and turn his paper in the next day? Do I not worry about the benefits of him joining in on the discussion and taking part in the activities the rest of the class does? Suggestions would be most welcome. I want to give this child the best possible education.
I have an Asperger's student in one of my classes, and I need some advice. He takes an especially long time to finish any assignment, and I have no problem with letting him take it home to finish. What I am not sure about is what to do when it is a relatively short assignment (reading passage followed by 5 multiple choice questions or 5 vocabulary sentences) that is assigned and then grade/discussed afterward during the same class period. Do I let him sit through the answers and the discussion and still take the assignment home to finish? Do I not worry about what he might miss from participating/being included in a class discussion? Any suggestions are welcome. I want to give ALL children in my class the best education possible.
Ive had so much trouble with my sons school.. even after getting him an iep they let him take home his work till 3rd grade then they started taking away his recessess, and making him stand while doing work.. my sons super sweet he started having axiety in 3rd grade and acid reflux. No matter how much i worked with the school and offered my time all i got was complaints, and he told his teacher to stop treating him like an animal.. i withdrew him and now hes homeschooled.. its not an option for everyone. But i have not met a teacher or school that will ever understand.. instead now we are rebuilding lost confidiance, he cried everyday after school.. its been two months of home schooling and hes happy and thriving. Hes as god has made him and hes perfect..
I wish I'd had accommodations as a child because I grew up thinking that I was just broken or something because everything I do is at a slower speed compared to pretty much everyone else I have ever met. My Mum used to get so angry when I took ages to do stuff, claiming that I should stop being so easily distracted (I wasn't, I was often focussing intently on the task in hand, I was just slow at it) and telling me to be quicker without any suggestions as to how I'd actually accomplish that.
I'm now 30 and I still struggle with speed issues. I don't know why it never occurred to me before, but I thought I would time myself whilst prepping vegetables for dinner. It took me 33mins to chop 2 sticks of celery and 3 small peppers into cubes. I didn't think to time doing the single carrot because it was only after my boyfriend cam to check how I was doing that I realised that it had taken me over an hour just to peel one carrot and chop it into small cubes.
Growing up I was always slow copying stuff off the board. It was awful when they got the electronic whiteboards as then the teachers pre-typed the lessons and would switch slides before I was finished on the first and I'd feel stressed and rushed all the time. At school we *had* to write everything down exactly as it was on the board so I felt like nothing was going in because I was having to focus so much on just getting the words down. When I got to university, there was no forced note taking so I just used to sit and listen and read the info instead and occasionally doodle in the margins or write the occasional bit of included on the slides/handouts (since we got copies of everything) and I did so much better!
But yeah, still have issues today. I write and type slowly, I get dressed slowly, I prepare and cook food slowly, bathe slowly... Pretty much everything slowly. I am a very quick reader though! And I can walk quite quickly to get places too (though that one is probably due to having to walk quick to make up for being late because of the other stuff). I have great issues with time - it doesn't feel like it exists for me. I basically run on whether or not it's light outside or not and whether or not I feel hungry. That's about as accurate as I can get. My brother (7 yrs younger) on the other hand never bothers to wear a watch because he has an uncanny ability to tell what time it is to within 2 mins accuracy. He does everything super quickly too. No idea how he does it!
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0.998101 |
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. "
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Measurement of Party ID for this figure is based on two questions. First, respondents were asked whether they consider themselves to be a Democrats, Republicans, independents, other, or not sure. Those who responded that they are independents or "other" were then asked if they lean toward either the Democrats or Republicans. If they indicated that they lean toward one party or the other, they are considered Democrats or Republicans for the purposes of this figure. Only "pure" independents or members of a third party who indicate that they have no preference for Democrats vis-a-vis Republicans are considered independents. Respondents who answered that they are "not sure" for either of the two aforementioned questions are not incorporated into this figure.
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Party identification is calculated according to the PID7 variable, a seven point scale of party identification.
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Ideology is measured on a scale of 1-7, with 1 corresponding to "extremely liberal", 7 corresponding to "extremely conservative, and 4 corresponding to "in the middle." For the purposes of this table, respondents who placed themselves at or between points 1 and 3 on the scale are considered "liberal," respondents who placed themselves at point 4 on the scale are considered "moderate," and respondents who placed themselves at or between points 5 and 7 on the scale are considered conservative.
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " The ideology measure is based on respondent self-placement in response to the following question: "On a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 is extremely liberal, 7 is extremely conservative, and 4 is exactly in the middle, where would you place yourself?" The placements are further classified such that 1 is extremely liberal, 2 is very liberal, 3 is somewhat liberal, 4 is moderate, 5 is somewhat conservative, 6 is very conservative, and 7 is extremely conservative.
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Tea Party identification is based on the following question, also asked in the survey: "Suppose the Tea Party movement organized itself as a political party. When thinking about the next election for Congress, would you vote for the Republican candidate from your district, the Democratic candidate from your district, or the Tea Party candidate from your district?" Those who responded "Republican candidate" are considered Republicans (non-Tea Party movement) and those who responded "Tea Party candidate" are considered Tea Party Republicans.
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Race is calculated according to the race variable.
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Gender is calculated according to the GENDER variable.
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Community is based on the following question, "Would you say that you live in an urban, suburban, or rural community?"
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Age is calculated according to the AGEG variable.
Respondents were asked, "Below are some proposals that the Texas Legislature debated this year. Please tell us whether you would support or oppose each of the following proposals: Allowing Texans to openly carry handguns in public places so long as they have a license to do so. " Education is calculated according to the EDUC variable.
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0.991024 |
- The novel has in one form or another been adapted in a number of versions for television, movies, and others.
- The novel was intended to teach Wyss's four sons about family values, good husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance.
- Although movie and TV adaptations typically name the family "Robinson", it is not a Swiss name; the "Robinson" of the title refers to Robinson Crusoe. The German name translates as the Swiss Robinson, implying a Swiss version of Robinson Crusoe, rather than a Swiss family named Robinson.
- It is said that he was inspired by Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, but wanted to write a story in from which his own children would learn, as the father in the story taught important lessons to his children.
- The book was edited by his son, Johann Rudolf Wyss, a scholar who wrote the Swiss national anthem. Another son, Johann Emmanuel Wyss, illustrated the book.
The Swiss Family Robinson follows a close family who have found themselves stranded on a desert island after a shipwreck. The story is told from the point of view of the father. The religious family is made up of their intelligent and resourceful father, a kind and caring mother, and their four sons named Fritz, Ernest, Jack, and Franz. Fritz is the eldest son, 15 years old when the family lands on the island, and he is often tough on his brothers despite his good intentions. Ernest is the second oldest, and he is intelligent and well-formed, though indolent. Jack is the third oldest son, he is bold, but often thoughtless. Last is Franz, the youngest son, nearly 8 years old when the family first is stranded. The father is trying to teach them about nature.
The story follows the family's many good fortunes after they survive a shipwreck in a storm. They find themselves stuck on the ship, after being abandoned by their shipmates, but not too far from shore. Luckily, the family discovers many supplies on the ship, including clothing, tools, fish hooks, guns and gun powder, and various useful animals, such as cows, mules, hens, and pigeons. They find even more treasures on the endlessly fruitful island, and continue to prosper and make new and exciting discoveries.
There have been many adaptations of the novel with a wide variety of plots, characters, and endings. In the end they are all chiefly characterized by an improbable profusion and variety of animals -- penguins, kangaroos, monkeys, lions, grizzly bears, American buffalo, wild donkeys, iguanas, and even a whale - conveniently gathered together on a tropical island for the purpose of feeding and educating the boys, and instructing the reader.
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The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river flowing east from the Canadian Rockies to central Saskatchewan . It is one of two major rivers that join to make up the Saskatchewan River.
The Saskatchewan River system is the largest in western Canada, including most of southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan, and crossing into central Manitoba.
The Bridge River Ash is in the vicinity of the North Saskatchewan River, which erupted from Mount Meager in southwestern British Columbia about 2350 years ago.
The section of the North Saskatchewan river that falls within the Banff National Park boundaries has been designated a Canadian Heritage River in 1989, for its importance in the development of the western Canada.
Edmonton's North Saskatchewan River valley parks system is the largest system of urban parks in Canada, and covers both sides of the river valley's course through Edmonton.
The Saskatchewan River drainage basin.
North Saskatchewan river has a length of 1,287 km (800 mi), and a drainage area of 122,800 km2. At its end point at Saskatchewan River Forks it has a mean discharge of 245 m3/s. The yearly discharge at the Alberta/Saskatchewan border is more than 7 billion m3.
The river begins above 1,800 metres at the toe of the Saskatchewan Glacier in the Columbia Icefield , and flows southeast through Banff National Park alongside the Icefields Parkway.
At the junction of the David Thompson Highway (Highway 11), it initially turns northeast for 10 kilometres before switching to a more direct eastern flow for about 30 km. At this point, it turns north where it eventually arrives at Abraham Lake .
Bighorn Dam constricts the north end of Abraham Lake , where the North Saskatchewan emerges to track eastward to Rocky Mountain House.
At Rocky Mountain House, the river abruptly turns north again for 100 km where it switches east towards Edmonton, Alberta .
In Edmonton, the river passes through the centre of the city in a northeasterly direction and out towards Smoky Lake at which point it quickly changes to the southeast and then more to the east as it makes it way to the Alberta-Saskatchewan boundary.
From the Saskatchewan boundary, the river flows southeast between North Battleford and Battleford and on in the direction of Saskatoon .
About 40 km northwest of Saskatoon, near Langham , the river veers to the northeast where it passes through Prince Albert .
About 30 km east of Prince Albert, the North Saskatchewan River joins the South Saskatchewan River at Saskatchewan River Forks to become the Saskatchewan River. From here, the river flows east to Tobin Lake and into Manitoba , eventually emptying into Lake Winnipeg .
The river course can be divided into five distinct sections. The first, the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, is the smallest area geographically, although the largest in terms of run-off and contributed water flow. The glaciers and perpetual snows of the mountain peaks feed the river year-round. Mountains, with little vegetation, experience the fasting melting snow cover. The second section of the river comprises the foothills region. The terrain is hilly and rough, with a deeper and more defined valley. This area is well covered with forest and muskeg, and run-off into the river is much more constant and stable than in the mountains.From Edmonton to the mouth of the Vermilion River, the North Saskatchewan flows through the plains-parkland divide, with occasional stretches of prairie. Here the river runs in a well-defined valley with deep cuts in the landscape. The fourth section, from the Vermilion River to Prince Albert is principally prairie with a few small stretches of timber and secondary forest cover. The valley of the river is much wider, and the river itself spreads out across shallow water and flows over many shifting sand bars. Low-lying, flat areas, border the river for much of this section.
The final section of the river, from Prince Albert to the Forks, has many rapids. The valley is more shallow than the previous sections of the river, and the channel is much better defined. There is little prairie and much tree cover in this section.
Like all rivers, the North Saskatchewan is subject to periodic flooding, beginning with rapid snowmelt in the mountains or prolonged periods of rain in the river basin. With the establishment of permanent communities along the river's course, and the rise of an administrative/government structure, records exist recording floods in the North Saskatchewan for the past century. The Bighorn Dam , constructed in the early 1970s near Nordegg, Alberta , and the Brazeau Dam, constructed in the mid-1960s, have both dramatically reduced occurrences of flooding in the North Saskatchewan River.
The 1915 flood of the North Saskatchewan River was one of the most dramatic in the history of Edmonton . On 28 June, the Edmonton Bulletin reported the river had risen "10 feet in as many hours." A frantic phone call from Rocky Mountain House alerted local authorities to the flood's arrival. The Canadian National Railway had parked a number of train cars on the city's low level bridge to protect against the "tons upon tons of debris" that had been pushed up against its pillars, including a house swept away by the current. Thousands of Edmonton residents watched the flood destroy lumber mills along the city's river valley.
The North Saskatchewan River has always been a major trade route from Hudson Bay and central Canada across the plains and towards the Rocky Mountains. During the fur trade era, birch bark canoes and york boats traveled up and down the Saskatchewan delivering trade goods and amassing furs for transportation to Europe.
The North Saskatchewan also witnessed a lively, although short-lived, era of steamboat shipping during the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. The Hudson's Bay Company purchased a number of steamboats from companies operating on the Red River and trading at Winnipeg /Fort Garry . The Company desired to avoid paying the labour costs of fur trade brigades, and felt steamboat shipping provided a suitable alternative. A number of HBC steamboats did navigate the river intermittently over two decades, although fluctuating water levels and natural barriers (rapids and sandbars) hampered efficient operation of the HBC fleet. With the arrival of the railroad in Western Canada, steamboat shipping on the Saskatchewan came to an end.
A number of dams have been planned and constructed on the North Saskatchewan River and its tributaries. No singular purpose has dominated dam planning in the basin, indeed, hydroelectric development, flood control, and water diversion schemes have all underpinned proposals to construct dams on the river.
The first hydroelectric development on the North Saskatchewan was planned in 1910 near the town of Drayton Valley . Funding for the plan came from a British Syndicate; design and construction were to be carried out by the Edmonton Hydro-Electric Power Scheme. The development was shelved after the outbreak of World War I.
The La Colle Falls hydroelectric project east of Prince Albert was a half-built failure. Construction began in the 1910s and was later abandoned. The City remained in debt from financing the project until 1960, and the site still attracts tourists today..
A major dam was planned on the North Saskatchewan near the hamlet of Hairy Hill, Alberta, about 100 miles downstream from Edmonton during the 1960s and 1970s. This dam was part of a larger water diversion scheme conceived by the Alberta Government to transfer water from the Peace, Smoky, and Athabasca rivers to the Saskatchewan River Basin.
The planned dam had a maximum height of 212 feet, with a crest length of 5,760 feet, which would have created a reservoir capable of holding over four million acre-feet of water. The reservoir would have affected municipal water works in the city of Fort Saskatchewan , was likely to inundate part of the Saddle Lake Indian Reserve, and would have flooded a number of oil and gas fields in the area. The plan was later shelved in light of economic and environmental concerns.
The Bighorn Dam was constructed near Nordegg and created Lake Abraham , one of the largest reservoirs in Alberta. The dam was constructed in 1971 by Transalta.
One of the North Saskatchewan's major tributaries, the Brazeau River, houses the Brazeau Hydroelectric Dam. The Brazeau Dam is Alberta's largest hydroelectric facility, and was built in 1965 by Transalta.
Surveys of the North Saskatchewan River: 1910-1915. Edmonton: Government of the Province of Alberta, Department of Water Resources, 1917. Pages 50-53.
Research Council of Alberta, Highways Division. Hyrdologic Data on Floods in the North Saskatchewan River. (Edmonton: Research Council of Alberta, 1965).
Environment Canada, Water Survey of Canada, retrieved 11 January 2009.
The Edmonton Bulletin, 28 June 1915.
The Edmonton Bulletin, 29 June 1915.
Bruce Peel, Steamboats on the Saskatchewan, (Saskatoon: Prairie Books, 1972).
Loosmore, W. S. B. To Trail's End: Early Settlement in Drayton Valley. Drayton Valley: Drayton Valley and District Historical Society, 1994. Pages 10-14.
Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Engineering Services, Alberta Regional Division. Hariy Hill Dam—North Saskatchewan River, Engineering Report. Calgary: Saskatchewan-Nelson Basin Board, 1970.
Milholland, Billie. North Saskatchewan River Guide: Mountain to Prairie a Living Landscape. Edmonton: North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance, 2002.
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Cancelling CC right after approval..
I applied for the MBNA SC, which was approved.
I found an Amex that I like better and would like to go for instead. I know I will take a credit hit when I apply for the new one.
If I call in and cancel a card (I haven't received it yet), will I take a credit hit?
I applied for a credit card through Amex, which was approved. A few days later I stumbled across something that I felt suited my needs better.
I probably will when I apply for the new one instead.. What's the best way to handle this.
PS: Different banks, so can't really "switch."
The credit hit doesn't happen when you receive the card or activate it, it already would have happened. So just call and cancel and get a different card if you want to. The credit hit probably doesn't matter at all, I wouldn't worry about it.
What about ending up applying for 2 cards in such quick succession? I mean, I have a decent credit score but still..
Your credit score will definitely get lowered if you apply two cards so quickly, but keep in mind that this will just be a temporary hit and does not matter unless you are looking to obtain a loan of some sort in the near term.
Creditors only see priors. If you we're to apply for another card they would see the newest credit inquiry from MBNA and you score would only be affected by that recent inquiry.
Your credit life is over. Applying for two cards in quick succession is akin to financial suicide. Tough break for you.
Or, OTOH, you can forget about credit scores and live your life without worrying about such ridiculously petty things. Credit scores are waaaaaaaaaaaaay overblown.
I just did the same thing. Sent in an application last night and found out today about those limits. Where are these limits posted on their website? Can't find anything about it.
The credit underwriter was suggesting in the ask me anything about credit thread to wait a bit until the card has a better status (R9 I think?), so that the card is shown as having being closed on your request on your report. You might want to buy a coke or something equally unimportant, and then cancel it in two-three months.
Thanks poutinesauce (I think you mean R1-R3 though). Your answer was actually helpful, unlike Conquistador's "live like a hippie" advice.
Aethean - I called and asked them. Apparently it's not considered important enough to be in the detailed description, and you'll only find out about this when you get the booklet with the card. I almost want to cancel just on principle of that.
If the limits bother you but you would want the card otherwise just apply for a second of the same card. If your credit score is reasonably decent MBNA gives away those cards very liberally.
Besides, with a decent spend they'll upgrade you to the world soon enough anyways which lifts the $1250 limit.
I can't believe so many people obsess about credit score. Geez, I don't know what is mine. All I need to know is that one time missed a payment or two (due to being preoccupied with more important stuff) CCs started to reduce my credit limit. Naturally. Oh, well, 3-4 months later they increase it back, and more credit offers pour in, which I don't need.
People, there is life beyond credit score. Why the hell you even need it? To be qualified for more debt? Makes no sense.
Nobody is suggesting to live like a hippie. Just not to be paranoid about petty things in life.
Geez, I don't know what is mine.
In his defence though, you don't need to know your score to see if there's an error in your credit report. Both bureaus do offer free reports that do not disclose your score. This is all you need to check for errors or fraud. Mind you, it is much easier to order it online, not everyone wants to part with that $24 to do so.
This isn't a bad point, but also somewhat flawed. You would need to subscribe to a monitoring service for this to really have any effect, as checking it once a year won't help the time between checks.
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What's the best way to increase a company's visibility without using local SEO techniques? Well, thanks to social media's ever-increasing involvement in our daily lives, personalized search results have been shown to alter search engine result page (SERP) rankings when a person is logged into Google or Facebook, according to Search Engine Watch.
The creation of Google Plus and Bing's recent partnership with Facebook allow a user's friend activity to determine where certain sites rank on SERPs. For example, the news source cites a simple search for the term "SEO" while the author was not logged into Google. The third search result was for a site called "Sponsors for Educational Opportunity," which has nothing to do with search engine optimization.
However, once logged in, shared posts from the author's Google Plus connections vaulted up results page, increasing the visibility of the sites or services they had promoted.
The same edict goes for Bing and Facebook. When searching on Bing while logged into the popular social media site, companies and services "Liked" by friends will become more visible on your results page. This represents an important opportunity for companies to become more active in social media, because the consumer now has a greater say in how much traffic - and in turn, revenue - a business receives.
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Having a letter of intent signed by both the buyer and the seller can be a very good feeling. Everything can seem as though it is moving along just fine, but the due diligence process must still be completed. It is during due diligence that a seller decides whether he or she is going to finalize the deal. Much depends on what is discovered during this important process, so remember the deal isn’t done until it is truly finalized.
Summed up another way, due diligence is quite comprehensive. It probably comes as no surprise that this is when deals often fall apart. Before diving in, it is critically important that you meet with such key people as appraisers, accountants, lawyers, a marketing team and other key people.
Let’s take a look at some of the main items that both buyers and sellers should have on their respective checklists.
You should determine the percentage of sales by product line. Additionally, take the time to review pricing policies, product warranties and check against industry guidelines.
Review your key people and determine what kind of employee turnover is likely.
If your business is involved in manufacturing then every aspect of the manufacturing process must be evaluated. Is the facility efficient? How old is the equipment? What is the equipment worth? Who are the key suppliers? How reliable will those suppliers be in the future?
Trademarks, patents and copyrights are intangible assets and it is important to know if those assets will be transferred. Intangible assets can be the key assets of a business.
Operations is key, so you’ll want to review all current financial statements and compare those statements to the budget. You’ll also want to check all incoming sales and at the same time analyze both the backlog and the prospects for future sales.
Environmental issues are often overlooked, but they can be very problematic. Issues such as lead paint and asbestos as well as ground and water contamination can all lead to time-consuming and costly fixes.
Have a list of major customers ready. You’ll want to have a sales breakdown by region and country as well. If possible, you’ll want to compare your company’s market share with that of the competition.
Accounts receivable will want to check for who is paying and who isn’t. If there is bad debt, it is vital to find that debt. Inventory should also be checked for work-in-progress as well as finished goods. Non-usable inventory, the policy for returns and the policy for write-offs should all be documented.
Finally, when buying or selling a business, it is vital that you understand what is for sale, what is not for sale and what is included whether it is machinery or intangible assets such as intellectual property. Understanding the barriers to entry, the company’s competitive advantage and what key agreements with employees and suppliers are already in place, will help ensure a smooth and stable transition. There are many important questions that must be answered during the due diligence process. Working closely with a business broker helps to ensure that none of these vital questions are overlooked.
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Kant opined that knowledge is the result of concrete cognitive work on the part of an individual person—reality "sensuous intuition" is inherently in flux, and understanding results when someone takes that intuition and interprets Sapir-whorfian thesis via their " categories of the understanding.
Plato held instead that the world consisted of eternal ideas and that language should reflect these ideas as accurately as possible. Their two tenets were i "the world is differently experienced and conceived Sapir-whorfian thesis different linguistic communities" and ii "language causes a particular cognitive structure".
For Immanuel Kantlanguage was but one of several tools used by humans to experience the world. Recent work with bilingual Sapir-whorfian thesis attempts to distinguish the effects of language from those of culture on bilingual cognition including perceptions of time, space, motion, colors and emotion.
The notion that Arctic people have an unusually large number of words for snow has been shown to be false by linguist Geoffrey Pullum ; in an essay titled "The great Eskimo vocabulary hoax", he tracks down the origin of the story, ultimately attributing it largely to Whorf and suggesting the triviality of Whorf's observations.
They studied color terminology formation and showed clear universal trends in color naming. Whorf's point was that while English speakers may be able to understand how a Hopi speaker thinks, they do not think in that way.
Bowerman showed that certain cognitive processes did not use language to any significant extent and therefore could not be subject to linguistic relativity. However, a common genius prevails everywhere among people speaking the same language.
Other languages, including many Native American languages, are oriented towards process. Universalism and Universalism and relativism of color terminology Lenneberg was also one of the first cognitive scientists to begin development of the Universalist theory of language that was formulated by Chomsky in the form of Universal Grammareffectively arguing that all languages share the same underlying structure.
While most characters in the novels believe that magic is only possible through speaking this language and thus, can only cast spells which perform actions they can expressit is revealed in Eldest that the language is spoken only to keep spells under control, and magic can be used through thought, though this requires a great deal of focus to achieve the desired effect.
They studied color terminology formation and showed clear universal trends in color naming. His Turing award lecture, "Notation as a tool of thought", was devoted to this theme, arguing that more powerful notations aided thinking about computer algorithms. See Eskimo words for snow. Totally unrelated languages share in one culture; closely related languages—even a single language—belong to distinct culture spheres.
The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group. Aspects of Language and Translation. Totally unrelated languages share in one culture; closely related languages—even a single language—belong to distinct culture spheres.
Refinements[ edit ] Researchers such as BoroditskyLucy and Levinson believe that language influences thought in more limited ways than the broadest early claims.
Boas was educated in Germany in the late 19th Century at a time when scientists such as Ernst Mach and Ludwig Boltzmann were attempting to understand the physiology of sensation.
Perhaps a few examples of superficial differences in language and associated behavior are enough to demonstrate the existence of linguistic relativity. Pinker refers to "Whorf's radical position," and argues vehemently against the Whorfian idea that language contains thought and culture, going so far as to declare, "the more you examine Whorf's arguments, the less sense they make.
We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way - an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language.
There is also a related view held by behaviourists, for instance that language and thought are identical. Similarly, earlier in the novel, her late husband, Duke Letomuses on how the nature of Imperial society is betrayed by "the precise delineations for treacherous death" in its language, the use of highly specific terms to describe different methods for delivering poison.
Teachers College Press Bruner, J. For example, they found that even though languages have different color terminologies, they generally recognize certain hues as more focal than others.
Of course, some polemicists still favour the notion of language as a strait-jacket or prison, but there is a broad academic consensus favouring moderate Whorfianism. Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached.
This example was later criticized by Lenneberg as not actually demonstrating causality between the use of the word empty and the action of smoking, but instead was an example of circular reasoning. They showed that in languages with few color terms, it is predictable from the number of terms which hues are chosen as focal colors, for example, languages with only three color terms always have the focal colors black, white and red.
James Cooke Brown created the Loglan constructed language Lojbana reformed variant of Loglan, still exists as a living language in order to test the hypothesis. Psycholinguistic studies explored motion perception, emotion perception, object representation and memory.
This is because there is a correspondence of the language with the intellectual part of man, or with his thought, like that of an effect with its cause.
Writing inSapir argued in a classic passage that:The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the linguistic theory that the semantic structure of a language shapes or limits the ways in which a speaker forms conceptions of the world.
It. Lingua 67 () North-Holland READING WHORF THROUGH WITTGENSTEIN A Solution to the Linguistic Relativity Problem Ranjit CHATTERJEE Chicago, USA * Received May per juxtaposes WhorCs writings on language with Wittgenstein's, revealing continuities of a striking nature in their thought.
What Is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? PAUL KAY University of Calqornia, Berkeley WILLETT KEMPTON Whorfian thesis. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, as expressed in I, predicts that colors near thegreen. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis synonyms, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis pronunciation, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis translation, English dictionary definition of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
A hypothesis holding that the structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and. Sapir-whorf hypothesis definition, a theory developed by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf that states that the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in.
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, as their separate relativity theses are called, has found many supporters from a variety of disciplines; in spite of the interest displayed in the hypothesis, however, it has remained a vague and ambiguously articulated collection of knowledge, and .
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The benefits of educating girls are numerous ― to individual girls both when they are young and when they become adult women, to their future families, and to society as whole. Education enables women to contribute more fully to the social and economic development of their societies. A girl's education is also an investment in future generations. The more educated a mother is, the more likely are her children ― particularly her daughters ― to roll and stay in school.
The higher level of education attained by women is strongly associated with lower child death. Experts believe more educated women practice better hygiene and nutrition(营养), use health services more frequently, and survive better. Woman with more schooling tend to be healthier themselves. Perhaps reflecting their improved ability to avoid frequent childbearing (分娩)and to take advantage of available health services during pregnancy(怀孕).
The educational level achieved by women, like family planning services, has the most powerful influence on family size. The impact of education on family size is strongest and most consistent for women who have completed some secondary schooling. Educating girls is three times more likely to lower family size than educating boys. Education appears to affect family size in many ways. More educated women not only want fewer children than their less educated husbands, but also are more likely to use effective contraception(避孕) successfully and to limit their families to the number of children, which contribute to smaller family size.
Family size is ideal and child death rates are lowest, therefore, in countries that combine strong family planning and health programs with high levels of education for women.
B frequent visits to health services.
C better utilization of nutrition.
D management of family resources.
34 In what way do women contribute to the small family size according to the text?
A By educating their children.
C By supporting the small family.
D By educating their husbands.
A has great influence on boy's growth.
B is helpful to the stability of families.
C can raise women's social status.
D contributes to the development of society.
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0.999892 |
I am looking for the best app/platform to buy stocks online. What are your favs and why?
Wealthfront is a great starting spot for someone who doesn't have too much exposure into stocks, but wants to start investing.
Great variety of stock and indices as well as cryptocurrencies, operates in EU.
I use this and love it too. However, You can't buy stocks. You can just trade them as CFD's.
Cindicator it's a free virtual trading and stock market app for non-professional traders and individual investors. You can test your forecasting skills and make money by correct predicting future financial events!
A stocks & Shares ISA is a good idea as it allows you to add £20K annually and all gains are tax free. Nutmeg offer this product as do many of the big banks.
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0.98211 |
What are the key questions highlighted in religious and spiritual education today? Many global processes such as migration, pluralism and the redefinition of citizenship challenge the traditional notions of borders concerning cultures, states and nationalities, ethnicities and even religions. Consequently, in societies today, the distinction in religions or identities between global and local or inside and outside no longer functions well. As the many borders in our world are becoming again more transparent and cultures blended, there is an increasing and constant need to re-examine the conceptions and theories concerning religion, dialogue and education. This volume brings together 14 new international studies based on selected presentations from the 14th Nordic Conference on Religious Education. The topics of the articles include studies on religion, dialogue and education in different contexts ranging from policy studies and higher education to home education, and research on education about religions to confessional education. The volume serves the interests of researchers, policymakers, practitioners and students of religious and spiritual education.
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Oscars, Grammys, they've got nothing on this. Charlie Anderson presents the IBWM Scandinavian Football Awards.....which we've gone and unimaginatively titled 'The Vikings'. We'll get our coat. And our helmets.
A small fleet of sleek, opaque limousines. A plush red carpet flanked with flashbulbs and braying television presenters. The glistening clip-clop of high heels on a polished floor. None of these things are related to the following article. This is the 2010 IBWM Scandinavian football awards.
3rd place: A perennially obvious choice, Rosenborg’s landmark unbeaten season in Norway is difficult to ignore.
2nd place: Newly-promoted Haugesund secured sixth place in their first top-flight season for a decade, falling short of a Europa League place but earning a Norwegian Coach of the Year award for 37-year-old Jostein Grindhaug.
1st place: FC Copenhagen swaggered to an eighth league title before almost seamlessly making the step up to the Champions League, seven points from their opening four games bringing them to the brink of knockout-stage qualification. They are also a trifling nineteen points (at the time of writing) clear of the domestic competition this season.
3rd place: Mohammed Abdellaoue almost managed to finish as Tippeligaen top-scorer despite leaving Vålerenga for Hannover midway through the season. That premature evacuation is also the reason he’s only third here.
2nd place: Being a lanky, weary-looking glovesman myself, I have plenty of time for Copenhagen custodian Johan Wiland. Peter Schmeichel, who knows a thing or two about goalkeeping, recently suggested Wiland as a better option for Manchester United than Anders Lindegaard. No argument here.
1st place: Rosenborg’s 4-3-3 can produce some breathless attacking play at times, but it’s somewhat unforgiving on the holding midfielder – namely Anthony Annan. An exemplary and unfussy season from the Ghanaian, whose play generally resembled an ungodly fusion of the Duracell bunny and Optimus Prime. Top marks.
3rd place: Vålerenga’s Harmeet Singh set up more goals than any Tippeligaen player in 2010, assisting eleven of the Oslo team’s astonishing sixty-nine goals. Singh is one of Norway’s brightest midfield prospects and, even more significantly, is just one of many players from immigrant backgrounds to have recently come through the ranks at VIF.
2nd place: Ask a football fan to think of a gangly Swedish goal-glutton of Bosnian descent and they would be unlikely to name Denni Avdić. However, the giraffe-feeding striker has been the spearhead of a free-scoring Elfsborg side which finished fourth in Allsvenskan. With just one Sweden cap in a 2009 friendly, Avdić is at the epicentre of a dual-nationality tug-of-war between his home and his country of birth. Only a figurative one, unfortunately.
1st place: Shoehorning Markus Henriksen into conversations unrelated to football is an intricate art. But after watching the teenager establish himself in the Rosenborg midfield this season, it’s difficult not to rave about him whenever possible. The sober positional nous common to Norwegian midfielders, allied to an unusual technical excellence, means that Henriksen’s cap against Croatia is likely to be the first of many.
3rd place: You will find few bigger fans of Morten Gamst Pedersen than yours truly, but his long throw-ins and looping, in-swinging free-kicks to the far post will only get him third place this time. Sorry, Morten.
2nd place: Such is his ability to infuriate people around the globe, his nationality seems almost irrelevant. But Zlatan Ibrahimović is indeed Nordic, and he gets second place here after a La Liga winner’s medal and a thunderous start to the season with Milan.
1st place: Making Paul Konchesky and John Pantsil look good takes some doing. Leading them to a European final is something else entirely. Step forward the greatest Houston-born Norwegian ever to kick a football, Mr Brede Hangeland.
No mincing of words on this one. Copenhagen’s Ståle Solbakken is a tactical monolith and, in this humble scribbler’s opinion, one of the top five young coaches in Europe.
“It’s not like we’ve lost World War Three. Or World War Two, for that matter.” – Rosenborg coach Nils Arne Eggen explains precisely which world wars his team hadn’t lost when they conceded a late goal to Copenhagen in the Champions League qualifiers. Thanks for that, Nils.
A visibly creaking Jari Litmanen looks every one of his sixty-eight years as he buries this splendid effort for hometown club Lahti against Oulu.
Take your pick from this merry bunch, but my money’s on this beauty. Not a bad penalty, either.
Charlie writes regularly for IBWM, but if you’d like to read more from him please make your way to The Carvalho Peninsula.
If you fancy that ‘Harald Berg’ look, there are few retro football shirts as classy as this natty Norway shirt from the 1960′s. Buy one and IBWM will love you forever!
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0.92275 |
SoHo, or South of Houston, is located between Houston and Canal Streets between Mott Street and the Hudson River. SoHo was once a center for artists who liked to work in the loft spaces in the historic SoHo buildings. The neighborhood began to change in the 1960's as trendy galleries and shops moved in to the neighborhood forcing the artists out. SoHo does offer some rooms for rent mainly in lofts.
The neighborhood enjoys some of the most preserved buildings in the city. SoHo's many cast iron buildings were built in the 1800's and take a look back in the city's history.
SoHo is popular with those looking for rooms for rent due to its artistic history and loft spaces. The main choices of rooms for rent in SoHo are loft spaces.
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0.955178 |
Following the SAGs, and the win by Eddie Redmayne (now that's a SAG and a Golden Globe for Redmayne) I finally decided, "Screw it, I need to find out what all the fuss is all about." This brings me to "The Theory of Everything," the, some might say, ultimate story of Stephen Hawking and his fight against ALS with the help of his first wife. At it's core, "Everything" is what you would expect in a melodramatic biopic. There are happy moments, sad moments, moments of triumph, moments of loss, and many more moments. However, and I'll be the first person to say maybe I was wrong, the performance of Redmayne is method and pretty extraordinary, but is that enough to drive a film to greatness?
So, the story of "Everything" is pretty well known at this point, especially if you know the story of Stephen Hawking, a man who's career is nearly torpedoed by Lou Gehrig's Disease......or so we think. We also see the up-and-down relationship between Hawking and his first wife, Jane, played by Felicity Jones. Other than that we get a few scenes when Hawking talks about black holes and radiation, but other than that, it's a film about what two people will do to keep both a relationship and career working.
With that being said, is "Everything" a good film? Meh, it's simply okay, as a film that is. This is the same problem that I had with "Foxcatcher." The performances in this film and "Foxcatcher" are very well done, yet the film itself is simply "okay." Nothing in particular stands out in "Everything" other than the fact that Redmayne buries himself in the mythos of Stephen Hawking. The mannerisms, speech, and pain you feel is real. You feel that Redmayne IS Hawking.
What also detracts from the film, for me at least, is the metaphor of between love, black holes, and Hawking's disability. Sure, I know you need a plot device that both summarizes his theories and coincides with his relationship with Jane, but it seems forced and all together cliché. There is also the issue of his theories essentially glazed over. There are two scenes where his theories are brought up and slightly talked about. I also find it hard to believe that his theories were all based on love and the metaphor that he was a "star" being sucked into a black hole. Again, just my issues with hiding a serious subject inside a pseudo-cheesy love story.
The rest of the cast is decent enough with Jones pulling her weight and even the future Matt Murdock (Charlie Cox) putting in a good performance as Jonathan Jones. Another thing I like is the conflict between Jane's Christian beliefs and Hawking's agnostic sensibility, but again, while it's nice they touched on that aspect of their life together it seemed rushed and merely a footnote.
In conclusion, will Redmayne do what many people thought the unthinkable and upset Michael Keaton in this year's Oscars? There are two things that I'm noticing at this time. With so many people comparing Redmayne's performance to Daniel Day-Lewis' in "My Left Foot" (which won Day-Lewis the Oscar) the odds are improving for him. Second, I liken "Everything" to "Amoure" another film that gained major momentum going into the Oscar season, and even dealt with very similar content. Combine that with the fact that Julianne Moor will likely win her first Oscar for "Still Alice" another film dealing with a character with a debilitating disease, this could be the upset that not many saw coming until now. While "Everything" isn't "everything" it's cracked up to be, it's one of the best male acting performances of 2014.
Fun Fact: Hawking's seminal book "A Brief History of Time" was published in 1988 and has sold over 10 Million copies.
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0.992915 |
Release and assumption of risk agreements are now commonplace in the recreational community. Insurance companies require them and most of the jurisdictions enforce them. But consider the following scenario: You receive notice of a lawsuit brought by a hiker who was injured while participating in a store-sponsored nature hike. Initially, you are not worried about the case because you had the foresight to require the hiker to sign the release and assumption of the risk agreement.
It is not until you really study the hiker's complaint that you discover that he is suing you for negligence and strict products liability. He claims that you rented him a defectively designed backpack, and you did not warn him of over-packing dangers. The over-packing caused the backpack to be dangerously unstable, causing him to take a 40-foot header off the side of a mountain. In addition, he claims that your modification of the backpack (placing your shop logo on the flap) contributed to the cause of the accident.
Suddenly, you are not so sure that the release and assumption of the risk agreement is going to get you out of this litigation. The complaint says you are strictly liable. You know that the release is enforceable against a claim for negligence, but is it good against a strict products liability claim? As any astute lawyer will tell you, "it depends."
The term "products liability" does not refer to a specific tort. Instead, it encompasses several distinct causes of action. The most common categories are: (1) negligent products liability; (2) breach of warranty; and (3) strict products liability.
Negligent Products Liability: Under a negligent products liability claim, the plaintiff will assert a liability theory in at least one of the following three areas: (1) the manufacturer made a mistake with a specific product; (2) the manufacturer defectively designed the product; and/or (3) the manufacturer failed to warn of a danger or gave an inadequate instruction.
Breach of Warranty: If a product fails to meet standards imposed by an implied warranty, it breaches the warranty, and the defendant will be liable. The Uniform Commercial Code defines the implied warranties. See U.C.C. 2-314; U.C.C. 2-315.
Strict Products Liability: Strict liability differs from negligence because the plaintiff does not have to prove that the manufacturer or supplier of the product was negligent. Instead, the focus is on the product itself. If the product is defective, then the manufacturer or supplier may be strictly liable in tort.
The majority of jurisdictions follow the doctrine of strict products liability as it is explained in Torts Restatement Second § 402A. Under this view, the manufacturer or supplier of goods has a duty to provide safe products. If the product is unreasonably dangerous and defective, and the product reaches the consumer without substantial change, the manufacturer or the supplier is strictly liable. A minority of jurisdictions delete the "unreasonably dangerous" requirement. Cronin vs. J.B.E. Olson Corp. (1972) 8 Cal. 3d 121, 104 Cal. Rptr. 433, 501 P.2d 1153.
With any product liability claim, anyone who is in the distribution chain can be liable. If the retailer knew of a defect and sold the product anyway, it can serve to relieve the manufacturer of liability. Generally, the wholesaler is liable only if his conduct exceeds foreseeable negligence. The courts have uniformly held that a lessor of a product is subject to a product liability claim. Ghionis vs. Deer Valley Resort, Ltd. (1993) 839 F. Supp. 789.
Potential product liability claims can arise in many situations, such as selling, renting, servicing, or maintaining recreational equipment. This includes selection of a product for a customer, assembling a product, installing it, maintaining it and/or adjusting it.
In other words, if you touch the product, you may be in the distribution chain and subject to a products liability claim. However, where only a service is supplied, the supplier is generally not viewed to be in the distribution chain. For example, in a case where a defectively designed raft injured a participant in a whitewater rafting trip, the commercial operator and sponsor of the trip were not strictly liable. The court concluded that although the commercial operator and sponsor provided the allegedly defective raft for plaintiff's use, they predominately provided a service, and therefore are not liable for any defect in the recreational raft. Ferrari vs. Grand Canyon Dories (1995) 32 Cal. App. 4th 248, 38 Cal. Rptr. 2d 65.
The jurisdictions are split as to whether a release is enforceable against a strict products liability claim. If the release is enforceable against a negligence claim, most courts uphold a release for a negligent product liability or breach of warranty claim.
The courts that deny the enforceability of a release against a strict liability do so on public policy grounds: "The doctrine of strict liability is based not only on the public policy of discouraging the marketing and distribution of defective products, but also on the reasoning that a manufacturer is in; a far better position then individual consumers to ensure against the risk of injury and to distribute costs among consumers." Wheelock vs. Sport Kites, Inc. (1993) 839 Fed. Supp. 730 (Hawaii). Therefore, the courts reason that barring a plaintiff's strict product liability claim is "at odds" with the reason for the doctrine. As such, it is void as against public policy.
The majority of the cases decided on this issue involve skiers who injured themselves while using rental equipment. The predominant complaint is that the bindings on the skis either prematurely released, or did not release at all. In California, a court upheld an exculpatory clause with respect to a negligence and breach of contract claim against the renting ski shop. However, the court refused to enforce the exculpatory clause in favor of the ski shop for a strict liability claim: "As a matter of public policy, product suppliers cannot insulate themselves from strict liability in tort for injuries caused by defects in products they place on the market by obtaining a consumer signature on an express assumption of risk." Westlye vs. Looks Sports, Inc. (1993) 17 Cal. App. 4th 1715, 1747, 22 Cal. Rptr. 2d 781; See also Olsen vs. Breeze, Inc. (1996) 48 Cal. App. 4th 608, 55 Cal. Rptr. 2d 818; Weiner vs. Mt. Airy Lodge, Inc. (1989) 719 F. Supp. 342 (Pennsylvania). The distributors of the ski rental equipment were not specifically named in the release, and the court would not construe the release to be broad enough to include them.
In Pennsylvania, a plaintiff rented ski equipment and was injured when the bindings on the skis failed to release. He executed a "rental agreement and receipt" which contained an exculpatory clause releasing the rental shop from "any liability" for damages and injury from use of the equipment. Zimmer vs. Mitchell and Neff (1978) 253 Pa. Super. 474, 385 A. 2d 437; affirmed at 490 Pa. 428, 416 A. 2d 1010. The court upheld the exculpatory clause as being valid against all causes of action including the products liability claim.
Similarly, a Colorado court upheld a release executed by the plaintiff when she rented ski equipment from the ski school rental shop. She brought a claim for strict products liability against the manufacturer of the ski bindings. Bauer vs. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp. (1992) 788 Fed. Supp. 472. (Colorado). The court meticulously examined the exculpatory agreement and determined that it was enforceable in favor of all defendants, including the strict products liability claim.
In Wisconsin, the plaintiff was working as a crew member at a race track. She was injured when a race car driver lost control of his car. Plaintiff brought a strict products liability action against the race car manufacturer and distributor. Kellar vs. Lloyd (1993) 180 Wis. 2d 162, 509 N.W. 2d 87; review dismissed at 513 N.W. 2d 408.
The Wisconsin court first noted that generally "public policy prohibits enforcement of a term of an exculpatory contract which exempts from liability a seller of a product." Supra at 181. However, the court further analyzed the release under the circumstances of the case. The court determined whether the terms of the release were fairly bargained for and whether the terms were inconsistent with public policy. The circumstances under which the plaintiff executed the release was closely examined and the court considered that plaintiff had signed at least 33 releases prior to the one at issue. The court then held that the hazards of racing were consciously borne by the plaintiff in exchange for a benefit. Even though the race car defendants were not specifically named in the exculpatory contract, the court determined that it was a general release to all defendants and fairly bargained for. The strict liability claim against the race car manufacturer and distributor was dismissed.
An Illinois court upheld an exculpatory clause in a strict products liability situation because the defendant was a "non-manufacturing party." Garrison vs. Combines Fitness Centre, Ltd. (1990) 201 Ill. App. 3d 581, 559 N.E. 2d 187. The court did not impose strict liability on a health club for purchasing and making available an allegedly defective piece of equipment.
Circumstances: Ensure that the participant has an adequate opportunity to read, review, and reflect on the release itself. Some courts hold that if a release is signed just prior to an event, with pressure on the participant to get the release signed, it is invalid. Barbar vs. Eastern Karting Co. (1996) 108 Md. App. 659, 673 A. 2d, cert. denied. 343 Md. 334, 681 A. 2d 69.
Identify all potential defendants (to the extent possible) in your releases. This includes, instructors, guides, promoters, sponsors, participants, associations, organizations, owners, distributors, manufacturers, officials, crews, rescue personnel, etc.
Make sure that the pertinent release language is prominent on the form.
Make the release as short as possible, but still convey all the information.
The language of the release should be clear and unambiguous, and should specifically identify a products liability claim in addition to negligence.
The release should have a severability clause. In the event that you are sued in a jurisdiction where a pre-injury release for strict products liability is against public policy, the risk that the entire release will be stricken is low.
The release should be tailored to fit the circumstances of the particular recreational activity. A lawyer who is familiar with release and assumption of the risk agreements, and practices in your particular jurisdiction, should review your release periodically to ensure that it comports with recent case holdings.
Overall, no clear trend has emerged from the courts that have addressed the issue of whether a release will bar a strict products liability claim. The outcome depends primarily on the view of the courts in your specific jurisdiction. However, a prudent risk manager can enhance the chances of enforceability of the release by implementing the suggestions outlined in this article.
*Article courtesy of Laura L. Horton of Hewitt & Prout.
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0.999959 |
My birthday is May 30, 1982 and my partner is October 3, 1983. Can this relationship survive betrayal?
No, this is at best a 'fair-weather' relationship, good for the fun times but unable to cope in serious matters such as this betrayal.
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0.993547 |
The tables below provide an overview of Paderborn stats and form this season in Germany 2. Bundesliga.
Paderborn have conceded an average of 1.43 goals per game since the beginning of the season. The team's average number of goals conceded per game in the last 8 matches is 1.00, which is 30.1% lower than their current season's average.
4-4 Philip Türpitz (90) pen.
3-4 Kingsley Schindler (80) pen.
1-1 Philipp Klement (90) pen.
Of the above 4 remaining matches in Germany - 2. Bundesliga, Paderborn will be playing as many matches at home and away (2 in each case).
Considering the opponents' Points Per Game (PPG) values above, Paderborn's remaining home matches feature a higher combined opposition PPG average than their remaining away matches.
Paderborn's opponents to be played in home games currently have a combined average of 1.67 Points Per Game in their away matches played so far this season in the league.
As for the hosts that Paderborn will be visiting, so far this season they have a combined average of 1.33 Points Per Game at home in the league.
Matches played at home have accounted for 59% of Paderborn's total points and 63% of the goals they have scored so far this season in Germany - 2. Bundesliga.
Paderborn have scored an average of 2.27 goals per match so far this season, which is higher than the average number of 1.44 goals scored by each team per match this season in the league, all teams combined in Germany - 2. Bundesliga.
A majority of Paderborn's wins have been obtained with a margin of 2 goals or more (9 wins), while 5 of their wins had a 1-goal margin.
A majority of Paderborn's defeats had a 1-goal margin (5 defeats), while 2 of their defeats had a margin of 2 goals or more.
In this example, Paderborn have been in the lead for an average duration of 27.4 minutes per match (based on a 90-minute match duration), which is longer than the average duration of 22.3 minutes per match during which their opponents were in the lead in those matches.
Paderborn have taken the lead 23 times and have conceded an equalizer on 9 occasions, corresponding to a lead-defending rate of 61% (for an opponents' equalizing rate of 39%).
Of the 20 times that Paderborn's opponents have taken the lead, Paderborn have managed to score an equalizer on 13 occasions, corresponding to an equalizing rate of 65%.
Avg. min. leading 36.0 min.
In this example, Paderborn have been in the lead for an average duration of 36.0 minutes per match played at home (based on a 90-minute match duration), which is longer than the average duration of 12.0 minutes per match during which their opponents were in the lead in those matches.
In home matches, Paderborn have taken the lead 15 times and have conceded an equalizer on 7 occasions, corresponding to a home lead-defending rate of 53% (for an opponents' equalizing rate of 47%).
Of the 8 times that Paderborn's opponents have taken the lead when Paderborn were playing at home, Paderborn have managed to score an equalizer on 7 occasions, corresponding to a home equalizing rate of 88%.
Avg. min. trailing 32.5 min.
In this example, Paderborn have been in the lead for an average duration of 18.8 minutes per match played away (based on a 90-minute match duration), which is lower than the average duration of 32.5 minutes per match during which their opponents were in the lead in those matches.
In away matches, Paderborn have taken the lead 8 times and have conceded an equalizer on 2 occasions, corresponding to an away lead-defending rate of 75% (for an opponents' equalizing rate of 25%).
Of the 12 times that Paderborn's opponents have taken the lead when Paderborn were playing away, Paderborn have managed to score an equalizer on 6 occasions, corresponding to an away equalizing rate of 50%.
67% of Paderborn's matches had over 2.5 goals scored in total. Paderborn conceded at least 1 goal in 100% of their away matches. Paderborn have scored in 73% of their away matches. Paderborn have scored in each of their last 6 away matches. Paderborn conceded at least 1 goal in each of their last 15 away matches. Paderborn have scored 40% of their goals after the 75th minute.
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0.999852 |
We learned to count to 10 at a very young age. But give someone a list of 10 things and ask them rank the 10 items in order of their importance, this becomes a much harder task. Many people struggle with giving any one item the number 1 spot. However, ranking the things you value will give you great insight into your true priorities. Some priorities will shift over time and due to changing circumstances and stages in our life. It’s important to have great clarity of your priorities, at each stage in your life.
Your priorities will be called into action regularly, when new opportunities and challenges surface. Clarity in your priorities will serve a vital role in you making the best decision for you, at any given time.
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0.971879 |
A growing number of migrants are entering Bosnia from Serbia and Montenegro en route to western Europe. The majority are Syrians, Afghanis and Algerians, according to immigration office staff.
The number of migrants entering Bosnia from Serbia and Montenegro is growing rapidly: 458 have entered the country since the start of the year, compared to 754 in the whole of 2017, Bosnian border police have said. According to immigration office staff, the migrants stop in Bosnia for two to three nights before continuing their journey towards western Europe.
Some have already tried to enter the EU from Serbia into Hungary but were forced to turn back, and are now making a fresh attempt from Montenegro into Bosnia and then on into Croatia.
The large majority of migrants come from Syria, Afghanistan and Algeria. Recently groups were reported to be sleeping rough in Ilidza in southern Sarajevo with support from the NGO 'Pomozi.ba'. Other groups have also been reported in Velika Kladusa, Bihac, Trebinje, Zvornik, Bijeljina and in other parts of Bosnia, where local residents have offered assistance and shelter in their own homes. "They are victim of violence on the Croatian border and several men have been beaten," said one of the 'Pomozi.ba' volunteers.
"For this reason, they changed route: their only option was through Montenegro, Albania and Bosnia."
A few days ago Croatian media reported the emergence of a new 'Balkan route' used predominantly by people from the Middle East in their attempt to find a better life in western Europe. Zagreb newspaper Jutarnji list reported that since the closure of the traditional route through Macedonia and Serbia migrants are now traveling from Greece through Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia.
"Though little is still said about this route, it is increasingly used by migrants and is at the same time seeing a growing number of victims," the newspaper said. Once in Bosnia Herzegovina the migrants use buses, taxis and other means to reach Velika Kladusa on the border with Croatia, from where they cross to Karlovac before crossing the Kupa river into Slovenia. Most of the migrants using this route are Afghans, Pakistanis and Syrians, but there are also north Africans from Algeria and Morocco.
Why are migration trends always changing?
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0.999967 |
The activities of these three divisions enable the engineering department to give technical support to GEOCISA’s works and to work also for external government and private clients. Because of this double activity the members of the engineering department have achieved an incomparable degree of knowledge, which is higher than the one that can normally be found in traditional engineering companies. In fact, the members of this department, who have a strong technical background, face up the different geotechnical, geological, environmental and hydrogeological projects not only from the technical point of view but also considering the experience they acquired through their previous involvement in the execution and control of the majority of the solutions proposed by them.
The vast number of studies, technical reports, monitoring reports, execution and results control that have been carried out since 1968 for both new and existing structures, give support to what is said in the previous paragraph. The engineering department carries out its jobs basically with its own human resources and applying methods that have mainly been in house developed.
Based on the above mentioned factors, it can be stated that GEOCISA offers a unique service in the field of the geotechnical, geological, environmental and hydrogeological engineering. Such a service allows, in the majority of the cases, the proposal of the most competitive solutions to the problems that can come up in the referred fields.
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0.999635 |
Append a version number to the jar file name The preferred mechanism for storing version information is to use the Manifest file. There are two keywords commonly used to store version information in the manifest: "Implementation-Version" and "Bundle-Version".... manifest-addition is the name (or path and name) of the existing text file whose contents you want to add to the contents of JAR file's manifest. jar-file is the name that you want the resulting JAR file to have.
"C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jre6\bin\javaw.exe" -jar "%1" That's the command-line path used to open JAR files, usually. If the path or version number varies, you may have to edit the registry manually and update the value data.
The problem is my JRE version is Java version "1.6.0_13" and that on the server is Java version "1.4.2". This gives me "unrecognized class file version" exception when I try to run the jar on the server.
I have the same and Matlab still display the correct new version for java when asked : version -java Unfortunately, I still can't do what I was supposed to do with java 8 running on Matlab : make Matlab and ImageJ communicate correctly.
1. Overview. In this article, We will learn about spring boot change jar name. While building spring boot application by default create jar file combination of - for Maven and - for Gradle project.
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0.99617 |
For example, kangaroo starts at with a jump distance and kangaroo starts at with a jump distance of . After one jump, they are both at , (, ), so our answer is YES.
Complete the function kangaroo in the editor below. It should return YES if they reach the same position at the same time, or NO if they don't.
A single line of four space-separated integers denoting the respective values of , , , and .
Print YES if they can land on the same location at the same time; otherwise, print NO.
From the image, it is clear that the kangaroos meet at the same location (number on the number line) after same number of jumps ( jumps), and we print YES.
The second kangaroo has a starting location that is ahead (further to the right) of the first kangaroo's starting location (i.e., ). Because the second kangaroo moves at a faster rate (meaning ) and is already ahead of the first kangaroo, the first kangaroo will never be able to catch up. Thus, we print NO.
|
0.999998 |
What role does altruism play in voting behavior?
Other researchers have suggested that altruism plays a role in voter turnout. In an experimental manipulation called “the dictator game,” subjects are given money and told to share it with another person who will not know their name. In a 2007 study by James Fowler and Cindy Kam, people who shared their money were significantly more likely to vote than those who did not. Moreover, Richard Jankowski found that people who agreed with altruistic statements were more likely to have voted in the 1994 elections. Perhaps altruism is related to a sense of social commitment, specifically to a sense of connection to the social group and a feeling of responsibility for its well-being. Additionally, we can speculate that altruism may have some genetic component, perhaps accounting for the apparent genetic influence on voter turnout.
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0.9871 |
Adding affixes to existing words (the base or root) to form new words is common in academic English. Prefixes are added to the front of the base (like dislike), whereas suffixes are added to the end of the base (active activate). Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the word.
The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are: re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out-. The most common suffixes are: -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy. By far the most common affix in academic English is -ise.
e.g. Suffix used to form verbs with the meaning "cause to be".
The most common prefixes used to form new nouns in academic English are: co- and sub-. The most common suffixes are: -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery. By far the most common noun affix in academic English is -tion.
Many adjectives are formed from a base of a different class with a suffix (e.g. -less, -ous). Adjectives can also be formed from other adjectives, especially by the negative prefixes (un-, in- and non-).
The most common suffixes are -al, -ent, -ive, -ous, -ful, -less.
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0.9999 |
What are shin splints? How can they be managed? K.T.
Dear K.T.: The term “shin splints” refers to pain along the shin bone (the tibia) in the front of the lower leg. The medical term for the condition is medial tibia stress syndrome. Shin splints occur when too much force is placed on the tibia and the tissues that attach muscles to the bone. Activities that are most likely to cause shin splints are running downhill, running on a slanted or tilted surface, running in worn shoes, and participating in activities with frequent starts and stops such as basketball and tennis. The condition can also be caused by running too hard, too fast, or for too long. The running surface also matters; the harder the surface the greater the likelihood that shin splints will develop. Having flat feet increases the risk as the feet tend to roll inward in this condition.
Management involves avoiding activities that cause pain or swelling, icing the affected area for ten to fifteen minutes three or four times daily, elevating the leg if swelling is present, and using orthotics when the activity is resumed. Orthotics are firm plastic shoe inserts that cause the foot to assume an ideal position, preventing the inward rolling that stresses the tissues of the lower leg. Systemic enzymes, such as Panzymes, can significantly speed recovery. Six capsules are taken on an empty stomach three times daily initially. The amount is tapered as pain and swelling resolves. If the pain persists or increases in spite of these measures further evaluation is indicated, as this may indicate that a stress fracture is present.
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