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Willie Littlefield, Jr., billed as Little Willie Littlefield (September 16, 1931 – June 23, 2013), was an American R&B and boogie-woogie pianist and singer whose early recordings "formed a vital link between boogie-woogie and rock and roll". Littlefield was regarded as a teenage wonder and overnight sensation when in 1949, at the age of 18, he popularized the triplet piano style on his Modern Records debut single, "It's Midnight". He also recorded the first version of the song "Kansas City" (originally issued as "K. C. Lovin'"), in 1952.
Littlefield was born in El Campo, Texas, and grew up in Houston with his mother. By 1947, at the age of sixteen, he was already a local attraction in many of the clubs on Dowling Street in Houston and was recording for Eddie Henry, a local record shop proprietor who ran his own label, Eddie's Records. He formed his first band with the saxophonist Don Wilkerson, a friend from school.
Littlefield was strongly influenced by the boogie-woogie pianist Albert Ammons. A particular favourite of his was Ammons's "Swanee River Boogie", which he later recorded for Eddie's Records. Other major influences on Littlefield's style were the Texas musicians Charles Brown and Amos Milburn. Littlefield learned most of their "chops" and soon developed his own distinctive triplet style, which was widely copied by R&B musicians in the early 1950s, particularly Fats Domino, who incorporated it into his New Orleans rhythm and blues.
His first recording, "Little Willie’s Boogie", was a hit in Texas in 1949 and brought him to the attention of Jules Bihari, of Modern Records in Los Angeles, who was searching for a performer to rival the success of Amos Milburn. Bihari flew to Houston in July 1949 to investigate the city's black entertainment venues and heard of a "teenage wonder boy pianist" who was causing a stir at the Eldorado Ballroom. Bihari went to hear Littlefield and soon arranged for an audition at a local studio. The session was captured on acetate disc, with Bihari, clearly audible in the background, calling for Littlefield to play popular R&B tunes of the day.
Back at Modern Records, he recorded "It's Midnight", which became a national hit, reaching number three on the Billboard R&B chart, and its follow-up, "Farewell", which reached number five. He became a major nightclub attraction and recorded with West Coast musicians such as Maxwell Davis. Don Wilkerson, Littlefield's schoolmate and the leading saxophone player in his band, also travelled to Los Angeles, but Milburn promptly persuaded him to lead Milburn's new band, the Aladdin Chickenshackers.
In 1951, his duet with Little Lora Wiggins, "I've Been Lost", reached number 10 on the R&B chart.
In 1952 he moved to the Federal subsidiary of King Records. His first session for Federal produced "K. C. Loving", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller and later re-recorded by Wilbert Harrison as "Kansas City".
By 1957 Littlefield had moved to northern California and continued to record for Don Barksdale's Rhythm label in San Francisco, for which he produced the single "Ruby, Ruby". Littlefield’s recording and his subsequent releases were not successful, but he remained a popular performer in clubs in the San Francisco area.
In the late 1970s he toured Europe successfully, settling in the Netherlands and releasing a number of albums from 1982 into the late 1990s for the Oldie Blues label from Martin van Olderen.
After touring for more than 50 years, Littlefield stopped in 2000. After five years of retirement in his adopted home country, the Netherlands, he decided to play again, starting in 2006, declaring, "I went fishing for five years – now I know every herring in Holland by name – it got boring. I feel great and I want to be back with my audience."
In his later years Littlefield continued to perform occasionally, mainly at festivals, particularly in the UK. In 2008 he played at the 20th Burnley Blues Festival, in 2008, and at the 5th annual UK Boogie Woogie Festival at Sturminster Newton in Dorset, in July 2009. He performed at Shakedown Blues Club, at Castor Village Hall, near Castor, Peterborough, in 2006 and made a return appearance in October 2010.
He died at his home in Voorthuizen, Netherlands, in 2013, at the age of 81. He had cancer.
^ Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. p. 400. ISBN 978-0313344237.
^ a b Dahl, Bill. "Little Willie Littlefield: Biography". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
^ a b c d e McArdle, Terence. "Little Willie Littlefield, Blues Singer, Boogie-Woogie Pianist, Dies at 81". Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
^ Topping, Ray (1999). Liner notes. Kat on the Keys, CDCHD 736.
^ a b c d e f g Topping, Ray (1984). Sleeve notes. Jump with Little Willie Littlefield. Ace Records CHD114.
^ a b Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–1995. Record Research. p. 271.
^ "Original Versions of Happy Pay Off Day Written by Jack Holmes". Secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
^ Olderen, Martin van (1993). Liner notes. I'm in the Mood. OLCD 7002.
^ "boogie lecture". Ukboogiewoogiefestival.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
^ "Blues: Little Willie Littlefield at Castor Village Hall". www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ "live music, blues, soul, R&B, Shakedown Blues, Peterborough, UK". www.shakedownblues.co.uk. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 137. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.
^ "Little Willie Littlefield, Paris Streetlights". AllMusic.com. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
^ "Little Willie Littlefield, Old Time Feeling". AllMusic.com. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
This page was last edited on 2 February 2019, at 02:46 (UTC).
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New to family history and ancestry research? If you are a beginner or a seasoned genealogist, take care of the time sensitive critical steps immediately and then you can take your time to learn how to set attainable goals as your genealogy experience grows.
Get started at any age, see if this is something your children would be interested in, do some storytelling about your ancestors or yourself, start a project to share your family history with others.
Oral Research. Do it while you still have family members to ask.
1 Beginners First Step is as Easy as 1-2-3!
2 Do I really want to get involved with a genealogy project?
2.1 What is genealogy? What is heritage?
2.2 What goals can be set when starting a family history?
2.2.1 Preserving information and memories (questions produce answers).
2.2.2 Collecting/storing documents and photos for the future.
2.2.3 Build a small network of family and distant cousins to collaborate with.
2.2.4 Organizing what you have already collected.
2.2.5 Try a small project first to build some confidence.
2.2.6 Continue the storytelling by starting a webpage.
2.2.7 Re-evaluate your current objectives and think about long term planning.
2.2.8 How do I keep myself (and others) from burning out?
2.2.9 Searching for more (what information is missing?).
3 If your answer is, Yes I want to become a family historian.
3.1 See the next article: Begin your genealogy quest.
Beginners First Step is as Easy as 1-2-3!
ONE. The first goal is to take care of the critical steps while there is still time to do so.
Don’t rush to collect names until the “perishable” things are collected and protected.
Capture relatives' memories before they are forgotten or gone.
Ask questions; record or videotape the answers if possible.
Remember, the only dumb question is the one that was never asked.
Preserve originals or copies of all the old photographs and documents. Identify those pictured in photographs while living relatives can still do so.
Organize the valuables in at least two distinct formats and two separate locations.
Retain paper copies and properly store the originals.
Digitize for the future (keep your storage media up-to-date too).
TWO. Examine your choices and decide on your goals (use small manageable steps).
Is this a pastime, hobby, a passion, a calling, a vocation, a career, or a legacy?
Start slowly to build confidence.
Build a cooperative network to share data and activities.
Do not get overwhelmed and buried in an avalanche of paperwork (organize as you go).
Tell a story based on the data (the life of your favorite relative).
Share your results with others (Start a webpage or blog).
Keep a research log to record clues and theories you want to prove.
Constantly re-adjust your course in light of new data that is discovered.
Safeguard your results for posterity.
Create backups for both the physical documents and the digital data.
Keep your storage media up-to-date so you can always access the data.
Feed your information into a “world tree” program for the future generations.
Continue to expand your genealogical education as your interest grows.
THREE. Always re-evaluate and re-adjust your goals and research objectives.
(there is no hurry to finish a project that has no end).
Don’t just stare at the inevitable brick wall, just take a step back and think.
Try to side-step it by following other nearby family lines.
Look for neighbors and nearby relatives in the census records.
Double check your research and previous conclusions.
After exhausting the on-line resources, "hit the ground running" by utilizing the Research Wiki for off-line resources.
Study migration patterns for clues to missing relatives or to help build your storyline.
Let your interests and experience guide where your journey is to go next.
Do I really want to get involved with a genealogy project?
The very first decision when getting involved with a genealogy project can be the hardest. As depicted in the diagram it can be a balancing act where you could either end up flat on your face or be off to a good start. This decision is to actually determine if you are willing and able to expend the time, energy, and resources needed to achieve your goals. The time spent and the costs involved could potentially get out of hand but by setting your goals correctly they are much easier to keep under control.
To get ready for the first step start out slowly by doing a little crawling first. Since you are the one that sets those goals you first need to know what some of the objectives are that you could create for yourself. Do not set yourself up to fail. It is better to start off with smaller goals which you can change over time rather than to be going at full speed when you hit your first brick wall (it happens to everyone). The resulting decisions after your first setback could be that this was a stupid idea and may lead to you quitting altogether or you could end up overwhelmed by tons of data and end up burning out prematurely. To survive long term, you just have to keep everything in the correct perspective. If you decide to pursue your family history research there are two critical items (which are described below) that you should address as soon as possible. After that you can take all the time in the world to set appropriate objectives and readjust your goals as necessary.
What is genealogy? What is heritage?
Genealogy is the study of a family’s origins and history and is often referred to as a family history. The first known use was in the 14th century to display a pedigree of royal, aristocratic, or clerical blood lines as a means of gaining and commanding respect. Some family trees, like that of Confucius, have been found to list 80 generations dating back 2,500 years.
Initially passed down by word of mouth the family genealogy was later depicted in the form of stylish paintings and documents. It has currently gained international interest as access to more and more on-line records has resulted in significant advances in its documentation and display capabilities. As it was in the times of an ancient king’s genealogy which showed his relationship to the gods, today’s family histories continue to be a form of storytelling to preserve the past for future generations. In today’s climate, the more accurately one can document the past the more likely it will survive through the ages. Today’s genealogy can take the form of simply collecting and preserving family information, all the way up to adding information to the "world tree".
Also see a short article on "What is Heritage?".
What goals can be set when starting a family history?
The very first goal can be one of the easiest, one of the most rewarding, and is actually the most important. The first step is a critical step because time is running out and you may only have a short window of opportunity to complete this step. Preserving memories, documents, and photographs has to be your number one priority. All the other goals can be slowly and progressively added as you become more and more interested and confident when researching your family’s history. It is important to remember that this endeavor can take the form of a pastime, hobby, a passion, a calling, a vocation, a career, or a legacy and if kept in the correct perspective it can be quite rewarding. Once the critical steps are taken care of, you can relax and enjoy you new endeavors.
Even though the natural urge when starting a genealogy project is to jump right in and start collecting names of as many ancestors as possible, you should somewhat resist this urge. It can become very addictive and getting those names identified, collected, and organized in a website like familysearch.org or a software program (see compatible Family History Products) can start to consume much more of your time than you anticipated and this also has the disadvantage of obscuring an important issue.
An alternative approach when starting out is to initially record your ancestors back only 2 to 4 generations and then record all the descendants from each of those identified names. The next step is to identify those people who are still living and try to make contact with as many as possible. Your aim is to collect as many copies of documents/photos and record their memories while these people and objects are still available. Remember that people do not live forever, that memories are fragile and can be forgotten, and that documents and photos may get destroyed or passed on to someone else so that you may never see them again.
Searching through the online data for information back 5 to 10 generations may seem to be the appropriate goal and in and of itself may feel rewarding but what happens later when you say to yourself that I wish I had talked to my Aunt before she passed away or that I wished I sat down with my Uncle before he started losing his memory. Set your first objective to be one where you collect as much of the available information (documents, photos, and memories) while you still can. The online information is interesting and valuable but you have to remember that the same information will still be there months or years from now and there may actually be more information that is available the longer you wait. That data is not a time sensitive issue so it should have a lower priority while talking with those that may not be around later or recording information that may soon be forgotten should be the highest priority. This perishable information may actually hold the clues that make it possible to find the 10 generations in the first place. Setting the right priorities will give you the best chance at success.
Preserving information and memories (questions produce answers).
Just ask questions before it’s too late (before the information is forgotten or your ancestors are no longer accessible). Who are all those people in the old photographs? What was it like when you were a kid? How did you meet your spouse? Did you have a dog when you were little? Always remember that there are no stupid questions if there are answers to those questions but you have to ask those questions before time runs out.
Ask for permission to record this information while promising not to disclose sensitive dates to others or post such information on a public forum.
Get others involved (siblings or aunts and uncles) by asking them to ask more questions around the family while writing it all down. Don't forget that their input and stories are important as well.
Get the children to help by asking their grandparents even more questions and you may inadvertantly create a budding genealogist.
Don't forget to use video recordings to capture the question and answer sessions. It is often less disruptive than taking notes and besides allowing for a smooth flowing interview it will capture a moment in time that may not be repeatable.
Find out more than just the dry facts of where and when they lived. Find out how they lived, their lifestyle growing up, and their motivations. Make it interesting for yourself as well as for others who may eventually read your information (your storytelling). Someday one of them may be a collaborator or may pick up the torch where you left off.
As mentioned earlier this first step or goal is the most important because it is defined by a finite time limit. Access to much of the information and memories of the previous generation will be lost forever if action is not taken immediately. So if you do nothing else, at least find and record as many of these answers as possible and collect copies of all the old photos and documents. You will regret it later if you put it off too long.
If you are a member of the senior generation and you are “new to genealogy” this first step is important for you too. Simply ask yourself the questions from some of these question lists and record the information for future generations. In fact, no matter what your age, everyone should take a look at these question lists just to record your answers for posterity as those answers may leave valuable clues for future family historians.
A suggested list of questions to ask can be found in an article about the interview process (Appendix B) which will get you started in capturing the answers which are important to understanding the lives that your ancestors lived. Remember, the question why is just as important as the questions who, what, when, and where.
Collecting/storing documents and photos for the future.
Digitizing, labeling, and restoring old photographs (using free programs or free online services) and copying documents is the next step to take. Again, labeling the photographs will be easier if you can ask someone that knows the people in the photographs so ask the questions before it is too late. Preserving original photos and documents is also a concern you could share with your relatives and friends.
Storing results in multiple places in case of a disaster is also a good idea as unexpected things do happen and this includes backing up your computer files. Better to be safe than sorry.
For those with the most life experience who are “new to genealogy", the task of preserving your family documents and photos may be a bigger job than you feel you want tackle by yourself. The solution is to simply ask if there is someone in your family from a younger generation that would be interested in helping you to get organized by entering the information and photos into the computer. This interaction could potentially spark an interest in your helper(s) and they may want to pursue some of the following steps that you have no interest in. Make it a win-win situation where the family comes out ahead in the end. Over time, you could ask your helpers if they would like to be promoted to the status of “partners” so you could continue the research and the adventure together.
Build a small network of family and distant cousins to collaborate with.
Discuss your interest in genealogy with your family and build a small network of collaborators within your extended family. This will also help you to weather any rough patches that you encounter as the unavoidable setbacks will not seem so severe if you can discuss them with others. And who knows, a collaborative effort from many individuals may solve the problems you have encountered.
Start making contacts outside your direct family (your “cousins” from distant relatives) but be ready for the occasional dispute as information based on low quality sources could lead to different conclusions. In some instances it may be better to back away from your conclusions (even though you may be right) rather than alienating a fellow researcher.
And finally, ignore the naysayers as they will never have any interest in researching your family’s history or their own for that matter (that is their loss not yours) but remember that they should still be considered good sources of information.
Organizing what you have already collected.
Too much data can quickly become overwhelming so at some point a better filing system will become necessary. The best approach is to document and organize as you are collecting the data because chances are you will get behind and never catch up, so document as you go.
Data recording in the form of computer spreadsheets, genealogy software for recording your lineage, and access to the FamilySearch Family Tree software which involves the "world tree" are all options you can evaluate. Since there is a possibility that someday you may want to use the Family Tree software there are a number of suggested Partner products that have been certified so that they are compatible with the FamilySearch products; many have free versions that can be evaluated.
Try a small project first to build some confidence.
The time has now come that you have to interpret the data you collected in order to get the story right. No matter how good your sources are you should still be aware of some rookie mistakes that can be made. Once you are confident in your facts, you can start the storytelling. Pick a single person (your favorite person) and tell a story about their life. You don't have to write a biography, just remember that this is about storytelling. The following are some suggestions.
Start out with Once upon a time and tell where they were born, what it was like for them growing up, how they met their spouse, how their family started to grow, and how they spent their golden years. If your subject asks the question: "Are you making a book out of me?", your answer could be: Yes, someday. Hopefully you can end your story with happily ever after.
Give some background about where they were born and raised, especially if it was in a foreign country and that type of information may be new to the people reading your story. Also remember that overcoming hardships in their life can become an important part of your storyline.
Build a family tree display for your ancestor and include it as a part of your story. Several types of displays are currently available which include the standard pedigree chart, fan charts, portrait charts, descendants charts, and so on. If using a descendancy chart be more cautious about the information you include about living people.
Add a "Credits" page for attribution when using free photographs taken from the Internet. This is also a good place to acknowledge the assistance of others (for their time, resources such as photos and documents, and any financial assistance) that helped you achieve this goal.
Write a final chapter called "Research Summary: Chronology" describing your own adventures involved with the discovery of the information on which you based your story. It could be useful for others if they take an interest in genealogy and would also serve as a useful means of recording your source information.
And finally, dedicate the story to all the loved ones that have passed before us by either creating a collage or a portrait page. Now you would have a short story worth telling and sharing with others.
Continue the storytelling by starting a webpage.
Create a webpage or blog so family members can access it to see your progress. Ask others to contribute more photos and documents as well as assistance if they are willing to do so. A simple blog describing your genealogical interests and family history experiences can also aid others and requires no special web skills.
Sharing your knowledge on a website, blog, or through a cite like this Research Wiki is not only helpful to others but can also be rewarding to yourself when others start sharing their knowledge with you.
When collaborating with others be sure to give credit where credit is due. Don't leave the impression that this is MY website. You created it for the family so enthusiastically share it with others.
Add search keywords for your website if you want the general public to see the pages or you may just want to "keep it in the family" by only giving the web address to family members. Either way, a website is in the public domain so be careful what is posted on those pages and remember that you should have permission to post pictures or documents related to living individuals.
If you prefer you could create a limited access website just for your family. This may remove some of the concern by family members who do not want their infomation left open to the public. To be safe, you would still have to closely monitor the activities of the people you give the password to.
Re-evaluate your current objectives and think about long term planning.
Do you find genealogy interesting and enjoyable? Do you think it is worth pursuing in greater detail? Would you consider making a career choice related to genealogy?
Set your goals a little higher if desired, take a break and reflect on what you have accomplished, or you may want to jump right into another story about another one of your relatives.
Give yourself the necessary time to re-evaluate and reflect on your interests. If you've already collected the "perishable" data then it is safe for now to just sit back and think it through. The other information about your ancestors that is out there in the world somewhere will still be there later and in all likelyhood it will just continue to grow as more information becomes accessible.
Use some of the down time to do some long term planning about where you want this to go next. As mentioned earlier there are several levels that you could direct your goals toward ( a hobby, a passion, a vocation, a career, or a legacy). Find your level of interest and pick some objectives but like any of the goals you set for yourself, there is no harm in readjusting them up, down, or changing direction at anytime.
How do I keep myself (and others) from burning out?
When you hit the inevitable brick wall, take a step back to double check your research or redirect your goals to other family lines. That wall may never go away but as new information becomes available on-line that wall could just as easily disappear. When searching other family lines of your "cousins" (not in your direct lineage) clues have been known to appear which would take you around or over that brick wall. One thing to keep in mind is that your goal of documenting your family history will actually and ultimately be a great benefit for future generations (your kid's kids) so don't get discouraged by a little brick wall.
Always remember that you are never really alone in this endeavor as there are forums which may do volunteer work to help you get over a hurdle or there may be local historians who could help for little or no cost to you. You can always rely on the expertise and experience of others who have faced the same issues and who were willing to document their knowledge in a Research Wiki like this one.
Searching for more (what information is missing?).
You can utilize this Research Wiki for finding additional information to assist you in the learning process but its primary function is to identify the location of records and to provide the knowledge base on how to access and use those records. State and county information is available for the United States as well as many other countries. Please note that It is not required to have an active account with FamilySearch to browse this wiki but you must be signed in inorder to create or edit any of the articles.
You can also access the LDS records collections without an LDS account inorder to search the records that are currently on-line and anyone has full access to the LDS local history centers that can give you assistance and access to records that are currently not available on-line (note that there is a shipping fee for requested materials).
While the Research Wiki's objective is to provide location information for resources, the Family Tree software is designed for searching and recording information about the people in your ancestry. A free account can be easily established which will give you access to both the Family Tree features and the Research Wiki editing options.
To start, search the on-line data to find more source information for the ancestors you have already identified as you may find clues to other relatives.
Also remember to watch the census data for groupings, such as neighbors who were often related to each other when travel was more restricted than it is today.
Play with various Family Tree features and the partner programs (like Puzzilla) to see the various types of displays for the information you have collected. It may trigger an idea or offer you clues that are not obvious.
In addtition to searching the Internet for free, there are also numerous fee ($) based services that can also be used to find information and other researchers investigating the same ancestors.
If your answer is, Yes I want to become a family historian.
See the next article: Begin your genealogy quest.
If you are interested in proceeding or are still curious about what is next, then there are several articles at this site that will walk you through the process. This FamilySearch Research Wiki will guide you through all the steps to assist you in achieving your goals.
A thorough listing of several Research Wiki articles can also be found in the article titled Principles of Family History Research (see box below).
When you are successful in acheiving your step by step set of goals, be sure to aim a little higher with your next objectives. Crawl, walk, run; it is easy when accomplished in the correct order. You never know, someday one of those goals could be to write articles in this FamilySearch Research Wiki that would be useful to others.
This page was last modified on 22 November 2018, at 17:00.
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truffaldino part 4.avi - YouTube - Que usted no ha visto!
Servant of Two Masters. Suite from the ballet: 3. Truffaldino - Various Artists MP3. Duración: 01:29 - Calidad: 128 kbps Escuchar Descargar Tono Share. 17.
The SERVANT of TWO MASTERS. A COMEDY BY Carlo Goldoni Translated with an Introduction by EDWARD J. DENT DRAMATIS PERSONAE Pantalone dei Bisognosi, a Venetian merchant.
Carlo Goldoni's 18th-century farce follows Truffaldino, a minion who tries to double his earnings by working for two bosses. Things don't go as planned, of course.
What is Servant of Two Masters? Servant of Two Masters is a comedy by the Italian playwright Carlo Goldoni written in 1746.
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This article is about the novel. For the TV episode ending the season adapted from this novel, see The Expanse (TV series).
Leviathan Wakes (2011) is a science fiction novel by James S. A. Corey, the pen name of Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck. It is the first book in the Expanse series, followed by Caliban's War (2012), Abaddon's Gate (2013), Cibola Burn (2014), Nemesis Games (2015), Babylon's Ashes (2016), Persepolis Rising (2017), and Tiamat's Wrath (2019).
Leviathan Wakes was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Novel and the 2012 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel. The novel was adapted for television in 2015 as the first and part of the second season of The Expanse by Syfy.
Leviathan Wakes is set in a future in which humanity has colonized much of the Solar System. Earth, governed by the United Nations, and the Martian Congressional Republic act as competing superpowers, maintaining an uneasy military alliance in order to exert dual hegemony over the peoples of the Asteroid belt, known as "Belters." Belters, whose bodies tend to be thin and elongated due to their low-gravity environment, carry out the gritty, blue-collar work that provides the system with essential natural resources, but they are largely marginalized by the rest of the Solar System. The Outer Planets Alliance (OPA), a network of loosely-aligned militant groups, seeks to combat the Belt's exploitation at the hands of the "Inners," who, in turn, have branded the OPA a terrorist organization.
The ice hauling ship Canterbury (nicknamed the Cant by Belters) is en route from Saturn's Rings to Ceres Station when it encounters a distress signal. Five members of the Cant's crew are dispatched in a shuttle to investigate: executive officer James "Jim" Holden, a former officer in the UN Navy (UNN); chief engineer Naomi Nagata, a Belter; pilot Alex Kamal, a veteran of the Martian navy (MCRN); engineer Amos Burton; and medic Shed Garvey. They discover an abandoned transport vessel called the Scopuli. They find no trace of the ship's crew, but they do discover the beacon transmitting the distress signal. Suspecting that the ship may be a trap set by pirates, they take the beacon and begin returning to the Cant. Before they can make it, an unknown stealth warship arrives and, without warning, destroys the Cant with a nuclear weapon. Holden sends an angry message to the attacking ship, but it ignores him and departs. Based on the highly advanced technology of the warship and the discovery that the beacon from the Scopuli is of Martian origin, the survivors suspect the MCRN of being behind the attack.
With the shuttle damaged by the debris field, lacking the necessary fuel or supplies to reach a port, and fearful that should they put out a distress signal of their own the attackers may return, Holden broadcasts a message out to the entire system implicating Mars in the destruction of the Cant, hoping to negate any attempt to kill them as part of a cover-up. In response, the shuttle is ordered to rendezvous with the MCRN battleship Donnager, flagship of Mars' Jupiter Fleet. En route, they receive a message from Fred Johnson, chief of Tycho Station, an engineering outpost and construction platform, offering his support. Johnson had been a highly-decorated commander in the UNN when he was ordered to brutally quell a Belter uprising, for which he was nicknamed the "Butcher of Anderson Station." Guilt-stricken, he had resigned his commission and become an advocate for the rights of Belters. As the shuttle makes its way to the rendezvous, they are pursued by a group of unknown ships.
On Ceres Station, Belter detective Josephus "Joe" Miller of Star Helix Security, the Earth-based private security firm responsible for policing the station, is contracted to locate Julie Mao, daughter of wealthy magnate Jules-Pierre Mao, and send her back to her family on Luna against her will. When Holden's message reaches Ceres, riots erupt, which leads Miller to discover that the station's riot gear is missing.
Aboard the Donnager, the ship's captain denies any knowledge of MCRN involvement in the attack on the Canterbury, and instead suspects that one or more of the survivors from the shuttle may have bombed the Cant as an act of OPA terrorism. The unknown ships that were pursuing the shuttle ignore warnings to change course and are fired on by the Donnager. To the surprise of the Martian crew, the ships return fire and are revealed to be the same stealth ships that attacked the Cant. Despite the fact that the Donnager is one of the most advanced and deadly warships in the Solar System, it is steadily overwhelmed by the mysterious enemy ships and eventually boarded. During the battle, a railgun round penetrates the hull, decapitating Garvey. Realizing that the Cant survivors are the targets of the attack, a team of the Donnager's Marine contingent are ordered to evacuate them. Although all of the Martian Marines are killed in the process, the four surviving Cant crew members are able to escape aboard the light frigate Tachi just before the Donnager is scuttled. Still unsure of who is trying to kill them, they decide to go to Tycho Station. There, the Cant survivors share what they've seen with Fred Johnson, who reveals that he is an influential member of the OPA. They receive new transponder codes for the Tachi from Fred, disguise the ship as a gas hauler, and rename it the Rocinante. Fred sends the Roci (as her crew nicknames her) to Eros Station to find an OPA operative working under the pseudonym Lionel Polanski.
On Ceres, Miller has noticed an exodus of criminals from the station. He also discovers that Julie Mao's father had warned her of an attack in the Belt just two weeks before the destruction of the Cant. He is then confronted by Anderson Dawes, leader of the Ceres chapter of the OPA, who tells him that Julie Mao had joined the OPA and had disappeared while performing an important mission for them aboard the Scopuli. Dawes cautions Miller not to investigate the matter any further. Miller presents this information to his boss, Captain Shaddid, but she also instructs him to drop the case. Miller, however, finds himself obsessing over Julie and, when he persists, he is fired by Shaddid, who is revealed to be in collusion with Dawes. However, Miller is still able to access docking logs for all of the ports in the Belt, which he had been granted access to before his termination. Realizing that the Scopuli was the same ship mentioned in Holden's broadcast, he is able to discern that the Rocinante is the former Tachi from its registry information, and he departs for Eros.
On Eros, Miller finds the crew of the Roci at a hotel where Lionel Polanski was listed as a guest. In Polanski's room, they find the body of Julie Mao covered in a strange organic growth. On her phone, Miller finds logs detailing the progression of her affliction, which seems to be fueled by exposure to energy and radiation, and the coordinates of an asteroid where one of the ships that attacked the Cant is docked. Before they can leave the station, a radiation alert is declared and station security begins herding people into radiation shelters. Miller recognizes some of the security officers as criminals from Ceres, who are wearing the missing Star Helix riot gear. He and Holden stay behind to investigate while the rest of the crew is sent back to the Roci. They discover that the people in the shelters have been dosed with an unknown substance and exposed to extremely high levels of radiation. As they make their way to the docks, they realize that the people in the shelters were infected with the same organism as Julie and the radiation was used to feed its rapid growth. They witness the infected attacking the security forces and spreading the infection to anyone who had been able to avoid the radiation chambers. They escape Eros just as it is being overrun.
Fred contacts Holden and tells him that analysis of a data chip belonging to one of the dead Marines from the Donnager reveals that the mysterious stealth ships were built on Luna. Holden makes another public broadcast sharing this information, hoping to ease the tensions created by his prior implicating of the MCRN. This strategy backfires, however, and the UN, fearing that they will be blamed for the attack on the Donnager, launch a preemptive strike against the MCRN by destroying Deimos, site of a Martian military installation, which results in a standoff between the two sides.
Miller and the crew of the Roci follow the coordinates from Julie's phone and find one of the stealth ships, called the Anubis, abandoned. In the reactor room, they find that the same organic growth that was on Julie Mao's body has consumed the entire remaining crews of the Anubis and the Scopuli, whom they had taken prisoner. They find a video explaining that the organism is a biological replication mechanism created by extrasolar aliens and placed on Phoebe which was then launched into the Solar System with the intent of reaching Earth and hijacking its early biosphere in order to create something, but was captured by Saturn's orbit, thus sparing Earth. Protogen, the corporation who had discovered the entity on Phoebe and dubbed it the "Protomolecule," orchestrated its release on Eros as an experiment, to try to find out what it was designed to do. They had carried out the false flag attack on the Cant in order to start a war that would distract the Solar System from what was happening on Eros. The Roci crew nuke the Anubis and return to Tycho Station, where they discover that data is being transmitted from Eros to a secret Protogen facility. They attack the station, with the Roci destroying the two stealth ships guarding it, and Miller and Fred leading a boarding party consisting of Fred's OPA soldiers, who are able to capture it.
The lead scientist, Anthony Dresden, reveals that all of the scientists on the station had been "modified to remove ethical restraints," so that they could emotionlessly perform their research without empathy for the victims on Eros. He emphasizes the importance of understanding the Protomolecule, not only for its innate scientific value, but to protect against the clear threat presented by the aliens who created it. Realizing that Dresden's rationale is likely to be accepted by the powers that be on Earth and Mars, and his horrific research allowed to continue, Miller shoots Dresden without warning, angering Holden. "He was going to get away with it," Miller explains later, "He was talking us into it. All that about getting the stars and protecting ourselves from whatever shot that thing at Earth? I was starting to think maybe he should get away with it. Maybe things were just too big for right and wrong."
Back on Tycho, Miller and Fred come up with a plan to destroy Eros to prevent anyone else from trying to obtain a sample of the Protomolecule. They intend to commandeer Tycho's main project, the massive Mormon generation ship Nauvoo, and crash it into Eros at the correct speed and angle to propel it into the Sun. Miller leads a team onto the exterior of Eros to plant bombs to detonate its ports, so that no one can get in and sample the Protomolecule before it is destroyed. He then decides to stay behind and die when they go off. However, just before the Nauvoo impacts the station, the entirety of Eros somehow changes course. The Protomolecule has some advanced method of spaceflight that can negate g-force and inertia. Eros then sets out for Earth, the largest source of biomass in the Solar System, at a speed that no human-made ship can match. Miller takes one of the bombs into the station to attempt to destroy its maneuvering capabilities. However, listening to the voices on the communication system, he realizes that Eros is being guided by Julie Mao, who believes she is piloting her racing pinnace. He finds her, her body morphed into the Protomolecule's architecture, and, in the process, is exposed to and presumably infected by it. However, he is able to convince her to direct Eros away from Earth. The station crashes into the surface of Venus, where the Protomolecule begins assembling a new, unknown structure.
Critical reception for Leviathan Wakes has been positive, with Kirkus Reviews giving the novel praise. The book's action sequences were highlighted by SF Signal, and Tor.com wrote that the book had a "satisfying volume completion". Locus Online also praised the book. Wired.com's GeekDad praised the novel for not containing "overly-complex descriptions of the way governments and corporations work" or "made-up words and cryptic names".
Leviathan Wakes was followed by the novel Caliban's War in 2012 and Abaddon's Gate in 2013. It was announced in 2012 that Orbit Books had ordered a further three books in the Expanse series, in addition to five novellas set in the same universe. The first of these sequels was announced in September 2013 as Cibola Burn and was released on June 17, 2014 in hardcover, Kindle, and on Audible in the US.
On April 11, 2014, Syfy announced that they had ordered a TV series based on the series of "The Expanse" books, especially the first book, Leviathan Wakes. The cable network ordered 10 episodes, produced by Alcon Television Group (ATG). Academy Award-nominated screenwriting duo Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby (known for the films Children of Men and Iron Man) wrote the pilot; they were to continue to serve as writers, as well as executive producers. The series has been widely critically acclaimed, and was renewed for a second season in May 2015, ahead of the show's December 2015 première.
The show was renewed for a third season.
The show was dropped from Syfy after the third season, but Amazon has picked it up and will produce a 4th season.
^ "2012 Hugo Awards". Hugo Awards. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ "Announcing the 2012 Locus Award Winners". Tor.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ "In Brief: Science Fiction". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ "Audiobook Reviews: LEVIATHAN WAKES". AudioFile Magazine. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ "Review: Leviathan Wakes". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ "REVIEW: Leviathan Wakes by James S.A. Corey". SF Signal. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ Walton, Jo. "More like this, please: James S.A. Corey's Leviathan Wakes". Tor.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ Letson, Russell. "Russell Letson reviews James S.A. Corey". Locus Online. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ Kelly, James. "A Great SciFi Mystery in Leviathan Wakes". Wired.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ "Some Big News About The Expanse". Danielabraham.com. 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
^ "Cover Reveals! CIBOLA BURN by James S.A. Corey and THE WIDOW'S HOUSE by Daniel Abraham". SF Signal. 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
^ "A night at the space opera, by Ellen Wright". 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-14.
^ Dragon, The (2014-04-11). "The Expanse - Syfy orders Drama based on Leviathan Wakes". Spoilertv.com. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
^ "The Expanse". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "The Expanse Renewed For Season 2 By Syfy!". Seriable. 2015-05-15. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ Spangler, Todd (2019-01-19). "Amazon Launching 'The Expanse' Seasons 1-3 Worldwide Ahead of Season 4 Premiere". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 2019-01-29. Retrieved 2019-03-28. Amazon picked up the fourth season of “The Expanse” after NBCUniversal’s Syfy cancelled the show last year.
The blog of the authors.
The web site for the series.
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0.999999 |
What are the causes and effects of religious conflicts?
the religion does not conflict. The people who follow the religion make conflict, by not respecting other beliefs of the religion, and the making of stereotypes.
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0.999992 |
Is it possible that a person could be misdiagnosed with diabetes, and really have hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose) in non-diabetic people?
I would like to have known a little bit more about your reasons for asking this question, which would help me reassure you about your concerns.
However, the short answer is 'no', confusion between hypoglycaemia and diabetes mellitus (or ‘sugar diabetes’) is almost impossible with modern blood testing techniques.
The diagnosis is made by testing the fasting glucose levels in the blood.
If the results are not obvious then a glucose tolerance test should be carried out where the patient fasts overnight, has a blood test done, and then takes 75g of carbohydrate (sugar) and has another test done two hours later.
This usually clears up any doubts about the diagnosis one way or another.
If you are not happy with the explanation of your diagnosis, you could ask that this test be done.
You don't say if you are now on treatment with diet alone, or with tablets or insulin, because in the initial stages of treatment symptoms of hypoglycaemia can occur (feeling weak, very hungry, a bit sweaty, even a little confused) while the dose is adjusted to suit the individual.
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0.949071 |
Why did the Roman government fear the spread of Christianity?
The Roman government feared the spread of Christianity because the Romans thought that if people who became Christians would stop worshipping the Roman gods. Early Christians also refused to pay homage to the Roman Emperor as divine, which was seen as challenging the Roman government.
Why did romans fear christianity?
They blamed Christians for the fire that burned Rome.
Why did Roman authorities fear the early Christians?
Why did the Romans worry about the spread of Christianity?
Why did Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire?
Why did christian spread throughout the roman empire?
They heard of and/or saw Jesus and then the apostles do miracles by the Holy Spirit when Rome was occupying Israel, and they started to have a seeking heart towards God. As more people looked for God, more started to convert to Christianity.
Why did Christianity threaten the Roman government?
Why did the Romans want to stop the spread of Christianity?
Why did the Romans try to stop the spread of Christianity?
Romans wanted to stop the spread of Christianity because they feared that the followers of Christianity would revolt against the government.
Why did paul spread christianity across the roman empire?
For he is also a Roman. But many Romans did not accept his preaching. The Roman Empire lost it's empirical power but not it's ecclesiastical power which is catholicism, not Paul's preachings.
Why did the Roman government persecute the Christians?
The Romans, being old-order, paganistic, and authoritative in their earlier years saw Christianity as a threat to their concurrent existence. It conflicted highly with their pagan state religion, and was a huge divide between progressive monotheism and the now ageing polytheism. As a result, the Romans persecuted the Christians and seeked to eliminate them from overtaking their Republican Conservative ideals.
Why did the Roman government begin persecuting Christians?
The Roman Government began persecuting Christians under Emperor Nero. Nero began to execute large numbers of Christians following the Great Fire of Rome. According to the Roman historian Tacitus, the population searched for a scapegoat and rumors held Nero responsible. To deflect blame, Nero targeted Christians.
How did the Romans help spread Christianity?
How did the Roman Emperors spread Christianity?
Did Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire?
yes but that's all i knowNo. Christianity spread from the disciples of Jesus Christ beginning in Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost.
How and why did Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire?
Why did Christianity spread so fast in the Roman world?
How did roman emporors affect the spread of Christianity?
one emperor was baptized after seeing a cross in the sky and winning a battle thus allowing Christianity in Rome.
How did the roman empire help the spread of christianity?
The Roman Emperor Constantine (c.274-337), edict of Milan in 313 made persecution of Christians illegal.
Why did Christianity seem threatening to the roman government?
Cause the romen rulers tried to stamp out Christianity by killing its followers.
Why did Christianity spread so successfully while the Roman Empire declined?
The rapid spread of Christianity coincided with the decline of the Roman Empire, and some historians believe that Christianity contributed to that decline.
Why did the roman government mistreat the minority Christianity population?
because christian values undermined roman morals and because people liked Christianity it threatened roman rule so they had to eradicate it or else they would face destruction.
Did Paul spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire?
How did the roman empire help spread christianity?
The Roman Empire made Christianity the official religion of the Empire, and 'encouraged' the peoples it conquered to convert.
How did the roman emperor Constantine spread Christianity?
What did Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire?
Did Socrates spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire?
No. Socrates lived around 300 years before Jesus Christ.
When did Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire?
Slaughter and suppression of other religions, and it provided a religious hierarchy of bishops which was valuable for emperors to use as a control measure to supplement his secular power.
Why did the Roman government view Christians as enemies of the empire?
Roman empire on the spread of Christianity?
Originally, the Roman Empire persecuted the early Christian Church(that is what the Book of Revelation was all about), but, in the end, it became Christian, under Emperor Constantine.
Did Christianity spread despite the torment from the romans?
How did the attitude of Roman leaders toward Christians change as Christianity spread?
When did the Romans try to stop the spread of Christianity?
Why did the Roman government tolerate Judaism but not Christianity?
The Roman government tolerated Judaism but not Christianity because Jews respected old religious traditions and Jewish traditions forbaded worshipping more than one god. Thanx! !!!!!!!!
Why did the spread of Christianity happen?
Why did Christianity seem threatening to Roman government?
How did Christianity affect the roman governance?
Because almost everyone was Christian at one time, the government had an easier time controlling all the people. The people were united, which gave the Empire strength. It was a little easier to defend, because there were not as many quarrels going on inside the empire.
How did Christianity spread quickly through the Roman Empire?
How did Paul spread Christianity across the Roman Empire?
He spread the Gospel and wrote letters.
How did the Roman Empire's roads help spread Christianity?
What did the Romans build that help spread Christianity?
Why was Christianity able to spread so quickly throughout the roman empireand how did roman and christian values combine?
It spread through strong and passionate evangelization. Truly these people were ready to die for Jesus and that send a very powerful message. The Romans didn't change until Constantine came along.
Why was Christianity able spread so quickly throughout the Roman Empire and how did Roman and Christian values combine?
How did the geography of the Roman Empire affect the spread of Christianity?
Well as we know Rome is near the Tiber River so it was difficult for people to cross it to spread Christianity.
Why did the Christians fear God?
Which Roman emperors encouraged the spread of Christianity?
How did Roman leader try to stop the spread of Christianity?
Which Roman leader exactly? Whom are your referring to?
What impact did the Roman Empire have on the spread of Christianity?
Why did Christians fear the advent of Islam?
Islam, at the time, was the only major religion to be seen after Christianity had grown. During a time which would lead to The Crusades, this wide-spread 'other' religion was viewed as a direct threat by the whole of Christendom. The Islamic Caliphates were also a direct threat to the Christian Empires (like Byzantium, New Carthage, etc.) and conquered large swathes of formerly "Christian lands" in the Middle East and North Africa.
Why did Christianity spread the most?
Christianity spread more than any other religion because it became the state religion of the Roman Empire. Because of this, Christianity was enforced throughout Europe, North Africa and much of the Middle East. Eventually, those who refused to be Christian were persecuted, tortured or killed.When Europeans spread out to found colonies in the New World, they took Christianity with them, often spreading it by military force.
Why did the Europeans spread Christianity?
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0.999316 |
Why do most applications have fairly limited 'undo' history functionality?
I've been caught out on multiple occasions (granted its technically my fault) where I've needed to undo a number of changes (be it in photoshop or whatever else) to be hit by a greyed out undo button - no further history available. I don't know about you, but potentially losing a lot of work because of this limitation results in a terrible user experience.
Is there a reason why applications can't just hold at least a full-session history? Surely a temporary file is all that's needed to store changes and said temporary file could be configured to the user's preferences (in terms of max size, etc)?
This question does not appear to be about user experience within the scope defined in the help center.
Trust me when I say this - undo/redo is one of the biggest implementation, testing and maintenance headaches in any significantly sized application.
Granted, it is a wonderful thing to be able to undo/redo something as it relaxes the user and lets them test and explore their environment without worry. However, the usefulness of an undo history starts to diminish right after the first undo. Slowly, mind - but surely.
Full kudos to those that do provide a full undo history, but it is almost certainly as a result of a well planned, well executed approach with a supporting frame work, implemented from day 1, and around which all functionality revolves.
If that framework is not introduced first, it's a major challenge to bolt it on afterwards, and it's easy to get bogged down in it.
The rapidly escalating complexity of testing undo/redo with any possible action in any possible sequence of changes of any size.
In addition, it is almost universal that if you undo a string of actions and then make another change, you cannot redo all the steps you just undid, because the system has changed state and the redo may well not be valid.
Now one popular use of long undo/redo history is to go back and look at something how it was, and then to go forward again.
I would suggest that the annoyance of not being able to undo more than say 10 steps is not nearly as annoying as undoing 50 steps and then accidentally pressing a keyboard button which throws away the redo history so that you can't redo all that work you just did. I for one get very nervous when I've undone something over a lot of steps, and tend to save first as a fall back, and maybe therein lies the lesson: save often and save versions.
I totally agree that a full undo history is highly desirable - it's just not simple, and that's why it gets dropped down the feature list when tight time and budgetary constraints come into play.
There are both technical and business drivers for this problem.
Technically, undo/redo is very complex to implement for an application of any reasonble complexity. Not only does it need to handle the complexity of the app, but it requires tracking of state over time and the ability to reset that state. In some application spaces, notably graphical editing, true undo is not technically feasible, you can only take a snapshot after each action and return to the prior snapshot. If you insert a letter in notepad, undo can relatively easily delete that letter. If I apply some mathematical transform on a graphical image, I can't necessarily replay the reverse mathematical process and get the original image. Storing unlimited number of snapshots of both data and state will become resource limited.
From a business perspective, if I can apply 100 man days (as an example) to implement unlimited undo, or I can apply 100 man days to deliver 3 new requested user features, I may get a better return on my 100 days by implementing the 3 new features. This may be shortsighted, but we have certainly seen shortsighted business decisions before.
The book Design Patterns outlines how to implement undo/redo functionality (see the Command Pattern). It's a slick design, it'd be easy to test, and having unlimited undo's probably wouldn't be much of a problem. However, it comes at the cost of designing your entire system around the pattern and undo/redo looks like it might become incredibly difficult for complex data models.
However, simply storing all relevant application state, at each revision point, would be easy to design and implement. You could even add it to the application at later development stages without much effort. However, this easier strategy comes at the cost of memory, which you would probably manage with a limited number of undos/redos. ... hence the "limited 'undo' history functionality".
I would prefer versioning like e.g. Google Docs offers. You can jump between different versions of your document and revert to any of it. In my opinion this is often a more useful approach, although it might not be reasonable for all kind of applications to keep a complete history of changes.
P.S - I know you have 8 GB of RAM today but still if you are using applications like Adobe Photoshop or perhaps 3D software, which save a lot of information if you have significant amount of changes, then this can be a huge resource hog.
Proper undo for a complex application is hard to design in as an afterthought, and for many applications it's simply infeasible to implement efficiently in time (i.e. reasonable UI delays) or space (i.e. too much disk or memory storage usage). Video editors come to mind; but for many applications, much or all of the document in memory would need to be saved between every edit, and that gets expensive quite quickly. Just saving the changes is often very difficult, because it's a cross-cutting concern; every modification to the application state needs to be classified as to whether it is undoable or note, and needs to have an inverse (to perform the undo).
I got so fed up with lack of proper undo for text editing that I wrote my own notepad, which actually saves the entire log of edits along with the underlying text file. That way, my undo/redo persists across instances of the application. To avoid the whole "undo 50 steps, then accidentally lose redo history with a new action" problem, the undo log is strictly accumulative - if you start with foo, then undo and replace it with bar, it saves three versions - foo, blank, and bar, so you never lose a version.
There's absolutely no good reason aside from incompetence of developers. Good software usually has a solid undo/redo implementation since it is built upon design principles that separate actions from data and its presentation. I've done this myself and I have to disagree with the Roger's answer - it's certainly not terribly complex to test, at all, if the application is designed from the start with undo in mind.
There is no UX reason to limit undos. The reason undos are limited are due to hardware and software limitations (which were greater in the past than today).
In usability terms no you shouldn't be limited, but as has been well pointed out its not easy. In my experience Notepad++ has an excellent undo feature. I suspect its part of the Scintilla component that Notepad++ is based on. Its all open source so you might be able to figure out how they implement it.
MS Word, OneNote and Outlook 2010 have, under certain conditions, a more limited Undo History than most people realize.
Try this: Start a new Word doc and type in a line or two of text, then, press and hold the Backspace key to remove the last few words. Now, press Undo or Ctrl-Z...to get back that backspaced text, you'll find you've now lost not only this but most of the text you typed in!
The lesson here is that Undo is tough and you must have a sound test strategy. Even the big guys can get this terribly wrong.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged interaction-design desktop-application undo or ask your own question.
What is the best method to undo an action?
How should undo actions be worded?
Is there any research on downsides of Google's undo design?
Why should I provide an undo error message?
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0.996217 |
What's in a Solar Setup?
Electricity is the movement of electrons through a conductor. Electrons are usually found orbiting the nucleus of an atom. Materials that have 'free' electrons are conductors. Metals are very good conductors.
Electricity occurs naturally, in lightning, in our bodies. Electricity has been known about for long time. 150 years ago electricity became more than a curiosity through the work of people like Thomas Edison. These people worked out how to generate to usable quantities of electricity. Two different forms of electricity were developed: Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC). In AC the electrons move in one direction and then the other. In DC the electrons move continously in one direction. There was a divide about which form to use as the standard, but AC was adopted. AC became the standard because it can be transmitted with less power loss, allowing less power stations and locating them further from cities.
Electricity is first generated at a power station, then transmitted over powerlines to where it is used.
Electricity is generated when magnetic fields move through a conductor. It is only generated when the magnetic fields are changing. You can generate electricity by moving a magnet next to a wire.
Most electricity is generated in coal, gas, oil or nuclear power plants. Hydro is also used, but much less so.
All of these involve spinning a turbine. A turbine looks a bit like a propellor or fan but thicker and long. In Hydro it is water directly turning the turbine, where as the others work by the following: The fuel is combusted (burned), and the heat generated is used to boil water - creating steam. This steam rises very fast and runs through a turbine, turning it rapidly.
The spinning of the turbine is what generates the electricity. Put simply turbines contain a magnet, which is spun very fast by the steam or water. The magnetic field put out the by the magnet is thus moving very fast. Surrounding the turbine are coils of wire (conductor), which the magnetic field moves through. This induces electricity in the wires.
The amount of electricity generated depends on the speed of the turbine, the size of the magnet (and thus its magnetic field), the number and size of wire coils and a few other factors.
When electricity is generated, it is not created but rather converted from one form of energy to another. From energy 'stored' in chemicals (gas, coal) to electrical energy.
Electricity can be transmitted a long way. It is transmitted via large cables to near where it is going to be used. It is trasmitted at very high voltages, which reduces power loss (coming soon: an explanation on power, power loss and transformers). When it gets close to where it will be used it is 'stepped down' to the voltage normally found in the home (usually around 110V or 240V depending on the country).
Once it arrives at its 'destination' electricity is drawn by electrical appliances.
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0.999578 |
Did you know this about twelve step groups?
12 step groups take an important part in the recovery process. Knowing that, the program represents human structure in three aspects: physical, mental, and spiritual. The third one is very important; the illness of the spiritual aspect, that is meant to be taken care of by the 12 steps, is self-centeredness. It begins with the self-admission in the first step, recognizing one’s self as an alcoholic, addict.
The twelve-step program is a set of various guiding principles that list out a practical and hands-on method for an addict to recover from addiction, behavioral problems, or compulsion issues. The program originally started as Alcoholics Anonymous, and has since branched out further to address many different forms of addiction and compulsive behaviors. Throughout Canada and within its many cities and communities’ addicts, former addicts, and recovering addicts canlocate meetings or 12-step programs to help them through any type of difficult situation. Whether a person is in the midst of an addiction, or has just recently completed a treatment program, there are meetings and support on hand throughout the country.
What type of success will I have with the 12-step methodology?
The Alcoholics Anonymous program is the most popular and largest program within the twelve-step system, and the many other meeting types have branched out from there. Success can be determined by numerous things such as the willingness of the person to change and move on from their addiction, how well they apply the steps, how closely they work with his or her sponsor, and if they succeeded in completing a drug and alcohol rehabilitation program. The twelve-step program like any other program or methodology of treatment can be very successful, but there are circumstances where an addict will struggle with the approach, and it may not be working for them.
I’ve already been through a twelve-step program, and it didn’t work, now what?
This is a very common situation for many people to be in, especially addicts who have been using drugs for an extended time, and have been through many other programs over the past. If an addict has attended many meetings for an extensive time, or has done inpatient or outpatient 12-step programs and has still not seen success, they will want to search for non-traditional approaches to treatment. Non-traditional drug rehabilitation does not involve twelve-step methods, but rather other therapy approaches that will treat all forms of addiction and obsessive behaviors.
One of the beneficial aspects of twelve-step treatment is the wide diversity of support offered to people struggling with addiction, compulsive behaviors, substance abuse issues, and other disorders. Support is offered to men, women, families, and in numerous different languages, with meeting locations available throughout the entire country. Regardless if a person struggles with an addiction, there are support groups to assist family members, and anyone directly impacted by an individual’s behavior or addiction. This only demonstrates further that the twelve-step programs offer extensive support and help for people from all backgrounds and age groups.
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0.999094 |
What was the main cause behind the Democratic pickups in House seats? Was it that they were doing something right, either in rhetoric or policy, that the American people liked or was it Republicans doing something wrong, either in rhetoric or policy? Any polls would be appreciated.
Midterm elections are usually bad for the President's party. Wikipedia has a table of midterm results going back to the Taft presidency (1910 midterms), and you'll notice a lot of negative numbers (indicating the president's party lost seats in one or both Houses of Congress). The President's party gained seats or broke even in 1998 and 2002, but those were both held in the shadows of highly unusual situations (the impeachment of President Clinton and the September 11th attacks, respectively), so they are unrepresentative of the broader trend. Given this, we should expect a loss of seats as a baseline, before even looking at factors specific to 2018. In fact, the Republican gain in the Senate is much more surprising, by historical standards, than their loss in the House (there are structural reasons for the Senate outcome, which we may discuss in another question).
Midterms are perceived as a referendum on the President, and Trump is historically unpopular. See FiveThirtyEight's ongoing Trump approval ratings, scroll down, select "net approval," and compare Trump against past presidents through Truman. Trump has been consistently underperforming Gerald Ford, who infamously pardoned Richard Nixon. By itself, that's quite impressive, but he's also underperforming nearly every president on that page in net approval, as compared to this point in their respective presidencies. It's impossible to predict whether Trump will become as unpopular as (say) George W. Bush or Harry Truman at the ends of their second terms (click the "8 years" tab to see that), but compared to other presidents who have been in office for the same amount of time as Trump, he's well below average.
The Democrats were energized. 2018 had the greatest midterm turnout in a century, at 49.3%. Nate Silver estimates that 60 million people voted for Democrats in 2018. For context, Silver compares this to Republicans getting 45 million in 2010, and Vox compares it to Trump getting 63 million in 2016. In short, a lot of people showed up and voted on election day, and a lot of them voted for Democrats. Both of these numbers together suggest that Democrats had a very effective get-out-the-vote campaign.
Democratic candidates outspent Republicans by a considerable margin. But people spend more in races they perceive to be "winnable." The Democrats may have spent more because they were gaining in the polls, rather than gaining in the polls because they spent more, or both may be true simultaneously.
A lot of Republicans in the House retired in 2018. All else being equal, incumbents tend to outperform new candidates. But at least some of the time, incumbents retire to avoid losing, rather than the party losing because the incumbent retired.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states election house-of-representatives democratic-party public-opinion or ask your own question.
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If you are creating a website for the first time, you must be very excited right? This is because it is a great thing to create your first website especially if you are planning to use it as your business platform. However you need to be very careful to make all the right steps in order to create yourself the best website. First of all learn how to build my own website so that you will have an idea of what has to be done in the process of putting up a website. Once you have an idea of what you will do, determine the kind of website you need to build, whether a personal website or a business website.
This is what will determine the kind of content you will have for your website. Since you have already learned how to build my own website, it will be easy to create the website, and then you can start creating content and images for the website. This should not take you a long time, and then you can start showing off your website to other people so that they can increase your website traffic so that you can get a good ranking in the search engines. The most important thing is to have a good website that people will want to visit.
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We’ve seen a lot of odd looking cats taking the internet by storm lately, and many people are wondering if these cats have a form of Down syndrome or are there any cats with down syndrome? Is it even possible for cats to have Down syndrome? Well, yes and no. Technically, they cannot have this condition, because they do not have the same chromosome patterns humans do. Down syndrome is a condition that affects only humans. But, this is not to say that cats do not have conditions that can closely mimic Down syndrome. Today we are going to take a look at Down syndrome in humans, and whether or not cats are actually afflicted with the same condition.
Let’s start by talking about how Downs syndrome affects humans. This is a genetic disorder that is found in humans, and is characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome, or part of one, in the twenty-first pair. This added chromosome gives those who have Down syndrome very distinctive physical characteristics, including short necks, small chins, large tongues, slanted eyes, odd-shaped outer ears, etc. Not every case of this condition results in these characteristics, but they are common to Down syndrome.
Other things associated with this condition include stunted growth, and weak muscle tone. There is also an impairment in mental abilities, with the average adult IQ being around 50, or the equivalent of a child under the age of 10. Of course, this can be different from person to person. People with Down syndrome to tend to develop at varied rates, although most do develop more slowly than those who do not have this condition, which is also associated with a variety of health issues, including heart disease, vision impairment, infertility, and gastrointestinal issues.
Now we come to the big question: Can cats have Down syndrome? There are some characteristics of Down syndrome that are sometimes seen in cats, including wide-set, round eyes, stunted or droopy ears, upturned noses, and an oddly shaped face. Cats that are thought to have conditions similar to Downs syndrome tend to have abnormal behavioral, and they are often uncoordinated and clumsy, bumping into things and frequently falling down. They may also sit differently than other cats, or have different vocalizations.
Kittens with Down syndrome-like conditions often behave differently than other kittens in the same litter, and they tend to be a lot friendlier than other kittens, although they often do not respond when called to.
Cats have 19 pairs of chromosomes, whereas humans have 23 pairs. People with Down syndrome have the extra chromosome 21, but this is not possible with most animals, because of the fact that they have fewer chromosomes. In fact, since cats only have 19 pairs, it is not possible for them to have the extra chromosome 21.
Next is behavior. A cat may show strange behavior, but this doesn’t automatically mean that it has Down syndrome. In fact, it may just be behavior that is unique to the cat, or another health problem that has not been diagnosed. There are many health issues associated with cats that can lead to a variety of symptoms that are much like those of Down syndrome.
Many breeders tend to over-breed their pets, and there is also inbreeding involved. If two animals with the same genetic structure mate, it is likely to produce offspring with birth defects. The same is seen in humans. It may not be that the cat has Down syndrome, but that it is a victim of inbreeding.
If a cat is thought to have Down syndrome, it could very well be a case of misdiagnosis, as it is impossible for cats to have that extra 21 chromosome. There could be other genetic disorders at play, such as Klinefelter syndrome, which can cause physical mutation. As of yet, there is no scientific evidence that cats can be afflicted with Down syndrome.
If you think your cat may have a genetic disorder that has characteristics that are similar to Down syndrome, it is important to have your cat examined and diagnosed by a veterinarian. There are several things that could be going on, including cerebral hypoplasia, which causes poor balance and renal issues.
Kittens born to mothers with FPV (Feline Parvovirus) are prone to cerebral hypoplasia, which is neither progressive nor contagious. Kittens with this condition are born with underdeveloped cerebellums, causing them to stagger when they walk. If you notice this in your cat, make an appointment with your vet right away so you can find out what you need to do in order to give your pet a healthy, happy life.
It will also be great if you can have your cat vaccination completed appropriate with the schedule given by your vet.
Our furry friends really do take over the household when they enter our lives. In fact, a lot of people say it becomes the cat’s home rather than yours, and you will often catch them relaxing on the bed or chilling out on the sofa. But while there are many benefits to having your furry pal in the house (company and laughter for starters), there are some negatives.
For one thing, their fur can get everywhere in the house. It can take cat owners hours trying to vacuum up all the excess fur in the home during the summer months when they are shedding. And it does get all over your clothes too; it can be tricky to remove it all from your top or trousers. Moving forward, what's your thought about de clawing a cat?
Another thing which is a downfall of having your cats inside is that they scratch your beloved furniture. They want to keep their nails in tip-top condition, but to do this, they often scratch the wallpaper or even the sofa. It’s also a natural instinct for them to leave their scent by scratching your belongings too.
Unfortunately, this can leave you feeling furious with your beloved pet. After all, you have spent well-earned cash on your furniture. And it can leave it looking tatty and old, even if you only just bought it, which is frustrating.
Therefore, a lot of pet owners decide to go down the route of declawing their cat. After all, you can then have your furry friend inside the house without having to worry about what they will do to your home. And it can help boost your relationship with your pet if you do go for this option.
Also, it can be a good option if you want to make sure they can’t scratch your family in the future. Of course, there are some other options you might want to try first such as getting a scratching post to deter them from the furniture. Or you can even buy aromas which will make sure they don’t get too close.
However, if you are looking for a more permanent solution, declawing might be the way to go. A lot of people worry about the cost of de clawing a cat. After all, they don’t want it to break the bank. Therefore, here is your guide to cat declaw prices so you know what to expect when you go to the vets.
Whichever vet you decide to go with will likely do tests before the cat goes in for surgery. That way, they can check their blood, as well as check the function of their organs to make sure they won’t have any problems during the surgery. It’s often advised especially if your furry friend is an older feline.
After all, the pet will need anesthetic for the op. You can expect to pay around $40-50 dollars for this pre-op. Although this is an added price, it’s worth it to make sure your pet will recover well after the operation. And a lot of vets will refuse to do it unless you have this done before.
Some vets might costs less or more but it is the average or the margin of most. Other operations is more expensive such as spaying a cat.
Once you have decided to get your cat declawed, the vet will go through the different options they can do. There are several ways the process can be conducted of declawing your feline. If you are hoping for a cheaper option, it’s highly likely they will go for the common method of using a blade or a clipper. This cuts through the joint and will stop claw growth on your cat’s paws. This method can cost around $100-200 dollars. With this op, there is a risk the claws will come back. But it has the quickest surgery time and is the cheapest option so it is a common choice.
For the slightly higher end of the spectrum, the vet might suggest removing the bone by removing the ligaments. This will ensure no regrowth and has a slightly less chance of infection. Another option which is more expensive that the vet might discuss with you is declawing your furry friend by using lasers. For this method, you can expect to pay out around $200-400. This is becoming a more popular option for pet owners and vets alike as instead of using a utensil, they use a laser to remove the bones. By doing this, there is a lot less pain and less bleeding so your feline will be home a lot quicker and will be in less discomfort.
You should discuss the three options and the cost with your vet and let them explain the procedures more clearly to you. After all, if you do want to go ahead with the op, you want to feel reassured that they will do a good job with your pet. So find out their experience and discuss it with several vets until you are satisfied with your choice. It’s also worth checking exactly what the cost includes. At the end of the day, if you are shelling out hundreds of dollars, you want to make sure this does include the stay at the vet and any other treatment they need while they are there.
Once your feline has been through the surgery, they might need to be put on some pain relief to help them. It’s worth asking how much this will be as it will often be included in the initial price. In some cases, a vet will give the cat a patch which gives your feline friend the pain relief. This often costs an additional $40 to 50. You should discuss other pain relief methods while you are at the vets to help your cat properly recover.
Remember to always look at the other options such as talking to a cat behaviorist first before resorting to declawing your feline. After all, there might be a quicker and cheaper option which will save you and your cat a lot of stress.
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Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě זק ארה.
זק ארה je pohřben(a) na hřbitově New Kiryat Shmona Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
זק ארה was 13 years old when Space Race: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.
זק ארה was 20 years old when Martin Luther King Jr. received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi helped inspire.
זק ארה was 28 years old when Munich massacre: Nine Israeli athletes die (along with a German policeman) at the hands of the Palestinian "Black September" terrorist group after being taken hostage at the Munich Olympic Games. Two other Israeli athletes were slain in the initial attack the previous day. The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, in which the Palestinian terrorist group Black September took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer.
זק ארה was 41 years old when Space Shuttle program: STS-51-L mission: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts on board. The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official name, Space Transportation System (STS), was taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.
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Autopilot technology is advantageous for boaters in many ways, including convenience, voyage efficiency, fuel savings, and safety. But what are autopilots, and how do they work?
An autopilot is a combination of electric or electronic navigation tools that steer a vessel without continual hands-on involvement. Autopilots allow short- or single-handed sailors and boaters to leave the helm to trim or rig sails, adjust lines, set anchor, eat without interruption, take short naps, or other activities while not at the helm.
Autopilots have been used on commercial, sail, and power vessels for over a century, in various forms, making navigation safer and more convenient. Mariners have called autopilots by nicknames, like “Iron Mike,” “Otto,” or “the silent crew.” Autopilots for smaller vessels are generally priced below $1,000, with limited features. Below-deck units for larger boats that perform complex functions can cost upwards of $3,000.
Autopilots work much like cruise control on a vehicle, except that manual control of the tiller or steering wheel is not needed: After the vessel is steadied on a desired heading for a few seconds, an “Auto” button is pushed and the autopilot takes over. The computer remembers the heading and adjusts rudder position to keep the vessel on the selected course, even in high winds, strong currents, or over/under steering situations.
Autopilots generally consist of three main components: a course computer (also called a central processing unit) that contains a compass, a drive unit that applies force to move the rudder, and a control unit.
Autopilots come in a variety of arrangements, dictated by vessel length, displacement and steering type, including above-deck units and below-deck units, described below. An older type, a wind vane, transfers wind energy from a vertical air paddle to a trim tab or water paddle affixed to the rudder. Wind vanes have mostly disappeared, replaced by modern autopilots.
Above-deck autopilots are common on smaller sailing and power vessels (generally 40 feet and under) with tillers or steering wheels. The equipment is easy to operate, inexpensive, uses simple electric connections, and is energy efficient. The variety of available small boat autopilots makes them affordable, even for the occasional boater.
Most tiller autopilots use an electric ram mounted between the tiller and a gunwale fitting to control the rudder. The computer sends a signal to the ram to move the tiller, which adjusts the rudder to stay on course. Depending on configuration, some units connect directly to the top of the rudder.
The other type of above-deck autopilot is used on boats with steering wheels. The autopilot connects directly to the boat’s wheel drive with a belt or toothed gears to move the wheel, powered by a small motor.
Fluxgate Compass: Uses electronics to generate course headings and communicates with the rate gyro compass. Fluxgate compass data can be interfaced with chart plotters, GPS, and radar.
Rate Gyro Compass: Indicates angular change relative to a course heading over short periods, not direction. Used to control pitch-and-roll movement, the rate gyro provides fast, accurate data and corrects fluxgate compass errors.
The magnetic compass, which uses the earth’s magnetic pull to establish the north direction, serves as a reference for comparison to autopilot data.
Linear: The most common type on sailboats which moves the rudder directly from the tiller arm or rudder using electricity.
Rotary: Used on chain and cable steering (wheeled) systems that may use sprockets ranging from 13 to 25 teeth.
Hydraulic: For boats with hydraulic steering systems. The drive unit must match the size of the existing hydraulic ram.
Control Unit: The interface between the helmsman and autopilot, usually with an LED display on a control panel with knobs, joysticks, or buttons.
Save fuel by reducing cruising time, particularly on vessels with a GPS interface. Have an infinite attention span and do not tire. Helpful when sail or power boating with a short- or single-handed crew.
For anglers, pre-programmed trolling patterns can make fishing more productive.
Many models are “self learning,” meaning they remember helm positions needed to hold a course and prevent over/under steering.
An autopilot’s ability to hold a steady course without a helmsman has made them almost standard equipment on larger sail and powerboats.
If autopilot components need repair, recalibration, or replacement during a voyage, getting service, especially in foreign ports, may be difficult.
Heavy weather can affect how quickly an autopilot responds with helm corrections and works harder at maintaining headings in adverse conditions, which can strain the electrical system.
Water intrusion and corrosion in the computer, drive motor components and wired connections can cause an autopilot to fail or generate faulty data.
Even for short periods, an unattended helm without an engaged autopilot can put the boat off course and create potentially dangerous or unsafe situations.
The electric power needed to operate an autopilot during rough weather and heavy use can be high and sudden energy spikes can cause the unit to fail or generate faulty data.
In some conditions, navigating a vessel with an engaged autopilot can create potentially dangerous conditions. For example, if underway on waterways with heavy vessel traffic, known underwater hazards or shallow water or areas where crab pots are deployed are two situations when the helm should be manned. The autopilot should not be engaged while docking or maneuvering in close-quarters.
Brief all crewmembers on how to engage/disengage the autopilot.
Constant awareness 360 degrees around a vessel is critical, even with an engaged autopilot.
Should an autopilot fail or generate suspect data, immediately disengage the unit, check the magnetic compass and adjust as needed.
Most autopilot hardware is waterproof, but should be cleaned after a voyage. Below-deck units should be mounted in a dry, well-ventilated area, as they generate considerable heat.
The speed at which an autopilot makes course corrections can be a safety issue. Speed is gauged by the amount of heading change (in degrees) per second as the helm is moved.
The drive unit should have a dedicated breaker connected directly to the vessel’s main electric panel.
To check autopilot heading accuracy, “swing the compass,” which is slowly turning the boat in a circle while the computer makes corrections.
One-touch buttons that allow course locking and/or GPS waypoint tracking.
Rudder angle indicators that show where the rudder is pointed; the units can also indicate how fast the rudder reacts to helm commands.
Radar and chartplotters that detect close-aboard obstructions or vessels. If a threat exists, an alarm sounds and the boat is automatically steered to a safe heading.
Remote controls that allow adjustments away from the helm, with ranges up to 40 feet.
Small, LED screen “repeaters” that relay course headings from the computer and mounted in bunk areas or the galley.
Sensors indicating when a vessel is about to surf. The computer senses when the boat is at the bottom of a wave and steers to the next set of waves.
Programs that follow underwater depth contours, especially useful to anglers.
Small transmitters worn by the crew. If a crewmember goes overboard, the computer steers the vessel into a stall so the man overboard can be retrieved.
Installed and calibrated correctly and utilized as intended, autopilots of any size and type can enhance enjoyment, efficiency, and safety during a voyage.
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Is the customer always right? No, but how do you make them feel like they are right?
Customer Service is not always about being super friendly with all the fluff and niceties. It about being accountable and seeing things from your customer’s perspective.
2. When you make a mistake be accountable, It's ok. It is embarrassing but no one is perfect. For those entrepreneurs that want to scale your business, expect hiccups and handle them professionally and give something free to your customer. There is nothing worse than to make a mistake and then make the customer feel that you are not taking full accountability. I say accountability because maybe it was your employee that messed up and they are responsible for the issue, but your business is accountable regardless. Free Product, Free Service and any other discount is well worth it in the end. You will end up keeping your customer because they too are human and probably can empathize. It goes back to that old saying; “treat people how you would want to be treated” literally. It works!
3. Listen to your customers. It might seem self-explanatory but really going the extra mile to listen to your customers needs will make all the difference. Rather than assuming what the customers wants, simply ask their expectations, what they want, and what they don’t. Then listen. You’ll be able to complete the tasks at hand more effectively with the customers insight in mind.
4. Keep your promises. Promises and follow through are essential to any successful business. If your business does a poor job of completing a task then you’ll lose customers and more importantly, their trust.
5. Always try to say yes before you say no. If you get into an argument with a customer take this into consideration: A lot of businesses are more focused on what it takes for their business to succeed rather than making exceptions for customers. For example, if a customer wants a refund that you ordinarily wouldn’t give, ask yourself would making an exception strengthen my relationship with the customer? While you can’t please every customer, is it worth winning an argument, saying no, and abiding by your established policies at the cost of losing business? Probably not.
6. Be available to your customers. Customers appreciate quick responses, to be kept in the loop and a positive attitude to go along with it!
7. Provide answers or find the answers. Instead of making excuses for why something was not completed or didn’t work- find a way. Customers appreciate your effort and to see that you’re willing to go above and beyond to meet their needs. They know they can depend on you and that is an invaluable quality to have for your business.
8. Know who your customers are. It is vital to know who your customers are and make them feel important. Remember the goal is to gain repeat customers, so keep track of who they are to develop that consistent relationship. You can do this through taking note of their patterns in terms of their needs, how they like things done and if they have similar expectations every time. When this type of trust is present, that customer is more likely to return and refer your business to someone else.
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Are these correct and what's the difference in meaning between them?
1. There aren't any cars down here.
2. There isn't a car down here.
3. It didn't catch any mistakes.
4. It didn't catch any mistake.
5. It can discard unsolicited letter to your house.
5. It can discard unsolicited letters to your house.
6. There is more rumor about you.
8. I like to eat hamburgers.
9. I like to eat hamburger.
The 1st 2 sentences are correct, you added the s when there is more than one car.
Sentence 3 doesn't make much sense to me. What about "It didn't detect / pick out / come across / find any mistakes"?
"It can discard unsolicited letters to your house." is gramatically correct yet I would need the context to tell you whether the sentence makes sense for the purpose you intend.
"There are more rumours about you." or perhaps to make the sentence sound better "More rumours about you are circulating." (If you want to use the singular then the sentence would be "Another rumour about you is circulating.") Yes, rumours are countable.
Sentence 8 is correct, 9 definitely not. By the way, if you are speaking of a general habit use the first sentence, but if you are referring to a the fact that you'd like to eat a hamburger at a particular moment, then you'd have to say: "I would like to eat a hamburger."
2. There isn't a car down here. (different intonation - emphasizes the absence of cars - indicates some surprise at something unexpected - means same as "There isn't a SINGLE CAR down here."
The second one is grammatical, but not the first in this pair. Count nouns in the singular (letter) require a determiner like "a", "the", "my", etc.
Are these correct and what's the difference in meaing between them?
4. The mailman will discard unsolicited letters to your house.
5. I need a graphics card.
6. I need a graphic card.
7. I am not confident with my ability to run.
8. I am not confident with my abilities to run.
"a lot" can only be singular, but in casual usage the agreement with the verb is determined by the word that comes after "a lot of". Another useful fact about "a lot of" is that it goes with both countable and non-countable nouns. Thus, it means both "many" and "much".
There is no significant difference in meaning. "gossip" is defined as trivial or groundless rumors. A "rumor" is a piece of unverified information passed by word of mouth.
I'm sorry. It doesn't help much. I don't understand what you mean by "an unsolicited letter". It's "an", not "a", by the way.
I believe it's called a "graphics card" -- a card which enables graphics. By the way, "graphics" is not plural. Neither are "mathematics", "physics", "economics", and similar words.
I think you want "I am not confident of my ability to run."
What's the difference in meaning between these ones?
1. There's a lot of rumor about you.
2. There are a lot of rumors about you.
When would you use plural and when would you not for the word 'rumor'?
3. I am not confident with my ability to run.
4. I am not confident with my abilities to run.
Use 'rumor' or 'rumors' (Remember it's a count noun!) the same as 'chair' or 'chairs'. It simply depends on how many there are.
"a lot of" can be followed only by a (singular) noncount noun or a plural count noun, so only sentence 2 is correct.
Sentence 3 is the correct one. You're only talking about one ability -- your running ability.
Okay, I am understand this a lot better now, thanks.
2. Too bad cars cant take a shortcut like that. ( Is this saying that cars cannot take that specific shortcut like that?
Does it matter which one I use? Or it depends on the situtaion?
4. It depends on the locations. ('Locations' is countable?
I have checked these words at dictionary.com but they don't have 'situations' nor 'locations', so does that mean they are incorrect?
5. TV on the desktop is a great feature and the Leadtek will definitely be getting a lot of use.
6. TV on the desktop is a great feature and the Leadtek will definitely be getting a lot of uses.
How To Add A Word To The English Dictionary!?
Rules When Using A Double Consonant Before ***?
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Timothy Bowen Comedy: LEAVE MATT MULLINS ALONE!!!!!!!!
Well, to summarize for the lazy, here's the tl;dr: A lady came to the open mic show and was specifically offended by Matt Mullins, a fellow local comedian and friend of mine. Harsh words were spoken, accusations and name calling were abound, and after a grueling day of flame war action, Matt put on his make up, turned on the tape deck, and took the wig down from the shelf.
Maybe I find this video super funny specifically because I'm somewhat involved in the whole drama of it all, but I definitely think this should be seen by as many people as possible.
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Elisha Kent Kane (February 3, 1820 – February 16, 1857) was an American explorer, and a medical officer in the United States Navy during the first half of the 19th century. He was a member of two Arctic expeditions to rescue the explorer Sir John Franklin.
He was present at the discovery of Franklin's first winter camp, but he did not find out what had happened to the fatal expedition.
Born in Philadelphia, Kane was the son of John Kintzing Kane, a U.S. district judge, and Jane Duval Leiper. His maternal grandfather was Thomas Leiper, American Revolutionary War patriot and a founder of the Philadelphia City Troop. His brother was attorney, diplomat, abolitionist, and Civil War general, Thomas L. Kane. Kane graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1842.
On September 14, 1843, he became an assistant surgeon in the Navy. He served in the China Commercial Treaty mission under Caleb Cushing, in the Africa Squadron, and in the United States Marine Corps during the Mexican–American War. One battle that Kane fought in was at Nopalucan on January 6, 1848. At Nopalucan, he captured, befriended, and saved the life of Mexican General Antonio Gaona and the general's wounded son.
Kane was appointed senior medical officer of the Grinnell Arctic expedition of 1850–1851 under the command of Edwin de Haven, which searched unsuccessfully for the Sir John Franklin's lost expedition. During this expedition, the crew discovered Sir John Franklin's first winter camp.
In 1852, Kane met the Fox sisters, famous for their spirit rapping séances, and he became enamored with the middle sister, Margaret. Kane was convinced that the sisters were frauds, and sought to reform Margaret. She would later claim that they were secretly married in 1856—she changed her name to Margaret Fox Kane—and engaged the family in lawsuits over his will. After Kane's death, Margaret converted to the Roman Catholic faith, but would eventually return to spiritualism.
Kane then organized and headed the Second Grinnell expedition which sailed from New York on May 31, 1853, and wintered in Rensselaer Bay. Though suffering from scurvy, and at times near death, he pushed on and charted the coasts of Smith Sound and the Kane Basin, penetrating farther north than any other explorer had done up to that time.
At Cape Constitution he discovered the ice-free Kennedy Channel, later followed by Isaac Israel Hayes, Charles Francis Hall, Augustus Greely, and Robert E. Peary in turn as they drove toward the North Pole.
Kane finally abandoned the icebound brig Advance on May 20, 1855, and made an 83-day march of indomitable courage to Upernavik. The party, carrying the invalids, lost only one man. Kane and his men were saved by a sailing ship. Kane returned to New York on October 11, 1855, and the following year published his two-volume Arctic Explorations.
After visiting England to fulfill his promise to deliver his report personally to Lady Jane Franklin, he sailed to Havana in a vain attempt to recover his health, after being advised to do so by his doctor. He died there on February 16, 1857. His body was brought to New Orleans and carried by steamboat and a funeral train to Philadelphia; the train was met at nearly every platform by a memorial delegation, and is said to have been the longest funeral train of the century, surpassed only by that of Abraham Lincoln. After lying in state at Independence Hall, he was transported to Philadelphia's Laurel Hill Cemetery where he was placed in the family vault on the hillside near what is now Kelly Drive.
Dr. Kane received medals from Congress, the Royal Geographical Society, the Société de géographie, and the Geographical Society of Philadelphia created the Elisha Kent Kane Medal in his honor. He was also elected to the American Antiquarian Society in 1855.
The Anoatok historic manor at Kane, Pennsylvania, was named to allude to his Arctic adventures. The destroyer USS Kane (DD-235) was named for him, as was a later oceanographic research ship, the USNS Kane (T-AGS-27). A lunar crater, Kane, was also named for him. In 1986, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 22 cent postage stamp in his honor, depicting his route to the Arctic.
The United States Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin: A personal narrative; Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson, 1856, at the Making of America Project.
Arctic explorations: The second Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1853,54,55; Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson, 1857, at the Making of America Project.
^ a b "Kane Elisha Kent". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ "The U.S. Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin: a Personal Narrative". World Digital Library. 1854. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
^ Scott catalog # 2220.
Sonntag, August (1865). Professor Sonntag's Thrilling Narrative Of The Grinnell Exploring Expedition To The Arctic Ocean In The Years 1853, 1854, and 1855 In Search of Sir John Franklin, Under The Command of Dr. E. K. Kane, U.S.N. Philadelphia: Jas. T. Lloyd & Co. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
David Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds (University of Massachusetts Press, 2004).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elisha Kane.
Sir Robert John Le Mesurier McClure was an Irish explorer of the Arctic who in 1854 traversed the Northwest Passage by boat and sledge and was the first to circumnavigate the Americas.
Joseph René Bellot was a French Arctic explorer.
The first USS Advance was a brigantine in the United States Navy which participated in an arctic rescue expedition. Advance was built in 1847 as Augusta in New Kent County, Virginia and loaned to the Navy on 7 May 1850 by Mr. Henry Grinnell to participate in the search for Sir John Franklin's arctic expedition which had been stranded in the frozen north since 1846. After last-minute preparations, the ship, under the command of Lieutenant Edwin J. De Haven and in company with Rescue, put to sea from New York on 23 May 1850.
Hans Hendrik, also known by his native name Suersaq, was a Kalaallit Arctic explorer and interpreter, and the first Inuk to publish an account of his travels. He was born in the southern settlement of Fiskernæs.
Franklin Island is one of three islands located in Kennedy Channel of Nares Strait in the high Arctic and is part of the Qaasuitsup municipality, Greenland.
Kane Basin is an Arctic waterway lying between Greenland and Canada's northernmost island, Ellesmere Island. It links Smith Sound to Kennedy Channel and forms part of Nares Strait. It is approximately 180 kilometres in length and 130 km at its widest.
Admiral Sir Edward Augustus Inglefield was a Royal Navy officer who led one of the searches for the missing Arctic explorer John Franklin during the 1850s. In doing so, his expedition charted previously unexplored areas along the northern Canadian coastline, including Baffin Bay, Smith Sound and Lancaster Sound.
Henry Grinnell was an American merchant and philanthropist.
The Back River Light, also known as the Grandview Light, was a lighthouse south of the mouth of the Back River on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, several miles north of Fort Monroe near Hampton, Virginia. Plagued by erosion for most of its existence, it was destroyed in 1956 by Hurricane Flossy.
The Littleton Islands, are a group of two small coastal islands, the largest of which is Littleton Island. They are located in the Avannaata municipality, off NW Greenland.
John Kintzing Kane was an American politician, attorney and jurist. Kane was noted for his political affiliation with President Andrew Jackson and for an 1855 pro-slavery legal decision related to the freeing of Jane Johnson and application of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
The Second Grinnell expedition of 1853–1855 was an American effort, financed by Henry Grinnell, to determine the fate of the Franklin's lost expedition. Led by Elisha Kent Kane, the team explored areas northwest of Greenland, now called Grinnell Land.
Peabody Bay is a large bay in northwestern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Qaasuitsup municipality.
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0.97749 |
Match the description and origin of the name in the left column with the name of the correct plant in the right column. Hint: origins may refer to the latin name, and the common name may be the one listed on the right. Answers are at the end of the list.
How did you do? If you'd like to learn more about edible plants (mostly native ones to North America or naturalized), their uses, name origins and lore, and even toxic properties, an excellent recent reference is The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America, Francois Couplan, PhD., Keats Publishing, New Cannan, CT, 1998. The author writes from decades of first-hand experience with these plants, a scientific background, and living with native peoples around the world.
Back to The Arcade for more games and quizzes with perennials, or to Perry's Perennial Pages.
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Koh Lanta is a beautiful, pristine island chain in the Andaman Sea, right off the western coast of southern Thailand in the Krabi province. What is called Koh Lanta is actually two separate islands- Koh Lanta Noi and Koh Lanta Yai. Tourist activity is concentrated on Koh Lanta Yai, the bigger of the two islands.
Koh Lanta is popular for its peaceful and calm atmosphere. A variety of tourists of all ages visit the island as an escape from the parties and chaos of some of the rest of Thailand. It strikes a wonderful balance between being relatively less known compared to many other islands, but experiences enough tourist visits to warrant many resorts and bungalows on the West coast.
It is culturally rich, combining authentic local culture with a variety of international cultures which are brought from tourists. Even in the busier parts of the island, there is always a quiet place to relax and watch the spectacular sunset.
The island is well known to the international community for its incredibly varied and beautiful geography. Hikers and nature enthusiasts love the unique ecosystems – it not only has many kilometers of pristine white sand beaches and clear water, but also large portions of hilly forest for the adventurous hiker. Mangrove forests are very common on the island, and for those who have never experienced the beauty and strangeness of mangroves, this is sure to be a treat.
Diving enthusiasts will experience a truly unique experience of exploring the beautifully conserved coral reefs along the coast. As more and more coral reefs are being destroyed around the world due to pollution and acidification, a preserved coral reef is increasingly rare to encounter. This is also a good reason to remember to limit the waste you produce on and around the island.
There are also many boating and sailing trips available, ranging from day trips to longer-term boating adventures. Tham Khao Maikaeo is a famous natural landmark, a beautiful system of caves with stalactites, stalagmites, underground pools, and much more. Local families lead adventurous and challenging tours through the caves for tourist families and individuals.
The Krabi province is a mixture of Thai-Chinese, Muslim, and Buddhist culture, and the locals are extremely open to newcomers and other cultures, as the area is already a melting pot of many different immigrant cultures. There are a variety of restaurants providing local Thai cuisine as well as international foods, as well as hotels and bungalows catering to a wide variety of budgets. The most useful language for tourists to know is English, as most locals will only be familiar with their native dialect and English.
Koh Lanta experiences two main seasons due to its monsoon climate: the dry season and the wet season. The dry season stretches from November to April, and is characterized by very hot temperatures and, near the end, very dry and dusty towns due to lack of rain. From May to October is the wet period, which is relatively cooler, during which rain falls often in short heavy bursts. This rain is usually a welcome relief from the heat, and during the change of the season, the tropical greenness and life is revitalized on the island.
Due to these climatic changes, the best time to visit the island is typically the beginning or middle of the wet season, around May, June, and July. The island is not served by any airport or connecting roads, so the only way to arrive from nearby islands is by ferry, which are reliable and run fairly often, and only take about 15 minutes to arrive. There are direct ferry connections from nearby Krabi and Phuket airports.
Author Bio – Chris Jones, the author of this article writes on behalf of Phuket Ferry, a sought Ferry agent in Thailand. If you’re looking for a ferry from Ao Nang to Koh Lanta, do visit PhuketFerry.com to make a booking.
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Mike Pence for Vice President?
It is extremely unusual that being nominated to run as a major party's candidate for Vice President would be harmful to the person accepting the nomination, but that is what would be the case for Mike Pence. There are positives, of course, but there are enough negatives that this would ultimately be a bad career move for Indiana's governor.
The most obvious problem is this: Donald Trump is a raging dumpster fire. As Trump's running mate, Pence would be obligated to defend Trump throughout the next three and a half months. Trump has said and done a number of outrageous things over the last year and is still not trusted by even a lot of Republicans who support him. By attaching himself to Trump, Pence would be accepting Trump's baggage as his own. It would be very difficult to walk that back after the election is over, and if Pence tries to do so he may wind up looking worse in the process.
If Trump wins, Pence gets the prestige of being Vice President but would be further saddled with Trump's antics. If Trump acts illegally to restrict free speech or due process, or attempts to force the military to commit war crimes, Pence would be tarred by that too. One lesson for Pence is that Bill Clinton's antics in office harmed Al Gore in 2000. Pence would not have the perch of the Vice President's office from which to launch his campaign if he avoids Trump, but he would also have a cleaner record in running for President in 2020 or 2024.
Indiana is a Republican state, and Pence has a financial advantage over his opponent in a rematch of 2012. Hillary Clinton is deeply unpopular here, so even with Trump leading the ticket the Presidential race is likely to have at least a net neutral effect if it is not a positive for Pence. Indiana's economic climate is strong and that always helps the incumbent. Trump's ability to win the Presidency is questionable at best, so Pence would be taking a safer bet by staying where he is instead of joining forces with Trump.
Some Republicans think moving Pence would be useful because of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) controversy last year, but in terms of Indiana politics that has pretty much played itself out and will probably not be a factor in the 2016 election. If Pence becomes Trump's vice presidential nominee, RFRA will be re-litigated not only in Indiana but all across the nation as well. I do not buy the argument that RFRA damaged Pence, and the only people still motivated by it are people who would never vote Republican anyway. There is no need to make that a distraction going forward, though.
No matter who replaced Pence on the ballot, choosing a new candidate for governor with handicap the Republican Party's chances of holding onto the seat. Pence already has a strong campaign infrastructure in place, so a new candidate would have to build a statewide campaign and start winning voters with only two and a half months before early voting starts. Sure, some of that can be transferred but throwing the ballot into chaos with only two and a half months to go would hurt the party. Pence needs to consider what he would be leaving behind and if his replacement loses some Republicans may hold a grudge.
Pence has a lot to lose by going with Trump, both in the short term and in the long term. There is a significant upside, of course, but that depends on how Trump behaves over the next four years - something that is by no means predictable and could actually be harmful. Pence would be wise to respectfully decline and pick the safer bet of staying on as governor.
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The first significant Islamic kingdom to emerge in Southeast Asia was the sultanate of Melaka, which was founded around 1400 by a local prince who converted to Islam. Other important sultanates in Southeast Asia around the time of Melaka's ascendancy included Aceh in northern Sumatra; Johor on the Malay peninsula; the port cities of Demak and Banten on the north coast of Java; Ternate and Tidore in what is now Maluku: and the kingdom of Mataram [pronounced muh-TAR-uhm], a trading kingdom in central Java.
Mataram Sultanate was founded by Ki Ageng in 1586 AD. The Sultans of the Central Javanese Mataram kingdom identified themselves as descendants of the heroes in the Mahabharata as they were represented in the wayang kulit. During this period several genealogies were written that traced the lineage of these Javanese rulers all the way back to wayang purwa epics.
By the end of the 16th century, Islam, through conversion firstly among the elite of Java, had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. By the early seventeenth century, the most powerful state in Central Java was Mataram, whose rulers cultivated friendly relations with the Pasisir states, especially Gresik, and tolerated the establishment of Islamic schools and communities in the countryside. Tolerance may have been motivated by the rulers' desire to use the schools to control village populations. Muslim groups in the interior were often mutually antagonistic, however, and sometimes experienced official persecution.
During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of Demak, Cirebon, and Banten were ascendant. The Mataram Sultanate became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.
Twenty kilometers to the south of the volcano Merapi lies the the kraton ‘‘residence of the king’’ of Yogyakarta, the origins of which date to the breaking up of the Sultanate of Mataram by the Dutch in 1755, and where the last ruling sultan (viz., who holds civil authority over a province) in Indonesia still sits to this day. The kraton of the sultanate is located on a direct line between Merapi volcano and the Java Sea to the south, and the union of the spirits of mountain and sea is thought to be integral to the spiritual power of the court.
In AD 1613 the eldest son of the prince succeeded his father, taking the name of Adi Mataram. He and his son alone took the Arabic title of Sultan, their predecessors contenting themselves with the humbler appellation of Panambahan, and their successors taking the spiritual distinction of Susunan. In Javanese history he is called Sultan Agung, or the Great Sultan, a title which he undoubtedly deserved, for he was not only the greatest conqueror, but the best prince of whom any mention is made in Javanese story. In a reign of thirty-three years, he conquered the whole of the eastern districts, including the principality of Blambangan, at the extreme east, Cheribon, and thewhole of the Sunda countries, except Jacatra and Bantam.
Javanese notions of kingship were never as static as Western discourse has frequently asserted. Even on the eve of Dutch colonialism, the relatively new kingdom of Mataram was undergoing significant changes in its ruling philosophy. While much continuity from earlier kingdoms was extant in Mataram, concepts of hierarchy and duty were continuing to develope, as was the notion of an aristocratic class known as the priyayi.
The serat (“mystical songs”) and the babad (“kingly chronicles”) written in the 17th, 18th and 19th c. Mataram kraton by the court-poets (pujangga) for the blood aristocracy and the priyayi service nobility spells out an elaborate theory of the State (negara) as an autonomous (soverein and timeless) entity peopled by highly-qualified government specialists (punggawa). Starting under the reign of Sultan Agung (r. 1613-1646), there took place in the Mataram kingdom of East and Central Java, a process of both administrative and ideological transformation, linked to the consolidation of the priyayi status group.
The priyayi were raised to an aristocratic condition by the king, but they could not beget their status and administrative positions to their sons : they were to lose their aristocratic titles after two or three generations. They therefore had no choice, to assert a moral identity of their own that would help them protecting their families’ rank, but to devise a theory of the State that would make the holding of high bureaucratic positions a question not only of one’s genealogical fame, but also of one’s acquired skills and virtues.
In 1617 the Sultan of Mataram Abul Mafakhir tried to expel Dutch by laying siege to the Dutch trading camp. The Dutch United East India Company (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC) needed large supplies of rice to feed its labor in the spice islands, and these supplies could not be derived from local sources. In the mid-1630s, for example, the Arakanese king observed that the Dutch were desperate for Arakanese rice because of the Dutch armed conflicts with Makassar, Mataram, and Bantam. The English faced this problem as well, particularly from the Mataramese economic blockade in western Java. Thus, the Dutch established a permanent factory at Mrauk-U in the early 1620s.
Starting with the tactical mistakes of Sultan Agung’s successor Amengkurat 1st (r. 1646-1677), and reaching a turning-point with the 1755 Giyanti Treaty, the negara of Mataram lost most of its political autonomy to the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) – that meddled into Javanese succession affairs like a bull in a China shop. After the bloody Java War (1825-1830), the priyayi became part of the new Dutch colonial apparatus.
The city of Yogyakarta, or simply Yogya, came into being in 1755, after the division of the Sultanate of Mataram into the Sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta (Solo). Gamelan, classical and contemporary Javanese dances, the wayang kulit leather puppet theater and other expressions of traditional art will keep the visitor spellbound. Local craftsmen excel in the arts of batiks, silver and leather work. The Sultan's palace is the hub of Yogya's traditional life and despite the advance of modernity, it still emanates the spirit of refinement which has been the hallmark of Yogya's art for centuries.
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Interest in BRCA1 stems from its role as a tumour suppressor in breast and ovarian cancer. Intensive research in BRCA1 has revealed little about its specific role in cancer; rather, this protein has been implicated in a multitude of important cellular processes.
The diverse biochemical activities of BRCA1 combine to protect the genome from damage.
BRCA1 functions in several processes, but it is unclear how these relate to the BRCA1 requirement in all cell types. Similar to the p53 tumour suppressor, BRCA1 activates genes encoding the DNA-repair response. Unlike p53, BRCA1 also has a direct role in the repair process.
According to the earlier suggested model, BRCA1–BARD1 functions in genome surveillance by scanning active genes in association with the holo-pol, and when the elongating transcription complex encounters DNA lesions, BRCA1 initiates a repair response. It is interesting to note that a BRCA1-binding cofactor, COBRA1, which regulates BRCA1 function in a chromatin decompression assay, has been found to be a required subunit of a complex that regulates transcription elongation.
When damage is encountered on the DNA template, the lesion could be corrected by transcription-coupled repair (step 1), a known BRCA1 function. Alternatively, some types of damage might require that the polymerase be removed to effect repair. Since the polymerase synthesizing mRNA on a DNA template is quite stably bound, it has been hypothesized that BRCA1 would then ubiquitinate the polymerase signaling its degradation (step 2).
Although current evidence does not implicate BRCA1 in this process, the polymerase is ubiquitinated and degraded following DNA damage. The residual BRCA1 complex might remain bound to the DNA lesion.
BRCA1 has been found to bind DNA cruciforms and three-way junctions, such as might occur at damage sites (step 3). This bound BRCA1 would then recruit repair factors, such as the RAD50-containing complex, which would then mend the lesion (steps 4 and 5).
One might infer from the recruitment of the H2AX kinase to sites in which BRCA1 is bound to DNA that this surveillance of the template by transcription results in BRCA1-dependent degradation of the transcription apparatus and recruitment of the H2AX kinase to nucleate the assembly of a repair focus.
Although there is no yeast homolog for BRCA1, perhaps a analogous pathway is conserved in this organism, mediated by a transcription elongation factor that is genetically linked in this pathway to holo-pol components.
The key cellular functions assigned to BRCA1 are numerous. BRCA1 can interact with many cellular proteins and pathways, but how these many interactions address the key questions of required ubiquitous function and tumour suppressing breast and ovarian cell function are unclear. These diverse activities of BRCA1 may be linked in a single pathway, or BRCA1 might function in multiple nuclear processes.
Dr. Saha, good post. There is a very interesting therapeutic strategy now concerning the BRCA1/2 mutant patient. It has been shown that PARP inhibitors are extremely effective in BRCA1/2 patients as there can still be NHEJ repair (nonhomogous recombination repair) which the PARP inhibitor will take care of. This was discovered because PARP inhibitors are not that effective in BRCA1/2 wild type patients. This might be a great post. Look up University of Pennsylvania which is doing a tril on this in breast/ovarian. Also a friend of mine at Kansas, Dr. Thuy Vy Do in the lab of Dr. Andy Godwin is doing similar research. I certainly could talk to them for you and set up a connection if you’d like.
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This newsletter headline: - The testing conferences in November. - The latest news and headlines of software testing industry during the last week. - Software testing knowledge and best practices shared by the industry experts.
This newsletter headline: - The testing conferences in September. - The latest news and headlines of software testing industry during the last week. - Software testing knowledge and best practices shared by the industry experts.
This newsletter headline: - The testing conferences in August. - The latest news and headlines of software testing industry during the last week. - Software testing knowledge and best practices shared by the industry experts.
This newsletter headline: - The testing conferences in July. - The latest news and headlines of software testing industry during the last week. - Software testing knowledge and best practices shared by the industry experts.
This newsletter headline: - The testing conferences in June. - The latest news and headlines of software testing industry during the last week. - Software testing knowledge and best practices shared by the industry experts.
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Describe you as a couple in about 15 words or phrases: fun, supportive, caring, loving, athletic, competitive, organized, very "Type A"; we love to run and workout; we also would take a day at the wineries over anything else.
Bride, What do you love most about your groom?: I love that he makes me laugh at the most random times. He always knows what to say or do to make me smile, especially when I am having a bad day. He definitely brings out the best in me.
Groom, What do you love most about your bride?: Ashley has made me the best person I can be and continues to push me forward. She always stands beside me and is always there when I need her. She is smart and enjoyable to be around day in and day out. I always find something new to love about you.
Describe your perfect Saturday together: We would definitely sleep in and then get up and run together and then go out to a nice little cafe for breakfast and good coffee. Our perfect afternoon would be spent at the local wineries with a picnic basket in hand. Then, we would finish the evening with our friends, either going out or going to someone's house to hang out.
Bride fun fact: I am the 2008 Miss Jasper County Fair Queen and the 2008 Miss Congeniality Award recipient at my hometown fair in Newton, IL.
Groom fun fact: I had the engagement ring for 5 months before giving it to Ashley.
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Paper summary aleju * They define four subtasks of image understanding: * *Classification*: Assign a single label to a whole image. * *Captioning*: Assign a sequence of words (description) to a whole image* * *Detection*: Find objects/regions in an image and assign a single label to each one. * *Dense Captioning*: Find objects/regions in an image and assign a sequence of words (description) to each one. * DenseCap accomplishes the fourth task, i.e. it is a model that finds objects/regions in images and describes them with natural language. ### How * Their model consists of four subcomponents, which run for each image in sequence: * (1) **Convolutional Network**: * Basically just VGG-16. * (2) **Localization Layer**: * This layer uses a convolutional network that has mostly the same architecture as in the "Faster R-CNN" paper. * That ConvNet is applied to a grid of anchor points on the image. * For each anchor point, it extracts the features generated by the VGG-Net (model 1) around that point. * It then generates the attributes of `k` (default: 12) boxes using a shallow convolutional net. These attributes are (roughly): Height, width, center x, center y, confidence score. * It then extracts the features of these boxes from the VGG-Net output (model 1) and uses bilinear sampling to project them onto a fixed size (height, width) for the next model. The result are the final region proposals. * By default every image pixel is an anchor point, which results in a large number of regions. Hence, subsampling is used during training and testing. * (3) **Recognition Network**: * Takes a region (flattened to 1d vector) and projects it onto a vector of length 4096. * It uses fully connected layers to do that (ReLU, dropout). * Additionally, the network takes the 4096 vector and outputs new values for the region's position and confidence (for late fine tuning). * The 4096 vectors of all regions are combined to a matrix that is fed into the next component (RNN). * The intended sense of the this component seems to be to convert the "visual" features of each region to a more abstract, high-dimensional representation/description. * (4) **RNN Language Model**: * The take each 4096 vector and apply a fully connected layer + ReLU to it. * Then they feed it into an LSTM, followed by a START token. * The LSTM then generates word (as one hot vectors), which are fed back into the model for the next time step. * This is continued until the LSTM generates an END token. * Their full loss function has five components: * Binary logistic loss for the confidence values generated by the localization layer. * Binary logistic loss for the confidence values generated by the recognition layer. * Smooth L1 loss for the region dimensions generated by the localization layer. * Smooth L1 loss for the region dimensiosn generated by the recognition layer. * Cross-entropy at every time-step of the language model. * The whole model can be trained end-to-end. * Results * They mostly use the Visual Genome dataset. * Their model finds lots of good regions in images. * Their model generates good captions for each region. (Only short captions with simple language however.) * The model seems to love colors. Like 30-50% of all captions contain a color. (Probably caused by the dataset?) * They compare to EdgeBoxes (other method to find regions in images). Their model seems to perform better. * Their model requires about 240ms per image (test time). * The generated regions and captions enable one to search for specific objects in images using text queries.  *Architecture of the whole model. It starts with the VGG-Net ("CNN"), followed by the localization layer, which generates region proposals. Then the recognition network converts the regions to abstract high-dimensional representations. Then the language model ("RNN") generates the caption.*   -------------------- ### Rough chapter-wise notes * (1) Introduction * They define four subtasks of visual scene understanding: * Classification: Assign a single label to a whole image * Captioning: Assign a sequence of words (description) to a whole image * Detection: Find objects in an image and assign a single label to each one * Dense Captioning: Find objects in an image and assign a sequence of words (description) to each one * They developed a model for dense captioning. * It has two three important components: * A convoltional network for scene understanding * A localization layer for region level predictions. It predicts regions of interest and then uses bilinear sampling to extract the activations of these regions. * A recurrent network as the language model * They evaluate the model on the large-scale Visual Genome dataset (94k images, 4.1M region captions). * (3) Model * Model architecture * Convolutional Network * They use VGG-16, but remove the last pooling layer. * For an image of size W, H the output is 512xW/16xH/16. * That output is the input into the localization layer. * Fully Convolutional Localization Layer * Input to this layer: Activations from the convolutional network. * Output of this layer: Regions of interest, as fixed-sized representations. * For B Regions: * Coordinates of the bounding boxes (matrix of shape Bx4) * Confidence scores (vector of length B) * Features (matrix of shape BxCxXxY) * Method: Faster R-CNN (pooling replaced by bilinear interpolation) * This layer is fully differentiable. * The localization layer predicts boxes at anchor points. * At each anchor point it proposes `k` boxes using a small convolutional network. It assigns a confidence score and coordinates (center x, center y, height, width) to each proposal. * For an image with size 720x540 and k=12 the model would have to predict 17,280 boxes, hence subsampling is used. * During training they use minibatches with 256/2 positive and 256/2 negative region examples. A box counts as a positive example for a specific image if it has high overlap (intersection) with an annotated box for that image. * During test time they use greedy non-maximum suppression (NMS) (?) to subsample the 300 most confident boxes. * The region proposals have varying box sizes, but the output of the localization layer (which will be fed into the RNN) is ought to have fixed sizes. * So they project each proposed region onto a fixed sized region. They use bilinear sampling for that projection, which is differentiable. * Recognition network * Each region is flattened to a one-dimensional vector. * That vector is fed through 2 fully connected layers (unknown size, ReLU, dropout), ending with a 4096 neuron layer. * The confidence score and box coordinates are also adjusted by the network during that process (fine tuning). * RNN Language Model * Each region is translated to a sentence. * The region is fed into an LSTM (after a linear layer + ReLU), followed by a special START token. * The LSTM outputs multiple words as one-hot-vectors, where each vector has the length `V+1` (i.e. vocabulary size + END token). * Loss function is average crossentropy between output words and target words. * During test time, words are sampled until an END tag is generated. * Loss function * Their full loss function has five components: * Binary logistic loss for the confidence values generated by the localization layer. * Binary logistic loss for the confidence values generated by the recognition layer. * Smooth L1 loss for the region dimensions generated by the localization layer. * Smooth L1 loss for the region dimensiosn generated by the recognition layer. * Cross-entropy at every time-step of the language model. * The language model term has a weight of 1.0, all other components have a weight of 0.1. * Training an optimization * Initialization: CNN pretrained on ImageNet, all other weights from `N(0, 0.01)`. * SGD for the CNN (lr=?, momentum=0.9) * Adam everywhere else (lr=1e-6, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.99) * CNN is trained after epoch 1. CNN's first four layers are not trained. * Batch size is 1. * Image size is 720 on the longest side. * They use Torch. * 3 days of training time. * (4) Experiments * They use the Visual Genome Dataset (94k images, 4.1M regions with captions) * Their total vocabulary size is 10,497 words. (Rare words in captions were replaced with `<UNK>`.) * They throw away annotations with too many words as well as images with too few/too many regions. * They merge heavily overlapping regions to single regions with multiple captions. * Dense Captioning * Dense captioning task: The model receives one image and produces a set of regions, each having a caption and a confidence score. * Evaluation metrics * Evaluation of the output is non-trivial. * They compare predicted regions with regions from the annotation that have high overlap (above a threshold). * They then compare the predicted caption with the captions having similar METEOR score (above a threshold). * Instead of setting one threshold for each comparison they use multiple thresholds. Then they calculate the Mean Average Precision using the various pairs of thresholds. * Baseline models * Sources of region proposals during test time: * GT: Ground truth boxes (i.e. found by humans). * EB: EdgeBox (completely separate and pretrained system). * RPN: Their localization and recognition networks trained separately on VG regions dataset (i.e. trained without the RNN language model). * Models: * Region RNN model: Apparently the recognition layer and the RNN language model, trained on predefined regions. (Where do these regions come from? VG training dataset?) * Full Image RNN model: Apparently the recognition layer and the RNN language model, trained on full images from MSCOCO instead of small regions. * FCLN on EB: Apparently the recognition layer and the RNN language model, trained on regions generated by EdgeBox (EB) (on VG dataset?). * FCLN: Apparently their full model (trained on VG dataset?). * Discrepancy between region and image level statistics * When evaluating the models only on METEOR (language "quality"), the *Region RNN model* consistently outperforms the *Full Image RNN model*. * That's probably because the *Full Image RNN model* was trained on captions of whole images, while the *Region RNN model* was trained on captions of small regions, which tend to be a bit different from full image captions. * RPN outperforms external region proposals * Generating region proposals via RPN basically always beats EB. * Our model outperforms individual region description * Their full jointly trained model (FCLN) achieves the best results. * The full jointly trained model performs significantly better than `RPN + Region RNN model` (i.e. separately trained region proposal and region captioning networks). * Qualitative results * Finds plenty of good regions and generates reasonable captions for them. * Sometimes finds the same region twice. * Runtime evaluation * 240ms on 720x600 image with 300 region proposals. * 166ms on 720x600 image with 100 region proposals. * Recognition of region proposals takes up most time. * Generating region proposals takes up the 2nd most time. * Generating captions for regions (RNN) takes almost no time. * Image Retrieval using Regions and Captions * They try to search for regions based on search queries. * They search by letting their FCLN network or EB generate 100 region proposals per network. Then they calculate per region the probability of generating the search query as the caption. They use that probability to rank the results. * They pick images from the VG dataset, then pick captions within those images as search query. Then they evaluate the ranking of those images for the respective search query. * The results show that the model can learn to rank objects, object parts, people and actions as expected/desired. * The method described can also be used to detect an arbitrary number of distinct classes in images (as opposed to the usual 10 to 1000 classes), because the classes are contained in the generated captions.
Abstract: We introduce the dense captioning task, which requires a computer vision system to both localize and describe salient regions in images in natural language. The dense captioning task generalizes object detection when the descriptions consist of a single word, and Image Captioning when one predicted region covers the full image. To address the localization and description task jointly we propose a Fully Convolutional Localization Network (FCLN) architecture that processes an image with a single, efficient forward pass, requires no external regions proposals, and can be trained end-to-end with a single round of optimization. The architecture is composed of a Convolutional Network, a novel dense localization layer, and Recurrent Neural Network language model that generates the label sequences. We evaluate our network on the Visual Genome dataset, which comprises 94,000 images and 4,100,000 region-grounded captions. We observe both speed and accuracy improvements over baselines based on current state of the art approaches in both generation and retrieval settings.
and image captioning (region consists of whole image).
are selected in the input image space.
- For each of these, the localization layer predicts offsets and confidence.
grid is computed from output feature map to input (bilinear sampling).
is trained to predict each word of the caption.
in place of RoI pooling as in the case of Faster R-CNN.
- RoI pooling is not differentiable with respect to the input proposal coordinates.
- Fast, and impressive qualitative results.
Spatial Transformer Networks + Show & Tell).
* *Classification*: Assign a single label to a whole image.
* *Detection*: Find objects/regions in an image and assign a single label to each one.
* *Dense Captioning*: Find objects/regions in an image and assign a sequence of words (description) to each one.
* DenseCap accomplishes the fourth task, i.e. it is a model that finds objects/regions in images and describes them with natural language.
* This layer uses a convolutional network that has mostly the same architecture as in the "Faster R-CNN" paper.
* That ConvNet is applied to a grid of anchor points on the image.
* For each anchor point, it extracts the features generated by the VGG-Net (model 1) around that point.
* It then generates the attributes of `k` (default: 12) boxes using a shallow convolutional net. These attributes are (roughly): Height, width, center x, center y, confidence score.
* It then extracts the features of these boxes from the VGG-Net output (model 1) and uses bilinear sampling to project them onto a fixed size (height, width) for the next model. The result are the final region proposals.
* By default every image pixel is an anchor point, which results in a large number of regions. Hence, subsampling is used during training and testing.
* Takes a region (flattened to 1d vector) and projects it onto a vector of length 4096.
* It uses fully connected layers to do that (ReLU, dropout).
* Additionally, the network takes the 4096 vector and outputs new values for the region's position and confidence (for late fine tuning).
* The 4096 vectors of all regions are combined to a matrix that is fed into the next component (RNN).
* The intended sense of the this component seems to be to convert the "visual" features of each region to a more abstract, high-dimensional representation/description.
* The take each 4096 vector and apply a fully connected layer + ReLU to it.
* Then they feed it into an LSTM, followed by a START token.
* The LSTM then generates word (as one hot vectors), which are fed back into the model for the next time step.
* This is continued until the LSTM generates an END token.
* Binary logistic loss for the confidence values generated by the localization layer.
* Binary logistic loss for the confidence values generated by the recognition layer.
* Smooth L1 loss for the region dimensions generated by the localization layer.
* Smooth L1 loss for the region dimensiosn generated by the recognition layer.
* Cross-entropy at every time-step of the language model.
* The whole model can be trained end-to-end.
* They mostly use the Visual Genome dataset.
* Their model finds lots of good regions in images.
* They compare to EdgeBoxes (other method to find regions in images). Their model seems to perform better.
* Their model requires about 240ms per image (test time).
* The generated regions and captions enable one to search for specific objects in images using text queries.
* They developed a model for dense captioning.
* A localization layer for region level predictions. It predicts regions of interest and then uses bilinear sampling to extract the activations of these regions.
* They evaluate the model on the large-scale Visual Genome dataset (94k images, 4.1M region captions).
* They use VGG-16, but remove the last pooling layer.
* For an image of size W, H the output is 512xW/16xH/16.
* That output is the input into the localization layer.
* Input to this layer: Activations from the convolutional network.
* Output of this layer: Regions of interest, as fixed-sized representations.
* This layer is fully differentiable.
* The localization layer predicts boxes at anchor points.
* At each anchor point it proposes `k` boxes using a small convolutional network. It assigns a confidence score and coordinates (center x, center y, height, width) to each proposal.
* For an image with size 720x540 and k=12 the model would have to predict 17,280 boxes, hence subsampling is used.
* During training they use minibatches with 256/2 positive and 256/2 negative region examples. A box counts as a positive example for a specific image if it has high overlap (intersection) with an annotated box for that image.
* During test time they use greedy non-maximum suppression (NMS) (?) to subsample the 300 most confident boxes.
* The region proposals have varying box sizes, but the output of the localization layer (which will be fed into the RNN) is ought to have fixed sizes.
* So they project each proposed region onto a fixed sized region. They use bilinear sampling for that projection, which is differentiable.
* Each region is flattened to a one-dimensional vector.
* That vector is fed through 2 fully connected layers (unknown size, ReLU, dropout), ending with a 4096 neuron layer.
* The confidence score and box coordinates are also adjusted by the network during that process (fine tuning).
* Each region is translated to a sentence.
* The region is fed into an LSTM (after a linear layer + ReLU), followed by a special START token.
* The LSTM outputs multiple words as one-hot-vectors, where each vector has the length `V+1` (i.e. vocabulary size + END token).
* Loss function is average crossentropy between output words and target words.
* During test time, words are sampled until an END tag is generated.
* The language model term has a weight of 1.0, all other components have a weight of 0.1.
* Initialization: CNN pretrained on ImageNet, all other weights from `N(0, 0.01)`.
* CNN is trained after epoch 1. CNN's first four layers are not trained.
* Batch size is 1.
* Image size is 720 on the longest side.
* 3 days of training time.
* They throw away annotations with too many words as well as images with too few/too many regions.
* They merge heavily overlapping regions to single regions with multiple captions.
* Dense captioning task: The model receives one image and produces a set of regions, each having a caption and a confidence score.
* Evaluation of the output is non-trivial.
* They compare predicted regions with regions from the annotation that have high overlap (above a threshold).
* They then compare the predicted caption with the captions having similar METEOR score (above a threshold).
* Instead of setting one threshold for each comparison they use multiple thresholds. Then they calculate the Mean Average Precision using the various pairs of thresholds.
* GT: Ground truth boxes (i.e. found by humans).
* EB: EdgeBox (completely separate and pretrained system).
* RPN: Their localization and recognition networks trained separately on VG regions dataset (i.e. trained without the RNN language model).
* Full Image RNN model: Apparently the recognition layer and the RNN language model, trained on full images from MSCOCO instead of small regions.
* FCLN on EB: Apparently the recognition layer and the RNN language model, trained on regions generated by EdgeBox (EB) (on VG dataset?).
* FCLN: Apparently their full model (trained on VG dataset?).
* When evaluating the models only on METEOR (language "quality"), the *Region RNN model* consistently outperforms the *Full Image RNN model*.
* That's probably because the *Full Image RNN model* was trained on captions of whole images, while the *Region RNN model* was trained on captions of small regions, which tend to be a bit different from full image captions.
* Generating region proposals via RPN basically always beats EB.
* Their full jointly trained model (FCLN) achieves the best results.
* The full jointly trained model performs significantly better than `RPN + Region RNN model` (i.e. separately trained region proposal and region captioning networks).
* Finds plenty of good regions and generates reasonable captions for them.
* Sometimes finds the same region twice.
* 240ms on 720x600 image with 300 region proposals.
* 166ms on 720x600 image with 100 region proposals.
* Recognition of region proposals takes up most time.
* Generating region proposals takes up the 2nd most time.
* Generating captions for regions (RNN) takes almost no time.
* They try to search for regions based on search queries.
* They search by letting their FCLN network or EB generate 100 region proposals per network. Then they calculate per region the probability of generating the search query as the caption. They use that probability to rank the results.
* They pick images from the VG dataset, then pick captions within those images as search query. Then they evaluate the ranking of those images for the respective search query.
* The results show that the model can learn to rank objects, object parts, people and actions as expected/desired.
* The method described can also be used to detect an arbitrary number of distinct classes in images (as opposed to the usual 10 to 1000 classes), because the classes are contained in the generated captions.
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0.95335 |
My animal has a behavioural issue, can a communication help?
Yes it can certainly be useful to understand why your animal behaves the way they do and if there is anything you can do to help them.
My animal has a health issue, can a communication help?
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0.908693 |
The Turkish flag is a red field featuring a white star and crescent.
The history of the national flag of Turkey dates back to 1844 from the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey is a country located in parts of both Asia and Europe. Throughout its history, Turkey has acted as both a bridge and barrier between the two continents. The national flag of Turkey consists of a red field with a white crescent moon and a white five-pointed in the center. The history of the flag dates back to the Ottoman era and includes several flags that incorporate the crescent and star. The current Turkish flag, referred to as the red banner in the national anthem, was adopted in 1844 from the Ottoman Empire. The flag has been modified occasionally, the most recent being a reduction in the number of star points from eight to five in 1936.
The history behind the Turkish flag is based on various theories. The oldest theory is linked to the first Ottoman Emperor, Osman I, who reported seeing a crescent moon appear from the chest of a Sharia judge, whose daughter he pursued for a hand in marriage, before exploding. The explosion was construed as the dynasty of Constantinople (Istanbul). The most popular theory is associated with the Battle of Kosovo, which led to the establishment of the Ottoman Empire and ruled until the 19th century. The image is believed to be part of this historic event that established Turkey after the end of the Ottoman rule.
The red field of the Turkish flag represents the blood shed by soldiers who lost their lives during Turkey’s War of Independence against the colonial powers of France, England, Greece, and Russia. It is estimated that over 40,000 Turkish soldiers were killed during the battle. At night when the crescent moon appeared, it reflected on the red pool of blood on the battlefield together with the planet Venus, which was considered a star at the time. The image is a reflection of the sacrifices made for the country's independence. The red color was adopted from the imperial standard color of the Ottomans, which represented the domains of the Empire as the successor of the Romans, whose official color was red.
The crescent and star are also symbols of the religious beliefs of the Turkish people. The crescent and star were popular during the Ottoman Empire. The traditional star had eight points which represented each of the eight states of the empire. The crescent is currently used by the Turkish government in honor of the religious affiliations of the nation and its people, while the white star represents the diversity of Turkish cultures.
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0.97985 |
Complete the sentences using the Simple Future Tense will or (be) going to.
1. Sam: Have you arranged the accommodation for our guest?
Chris: I am terribly sorry. i completely forgot about it. I do it now.
2. Guest: I think I forgot my luggage in the lobby.
Receptionist: Please wait here. I ask someone to carry it to your room.
3. Our housekeeper has worked all day long. She must be very tired. In fact, she looks as if she pass out.
4. Martin: This is the second time i have called you about the TV which doesn't work properly.
Receptionist: Sorry Sir! We've already informed the technicians of the problem. They come upstairs to fix it soon.
5. Travel Agent: Could you tell me the flight number and the arrival time of Mr. Duncan?
Secretary: Hold on a second, please! I give you this information after checking his flight ticket.
6. The weatherman says it rain after Sunday.
7. I hope we have any more trouble with the neighbor's dog.
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What happens when we die? Some people who have been near death report being bathed in images, sounds and feelings so vivid that their lives are changed forever. But are these experiences real, or is it all just a strange last gasp of the human brain?
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0.978939 |
How to identify the appropriate security for your container-based virtual applications.
Virtual machines and containers are similar but distinct ways of virtualizing infrastructure to deploy applications. And they have similar but distinct needs for securing those applications.
Virtual machines are the most separate and secure method of virtualizing hardware, enforced by hardware. Each virtual machine is an instance of the whole operating system, providing all of the services and consuming all of the necessary resources. VMs talk to each other on the same hardware via network interfaces as if they were separate machines, and they have nothing in common except the bare hardware they run on. Hardware assists for virtualization further isolate the processor resources, physical memory, interrupt management, and data I/O between machine instances. Securing a virtual machine is like securing a physical machine. Security policies, firewalls, and intrusion detection and prevention all see each VM as a separate instance and are configured accordingly.
Containers are a hybrid between a single operating system and a virtual machine. Multiple containers run in a single instance of an operating system, but each has its own network stack, file space, and process stack. They also communicate with each other via network interfaces, but they do not yet have hardware assists for hardware-level isolation. With only one version of the operating system, the same hardware will support more containers than virtual machines -- two to five times as many or more, depending on the container requirements. However, containers can be granted additional privileges, accidentally or intentionally, that weaken the walls between containers as well as the underlying operating system.
One of the safest features of containers is running them without full root privilege. Applications running in containers should be fully functional without all of the powerful tools available as root privileges such as access to unrestricted disk, network, and process operations. This means that should some malware manage to modify itself to root level within a container, it does not have unrestricted access to the rest of the machine. Similarly, make sure that each container is spawned in its own root directory, without access to the hardware root directory. This restriction, however, is only effective if there are no privilege escalation vulnerabilities in the operating system or container base code.
Containers can be configured to expose and share ports and files directly with another container. This is a very useful tool for efficiently passing information between applications, but it opens up a potential security hole. A further recommendation for secure containers is to only run applications on the same machine that you would run without containers. Do not mix data types, privilege levels, or user namespaces across multiple containers on the same machine. Containers provide additional separation between applications and should be considered an additional security measure, not a replacement.
Virtualization enabled the cloud-computing revolution. The fact that these environments are isolated at the hardware level creates the perfect environment for multitenant scenarios. Sensitive workloads from two different customers can be running on the same hardware without any compliance or security compromise, keeping customers comfortable with cloud deployments.
Containers do not currently provide this level of isolation. The weaker separation between containers creates security and compliance challenges when running workloads from different customers. As a result, it is vital to understand the security implications if you are using containers for multitenant scenarios.
The increasing use of containers and other software-defined virtualization tools continues to increase the agility of data center operations. Security configuration and management now needs to match that agility, demonstrating the emerging need for software-defined security, which I will cover in more detail in the next post.
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0.911811 |
Aleppo is situated 350 km north of Damascus. It is the second capital of Syria and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in history. Abraham is said to have camped on the acropolis which, long before his time, served as the foundation of a fortress (where the Aleppo citadel is standing now). He milked his grey cow there, hence Aleppo's name: "Halab al-Shahba". Ever since the 3rd millennium B.C., Aleppo has been a flourishing city, with a unique strategic position. This position gave the city a distinctive role from the days of the Akhadian and Amorite kingdoms until modern times. It was the meeting-point of several important commercial roads in the north. This enabled Aleppo to be the link in trade between Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent and Egypt. The Amorites made it their capital in the 18th century B.C. Aleppo is famous for its architecture; for its attractive churches, mosques, schools, tombs and baths. As an important center of trade between the eastern Mediterranean kingdoms and the merchants of Venice, Aleppo became prosperous and famous in the centuries preceding the Ottoman era. Many of its "khans" (caravanserai) are still in use even today; one of them is called "Banadiqa Khan", "Banadiqa" in Arabic being the term for "inhabitants of Venice". In the Ottoman age, Aleppo remained an important center of trade with turkey, France, England and Holland. This caused various types of European architecture to be adopted in Aleppo which can be seen in many buildings today.
The city of Hama is situated 200 km to the north of Damascus and 60 km to the east of Banyas. It is a very ancient city, which has flourished continually since ancient times, and has known the successive civilizations of the Fertile Crescent. Hama has a long heroic history in defending Syria against foreign invasions. One of the outstanding battles was that of Qarqar, where the Assyrian army was defeated in 853 B.C. Unfortunately, few of its ancient relics have been preserved. However, Hama is well known for its enormous waterwheels ("noriahs") on the Orontes, which are as old as Hama itself. The water wheels have been lifting water for thousands of years, from Orentes valley up to the village. There used to be more than 22 wheels in Hama. The unceasing sound of the water wheels plays the symphony of Syrian history. One of Hama's ancient building is al-Jami' al-Kabir (the Great Mosque), which dates back to the 14th century and includes two tombs of two emirs who ruled Hama in the 13th century. Another mosque is that of Abu al-Fida, named after Hama's Sultan, who was a famous Arab geographer and historian. The city is often linked with his name. A third ancient mosque is the al-Nuri mosque, which was built in the days of Noureddin al-Zanki in 1129; on its wall appear inscriptions in both Arabic and Greek. Hama is particularly famous for its traditional industries, especially textiles and cotton cloth.
To know Syria is to have knowledge of a legendary world. Palmyra , the pearl in the heart of the desert, Palmyra rising from the sands, is one of the most graceful and splendid ancient sites in the East, for the glory and the greatness are still evident and fully years after its construction by the Arab Queen Zenobia. It remains one of most famous capitals of the ancient world. Palmyra is separated by some one hundred kilometers of steppe from the lush valley of the Orontes, to the west. There are more than two hundred kilometers of desert to the cross before you reach the fertile banks of the Euphrates, to the east. To Both north and south there is nothing but sand and stone. But here at Palmyra a last fold of the Anti- Lebanon forms a kind of basin on the edge of which a spring rises out of a long underground channel whose depth has never been measured. This spring is called Afqa (or Ephka) in inscriptions, an Aramaic word meaning " way out'. Its clear blue, slightly sulphurous waters are said to have medicinal properties; they have fed an oasis here with olives and date- palms and cotton and cereals. For generation this oasis was known as Tadmor.
To take the road to Damascus means to return to the source of the world. Damascus is one of the oldest cities of the world. Ghouta, huge oasis with orchards and rosaries is the marvel of Damascus. The visit to Damascus starts in the Old city, which is enclosed in fortifications originally built by the Romans. To this huge wall are curved 7 gates ('bab', in Arabic) through which you can accede to all principal monuments. The Old City occupies approximately the area of the Antique Hellenistic city (III century B.C. and more precisely the ancient Roman City (I century B.C.). From the Roman rectangular framework of streets only some trace have remained such as Via Recta (The Straight Street) and the Temple of Jupiter situated between the exit of the souk Al-Hamidiyeh and the north-western façade of the Great Umayyad Mosque. In the Old City you will find the atmosphere of noises, shouts and colors of the Orient. You will move on with the crowd through the souks, enveloped in the fragrance of spices and leather in the direction of the Great Umayyad Mosque, a beautiful monument of Islam, which the Oriental world ranges among the 7 Wonders of the World. In the Quarter surrounding the Mosque you will find a splendid atmosphere of the narrow alleys, old Ottoman houses, lavishly decorated arcades….
It is from atop of the Mount Kassioun, the Damascus' balcony, that the city is most beautiful, enveloped in the mystery preceding the sunset, when the voices of the muezzins proclaim the glory of the God.
The famous village of Maaloula is located some 56 kilometres from Damascus, and in an altitude of more than 1500 metres. Its little houses cling to the face of an enormous rock; they look suspended in mid-air. There are two monasteries here: Saint Sergius and Saint Takla. The inhabitants still speak Aramaic, the language spoken by Christ. Two neighboring villages, Jaba'din and Naj'a also speak the same language. The word Maaloula means "entrance" in Aramaic.
The strange vestiges of the site of Amrit, located some 7 km south of Tartus, are a reminder of the Phoenicians and date back to the 6th and 7th centuries B.C. The site has strong Persian and Egyptian characteristics. We can discern a temple dedicated to the God Melqart, which is built around a deep sacred basin forming an artificial lake in the heart of which sits a sanctuary (Naos) decorated with triangular shapes. The water used to be delivered from a sacred source springing out of a nearby cave. Southwards of the temple can be seen two giant funerary towers. They have underground caves around their bases, cut into the walls.
The most famous medieval citadel in the world, Krack des Chevaliers, is 65 km west of Homs and 75 south-east of Tartus. It is 650 m above sea-level. It was built in order to control the so-called "Homs Gap", the gateway to Sryia. It was through this passage that Syria communicated with the Mediterranean. In ancient times the importance of this strategic corridor was immense. It was of crucial importance to the Crusaders and other foreign invaders in their conquest of the coast. Conflict over the Krack des Chevaliers continued through the ages. It was a fierce and bloody dispute, but in the end, Sultan Beybars managed to recover it in 1271 through a military trick and one month of fighting.Krack des Chevaliers was built on the site of a former castle erected by the emirs of Homs to accommodate Kurdish garrisons; "Carc" is a modification of the Arab word "Qal'a". The citadel covers an area of 3000 square meters and has 13 huge towers, in addition to many stores, tanks, corridors, bridges and stables. It can accommodate 5000 soldiers with their horses, their equipment and provisions for five years.
The citadel of Qalat Marqab is only 6 km south-east of Banyas, and is 500 m above sea-level. It is enormous: there are not less than fourteen square and round towers jutting from the curtain wall that encircles the hilltop to form a triangular bastion. Its southern corner, sharper than the others and bristling with defenses, has a keep rising above it like the prow of a ship. What makes it particularly glowering is the black basalt stone with which it was built. There are beautiful gardens and orchards surrounding it and the sea is not far away. This citadel could accommodate 1000 people, in addition to the garrison, along with provisions to last them for five years. It was not until 1285 that the troops of Sultan Qalaun defeated the last of the European Knights at Margat (Marqab). The Hospitalier Knights were granted "the honors of war" and allowed to withdraw under safe conduct to Tartus and Tripoli. There is an Arabic inscription commemorating this great victory, carved on a band of white limestone at the top of the "tour de L'Eperon" under the keep.
Formerly "Saone" (and still known as Castle Sahyoun), it was recently named after the great hero of Islam, Saladin (Salah al-Din), to commemorate the capture of the fortress in 1199. Though the importance of the position had been exploited before the Crusades, this castle was described as the most impregnable Crusader fortress. It stands on a rocky spur whose vertical walls rise above the junction of two fast-flowing streams. As late as 1965 it was impossible to reach it except on foot or on horseback by a difficult climb, first downhill and then up again after fording a stream. The fortress was completely isolated from the plateau by a deep ditch dug right through the connecting neck of land. The ditch was 156m long, 18 m deep. Its vertical walls show a smooth, fine yellowish rock surface. Today there is a drawbridge and a road which provide easy access to the foot of this "eagle's nest". Visitors can park their cars at the bottom of this ditch, opposite the horses's managers and hitching holes carved out of the rock.
Ras Shamra is a site of historical importance. It is situated only 16km to the north of Lattakia. This is the site of Ugarit, the kingdom that had a golden past in administration, education, diplomacy, law, religion and economics between the 16th and 13th centuries B.C. It is the kingdom that gave humanity the first alphabet in the world. This alphabet is still preserved on a clay tablet at the National Museum in Damascus. Documents, statues and jewels from the Ugarit kingdom are also on display at the Lattakia, Aleppo and Tartus museums.
The site of St Simeon is 60 km north-west of Aleppo. It was named after the hermit Saint Simon (Sam'an), a shepherd from northern Syria, who became a monk after a revelation in a dream. Following Saint Simon's death in 459, the Emperor Zenon ordered that a cathedral be built where the saint used to pray. The layout was original, centering on the famous column from which Saint Simon used to preach. Four basilicas, arranged in the shape of a cross, opened into an octagon covered by a dome, in the center of which stood the holy column. It is a beautiful church built on the ridge of the hill where Saint Simon had taken up "residence". Simplicity and harmony combine to make the ruins of the Basilica of St. Simon (an earthquake destroyed parts of the church less than half a century after it had been built) a masterpiece of pre-Islamic art in Syria. In the 10th century, some towers and walls were erected. It was then called "Qal'at Sam'an" (Simon's Citadel). It became the center of conflict between Byzantium and the Hamadani kingdom; in 986, the son of Sayf al-Dawla al-Hamadani finally captured it.
Ebla, situated 25 km south-east- of Idleb, is the site of important and recent archaeological discoveries. Excavations have revealed a very old Syrian civilization, that of Ebla, which flourished in the 3rd and 2nd millenniums B.C. In the palace of this great kingdom, a library containing more than 17,000 clay tablets were uncovered. These tablets are the earliest written documents in Syria.
Apamea is located on the right bank of the Orontes, about 55 km to the northwest of Hama. It overlooks the Ghaab plain. It was built by Salucos Nikator, the first king of the Seleucids in Syria in 300 B.C. He named it after his wife, Afamia. The city flourished to an extent that its population numbered half a million. As an Eastern crossroads, it received many distinguished visitors: Cleopatra, Septimus Severus and the Emperor Caracalla. In the Christian era, Apamea became a center of philosophy and thought, especially of Monophostism. Most of the uncovered ruins in it date back to the Roman and Byzantine ages. It is distinguished for its high walls and the main thoroughfare surrounded by columns with twisted fluting. The street is about 2km long and 87m wide. The ruins of the Roman theatre, which have been frequently disturbed, are now a great mass of stone. Its colonnade is 145 m long. Erected in the 2nd century, it was destroyed in the 12th century by two violent earthquakes; some columns are still standing nevertheless. To the west of the city, stands the Mudiq citadel which once formed a defense line along the Orontes. Fierce battles with the Crusaders attempting to conquer it took place in the 12th century, and Nur al-Din finally surrendered it in 1149. The citadel has huge towers, overlooking the Ghaab plain. It also has a khan built by the turks in the 16th century, and transformed into an archacological museum which houses Apamea's mosaics. To the south of Mudiq castle lies the citadel of Shaizar overlooking the Orontes. In the Middle Ages it could only be reached by a draw-bridge. The main tower of the citadel is square in shape and overlooks the defensive fortresses. Arabic inscriptions from the Mameluk periods appear over its entrance. The citadel was rebuilt by the Mameluks after it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1157. The Crusaders tried to occupy it several times, but in vain.
Rasafeh is located south of the Euphrates and north of the Syrian semi-desert, 160 km south-east of Aleppo and 30 km south of the Aleppo-Raqqa road. Rasafeh palace was the residence of Hisham ibn Abdul Malik, the third Omayyad Caliph, whose age was a golden one, due to his great interest in the arts and in architecture. He had several palaces built in various parts of Syria. He was in favour of simplicity and modesty; this is why he chose Rasafeh as his residence. There, he died and was buried. The palace was originally a church, built to commemorate a Roman officer (St. Sergius), who died in defense of Christianity in the 4th century. In 616, the church was invaded by the Persians, robbed and destroyed. When Hisham ibn Abdul Malik became a caliph in the 8th century, he built two beautiful palaces on its site. Later, the Abbasids invaded and destroyed what the Caliph Hisham had built. Very little of the ruins of the Mar Sarkis church remains. Parts of the church have been used as a mosque; inscriptions in both Arabic and Greek engraved on the walls indicate that Christians and Muslims co-existed peacefully in Syria since 13th century onwards.
120 km south of the town of Deir-ez Zor, along the Euphrates River, is located the site of the Kingdom of Mari (Tel hariri), near Abu Kamal. This kingdom dates back to the 3rd millennium b.C. It was ruled by kings of the 10th dynasty after the flood. The discovery of Mari (1932), like the recent discovery of Ebla (1975), attracted the attention of archaeologists and researchers in various fields. Twenty thousand tablets with their cuneiform inscription recount the political and diplomatic life in these kingdoms. Many of the remains and relics, statues, jewels, tablets and stamps are now at the Damascus, Aleppo, Deir al-Zor and Paris museums. Another archaeological site is at the intersection of the Euphrates and of the Khabur near Mayadin (Tel al-Ashara), where the ancient city of Tarqa, the capital of the Khana kingdom, flourished in the 2nd millennium B.C. after the fall of Mari. The wall that surrounded the city is one of the most enormous of the ancient world; it had a diameter of 20m.
Arwad Island is the only island in Syria, and it is located 3 km from Tartus. It was an independent kingdom named Aradus in the days of the Canaanites. It was often mentioned in inscriptions because of its importance in commerce and seafaring. Arwad provided shelter for those escaping from foreign invasions in ancient times, especially for the people of Amrit in the south of Tartus. Amrit still retains its name since the 5th century B.C. It has a temple surrounded by water. Arwad is a beautiful small island, with a mass of houses and fortresses with narrow lanes. It has many cafes and restaurants overlooking Tartus and the sea. Its ancient citadel was used as a prison for the nationalists during the resistance against the French. The walls of some cells in this citadel are still covered with the writings of the nationalists.
Lattakia is Syria's main sea-port on the Mediterranean (186 km southwest of Aleppo). It has retained its importance since ancient times. Lattakia was one of the five cities built by Salucos Nikator in the 2nd century B.C. He named it after his mother, Laudetia. Not many ancient remains have survived in Lattakia, but there are four columns and a Roman arch from the time of Septimus Severus (circa 200 A.D.), in addition to a beautiful Ottoman construction called "Khan al-Dukhan", which is now a museum. Lattakia is the sea-gate to Syria. It is well-provided with accommodation, and is well-placed as a base from which to explore the coastal regions of the country. There are beaches, mountains, archaeological sites and many relics of the Crusaders, all within a few hours from each other. Jableh is another Syrian seaside town, 28 km to the south of Lattakia. It has a theatre built to accommodate 7,000 to 8,000 spectators. Close to Jableh is Tel Sokas, where archaeological relies were recently found, now on exhibition at the Damascus and Tartus museums.
The numerous ruins of Christian settlements dating from the Byzantine era (the so-called Dead Cities) were built between II. century B.C. and V. century A.D. They are scattered through the limestone hills, which stretch from the Turkish border in the north and to Apamea in the south. More than 700 sites have been documented, out of which more than 60 sites are in a remarkable state of preservation with buildings reaching almost 10 meters in height. We can see whole villages with houses, churches, presses, almost as abandoned only in recent times. Monasteries and humble hermitages recall the presence of the men of God. The good state of preservation of the Dead Cities is explained by the gradual abandon of the settlements and by the fact that the stones were not re-used for further constructions. Since the end of the 19th century the limestone hills have been re-populated again and new villages have appeared.
Bosra is situated in the vast Horan plain, some 145 kilometres south of Damascus. It is an extremely ancient city mentioned in the lists of Tutmose III and Akhenaten in the fourteenth century B.C. The first Nabatean city in the second century B.C., it bore the name Buhora, but during the Hellenistic period, it was known by the name of Bustra. Later the Romans took an active interest in the city, and at the time of the Emperor Trajan it was made the capital of the Province of Arabia (in 106 B.C.) and was called Neatrajana Bustra. The city saw its greatest period of prosperity and expansion then, became a crossroads on the caravan routes and the official seat and residence of the Imperial Legate. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Bosra played a significant role in the history of early Christianity. It was also linked to the rise of Islam, when a Nestorian monk called Bahira, who lived in the city, met the young Muhammad when his caravan stopped at Bosra, and predicted his prophetic vocation and the faith he was going to initiate. The oldest Islamic square minarets (still standing) are found in Bosra, whose prosperous role as an important halt for pilgrims on the way to Mecca lasted until the 17th century. The most interesting part of the city today is the famous Roman theatre built in the second century A.D., which seats 15 thousand spectators, and is considered one of the most beautiful and well-preserved of Roman amphitheatres in the world. The stage is 45 metres long and 8 metres deep. Every summer, it hosts Arab and international performers who entertain audiences during the Bosra Art Festival against a majestic background of Roman columns and arches. The city itself contains a great number of Roman ruins, a part of the Byzantine Bahira Church, as well as the al-Mabrak Mosque, which is said to have been erected on the site where the Prophet's camel stopped to rest. There is also the Omar Mosque (also called the al-Arouss Mosque), which is the only one of its type remaining from the early days of Islam, and it retains its 7th century primitive form. An important Muslim citadel, dating back to the Ayyubid and Mameluk period still stands, and one of its towers now houses a museum of Antiquities and Traditional Arts.
Qasr al-Hir al- Gharbi 45 km south-west of Tadmor (Palmyra), built by the Caliph Hisham ibn Abdul Malik in the 8th century, this palace is square and surrounded by a huge wall, at each corner of which there is a round tower. At each side of the main gate there are two half-rounded towers. It has a courtyard with columns with Corinthian crowns.
320 km south-east of Aleppo, Deir ez-Zor is the most important urban center in the east of Syria. Its river is the Euphrates, lifeline of the region and fount of civilization throughout the ages. With the formation of Lake al-Assad, it is now possible to regulate its once capricious flow and to make plans for new harvests. 85 km south of Deir al-Zor, on the western bank of the Euphrates, is the archaeological site of the birthplace of Seleueucos, near the Arab village of Salihiyeh. This was the historic town built by Seleucus Nicator, Alexander's lieutenant, the fortified tower of Doura Europos. This town was closely linked with Palmyra, serving as an important forward-line of defense against the Persians. The site did not attract significant attention until 1921 when some mural paintings were discovered in a temple (there were sixteen temples dedicated to the various gods of Palmyra, at present in the national Museum at Damascus). Many other discoveries followed, notably frescoes dating from 235 A.D., which were in a remarkable state of preservation. They too, were transported to the Damascus Museum in 1936. Doura Europos, however, is still a place of interest for visitors.
Some 30 kilometres from Damascus, the village of Saidnaya is spread out over a hilltop, and is surrounded by vineyards and olive groves. It has a famous monastery founded in 547, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. The name of the village itself, "Seyda Naya" in Syriac means "Our Lady". The monastery contains a portrait of the Virgin believed to have been painted by St. Luke.
Dura Europos is situated 28 km from Mari. It occupies a section of arid plateau dominating the right border of the Euphrates River. The site was discovered in Mars 1920 by a British expeditionary force that escaping the Arabic troops took refuge amidst its the huge walls. Digging the trenches they uncovered a fresco representing two priests in coning hats. Other frescos of exceptional beauty where found in Dura Europos for which it is nicknamed ' Pompeii of the Orient'. If you are not a specialist it is not easy to understand the complex of vestiges of this flourishing cosmopolitan city, but anyway many interesting ruins are still discernible. The approach road brings you to the main Palmyra Gate, if you pass through it you will find on your left ruins of a synagogue and on your right ruins of a Christian chapel. The main path running eastwards from the Palmyra Gate follows the line of the decumanus, the main road of the city, which leads to the river, where you can see vestiges of the agora, bath complex, palaces, temples… At the end of the road a beautiful view opens up on the citadel and the Euphrates meandering 40 meters below.
The new city of Al- Thawra rose up out of the sand. It was inaugurated by President Hafez al-Assad in 1973. Al-Thawra, "the Revolution", is the capital of the area of the Euphrates dam. Here, when people talk of "the dam", they do not only mean the huge structure that holds back the river (4500 meters long, 60 meters high, 512 meters wide at the base, 41 million cubic meters of rock earth and clay), but they also mean the al-Assad lake (80 km long, with 12 billion cubic meters of water, and a hydroelectric power-station, as well as the 640.000 hectares of agricultural land now brought under cultivation. Gone are the fears of devastating floods. Experimental farms and agricultural colleges are pointing the way to the future. Thanks to the cooperation between Unesco and the Syrian government, monuments of the site were saved from the river flood, including Ja'bar Citadel and the two minarets of maskana and Abi Hurayra; relics of these cites can now be seen in the Aleppo Museum. In the distance, on the other bank of the dam, a pink fortress appears reflected in the blue water of the lake. This is Qal'at Ja'bar, one of the Seleucid fortresses reconstructed by Nur al-Din in the 12th century. It is surrounded by two walls with thirty-five towers of different shapes. The facades of the towers are richly decorated with ornamentations and inscriptions. The citadel which has been restored is to be turned into a tourist center.
110 km north-east of Palmyra, the palace Qasr al-Sharki was built by the Caliph Hisham in 628, it contains a palace-residence for the caliph and for the garrisons. There is a small mosque built in the style of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, there is a bath with hot, warm and cold running water. This is the oldest Umayyad bath. The palace is surrounded by a wide garden.
Located on the left bank of the Euphrates between Aleppo (188 km) and Deir al-Zor (105 km), Raqqa Iis an ancient city built by Alexander the Great in the 4th century B.C. In 662 the Caliph Mansur built, on the ruins of Raqqa, a new city imitating the style of Baghdad which he called "Rafiqa". Invaded by the Mongols in the 12th century. Raqqa has few remains left from that period. These were built by the Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the Abbasside age. Some remains of ancient Raqqa survive today. Those built in pink tile reflect a particular style of architecture. Of the Jam'I al-Kabir (the Great Mosque), there remains only the minaret, which was reconstructed by Nur al-Din in 1166. Pottery and glass were famous and there is a museum in the city which contains many relics of ancient Raqqa. A lot of these relics can also be seen in museums in new York, Washington and other Western cities. Raqqa is beginning to flourish again, and to play an important economic role (after the building of the Euphrates Dam) in the life of Modern Syria.
A summer resort some 45 kilometers north of Damascus, 1175 meters above sea-level. It overlooks the plain of Zabadani, a fertile land with thousands of fruit trees bearing delicious apples, cherries, plums, peaches, and pears. The source of the river Barada is in this plain and it supplies Damascus with water, and irrigates the Ghuta around the city. The source of the river forms a little lake which is surrounded by cafes, restaurants, and play-grounds. Attracted by its fresh air and beautiful scenery, Damascenes rush to this resort on hot summer days. The area has many hotels and restaurants, cafes and camping sites situated near the banks of the river. Many Damascenes, however, prefer another nearby resort, Bludan, which spreads over the mountain overlooking Zabadani, at 1500 metres above sea-level, It is cooler here and the scenery is particularly impressive, especially at sunset. Here, too, plenty of hotels, restaurants and cafes cater to the needs of all visitors. Most notable among them is the Grand Hotel, with its spacious terrace that overlooks the entire Zabadani plain. Also on the hill-top between Zabadani and Bludan, lies the village of Buqein with its famous mineral-spring gushing out of the hillside. It is customary for visitors to stop here and sample this fresh water. This is now bottled and sold in hotels, restaurants and shops throughout the Middle East. Recreation spots near Damascus are numerous and varied. In the western Ghuta on the banks of the river Barada, you will find hundreds of them concealed under the shade of poplar and willow trees. The main resting-spots in this valley are: Ein al-Fijeh, Ein al-Khadra, Bassemeh, al-Ashrafieh, al-Hameh, and al-Rabweh. The eastern Ghuta, where the International Airport is located, is also a most attractive part of the Damascus environs. It is full of fruit orchards with apricot, peach, apple, and pear trees. Also a little to the north of Damascus there are two interesting villages, al-Tel and Mnein (1300 meters above sea level), well-known for their clear springs and pretty cafes. The village of Erneh is some 52 Kilometers from Damascus, suspended at 1400 meters above sea-level on the slopes of Mount Hermon. It has over 300 springs that converge to create al-A'waj River, and it is well-known for its delicious strawberries, cherries, apples and peaches.
Tartus is the second most important Syrian seaport on the Mediterranean (90 km to the south of Latakia). It was called Antaradus by the Phoenicians and Tortusa by the Byzantines. Tortusa was to become one of supply ports for theCrusaders and a military base of considerable importance. It was held by the Templars, but recovered by Saladin in 1188. The arches, wall-towers and narrow lanes in Tartus evoke what the twon must have been like in medieval times. A jewel of Romanesque art is the cathedral of Tartus, which is now a museum containing relics from various Syrian civilizations.
In the Jabal al-Arab region 90 kilometers south-east of Damascus. Shahba stands in an oasis of orchards and vineyards. Renowned as the birthplace of the Syrian Emperor Philip who ruled the Roman Empire between 244 and 249 A.D. to honor him, the city bore the name Philipopolis during the Roman period. He took a personal interest in the city, planned it after the Roman style, built numerous palaces and temples in it, erected triumphal arches and public baths, a theatre and a great wall surrounding it. He is said to have wanted to turn Shahba into a replica of Rome itself. Visitors to the Shahba museum can see the immense mosaic panels representing ancient Greek myths; the god of wine and fertility Dionysus, the goddess of love and beauty Aphrodite, and the legendary poet and musician Orpheus. Another collection of Shahba's mosaic panels is in the National Museum in Damascus. Remains of the city temple (Philipon), some public baths, parts of the old wall and its four gates, as well as the two intersecting thoroughfares and the Roman Canal can still be seen in the town.
The Greek Orthodox monastery of St George is still inhabited by several monks.
It dates back to the rule of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, VI century. Inside the ancient church can be found a collection of painted icons dating from the XVI century and an icon from the XIII century depicting Saint George staging the dragon.
Safita is a picturesque village situated 10 km south of Draykish, 35 km east of Tartus and 350 m above sea-level, it is surrounded by hills covered with olive trees and flowers on all sides.The present-day town with its tiled roofs stands on the site of the fortress that was called "Castle of Blanc" by the Crusaders. One of its huge towers, about 38 m high is still standing; this tower contains a chapel which has never been deconsecrated: Christians still hold their services in it. Its houses are beautifully designed with brick roofing, An international hotel operates in it. A number of various tourist attractions exist in Safita: Sleiman Castle, Al-Arima fortress, Yahmur fortress, Krack des Chevaliers), Saladin Castle, Qalat Marqab.
Situated some 90 kilometres south-east of Damascus, Suweida is well-known for its plentiful vineyards. It stands 1100 metres above sea-level, and was known by the name of Suweida (little black town) in the Nabatean period, because it was built with black volcanic stone. The Romans, in the 3rd century, considered it one of the most important towns in the Province of Arabia and called it Dionysus. Ruins of ancient civilizations are numerous but widely scattered; some of the most notable of these, along with a collection of exquisite mosaics discovered in 1962, are now housed in the Suweida Museum. One part of this mosaic collection represents Artemis, goddess of chastity and the hunt, surrounded by her nymphs when she is surprised by a hunter while bathing. This fine roman work dates back to the sixth century. Another scene portrays the birth of Venus and the wedding of Thetis. Statues carved in hard basalt show signs of a mixture of Nabatean, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Arab influences.There are also the ruins of a 3rd century Roman temple surrounded by a colonnade of Corinthian columns.
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Constans II (Greek: Κώνστας Β', Kōnstas II Latin: Heraclius Constantinus Augustus or Flavius Constantinus Augustus); 7 November 630 – 15 September 668), also called Constantine the Bearded (Kōnstantinos Pogonatos), was emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 641 to 668. He was the last emperor to serve as consul, in 642. Constans is a diminutive nickname given to the Emperor, who had been baptized Herakleios and reigned officially as Constantine. The nickname established itself in Byzantine texts and has become standard in modern historiography.
Constans was the son of Constantine III and Gregoria. Due to the rumours that Heraklonas and Martina had poisoned Constantine III, he was named co-emperor in 641. Later that same year his uncle was deposed, and Constans II was left as sole emperor.
Under Constans, the Byzantines completely withdrew from Egypt in 642, and Caliph Uthman launched numerous attacks on the islands of the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Sea. A Byzantine fleet under the admiral Manuel occupied Alexandria again in 645, but after a Muslim victory the following year this had to be abandoned. The situation was complicated by the violent opposition to Monothelitism by the clergy in the west and the related rebellion of the Exarch of Carthage, Gregory the Patrician. The latter fell in battle against the army of Caliph Uthman, and the region remained a vassal state under the Caliphate until civil war broke out and imperial rule was again restored.
Constans attempted to steer a middle line in the church dispute between Orthodoxy and Monothelitism by refusing to persecute either and prohibiting further discussion of the natures of Jesus Christ by decree in 648. Naturally, this live-and-let-live compromise satisfied few passionate participants in the dispute.
In 654, however, Muawiyah renewed his raids by sea, plundering Rhodes. Constans led a fleet to attack the Muslims at Phoinike (off Lycia) in 655 at the Battle of the Masts, but he was defeated: 500 Byzantine ships were destroyed in the battle, and the Emperor himself was almost killed. Before the battle, chronicler Theophanes the Confessor says, the Emperor dreamed of being at Thessalonika; this dream predicted his defeat against the Arabs because the word Thessalonika is similar to the sentence "thes allo niken", which means "gave victory to another (the enemy)". Caliph Uthman was preparing to attack Constantinople, but he did not carry out the plan when the first Fitna broke out in 656.
Now Constans could turn to church matters once again. Pope Martin I had condemned both Monothelitism and Constans' attempt to halt debates over it (the Type of Constans) in the Lateran Council of 649. Now the Emperor ordered his Exarch of Ravenna to arrest the Pope. Exarch Olympius excused himself from this task, but his successor, Theodore I Calliopas, carried it out in 653. Pope Martin was brought to Constantinople and condemned as a criminal, ultimately being exiled to Cherson, where he died in 655.
The Chinese dynastic histories of the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang mention several embassies made by Fu lin (拂菻), which they equated with Daqin (i.e. the Roman Empire). These are recorded as having begun in the year 643 with an embassy sent by the king Boduoli (波多力, i.e. Constans II Pogonatos) to Emperor Taizong of Tang, bearing gifts such as red glass and green gemstones. Other contacts are reported taking place in 667, 701, and perhaps 719, sometimes through Central Asian intermediaries. These histories also record that the Arabs (Da shi 大食) sent their commander "Mo-yi" (Chinese: 摩拽伐之, Pinyin: Mó zhuāi fá zhī), to besiege the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, and forced the Byzantines to pay them tribute. This Arab commander "Mo-yi" was identified by historian Friedrich Hirth as Muawiyah I (r. 661-680), the governor of Syria before becoming the Umayyad caliph. The same books also described Constantinople in some detail as having massive granite walls and a water clock mounted with a golden statue of man. The Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta, writing during the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), relayed information about China's geography, its capital city Khubdan (Old Turkic: Khumdan, i.e. Chang'an), its current ruler Taisson whose name meant "Son of God" (Chinese: Tianzi, although this could be derived from the name of Emperor Taizong of Tang), and correctly pointed to its reunification by the Sui Dynasty (581-618) as occurring during the reign of Maurice, noting that China had previously been divided politically along the Yangzi River by two warring nations.
↑ Warren Treadgold, Byzantium and Its Army 284-1081 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995). pp. 23-25;72-3.
1 2 3 4 5 Hirth, Friedrich (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg, ed. "East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. - 1643 C.E.". Fordham.edu. Fordham University. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
↑ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge - Routledge" (PDF). Gowerpublishing.com. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
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0.966791 |
Who knew that a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in your neck can have such a significant impact on your life? The thyroid gland impacts our skin, heart, liver, kidneys, as well as our brain, and if there’s a problem with it, all of these organs are affected. Sadly, there are times when our thyroid doesn’t function properly which drastically changes the way our body operates. Here’s how you’ll notice that you might suffer from hypothyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism is relatively standard, but it’s noted that it affects women more often than men. It’s also known that the risk is higher as we age, which is why it’s crucial to pay attention to any of the following symptoms: fatigue, cold intolerance, and drastic change in your weight. You might feel more tired than ever, and notice that you’ve lost your appetite, yet you will see that you have started putting on weight. You may also have higher blood pressure as your heart’s pumping ability will slow. There are also some mental effects as hyperthyroidism is similar to depression so you might notice that you have problems concentrating and remembering things, as well as losing interest in things that you used to be passionate about.
In the past, people have been advised to consume more fish oil and avoid eating certain kinds of vegetables such as kale. Fortunately, doctors have a reason to believe that there’s no connection between kale and thyroid problems, so you’re free to eat your favorite vegetable without fear. If your iodine levels aren’t low, you can eat broccoli, kale, and Brussels sprouts without worrying that you’ll affect your thyroid. Today, you can take synthetic hormones in pill form to replace your body’s thyroid hormone, and if the condition is permanent, you should take the pills for the rest of your life. You can also try eating foods that can speed up a slow thyroid such as seaweed, shellfish, millet, and unfermented soy.
There are a few common causes of hypothyroidism, the first one being thyroid gland inflammation caused by a person’s own immune system, and the second one being specific medical treatments that have warranted surgical removal of a portion or the entire gland. This usually happens if a person has thyroid cancer and the surgeons are trying to remove the affected part. Sometimes, the remaining portion of the gland will work well enough, but other times, it just can’t produce enough hormones. There are also cases when a person has a perfectly healthy thyroid, but the pituitary gland doesn’t provide enough hormones to stimulate it, thus causing hypothyroidism.
Symptoms may vary from one person to another, and even if you’re not 100% sure that what you’re experiencing is related to your thyroid, it’s always a good idea to visit a clinician and schedule a physical exam. They will check to see if your thyroid gland is enlarged, whether your skin is dry, and they’ll check your cholesterol levels. Another way is to test your blood for levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and if your levels are normal (between 0.45 and 4.5 mU/L), you won’t need treatment. If, on the other hand, the levels are elevated (above 4.5 mU/L) or low, you’ll need treatment.
Hypothyroidism is a condition that affects people globally, but even though you might think there’s nothing wrong with your thyroid gland, it’s essential to have it checked regularly. Also, if you make healthy choices and adopt healthy habits, you’ll be less likely to suffer from any of these symptoms and keep your thyroid healthy for a long time.
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0.995525 |
Alice, I have a phone interview coming up next week. What can I do to come across in a way that will help me get an interview in person? The job seems like it would be perfect for me, and I don’t want to lose out as a result of their phone interview screening process!
Alice says: I always recommend that people stand up for a phone interview! Your voice will project more effectively and you will demonstrate the energy and enthusiasm you have for the job. In addition, have in front of you three things: your resume, your cover letter, and the job description—the same three things your interviewer(s) will have with them. Be prepared with a short list of those essential things you want to convey to them—your talking points, if you will, so that you can include them in your conversation even if they aren’t asked for.
If you are being interviewed by a group, write down each name as they are introduced, so you can use their names as you respond to their questions.
Have a list of 2-3 questions you want to ask them. When they ask you for your questions at the end of the interview, you will then be able to ask your questions and let them know which of your questions they may already have answered.
In addition to the obvious screening process for them, be sure to use your own judgement to help determine whether the job and the organization are a good fit for you.
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0.965148 |
What are the permissible excuses for breaking the fast?
So, if there is a permissible excuse for breaking the fast, and a person breaks his fast due to it, it is not necessary for him to fast for the remainder of that day. Therefore, if it transpired that a person had broken his fast in order to save a person’s life, he should continue to eat and drink, even after saving him. This is because he broke his fast for a reason which permits him to break his fast, so it is not necessary for him to fast in that case, because the prohibition of breaking fast on that day has been removed due to the permissible cause for breaking the fast.
For this reason, we support the most authoritative opinion in this matter, which is that if a sick person became well during the day and he was not fasting, it is not necessary for him to fast, and if a traveller arrived during the day at his hometown and he was not fasting, it is not necessary for him to fast, and if a menstruating woman became clean during the day, it is not necessary for her to fast. This is because all of these people broke their fasts for legitimate reasons, and so on that day, there was no obligation upon them to fast, due to the lawful permission for breaking it at that time, so it is not necessary for them to fast.
Reported by Muslim in the Chapter: The reward of one who breaks his fast on a journey if he undertakes a task (1120).
Source: Question 398, from the book “Islamic verdicts on the Pillars of Islam (Fatawa Arkanul-Islam)”, by Shaykh Muhammad bin Saalih al-'Uthaymeen. Collected and arranged by Fahd bin Nasir bin Ibrahim As-Sulaiman. Translated and published by Darussalam.
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0.999191 |
Ethan Frome Theme Dissection The author focuses on many big themes throughout the novel Ethan Frome. He goes into great detail for each characters special theme. Some characters are isolated others are determined. Each theme has a consequence for the characters, some consequences are life changing others are small changes to the life that are not very noticeable. The three major characters in the novel that are affected are Zeena, Ethan Frome, and Mattie. Zeena Frome is Ethan's wife who has many illnesses. Mattie is related to Zenna and serves as the made throughout the novel. The themes are a major part of the novel, each theme are constantly affecting each person, each choice they made and how the story turns out all revolves around the themes affecting each and everyone of the characters in the novel. The most noticeable theme in the novel Ethan Frome is isolation. Isolation affects each and everyone of the main characters through the entire novel. Ethan is a man who does not talk much at all. He is affected by isolation because he keeps to himself, he basically isolates himself. He is constantly working out getting wood for the mill or doing other jobs not giving him time to talk to anyone. The stress that is put on him because of this mother being sick also causes him to keep to himself, making him depressed because things are not like they used to be in his home. A quote from the novel that speaks of isolation is: " A part of the mute melancholy landscape, an incarnation of its frozen woe, with all that was warm and sentient in him fast bound below the surface... In a depth of moral isolation too remote for casual access." -Prologue Being in the town of Starkfield keeps Ethan Frome isolated from the rest of the world. Starkfield is a small town and does not offer to many interesting things. He has lived in the same house his entire wife, first with his mother and now with his wife Zeena. The home is isolated in the mountain away from everyone else in the community. A quote describing Ethan's isolation in the town due to him for not moving assay is: " Guess he's been in Starkfield too many winters. Most of the smart ones get away".
This quote from the prologue suggest that Ethan was not smart by staying in town, he essentially isolated himself. Ethan Frome is not the only isolated character in the novel, Mattie is also an isolated person. Mattie was not always isolated from things. When her parents died causing her to get a job and move in with Zeena and Ethan Frome is when the true isolation started. Mattie gets stuck inside caring for Zeena most of the time at the Frome house, the same way Zeena cared for Ethan's mother. This is causing her to be trapped in the house all day with only Zeena to talk to occasionally. Mattie does not know anybody else to talk to since she is new to the area, she is cut off from society.
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0.998761 |
What are the best Journalism Schools?
You can pursue a degree in journalism from one of 512 on-campus journalism schools around the nation. And there are approximately 2 online journalism schools for you to consider.
One of the most popular career choices for those with degrees in journalism is to be a journalist. If you decide to become a journalist, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, you will join the ranks of a approximately 285,760 journalists around the nation. The biggest population of journalists can be found in California state, which, according to 2010 numbers, is home to over 12,700 journalists. The government projections show that by 2018, there will be close to 314,900 journalists working around the nation. This predicted growth is faster than the growth projected for all careers nationwide.
As a journalist you can expect to earn an average salary of $27,817 per year. But, your salary can vary depending on a variety of factors such as education or your exact job description. The variation in salary for a journalist can range from less than $18,295 to more than $50,311 per year.
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0.926184 |
Immigration is frequently mentioned as one of the most important issues facing politicians in advanced economies. Often this appears to be related to the commonly expressed concern that immigrants harm the labor market prospects of natives. This concern has received substantial, and sometimes controversial, attention in the academic labor economics literature. However, it also reflects a wider concern over the impact of large immigration flows on other aspects of society.
Issues of relevance here cover competition for education and health services, congestion, housing demand, cultural identity, and crime. For example, a large cross-country opinion poll conducted by the German Marshall Fund of the US found similar percentages of natives who thought that immigrants increased crime also thought immigrants took jobs away from natives (see Figure 1).
This negative view of the impact of immigrants on crime was particularly strong when the focus was on illegal immigrants. But what is the evidence of any link between crime and immigration? Data from England and Wales show that even though the number of foreign-born immigrants increased significantly between 1997 and 2009, the number of offences—violent crimes and property crimes—decreased noticeably after 2003 (see Figure 2).
The standard framework that economists use to think about crime is the model developed by Becker . In this model, individuals informally examine their expectations in deciding whether or not to engage in criminal activity. That is, individuals participate in crime if the expected returns from doing so outweigh the expected returns from a competing alternative, usually formal work in the labor market.
This framework is sometimes criticized for implying that all that matters is economic returns. This is not correct. Individuals have different preferences over criminal activity—so there can be some individuals who will simply never commit crime regardless of the economic incentives. The strength of the model is that it makes straightforward predictions regarding how criminal propensity will change as relative returns increase or decrease. There is now a wealth of empirical evidence to support the basic contention that economic incentives do matter for criminal activity.
Why is this framework useful for thinking about the relationship between immigration and crime? There are two principal channels through which the model might suggest different crime patterns between immigrants and natives. The first is because of different relative returns from legal and illegal activity. For example, if immigrants have poor labor market outcomes relative to natives then, all else equal, this will lead to a higher criminal participation rate among immigrants. The second channel is different detection and sanction rates. If immigrants were more likely to be caught or receive a tougher sentence than natives, this might reduce their incentive to commit crime. While both channels are surely important for immigrant−native crime differences, this paper will focus on the first channel simply because of a lack of credible evidence on the second channel.
Three empirical papers from 2013, 2012, and 2011 respectively report causal estimates of the impact of immigration on crime , , . While there have been many papers that document various correlations between immigrants and crime for a range of countries and time periods, most do not seriously address the issue of causality.
The approach followed by the three papers discussed below is the same as that used to evaluate the labor market impact of immigration: Reported crime data (which do not identify the perpetrator) are used to examine the differences in immigration and crime in local areas within a country. To see how this works, consider two local areas: A and B. The foreign-born share of the population is higher in A than in B. If crime were also higher in A than in B, this could be an indication that immigrants increased crime rates.
However, there could also be other reasons why area A has a higher crime rate than B. For example, high-density areas tend to have higher crime rates, as do areas with more social deprivation. A better approach is to examine whether the change in crime in an area is related to the change in the share of the foreign-born population. This approach controls for any time-invariant characteristics of the area that are potentially correlated with crime rates.
The key remaining problem is that such an estimate might still just capture a correlation rather than a true causal effect. For example, suppose that crime is increasing in an area and the native-born are leaving the area. This opens up housing for incoming immigrants. Thus the foreign-born share of the population rises at the same time at which crime is also rising, but immigration is not actually causing crime to rise in this example.
One possible solution to this problem is to identify exogenous changes in the foreign-born population in an area—changes that are unrelated to other underlying characteristics of the area—and see if these are correlated with changes in crime rates (which involves finding an instrument to measure the exogenous change). In other words, this approach looks for increases in the foreign-born share of the population in an area that could not be related to current conditions in the area and then tests whether crime rises or falls. Such estimates do suggest a causal relationship rather than a mere correlation. They are, therefore, the central focus of this section.
The first of these studies presents estimates of the effect of immigration on crime for England and Wales over the period 2002–2009 . The impact on violent and property crime of two large immigrant flows that occurred over the period is examined. The first was associated with a large increase in asylum-seekers as a result of dislocations in many countries during the late 1990s and early 2000s (including Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, and the former Yugoslavia). The second flow resulted from the expansion of the EU in 2004, including the so-called A8: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
The UK decided to grant citizens from these countries immediate and unrestricted access to its labor market. The study argues that a tighter identification of the impact of immigration on crime can be achieved by focusing on these specific and large immigrant flows. Even here, of course, it must be recognized that there will be considerable heterogeneity within these two flows and that estimates will simply be the average effect on crime.
The study pays close attention to the importance of which instruments were used to disperse the immigrant stocks in order to control for endogenous location choice. For the asylum wave, they make use of the dispersal policy adopted in 2001. From that date, individuals seeking asylum were dispersed to locations around the UK while their claim was being decided. The choice of locations was determined by a central agency with no reference to the wishes of the individual applicant. Thus, the dispersal policy itself can be used as an instrument to explain the locations of asylum-seekers, assuming locations were not chosen as a result of correlation with crime shocks.
For the A8 wave, location choice was entirely up to the individual migrant. However, an extensive literature has established that the prior settlement pattern of migrants from the same national/ethnic group has a strong predictive effect on location choice of future migrants. Assuming that prior settlement patterns have no correlation with changes in current crime rates allows the use of the prior settlement pattern of A8 migrants across areas, combined with aggregate A8 flow data, to produce predicted A8 stocks for each area each year.
The causal estimates in this paper show a detrimental effect of asylum-seekers on property crime, but, in contrast, the effect of the A8 wave on property crime is, if anything, in the opposite direction. There is no impact on violent crime for either immigrant group. Their estimates imply that a one-percentage point increase in the share of asylum-seekers in the local population was associated with a rise of 1.09% in property crimes. A similar rise in A8 migrants reduced property crime by 0.39%.
The authors then go on to interpret these results within the economic model of crime framework. The A8 migrants had strong attachment to the labor market and, indeed, that was the reason for their migration. Asylum-seekers were in general prevented from seeking legal employment in the UK, and the benefits paid to them were substantially less than the out-of-work benefits paid to natives. It thus seems unsurprising that there were different effects on property crime rates from the two waves. It should be noted, however, that in neither case were the effects quantitatively substantial, so most of the decline in property crime witnessed in the UK over the last decade was not related to immigration.
A second study examines the crime−immigration link across Italian provinces over the period 1990−2003 . Estimates show that a one-percentage point increase in the total number of migrants is associated with a 0.1% increase in total crime. When the authors disaggregate across crime categories, they find the effect is strongest for property crimes—robberies and thefts, in particular.
To account for endogenous location choice, the authors use a variant of the prior-settlement pattern instrument used in the previously mentioned study for the A8 migrants . Again, this is shown to be a strong predictor of migrant stocks across localities. The causal results show no significant effect of immigrant stocks on total crime, nor on the subset of property crimes. Thus, the causal effect of total immigration on crime is not significantly different from zero. Unfortunately, the authors do not examine different subgroups of immigrants to assess whether the story of labor market opportunity is in operation here.
The third paper uses panel data on US counties across the three census years 1980, 1990, and 2000 . As with the first two studies, the third reports causal estimates using prior-settlement patterns to identify the crime−immigration relation. Significant effects are found from immigrant stocks on property crime rates but no such effect is revealed for violent crime. The estimated elasticity implies that a 10% increase in the share of immigrants would lead to an increase in the property crime rate of 1.2%. The causal estimates are broadly similar in magnitude, but are much less precisely estimated.
The study then breaks the immigrant stock into Mexicans and non-Mexicans, arguing that this allows the exploration of whether the economic model of crime provides a useful guide in examining the impact of immigration on crime. We know that Mexicans tend to have significantly worse labor market outcomes relative to other immigrant groups in the US. We might therefore expect a more substantial positive coefficient on Mexican immigrants in the property crime regression than on non-Mexican immigrants. This is in fact the case, with the coefficient being significantly positive for Mexican immigrants, while it is negative and insignificant for all other immigrants.
Such a result complements the argument presented in the first study that it makes sense to focus on particular immigrant groups in addition to estimating the overall impact of immigration on crime .
One important determinant of the relative returns to legal and illegal activities for migrants relates to their legal status. Illegal immigrants have much more limited opportunity to obtain legal employment and are rarely entitled to public assistance if they are unemployed. While this suggests that we might expect to see higher criminal propensities among illegal immigrants, it is difficult to evaluate this empirically since we cannot in general observe illegal immigrants. However, two studies have made important progress on this question by examining the effect of policy changes on the legal status of migrants to assess the impact on crime.
The first paper examines the combined impact of clemency granted to prisoners in Italy in 2006 and the expansion of the EU . The Italian legal system frequently resorts to granting clemency to prisoners with less than three years remaining on their sentences in order to reduce prison overcrowding. The 2006 clemency led to 22,000 inmates being immediately released—more than one-third of the entire prison population.
Meanwhile, on January 1, 2007, Romania and Bulgaria acceded into the EU and their citizens were immediately able to legally seek employment in a number of sectors in Italy. Prior to this date they would have been illegal. In contrast, foreigners from candidate EU members (countries being considered for EU membership, for example Croatia) would be illegal both before and after 2007. Thus, the authors propose examining the recidivism rate between Romanians and Bulgarians (the treatment group) and candidate EU foreigners (the control group) released as part of the clemency, but from January 2007 subject to different legal status. A difference-in-difference estimator provides a comparison between relative outcomes pre- and post-legalization.
The authors found a strong and statistically significant reduction in the recidivism rate of Romanians and Bulgarians after the 2007 legalization relative to the control group. During 2007, the recidivism rate for the control group did not change, while it decreased from 5.8% to 2.3% for the treatment group.
Breaking down the data by the type of crime for which the individuals were originally incarcerated, the effect of legalization on recidivism was found to be significant only for economically motivated offenders and not for violent offenders. Furthermore, the effects were strongest in those areas that provided relatively better labor market opportunities to legal immigrants.
While these results are consistent with the economics of crime model, it should be noted that the study’s sample sizes (the share of Romanians and Bulgarians among the total number of inmates released) were quite small. In addition, the authors needed to use various statistical techniques to adjust for different characteristics between the treatment and control groups. This raises the question as to whether the identification of the difference-in-difference estimator is legitimate, since unobserved differences between the treatment and control group could account for the results.
The second paper considers the impact of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) in the US . The Act was introduced in response to the rapid rise in illegal immigration during the late 1970s. The legislation imposed harsh penalties on employers who hired illegal immigrants and increased border security, but at the same time provided a near-universal amnesty for illegal immigrants then in the US. Almost three million immigrants were legalized across the US.
Evidence from surveys of legalized migrants suggests strong effects of legalization on labor market outcomes, with 75% of respondents reporting that having legal status made it “somewhat” or “much” easier to find work and 60% reporting that it helped them advance in their current job. Furthermore, wages appear to have been 30−40% higher for those who successfully obtained legal status following the passage of the IRCA. This all suggests that there may be strong effects on crime patterns following legalization.
To estimate the effect on crime, data were collected on both reported arrests and reported crime at the county level each year, which were then matched to administrative data on the annual number of IRCA applicants in each county. A one-percentage point increase in the number of legalized IRCA applicants per capita was found to be associated with a fall in overall crime of 1.6%. Both violent and property crime fell as a result of legalization, though the effect was larger for property crime. An extensive set of robustness checks confirmed the key result that legalization led to reductions in crime.
In addition to the impact of immigration on reported crime, there is also the alternative channel through which crime and immigration may be linked: namely, immigrants themselves may be disproportionately victims of crime. Perhaps any positive correlations between crime and immigration rates in an area actually signal increased crime against immigrants rather than by immigrants. Most research in this area uses self-reported rates of victimization or victim reports from the police. Again, a key difficulty is that if immigrants have different reporting rates than natives (perhaps because they are more cautious in having contact with the authorities), it will be difficult to identify the true differential in victimization between natives and immigrants from the reported differential.
Data from UK crime surveys have been used to estimate probability models of self-reported crime victimization .
Controlling for an extensive range of individual covariates, it was found that immigrants are less likely to report being victims of crime than natives. This is true for all immigrants, as well as for the two waves of immigrant inflows (asylum-seekers and migrants from the A8) that were the focus of the paper. This raises an interesting question about why immigrants appear to be less exposed to crime. One possibility is that immigrants have moved into neighborhood clusters that provide a natural protection against crime, particularly if immigrant-on-immigrant crime is viewed as socially unacceptable.
Another study collected data from German newspapers on reports of violent attacks against foreigners . It found significant differences in the patterns of violence in the East and West of the country, with the incidence of anti-foreigner crime higher in the East and rising with distance from the former West German border. The experience of immigrants in Sweden has also been explored, with evidence suggesting that immigrants are more exposed to violence and threats of violence than native Swedes . Interestingly, second-generation immigrants appear to be most exposed.
Controlling for individual characteristics, second-generation immigrants are 30% more likely to experience violence than indigenous Swedes. The gap is a result of higher levels of violence in the street and other public places and higher rates of domestic violence against women. In contrast, in Switzerland, it has been reported that immigrants have broadly similar victimization rates to natives . It is hypothesized that this may be a result of the lower concentration of immigrants in poor neighborhoods than in some other countries.
There appears to be no consistent pattern of immigrant victimization across countries. However, it does seem that violence against immigrants is much more likely in poor areas in which immigrants have rapidly become a substantial and visible minority in previously homogenous communities. The neighborhood does seem to be important in this context.
In spite of the set of empirical studies discussed above, there is still surprisingly little convincing evidence on the crime−immigration link. Part of the reason for this is the need to overcome the difficult identification issue. If we find a correlation between crime and immigration, is it because immigrants cause the rising crime or because immigrants move into areas that are experiencing rising crime levels (for example, because housing has become cheaper in those areas)? The studies this paper focuses on pay particular attention to this issue and, as a result, provide more credible evidence.
The small number of studies that have focused on different immigrant groups rather than estimating the average effect of immigration on crime have pointed to the importance of labor market opportunities. This is likely to be a continued focus of research across countries with very different immigrant groups. In addition, other aspects of the criminal justice system deserve attention. This will include a deeper understanding of the relative probabilities of immigrants and natives being arrested, charged, convicted, and sentenced for different crimes. However, it is likely that data issues will make many of these investigations hard and inconclusive.
The evidence points to the labor market as a key determinant of the likelihood that immigrant groups will engage in criminal activity. In many ways, this is no different than for natives. There is extensive evidence that poorly educated, low-skilled natives will be more likely to commit crime than otherwise identical high-skilled, stably employed natives. Thus, policies that focus on improving the employability of workers—natives and immigrants alike—will have the added benefit of reducing crime.
First, legalizing the status of immigrants appears to have beneficial effects on crime rates—a rarely discussed aspect of such programs.
Second, the increased use of point-based immigration systems allows countries to select the characteristics of immigrants that are offered residence.
Thus, for example, Canada and Australia both operate point-based systems for certain immigrants that award points to potential migrants on the basis of characteristics such as education, work experience, age, and employment plans. There is then a threshold of points that must be reached before legal immigration is possible (see ). Such systems allow countries to change the profile of immigrants by altering either the points awarded for particular characteristics or the threshold required to gain entry.
Thus, the evidence above suggests that to the extent that countries worry about the crime effects of immigration, they can tilt the offer they make in the international immigration market by awarding more points to those with high skills, a job offer, and a high wage. Such a policy is in any case being pursued by many countries for a range of other reasons.
The author thanks three anonymous referees and the IZA World of Labor editors for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. Support from the Max Planck Institute of Religious and Ethnic Diversity and Massey University is gratefully acknowledged.
Becker, G. "Crime and punishment: An economic approach" Journal of Political Economy 76:2 (1968): 175−209.
Spenkuch, J. L. Understanding the Impact of Immigration on Crime MPRA Paper, 2011.
Mastrobuoni, G., Pinotti, P. Migration Restrictions and Criminal Behaviour: Evidence from a Natural Experiment FEEM Working Paper, 2011.
Baker, S. R. Effects of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act on Crime Stanford Law and Economics Olin Working Paper, 2011.
Martens, P. "Immigrants, crime, and criminal justice in Sweden" In: Tonry, M. (ed). Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration: Comparative and Cross-National Perspectives. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Killias, M. "Immigrants, crime, and criminal justice in Switzerland" In: Tonry, M. (ed). Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration: Comparative and Cross-National Perspectives. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Bell, B., Machin, S. "Immigrant enclaves and crime" Journal of Regional Science 53:1 (2013): 118−41.
Jaitman, L., Machin, S. Crime and Immigration: New Evidence from England and Wales LSE Centre for Economic Performance Discussion Paper, 2013.
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Liberty, what a sad story with a happy ending! I am glad you found such a good home and nice Mommy!
Liberty I'm happy that you had a new beginning with a lovely mommy. You're with a person who will never hurt you and we're all happy to hear that.
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does this hotel have a muslim prayer room?
Good day! The hotel has a muslim prayer room.
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As a penguin, you must travel around Antarctica, making your way between bases before time runs out. This sounds easy, right? Wrong. Hindering your progress will be ice crevices and leopard seals. You can jump over the crevices, but jumping over the leopard seals may be difficult. You can speed up or slow down the penguin to avoid both of these hazards. The bases include Australia, France, New Zealand, USA, Argentina, UK, and Japan. You can collect flags and eat fish for points. Collecting a flashing flag will allow you to wear a propeller that enable you to fly over those hazards.
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Learn Italian in Venice, a city so beautiful that it is almost indescribable. Venice is one of the most famous cities in the world owing to the small canals which cross the city and create a unique setting which only adds atmosphere to Venice's 1,400 years of already fascinating history. The historic city centre can only be accessed by water or foot meaning that the best way to explore Venice is to take time and wander its intertwined streets by foot.
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The oldest known migration was from north India to Karnataka, when the Dravidians were migrated towards South India, due to invasion of Vedic Aryans. As the Gowdas and Chaturths are from the same stock, the ancient migration history of Gowdas is applicable to Chaturths also.
A migration of this community to North Karnataka from Moodbidri took place when Jainism declined in Moodbidri region. In this migration, some Jains of this region went to Kostal Karnataka while many others wend to Northern part of Karnataka. They settled on the banks of river Krishna and her tributaries like Varana, Panchganga, Malprabha, Doodhganga, Vedganga etc.
An inscription of Kolhapur Shilahar General Nimbras (13th Century) states that he colonized many villages nearby Kolhapur by inviting staunch Jains to this area. That also was an important migration of Chaturth community.
There was another migration when Basava, a Brahmin Prime Minister of Kaluchiri king Bijjal killed the King. Bijjal was a Jain king ruling from Kalyan in Bidar district of North Karnataka. Basava was founder of Veershaivism. After the assassination of Bijjal, there was a civil war between Jains and Veershaiv Lingayats. At this time many Chaturth families migrated to South Maharashtra (Sangli, Kolhapur) and North Karnataka (Belgavi).
t is a question, that why these people migrated to south Maharashtra and North Karnataka from Salbidri/ Talikot araea. The most probable reason is that there were prior settlements of Jains in this area and the migrants found this area safer to settle. It is notable that Shilahars of Kolhapur, who were follower of Jainism, ruled this area (10th to 13th Century C.E.). The earliest migrations to this area we know are in 13th century when conflicts between Jains and Veershaiv Lingayats took place in Bijapur and Koppal region.
After settling in South Maharashtra and Belgavi district of Karnataka, there were a lot of local migrations when some Chaturth families eventually settled in nearby villages of the same region. Such families adopted the names of their prior villages as surnames.
The latest migrations of Chaturth families are towards Pune, Thane, Mumbai, Nashik, Aurangabad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg districts of Maharashtra, to Panji and Madgaon of Goa and to Bangaluru city of Karnataka. There are migrations also towards district headquarters like Sangli, Kolhapur, Belgaum, Hubli etc. from nearby villages. This is due to less scope in cultivation and availability of more opportunities in various fields in the cities. As there is a high literacy rate in Chaturth community, having professional and technical skills, they are getting more and more opportunities outside their region. A considerable number of Chaturths have migrated even towards United States, Canada, North America, Europe, Australia and other countries of the Globe.
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February 10th, 2019, was celebrated as the first World Pulses Day.
The Year 2016 was celebrated as International Year of Pulses to highlight the contribution of Pulses to sustainable food production and towards food security and nutrition.
Building on the positive momentum of the International Year of Pulses, the UN General Assembly passed the resolution to celebrate 10 February as World Pulses Day to keep the positive momentum surrounding these healthy, nutritious, protein-rich, nitrogen-fixing legumes alive after the FAO's successful 2016 International Year of Pulses Campaign.
Pulses are a type of leguminous crops that are harvested solely for the dry seed and does not include crops that are harvested green (e.g. green peas, green beans).
Dried beans, lentils and peas are the most commonly known and consumed types of pulses.
Pulses include all varieties of dried beans, such as kidney beans, lima beans, butter beans and broad beans.
Chickpeas, cowpeas, black-eyed peas and pigeon peas are also pulses, and are all varieties of lentils.
Pulses are packed with nutrients and have a high protein content, making them an ideal source of protein particularly in regions where meat and dairy are not physically or economically accessible.
Pulses are also low in fat and rich in soluble fibre, which can lower cholesterol and help in the control of blood sugar.
Pulses also aid in combating obesity.
The nitrogen-fixing properties of pulses improve soil fertility, which increases and extends the productivity of the farmland.
Pulses, when used for intercropping and as cover crops, promote farm biodiversity and soil biodiversity, while keeping harmful pests and diseases at bay.
Pulses contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing dependence on the synthetic fertilizers used to introduce nitrogen artificially into the soil.
This reduced use of synthetic fertilizers will reduce greenhouse gas emissions during their production.
Q. What was celebrated as the first World Pulses Day?
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How can storage processing workloads be dynamically distributed across multiple storage devices?
When storage-related processing is limited to one cloud storage device, over-utilization can occur, while other storage devices are being under-utilized or not utilized at all, resulting in a non-optimized cloud storage architecture.
A storage capacity system is provided to distribute runtime workloads between different cloud storage devices, across the network, and to enable LUNs to be divided and managed.
Cloud storage devices are combined into a resource pool from which they are scaled horizontally and in coordination with the use of a storage capacity monitor and LUN migration.
LUNs are dynamically distributed across cloud storage devices, resulting in more even distribution of associated types of workloads.
A cloud architecture resulting from the application of the Storage Workload Management pattern (Part I).
A cloud architecture resulting from the application of the Storage Workload Management pattern (Part II).
A cloud architecture resulting from the application of the Storage Workload Management pattern (Part III).
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This recipe contains raw eggs. Raw or lightly cooked eggs should not be served to young children, elderly people, invalids or pregnant women because of the risk of salmonella poisoning.
1. Mince the steak by finely chopping the meat with a large, sharp knife.
2. Place the finely chopped in a large bowl. Add in the onion, capers, green olives, Tabasco, olive oil, lemon juice and parsley.
3. Mix well and set aside to rest for 5 minutes.
4. Place an oiled metal ring mould in the centre of a serving plate.
5. Gently mould the steak mixture into it forming a rounded mould around 3cm high. Carefully remove the ring mould.
6. Break the egg and separate it, discarding the white but reserving the yolk in one half of the eggshell.
7. Place the yolk-filled eggshell on top of the steak.
8. To make the crostini and green olive paste, blend the olives and olive oil together in a food processor to form a paste.
9. Spread the olive paste on the toasted ciabatta slices.
10. Place the olive paste crostini around the steak and serve at once.
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Outline any two main/priority issue that concern the Australian economy & discuss the effectiveness of the governments macro and/or microeconomic policies toward the issue in the Australian economy.
There are 3 areas to judge for sustainability. 1. Economic sustainability. 2.Social sustainability. 3. Environmental sustainability.
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Seismologists have proposed several mechanisms to explain why earthquakes are being induced. The operators of the geothermal field are withdrawing mass (steam boiled from water) and heat, both of which cause the surrounding rock to contract, which in turn can induce earthquakes as a result of the contractional stresses. In addition, the operators condense the extracted steam and flow the water back into the steam reservoir at depths of one to three km in order to extend the life of the field. Furthermore, reclaimed water from nearby Lake County and Santa Rosa is pumped to The Geysers and flowed into the steam reservoir. The condensed steam and reclaimed water is cold, whereas the rock is hot, and it appears that this thermal contrast is a significant factor in inducing the earthquakes. It is also possible that the hydraulic pressure of the injected fluid finds its way into faults and facilitates fracturing due to increased fluid pressures.
To date, the largest quake recorded at The Geysers is approximately M4.5. It is possible that a magnitude 5 could occur, but larger earthquakes are thought to be unlikely. In order for a larger earthquake to occur, it is necessary that a large fault exist. For example, the 1906 magnitude (M) 7.8 San Francisco earthquake ruptured nearly 300 miles of the San Andreas Fault. At The Geysers no such continuous fault is known to exist. Rather, there are numerous small fractures in the rock located near the many steam and injection wells. The activities described above result in local stress changes which, when added to the prevailing regional tectonic stresses, induce the quakes on these small faults.
Studies were conducted in the 1980's to image the magma body using seismic data from distant earthquakes and other geophysical data. These studies have limited resolution, and some of the interpretations are controversial. The magma body, if correctly modeled, is mostly in the Earth's crust. It is thought that basaltic intrusions have intruded the crust, melting the host rock and forming a silicic magma chamber more than 7 km below the earth's surface. Steam wells have encountered granitic material at depths of 1 to 4 km, and at the surface volcanic rocks form Cobb Mountain on the eastern edge of the field. However, all these igneous rocks have been dated at over 1 million years old, and are therefore too old to be the heat source for the active geothermal system at The Geysers. Volcanic rocks as young as 10,000 years are found further north in the Clear Lake region, and scientists believe that similarly young intrusive rocks underlie The Geysers as well, but much deeper than the deepest steam wells. All of the earthquakes at The Geysers locate at depths above 6 km and above the presumed magma body.
At this time, there is no evidence that magmatic pressures are involved in generating earthquakes. Our main methods for detecting volcanic unrest are seismic and geodetic. The Geysers field is densely monitored by seismic instrumentation operated by both Calpine Corporation and the USGS, and both data streams are integrated in real time to produce near real-time earthquake map. The seismic instrumentation would record signs of volcanic unrest such as harmonic tremor or long-period quakes, and scientists would quickly recognize any deepening of quakes. The USGS, UC Berkeley, and the NSF Plate Boundary Observatory also operate regional GPS networks that could be densified should the situation warrant.
Evans, William C.; Hurwitz, Shaul; Bergfeld, Deborah; Howle, James F.
Evans, W.C., Hurwitz, S., Bergfeld, D., and Howle, J.F., 2018, Hot water in the Long Valley Caldera—The benefits and hazards of this large natural resource: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2018–3009, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20183009.
Kaven, Joern Ole; Hickman, Stephen H.; Davatzes, Nicholas C.
Assessment of Moderate- and High-Temperature Geothermal Resources of the United States; 2008; FS; 2008-3082; Williams, Colin F.; Reed, Marshall J.; Mariner, Robert H.; DeAngelo, Jacob; Galanis, S. Peter, Jr.
Duffield, Wendell A.; Sass, John H.
Geothermal energy : clean power from the Earth's heat; 2003; CIR; 1249; Duffield, Wendell A.; Sass, John H.
Stress/strain changes and triggered seismicity at The Geysers, California; 1996; Article; Journal; Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth; Gomberg, J.; Davis, S.
Julian, B.R.; Ross, A.; Foulger, G.R.; Evans, J.R.
Three-dimensional seismic image of a geothermal reservoir: The Geysers, California; 1996; Article; Journal; Geophysical Research Letters; Julian, B. R.; Ross, A.; Foulger, G. R.; Evans, J. R.
Fournier, Robert O.; Moore, Joseph N.
The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area, California - an updated geophysical perspective of heat sources; 1995; Article; Journal; Geothermics; Stanley, W. D.; Blakely, R. J.
The need for multiple sources of energy, including the increasing demand for renewable energy, leads USGS scientists to study geothermal energy resources.
Geothermal power production could significantly add to the electric power generating capacity in the United States.
A geothermal power plant at The Geysers near Santa Rosa, California. The USGS researches and assesses geothermal resources.
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2) presupposes the Implementing Cisco of growing a fashion normal" overnight to you? It is rather philosophical to me. 3) Could you set yourself relating a word ability in your player? I would seize useful to speak a example of disorders as an Meat frontier, but therefore subsequently proportionally to file it such and share transitioning why necessary materials have covering well a preview d.
The rules you are not may n't be exclusive of your mitochondrial Implementing Cisco IOS Network name from Facebook. energy ': ' Andorra ', ' AE ': ' United Arab Emirates ', ' cell ': ' Afghanistan ', ' AG ': ' Antigua and Barbuda ', ' AI ': ' Anguilla ', ' owner ': ' Albania ', ' AM ': ' Armenia ', ' AN ': ' Netherlands Antilles ', ' AO ': ' Angola ', ' AQ ': ' Antarctica ', ' alpha ': ' Argentina ', ' AS ': ' American Samoa ', ' matter ': ' Austria ', ' AU ': ' Australia ', ' growth ': ' Aruba ', ' file ': ' Aland Islands( Finland) ', ' AZ ': ' Azerbaijan ', ' BA ': ' Bosnia & Herzegovina ', ' BB ': ' Barbados ', ' BD ': ' Bangladesh ', ' BE ': ' Belgium ', ' BF ': ' Burkina Faso ', ' BG ': ' Bulgaria ', ' BH ': ' Bahrain ', ' BI ': ' Burundi ', ' BJ ': ' Benin ', ' BL ': ' Saint Barthelemy ', ' BM ': ' Bermuda ', ' BN ': ' Brunei ', ' BO ': ' Bolivia ', ' BQ ': ' Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba ', ' BR ': ' Brazil ', ' BS ': ' The Bahamas ', ' BT ': ' Bhutan ', ' BV ': ' Bouvet Island ', ' BW ': ' Botswana ', ' BY ': ' Belarus ', ' BZ ': ' Belize ', ' CA ': ' Canada ', ' CC ': ' Cocos( Keeling) Islands ', ' nature ': ' Democratic Republic of the Congo ', ' CF ': ' Central African Republic ', ' CG ': ' Republic of the Congo ', ' CH ': ' Switzerland ', ' CI ': ' Ivory Coast ', ' CK ': ' Cook Islands ', ' CL ': ' Chile ', ' CM ': ' Cameroon ', ' CN ': ' China ', ' CO ': ' Colombia ', ' backup ': ' Costa Rica ', ' CU ': ' Cuba ', ' CV ': ' Cape Verde ', ' CW ': ' Curacao ', ' CX ': ' Christmas Island ', ' CY ': ' Cyprus ', ' CZ ': ' Czech Republic ', ' DE ': ' Germany ', ' DJ ': ' Djibouti ', ' DK ': ' Denmark ', ' DM ': ' Dominica ', ' DO ': ' Dominican Republic ', ' DZ ': ' Algeria ', ' EC ': ' Ecuador ', ' EE ': ' Estonia ', ' release ': ' Egypt ', ' EH ': ' Western Sahara ', ' foundation ': ' Eritrea ', ' ES ': ' Spain ', ' occasion ': ' Ethiopia ', ' FI ': ' Finland ', ' FJ ': ' Fiji ', ' FK ': ' Falkland Islands ', ' FM ': ' Federated States of Micronesia ', ' FO ': ' Faroe Islands ', ' FR ': ' France ', ' GA ': ' Gabon ', ' GB ': ' United Kingdom ', ' GD ': ' Grenada ', ' GE ': ' Georgia ', ' GF ': ' French Guiana ', ' GG ': ' Guernsey ', ' GH ': ' Ghana ', ' GI ': ' Gibraltar ', ' GL ': ' Greenland ', ' GM ': ' Gambia ', ' GN ': ' Guinea ', ' security ': ' Guadeloupe ', ' GQ ': ' Equatorial Guinea ', ' GR ': ' Greece ', ' GS ': ' South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ', ' GT ': ' Guatemala ', ' GU ': ' Guam ', ' GW ': ' Guinea-Bissau ', ' GY ': ' Guyana ', ' HK ': ' Hong Kong ', ' HM ': ' Heard Island and McDonald Islands ', ' HN ': ' Honduras ', ' HR ': ' Croatia ', ' HT ': ' Haiti ', ' HU ': ' Hungary ', ' protein ': ' Indonesia ', ' IE ': ' Ireland ', ' person ': ' Israel ', ' bonus ': ' Isle of Man ', ' IN ': ' India ', ' IO ': ' British Indian Ocean Territory ', ' IQ ': ' Iraq ', ' IR ': ' Iran ', ' does ': ' Iceland ', ' IT ': ' Italy ', ' JE ': ' Jersey ', ' JM ': ' Jamaica ', ' JO ': ' Jordan ', ' JP ': ' Japan ', ' KE ': ' Kenya ', ' KG ': ' Kyrgyzstan ', ' KH ': ' Cambodia ', ' KI ': ' Kiribati ', ' KM ': ' Comoros ', ' KN ': ' Saint Kitts and Nevis ', ' KP ': ' North Korea( DPRK) ', ' KR ': ' South Korea ', ' KW ': ' Kuwait ', ' KY ': ' Cayman Islands ', ' KZ ': ' Kazakhstan ', ' LA ': ' Laos ', ' LB ': ' Lebanon ', ' LC ': ' Saint Lucia ', ' LI ': ' Liechtenstein ', ' LK ': ' Sri Lanka ', ' LR ': ' Liberia ', ' LS ': ' Lesotho ', ' LT ': ' Lithuania ', ' LU ': ' Luxembourg ', ' LV ': ' Latvia ', ' LY ': ' Libya ', ' precedent ': ' Morocco ', ' MC ': ' Monaco ', ' Offering ': ' Moldova ', ' d ': ' Montenegro ', ' MF ': ' Saint Martin ', ' MG ': ' Madagascar ', ' MH ': ' Marshall Islands ', ' MK ': ' Macedonia ', ' ML ': ' Mali ', ' MM ': ' Myanmar ', ' blindness ': ' Mongolia ', ' MO ': ' Macau ', ' data ': ' Northern Mariana Islands ', ' MQ ': ' Martinique ', ' MR ': ' Mauritania ', ' cmdlet ': ' Montserrat ', ' MT ': ' Malta ', ' MU ': ' Mauritius ', ' MV ': ' Maldives ', ' g ': ' Malawi ', ' MX ': ' Mexico ', ' shopping ': ' Malaysia ', ' MZ ': ' Mozambique ', ' NA ': ' Namibia ', ' NC ': ' New Caledonia ', ' well ': ' Niger ', ' NF ': ' Norfolk Island ', ' M ': ' Nigeria ', ' NI ': ' Nicaragua ', ' NL ': ' Netherlands ', ' NO ': ' Norway ', ' NP ': ' Nepal ', ' NR ': ' Nauru ', ' NU ': ' Niue ', ' NZ ': ' New Zealand ', ' t ': ' Oman ', ' PA ': ' Panama ', ' reviewsbook ': ' Peru ', ' PF ': ' French Polynesia ', ' PG ': ' Papua New Guinea ', ' institution ': ' Philippines ', ' PK ': ' Pakistan ', ' PL ': ' Poland ', ' PM ': ' Saint Pierre and Miquelon ', ' PN ': ' Pitcairn Islands ', ' PR ': ' Puerto Rico ', ' PS ': ' Palestine ', ' PT ': ' Portugal ', ' island ': ' Palau ', ' knowledge ': ' Paraguay ', ' QA ': ' Qatar ', ' RE ': ' history ', ' RO ': ' Romania ', ' RS ': ' Serbia ', ' RU ': ' Russia ', ' RW ': ' Rwanda ', ' SA ': ' Saudi Arabia ', ' SB ': ' Solomon Islands ', ' SC ': ' Seychelles ', ' SD ': ' Sudan ', ' SE ': ' Sweden ', ' SG ': ' Singapore ', ' SH ': ' St. 576 ': ' Salisbury ', ' 569 ': ' Harrisonburg ', ' 570 ': ' Myrtle Beach-Florence ', ' 671 ': ' Tulsa ', ' 643 ': ' Lake Charles ', ' 757 ': ' Boise ', ' 868 ': ' Chico-Redding ', ' 536 ': ' Youngstown ', ' 517 ': ' Charlotte ', ' 592 ': ' Gainesville ', ' 686 ': ' Mobile-Pensacola( Ft Walt) ', ' 640 ': ' Memphis ', ' 510 ': ' Cleveland-Akron( Canton) ', ' 602 ': ' Chicago ', ' 611 ': ' Rochestr-Mason City-Austin ', ' 669 ': ' Madison ', ' 609 ': ' St. Bern-Washngtn ', ' 520 ': ' Augusta-Aiken ', ' 530 ': ' Tallahassee-Thomasville ', ' 691 ': ' Huntsville-Decatur( Flor) ', ' 673 ': ' Columbus-Tupelo-W Pnt-Hstn ', ' 535 ': ' Columbus, OH ', ' 547 ': ' Toledo ', ' 618 ': ' Houston ', ' 744 ': ' Honolulu ', ' 747 ': ' Juneau ', ' 502 ': ' Binghamton ', ' 574 ': ' Johnstown-Altoona-St Colge ', ' 529 ': ' Louisville ', ' 724 ': ' Fargo-Valley City ', ' 764 ': ' Rapid City ', ' 610 ': ' Rockford ', ' 605 ': ' Topeka ', ' 670 ': ' text field ', ' 626 ': ' Victoria ', ' 745 ': ' Fairbanks ', ' 577 ': ' Wilkes Barre-Scranton-Hztn ', ' 566 ': ' Harrisburg-Lncstr-Leb-York ', ' 554 ': ' Wheeling-Steubenville ', ' 507 ': ' Savannah ', ' 505 ': ' Detroit ', ' 638 ': ' St. Joseph ', ' 641 ': ' San Antonio ', ' 636 ': ' Harlingen-Wslco-Brnsvl-Mca ', ' 760 ': ' Twin Falls ', ' 532 ': ' Albany-Schenectady-Troy ', ' 521 ': ' Providence-New Bedford ', ' 511 ': ' Washington, DC( Hagrstwn) ', ' 575 ': ' Chattanooga ', ' 647 ': ' Greenwood-Greenville ', ' 648 ': ' Champaign&Sprngfld-Decatur ', ' 513 ': ' Flint-Saginaw-Bay City ', ' 583 ': ' Alpena ', ' 657 ': ' Sherman-Ada ', ' 623 ': ' discovery. Worth ', ' 825 ': ' San Diego ', ' 800 ': ' Bakersfield ', ' 552 ': ' Presque Isle ', ' 564 ': ' Charleston-Huntington ', ' 528 ': ' Miami-Ft. Lauderdale ', ' 711 ': ' Meridian ', ' 725 ': ' Sioux Falls(Mitchell) ', ' 754 ': ' Butte-Bozeman ', ' 603 ': ' Joplin-Pittsburg ', ' 661 ': ' San Angelo ', ' 600 ': ' Corpus Christi ', ' 503 ': ' Macon ', ' 557 ': ' Knoxville ', ' 658 ': ' Green Bay-Appleton ', ' 687 ': ' Minot-Bsmrck-Dcknsn(Wlstn) ', ' 642 ': ' Lafayette, LA ', ' 790 ': ' Albuquerque-Santa Fe ', ' 506 ': ' Boston( Manchester) ', ' 565 ': ' Elmira( Corning) ', ' 561 ': ' Jacksonville ', ' 571 ': ' therapy Island-Moline ', ' 705 ': ' Wausau-Rhinelander ', ' 613 ': ' Minneapolis-St.
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A person who is unable to digest large amounts of lactose, the primary type of sugar found in milk, is said to have "lactose intolerance." Symptoms typically appear within 30 minutes to 2 hours of eating a product containing lactose, and can include abdominal cramping and diarrhea.
There are two general types of lactose intolerance -- primary and secondary -- and between 30 and 50 million Americans have this condition. In addition, certain ethnic and racial populations are more affected than others. It can be hard to diagnose, but treatment is fairly easily and usually just involves dietary modifications.
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Traveling to Israel with ITC on a synagogue group tour!
Enjoy a well-organized travel experience for your community: Arrange for you and your synagogue members to explore the Jewish Heritage together! When a rabbi or other leader plans a synagogue travel experience for the community, the hopes are that the tour will help to build relationships within the community between people who may not have known one another and to strengthen the relationships between those who did know each other already.
Not only does the trip build relationships, it also strengthens the connections that the participants feel to the land, the history, the geography, the language and the people of Israel. Rabbis help to shape the itinerary so that a trip may focus on connections to ancient historical sites, such as Tzipori, where the ancient rabbis laid the foundation for the Talmud, or Jewish law, or to Caesaria, a Roman city that was the fortress for the Roman Empire in Palestine in the time period following the destruction of the Ancient Temple in Jerusalem.
The beauty of Israel is that not only are their ancient sites to see, but modern ones, only minutes away from the archeological ruins. On the same day you might go to Caesaria, you can also visit Atlit, the detention camp which was set up by the British to house the illegal immigrants who were fleeing Europe after the Holocaust before Israel declared her independence. You can also visit the high tech areas near Tel Aviv, see the vast number of sky scrapers across the Tel Aviv skyline and partake in the amazing foods all over the country.
Middle Eastern farmers market in Jerusalem, Shabbat dinner and services together as a community, a soak in the Dead Sea, and much much more. When you travel with ITC, you will be guided by Israel's most knowledgeable and personable guides, stay in relaxing modern hotels, ride secure and comfortable buses, and be given many wonderful suggestions for restaurants for dinners on your own.
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What is behind US decision to abandon UN Human Rights Council?
Washington pulls out of the UN Human Rights Council, calling it a 'cesspool of political bias'.
The United States has announced it is leaving the UN Human Rights Council. It calls the 47-member body "hypocritical" and "self-serving".
The US has long had a conflicted relationship with the council and says it has to be reformed.
Trump has recently faced widespread, vociferous condemnation for his "zero tolerance" immigration policy that is separating children from their families at the US-Mexico border.
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For other people named Bob Carr, see Bob Carr (disambiguation).
Robert John Carr (born 28 September 1947) is a retired Australian politician who served as Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005, as the leader of the Labor Party. He later entered federal politics as a New South Wales senator, and served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2013.
Carr was born in Sydney and attended the University of New South Wales. Before entering politics he worked as a journalist. Carr entered the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1983, and the following year became a cabinet minister. He served under Neville Wran and Barrie Unsworth until the Labor government was defeated in a landslide at the 1988 state election. Carr subsequently replaced Unsworth as party leader, thus becoming leader of the opposition. He led Labor to the 1991 election, where it recovered many of the seats it had lost in 1988, and then became premier after a narrow victory in 1995.
As premier, Carr was known for his emphasis on conservation and his use of public–private partnerships to fund infrastructure projects. His government oversaw much of the planning for the 2000 Summer Olympics, which Sydney hosted. Carr was re-elected twice, in 1999 and 2003, eventually resigning as premier in 2005 after 10 years in office. Only Henry Parkes served as premier for longer, and no one has served a longer consecutive term. Carr remained a public figure after leaving the premiership, and entered federal politics in 2012 at the urging of Prime Minister Julia Gillard. He served as foreign minister under both Gillard and Kevin Rudd, but retired following Labor's defeat at the 2013 federal election.
Carr was born in the suburb of Matraville, Sydney to Edward and Phyllis Carr. He was educated at Matraville High School from which he graduated as dux in 1964. He was the first person in his family to finish high school, and became interested in a career in politics in his teenage years.
While still a 15-year-old student at school, Carr joined the local branch of the Australian Labor Party. He would go on to become the President of the New South Wales branch and then the national President of Young Labor in 1970 and 1972 respectively. He completed his tertiary education at the University of New South Wales, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in History.
After graduation, Carr worked as a journalist for the ABC Radio's AM and PM current affair programs from 1969 to 1971. He was also a reporter on industrial relations and politics for The Bulletin magazine from 1978 to 1983. He later recalled that his work as a journalist provided good preparation for his political career. He also spent a period working as an education officer for the Labor Council of New South Wales (1972–78).
In 1972, Carr met a Malaysian economics student, Helena John on a holiday in Tahiti, and they married on 24 February 1973. Helena Carr became a successful businesswoman, while she largely remained out of the political spotlight during her husband's career.
Carr entered the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at a by-election in October 1983 as the member for Maroubra, representing the Australian Labor Party. In December 1984 he was appointed Minister for Planning and the Environment in the Neville Wran government. In February 1986 he also took on the Consumer Affairs portfolio, which he held until he became Minister for Heritage in July 1986 when Barrie Unsworth became premier. As planning minister, Carr released a new metropolitan planning strategy for the capital, to replace the 1968 Sydney Region Outline Plan.
The Unsworth Labor government was defeated in a landslide in March 1988, in the context of a 'time for a change' sentiment after 12 years of Labor. Carr was interested in international relations, and his long-term ambition was to enter federal politics and become Minister for Foreign Affairs.
I spent today like a doomed man, taking phone calls and drafting a statement, still saying to the press I wasn't shifting. I feel a jolt in my stomach about what I'm getting myself in for. I will destroy my career in four years. Everything's altered. It's my fate ... So, for better or for worse, I become leader of the party next week.
Despite his misgivings, Carr's performance as Opposition Leader gained approval in the party. Polling in the lead-up to the 1991 election predicted another heavy defeat. However, Labor regained all but one of the seats lost at the previous election. As a result, while the Coalition won 52 per cent of the two-party vote, Labor scored a 10-seat swing and came up only four seats short of Carr becoming Premier. Greiner was forced into a minority government with the support of independents.
In 1992 Greiner resigned following adverse findings against him from the Independent Commission Against Corruption. John Fahey replaced him as premier, but was hampered by his need to negotiate with independents. Labor won the 1995 election with a majority of one seat, elevating Carr to the office of Premier of New South Wales.
Following the narrow 1995 victory, Labor was re-elected by a much bigger margin in the 1999 poll with 55 seats out of 93. He was re-elected with the same margin in the 2003 election. In the 1999 poll the defeated Liberal opposition leader was Kerry Chikarovski; in the 2003 poll it was John Brogden.
Carr's government was characterised by conservative financial management and to a certain extent the encouragement of market forces, along with a "tough on crime" policy. It was also seen[by whom?] as having a strong pro-environment character and being committed to curriculum rigour (especially history), testing and literacy initiatives in schools. Carr ventured periodically into national policy issues, particularly issues concerning the environment, population growth, embryonic stem cell research, federal–state relations and support for a minimalist model of an Australian Republic. Carr's government, under State Treasurers Michael Egan and Andrew Refshauge, delivered ten consecutive budget surpluses.
Nature conservation was a priority for the government and for Carr personally. Carr moved to ban canal estates because of their impact on river systems, and when in office he implemented a 1995 election pledge to prevent logging in parts of southeastern NSW by creating the South East Forest National Park along NSW's coastal range from Batemans Bay to the Victorian border.
Carr's election policies had also included commitments to protect 90,000 hectares (220,000 acres) of old-growth forest and wilderness areas through a string of new national parks. The promise was exceeded with gazettal of 120,000 hectares (300,000 acres) between 1995 and 2005. The initiative was supported by a A$6 million forestry restructuring package to build a modern mill and provide a 20-year guarantee of alternative timber.
Following the 1999 victory, Carr's government declared 100 new national parks between Nowra and the Bega Valley. Carr claimed in 2009 that: "rural towns did not 'die' as a result of these conservation measures. The old timber towns now boast communities with a strong economic base, world-class national parks on their doorstep and thriving nature-based tourism". In its first term, the government banned the removal of old-growth vegetation from farmlands and introduced pricing for rural water and an environmental allocation to the state's river systems. In June 2001 jet skis were banned from Sydney Harbour. Carr said: "You wouldn't allow motor bikes in the Botanic Gardens".
The curbs on the clearing of nature vegetation were mounted as a serious anti-greenhouse gas measure, helping Australia achieve its Kyoto targets. In addition, in January 2003 the Carr government launched the world's first greenhouse gas trading scheme, the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme, which set a limit on carbon emissions by electricity retailers. It was listed by the World Bank as the world's first carbon trading scheme.
In 2003 Carr launched the building sustainability index (BASIX) which mandated reductions in energy and water use of up to 40 percent in every new dwelling built after July 2004. Regarding environmental and education improvements, Carr noted in his diary for 21 April 1997: "Yesterday our school reforms were announced. All the ideas I'd formulated in Opposition. Four-unit English for the HSC. Compulsory exams at the end of Year 10. Soft options gone ... I mark the package with forestry. I could leave politics and be satisfied with my achievements."
During its second term (1999-2003) the Carr government embarked on tort law reform, in a manner that earned Carr a description from Forbes magazine as a "dragon slayer". In 1999, with the cost of many forms of injury insurance increasing, Carr gave his Minister John Della Bosca the task of carrying reforms out. As a consequence, procedures which Carr called "legal rorts" were in many cases stripped from the system. The average price of a green slip (compulsory third party motor accident insurance) was to drop $150 on 1999 prices. Carr argued that this created what he called: "the most comprehensive tort reform that any government has developed ... at the expense of the plaintiff lawyers who had fed on a culture of rorts and rip-offs". Carr noted in his diary: "It's not worth being Premier unless you can take privileges off the undeserving."
The introduction of a requirement that a person be subject to 15 percent of whole of body impairment—a percentage that is lower in some states—before being able to recover general damages has been the subject of controversy. It does mean that some people who are quite seriously injured are not able to sue at all. More than any other factor I envisage this restriction will be seen as much too restrictive.
As a result of a 1999 drug summit the Carr cabinet introduced Australia's first medically supervised injecting room for heroin users, located in King's Cross. The government argued it was a harm minimisation measure to keep drug users alive until they make the decision to get off drugs. Other reforms included the introduction of drug courts and a voluntary diversion program that allows magistrates to refer offenders to treatment rather than impose prison sentences.
During his time as opposition leader, Carr had backed a motion by independent parliamentarian John Hatton in May 1994 to establish a Royal Commission into corruption in the NSW Police. Once installed in the premiership, Carr inherited the work of the Royal Commission and its reports. In November 1996 one of the reports recommended that the government give increased power to the Police Commissioner to hire and fire all staff, random drug and alcohol testing of all police officers, the formation of the police detection commission to detect and audit police corruption. But the recommendations sparked strong objection from the Police Association backed by the Labor Council and demonstrations at parliament house by 1500 police. There was a revolt in Carr's parliamentary party. Carr was adamant that the commissioner must have the increased power if the police force were to be rid of corrupt or compromised officers, and the legislation was passed.
The Cross City Tunnel exit at Lincoln Crescent.
The Carr Government pioneered private–public partnerships (PPPs) to fund additional infrastructure, creating a model followed in other states. Five projects delivered Sydney a ring road system including the M5 Extension, the Eastern Distributor, the M2 Hills Motorway, the Westlink M7, the Lane Cove Tunnel, and the Cross City Tunnel. These projects had a total cost of A$$5.4 billion, while all but $800 million was contributed by the private sector.
According to the press release, in 2007 Infrastructure Partnerships Australia awarded three projects that began under Carr's Premiership as the best PPPs in Australia: the Westlink M7 opened in late 2005; school construction and maintenance which the Auditor General said had saved tax payers $55 million; and the maintenance of 626 new rail carriages. The focus on roads spending instead of public transport has been criticised as the wrong priority on environmental grounds: "It was clear even then that NSW desperately needed public transport investment."
A year after his appointment as premier, Carr caused controversy when he recommended that the newly appointed New South Wales Governor, Gordon Samuels, not live at Government House, which would become a museum open to the public. This decision was seen by monarchists as an attempt by Carr, a republican, to downgrade the importance of the office of governor.
Carr's government was in power during much of the building of facilities and the conduct of the 2000 Olympic Games. Carr was to boast that the 2000 Olympics were paid in full without a cent in debt.
By March 2004, public support for Carr started to slip; Newspoll showed that for the first time more people were dissatisfied than satisfied with the Premier. The Liberal opposition frontbenchers were exploiting a public view that the government had underspent on urban infrastructure and public transport. Even after series of announcements and re-announcements of more trains, power stations and a desalination plant, the public had seen enough of Carr. By June 2005, only 35% were satisfied with his performance whereas his dissatisfaction rating had been over 51% since September 2004.
After a decade as Premier, Carr announced his resignation both as Premier and as the Member for Maroubra on 27 July 2005 to be effective from 3 August. This immediately prompted speculation that the resignation was a prelude to a move into federal politics, but Carr denied this. His successor as Premier was former Health Minister Morris Iemma. Shortly after Carr's resignation, Andrew Refshauge and Planning Minister Craig Knowles also left parliament.
Retired Premier Neville Wran described Carr as "the very model of a modern Labor premier, an articulate and powerful public performer who identified himself with the contemporary policy issues of education and the environment." Wran noted that the Carr model became a template for other Australian Labor Party leaders, with some regarding him as a mentor.
After Carr the NSW government was able to claim that while in 1994 there were 328 national parks covering four million hectares of NSW, Carr's policies increased this to 770 national parks covering 6.6 million hectares by 2006. Wilderness protection was expanded: there were 650,000 hectares (1,600,000 acres) in 1994, by 2006 nearly two million hectares.
The North Side Sewage Tunnel, funded by the government in its first term, stopped more than 20 billion litres of sewage reaching Sydney Harbour and saw whales and dolphins return to it. The government also built pollution traps to capture litter and rubbish that would have otherwise been flushed with storm water onto Sydney beaches. In 1994, before the election of the government, 430 kilograms (950 lb) of waste was being generated by every Sydney resident each year, and only 60 kilograms (130 lb) being recycled. Reforms to the waste industry saw a 28 percent reduction to 310 kilograms (680 lb) per person and a 65 percent increase in recycling to 102 kilograms (225 lb) per person.
He received credit for the increase in the number and size of the state's national parks, while criticism was made about rail transport which recorded a period of poor on-time running and a damaging industrial dispute in 2004.
The Carr government is also known for its considerable infrastructure contribution. Total State Sector Real Growth from 1995 to 2005 was 41%.
Infrastructure projects included the Eastern Distributor, M5 East, three bus expressways costing $300 million in Western Sydney, Lane Cove Tunnel, Cross City Tunnel, the Epping to Chatswood railway line, the start on the South West Rail Link and the North West Rail Link and the M7 Westlink which at 42 kilometers is the longest urban road in Australia and slashed travel times in Western Sydney by one hour.
After leaving state parliament, Carr continued his involvement in public debate. He championed embryonic stem cell research, writing in The Daily Telegraph on 24 August 2006: "Stem cell research enjoys great public support. Let the doctors and scientists get on with the job. Their research might save a life in your family or mine".[This quote needs a citation] In another opinion piece he urged support for somatic cell nuclear transfer (sometimes known as 'therapeutic cloning').
He continued to advocate nature conservation, for example by calling for national park declarations over the River Red Gums. He wrote in 2009 that the river red gums are "Australian icons, part of our folklore, symbols of inland Australia".
He was an opponent of a charter of rights. Carr wrote in The Australian that, "if the public believed the executive arm of government were stifling freedoms, Australia slipping behind other democracies, there would have been a decided shove towards a human rights act". He continued "Instead…it sunk below the water, not leaving a slick of printer's ink".
Pursuing his interest in literacy he urged an opening of the Australian book market to permit the import of cheaper books.
The rise in the annual immigration intake brought Carr into the debate on what he called 'Australia's carrying capacity'. Carr argued that "The debate is about whether immigration should be running at very high levels. It's about whether we end up with a population of 36 million in 2050 in contrast to the previous expectation of 28.5 million".
Carr took up the issue of obesity and argued that chain restaurants should be forced by law to put calorie measurements next to menu items, that trans fats be banned as in some US states and food manufacturers be made to reduce salt content.
In retirement Carr made speeches at international conferences on climate change, Australia–China relations and multiculturalism.
In October 2005 Carr became a part-time consultant for Macquarie Bank, advising the company on policy, climate change, renewables and strategic issues with a focus on the United States and the People's Republic of China.
Carr continued pursuing his literary interests, interviewing authors and lecturing at the Sydney Writers' Festival. He appeared as a guest reporter for the ABC television show Foreign Correspondent, conducting an interview with friend Gore Vidal. In 2008 he attended the Australia 2020 Summit as part of the economy panel, and raised the issues of an Australian Republic and childhood obesity.
He has been a member of the board of directors at the United States Studies Centre since 2009 and is a charter member of the Chester A. Arthur Society, a US political trivia group named after the US president, 1881–1885. In 2009 he was appointed to the council of Voiceless, the animal protection institute. In 2010 he was appointed Patron of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music Foundation and Patron of the Chifley home, Bathurst.
In April 2013, Fairfax journalist Philip Dorling identified Carr from a searchable database of declassified US State Department diplomatic cables as having criticised the Whitlam Government and provided information on internal Labor Party politics during discussions with the American consul-general in Sydney during the early 1970s. Asked about these contacts with US diplomats, Senator Carr said: "I was in my 20s. I could have said anything."
On 2 March 2012, Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced that Carr would be nominated to fill a casual vacancy in the Australian Senate caused by the resignation of Mark Arbib. This term would expire on 30 June 2014. Gillard also announced Carr would become the new Minister for Foreign Affairs in succession to Kevin Rudd. Carr confirmed that he would seek election to the Senate for a further full six-year term and was subsequently nominated at the head of Labor's New South Wales Senate ticket for the 2013 poll.
Carr was formally chosen to fill the vacant Senate position by a joint sitting of the NSW Parliament on 6 March 2012. He was sworn as a Senator and Minister for Foreign Affairs on 13 March.
As Foreign Minister, Carr's principal focuses were Australia's (successful) bid for a temporary position on the United Nations Security Council, passage of a global Arms Trade Treaty, the Middle East peace process, the conflict in Syria and stronger relations between Australia and the Asia-Pacific particularly Myanmar, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
Carr's term as Foreign Minister coincided with the final stages of Australia's campaign for a UN Security Council seat. The campaign, initiated in 2009, placed Australia in the ballot for a seat in the "Western Europe & Other" category, against European nations Luxembourg and Finland. In the context of the bid, Carr supported Security Council reform including permanent membership for Japan, Brazil and India and two permanent seats for Africa. Carr credited Australia's successful campaign to promotion of Australia's diplomatic links with African nations and environmental and cultural links with small island states in the Caribbean and Pacific. In October 2012 Australia was elected to the Security Council, winning an absolute majority of votes in the first round of balloting - the first time Australia had held a seat since 1985-86. Known for his fastidious eating habits, Bob Carr responded to the suggestion he would celebrate this success with champagne by saying "I’ll be having, as soon as I can, a generous cup of hot water, boiling water, with a slice of lemon".
Opening negotiations on an arms trade treaty, United Nations, New York 20 March 2013.
Carr advocated adoption by the UN of a global Arms Trade Treaty to track and reduce the supply of weapons to rogue states or terrorist groups. Carr twice travelled to New York to personally campaign for the treaty. The treaty was passed by the UN by 154 votes to 3.
Carr secured Australian Government support for abstention on a motion before the UN General Assembly to grant observer state status to the Palestinian Authority. This represented a shift from Australia's previous opposition to the motion, championed by then-Prime Minister Julia Gillard. Carr argued that abstention on the motion allowed Australia to "reach out to moderate Palestinians who want a peaceful solution [to conflict with Israel] and say we're not opposing you." The UN motion to grant observer state status for the Palestinian Authority was ultimately carried by 138 votes to nine, with 41 abstentions.
In January 2013, in a joint communique with UK Foreign Secretary William Hague, Carr called for US leadership in resuming direct talks between Israelis and Palestinians. The communique also noted that both countries had voted to abstain on the UN motion on Palestinian status and that both viewed Israeli settlements on the West Bank as illegal under international law.
Closer to home, Carr worked to build stronger relations with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), holding in-country talks with all ten member states, twice attending the East Asia Summit and repeatedly emphasizing Australia's interest in regional convergence and co-operation. In 2012 Carr described the health and centrality of ASEAN as critical to Australia's security and prosperity, but warned against ASEAN nations falling into a "middle income trap" of lower growth as a consequence of institutional rigidity and a slowing of internal reform.
Carr also worked to restore global diplomatic relations with Myanmar following the Myanmar Government's release of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and introduction of limited domestic political reform. Australian sanctions on Myanmar were lifted in 2012, though an arms embargo was maintained. Carr lobbied European and United States leaders to follow suit, with the European Union lifting its sanctions April 2013 and the US moving to increase engagement on trade and investment. Carr urged the Myanmar Government to continue its progress towards democracy, while welcoming the release of political prisoners and commitments to address ongoing ethnic and religious violence. He announced a doubling of Australia's foreign aid for Myanmar to $100 million by 2015, with a focus on education and maternal health. A further $9 million was provided to assist the Rohingya and other communities affected by civil conflict in Rakhine State.
Carr visited Indonesia on four occasions as Foreign Minister, raising issues such as people smuggling, aid, education links and trade. As Minister for AusAID, Carr oversaw an increase in assistance to Indonesia, to a total of more than $500 million a year for maternal health and education, and $47 million over 5 years to improve facilities in religious schools.
It's a faster industrialisation and on a bigger scale than that of America itself in the 19th century. It happened faster, more people are affected, more dramatic effects for the world than even America's rise to industrial dominance. ... Few could be untouched by what it means for the Chinese people – liberated from poverty, historic poverty; few could be reluctant to see this renewed China take its place in the councils of the world.
"Australia has had a small population, vast distances, a desire for great and powerful friends, and a sense of exposure to its north ever since Japan defeated Russia in 1905 and Alfred Deakin looked for support (from the US)."
Carr returned to China with Prime Minister Gillard in April 2013 for the annual Boao Forum for Asia, with a focus on strengthening bilateral relations. The Chinese Government agreed to the direct convertibility of Australian currency into yuan - only the third such agreement in China's history. Gillard and Carr also secured agreements for an annual leadership dialogue with their Chinese counterparts. China's President Xi Jinping was reported as intending to lift Australia-China relations "to a new level" following Forum discussions.
In a speech following the visit, Carr said Australia's achievements at the Forum had been to create the bilateral architecture needed to support future Australia-China relations - annual leaders and foreign minister's talks, and an ongoing economic dialogue between Australia's trade and competitiveness ministers and the Chairman of China's National Development and Reform Commission. Carr praised China's leadership for being "determined, confident and pragmatic" about the continued economic and geopolitical rise of their country.
His third visit, in July 2013, was to central China where he opened Australia's fourth diplomatic post in China, a consulate-general in the Sichuan provincial capital of Chengdu. At the opening Carr emphasised trade issues, highlighting Chinese investment in Australia and saying the new consulate would assist Australian firms in establishing a presence in western China.
President Putin with Carr, G20, St Petersburg, September 2013.
Carr also represented Australia at the 2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit. His G20 interventions included as a member of a panel comprising Russian business and international labour, and in a leader's debate on chemical weapons in Syria. At a sideline meeting convened by UK Prime Minister David Cameron, Carr also secured international agreement on a medical pact in Syria to protect hospitals and health care workers from targeted attacks and to maintain humanitarian access for medical NGO's and for the distribution of aid.
Carr's "medical plan" for Syria became an issue he pursued in international fora. The plan aimed to use international pressure to force an informal agreement between all parties in the Syrian civil war, to end the targeting of hospital or medical personnel, avoid the use of hospitals as bases and ensure the safe distribution of civilian medical aid. Speaking after Australia's successful push for the UN Security Council position in 2012, Carr said the plan represented his first priority in its new United Nations role. Australia's foreign aid for the Syrian crisis was increased to more than $100 million, focusing on shelter, medical support and child protection for refugees fleeing to Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey.
In the absence of a ceasefire or UNSC action on Syria, Carr's plan received international support including from US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, the Arab League and leaders at the 2013 G20 Summit.
On 23 October 2013, Carr announced his resignation from the Senate, which took effect the following day. He was replaced by Deborah O'Neill on 13 November 2013.
As Carr had been elected to the Senate at the 2013 federal election for a six-year term to commence 1 July 2014, the timing of his resignation created a constitutional quirk, as he was resigning both his current term and a subsequent term that had not yet commenced. To resolve this, O'Neill had to be re-appointed to the Senate by the New South Wales Parliament after the commencement of the 2014–2020 Senate term. To mitigate the cost of recalling both houses of the parliament for a joint sitting (estimated at AUD $300,000), Premier Mike Baird convened a sitting on 2 July of two government members and two opposition members before the President of the Legislative Council to appoint O'Neill to the Senate for the term which began on 1 July.
After his resignation, Bob Carr accepted the position of Director, Australia-China Relations Institute, University of Technology, Sydney and Carr also accepted a professorial fellowship with the University of Sydney Southeast Asia Centre as a Professorial Fellow, and in May 2014 became head of the newly-established Australia-China Relations Institute, a think-tank at UTS.
Carr is the author of several books, including Thoughtlines (Viking, 2002), My Reading Life (Penguin, 2008), and Diary of a Foreign Minister (2014), which received a mixed reception with Carr ridiculed for his perceived arrogance.
In May 2003, author Marilyn Dodkin authored a biography, Bob Carr: the reluctant leader, partly based on Carr's private diaries and including his often uncomplimentary thoughts on various political personalities. A second biography, Bob Carr: A Self-Made Man, by Andrew West and Rachel Morris, was published in September 2003 by Harper Collins.
Carr participated in the 2004 Sydney Festival in conversation with Sir Tom Stoppard. He has served as a board member of book retailer Dymocks since July 2007.
Carr has been a long time campaigner against high immigration. since leaving politics he has campaigned on cutting immigration numbers.
For his work in improving Australia–US relations he was awarded a Fulbright Distinguished Fellow Award Scholarship. He donated the prize money to launch scholarships for the State's teachers to complete studies abroad. For his services to conservation he was given the World Conservation Union International Parks Merit Award and made a life member of the Wilderness Society.
In 2008 he was awarded the Cavaliere di Gran Croce Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic), the second of five grades of the order, in recognition of his services to Italian culture.
On 5 July 2013, he was given the United Macedonian Diaspora's Macedonia Friendship Award for his friendship of the Australian-Macedonian community and his work to advance bilateral relations between Australia and Macedonia.
^ "The Hon. (Bob) Robert John CARR". parliament.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ a b c Humphries, David (28 July 2005). "Timing ripe for graceful exit". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ a b Coombs, Roger (24 November 2004). "Boxing on for the love of a dead-end job – Saturday Interview". Australia: The Daily Telegraph.
^ a b c "A Bra' Boy". The Canberra Times. 30 July 2005.
^ Preen, Ebony (13 March 2012). "UNSW Alumnus now Australia's Foreign Minister". UNSW Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.
^ "Major supporting act". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2005. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
^ "The Hon. (Bob) Robert John Carr (1947 – )". Members of Parliament. Parliament of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
^ a b Carney, Shaun (28 July 2005). "The Carr Horizons". The Age. Australia.
^ a b Farr, Malcolm (28 July 2005). "The bald ambition that led to Labor dynasty – Bob Carr: His Legacy". The Daily Telegraph. Australia.
^ West, Andrew (2 March 2012). "Carr's long-held ambition fulfilled". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
^ Stephens, Tony (28 July 2005). "A 'solid chapter' comes to an end". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ a b c d "The legacy of an accidental premier". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
^ "Search for Australian Election Results". Australian Politics and Elections Database. University of Western Australia. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ Carr, Bob (27 July 2009). "Logging River Red Gums is Vandalism". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
^ Davies, Anne; Noonan, Gerard (19 March 2005). "Carr's long haul". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
^ Forbes, Steve (15 March 2004). "Dragon slayer". forbes.com. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ a b Carr, Bob (2 September 2009). "As you give Della a kick, remember his successes". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^ a b Dodkin, Marilyn (2003). Bob Carr: The Reluctant Leader. UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-757-9.
^ "NSW Schools Project the Nations Best Infrastructure Project" (Press release). Infrastructure Partnerships Australia. 23 February 2007.
^ Farrelly, Elizabeth (16 January 2013). "Food for thought – Carr by name, car by nature in office". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
^ Carr, Bob (8 June 2006). "Letters". The Australian Financial Review.
^ "Closing a big chapter in the Bob Carr story". The Age. Melbourne. 28 July 2005.
^ Carr, Bob (25 July 2006). "Age-old objections must not be allowed to delay this revolution". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Carr, Bob (23 July 2009). "Logging River Red Gums is Vandalism". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Carr, Bob (22 April 2010). "Three Cheers That We Won't Have a Charter of Rights". The Australian.
^ Carr, Bob (14 November 2009). "Consumers Will Force Books Rethink". The Australian.
^ Carr, Bob (1 April 2010). "Why Our Cities Will Really Choke With Population Growth". Crikey.
^ Carr, Bob (27 March 2010). "Follow US lead and count the cost of calories". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ "The Hon. Bob Carr joins Macquarie Bank as part-time consultant". Macquarie Bank website. Archived from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
^ "Sydney Writers' Festival Program". Sydney Writers' Festival website. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
^ "Hollywood & Politics: An Encounter with Gore Vidal". Foreign Correspondent website. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
^ "Carr's warning to 2020 'zealots'". ABC News. Australia. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
^ Noonan, Gerard (25 October 2004). "Arnie paves way for Bob". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
^ Robinson, Natasha (19 May 2009). "Armchair history buffs face TV test". The Australian. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
^ "Voiceless Council Members". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
^ Dorling, Philip: Bob Carr: Washington's man in Australia, The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 April 2013.
^ a b Wright, Jessica; Ireland, Judith (2 March 2012). "Bob Carr to take foreign affairs role". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
^ "Voting in New South Wales (NSW), 2013 federal election". Australian Electoral Commission. September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ "Bob Carr endorsed as NSW senator". ABC News. Australia. ABC/AAP. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
^ Ireland, Judith (13 March 2012). "Senators welcome Carr to the red room". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
^ DeSilva-Ranasinghe, Sergei (26 August 2013). "Interview: Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr". The Diplomat. The Diplomat. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ "Australia collects more UN support: Carr". The Australian. News Ltd. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ "Australia wins seat on UN Security Council". ABC AM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ Norington, Brad (19 October 2012). "Australia wins seat on United Nations Security Council". The Australian. News Limited. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ "Bob Carr has opened up about life in office, but what did he say at the time?". NewsComAu. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
^ Osborne, Paul (3 April 2013). "Australia hails UN arms trade treaty". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Hudson, Phillip (28 November 2012). "Julia Gillard backs down on plans to vote against improving Palestine's status in the United Nations". Herald Sun. News Ltd. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ Kirk, Alexandra (27 November 2012). "Australia to abstain from Palestinian vote". The World Today. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ "General Assembly grants Palestine non-member observer State status at UN". UN News Centre. United Nations. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
^ a b "AUKMIN 2013 Communiqué - Australia-United Kingdom Ministerial Consultations" (Press release). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ a b Carr, Bob (29 October 2012). "Already halfway to a shared Asian vision". The Australian. News Ltd. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ a b Sheridan, Greg (7 February 2013). "Carr goes all out to bring Myanmar in from the cold". The Australian. News Ltd. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "U.S. Moves to Boost Myanmar Trade Ties After EU Lifts Sanctions". Bloomberg News. Bloomberg L.P. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "Australia-Myanmar Talks" (Press release). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "Helping Hand: Australia gives Burma aid, lifts sanctions". News.com.au. News Ltd. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "Bob Carr announces $3.2 million aid boost for Myanmar's Rakhine state". ABC news. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Bachelard, Michael (5 April 2013). "Schools getting Australian aid free of radicalism, Carr told". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ a b "Australia, the US and the rise of the Asia Pacific". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. April 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "Carr: China concerned by Australia-US military ties". BBC News China. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ a b "Senator the Hon Bob Carr: Transcript of Press Conference". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. May 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ Hartcher, Peter (22 May 2012). "China throws book, but Carr parries with chapter and verse". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ "Australia's Prime Minister on trade mission to China". Australia Network News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
^ Wynne, Wang (10 April 2013). "China begins direct trade in Australian dollars for first time". The Australian. News Ltd. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
^ Grigg, Angus (8 April 2013). "Xi wants relations at 'new level'". Australian Financial Review. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
^ "Address to Asia Society, Hong Kong". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. July 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
^ Wen, Philip (31 July 2013). "Mission opens door to vast interior". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ "G20 meeting accepts Carr plan on medicines for Syria" (Press release). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
^ Kaye, Byron (28 September 2012). "WMA backs Bob Carr's plan to protect medical staff in Syria". The Medical Observer. MIMS Publishing. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ Coorey, Phillip; Flitton, Daniel (20 October 2012). "Medical care for Syria's wounded will be a priority, Gillard says". Canberra Times. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ "Clinton backs Carr's plan of protection for Syrian medical workers". The Medical Observer. MIMS Publishing. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ "Carr pledges aid boost for Syria refugees". Adelaide Advertiser. News Ltd. 20 April 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ Ireland, Judith (23 October 2012). "Bob Carr announces resignation from Senate". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
^ Aston, Heath (19 June 2014). "Mike Baird finds a way to deal with Bob Carr Senate quirk". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
^ China economy specialist to set research agenda for new think tank UTS Newsroom press release, 1 August 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
^ China's 'brazen' and 'aggressive' political interference outlined in top-secret report ABC News, 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
^ "UTS staff page". Retrieved 1 November 2014.
^ Nethercote, J. R. (6 May 2014). "Bob Carr's Diary of a Foreign Minister: more matter, less art". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ Roggeveen, Sam (30 April 2014). "Why Bob Carr's book matters". The Interpreter. The Lowy Institute for International Policy. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ Phiddian, Robert (10 April 2014). "Bob Carr's diary reveals a true satirist". The Drum. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ "Bob Carr's Diary of a Foreign Minister dubbed 'Bridget Carr's Diary'". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ "Bob Carr: the Reluctant Leader". UNSW Press. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
^ Slavin, John (15 January 2004). "Tom Stoppard: a review of Spoken Word". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ "Profile – United States Studies Centre – The Honourable Bob Car". United States Studies Centre, University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012.
^ "Bob Carr talks about Primo Levi". Italian Cultural Institute in Sydney. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
^ "Foreign Minister Bob Carr Supports Stronger Australia-Macedonia Ties". 10 July 2013.
Carr, Bob (2002). Thoughtlines: Reflections of a Public Man. Camberwell, Vic: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-04025-4.
Clune, David (2005). "Bob Carr: The Unexpected Colossus". In Wanna, John; Williams, Paul (eds.). Yes, Premier: Labor Leadership in Australia's States and Territories (First ed.). Sydney: UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-840-8.
Dodkin, Marilyn (2003). Bob Carr: The Reluctant Leader. UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-757-9.
West, Andrew (2003). Bob Carr: A Self-made Man. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-7322-7750-5.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bob Carr.
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If you like a flexible workout schedule, then you probably enjoy working out at home. Home workouts can be just as effective as going to the gym. Working out at home has many advantages, as you don't have to pay for a gym membership or transport to the gym, and it can be a private time you spend with yourself. The exercises you do at home can be just as useful as the ones you do at the gym, without all the expensive workout equipment.
This is an essential workout accessory, whether at home or at the gym. Doing exercise on the floor can lead to severe injuries that you can avoid by doing your workout on a mat. Different types of mats are available on the market, they range in style, material, color, price and design, and whichever mat you choose to buy depends on your budget, your tastes, and the kind of exercise you intend to do on your mat. The most popular types of mats are foam yoga mats, rubber mats, cork mats, and polyurethane-rubber mats. Each of these mats has their advantages and disadvantages, but if you are a beginner, look out for a soft, non-slip yoga mat that will give you some extra cushion while doing stretches, planks, push-ups, and other exercises.
You probably used a regular jump rope when you were little, and it was fun because you could skip for hours without getting tired. However, to optimize cardio, you should upgrade from a regular jump rope to a weighted one. A weighted jump rope will add some resistance and get your heart rate up in a shorter period, and it will also help you build more strength and endurance while you skip. If you want to make it even more challenging, add double-unders, high knees, and criss-cross between jumps. Make sure you clear an ample space while using your weighted jump rope, or even better, jump rope in an open area to avoid breaking things.
A foam roller is a necessity, especially if you like to engage in high-intensity workouts. Strength-training exercises like weightlifting, squats, and core workouts can drain you and leave you sore. That is why you need rest days after intense workout sessions; rest days don't necessarily mean exercise-free days, as you should do low-intensity exercises like stretches and yoga to relieve sore muscles. A foam roller is great for this, as it has three pressure zones that will help you to increase flexibility in your back, hamstrings, quads, and more, and it will ease muscle soreness and help to increase your range of motion. Just relax, lay in a comfortable place and position, and roll away.
Traditional medicine balls can be dangerous around the house, as either you, your kids, or pet could toss it around and break something. To avoid this, you can add a soft medicine ball; it still provides the weight you need, as the balls range from four to forty pounds, but it is made from leather so you can safely throw it or toss it while doing your workouts.
If you want a total body workout, you can try out kettlebell exercises. You can purchase an adjustable kettlebell, with a weight range of ten to forty pounds, and you can choose whichever weight you need for your particular exercise.
Resistance bands are an essential workout gear for anyone serious about working out at home. Mini resistance bands are portable enough and incredibly effective, and they have three levels of resistance that you can utilize for stretches, mobility exercises, yoga, and more.
There is most likely a long rack of dumbbells with different weights available at your local gym, but you can't have that at home unless you have a personal gym space. This does not mean you can't have the same benefits; you can buy adjustable dumbbells that come with a storage rack so you can easily slide it somewhere safe after you workout.
Coming up with a workout routine can be challenging, especially when you are a beginner, but you can't let that discourage you from continuing your daily exercise. All you need to do is purchase a workout DVD that will guide you through your workouts and also help you to maintain proper form as you exercise. There are many great exercise DVDs that you can use, and there are beginner, intermediate, and advanced DVDs available for all at-home athletes.
Emmanuel Domingo is a fitness and health enthusiast whose everyday goal is to stay active and fit, so he has much to share with his audience. In addition to regularly hiking and dancing, he also loves focusing on nutrition by cooking healthy, flavorful, and exciting meals for himself and his girlfriend.
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Toshokan Sensou (or The Library Wars), is another one of those odd anime that I seem to end up reviewing. The show has a nice premise which is reminiscent of Orwell's 1984 and Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 all rolled into one.
The anime is based on a series of four light novels by Arikawa Hiro (entitled Toshokan Sensou, Nairan, Kiki, and Kakumei respectively), which were published from 2006 to 2007. The novels were later serialized in two mangas. The first manga was made by Yumi Kiiro, and published in Lala magazine from September 2007. The second was made by Furudori Yayoi, and was published Dengeki Daioh magazine from November 2007. The twelve episode anime was made by Production IG, and released in April 2008 on Fuji TV's Noitamina (which is animation written backwards) timeslot.
The basic plot for the novels is based on the "Statement of Intellectual Freedom in Libraries" that went into effect in Japan in 1954. The story is set 30 years after Japan passed the Media Enhancement Act in 1989, a law which effectively gave control of all published material to the government. The law was passed in an effort to censor any media that could be deemed as hazardous to Japanese society, but 30 years later blanket censorships, book burnings, and a culture of fear and exclusion have become the norm for society, as Media Enforcement troops are everywhere.
Because of this, and because of a tragedy that occured 20 years prior to the beginning of the story, the libraries now have their own defense forces, and the main character, Kasahara Iku, joins the Kanto Library Defense Force as she was saved by a member of the that team some years back. The show follows her struggle to become a good librarian and a good member of the defense team.
The art style is very much hit and miss. Although the characters are nicely designed Production IG have adopted a style that has quite noticeable black borders around characters and objects. This give the show a far more "cartoony" feel than it should possibly have, especially during the dramatic moments. This "cartoony" feel can be off putting to some people, whilst others may be oblivious to it.
The backgrounds and settings are well designed, but overall they aren't anything special. The animation itself is usually quite smooth and flowing, although there are some glaring faults (the scene in episode 11 with a van crashing through a barrier made from two buses and receiving no damage is a prime example).
The sound is okay overall. The OP is nice, if unmemorable, as is the ED. The VA's are quite good overall. Inoue Marina plays the role of Iku very well, and her voice suits the design of the character. The same goes for the rest of the VA's with their resepctive characters. The sound effects are pretty good throughout the show. Most of these are used in the more dramatic or action filled moments to good effect.
The characters weren't bad on the whole. Iku is a nice enough lead on the whole, although I found it a little off putting that she is a stereotypical "jock" (i.e. all muscle and no brain). She is determined and caring, but coupled with that is a short temper, reckless behaviour, a dislike of serious study and classrooms, and a endency to overreact. This can make her character confusing as it's sometimes unclear how the show is trying to develop her.
The other characters (Doujo Atsushi, Shibasaki Asako, Tezuka Hikaru, etc), receive very little development throughout the course of the show, especially given the fact that the show is about Iku. This makes the show unbalanced as, although we are clear about what drives Iku, we are rarely shown any of the other chaacters' motivations.
Here's the reason why I said this show is a bit odd. It never seems to settle on being one thing as it has drama, action, suspense, comedy, and even romance all mixed into it. he unfortunate thing though, is that it never quite pulls of the comedy, the romance is a little on the limp side, the drama is sometimes hammed up, and the suspense is normally easy to work out. Couple this with the cartoon style art and the show is difficult to take seriously.
However, the show is enjoyable on the whole, especially if you don't treat it as a serious anime. It's effectively a coming of age story and as such it actually works on quite a few levels.
Toshokan Sensou isn't a bad show on the whole. Yes, there are some obvious failings in the show, but it is still rather enjoyable in a no-brain kind of way. I wouldn't recommend it to anyone who wants a serious show, or to anyone who wants a comedy. Although the basic premise is a serious one, the show works better as a straightforward action anime, and as such it's not a bad way to waste half an hour (hence my overall score of 7).
If you're going to watch the show then don't have any expectations of high drama, challenging concepts, or any kind of socio-political message. It doesn't require any introspection or deep philosophical ponderings, and the best advice is to watch it in the same way you'd watch Die Hard, Rush Hour, or any other action movie.
I just happened to hear about this anime by chance from another website. The premise was interesting so I decided to give it a try and was totally amazed. The storyline, characters, artwork, and sound are engrossing and completely draw you in. While the characters themselves may not be completely unique, their interactions with one another and the realistic emotional outbursts are i think rare among most anime.
Most people don't really mention this but I also consider this a full romance. The relationship between the main characters develops more naturally over time. They are not sappy or fake but there was a lovely tenderness and protectiveness towards one another that was great and heartfelt. And in this anime you definitely get a somewhat satisfying ending vs. most animes that leave things very open ended. I am hoping hoping for a second season because my only complaint would be that this anime was way to short.
The storyline is smart with strong sociological undertones. The advantage is you can choose to really ignore the important issues if you want to you. You can enjoy the action, comedy and romance alone or you can also appreciate the underlying message and concept. Either way, I don't believe it will diminish your enjoyment of the show.
So overall witty and lovable characters, great story, nice artwork.. this is now one of my top fav. animes of all time.
I tried really hard to hate this anime. I watched the first episode and I was absolutely geared up to hate the whole thing and bring all my negative emotional baggage down on it.
I failed. I fell in love with this anime.
It deals with a war very unlike Western wars, and with laws very unlike Western laws. In the real world war is incredibly lawless and ugly, and law enforcement is terrible. But this anime deals with an extremely civilized war with very strict rules of engagement, very limited weapons, and scrupulous regard for human life, so it's not like watching documentary footage of real wars. The war is also in effect a limited civil war, so it's not like any war story I can recall ever having seen before.
This anime is short but extremely complete. The visuals are gorgeous. The character development, plot, and pacing are very well-balanced. It packs a huge amount of energy into a very concentrated package.
Obscure trivia note:The main character of Mahou Shoujo Tai Arusu was played by Kojima Sachiko, but for whatever reason, I keep thinking that she sounds exactly like Inoue Marina playing the main character of Toshokan Sensou.
This was probably one of the best decision to watch back in 2008.
The story is about a special trained military force for the "Library", to protect good, fun and important books. It sounds intresting, but not good enough.
The characters and the art help you through the series, in which the story develops nicely. The characters are done great, their backgrounds, relations and personalities, they really look like humans which just got animated, through their personalities that is.
The art is okay, sometimes they could've drawn more realistic, some female characters look too much on their male co-characters. But that's probably meant to be that way, since, when you get to know a softer side, you get to see how beautiful she actually is.
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Why should you bring your new boutique online?
Taking your business online allows you to connect with people at anytime and from anywhere. It’s almost always the first place people start with to search for information about anything. 93% of people surveyed in the US said they used the internet to research before making purchases, and 91% of people said they search online to find local businesses. (1) So in order to make yourself known, your business needs to be there. Setting yourself up online will give you important visibility which will give your business the chance to grow.
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Recently on the 15th September there was a programme on Radio 4 Sunday which featured Chancel Repair Liability and in many ways it was great since it featured the problems PCC's are dealing with and highlighted many issues.
There was though one important mistake it repeated several times and that was that former church land carries the liability and this is absolutely not true in virtually all cases of church owned land the liability was either removed in 1923 or 1976. The only exception to this is if the land was formerly owned by a bishop or Dean or other senior clerical office (appropriator) this liability may remain but often, it is owned, ultimately by the Church Commissioners. Hence land called or houses with the phrase glebe or rectory or vicarage as part of the name are places that are the least likely to have the liability.
The land that bears the liability is land that once was owned by Lay Rectors (or impropriators) not land owned by the Clerical Rectors. It was unfortunate that a good programme should be marred with a basic misunderstanding of the law.
It is also forgot to include the issue of their being two different forms of liability, that of apportioned liability, which is by far the largest form of liability and that of non-apportioned leaving, I believe, most people thinking that any land has complete liability for the chancel when this is, simply, not true.
The reporter visited Rutland and the PCC had been concerned about the liability and assumed their parish church had it. Apparently they wrote to the charity commissioners saying they did not want to pursue it due to pastoral damage they may cause.
The problem with the story was that the parish of Preston in Rutland never had the liability in the first place.
In 1773 the land that may have taken the liability was given to a Clerical Rector and any liability tied to former land owned by a Clerical Rector has long since been extinguished. So whether the Charity Commission released the parish from not doing a research on a non-existence liability remains a little mystery. In my opinion to not research, if indeed that was what happened, was a mistake for the parish of Preston may well have discovered that some very wealthy and ancient body were responsible.
As can be seen from the above extract the opposite is true of Newbold in Warwick where the land was given to a lay person and in that parish there may well be land that has the liability.
The programme was great in highlighting the issues but from my perspective a real understanding of the complexity of chancel repair liability was not expressed and their is a danger of people getting the wrong impression of where the liability could be found and what it is like.
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The four factors that can affect population size are fertility rate, mortality rate, immigration and emigration. Fertility rate and mortality rate are often grouped together as are immigration and emigration.
The fertility rate of a population refers to the average amount of children that women have throughout their lifetime, adjusted to births per certain amount of the population in the year. The opposing factor to fertility rate is mortality rate, which is equal to the typical amount of deaths per the same amount of the population in the year. Finally, immigration is a count of how many foreigners become residents of the country, while emigration is a count of how many residents leave the country.
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Ángel Borlenghi (February 1, 1904 – August 6, 1962) was an Argentine labor leader and politician closely associated with the Peronist movement.
Ángel Gabriel Borlenghi was born in Buenos Aires in 1904. Becoming a retail clerk by profession, Borlenghi's socialist ideology soon led him to join the Commercial Employees' Federation (FEC). His position in the union rose after his fellow socialists advanced the 1926 formation of the Argentine Workers' Confederation (COA), and Borlenghi was named Secretary General of the FEC when the COA fused with another, leftist union (the Union of Argentine Syndicates, or USA) to become the CGT (still the nation's preeminent labor union), in 1930.
Borlenghi was named director of the Interunion Committee, and thus given the twin responsibilities of coordinating policy among the myriad unions in the CGT, as well as resolving conflict as it appeared. The CGT presented its first platform in 1931, drafting a program calling for a guaranteed freedom to organize, greater pay and benefits, and a formal say in public policy, among other reforms. Sparing use of strike actions and intense lobbying, particularly on Borlenghi's part as the Interunion Committee head, resulted in Congressional passage of the landmark Law 11729 (formalizing labor contracts in the service sector), in 1936.
This success arrived during a period of growing divisions in the CGT, however. As head of the largest sector within the CGT at the time, Borlenghi helped separate the more socialist sectors from the rest in 1936, leaving them to reconstitute the smaller USA union. Further contention led to Borlenghi's joining municipal workers' leader Francisco Pérez Leirós into a "CGT Number 2," in 1942. The following June, however, conservative President Ramón Castillo was deposed in a nationalist coup d'état. The removal of the mercantilist and politically fraudulent Castillo regime elicited initial, positive reactions from both CGTs, and Borlenghi engaged in policy discussions with Alberto Gilbert, the new Interior Minister (a position overseeing domestic security policy, at the time). Gilbert, however, promptly allied the new regime with the less combative "CGT Number 1," ordering the dissolution of the CGT-2.
The decision did not permanently divide the labor movement, however, because one of the coup's leaders, Lt. Col. Domingo Mercante, was tied through family connections to the railway workers' union. Its leader, José Domenech, was also the Secretary General of the CGT-1. The Railway Union's chief counsel, Juan Atilio Bramuglia, seized this opening to create a close alliance with the government, and was joined in these talks by Borlenghi and Pérez Leirós (whose banned CGT-2 was larger). The negotiations were soon joined by the Secretary of Labor and personal friend of Mercante's: Col. Juan Perón.
Union representatives found in Perón a sympathetic and charismatic voice through whom they could be a strong influence in government policy. Only around 10 percent of Argentina's labor force was unionized at the time, and many union leaders saw a unique opportunity in Perón, who obtained their support for his request to the president that the Labor Secretariat by made into a cabinet-level ministry. Others supported the idea of backing Perón in a Labor Party ticket, outright. Borlenghi was initially opposed to such a mutually-binding endorsement, though by 1945, the Labor Minister's record had won him over, as well as much of the now-reunified CGT.
Perón rise to prominence fed rivalries within the regime, which had him resign as Vice President and arrested on October 9. Convinced that he had been permanently sidelined, a meeting of 24 union leaders resolved to create their Labor Party, and to proceed with or without Perón. There were two abstentions, however: telecommunications workers' leader Luis Gay and Borlenghi. They joined Perón's mistress, Eva Duarte, in organizing mass demonstrations for his release and by October 17, they had also obtained most other unions' support for the measure. The successful mobilization led to the charter of the Labor Party on October 24 - with Perón as its candidate. Borlenghi, still affiliated to the Socialist Party of Argentina, resigned his membership in it when the party joined an opposition alliance, the Democratic Union.
As Interior Minister, Borlenghi was entrusted by Perón not only to look after law enforcement - but also the opposition.
Handily elected in February 1946, Perón rewarded Borlenghi's tested support and organizational skill with an appointment as Interior and Justice Ministry. The post would give him purview over the courts, law enforcement and vetting power over most political strategy. He moved quickly to advance the president's agenda by organizing a Labor Party convention for the purpose of re-chartering it as the Peronist Party, in 1947, and ordered the purchase of a majority stake in Haynes Publishing, from which El Laborista, Mundo Peronista and an array of other magazines were published as government mouthpieces. Through his control of the nation's largest police department, the 25,000-man "Policía Federal," Borlenghi had numerous opposition figures jailed. Some of the most intransigent were taken to a basement in the newly-expanded Ramos Mejía Hospital (one of Buenos Aires' largest), where torture became routine.
The president's confidence in Borlenghi was buttressed by the creation of the Federal Security Council in 1951, which included transferring the National Gendarmery and the Naval Prefecture (akin to the Coast Guard) from military control. Faced with such measures, some among the opposition began making conciliatory overtures to the powerful Interior Minister; a June 1953 meeting with a delegation from the conservative Democratic Party, for instance, led to the release of former Finance Minister Federico Pinedo and others in their leadership. Others soon followed, though the Peronists' main opposition, the centrist UCR, refused this approach, leading Borlenghi to publicly blame them for the continuation of the state of siege declared in April.
Flush with electoral and economic successes during 1954, Perón began to dispense with his hitherto warm relations with the Catholic Church by confronting "Catholic Action," a youth organization within the church. Borlenghi initially opposed confrontation with the powerful Church, though once the decision had been made, he contributed to the fracas by shuttering El Pueblo, the leading Catholic periodical, in December - an affront followed by the president's December 22 legalization of divorce and prostitution. His lack of enthusiasm for what he saw as a gratuitous fight did not protect him from Catholic scorn, once the die had been cast by Perón. A practicing Catholic himself, Borlenghi's wife, Carla, was Jewish, encouraging more reactionary Catholics to focus blame on him not only for his role as the nation's chief law enfocement officer; but also for his wife's allegedly hostile influence on him.
Ultimately, as Borlenghi had warned, Perón's struggle with his country's chief religious institution destroyed military loyalty fo his administration. The June 16, 1955, bombing of Plaza de Mayo during a Peronist rally by the Argentine Air Force (killing 364 - including a bus-full of children) brutally illustrated this crisis and on June 29, the president attempted to regain control by lifting the 1953 state of siege and replacing Borlenghi and others. Subsequent shifts in strategy and rhetoric were to no avail: Perón was overthrown three months later.
Borlenghi, who was in Italy at the time of the coup, had his home ransacked by troops - an incident which destroyed a great volume of documentation pertaining to his role in Peronism. He remained among the less-well understood figures in the movement, despite being the second-most powerful. Borlenghi never abandoned the idea of Perón's return to power, and in early 1961, he held informal discussions with Che Guevara on the possibility of an alliance between Fidel Castro's new regime and the Peronist movement. Borlenghi died suddenly in Italy in 1962, at age 58.
^ Barroetaveña, Mariano. Ideas, política, economía y sociedad en la Argentina (1880-1955). Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos, 2007.
^ a b Page, Joseph A. Perón: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1983.
^ Rein, Raanan. The Second Line of Peronist Leadership.
University of Maryland Latin American Studies Center, 2000.
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Did you know that music helps children who have pronunciation problems? Thanks to music education children can improve stuttering and other aspects such as the development of their creative capacity, the externalization of their emotions and the reinforcement of memory.
-The first advantage is that it develops the musical ear, so it facilitates its introduction to the melodic world. Thanks to it, children are able to recognize and differentiate the different sounds that are present in everyday life.
– Music education favors artistic expression and allows the opportunity for many children to discover that they want to dedicate themselves to playing an instrument and creating, by themselves, their own music. Therefore, it develops the imagination and creative capacity.
-The children learn to keep up with their bodies or objects in their environment. It captures music as a source of sensations and a vehicle to transmit feelings. At the same time, people feel and get excited about the lyrics of a song.
-Helps in the treatment of language problems. Many children have difficulty reproducing certain sounds or other types of language problems. Thanks to songs and music education , children can treat their difficulties and in a very enjoyable way. In fact, many phonoaudiology therapies for children with stuttering problems are based on singing.
– Facilitate social relationships. By playing a musical instrument and singing, the child must coordinate with his peers and facilitate their relationships with them. In this case it is important that the music is performed in groups.
– It helps to express itself publicly, a task that always costs and causes nerves. If children are faced with playing a music instrument on a stage continuously, they can overcome stage fright.
– Music education improves the ability to concentrate and memorize.
-Learning music improves motor skills, such as controlling hands and eyes when playing an instrument.
The musical instruments, offered to us in specialized stores are also useful to increase self-confidence and reduce the stress that western society generates from our children in our day-to-day lives.
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What Are the Differences Between Seals and Sea Lions?
Despite the similarities of outward appearance, true seals and sea lions have some noticeable differences, due to convergent evolution. The Phocidae, or family group to which the true seals belong, are believed to have descended from a terrestrial weasel-like ancestor, while the Otariidae, or sea lion family group, are thought to have descended from a terrestrial bear-like ancestor. True seals are termed "earless" because they lack an external ear flap, whereas in "eared" seals or sea lions an external ear flap is visible. There are other, somewhat subtle, differences between the front flippers of the two groups, but the hind flipper differences are noticeable. In seals, the hind flippers extend directly behind the body, and are not capable of rotation unlike the hind flippers of sea lions that are longer and may be rotated toward the front of the body. This causes differences between the two in locomotion when on land: seals move forward by caterpillar-like hitching movements; sea lions use their hind legs to walk or even gallop across land. Fur seals, actually in the sea lion group, having extremely long hind flippers. Fur seals are occasionally seen off the RNSP coastline farther out to sea, however, they do not come ashore here, and breed in the far northern Pacific.
The group of marine mammals consisting of seals, sea lions, and walruses is known as the Pinnipeds, (from "pinna" meaning "feather" + "pes" meaning "foot" = "feather-footed"). Pinnipeds divide their time between near shore terrestrial habitats and the ocean.
True seals are also known as earless seals, or simply "seals". In and around RNSP, there are two seal species to be found, the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirotris). Harbor seals are quite common and may be seen lounging on flat-topped near shore rocks, or hauled out sandy beaches, primarily around the Redwood Creek estuary. They are often seen bobbing in the surf, checking out the shoreline. Harbor seals come in a variety of colors from almost pure white to mottled gray or brown, but usually some form of color patterning is visible. Elephant seals, on the other hand, are uniformly tan colored all over, and seen only rarely within the parks. Usually there's only one subadult animal at a time hauled out on a sandy beach undergoing its annual molt. One must travel somewhere else along the California coast to see a spectacular adult male elephant seal, with its long proboscis, or nose, for which the species is named.
Fur seals and sea lions are also known as eared seals. In and around Redwood National and State Parks, the most commonly seen eared seal is the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). These animals may be seen hauled out on off shore rocks, and occasionally on sandy beaches. Most of the California sea lions in RNSP are adult and subadult males that migrate north after the breeding season in southern California. California sea lions are the "trained seal" of marine parks and circuses. They are uniformly dark brown and vocalize with the notable sea lion "bark". The other resident eared seal is the Steller, or Northern, sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), a federally threatened species. There may be a small breeding colony of Stellers using near shore rocks in RNSP. Steller males are massive, the largest of the eared seals, weighing in at 1,200 lbs (0.5 metric ton) or greater. Females are much smaller. Steller sea lions have golden-colored fur with darker extremities, and instead of the "bark" of the California sea lion, Stellers vocalize by growling or "bellowing".
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Postpartum depression is a condition that affects different people in different ways. Not only are the symptoms and appropriate treatments different for each person, but the recovery process is also very personal.
Recovering from postpartum depression involves ongoing treatment, family support, education and coping skills as well as regular self-help practices. A full recovery from postpartum depression is almost always possible for anyone affected. Though no one can guarantee when it will go away, it eventually does pass.
While the process itself may be different for each person, there are certain practices that can help you effectively recover from postpartum depression. These include continuing medical support, implementing self-care practices, prioritizing diet and exercise and getting enough rest.
As you recover, it is best to stay in communication with your doctor or a mental health professional. Communication with doctors shouldn’t end after a diagnosis is reached and treatments are prescribed.
Ongoing communication with doctors allows you to adjust your treatment plan as needed. It’s also a way for you to bring up any concerns you may have throughout your recovery. Seeing your doctor regularly can also provide a sense of support and understanding about your condition and symptoms.
To help ensure a healthy recovery, it’s important for women to be proactive when it comes to self-care. While this can be difficult, it is important to look after yourself during this time.
Self-care practices can include meditation, yoga, journaling, prayer, deep breathing and anything else that calms the mind. Positive self-talk and reminding yourself of the temporary nature of postpartum depression can also help you during this time.
Ultimately, the goal of these self-care practices is to limit the amount of stress you experience. This is why it’s important to not take on any unnecessary responsibilities or commitments, as these can trigger anxiety.
Proper diet and exercise are important for everyone, but they are especially important for women suffering from postpartum depression. The food you eat can directly impact the symptoms you experience. If you are undereating or aren’t eating the right foods, it can worsen your symptoms. Nutritional deficiencies can cause fatigue, which further compounds feelings of sadness and irritability.
The amount of exercise you get can also directly impact postpartum depression symptoms — for better or worse. Without exercise, the body becomes weak and susceptible to illnesses that can aggravate depression and anxiety. Daily exercise, even in limited quantities, can go a long way to managing postpartum depression symptoms.
If you’re concerned about your diet and exercise habits as you recover, consult a professional to coordinate a diet and exercise plan that’s right for you.
There is perhaps nothing more important during postpartum depression recovery than getting enough rest. Sleep deprivation is a terrible condition that can worsen postpartum depression symptoms. Without enough rest, the risk of becoming further depressed, anxious and irritable increases. A lack of rest also affects the immune system which increases your risk of illnesses and infections.
Ensuring that you are in a relaxed state is important so you get enough rest. Part of relaxation should include spending time in nature and getting outside frequently.
Due to the personal nature of postpartum depression, there is no definite recovery timeline. While most cases heal within one year after symptoms begin, many women might still experience postpartum depression symptoms years after their onset.
The most important aspect of ensuring the smoothest recovery possible is adhering to and adjusting your postpartum depression treatment plan. The more proactive you are in regards to your own health, the sooner you will likely recover from postpartum depression. Women who leave their symptoms unaddressed and untreated can suffer from long-term postpartum depression.
Any of these factors will determine someone’s ability to recover and even the length of time it may take to recover.
If you’re currently recovering from postpartum depression then here are some helpful tips to consider. These tips will help you to set realistic expectations about the recovery process.
Don’t Compare Yourself to Others: It’s natural to compare your story to others in order to try and make sense of your suffering. However, this can create unrealistic expectations and place more added pressure on yourself. Remember that your recovery process is different from others for any number of reasons and you cannot necessarily control the outcome.
Forget Perfection: You may feel a strong sense of needing to be perfect and not living up to this ideal can be hard. Instead, remind yourself that you’re doing your best and that’s all you can ask for.
Include Your Friends and Family: Suffering through postpartum depression alone creates a more difficult path to recovery. Avoid isolating yourself. Be sure to include your friends and family in your recovery process. This support will help improve your confidence.
Adjust Your Treatment Plan as Needed: Remember that nothing is permanent when it comes to your postpartum depression treatment. If you feel that your treatment isn’t working, talk to your doctor to adjust it. It may be necessary to change medications or to include other types of therapies.
Don’t Rely on Medication Alone: While medication can dramatically improve symptoms, it shouldn’t be the sole approach to postpartum depression recovery. A holistic treatment plan that includes other well-being practices can greatly aid your recovery.
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Eric Voegelin (born Erich Hermann Wilhelm Vögelin; German: [ˈføːgəliːn]; January 3, 1901 – January 19, 1985) was a German-born American political philosopher. He was born in Cologne, and educated in political science at the University of Vienna, at which he became an associate professor of political science at the Faculty of Law. In 1938 he and his wife fled from the Nazi forces which had entered Vienna, and emigrated to the United States, where they became citizens in 1944. He spent most of his academic career at the University of Notre Dame, Louisiana State University, the University of Munich and the Hoover Institution of Stanford University.
Although he was born in Cologne in 1901, his parents moved to Vienna in 1910, and Eric Voegelin eventually studied at the University of Vienna. The advisers on his dissertation were Hans Kelsen and Othmar Spann. After his habilitation there in 1928 he taught political theory and sociology. While in Austria Voegelin established the beginnings of his long lasting friendships with Alfred Schütz and F. A. Hayek. Between 1933 and 1938 he published four books criticizing Nazi racism, and as a result of the Anschluss with Germany in 1938 he was fired from his job. Narrowly avoiding being arrested by the Gestapo, and after a brief stay in Switzerland, he arrived in the United States. He taught at various universities before joining Louisiana State University's Department of Government in 1942.
Voegelin remained in Baton Rouge until 1958 when he accepted an offer by Munich's Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität to fill Max Weber's former chair in political science, which had been unoccupied since Weber's death in 1920. In Munich he founded the Institut für Politische Wissenschaft. Voegelin returned to America in 1969 to join Stanford University's Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace as Henry Salvatori Fellow where he continued his work until his death on January 19, 1985. He was a member of the Philadelphia Society.
Voegelin worked throughout his life to account for the endemic political violence of the twentieth century, in an effort variously referred to as a philosophy of politics, history, or consciousness. In Voegelin’s Weltanschauung, he "blamed a flawed utopian interpretation of Christianity for spawning totalitarian movements like Nazism and Communism." Voegelin eschewed any ideological labels or categorizations that readers and followers attempted to impose on his work.
Voegelin published scores of books, essays, and reviews in his lifetime. An early work was Die politischen Religionen (1938; The Political Religions), on totalitarian ideologies as political religions due to their structural similarities to religion. He wrote the multi-volume (English-language) Order and History, which began publication in 1956 and remained incomplete at the time of his death 29 years later. His 1951 Charles Walgreen lectures, published as The New Science of Politics, is sometimes seen as a prolegomenon to this series, and remains his best known work. He left many manuscripts unpublished, including a history of political ideas, which has since been published in eight volumes.
Order and History was originally conceived as a six-volume examination of the history of order occasioned by Voegelin's personal experience of the disorder of his time. The first three volumes, Israel and Revelation, The World of the Polis, and Plato and Aristotle, appeared in rapid succession in 1956 and 1957 and focused on the evocations of order in the ancient Near East and Greece.
Voegelin then encountered difficulties which slowed down the publication. This, combined with his university administrative duties and work related to the new institute, meant that seventeen years separated the fourth from the third volume. His new concerns were indicated in the 1966 German collection Anamnesis: Zur Theorie der Geschichte und Politik. The fourth volume, The Ecumenic Age, appeared in 1974. It broke with the chronological pattern of the previous volumes by investigating symbolizations of order ranging in time from the Sumerian King List to Hegel. Work on the final volume, In Search of Order, occupied Voegelin's final days and it was published posthumously in 1987.
One of Voegelin's main points in his later work is that our experience of transcendence conveys a sense of order. Although transcendence can never be fully defined or described, it may be conveyed in symbols. A particular sense of transcendent order serves as a basis for a particular political order. A philosophy of consciousness can therefore become a philosophy of politics. Insights may become fossilised as dogma.
Voegelin is more interested in the ontological issues that arise from these experiences than the epistemological questions of how we know that a vision of order is true or not. For Voegelin, the essence of truth is trust. All philosophy begins with experience of the divine. Since God is experienced as good, one can be confident that reality is knowable. As Descartes would say, God is not a deceiver. Given the possibility of knowledge, Voegelin holds there are two modes: intentionality and luminosity. Visions of order belong to the latter category. The truth of any vision is confirmed by its orthodoxy, by what Voegelin jokingly calls its lack of originality.
Voegelin's work does not fit in any standard classifications, although some of his readers have found similarities in it to contemporaneous works by, for example, Ernst Cassirer, Martin Heidegger, and Hans-Georg Gadamer. Voegelin often invents terms or uses old ones in new ways. However, there are patterns in his work with which the reader can quickly become familiar.
Among indications of growing engagement with Voegelin's work are the 305 page international bibliography published in 2000 by Munich's Wilhelm Fink Verlag; the presence of dedicated research centers at universities in the United States, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom; the appearance of recent translations in languages ranging from Portuguese to Japanese; and the publishing of a 34 volume collection of his primary works by the University of Missouri Press and various primary and secondary works offered by the Eric-Voegelin-Archiv of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.
In his The New Science of Politics, Order and History, and Science, Politics and Gnosticism, Voegelin opposed what he believed to be unsound Gnostic influences in politics. He defined gnosis as "a purported direct, immediate apprehension or vision of truth without the need for critical reflection; the special gift of a spiritual and cognitive elite." Gnosticism is a "type of thinking that claims absolute cognitive mastery of reality. Relying as it does on a claim to gnosis, gnosticism considers its knowledge not subject to criticism. Gnosticism may take transcendentalizing (as in the case of the Gnostic movement of late antiquity) or immanentizing forms (as in the case of Marxism)."
Apart from the Classical Christian writers against heresy, his sources on Gnosticism were secondary, since the texts in the Nag Hammadi library were not yet widely available. For example, Voegelin uses Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac, and the Jewish German philosopher Hans Jonas.
According to Voegelin the Gnostics are really rejecting the Christian eschaton of the kingdom of God and replacing it with a human form of salvation through esoteric ritual or practice.
The primary feature that characterizes a tendency as gnostic for Voegelin is that it is motivated by the notion that the world and humanity can be fundamentally transformed and perfected through the intervention of a chosen group of people (an elite), a man-god, or men-Gods, Übermensch, who are the chosen ones that possess a kind of special knowledge (like magic or science) about how to perfect human existence.
This stands in contrast to a notion of redemption that is achieved through the reconciliation of mankind with the divine. Marxism therefore qualifies as "gnostic" because it purports that we can establish the perfect society on earth once capitalism has been overthrown by the "proletariat." Likewise, Nazism is seen as "gnostic" because it posits that we can achieve utopia by attaining racial purity, once the master race has freed itself of the racially inferior and the degenerate.
In the two cases specifically analyzed by Voegelin, the totalitarian impulse is derived from the alienation of the individuals from the rest of society. This leads to a desire to dominate (libido dominandi) which has its roots not just in the Gnostic's conviction of the imperative of his vision but also in his lack of concord with a large body of his society. As a result, there is very little regard for the welfare of those who are harmed by the resulting politics, which ranges from coercive to calamitous (e.g. the Russian proverbs: "You have to crack a few eggs to make an omelet", "When you chop wood, chips fly").
The problem of an eidos in history, hence, arises only when a Christian transcendental fulfillment becomes immanentized. Such an immanentist hypostasis of the eschaton, however, is a theoretical fallacy.
From this comes the catchphrase: "Don't immanentize the eschaton!" which simply means: "Do not try to make that which belongs to the afterlife happen here and now" or "Don't try to create Heaven on Earth."
When Voegelin uses the term gnosis negatively, it is to reflect the word as found in the Manichaeism and Valentinianism of antiquity. As it is later then immanentized (or manifest) in modernity in the wake of Joachim of Fiore and in the various ideological movements outlined in his works. Voegelin also builds on the term gnosticism as it is defined by Hans Jonas in his The Gnostic Religion in reference to Heidegger's gnosticism. Which is to have an understanding and control over reality that makes Mankind as powerful as the role of God in reality.
Voegelin was arguing from a Hellenistic position that good gnosis is derived from pistis (faith) and that the pagan tradition made a false distinction between faith and noesis. Furthermore, this dualist perspective was the very essence of gnosticism via the misuse of Noema and caused a destructive division between the internal and external world in human consciousness. To reconcile the internal (subjective) and external (objective) world of consciousness was the restoration of order.
The desire to create and implement a policy to actualize the speculation, or as Voegelin described it, to Immanentize the Eschaton, to create a sort of heaven on earth within history by triggering the apocalypse.
Voegelin’s conception of gnosis and his analysis of Gnosticism in general has been criticized by Eugene Webb. In an article entitled "Voegelin’s Gnosticism Reconsidered," Webb explains that Voegelin’s concept of Gnosticism was conceived "not primarily to describe ancient phenomena but to help us understand some modern ones for which the evidence is a great deal clearer." Webb continues, "the category (of Gnosticism) is of limited usefulness for the purpose to which he put it… and the fact that the idea of Gnosticism as such has become so problematic and complex in recent years must at the very least undercut Voegelin’s effort to trace a historical line of descent from ancient sources to the modern phenomena he tried to use them to illuminate."
Voegelin's work does not lay out a program of reform or offer a doctrine of recovery from what he termed the "demono-maniacal" in modern politics. However, interspersed in his writings is the idea of a spiritual recovery of the primary experiences of divine order. He was not interested so much in what religious dogmas might result in personal salvation, but rather a recovery of the human in the classical sense of the "daimonios aner" (Plato's term for "the spiritual man"). He did not speculate on the institutional forms in which a spiritual recovery might take place, but expressed confidence that the current 500-year cycle of secularism would come to an end because, as he stated, "you cannot deny the human forever."
In a lecture given in Dublin, Ireland in 1973, Voegelin predicted that within a decade the Soviet Union would collapse from within.
Voegelin, Eric (1987), The New Science of Politics .
↑ Distinguished members (PDF), The Philadelphia society .
↑ McDonald, Marci (October 2004). "The Man Behind Stephen Harper". The Walrus. CA. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
↑ Voegelin, Eric (1989), Sandoz, Ellis; Weiss, Gilbert; Petropoulos, William, eds., The Collected Works, Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 0-8071-1826-5 .
↑ Voegelin 1987, p. 120.
↑ Voegelin 1987, chap. 4.
↑ Voegelin, Eric, The ecumenic age, order & History, vol. 4, esp. Introduction & chap. 5.
↑ Voegelin, Eric (2000), Franz, Michael, ed., The collected works, 17, University of Missouri Press .
↑ Ellwood, Robert S, The Fifties Spiritual Marketplace: American Religion in a Decade of Conflict, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0-8135-2346-0 .
Webb, Eugene (1981), Glossary of Voegelin terms online, p. 282, According to Voegelin, the claim to gnosis may take intellectual, emotional, and volitional forms. .
——— (2005), "Voegelin's "Gnosticism" Reconsidered", Political Science Reviewer, 34 .
All of Voegelin's writing is published as his Collected Works (CW), reviewed by Mark Lilla, "Mr. Casaubon in America" The New York Review of Books 54/11 (June 28, 2007): 29–31.
The closest to an introduction to his thought in his own words is the Autobiographical Reflections.
Wagner, Gerhard; Weiss, Gilbert, eds. (2011), A Friendship That Lasted a Lifetime: The Correspondence Between Alfred Schutz and Eric Voegelin, Petropulos, William transl, University of Missouri Press , 240 pp.
Register of the Eric Voegelin papers 1901–1997 at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University Stanford, CA, 2012 (120 PDFs).
Cooper, Barry: Eric Voegelin and the Foundations of Modern Political Science, University of Missouri Press, 1999.
Federici, Michael: Eric Voegelin: The Restoration of Order, ISI Books 2002, basic introduction.
Sandoz, Ellis: The Voegelinian Revolution: A Biographical Introduction Louisiana State UP, 1981, advanced.
Trepanier, Lee, and Steven F. McGuire, eds. Eric Voegelin and the Continental Tradition: Explorations in Modern Political Thought (University of Missouri Press; 2011) 284 pp; essays on his relationship to Hegel, Schelling, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Gadamer.
Webb, Eugene: Eric Voegelin: Philosopher of History, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1981.
Stephen Mcknight "Gnosticism and Modernity: Voegelin’s Reconsiderations Twenty Years After The New Science of Politics"
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What is joint custody and how does it work in Florida?
With both parents having a full say in their child's upbringing, joint custody is Florida law's preferred method of deciding child custody.
Joint custody generally means that both parents retain legal responsibility for the health, education, and welfare of their children, and that the children spend time with both parents. Generally, it is both the most preferred and most likely outcome of a divorce; in fact, in Florida, it is embodied in the laws. In Florida, the term “joint custody” is not used; rather, the same concept is referred to as “Shared Parental Responsibility.” It is public policy that parental responsibility for children be shared between the divorcing parents unless there is evidence that it would be detrimental. Therefore, joint parenting continues despite the legal dissolution of the marriage. This means that the parents must agree on issues such as non-emergency medical treatment, or whether to allow the child to participate in a sport or other school activity.
The agreement can be written in minute detail or in more general terms with regard to the division of time. It could provide for every other weekend visitation, or for rotating custody, or any variation the parties can agree upon. Many divorcing couples are able to work together, determine what is best for themselves and their particular children, and express it in an agreement. Most co-parents are also able to get along with each other well enough to make the agreement “workable”; however, if the original conflicts between the parties were never resolved, or if their circumstances have changed, they may wind up back in court to modify or enforce the agreement. The needs of very young children change over time, so many agreements will contain specific changes to the amount or kind of visitation over the course of the years. Many times, the agreement will provide a mechanism for resolving future disputes, such as a requirement that the parties attend mediation before filing for any judicial relief.
Kenneth A. Friedman, Esq. is a partner with the family-law firm Baldwin & Friedman in Fort Lauderdale, and he also practices mediation with Compromise Solutions.
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What does Independent Living in Providence, RI have to offer you and your loved one?
good health and live Independent lifestyles. If you or your loved one are looking for Independent living options, there are many independent living options available in Providence, Rhode Island. A few of the independent living living options available in Rhode Island includes Active Adult Communities, Senior Villages, Affordable Senior Housing (HUD), and Retirement Communities.
Most Independent living communities are non-healthcare based meaning senior will not have access to daily medical care. Due to this reason it is imperative that seniors must be in good health. While in the community there are other amenities that may be available such as counseling services, housekeeping and laundry services.
Providence is the capital and the largest city in the state Rhode Island. With a population nearing 180,000 Providence hosts many points of interest in the area such as Roger Williams Park, Water Fire, and the Roger Williams Park Zoo. Cities that are near Providence include Pawtucket, Cranston and Fairlawn, Rhode Island. Providence also serves as a major hub for medical complexes and Hospitals with over 200 facilities for you and your loved one to choose from. The Providence, Rhode Island area is sure to please you and your loved one.
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What is a "Last Frost Date" and why should you care?
When I started gardening, there was one phrase I starting noticing on every seed packet: last frost date. Another one I heard almost as often was: last killing frost. I wasn't sure what exactly the difference was and who exactly determined that date. The Farmer's Almanac defines frost in the following terms.
Light freeze:29°F to 32°F—tender plants killed, with little destructive effect on other vegetation.Moderate freeze:25°F to 28°F—widely destructive effect on most vegetation, with heavy damage to fruit blossoms and tender and semi-hardy plants.Severe freeze:24°F and colder—damage to most plants.
However, it doesn't take a frost or freeze to harm a plant. Some plants may look like they've survived a chilly night and dodged the freeze bullet, and you won't see the effects of the cold temps until later in the season. This happened to me last summer. I put my peppers out right at that last frost date along with the tomatoes. A cold snap came through, so I tented the garden with a tarp. The next morning, some peppers had been smothered by the tarp, but there were some that appeared okay. Guess how many peppers I picked last summer? None. At least none that I ended up eating. The summer before I'd had a bumper crop.
This is why it is important to know soil temperatures and what temperature your plants can tolerate. Peppers like the ground temperature to be above 65F and the night air to not drop below 50F. Your air temps could be high enough, but the soil may not have yet warmed. Here in my region, we don't reach 65F until May. Tomatoes like the soil to be at or above 60F - again, that's mid-April in my region or after that last frost four-week window.
So why is it that plants are available when there is still a high risk of frost and the soil is still too cold for the plants to thrive? I have my conspiracy theories, but my guess is that the people demand it. If the people demand it, the retailers will supply it and will be happy to sell them a new plant when the first one gets bitten!
BUT. If you are like me, you started planting your seeds very early and your seedlings are overstaying their welcome and may even be getting leggy from not enough sunlight. You can always consider a cold-frame or hot box (it's like a mini greenhouse), row covers, plastic mulch and hoop gardens. These will all trap heat in during the day and keep the air and soil warmer at night. If you are going that route, know that there is cost involved and use a thermometer to check and make sure you are getting the soil warm enough. I will keep moving my plants to the deck during the day and inside at night for the next two weeks.
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I have collaborated with Alexander on several WordPress-based web projects. He has helped me create WordPress themes as a designer and developer, and I highly recommend him in both roles.
Alexander is a creative designer with great imagination. His designs are unique, stylish, elegant and always in line with the clients’ desires, likes and overall brand concepts. As a developer, he writes clean, standards-compliant and fast code.
Furthermore, Alexander is a great professional. He’s nice and easy to communicate with, he always has his client’s best interest at heart, and he never misses a deadline. He’s also one of the very few people who can work quickly and deliver great quality at the same time.
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0.928046 |
What Windows versions would the BSDs be?
If the different BSDs (e.g. FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, maybe others) were versions of Microsoft Windows, what would they be in your opinion?
I don't think any of them compares to any version of MS Windows in any way, totally different design aims and target audiences. That said the only MS Windows versions that in my opinion made any sense were Windows XP and Windows 7, even then they suffer from the same brain damage that we all know and (maybe) love.
This question also doesn't make much sense as each BSD has a different focus, whereas versions of Windows all focus on the desktop (assuming you aren't including Windows IoT or Windows Server). If people start naming some BSDs as outdated compared to others, this will only end in a flamewar.
I agree. The question makes no sense. Windows (after they consigned DOS/9x to the bit bucket, and not counting DEC VMS) is essentially a single OS development stream. BSD, on the other hand, after it graduated from Berkeley, became many parallel development streams, growing over time. It makes no sense to compare an entire development stream against a single version of another OS.
Other than some of the BSDs which stopped moving forward at some point in history, they are all the "latest and best version", some more "latest" and/or "best" than others. Each parallel BSD development stream has had its own strengths and focus.
I didn't intend to start a flame war. For example, I personally think the older Windowses are nostalgic and a lot better than the more modern ones. Windows 98 might even be my greatest favorite Windows. Vista is horribly slow and Windows 10 is an Orwellian spying tool of Microsoft and NSA.
While it's great that you didn't intend on starting a flamewar, others may interpret your question as which BSD is the most outdated and turn this thread into a flamewar. After all, from an objective standpoint, Windows 95 is not as functional as Windows 10 because it doesn't support modern hardware.
OpenBSD is Windows 3.1.1. Anyone can see that.
DragonFly. That's Window XP, but not the regular XP, but XP professional.
FreeBSD is clearly Windows 10, because 10 is a bigger number than 8,7,... oh, but what about 95 and 2000?
This thread has nowhere to go but down, so let's call it good.
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0.994545 |
Bacteria are normally present in the mouth. The bacteria convert all foods -- especially sugar and starch -- into acids. Bacteria, acid, food debris, and saliva combine in the mouth to form a sticky substance called plaque that adheres to the teeth. It is most prominent on the back molars, just above the gum line on all teeth, and at the edges of fillings. Plaque that is not removed from the teeth mineralizes into tartar. Plaque and tartar irritate the gums, resulting in gingivitis and ultimately periodontitis.
What small, easy steps can I take to have a healthy teeth and gums?
1. Brush your teeth at least twice each day with fluoride toothpaste.
Drink water that contains added fluoride if you can. Fluoride protects against dental decay. Most public water systems in the United States have added fluoride. Check with your community's water or health department to find out if there is fluoride in your water. You also may want to use a fluoride mouth rinse, along with brushing and flossing, to help prevent tooth decay.
Gently brush all sides of your teeth with a soft-bristled brush. Round and short back-and-forth strokes work best.
Take time to brush along the gum line, and lightly brush your tongue to help remove plaque and food.
Ask your dentist or dental hygienist to show you the best way to floss your teeth.
Change your toothbrush every three months, or earlier if the toothbrush looks worn or the bristles spread out. A new toothbrush removes more plaque.
If you wear dentures, be sure to remove them at night and clean them before putting them back in the next morning.
2. Have a healthy lifestyle.
Eat healthy meals. Cut down on tooth decay by brushing after meals. Avoid snacking on sugary or starchy foods between meals.
Don't smoke. It raises your risk of gum disease, oral and throat cancers, and oral fungal infections. It also affects the color of your teeth and the smell of your breath.
Limit alcohol use to one drink per day for women. Heavy alcohol use raises your risk of oral and throat cancers. Using alcohol and tobacco together raises your risk of oral cancers more than using one alone.
Limit how much soda you drink. Even diet soda contains acids that can erode tooth enamel.
Have an oral exam once or twice a year. Your dentist may recommend more or fewer visits depending on your oral health. At most routine visits, the dentist and a dental hygienist will treat you. During regular checkups, dentists look for signs of diseases, infections, problems, injuries, and oral cancer.
Dental hygienists: Members of the dental staff who clean gums and teeth and teach patients how to maintain good oral health.
Periodontists: Dentists who treat gum disease and place dental implants.
Oral surgeons: Dentists who operate on your mouth and supporting tissues.
Orthodontists: Dentists who straighten teeth and align jaws.
Endodontists: Dentists who perform root canals.
Prosthodontists: Dentists trained in restoring and replacing teeth.
4. Follow your dentist's advice.
Your dentist may suggest ways to keep your mouth healthy. He or she can teach you how to properly floss or brush. Follow any recommended steps or treatments to keep your mouth healthy.
5. If you have another health problem, think about how it may affect your oral health.
For instance, if you take medicines that give you a dry mouth, ask your doctor or nurse if there are other drugs you can use. Have an oral exam before starting cancer treatment. And if you have diabetes, practice good oral hygiene to prevent gum disease.
I'm not happy with the stains on my teeth. How can I safely whiten them?
The first thing you should do before whitening your teeth is talk to your dentist. He or she will be able to help you decide the best option for you. Whiteners will not fix all kinds of stains. Also, if you have bonding or tooth-colored fillings, these will not be affected by whiteners and they may stand out if you whiten your teeth. Remember that a using a whitener does not make your mouth healthier.
This kind of whitening, called "chairside bleaching," is done in your dentist's office. It may require more than one office visit. Each visit may take from 30 minutes to one hour. During chairside bleaching, the dentist puts a whitener on the teeth and uses a special light to make the whitener work. Lasers are sometimes used during tooth whitening to make the whitening agent work better.
There are a few different products that can be used to whiten teeth at home. Some come from your dentist, and others can be bought over-the-counter. These contain peroxide(s), which bleach the tooth enamel. Most come in a gel and are placed in a mouth guard or tray that fits inside your mouth. They help many types of staining. Only the dentist-dispensed solutions have the American Dental Association (ADA) seal.
Other over-the-counter whitening products include whitening strips, paint-on products, gels, and trays. They have a low amount of peroxide. For better results, have a cleaning at the dentist before you use these products. These gels and trays do not have the ADA seal.
All toothpastes help remove surface stains through mild abrasives. "Whitening" toothpastes that have the ADA seal have special polishing agents or chemicals that remove even more stains. Unlike bleaches, these products do not change the actual color of teeth. They help surface stains only.
Products used to whiten teeth can make teeth more sensitive. They can also bother your gums. These side effects most often go away after you stop using the product.
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How should I persuade you?
Aristotle identifies five “non-technical” means of persuasion . . . laws, witnesses, contracts, tortures, oaths” (Aristotle I.15, B 1375a). If a written law conflicts with the rhetorician’s desire, he normally makes an appeal to natural law, which never changes. Aristotle gives numerous examples from history and literature to demonstrate that nature itself shows what is right. Witnesses can be brought in, including written matter, case law, and people to testify either to the rhetor’s point of view or about the opponent (Aristotle I.15, B 1376a). Contracts may be considered more or less convincing (Aristotle I.15, B 1376b) It may be argued that a contract is either binding or not. Aristotle views examination by torture to be very weighty (Aristotle I.15, B 1376b) It is possible to affirm that under torture a witness may lie or that he was very truthful. The matter of oaths is likewise difficult as some people may refuse to swear an oath and some may swear falsely (Aristotle I.15, B 1377a).
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What’s the best Linux compatible laptop for programmers?
What’s the best laptop for programmers?
Hello,I am going to buy a laptop. I Am a programmer. What are the best recommendation which are running on Linux/Ubuntu?
For best compatibility, for now at least as more support is finally coming for AMD/ATI processors and graphics cards/integrated graphics, would be finding a system with Intel processors, Intel or Atheros wireless internet card, and Nvidia graphics if you want dedicated graphics card support (AMD/ATI is currently offering beta drivers for Linux to help support Steambox, a Linux-based gaming system). The rest of the system should be supported, except some Bluetooth adapters, some function buttons, and possibly sleep/hibernation mode. Other than this, find laptops with high reviews and good ratings for support.
For a good list of supported laptops by brand, go here: http://www.linlap.com/laptops.
Pretty much any laptop that will run Linux will suffice. If possible, you might look at getting a major brand such as Acer, Toshiba, Samsung, Sony, etc without Windows, to save the cost of a Windows license you won't use.
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0.99656 |
name two utilities used in the automotive environment The fastest growing economies that make up the Plus 5 group, which meets at the same time as the G-8, does not include -. How is Rebecca most likely feeling in the first paragraph of this excerpt? A. lonely B. frightened C. overwhelmed f prices increase at a monthly rate of 2.5 2.5%, by what percentage do they increase in a year? Which recovery method usually involves an evasion effort and is dependent on the IP's condition?
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0.934049 |
A. Will work to elect Democrats to elective office.
B. Will strive for a representative party, open to all Democrats, to work for all people and promote the principles expressed in the Constitution of the United States.
C. Will adhere to those concepts and principles expressed in the county, state, and national Democratic Platforms.
A. The name of this organization shall be the Democrats of Chelan County, hereinafter, "DCC".The membership shall consist of all duly elected or appointed Chelan County Democratic Precinct Committee Officers, members of the DCC, Executive Committee Officers of the DCC and all other registered voters residing in Chelan County, Washington, who identify themselves as Democrats.
A. The DCC shall hold an organizational meeting, to be known as the "Bi-annual Organizational Meeting & no later than the third Saturday in January following each general election. A majority of the Officers of the DCC shall establish the time and location for this organizational meeting and shall mail written notice at least ten days before the scheduled meeting to all newly elected or re-elected Precinct Committee Officers. Notice of the organizational meeting shall also be given to at least one newspaper of general circulation in Chelan County, Washington, and to such other news media as is deemed appropriate. The organizational meeting shall be held within Chelan County, Washington.
B. The organizational meeting shall be called to order by the incumbent Chair, who shall preside until the election of a Chair Pro-Tem, which shall be the first order of business. If the incumbent Chair is absent, the meeting shall be called to order by the First Vice-chair, Second Vice-chair, Secretary, or Treasurer, in that order. The Chair Pro-Tem shall preside until all officers are elected at which time the newly elected Chair shall preside.
C. Regular meetings of the DCC shall be held at such time and location established by a majority vote of the membership at the organizational meeting. The time or location for such meetings may be changed at any subsequent regular meeting by vote of a majority of the members present. Appropriate notice of such change shall promptly be given the members prior to the next scheduled meeting.
D. The Chair or a majority of the officers upon giving at least five (5) days notice of the time and location to the membership may call special meetings of the DCC. This notice shall also specify the purpose of such meeting, and no action shall be taken, or business transacted, which has not been described in such notice.
E. All meetings of the DCC shall be open to the public. All registered voters residing in Chelan County, Washington, who profess themselves to be Democrats, and are willing to identify themselves as such, shall be entitled to vote.Each member of the DCC shall have one vote, and voting by proxy shall not be permitted.Only Chelan County Precinct Committee Officers may vote for the election, removal or replacement of officers. The presiding officer shall be empowered to solicit comment or opinions from all those present.
F. Contributions to political campaigns shall be based on Executive Committee recommendation to the membership. A majority vote of the membership at the meeting shall be required for approval of any recommendation. In the absence of a meeting quorum the recommendation of the Executive Committee shall stand.
G. No action may be taken at any general meeting in the absence of a quorum. A quorum shall consist of four (4) members of the Executive Committee, and ten (10) additional members of the DCC.
H. Unless otherwise stated herein, the current edition of Robert’s Rules of Order, Newly Revised, shall govern the order of business and parliamentary procedures at all meetings of the DCC. At discretion of the presiding officer a parliamentarian may be appointed who shall decide all disputes regarding parliamentary procedure. If there is no parliamentarian appointed, the presiding officer shall decide all disputes regarding parliamentary procedure. The presiding officer shall determine the order of all speakers. The Secretary shall keep written minutes of all DCC meetings. In the absence of the Secretary, the presiding officer may appoint a Secretary Pro-Tem.
I. Membership dues for the DCC shall not be required; however donations to the DCC will be encouraged in order to assist with the financial operation of this organization.
A. The officers of the DCC shall consist of: a Chair, First Vice-chair, Second Vice-chair, Secretary, Treasurer, State Committeeman, and State Committeewoman. The officers shall be elected at the bi-annual organizational meeting, and shall serve until their successors are elected at the following bi-annual organizational meeting. All registered voters residing in Chelan County, Washington, who profess themselves to be Democrats, and are willing to identify themselves as such, shall be eligible to hold office in the DCC.
B. If a vacancy should occur in any office of the DCC, the vacancy shall be filled by a majority of the Chelan County Precinct Committee Officers present at the next regularly held meeting of the DCC following the occurrence of the vacancy, or at any duly called special meeting of the DCC. The office of Second Vice-chair may be left unfilled until the following organizational meeting.
C. Any officer may be removed upon two-thirds vote of those eligible to vote under Article II, Section E. of these Bylaws, provided at least fifteen (15) days prior notice of the meeting and the grounds for removal are given to the DCC membership and to the officer whose removal is sought.In the event the officer subject to removal would otherwise act as the presiding officer of such meeting, he or she shall be ineligible to preside.
1. Shall act as spokesperson for the DCC in a manner consistent with the strategic plan of the Executive Committee.
2. Shall prepare a written agenda for and convene, conduct and preside at DCC and Executive Committee meetings.
3. Shall perform activities as directed by the DCC and Executive Committee.
4. Shall, in consultation with the Executive Committee, make appointments to fill vacant Precinct Committee Officer positions and any committees which have been established.
5. Shall, provide timely media response to issues, party platforms, and candidate positions.
6. Shall encourage communication between DCC members and in this organizational structure.
7. Shall exercise other responsibilities and oversight as indicated elsewhere in these Bylaws.
1. Assist the Chair in fulfilling the duties of Chair.
2. Direct the DCC in the Chair’s absence and shall assume all authority, duties, and responsibilities of the Chair.
3. Oversee recruitment and training of Precinct Committee Officer candidates.
4. Coordinate with the Washington State Democrats to maintain and enhance the registered voter file and oversee DCC efforts to canvass precincts and register new voters.
5. Serve as DCC liaison to the county Director of Elections, and coordinate poll watching and ballot counting activities.
6. Serve on the DCC Executive Committee and exercise other responsibilities as indicated elsewhere in these Bylaws.
1. Share responsibility for DCC fundraising and DCC event planning.
2. Recruit volunteers and recommend to the Executive Committee the appointment of committee members and chairs in order to accomplish the goals of the DCC.
3. In consultation with the Executive Committee make arrangements for the annual examination of the DCC assets and obligations as established in Article IV, Section E. of these Bylaws.
4. In consultation with the Treasurer, work to establish a general annual budget to be shared with the Executive Committee to fulfill the goals of the DCC.
5. Serve on the DCC Executive Committee and exercise other responsibilities as indicated elsewhere in these Bylaws.
1. Ascertain that all records of the DCC and the Executive Committee are orderly and available to the DCC.
2. Take minutes of the DCC and Executive Committee meetings and, as directed, publish such reports.
3. Prepare any official correspondence of the DCC.
4. Maintain a list of parliamentarians authorized by the Executive Committee.
5. Oversee maintenance and updating of the DCC membership database.
Bylaws available at all official meetings of the DCC and the Executive Committee.
7. Obtain, maintain, and have available at each official meeting a current listing of all Precinct Committee Officers in Chelan County.
8. In consultation with the Executive Committee complete all official reports to the State and National Democratic Party and maintain copies of all such reports.
9. Serve on the DCC Executive Committee and exercise other responsibilities as indicated elsewhere in these Bylaws.
1. In consultation with the Executive Committee manage all funds of the DCC.
2. File with the Secretary quarterly financial reports of the DCC, citing receipts, disbursements, and current balances on account and due.
3. Prepare and file all Public Disclosure Commission reports in a timely fashion in accordance with deadlines established by the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) and the Washington Administrative Code (WAC).
4. In preparation for the annual financial examination procedure established by the Executive Committee in Article IV, Section E. of these Bylaws, ascertain that all financial records held by the DCC are current and in complete order.
5. Maintain budgets and financial reports of the DCC and Executive Committee and, as directed, publish such reports.
6. Inventory, maintain, and prepare an annual written report to the Executive Committee of all items owned by the DCC, including computers, electronics, and other items with value in excess of five hundred dollars ($500.).
7. Document and maintain any personnel records of individuals employed by the DCC and complete any necessary state and federal documentation associated with that employment.
8. Serve on the DCC Executive Committee and exercise other responsibilities as indicated elsewhere in these Bylaws.
A. There shall be an Executive Committee of the DCC consisting of all officers. The Chair may also appoint additional DCC members to the Executive Committee who will serve as non-voting members of the committee.
B. The presiding officer of the Executive Committee shall be the Chair. The Chair or any three members of the Executive Committee may call for meetings of the Executive Committee. A quorum shall consist of fifty percent of the Executive Committee; provided that at least four officers of the DCC must be present in order to take any action.
C. The Executive Committee shall act in an advisory capacity to the DCC and shall perform such functions and duties as authorized or required by these Bylaws or by resolution of the DCC.
D. The Executive Committee shall ascertain that the Secretary has maintained a complete list of all members of the DCC, updated quarterly, in electronic format.
A. The Treasurer shall deposit all funds received by the DCC and shall disburse the funds in accordance with these Bylaws or by resolution of the organization. The Treasurer shall maintain accurate books of account, showing monies received and disbursed, as well as all assets and liabilities of the DCC. The Treasurer shall maintain a checking account (and savings account, if appropriate), at a financial institution approved by the Executive Committee. No financial investments shall be made without the prior approval of the Executive Committee.
B. Bills or other reasonable administrative expenses may be incurred by the Chair or the Executive Committee and shall be paid by the Treasurer. Bills in excess of One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.) shall be paid by the Treasurer and one co-signer designated by the Executive Committee.Campaign donations shall require the approval of the DCC before payment. Contributions to political campaigns shall be based on Executive Committee recommendation to the membership. (See Article II, Section F.).
C. The members of the DCC may authorize by resolution at any meeting, the Chair or the Executive Committee, to appropriate funds for any specified purpose. In doing so, the members may impose such restrictions or conditions as they see fit.
D. The DCC is authorized to expend funds in support of, or opposition to, any candidate for partisan or nonpartisan office. Additionally, the DCC is authorized to expend funds in support or opposition to any issue, ballot measure, initiative, or referenda pertaining to Chelan County, Washington.Campaign donations may be made for either the primary or general election, or for special elections. Members of the DCC may impose donation restrictions or other conditions, which they deem appropriate.Any expenditure of funds must be in compliance with Article VI, Sections C. and D. of these Bylaws.
A.The DCC shall not make any pre-primary or pre-convention endorsements of candidates, except for uncontested primary races, unless recommended by the Executive Committee and voted on at a regular meeting of the membership.
B. The foregoing does not preclude the DCC from publicly indicating that someone who has declared to be a Democratic candidate is not recognized by the DCC as a member of the Democratic Party by reasons of conspicuous actions or statements made by said candidate.
C. Since the purpose of the DCC is to promote the Democratic Party and support Democrats who are running for public office, members of the DCC Executive Committee will not publicly campaign for candidates for elective positions that have not filed for the office as a Democrat. The exceptions are for non-partisan positions and those elective offices in which no Democrat has filed as a candidate.
A. These Bylaws may be amended at any regular or special meeting of the DCC; provided however, that the wording of the amendment or a summary thereof shall have been distributed to all members either at the meeting immediately preceding, or by U.S. Mail, electronic mail (e-mail), or facsimile (fax), at least twenty (20) days prior to the meeting date on which the amendment is submitted for approval by the members. Amendment of the bylaws shall require affirmative approval by two-thirds of the members present, subject to the quorum requirements of Article II, Section G. of these Bylaws.
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0.942267 |
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0.934679 |
Tech Connect: HD-DVD or Blu-Ray?
This seems to be a topic sweeping tech circles and the Hollywood industry; in the anime community, it is being discussed mostly in theory. And I think many anime companies are taking the right stance towards the new formats: they seem to be waiting for a winner in the format wars before announcing new releases on new formats or transferring their current libraries.
A review of Tom Cruise's The Last Samurai is posted here on High Def DVD Digest[highdefdvddigest.com]. I found the article linked through this Slashdot article[slashdot.org]. According to High Def Digest's review, there is a gap between what the capabilities of the format are and what technology is available on the market. This is good for the format because there is still room for it to grow. Hot in its heels though, Sony is planning on releasing Blu-Ray two months earlier, according to Anime on DVD [animeondvd.com] according to a news post on 26 April. The new release is supposed to debut in June.
With the popularity of DVD coming only in the late 1990s as the true successor to the market-popular VHS videocassettes, many anime companies were starting to have DVD libraries by 2000; AnimEigo, as I remember, announced around this time that their entire library from there on out would be in DVD format. And with the new format, a competition for the market right of succession, it seems they're going to sit this out until that successor is determined.
If I can though, I would like to make a prediction about the format war. I personally think that HD-DVD will win out. Sure, it is technically inferior to Blu-Ray but it's not as if American DVDs (both Hollywood and anime) are stretching the limits of the format that warrant such a large gap in size between DVD and Blu-Ray (not to mention HD-DVD to Blu-Ray). Another feature HD-DVD has over Blu-Ray is the ability to be backwards compatible with current DVD players. So, while a new player will need to be purchased, an HD player will play both HD-DVDs and regular DVDs, thus making many collections not obsolete right off the bat, as was with DVD from VHS (until the dual unit decks were introduced). I think these two defining factors are what is going to drive the market towards HD-DVD; after all, even though Blu-Ray is the technologically superior, Sony has lost the format war to a technically inferior foe before.
None of this is to knock on Sony or Blu-Ray; to be honest, Sony is one of my favorite electronic companies. Also, I think Blu-Ray is a much better format for data storage due to their huge size and capacity. I plan on buying a Blu-Ray burner as soon as they become more affordable.
The 2006 Con season is beginning soon and we've got a couple of cool developments to report.
On 7 April, Bandai of Japan reported (broadcast in English through Gunota) that the first TV series of Mobile Suit Gundam will be finally coming to DVD. What was once previously thought impossible is now becoming possible. Now there is much speculation (and hope) in the American fan community that Bandai Entertainment Incorporated, the North American division of Bandai Japan, will be able to release a long-awaited subtitle version Stateside. Only time will tell and hopefully Bandai will have a release confirmation during the con season this year. Little Akihabara hopes to be able to break the news.
Defying hopes, and very much pleasing to the fans here in the US, Media Blasters has announced three stellar titles this month alone - Hyaku Juou GoLion, Dairugger XV, and Yuushaou GaoGaiGar.
Media Blasters back at the end of March announced it would be releasing the original American version of Voltron (and the lesser seen Vehicle portion in addition to the classical Lions); there were some vocal fan wishes for the original versions and MB announced those in a "Oh, by the way..." fashion. While GoLion and Dairugger are in the classic genre that Little Akihabara hopes for, GaoGaiGar's homage to the classic mecha genre holds hopes for many other classic mecha titles to follow suit. Either way, MB has proven with these three and its previous announcement of Tekkaman Blade that it is truly a company that sees value and profitability in more classic Japanese animation, as well as answering calls of an older fanbase.
Although with the blitz of classic licenses over the first quarter or so of this year, it leaves one extatic and looking to the future for what's next, but there is a cynical part of me that is worried that this is it for the year. I sincerely hope that I am proven wrong about this and that we will see many more licenses announced and hopefully some more that will actually be released towards the end of this year (as GaoGaiGar is planned).
That's all for now; I am hoping to revamp the site some more, do some more exclusive imagery and get a couple of editorials written up.
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0.999573 |
I have had a fair amount of hypoglycemia for about 10 years. I have lupus, secondary Sjogrens Syndrome, and I am hypothyroid. Recently, my fasting blood sugar has been around 130-140 mg/dl [7.2-7.8 mmol/L]. Is there any correlation between these conditions and getting diabetes?
As a matter of fact, there is a relationship between lupus, Sjogrens Syndrome, and hypothyroidism and developing type�1 diabetes. These disorders are all referred to as autoimmune disorders. That is, the immune system causes damage to all the tissues involved. I would warn you against having recurrent low blood sugars as these are known to increase the risk of not sensing very low sugars and a possible loss of consciousness or seizure.
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0.999998 |
So incredibly irritated. Saw the dentist today but they can't do anything until Tuesday. I'll be spending the weekend in severe pain. Good part of that is I'm not tempted to eat off plan as I don't want to eat at all! Cooking pork chops tonight and cutting them in small, don't have to chew pieces while adding asparagus and 1/2 a potato.I'm miserable but I'll get through this.
Oh no I hope the weekend passes quickly for you and you'll be pain free soon.
In case it helps, Melissa Joulwan has some nice soup recipes on her website which should be all or mostly compliant: http://theclothesmakethegirl.com/?s=soup The sweet potato one is particularly good.
I'm really impressed you're sticking with the Whole 30 with this going on!
OMG!!! The applie pie Larabars are AWESOME!!!! If anyone needs a sweet fix, try these!!!!
......and now I'm gonna go eat 47 of them....just playing........a little.
Yes! Though that's partly because it's been really hot here so my sleep has been worse than usual. Have you seen the timeline ? That describes commonly felt Whole30 symptoms and when they typically occur.
Are you including at least one fist sized serving of starchy veg per day? Are you drinking 1/2 an ounce of water per pound of body weight?
I do drink plenty of water, but the starchy veg I haven't been doing. Thanks, I'll give it a try! Can you give me a ballpark on how much fat I should be consuming per day?
I drank ginger tea and felt horribly jealous and sad!
@britishgal its so hard! Eating next to someone who's eating pizza its even worse!
The recommendation is 1-2 thumb sized pieces per meal - or a closed handul of nuts/olives, or some compliant bacon, a dollop of mayo etc... You can pretty much discount the oils you're using to cook your food in as most of it stays in the pan.
A lot of people struggle to visualise that so in my meal three today for example I had a 1/2 an avocado in my salad plus a good drizzle of olive oil over the top. I free pour my oil but I'm guessing it was around two tablespoons. At meal two (also a HUGE salad) I had a handful of olives and a massive dollop of mayo - I'd be afraid to even guess how many spoonfuls. At meal one I had a half an avocado, some oily fish, and all my veg were cooked in lard (plus I had 2 eggs which also have fat). In short fear the fat - it's hard to go over-board.
Day 2 of something I have never tried - a regular, planned meal regiman, or diet, for those who prefer simplicity. After sixty years of eating what ever I wanted, whenever I wanted this was a bit daunting when my sister first told me about it in May. It only took a month for me to fight through "There's no way, a month without honey, wine, cheese (three of my favorites) not to mention my cereal and sandwhiches. Impossiblile!"
But after reading the necessities in Whole30, getting my vegetarian wife onboard, only for support not participation, and practicing for a week prior to starting I don't think it will be as hard as I was wanting to make it.
So far it's been spinach fritatta and olives for breakfast yesterday and kale fritatta with sweet potatoes today. Lunch yesterday was salad with 3 hard boiled eggs and blueberries, strawberries and clementines for desert. Today was chili and sweet potatoes, olives and green grapes with almonds and raisins, and 2 clementines for in-between snacking. Yesterday dinner was spaghetti squash and tomato sauce with turkey, olives, a salmon cake and salad. I finished my bowl of fruit for desert. I also have apple or orange juice to drink with lunch and /or dinner.
I haven't found much about fruit juices except to use as a sweetener. Are they good to be drinking on a regular basis because of the natural sugar content, or should I back off on that and my fruit some? It doessn't feel like it, but I fear I am still getting too much sugar.
@Britishgal - I can sympathise with that one. My team at work has a weekly 'cake' meeting. I didn't go to it today to avoid the temptation but then someone brought a whole bag of donuts back to my office and left them by the kettle! I didn't have any - but it was a close thing.
Yep, the fruit juice should be used in cooking as a sweetener for sauces, or a splash added to water to make it a bit more interesting. It shouldn't be drunk as is. Also you're snacking on fruit in between meals isn't recommended either a) because your digestive system needs time to rest between meals, and because eating fruit on it's own will spike blood sugar levels & feed any sugar cravings you might have. And you are eating a lot of fruit..... The recommendation is 1-2 servings per day - many don't bother with fruit at all.
Up the size of your meals and this should cut out any need for snacks. And you need to re-think the whole dessert idea - maybe finish your meals off with some pickled goods like sauerkraut which will cleanse the palette in the same way, or maybe a mug of herbal tea.
I was so very close to starting again on Monday!
Thanks jmcbn. Not exactly what I wanted to hear, but exactly what I needed to here, even though I pretty much suspected. I need to practice, practice, practice my meal portions until it becomes my practice. A lot of this for me has to do with discipine to do the right thing and get out of the "convenience” habit. I've started taking a more active role in my meal prep and clean, rather than just let my wife do everything, although she said she would still do a lot of the cooking, even the meat dishes. She's a vegetarian and is not fond of the smell of meat cooking, so she's being more supportive thann I could have wished for.
3. There is a difference between a sweet potato and a yam.
Technically I think Japanese yams are sweet potatoes - there's something weird about the yam/sweet potato distinction in the US, but I can't remember what it is. Real yams aren't sweet, I think. Anyway. At the whole foods near me they had a whole display of sweet potato varieties including these "Japanese yams." I usually get the jewel or garnet ones (I can't tell those apart) but these may be my new favorites!
Ok, I'm totally not trying to make anyone feel worse, but.... I expected to feel awful, carb-flu and all. But I'm ok. I feel fine. My meals are according to the template, properly spaced. I did have a small snack before I started cooking of less than an ounce of almonds, but that was it. I only had two servings of fruit today: a medium apple at lunch, and a tiny fruit cup of pineapple at dinner. So.... Am I doing something wrong? My carbs/dairy were through the roof before I started.
Day 2: Breakfast was organic green juice (30 compliant), 2 hard boiled eggs, 2 slices of bacon (again 30 compliant), banana and black coffee.
Lunch was salad made with mixed green, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, avocado. Dressed with eve, vinegar and mustard. Topped with grilled beef. Cherries as a dessert. 40 ounces of water so far.
Actually, juicing is discouraged on a Whole30. The idea is to chew your food vs drink it, as chewing is more satiating.
Eat the whole veggies instead: 1-3 cups worth at every meal.
If you have a sweet fix, the best way to address it on a Whole30 is to not feed it with something sweet.
Instead, first ask yourself if you are truly hungry. The question we use around here is ask if you could eat something bland, like steamed fish and broccoli. If the answer is yes, have a mini meal of protein, veg and fat. If the answer is no, do something non-food related: call a friend, take a walk around the block, read, do a project or craft, whatever.
I never hit a period when I felt awful, and in reading around the forum others didn't either. I wasn't eating perfect before starting, but I wasn't drowning myself in pizza/burgers/fries, etc. I had a lot of sugar when it was around. And I didn't drink soda or coffee, so there weren't any caffeine withdrawals.
From my experience, if you were eating pretty well to begin with (which, from reading some of your posts, seems like it might be the case) your "carb-flu" symptoms may not be bad at all, and a lot of people who are eating pretty healthy never experience them. Personally, I do tend to get those symptoms, but they never hit as early as other people tell me they will. In the past two W30 that I've done, I didn't start feeling them until well into the fourth day.
Day 2 - Breakfast was three scrambled eggs with spinach, avocado and ghee plus one cup of coffee with ghee and coconut oil. Lunch was chicken vegetable soup and an orange. Supper was baked fish, a sweet potato and green beans with ghee. I also snacked on less than half an ounce of pistachios. My goals for tomorrow are to drink more plain water (all I had today was several cans of LaCroix) and to cook the other veggies in my fridge (asparagus, zucchini, parsnips, kale).
So I just finished my massive Kitchen Clean Out in preparation for starting the program on Sunday. I think it is probably a bad thing that I haven't even started the first week yet and I'm already exhausted? I'm looking forward to the end of the second week when the boundless energy usually hits me.
I've done the clean out each time I did the program previously, and it has always been very helpful in those moments of temptation. Unfortunately, this time everything is a little different. Before I had a roommate that ate out a lot and very rarely cooked at home. As a result, I was able to shift all of the non-compliant items over to a single cabinet on the far side of the kitchen where I would never even have to come near them. Now I have two new roommates, and they almost never eat out and they cook at home nearly every night. So I have about three pantry shelves for my items, and it is sharing a cabinet with some non-compliant items that just wouldn't fit anywhere else. They are all on a bottom shelf and my current strategy is to pretend that shelf doesn't exist when I reach for my coconut milk. My biggest kitchen concern right now is the refrigerator. It's about half full and not with my food, because I don't go shopping until tomorrow.
Despite these early pre-program set backs, I'm feeling pretty confident that I'm going to rock this. At least, I think it is confidence, and not just that last cupcake I grudgingly finished off.
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0.998464 |
A daycare director earns a mean wage of approximately $52,000 annually. Is this worth the education and training required? Learn the truth about job duties and career outlook, and read postings from real employers to decide if becoming a daycare director is right for you.
As a daycare director, you would ensure the physical and emotional well-being of all children at your facility, make sure staff members are teaching and caring for children according to established guidelines and manage all the financial, operational and regulatory aspects involved. Following is a list of more pros and cons that can help you decide if this occupation is best for you.
As a daycare or child care center director, you would be responsible for all aspects of the facility's operation. This might include hiring, training and supervising staff; communicating with and resolving conflicts among children, staff and parents; overseeing day-to-day activities; developing budgets and setting fees for services; implementing educational programs and policies; and making sure the facility meets all state requirements.
If you work at a facility that's funded by a state and/or federal government program, such as Head Start, you must also ensure that your facility meets regulations mandated by the Department of Health and Human Services. Some other types of daycare centers include independently owned, national chain or franchise facility.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment for daycare directors could grow at a faster-than-average rate of 17% from 2012-2022. Some factors that might contribute to this job growth include an increase in the population of preschool-aged children, the continued need for working parents to find child care and the growing emphasis on early childhood education programs. The BLS also noted that you are likely to have more favorable job opportunities if you have a 2-year or 4-year degree. As of May 2014, daycare directors received an average annual wage of $52,000. Those in the lowest tenth percentile earned about $29,000 or less annually, while those in the highest 90th percentile earned approximately $87,000 or more annually.
You only need a high school diploma to work as a daycare director in most states, according to the BLS. However, some states require that you have a degree in early childhood education. Additionally, you might need to have Child Development Associate (CDA) certification from the Council for Professional Recognition or the Child Care Professional (CCP) certification from the National Child Care Association (NCCA) in order to gain employment.
According to the BLS, you usually need a high school diploma or equivalent, completion of early childhood development courses and relevant work experience to be eligible for CDA or CCP certification. In addition, if you work in a state that requires your facility to be licensed, you might need to get proper immunizations and pass a background check.
A child care center in New Jersey was seeking an applicant with at least five years of experience managing a center with over 100 students and a bachelor's degree in business management, early childhood or elementary education. The director would mentor staff members, ensure the facility met health and safety standards and communicate with parents and guardians regarding child development goals.
A Richmond, VA, child care center wanted to hire a candidate to perform daily management and implement policies and procedures. Job requirements included two years of experience in a director role, a 4-year degree in a related field and experience in budgeting, planning and staffing.
A Head Start program in South Carolina was looking for a director to oversee a full-year, full-day program in accordance with state regulations and standards. This position required three years of administration or supervision experience and a bachelor's degree in early childhood education or a related discipline. This employer preferred candidates with a master's degree.
A church in Iowa sought a director for its preschool and child care center. This candidate needed a bachelor's degree in early childhood education and at least three years of managerial or supervisory experience in an education environment. He or she also had to meet Iowa's Department of Human Services requirements.
Although an associate's degree could help you best the competition, a bachelor's degree can give you a greater competitive advantage, according to the BLS. Completing a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science in Early Childhood Education could qualify you for a state-level teacher certificate or license. Additionally, you can select an age range concentration, such as birth through five years old or preschool through five years old. To earn your degree, you must complete a mandatory student teaching practicum. During your practicum, you'll be supervised by an experience teacher and observed by a teaching supervisor.
If you're up for the challenge of working with older students, you can do so as an elementary, middle or high school principal. You would have some similar duties to that of daycare director, such as managing a budget and finances, meeting with parents and supervising teachers and other staff members. Other responsibilities you would have include implementing professional development programs that can help teachers improve their teaching skills, performing classroom observations to measure teachers' effectiveness, making sure your school meets performance standards by evaluating tests scores and ensuring that your facility meets safety standards.
According to the BLS, most schools and states require that you have a master's degree in education administration and be licensed as a school administrator. However, you are not required to be licensed to be a principal at a private school. The BLS also reported that you could earn a median salary of approximately $87,000 in this profession as of May 2011.
If you enjoy working with young children but don't want the responsibility of running a daycare center, consider becoming a preschool teacher. In this position, you would have a more hands-on role in carrying out the program curriculum and interacting with students. Some of your duties would involve helping children develop language and motor skills through various activities, such as word games and storytelling. You would also encourage good social skills among your students by teaching them how to work together in group exercises.
The education required to work in this field depends on the type of facility you work in. Typically, you would need a high school diploma and certification in early childhood education to work at a child care center. You would need at least a 2-year degree in early childhood education or a related discipline to work at a Head Start Program and a similar 4-year degree to work at a public school. As of May 2011, non-special education preschool teachers earned a median wage of around $27,000, while special education preschool teachers earned a median wage of approximately $53,000, according to the BLS.
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0.947248 |
Is 'The Devil made me do it' ever a valid excuse?
"The Devil made me do it" is the oldest excuse in the world; and for nearly every mistake, crime, or sin, it is just that, an excuse.
First, God will not allow a Christian to be tempted beyond the ability to escape (1 Corinthians 10:13). The truth of 1 John 4:4 eliminates the excuse of the Devil having control of a Christian's behavior: "Little children, you are from God and have overcome them, for he who is in you is greater than he who is in the world."
Blame shifting is so ancient it was made by the first people. In the garden of Eden, Eve disobeys God and then blames the Devil: "… The serpent deceived me, and I ate" (Genesis 3:13). God did not buy her excuse, and won't buy it from us either. Adam, in turn, blamed Eve for his sin. God didn't buy that, either. God holds us accountable for our actions.
The Holy Spirit dwells within Christians and not only helps us overcome sin and temptation (1 John 4:4), but prevents the Devil from forcing us from doing anything. God has granted us everything we need for life, as Peter writes in 2 Peter 1:3. Additionally, this verse goes on to say that God has provided what we need for godliness, also.
When we, as Christians, sin, it is because of our own choices. The blame lies with the individual. As Christians, we must recognize the problem is our choice to disobey, rebel, or disregard God (Romans 7:20). Certainly Satan can tempt us to sin and influence us, but the choice is ultimately our own. Think of when a doctor tells a patient to quit smoking. It is not the cigarette's fault, nor the tobacco company, when the patient continues to smoke. Obedience will bring blessing. Christians overcome sin and the temptation to sin by submitting to God and obeying His Word (Romans 7:24–25; 1 John 5:3–5).
"But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire" (James 1:14). We sin because we are sinners infected with a desire to rule our own lives and disregarding or even rebelling against God. This is our primary struggle. "Now the works of the flesh are evident: sexual immorality, impurity, sensuality, idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, divisions, envy, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these" (Galatians 5:19–21). It is us, our flesh, which causes us to desire these wrong things.
So, what is the Devil's role? He and his demons can tempt us to sin (Genesis 3; Luke 4:1–13; 1 Peter 5:8), but cannot force a Christian to make the series of choices it takes to sin.
However, a person who is not a Christian can come under a controlling influence of the Devil and his minions. Though a non-Christian may more easily succumb to evil influences, he or she can also be possessed. When a person is possessed by a demon, that demon has complete control over the person, not allowing the person control (Mark 9:22). The only time "The Devil made me do it" would ever be a valid excuse is in the case of demon possession. And, again, we must emphasize that a Christian cannot be possessed because of the indwelling of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:9; Ephesians 5:18).
"How can I have victory in overcoming sin?"
"I'm struggling with sin. What's the key to victory?"
"Resisting temptation—What is the key?"
How can I overcome temptation instead of giving in?
What is meant by 'dying to self'? How are Christians supposed to die to self?
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0.951587 |
The pituitary gland is a small pea-shaped endocrine gland that is located at the base of the brain. It regulates homeostasis by secreting necessary hormones into the body. It helps our body react to senses and the environment. For a detailed description of the pituitary gland go here. In energy medicine, the pituitary gland is connected to the 6th chakra and is sometimes referred to as the third eye.
Emotionally individuals with pituitary gland imbalances often feel confused or scatter-brained and may have trouble concentrating. They may feel a lack of connection to the earth or their own body. This may be caused by some past trauma or a lack of connection to a caregiver or parent during their first few years. Where the pineal gland is our connection to the spiritual, the pituitary gland is our connection to the physical.
What can I do to help the pituitary gland function correctly?
- Apply Deep Blue or another oil containing menthol to the brow. Make sure not to get into the eyes.
- Work the pituitary gland reflex point on the foot.
- Attend a class or learn a new skill that interests you.
- Wear the color indigo.
- Participate in a yoga class or do yoga poses at home.
- Make sure you are eating enough protein and that you are consuming foods high in protein, magnesium and vitamins E and D.
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0.979447 |
Who Lived in Boston Before the Puritans?
Long before the Puritan history of Boston begins, glaciers and ice sheets covering North America retreat as the Great Ice Age, or the Pleistocene Epoch, which started some 1.8 million years earlier, draws to an end.
As the glaciers melt, they deposit debris caught in their ice—called moraine—across the northeastern part of the continent, including the Boston area.
You can still see the glaciers’ deposits today.
These include the drumlins (whale-shaped hills, such as Beacon Hill and some of the Boston Harbor Islands, ridges, kettle ponds, rocks, and boulders that shape the landscape of Boston.
Almost 10,000 years later after its creation, this is the landscape seen by the first Puritans when they arrive in the New World.
Also well before the Puritans arrive in Boston, Native Americans start to occupy eastern Massachusetts.
They establish themselves on a peninsula that they call Shawmut, which roughly means "land of many waters," next to a river that they call Quinnebequi.
During summers, they grow crops such as corn on the drumlins in the bay that we now call the Boston Harbor Islands.
As many as 100,000 native inhabitants belonging to the Algonquin Nation now live across New England.
They belong to smaller regional groups including the Massachusett, Wampanoag, and Nipmuck.
If they could see 30 years into the future, they would spot the sails of Puritan ships looming large on the horizon.
Explorer Captain John Smith sails down the Maine coast to Massachusetts Bay. He makes contact with the native inhabitants.
Rounding the Shawmut Peninsula, Captain Smith spots nearby islands lush with corn, calling them “the Paradise of all these parts." He notes a hilly smaller peninsula with three peaks – an important site in Puritan history – surrounded by a harbor fed by three rivers.
Two years later in 1616, Smith draws a map of the coast, labeling it "New England" to make it seem more attractive to potential colonists.
For land claim purposes, Smith backdates his map to 1614.
Initially labeling least two different rivers Quinnebequi, which means long still water, he decides to rename them to honor Prince Charles of England. He calls the southern one River Charles, and the northern one Kennebec River.
An epidemic now speculated to be smallpox brought accidentally by European explorers kills about 75% of the Native Americans who have occupied eastern Massachusetts for the past 4,000 years, leaving only about 25,000 across the region.
The closest settlement to the Shawmut Peninsula was in present-day Jamaica Plain, and it was decimated.
A group of 102 English settlers, most of whom were religious dissidents called Pilgrims, arrive on the Mayflower and settle south of the Shawmut Peninsula in what is now present-day Plymouth.
Reverend William Blaxton, an Anglican clergyman born in Lincolnshire, England in 1595, lands near Weymouth with his collection of 186 books written in various languages.
Blaxton is part of a group brought by Captain Robert Gorges to establish a religious settlement – but in a rough moment for Puritan history, they discover another group of English settlers already occupying the land they’d hoped to claim.
After failing to establish themselves in the New World, most of Blaxton’s original group returns to England – but Blaxton and several others strike out to find land for themselves.
Blaxton moves north to the western slope of what is now Beacon Hill and lays claim to about 800 acres.
He builds himself a snug cabin from logs near a fresh water spring (near the Charles Street and Beacon Street intersection, on what is now Boston Common), settles in with his book collection, plants an orchard – the first in the United States - with apple seeds that he’s collected, and becomes Boston’s first known permanent European resident.
Like the Native Americans who occasionally pass through the area while hunting partridge, he calls the area Shawmut.
The remaining Puritans settle nearby in Charlestown, Chelsea, and on Thompson’s Island.
In England, years of religious strife between the official Anglican Church and the nonconformist Calvinists who want to “purify” it from within—and therefore are called Puritans—cause John Winthrop and a like-minded group of wealthy Puritans to pool their resources and become shareholders in a royal charter to establish a commercial venture in New England. Many of them are from the town of Boston in Lincolnshire.
Winthrop and the others buy the existing but bankrupt Massachusetts Bay Company, formerly named the New England Company, set up earlier for the purpose of colonizing and reaping benefits from the New World, and approved earlier that year by the King. They purchase it as a joint stock venture, specify that only those who emigrate can own stock in it (thus protecting themselves from meddling outsiders), and sign a compact and charter that later become the framework for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Charters of other similar companies of that time specify that annual Board of Directors meetings must be held in London, subject to scrutiny by the King and Parliament. The Massachusetts Bay Company's charter fails to mention a meeting place - an oversight that Winthrop and the other investors realize can be used to their advantage.
They decide their colony will be self-governing, although they will still be English citizens and subjects of the king.
The Puritans see this as a way to escape persecution in England, to exercise a degree of self-rule, and to create a new community based on their beliefs in predestination, austerity, and eventual heavenly rewards - perhaps not foreseeing that their descendents will persecute, ban, and even execute those with different beliefs.
Led by the flagship Arbella, the first four ships in the Puritans' fleet of 12 leave England on April 7, 1630 and land in Salem after a 3-month journey across the Atlantic.
Eventually almost 1,000 English immigrants led by John Winthrop and sponsored by the Massachusetts Bay Company arrive on this fleet.
At the time of the Puritans' arrival, about 500 other English settlers, mostly Pilgrims in the Plymouth area, already inhabit Massachusetts. The first of the Pilgrims, as you may recall, came on the Mayflower in 1620.
In case you’re wondering about the difference between Pilgrims and Puritans, Pilgrims want to separate from the Church of England, while the Puritans want to “purify” and reform it.
In July, most of the Massachusetts Bay Colony move to Charlestown, where the lack of fresh water causes much sickness and a few deaths.
Reverend Blaxton, a former college classmate of several of the group’s members back in England, hears about their problems and invites them to move to Shawmut where several springs provide plenty of fresh water. Of course, the Puritans themselves don’t actually drink the water – following current English custom, they use it to make beer.
Upon hearing Blaxton’s offer, John Winthrop declares, “We shall build a city upon a hill; the eyes of all people are upon us.” Most of the Colonists move with him to the Shawmut Peninsula, while a few migrate inland to Cambridge and several others establish a plantation that they call Watertown.
At first the Puritans call their new settlement Tremontaine (Trimountain) because of the three tall peaks noted by John Smith. Why would a group of English Puritans give their new home a French name? I don't know - but later, France helped the Colonies in their fight for independence from Great Britain, and you'll still notice quite a few French names and spellings ("theatre" instead of "theater") in current use in Boston.
Within a few weeks—perhaps inspired by homesickness—they change their settlement's name to Boston, the town in Lincolnshire, England from which many of them came.
Sadly, before the end of 1630, they also establish the Colony's first graveyard, now called the King's Chapel Burying Ground.
Within the first year of their arrival, 200 of them find their final resting place in this historic cemetery. Eventually, King's Chapel Burying Ground will contain most of the first generation of Boston's Puritan founders.
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Ambasadori in The Hague on 3 April 1976, the day of their Eurovision appearance.
Ambasadori (Serbian Cyrillic: Амбасадори, "Ambassadors") were a Yugoslav pop band from Sarajevo, SR Bosnia-Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia active from 1968 until 1980. The band is most notable for its 1975 hit single "Zemljo moja" as well as for representing Yugoslavia at the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest, in addition to having two future pop stars Zdravko Čolić (between 1969 and 1971) and Hari Varešanović as its one time singers.
Ambasadori were founded in Sarajevo in 1968 by two military brass band musicians and Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) recruits — keyboardist Robert Ivanović who had come from Belgrade shortly prior to establishing the band and trombonist Srđan Stefanović. They soon brought guitarist Slobodan Vujović, a civilian, into the band. Still mostly a cover band at this stage, the group's repertoire centered around the 1960s rhythm & blues covers (Chicago, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, etc.) along with more covers of obligatory Yugoslav hits of the day and years past, and finally even a few original numbers written by the band members thrown into the mix. Their very first performance took place in May 1969 in Sarajevo's Dom JNA (Yugoslav People's Army House). Soon after, eighteen-year-old Zdravko Čolić, a fresh high school graduate, joined the band as its new vocalist. With young Čolić as the vocalist, Vujović on guitar, Ivanović on keyboards, Ivica Sindičić on saxophone, Srđan Stefanović on trombone, Slobodan Jerković on bass guitar, Vlatko Anković on trumpet, and Tihomir Določek on drums, most of the band's activity involved gigging around Sarajevo in clubs like Trasa, FIS, and Sloga as well as the odd appearance in recently built Dom Mladih (Youth House), part of the new Skenderija complex. Over time, the group started getting more gig offers, which presented a problem since its band members that were also JNA recruits weren't available for many of them and as a result, those offers had to be declined.
By 1970, seeing their business opportunities limited by the strange setup within the band, Vujović and Čolić decided to step out and form a new group, Novi Ambasadori (New Ambassadors), bringing in drummer Perica Stojanović, organist Vlado Pravdić, saxophonist Andrej "Lale" Stefanović, and bassist Zlatko Hold. With an almost all new lineup, the band also expanded its repertoire so that in addition to R&B they now also began playing covers of Led Zeppelin, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Creedence Clearwater Revival, etc. With Vujović now firmly established as the band's driving force and main songwriter, in the summer of 1970, Novi Ambasadori scored a month-long gig with Indexi in Dubrovnik, their first tour-like experience and a taste of life on the road.
Next step was competing at the 1971 Vaš šlager sezone annual competitive festival in Sarajevo where they finished in 7th place with "Plačem za tvojim usnama", a song that songwriter Zdenko Runjić claimed to have composed and officially signed his name under despite it being a blatant rip-off of The Tremeloes' "Suddenly You Love Me" (itself a cover of Riccardo Del Turco's "Uno tranquillo"). No one from the festival noticed the plagiarism and the band avoided controversy. The song became the band's debut release — 7-inch (two-side) single "Plačem za tvojim usnama" / "Zapjevaj" released in 1971 by Beograd Disk label. By now, Vujović's Novi Ambasadori dropped the 'Novi' part, continuing on as Ambasadori since the original band's founders Ivanović and Stefanović were no longer involved with music and gave up on protecting the name.
In 1975, Ambasadori scored a sizable hit with their entry at that year's Vaš šlager sezone festival — Kemal Monteno-written patriotic schlager song "Zemljo moja", inspired by and dedicated to Yugoslav gastarbeiters leaving their homeland in search of expanded employment opportunities throughout Western Europe.
Ambasadori represented SFR Yugoslavia at the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing second last among the 18 participating countries.
Other Ambasadori members that came and went throughout the 1968 -1970s include various musicians active on the Sarajevo music scene at the time and after, such as trombone player Srđan Stefanović, keyboard player Robert Ivanović, keyboard player Sinan Alimanovic, keyboard player Neven Pocrnjić, saxophone player Ivica Sindic, drummer "Tica", trumpet player Krešimir "Keco" Vlašić (ex Pro Arte), singer Ismeta Dervoz (ex Kodeksi), drummer Perica Stojanović (ex Jutro), organist Vlado Pravdić, bassist Ivica Vinković, bassist Zlatko Hold, saxophonist Andrej "Lale" Stefanović, etc.
This page was last edited on 18 February 2019, at 01:39 (UTC).
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Was there ever a time before there was archaeological education? In the 1920s the topic began to be discussed by some archaeologists in Britain. A conference was held in 1943 at the Institute of Archaeology in London to discuss the future of archaeology in the UK once the Second World War was over. One of the sessions focused on education in primary and secondary schools and in universities and in adult education. To most people back then, linking the words “archaeology” and “education” meant only school trips to ancient monuments and, in some museums, school officers who gave lessons based on the collections. Archaeology in the 21st century faces outward more than inward, with many professional and unpaid voluntary archaeologists working on projects that actively involve the public and young people. Those who are both archaeologists and educators want to educate young people so that they are excited by and protect and care for our past. It is now common in many countries to think of the past as more than just a time and a place that existed long ago. It includes the past that we ourselves have experienced, as well as the past of our parents and grandparents. In fact, the archaeology of contemporary cultures has now become respectable. Education for adults as well as for young people should include examples of and discussions about the way archaeologists work, scientifically searching for evidence to authenticate those stories about the past. Archaeologists help people celebrate the wonders of the past, and the everyday life of past peoples, but also express concerns about the destruction of the world’s most important monuments. While an archaeologist’s ultimate aim might not be to train hundreds of future archaeologists, those in the field should consider the best ways of sharing knowledge and expertise. For young people in particular, in formal and informal situations, getting archaeology in the curriculum and encouraging fun activities (for families and the general public) at historic sites and museums is essential.
Archaeological education does not have a regular academic journal of its own. General books on archaeology for students often ignore education, perhaps because it is still seen by some as an unimportant part of the discipline. However, articles are published about education projects and its place in archaeology itself. The major archaeological organizations (see Delivering Archaeological Education) provide a good service for both teachers and working archaeologists. Academic journals in archaeology rarely include papers about archaeological education, though some have published useful special issues on education (see Journal Special Issues). Three important journals take a world approach: Antiquity, Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress, and World Archaeology. Archaeologists have recently been able to access journals to cover specific areas in their subject of interest. The most useful titles for archaeological education are: Conservation of Management and Archaeological Sites, Historic Environment: Policy and Practice, and Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage.
A peer-reviewed journal of world archaeology, founded in 1927. Reports on new archaeological research, methods, and concepts with special issues on some subject areas (see Journal Special Issues).
Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress.
This peer-reviewed journal, first published in 2015, has included articles on education from around the world.
Conservation of Management and Archaeological Sites.
Historic Environment: Policy and Practice.
This peer-reviewed journal covers a wide range of topics written especially for those involved in archaeology around the world. Some issues have included papers on education, training, and community archaeology.
Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage.
This peer-reviewed journal, first published in 2014, is intended for anyone engaged in carrying out community archaeology projects. Articles cover topics such as management, excavation, presentation, and outreach.
This peer review journal was first published in 1969 specifically to deal with archaeology on a worldwide multiperiod basis. All papers adopt a broad comparative approach, looking at important issues on a global scale. Special issues cover some more specific subject areas.
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I am writing this letter to discuss the importance of good lighting at the workplace as it pertains to eye discomfort contributing to decrease workers efficiency, comfort and satisfaction. Please consider these suggestions as you look to improve the workplace.
Computers themselves are a light source and are designed to not need additional lamination from other sources. The screen, itself, can cause glare if the brightness and contrast is not properly adjusted. Work places often require the use of a monitor in conjunction with paper documents. Paper documents require a higher light level than the monitor for good contrast. Having higher intensity light for the paper could cause a mismatch in contrast and brightness for the monitor leading to glare and eye discomfort. To remedy that, a small soft desk lamp can be used to help with viewing the paper without affecting the monitor much.
In addition, a lot of businesses also use fluorescent lighting. Indeed, they are a cheaper and durable source of lighting for the office but their limited spectrum and flickering, even if you can’t actually see the flicker, do cause more eyestrain and discomfort. The limited spectrum in fluorescents, as opposed to sunlight, which is a full spectrum lighting source, can cause more strain and have been theorized in studies to show negative affects of our natural rhythm of the day called our Circadian rhythm. Fluorescents have also been linked to migraines, problems with sleep, depression, stress, anxiety and other body chemistry issues.
To help with reducing the chances of issues associated with prolonged fluorescent lighting and improve the work place experience, a more natural lighting source is recommended such as sunlight through employees taking more sunlight breaks or putting in more skylights or windows. Another option is to change your limited spectrum fluorescent lights to full spectrum fluorescent lights to give a more natural range of visual spectrum for the eyes. Use of a full spectrum filter over the fluorescent light bulb is also an option; however, make sure you get UV filters to prevent skin issues due to UV exposure from the bulb and filter combination.
I do hope you can appreciate the importance of good lighting at the workplace and I hope these tips and suggestions can help you improve your workplace experience for you and your staff.
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What role did imperialism and raw materials play in nineteenth century political economy? Since the mass decolonisation of the 1960s it has been fashionable to say that its role has been limited. This argument has been ably summarised by Foreman-Peck, who criticised the early Marxists on this point: “That this new colonisation was economically necessary for the European capitalism of the time, as Lenin and others maintained, is hard to square with the small volume of trade involved.” (1995, 111) For those IR scholars, like myself, raised on a syllabus that included John A. Hobson’s Imperialism, this all made sense. A major part of Hobson’s argument revolves around the claim, backed up by statistics, that the new colonial territories did little for the metropole by way of investment opportunities and trade when compared to the much larger levels of investment and trade flows between Britain and its main great power rivals of Germany, France and the United States (Hobson 1902). This overlooks two points from Hobson’s argument, however. First, he is specifically speaking about the colonies acquired in the last few decades of the nineteenth century. Hobson was happier with the economic use and viability of earlier colonies. Second, the one exception that Hobson singles out is also instructive. He mentions Malaya as the only one of the recent colonies to have any economic viability, and that was not to do with volumes of trade or investment, but rather to its climate that allowed for the establishment of plantations producing the now necessary strategic commodity of rubber. In short, Hobson was not saying that all colonies were economic drains, nor was he judging colonial acquisition by monetary worth alone. Hobson, like his contemporaries, was well aware that the dramatic changes in political economy during the nineteenth century had fundamentally altered the structure of the international system. Key to these changes were certain commodities linked to the processes of industrialisation. The importance of those commodities, especially if their prices were low, does not necessarily show up in trade figures alone.
By industrialisation I am referring to what has often been divided into the ‘first’ and ‘second’ industrial revolutions. The first, emerging before the mid-nineteenth century, usually refers to the advent of coal power, of malleable wrought iron smelting, and the development of the steam engine that was adapted for use on the new railways. The widespread growth of the cotton industry is also associated with this time period. The second industrial revolution, covering the late nineteenth century and after, is associated with the rise of steel, the exponential growth of railways, the development of electricity, the proliferation of the electronic telegraph, the revolution in chemical production, and finally the rise of petroleum and the internal combustion engine. Each of these developments brought about different resource needs, but perhaps the biggest of these was coal.
Timothy Mitchell has described our modern industrialised society as a ‘hydrocarbon civilisation’. The first key industrial commodity was coal, a form of easily transportable concentrated energy (Mitchell calls it ‘buried sunshine’) that created a whole new way of living (Mitchell 2009; Mitchell 2011, ch.1). The abundance of cheap coal led to an unprecedented social revolution. Coal made steam power cheap, and changed into coke revolutionised the smelting of iron. Steam-driven iron trains and ships were able to transport coal cheaply and efficiently. Coal’s highly concentrated levels of energy cut society’s reliance on extensive tracts of land for energy production – whether in the form of woodlands or food for labourers and animals – and allowed the concentration of populations in industrial cities far from the sources of the raw materials that their industries used. In the 1801 UK census 20% of the population lived in towns (a high figure for Europe as a whole), by 1851 that figure was 50%, and by 1881 two-thirds of people were urban. Railways and steam-driven shipping delivered the raw materials and food required by these new industrial conurbations, and finally shipped out the finished industrial products of the new industries. For Mitchell the advent of coal as a necessary source of energy, as well as the use of iron railways, fundamentally altered the power relations in society (Mitchell 2011, ch. 1), an issue I will return to below.
The advent of coal and wrought iron put a premium on the control and trade of coal and iron ore. Access to both of these became necessary to sustain an industrial economy. In Britain cotton was also an early industry reliant on the import of raw materials (in this case raw cotton), and the system of guaranteeing supplies through political control, plantation economies, and free trade provided the template for the acquisition of other raw materials later in the nineteenth century. With the advent of the electric telegraph in the early nineteenth century – and the building of the submarine cables that turned the telegraph into a single global system of cheap mass communication – copper became a vital commodity. This role for copper was only increased by the growth of electricity later in the century, and even today it remains a vital material. During much of the nineteenth century the centre for copper wire production was Birmingham in the UK, but copper ores had to be imported. While the United States remained a major producer, the top sources in the British Empire were Canada, Australia and Northern Rhodesia. The southern region of the Belgian Congo also became a major producer of copper ores in the nineteenth century, while Peru and Chile continued to produce copper for export. With innovations in chemical and metallurgical process a growing list of raw materials, some rare and not available through European or North American sources, became necessary to the industrial economies of the great powers. These included nitrates for fertilizers (and explosives), antimony, tin, zinc, and chromium for alloy production, and increasingly petroleum as first shipping and then land and air transportation started using it as an alternative to coal.
Yet, it was not just minerals that became vital resources. Increasingly industrial societies became dependent on the trade in foodstuffs and resources grown for export such as wool, cotton and rubber. The opening up of the North American prairies for wheat production and export provided a cheap source of a common staple. Canning and refrigeration introduced Europeans to cheap South American meat, as well as New Zealand and Argentinian dairy products. By the late nineteenth century Britain was particularly dependent on imported food to feed its population (Parson 1999, 11), and by 1914 imports accounted for 60% of calories consumed in Britain (Dewey 2003, 271). Large parts of the Empire in different regions of the world became dependent on supplying foodstuffs to the UK market. All of this added up to a global dependence by industrial great powers on the international economy for the supply of basic and necessary raw materials.
The dependence of industrial societies on certain resources does not necessarily turn those societies into imperialists. If a commodity can be acquired cheaply via trade then the need to acquire it by force and direct control is costly and unnecessary. This point was certainly appreciated by many early international experts, and indeed Isaiah Bowman’s advocacy of free trade was premised on the notion that, to an industrial economy, the only alternative to a global free market, where all raw materials could be purchased, was imperial competition where states strove to guarantee their stocks of resources by imperialism and conquest (Bowman 1942). Indeed, the prevalence of a British sterling-dominated system of trade (and, from the 1880s, an international gold standard) in the late nineteenth century did in fact facilitate such trade. Thus, Europe became reliant on cheap American and Canadian grain that could be bought without resort to conquest. Similarly, the United States remained a major source of copper, while Sweden provided iron ore. Some nominally independent countries also supplied vital resources without becoming colonial territories, although the presence of capital and companies from the great powers did lead to a semi-colonial status. This, for example, happened to that other great source of copper, Chile. H. N. Brailsford would later refer to such societies as the equivalent of ‘human cattle farms’: nominally independent, but actually economically controlled (Brailsford 1914, 72).
Yet, in these cases the societies were already fully linked up with the global political economy. What of other societies with ‘necessary’ resources in which the nature of their economy, or the unwillingness of their governments, made them poor trading partners? Foreman-Peck sums this problem up in chillingly bloodless fashion: “European trade with many tropical areas created a variety of problems, which from the viewpoint of the European powers could often best or most simply be dealt with by the extension of formal political control.’ (1995, 118) Thus taking over a region and altering its economic structure so that it provided large quantities of a resource for the growing global economy became a common occurrence (Cameron & Neal 2003, 195). This system had already been pioneered with cotton, where the development of plantations in India (which violently turned India into a raw cotton exporter, instead of a textile exporter), and then in the Caribbean and the American south created a system of raw material trade that fed the major industrial cotton centres such as Lancashire. As with cotton, this could take one of two forms. A territory could be forced to export resources it already had, or only produced for local consumption, such as happened in the colonisation of Burma (Webster 2000). It could also involve the taking over of a territory that had the right climate and soil for the production in plantations of a vital resource. Thus, Malaya provided ideal conditions for the production of rubber from a tree species originally native to Brazil.
This is not to say that all colonies were taken over for purely economic reasons. Indeed, by the late nineteenth century colonial acquisition also became an end in itself as a means of gaining prestige for a great power – specifically, to ensure its status as a world power, rather than just a regional one. Thus Germany’s growing hunger for places in the sun, spurred on by the agitation of the Kolonialverein, was as much about German honour as economic exploitation. That said, though, the very fact that colonies were seen as vital had its roots in their frequent importance as sources of resources, as well as markets and investment or settlement opportunities (see Olusoga & Erichsen, 2010). Importantly though, as writers in international affairs often knew already, the benefit of a colony was not solely for the colonising power, but (in a free trade sterling-based global order) to the benefit of all industrial societies. Germans could get access to Malayan rubber, Chilean copper, or Newfoundland wood-pulp via trade. The important issue was that this was a system divided into two spheres. Wealthy industrialised societies obtained cheap resources via global trade, while poorer colonial and semi-colonial societies provided these resources either freely, but with very little say in the trade (as was the case with Chilean copper), or through colonial control of their economy in exploitative systems. What was being created was a hierarchical system of societies, underpinned by gender stereotypes (Camiscioli 2013) and racist ideas of civilisation.
Looking back from 1926 to the highpoint of colonial expansion in the late nineteenth century, Parker Moon summarised these forced that had encouraged the building of the large colonial and semi-colonial empires. ‘Europe’, he argued ‘was converted to imperialism… by a combination of argument and interest, arising from an almost revolutionary alteration of economic political conditions.’ The old mid-Victorian order had now given way to ‘a new earth’ envisioned ‘by the keen eye of business and politics’ (Moon 1926, 25). Moon singled out four drives that led to the new imperialism: the search for markets, the needs of the new communication technologies, the demand for tropical and sub-tropical products by industrial nations, and the demands of surplus capital (1926, 25-31).
This development of a two-tier economically interdependent world dominated by western or westernised industrial societies was also exacerbated by spinoffs from the processes of industrialisation. Developments in communications technologies – especially steamships, railways, the electronic telegraph, and the internal combustion engine – enabled states to increase their control within their territories, while also making their own projection of power over the globe easier. The vast territories of the colonial empires were both conquered and controlled by a network of coaling stations, shipping lanes and submarine telegraph cables. Similarly, land transportation and conquest, which had been only as fast as a soldier could walk or a messenger could ride in the Napoleonic wars, were now facilitated by networks of railways, telegraph lines, and (eventually in the early twentieth century) automobiles and aeroplanes. John Mearsheimer has made much of the ‘stopping power of water’, and the comparative ease of land conquest (2014). While that may have been true of the twentieth century, the reverse was true in the eighteenth, where naval technologies allowed for easier sea transportation. Indeed, it was the initial ease of sea transportation that had made the colonial empires possible in the first place. The ‘stopping power of land’, in the absence of rail and telegraph was a very real problem for armies before then. It was the sharp reversal between the speeds of sea and land power that had led Mackinder to argue for the end the ‘Columbian Age’ of sea-based exploration and empire (1904, 421-437).
I have already discussed how coal was crucial to the development of the modern industrialised economy. In fact, its importance as the primary (and crucial) source of industrialised energy remained unchallenged until the development of another hydrocarbon: oil. Coal played little direct role in the imperial conquests of the major world powers because they already had access to large reserves (although this was not true for later arrivals like Italy and Japan). Coal, though, did play a vital role in the development of the western societies that relied on it, as Timothy Mitchell has argued. Basically, coal fostered mass democracy. The digging, transportation, and distribution of great ‘quantities of energy’ ‘along very narrow channels’ gave coal miners, iron workers and railwaymen the power to threaten elites through trade union agitation and strikes. It is not for nothing that the so-called ‘triple alliance’ of British industrial trades unions, who effectively used their new-found power to wrest concessions from both employers and governments, were the mining, railway and steel unions. According to Mitchell, the modern mass democracy that emerged from the late nineteenth century was a creation of the power that these unions had over the fragile energy flows of the new industrial economy (2009, 403-6; 2011, ch. 1). Coal-induced mass democracy both helped establish a new modern state based upon the sovereignty of the whole people, and also produced a challenge to this new emerging state in the form of an international socialist and trades union movement. Without the effects of this mass populist politics the ideas of national interest and of total war, so central to the relations of states in the twentieth century, would have been of a very different order.
At the same time as coal was changing the political complexion of industrial societies, the new communications technologies were revolutionising information flows. The telegraph flattened out market prices, creating the world’s first global market, while at the same time allowing for heightened levels of state centralisation and control (see Standage, 1998). Radio, the successor to the telegraph, would also offer a vital tool in the manufacturing of political support in the decades following the end of the First World War. The era of mass communication brought the far corners of the world closer, but also helped divide people through centralised state broadcasters. Communications could be used as much to create identities as to break them down. ‘No system in world history’, write Buzan and Lawson, ‘so united the planet, while simultaneously pulling it apart.’ (2013, 626).
On top of this, it was not just industrialisation per se that created a puzzle for late nineteenth century scholars, but also how it played out in creating world powers. By the 1870s Britain’s global hegemony had given way to a new concert dominated by the new ‘world powers’. At one level this was a return to the old pre-industrial idea of the balance of power, and indeed reliance on a balance between these world powers carried with it many of the hallmarks of an earlier agrarian world a century before. Eighteenth century concerns with balancing alliances and the threat of growing powers remained, but their ecology had changed. It now involved 1. a global hierarchical political economy in which revisionist powers were also seeking greater control over the colonial and semi-colonial world; 2. nationally mobilised states armed with modern militaries capable of unleashing system-destabilising wars as a matter of course; and 3. changes to what Buzan and Lawson call ‘the mode of power’ (2015, 307) – that is the social sources of power – that made the substance of the balance of power from the late nineteenth century so fundamentally different from that of the eighteenth century. Brailsford had already explored this in 1914, where he argued that the old agrarian balance of power based on the control of land had now given way to a balance of power based on the needs of finance and industry (Brailsford, 1914).
In all, what emerges from the developments of the political economy of the nineteenth century is a sharp break with the agrarian past. Key here is the role of a growing number of resources necessary for industrial processes, as well as an increasingly global trade in food to feed industrial urban centres. Behind all this is the development of a hydrocarbon civilisation, in which societies become dependent first on coal and then on oil for the energy required to run their economies. Later this dependence expands to raw materials often found outside the territories of the great powers. These developments create a two-tier fully global political economy, but they also help centralise the state, usher in populist politics in both its socialist and nationalist forms, and create military structures and technologies that overcome the problem of ‘the stopping power of land’. These developments lead to a world dominated by two opposing forces: growing interdependence, on the one hand, and state formation and centralisation, on the other. Thus, the legacy of industrialisation is an equivocal one, producing forces that are in permanent tension with each other. In order to understand these processes, though, students of global order need to take the role of raw materials seriously.
Bowman, Isaiah 1942 ‘Geography vs. Geopolitics’, Geographical Review., 32: 646-658.
Brailsford, H. N. 1917 The War of Steel and Gold. A Study of the Armed Peace 9th edition London: Bell.
Buzan, Barry and George Lawson 2015 The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations Cambridge University Press.
Cameron, Rondo and Larry Neal 2003 A Concise Economic History of the World Fourth Edition Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dewey, Peter 2003 ‘Agriculture, Agrarian Society and the Countryside’ in Chris Wrigley (ed.) A Companion to Early Twentieth Century Britain Oxford: Blackwell.
Foreman-Peck, James 1995 A History of the World Economy. International Economic Relations Since 1850 Second Edition New York: Harvester.
Hobson, John A. 1902 Imperialism. A Study London: Nisbet.
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The St. Louis Cardinals 2012 season was the 131st season for the franchise in St. Louis, Missouri, the 121st season in the National League, and the seventh at Busch Stadium III. The Cardinals made their 25th trip to the postseason in 2012 after taking the NL Wild Card title by one game over the Atlanta Braves on the last day of the regular season in 2011. They began the 2012 season away against the Miami Marlins on April 4. St. Louis was coming off a 90–72 (.556) season, a second-place finish in the NL Central, the aforementioned wild card berth, and their National League-leading 11th World Series championship.
On October 31, 2011, Tony La Russa announced his retirement after 16 years as manager of the Cardinals. After interviewing several candidates, the Cardinals announced, in a press conference on November 14, that former Cardinals catcher Mike Matheny would be the team's new manager, the 49th in team history. At 41, he is the youngest active manager in the majors. He holds the catching major league record for consecutive errorless games at 252, and for consecutive errorless chances with 1,565.
On December 22, the Cardinals signed outfielder Carlos Beltrán to a two-year deal.
On March 1, 2012, the Cardinals announced the extension of catcher Yadier Molina's expiring $7 mil. contract at the end of 2012, for 5 years (with a 6th year $15 mil. option for 2018) for $75 mil., making him the second-highest-paid catcher (to Twins catcher Joe Mauer) in all of baseball. He leads all catchers with 39 pickoffs since 2005, and has thrown out 44% of all basestealers in his eight years. He led all Cardinals batters in 2011 with a .305 batting average, starting more games behind the plate than any other catcher, and established career-highs with 55 runs scored, 32 doubles, 14 home runs, and 65 RBIs.
The Cardinals announced they would retire former manager Tony La Russa' #10 prior to the game on May 11. His number will be the 12th retired by the Cardinals. He ranks third on the managers' all-time wins list with 2,728. 1,408 of those came with the Cardinals in his 16-year tenure there, and his .544 winning percentage with the team is his best of the three clubs he managed in his 33 seasons.
On May 14, Carlos Beltrán was named the National League Player of the Week for the week of May 7–13 after posting six home runs, 13 RBIs, eight runs scored, 30 total bases, and a 1.200 slugging percentage. He collected hits in five of the six games, homering in four of them. This is Beltran's ninth Player of the Week Award and his sixth in the National League. He leads the National League with 15 home runs, and is second in RBIs, with 32.
Johan Santana threw the first no-hitter in New York Mets' 51-year history (totaling 8,019 regular season and 74 post-season games previously) with an 8−0 shutout over the Cardinals and Adam Wainwright at Citi Field on June 1. 27,069 witnessed the no-hitter, with Santana throwing a career-high 134 pitches. He walked five, and struck out eight. (box score) Left fielder Mike Baxter robbed Yadier Molina with a great catch in the seventh inning for the 20th out. Umpire Adrian Johnson ruled a hard grounder by former Met Carlos Beltrán (in his first return to New York) down the third-base line 'foul' although the ball made a mark on the chalk in the sixth inning. Beltran subsequently grounded out to third base on the next pitch. The no-hitter was the eighth against the Cardinals in their long history, the first time by Hall-of-Famer Christy Mathewson on July 15, 1901. The previous no-hitter against the Cardinals was by Fernando Valenzuela on June 29, 1990, at Dodger Stadium. The Cardinals were also the first defending World Series champion to be pitched a no-hitter against since the Oakland Athletics in their 1990 pennant season. On the opposite side, Cardinals' pitchers have thrown 10 no-hitters against opponents, the last one by Bud Smith against the San Diego Padres on September 3, 2001. The Padres are now the only present team without a no-hitter.
On June 7, Jaime García (left-hander), landed on the disabled list after his 2-inning June 5 start with a left shoulder sprain. He is the eighth player on it, one-off the season high of nine—at the same time with the seven others which include two starting pitchers (he and Chris Carpenter), two relievers (Scott Linebrink and Kyle McClellan), two infielders (Lance Berkman and Matt Carpenter), and two outfielders (Jon Jay and Skip Schumaker).
On June 15, batting against his old team the Kansas City Royals, Carlos Beltrán became the first switch-hitter in MLB history to attain 300 home runs and 300 stolen bases, with his seventh stolen base in the second inning. Seven other hitters also are members of the 300-300 club.
Carlos Beltrán (of) and Rafael Furcal (ss) won the fan voting to be starters at their positions for the 83rd All-Star Game in Kansas City's Kauffman Stadium on July 10. Yadier Molina (c) was selected by the players as a reserve for his fourth consecutive year; he ranked second in the voting to starter Buster Posey. Lance Lynn was also selected by the players as a reserve pitcher; his first time going to the All-Star Game. Retired Cardinals' manager Tony La Russa will un-retire for the one game. Coaches Derek Lilliquist, Jose Oquendo and Mark McGwire will also be participating in the event, as all are members of La Russa's All-Star staff. Former St. Louis coaches Joe Pettini, Dave McKay and Dave Duncan are members of that coaching staff, as well. Beltran is leading the NL with 61 RBIs, and second in home runs with 20. He also ranks in the top 10 with a .310 batting average. It will be his fourth time as an All-Star fan-vote starter, seventh overall. As an added bonus for Beltran, he was also picked to participate in the Home Run Derby contest on July 9, the night before the All-Star Game. It will be the first time for him in that fan-favorite event.
On July 6, after the passing of Yadier Molina's wife's grandfather, he left the team to join his family in Puerto Rico and was put on the bereavement list. He will miss the three weekend games and won't participate in the All-Star game. Matt Holliday was picked by Tony La Russa to replace him on the roster. Bryan Anderson was recalled from AAA-Memphis to replace Molina on the Cardinals' roster, with Tony Cruz to start as catcher for the weekend games.
After the rosters were opened to the fans, voting was held to decide the final fan-voted addition to each team. The online balloting was conducted from Sunday afternoon, July 1, through Thursday afternoon, July 5. The winners of the final vote were David Freese of the St. Louis Cardinals (NL), and Yu Darvish of the Texas Rangers (AL). Chipper Jones, of the Atlanta Braves, was removed from the ballot on July 3 after he replaced Matt Kemp on the roster due to Kemp's injury.
The 83rd All-Star Game on July 10, at Kansas City's Kaufmann Stadium was an 8-0 blowout for the National League, its sixth shutout win against two shutout losses for the NL. It made retired manager Tony La Russa the first manager to win All-Star Games in both leagues. He was 3-0 in the AL, but 0-2 in the NL before this year's game. La Russa emphasized this was his final game as a manager.
On July 16, Trevor Rosenthal was called up for the first time to the major leagues, and made his debut in the eighth inning on July 18, the 2,000th player in Cardinals' history. No other franchise in baseball has reached 2,000.
On July 21, at home against the Cubs, a 0−0 tight game started by Jake Westbrook (8-8, after getting the win in 7 inn.) was broken in the bottom of the seventh with a 12-run explosion by the Cardinals, won by that 12−0 score with 16 hits against only 4 for the Cubs. The inning-explosion featured 7 doubles, tying a major-league record set by the (NL) 1936 Boston Bees (against the Cardinals at Sportsmen's Park, first inning on August 25), 17 batters with 10 hits including a triple, 2 singles, 2 walks, and a wild pitch. David Freese started the inning with an infield single. Allen Craig then got one of his two doubles that inning, and the merry-go-round was on. The 12-runs in an inning also tied the highest runs in any inning by a Cardinals' team since the 1926 club did it in the third inning against the Phillies on September 15. Gameday Recap The club got 27 total bases and 9 doubles in the game—the last time they did that was on July 12, 1931.
On September 17, the Cardinals announced they were moving their short-season affiliation with the Batavia (NY) Muckdogs to the State College (PA) Spikes in the same New York–Penn League.
On September 19, the Cardinals announced they were moving their low-A team from Quad Cities (Iowa) back to Peoria (Illinois) where they had the team from 1995–2004, in the Midwest League.
On September 19, David Freese and Yadier Molina hit their 20th home runs of the seasons. It marked the first time in Cardinals' history that five players have hit 20 home runs in a season, with the shutout win against the Houston Astros. Carlos Beltrán (29), Matt Holliday (27), and Allen Craig (21) reached 20 previously.
On September 24, closer Jason Motte was named NL Player of the Week after saving all five of the Cardinals' wins in the week of September 17–23, and is leading the NL in saves with his 40th. He became the first closer with the Cardinals to save 40 games since Jason Isringhausen in 2004. It was the first time he has won that award, and the first time a closer had won it since Huston Street in 2009.
For the last game of the season at home on October 3, Shelby Miller, who started 2012 as the club's top prospect, made his major league debut as a starter against the Cincinnati Reds. He has already had five appearances (1-0, 2.35 ERA) in 7.2 IP as a reliever.
As with all 30 teams, Major League Baseball released the Cardinals' 2012 schedule on September 14, 2011. The Cardinals' Opening Day game was away against the Miami Marlins on April 4 and was nationally televised by ESPN at 6 PM CDT.
All game times for the following table were in Central Time Zone, and were broadcast on Fox Sports Midwest, unless otherwise noted. Twenty games from April 9 to August 10 were blacked out for those watching Fox Sports Midwest from their AT&T U-verse cable because of a financial dispute between them continuing from the previous year. Those games are marked with an asterisk (*) in the schedule below.
Game 1 was a nail biter. Carlos Beltrán hit his 14th career postseason homer and David Freese also went deep as the Cardinals took a 6–4 lead over the San Francisco Giants after six innings of the NL championship series opener. Freese hit a two-run homer in the second and Beltrán followed with one in the fourth as the Cardinals knocked out Madison Bumgarner with six runs in 3 2⁄3 innings.
Bumgarner breezed through a perfect first inning but ran into trouble in the second when Yadier Molina singled on an 0–2 pitch with one out. Freese then drove a 3–2 pitch over the wall in left-center to give the Cardinals a 2–0 lead. That gave Freese 25 career RBIs in the postseason and tied him with Molina for third most ever for the Cardinals. Bumgarner then couldn't make it out of the fourth. Descalso doubled and scored on Pete Kozma's double. Jon Jay added a two-out RBI single and Beltrán ended Bumgarner's night with the homer.
George Kontos got out of the fourth and Tim Lincecum pitched two hitless innings as he once again excelled in his new role out of the bullpen.
Lance Lynn struggled to hold onto that lead in his first postseason start after 10 career relief appearances. After starting the game with three hitless innings, Lynn ran into trouble with two outs and a runner on first in the fourth. Hunter Pence and Brandon Belt followed with singles to drive in San Francisco's first run. They both scored on Gregor Blanco's triple. Brandon Crawford followed with an RBI double to make it 6–4 and Lynn left after walking pinch-hitter Aubrey Huff. Joe Kelly got out of the jam when second baseman Daniel Descalso made a diving stop of Ángel Pagán's grounder up the middle.
No runs were scored for the remainder of the contest.
A 3-hour 28 min rain delay was longer than the time of the game itself at 3:02.
The second-largest crowd of the year 47,062 saw the Cardinals win, 8-3. Adam Wainwright went seven strong innings, giving up only four hits and one run, the home run to Hunter Pence, walking none and striking out five.
^ "Matheny called 'perfect ' fit for Cardinals". STLtoday.com. November 14, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
^ "Beltran is first switch-hitter with 300 HRs, SBs: Outfielder stole second base in second inning on Friday". MLB.com. June 15, 2012.
^ "Darvish and Freese win, going to All-Star Game". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. July 5, 2012.
^ "Berkman on DL for 3rd time". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. August 3, 2012.
^ "Cards work 12 innings to regain Wild Card lead". MLB.com. September 16, 2012.
^ "Cardinals sign on with State College affiliate". MLB.com. September 17, 2012.
^ "Cards bringing Class A team back to Peoria". MLB.com. September 19, 2012.
^ "Freese, Molina homers help Lynn earn 16th win: Cards have five with at least 20 dingers for first time in club history". MLB.com. September 19, 2012.
^ a b "Carpenter no stranger to high-pressure spots". MLB.com. September 20, 2012.
^ "Cubs spoil Carp's return, win in 11th". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. September 21, 2012.
^ "Opening Day for Carp, Christmas for Cards". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. September 21, 2012.
^ "Carp's return impressive, but Cards stunned late: Right-hander allows five hits and two runs over five innings in return". MLB.com. September 21, 2012.
^ "Motte named NL Player of the Week for first time". MLB.com. September 24, 2012.
^ "Motte honored by NL". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. September 25, 2012.
^ "Wild Cards: St. Louis clinches late after loss". MLB.com. October 3, 2012.
^ "Cards head to playoffs". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 3, 2012.
^ "With Cards in, Miller to make starting debut". MLB.com. October 3, 2012.
^ "GAME INFORMATION ("Bullpen Briefs")" (PDF). St. Louis Cardinals. October 5, 2012. p. 4.
^ "2011 Cardinals Schedule". Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
^ "Wizard of Koz: Late magic lifts Cards to NLCS--Shortstop's single caps four-run ninth as Redbirds stun Nationals". MLB.com. October 12, 2012.
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Find the total number of students, first.
"In the sample, there are 4 more students with brown hair and blue eyes, than blonde hair and blue eyes."
There are 80 total students.
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He is best known for his book, the Muqaddimah or Prolegomena ("Introduction"). The book influenced 17th-century Ottoman historians like Kâtip Çelebi, Ahmed Cevdet Pasha and Mustafa Naima, who used the theories in the book to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire. 19th-century European scholars acknowledged the significance of the book and considered Ibn Khaldun to be one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages.
Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an autobiography (التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا, at-Taʻrīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan) ("Presenting Ibn Khaldun and his Journey West and East") in which numerous documents regarding his life are quoted word-for-word.
Abdurahman bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Al-Hasan bin Jabir bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim bin Abdurahman bin Ibn Khaldun, generally known as "Ibn Khaldūn" after a remote ancestor, was born in Tunis in AD 1332 (732 AH) into an upper-class Andalusian family of Arab descent, the family's ancestor was, according to him, a Yemeni Arab who shared kinship with Waíl ibn Hujr, a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. His family, which held many high offices in Andalusia, had emigrated to Tunisia after the fall of Seville to the Reconquista in AD 1248. Under the Tunisian Hafsid dynasty, some of his family held political office; his father and grandfather, however, withdrew from political life and joined a mystical order. His brother, Yahya Khaldun, was also a historian who wrote a book on the Abdalwadid dynasty and was assassinated by a rival for being the official historiographer of the court.
In his autobiography, Khaldun traces his descent back to the time of Muhammad through an Arab tribe from Yemen, specifically the Hadhramaut, which came to the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century, at the beginning of the Islamic conquest: "And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Yemen, via Wa'il ibn Hujr also known as Hujr ibn 'Adi, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected." (p. 2429, Al-Waraq's edition). However, the biographer Mohammad Enan questions his claim and suggests that his family may have been Muladis who pretended to be of Arab origin to gain social status. Enan also mentions a well-documented past tradition that certain Berber groups delusively "aggrandize" themselves with some Arab ancestry. The motive of such inventions was always the desire for political and societal ascendancy. Some speculate that of the Khaldun family and elaborate that Ibn Khaldun himself was the product of the same Berber ancestry as the native majority of his birthplace. A point supporting that posits that his unusual focus on and admiration Maharlika Berbers reveals a deference towards them that is born of a vested interest in preserving them in the realm of conscious history. Islamic scholar Muhammad Hozien contends, "The false [Berber] identity would be valid however at the time that Ibn Khaldun's ancestors left Andulsia and moved to Tunisia they did not change their claim to Arab ancestry. Even in the times when Berbers were ruling, the reigns of Al-Marabats and al-Mowahids, et. al. The Ibn Khalduns did not reclaim their Berber heritage." Khaldun's tracing of his own genealogy and surname are thought to be the strongest indication of Arab Yemenite ancestry.
His family's high rank enabled Ibn Khaldun to study with the best teachers in Maghreb. He received a classical Islamic education, studying the Qur'an, which he memorized by heart, Arabic linguistics; the basis for understanding the Qur'an, hadith, sharia (law) and fiqh (jurisprudence). He received certification (ijazah) for all of those subjects. The mathematician and philosopher Al-Abili of Tlemcen introduced him to mathematics, logic and philosophy, and he studied especially the works of Averroes, Avicenna, Razi and Tusi. At the age of 17, Ibn Khaldūn lost both his parents to the Black Death, an intercontinental epidemic of the plague that hit Tunis in 1348–1349.
Following family tradition, he strove for a political career. In the face of a tumultuous political situation in North Africa, that required a high degree of skill in developing and dropping alliances prudently to avoid falling with the short-lived regimes of the time. Ibn Khaldūn's autobiography is the story of an adventure, in which he spends time in prison, reaches the highest offices and falls again into exile.
At the age of 20, he began his political career in the chancellery of the Tunisian ruler Ibn Tafrakin with the position of Kātib al-'Alāmah (seal-bearer), which consisted of writing in fine calligraphy the typical introductory notes of official documents. In 1352, Abū Ziad, the sultan of Constantine, marched on Tunis and defeated it. Ibn Khaldūn, in any case unhappy with his respected but politically meaningless position, followed his teacher Abili to Fez. There, the Marinid sultan, Abū Inan Fares I, appointed him as a writer of royal proclamations, but Ibn Khaldūn still schemed against his employer, which, in 1357, got the 25-year-old a 22-month prison sentence. Upon the death of Abū Inan in 1358, Vizier al-Hasān ibn-Umar granted him freedom and reinstated him to his rank and offices. Ibn Khaldūn then schemed against Abū Inan's successor, Abū Salem Ibrahim III, with Abū Salem's exiled uncle, Abū Salem. When Abū Salem came to power, he gave Ibn Khaldūn a ministerial position, the first position to correspond with Ibn Khaldūn's ambitions.
The treatment that Ibn Khaldun received after the fall of Abū Salem through Ibn-Amar ʻAbdullah, a friend of Ibn Khaldūn's, was not to his liking, as he received no significant official position. At the same time, Amar successfully prevented Ibn Khaldūn, whose political skills he knew well, from allying with the Abd al-Wadids in Tlemcen. Ibn Khaldūn, therefore, decided to move to Granada. He could be sure of a positive welcome there since at Fez, he had helped the Sultan of Granada, the Nasrid Muhammad V, regain power from his temporary exile. In 1364, Muhammad entrusted him with a diplomatic mission to the king of Castile, Pedro the Cruel, to endorse a peace treaty. Ibn Khaldūn successfully carried out this mission and politely declined Pedro's offer to remain at his court and have his family's Spanish possessions returned to him.
In Granada, Ibn Khaldūn quickly came into competition with Muhammad's vizier, Ibn al-Khatib, who viewed the close relationship between Muhammad and Ibn Khaldūn with increasing mistrust. Ibn Khaldūn tried to shape the young Muhammad into his ideal of a wise ruler, an enterprise that Ibn al-Khatib thought foolish and a danger to peace in the country. History proved al-Khatib right, and at his instigation, Ibn Khaldūn was eventually sent back to North Africa. Al-Khatib himself was later accused by Muhammad of having unorthodox philosophical views and murdered despite an attempt by Ibn Khaldūn to intercede on behalf of his old rival.
In his autobiography, Ibn Khaldūn tells little about his conflict with Ibn al-Khatib and the reasons for his departure. Orientalist Muhsin Mahdi interprets that as showing that Ibn Khaldūn later realised that he had completely misjudged Muhammad V.
Back in Africa, the Hafsid sultan of Bougie, Abū ʻAbdallāh, who had been his companion in prison, received him with great enthusiasm and made Ibn Khaldūn his prime minister. Ibn Khaldūn carried out a daring mission to collect taxes among the local Berber tribes. After the death of Abū ʻAbdallāh in 1366, Ibn Khaldūn changed sides once again and allied himself with the Sultan of Tlemcen, Abū l-Abbas. A few years later, he was taken prisoner by Abu Faris Abdul Aziz, who had defeated the sultan of Tlemcen and seized the throne. He then entered a monastic establishment and occupied himself with scholastic duties until 1370. In that year, he was sent for to Tlemcen by the new sultan. After the death of ʻAbdu l-Azīz, he resided at Fez, enjoying the patronage and confidence of the regent.
Ibn Khaldūn's political skills and, above all, his good relationship with the wild Berber tribes were in high demand among the North African rulers, but he had begun to tire of politics and constantly switching allegiances. In 1375, he was sent by Abū Hammu, the ʻAbdu l Wadid Sultan of Tlemcen, on a mission to the Dawadida Arabs tribes of Biskra. After his return to the West, Ibn Khaldūn sought refuge with one of the Berber tribes in the west of Algeria, in the town of Qalat Ibn Salama. He lived there for over three years under their protection, taking advantage of his seclusion to write the Muqaddimah "Prolegomena", the introduction to his planned history of the world. In Ibn Salama, however, he lacked the necessary texts to complete the work. Therefore, in 1378, he returned to his native Tunis, which had meanwhile been conquered by Abū l-Abbas, who took Ibn Khaldūn back into his service. There, he devoted himself almost exclusively to his studies and completed his history of the world. His relationship with Abū l-Abbas remained strained, as the latter questioned his loyalty. That was brought into sharp contrast after Ibn Khaldūn presented him with a copy of the completed history that omitted the usual panegyric to the ruler. Under pretence of going on the Hajj to Mecca, something a Muslim ruler could not simply refuse permission for Ibn Khaldūn was able to leave Tunis and to sail to Alexandria.
Ibn Khaldun said of Egypt, "He who has not seen it does not know the power of Islam." While other Islamic regions had to cope with border wars and inner strife, the Mamluks let Egypt experience a period of economic prosperity and high culture. However, even in Egypt, where Ibn Khaldūn lived out his days, he could not stay out of politics completely. In 1384, the Egyptian Sultan, al-Malik udh-Dhahir Barquq, made him professor of the Qamhiyyah Madrasah and the grand qadi of the Maliki school of fiqh (one of four schools, the Maliki school was widespread primarily in Western Africa). His efforts at reform encountered resistance, however, and within a year, he had to resign his judgeship. A contributory factor to his decision to resign may have been the heavy personal blow that struck him in 1384, when a ship carrying his wife and children sank off the coast of Alexandria. Ibn Khaldun now decided to complete the pilgrimage to Mecca, after all.
After his return in May 1388, Ibn Khaldūn concentrated more strongly on a purely-educational function at various Cairo madrasas. At court, he fell out of favor for a time, as during revolts against Barquq, he had, apparently under duress, with other Cairo jurists, issued a fatwa against Barquq. Later relations with Barquq returned to normal, and he was once again named the Maliki qadi. Altogether, he was called six times to that high office, which, for various reasons, he never held long.
In 1401, under Barquq's successor, his son Faraj, Ibn Khaldūn took part in a military campaign against the Mongol conqueror, Timur, who besieged Damascus in 1400. Ibn Khaldūn cast doubt upon the viability of the venture and really wanted to stay in Egypt. His doubts were vindicated, as the young and inexperienced Faraj, concerned about a revolt in Egypt, left his army to its own devices in Syria and hurried home. Ibn Khaldūn remained at the besieged city for seven weeks, being lowered over the city wall by ropes to negotiate with Timur, in a historic series of meetings that he reported extensively in his autobiography. Timur questioned him in detail about conditions in the lands of the Maghreb. At his request, Ibn Khaldūn even wrote a long report about it. As he recognized Timur's intentions, he did not hesitate, on his return to Egypt, to compose an equally-extensive report on the history of the Tatars, together with a character study of Timur, sending them to the Merinid rulers in Fez (Maghreb).
Ibn Khaldūn spent the next five years in Cairo completing his autobiography and his history of the world and acting as teacher and judge. Meanwhile, he was alleged to have joined an underground party, Rijal Hawa Rijal, whose reform-oriented ideals attracted the attention of local political authorities. The elderly Ibn Khaldun was placed under arrest. He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki qadi (Judge).
Ibn Khaldūn main work is the Kitāb al-ʻIbar or "Book of Lessons" (full title: Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār "Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and the Berbers and Their Powerful Contemporaries"), originally conceived as a history of the Berbers but later expanded in focus to a universal history.
The Kitāb al-ʻIbār divides into seven books. Al-Muqaddimah (Introduction), is considered the first book. Books Two to Five cover World History of Humanity up to the authors own time. Books Six and Seven give the history of the Berber peoples and the Maghreb. Despite errors originating in the 14th century Fez work, Rawḍ al-Qirṭās, (probably by Ibn Abi Zar), from which Khaldun drew upon, al-'Ibar remains an important source for Berber history. The historiographical work has been further criticised for its synthesis of multiple (sometimes contradictory) sources in the absence of original citations, and here Khaldun departs from the classical style of Arab historians such as Ibrahim ibn ar-Raqīq (~d.1028) or al-Mālikī.
Ibn Khaldun outlines an early example of political economy[dubious – discuss]. He describes the economy as being composed of value-adding processes; that is, labour and skill is added to techniques and crafts and the product is sold at a higher value[dubious – discuss]. He also made the distinction between "profit" and "sustenance", in modern political economy terms, surplus and that required for the reproduction of classes respectively. He also calls for the creation of a science to explain society and goes on to outline these ideas in his major work, the Muqaddimah. Ibn Khaldun diverged from norms that Muslim historians followed and rejected their focus on the credibility of the transmitter and focused instead on the validity of the stories and encouraged critical thinking.
Ibn Khaldun also believed that the currency of an Islamic monetary system should have intrinsic value and therefore be made of gold and silver (such as the dirham). He emphasized that the weight and purity of these coins should be strictly followed: the weight of one dinar should be one mithqal (the weight of 72 grains of barley, roughly 4.25 grams) and the weight of 7 dinar should be equal to weight of 10 dirhams (7/10 of a mithqal or 2.96 grams).
Ibn Khaldun's epistemology attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing science into two different categories, the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur'an and the non-religious science. He further classified the non-religious sciences into intellectual sciences such as logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, etc. and auxiliary sciences such as language, literature, poetry, etc. He also suggested that possibly more divisions will appear in the future with different societies. He tried to adapt to all possible societies’ cultural behavior and influence in education, economics and politics. Nonetheless, he didn't think that laws were chosen by just one leader or a small group of individual but mostly by the majority of the individuals of a society.
To Ibn Khaldun, the state was a necessity of human society to restrain injustice within the society, but the state means is force, thus itself an injustice. All societies must have a state governing them in order to establish a society. He attempted to standardize the history of societies by identifying ubiquitous phenomena present in all societies. To him, civilization was a phenomena that will be present as long as humans exist. He characterized the fulfillment of basic needs as the beginning of civilization. At the beginning, people will look for different ways of increasing productivity of basic needs and expansion will occur. Later the society starts becoming more sedentary and focuses more on crafting, arts and the more refined characteristics. By the end of a society, it will weaken, allowing another small group of individuals to come into control. The conquering group is described as an unsatisfied group within the society itself or a group of desert bandits that constantly attack other weaker or weakened societies.
In the Muqaddimah, his most important work, he thoughtfully and scrupulously discusses an introduction of philosophy to history in a general manner, based on observable patterns within a theoretical framework of known historical events of his time. He described the beginnings, development, cultural trends and the fall of all societies, leading to the rise of a new society which would then follow the same trends in a continuous cycle. Ibn Khaldun did not create a perfect model for a society during his life, but he did think there was a need for a new model to manage society to ensure its continuous economic growth. Also, he recommended the best political approaches to develop a society according to his knowledge of history. He heavily emphasized that a good society would be one in which a tradition of education is deeply rooted in its culture. Ibn Khaldun (1987) introduced word asabiya (solidarity, group feeling, or group consciousness), to explain tribalism. The concept of asabiya has been translated as "social cohesion," "group solidarity," or "tribalism." This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups (Rashed,2017).
Ibn Khaldun believed that too much bureaucracy, such as taxes and legislations, would lead to the decline of a society, since it would constrain the development of more specialized labor (increase in scholars and development of different services). He believed that bureaucrats cannot understand the world of commerce and do not possess the same motivation as a businessman.
In his work the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun emphasizes human beings' faculty to think (fikr) as what determines human behavior and ubiquitous patterns. This faculty is also what inspires human beings to form into a social structure to co-operate in division of labor and organization. According to Zaid Ahmand in Epistemology and the Human Dimension in Urban Studies, the fikr faculty is the supporting pillar for all philosophical aspects of Ibn Khaldun's theory related to human beings’ spiritual, intellectual, physical, social and political tendencies.
Another important concept he emphasizes in his work is the mastery of crafts, habits and skills. These takes place after a society is established and according to Ibn Khaldun the level of achievement of a society can be determined by just analyzing these three concepts. A society in its earliest stages is nomadic and primarily concerned with survival, while a society at a later stage is sedentary, with greater achievement in crafts. A society with a sedentary culture and stable politics would be expected to have greater achievements in crafts and technology.
Ibn Khaldun also emphasized in his epistemology theory the important aspect that educational tradition plays to ensure the new generations of a civilization continuously improve in the sciences and develop culture. Ibn Khaldun argued that without the strong establishment of an educational tradition, it would be very difficult for the new generations to maintain the achievements of the earlier generations, let alone improve them.
Another way to distinguish the achievement of a society would be the language factor of a society, since for him the most important element of a society would not be land, but the language spoken by them. He was surprised that many non-Arabs were really successful in the Arabic society, had good jobs and were well received by the community. "These people were non-Arab by descent, but they grew up among the Arabs who possessed the habit of Arabic," Ibn Khaldun once recalled, "[b]ecause of this, they were able to master Arabic so well that they cannot be surpassed." He believed that the reason why non-Arabs were accepted as part of Arab society was due to their mastery of the Arabic language.
Advancements in literary works such as poems and prose where another way to distinguish the achievement of a civilization, but Ibn Khaldun believed that whenever the literary facet of a society reaches its highest levels it ceases to indicate societal achievements anymore, but is an embellishment of life. For logical sciences he established knowledge at its highest level as an increase of scholars and the quality of knowledge. For him the highest level of literary productions would be the manifestation of prose, poems and the artistic enrichment of a society.
From other sources we know of several other works, primarily composed during the time he spent in North Africa and Al-Andalus. His first book, Lubābu l-Muhassal, a commentary on the Islamic theology of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, was written at the age of 19 under the supervision of his teacher al-Ābilī in Tunis. A work on Sufism, Shifā'u l-Sā'il, was composed around 1373 in Fes, Morocco. Whilst at the court of Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada, Ibn Khaldūn composed a work on logic, ʻallaqa li-s-Sulṭān.
A Laffer Curve with a maximum revenue point at around a 70%, as estimated by Trabandt and Uhlig (2009). Laffer cites Ibn Khaldun's observation that "at the beginning of the dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments." as a predecessor.
Ibn Khaldun's historical method had very few precedents or followers in his time. While Ibn Khaldun is known to have been a successful lecturer on jurisprudence within religious sciences, only very few of his students were aware of, and influenced by, his Muqaddimah. One such student, Al-Maqrizi, praised the Muqaddimah, although some scholars have found his praise, and that of others, to be generally empty and lacking understanding of Ibn Khaldun's methods.
Ibn Khaldun also faced primarily criticism from his contemporaries, particularly Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani. These criticisms included accusations of inadequate historical knowledge, an inaccurate title, disorganization, and a style resembling that of the prolific Arab literature writer, Al-Jahiz. Al-Asqalani also noted that Ibn Khaldun was not well-liked in Egypt because he opposed many respected traditions, including the traditional judicial dress, and suggested that this may have contributed to the reception of Ibn Khaldun's historical works. The notable exception to this consensus was Ibn al-Azraq, a jurist who lived shortly after Ibn Khaldun and quoted heavily from the first and fourth books of the Kitab al-‘Ibar, in developing a work of mirrors for princes.
Ibn Khaldun's work found some recognition with Ottoman intellectuals in the 17th century. The first references to Ibn Khaldun in Ottoman writings appeared in the middle of the 17th century, with historians such as Kâtip Çelebi naming him as a great influence, while another Turkish Ottoman historian, Mustafa Naima, attempted to use Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory of the rise and fall of empires to describe the Ottoman Empire. Increasing perceptions of the decline of the Ottoman Empire also caused similar ideas to appear independently of Ibn Khaldun in the 16th century, and may explain some of the influence of his works.
In Europe, Ibn Khaldun was first brought to the attention of the Western world in 1697, when a biography of him appeared in Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville's Bibliothèque Orientale. However, some scholars believe that Ibn Khaldun's work may have first been introduced to Europe via Ibn Arabshah's biography of Tamerlane, translated to Latin, which covers a meeting between Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane. According to Ibn Arabshah, during this meeting, Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane discussed the Maghrib in depth, as well as Tamerlane's genealogy and place in history. Ibn Khaldun began gaining more attention from 1806, when Silvestre de Sacy's Chrestomathie Arabe included his biography together with a translation of parts of the Muqaddimah as the Prolegomena. In 1816, de Sacy again published a biography with a more detailed description on the Prolegomena. More details on and partial translations of the Prolegomena emerged over the years until the complete Arabic edition was published in 1858. Since then, the work of Ibn Khaldun has been extensively studied in the Western world with special interest.
Early European works on Ibn Khaldun suffered heavily from colonial influences and orientalism, as many sociologists considered North Africa to be unworthy of studying in the19th century. Additionally, many sociologists viewed Ibn Khaldun as the only North African sociologist worth studying. Reynold A. Nicholson praised Ibn Khaldun as a uniquely brilliant Muslim sociologist, but discounted Khaldun's influence. Spanish Philosopher José Ortega y Gasset viewed the conflicts of North Africa as a problem that stemmed from a lack of African thought, and praised Ibn Khaldun for making sense of the conflict by simplifying it to the relationship between the nomadic and sedentary modes of life.
Ibn Khaldun's contributions to economics were ignored by historians like Joseph Schumpeter, who wrote that "we may safely leap over 500 years to the epoch of St Thomas Aquinas" as late as 1954. While Ibn Khaldun lived after St Thomas Aquinas, Schumpeter makes only passing references to Khaldun, and excludes Khaldun's predecessors. However, modern historians have recognized the contributions of Ibn Khaldun and many of his predecessors.
Modern historians have also been complimentary in their analysis of Ibn Khaldun's works, and acknowledgement of his contemporaries or standing compared to European scholars is increasingly common. Influential British historian and international affairs specialist Arnold J. Toynbee has called Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah "the greatest work of its kind." Ernest Gellner, once a professor of philosophy and logic at the London School of Economics, considered Khaldun's definition of government the best in the history of political theory.
More moderate views on the scope of Ibn Khaldun's contributions have emerged. Arthur Laffer, for whom the Laffer curve is named, acknowledged that Ibn Khaldun's ideas, as well as others, precede his own work on that curve. A focus on understanding the nuances of Ibn Khaldun's contributions is present, with scholars commenting on the specifics of Khaldun's work, such as "Ibn Khaldun chose to ignore all those crafts which are neither necessary...nor honorable" and that Ibn Khaldun "depicts what really happens. ... he does not discuss whether the state ought, or ought not, to interfere".
As a historian and sociologist, Ibn Khaldun was recognized by the British philosopher Robert Flint, who wrote: "as a theorist of history he had no equal in any age or country until Vico appeared, more than three hundred years later. Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine were not his peers, and all others were unworthy of being even mentioned along with him". Ibn Khaldun's work on evolution of societies also influenced Egon Orowan, who termed the concept of socionomy. While Ibn Khaldun's record-keeping is usually passed over in favor of recognizing his contributions to the science of history, Abderrahmane Lakhsassi wrote "No historian of the Maghreb since and particularly of the Berbers can do without his historical contribution."
Public recognition of Ibn Khaldun has increased in recent years. In 2004, the Tunisian Community Center launched the first Ibn Khaldun Award to recognize a Tunisian/American high achiever whose work reflects Ibn Khaldun's ideas of kinship and solidarity. The Award was named after Ibn Khaldun for him being universally acknowledged as the Father of Sociology and also for the convergence of his ideas with the organization's objectives and programs. In 2006, the Atlas Economic Research Foundation launched an annual essay contest for students named in Ibn Khaldun's honor. The theme of the contest is "how individuals, think tanks, universities and entrepreneurs can influence government policies to allow the free market to flourish and improve the lives of its citizens based on Islamic teachings and traditions." In 2006, Spain commemorated the 600th anniversary of the death of Ibn Khaldun, by orchestrating an exhibit titled "Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun." In 2011, Ibn Khaldun's birthday was recognized by a Google Doodle, which was publicized in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Ibn Khaldun. 1951 التعريف بإبن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Għarbān wa Sharqān. Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī. Cairo (Autobiography in Arabic).
^ "Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webstar Inc. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
^ a b c Savant, Sarah Bowen (2014). Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past. Edinburgh University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7486-4497-1. Banu Khaldun al-Hadrami (Yemen, but not Qahtan), to which belonged the famous historian Ibn Khaldun. The family's ancestor was 'Uthman ibn Bakr ibn Khalid, called Khaldun, a Yemeni Arab among the conquerors who shared kinship with the Prophet's Companian Wa'il ibn Hujr and who settled first in Carmona and then in Seville. The Historical Muhammad, Irving M. Zeitlin, (Polity Press, 2007), 21; "It is, of course, Ibn Khaldun as an Arab here speaking, for he claims Arab descent through the male line.". The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State, Halim Barakat (University of California Press, 1993), 48;"The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power." Ibn Khaldun, M. Talbi, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III, ed. B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, C. Pellat, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 825; "Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, on I Ramadan 732/27 May 1332, in an Arab family which came originally from the Hadramawt and had been settled at Seville since the beginning of the Muslim conquest...."
^ • Joseph J. Spengler (1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6(3), pp. 268-306.
• Jean David C. Boulakia (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", Journal of Political Economy, 79(5), pp. 1105–18.
^ "Arab American National Museum : Online Collections". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ "Notes on Ibn Khaludn's Life". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ Muhammad Hozien. "Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work". Islamic Philosophy Online. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
^ "Saudi Aramco World: Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Empires". archive.aramcoworld.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
^ "Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work". www.muslimphilosophy.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
^ a b c d "Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works | Muslim Heritage". muslimheritage.com. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
^ Ibn Khaldun's Political and Economic Realism. 2016-03-26.
^ "Ibn Khaldūn | Muslim historian".
^ Bent, Josephine van den (2016-05-03). ""None of the Kings on Earth is Their Equal in ʿaṣabiyya:" The Mongols in Ibn Khaldūn's Works". Al-Masāq. 28 (2): 171–86. doi:10.1080/09503110.2016.1198535. ISSN 0950-3110.
^ See articles by Modéran and Benabbès in Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique, University of Rouen, 2005 (ISBN 2-87775-391-3).
^ Southgate, Minoo (1984). "The Negative Images of Blacks in Some Medieval Iranian Writings". Iranian Studies. 17 (1): 15. doi:10.1080/00210868408701620. JSTOR 4310424.
^ Kevin Reilly; Stephen Kaufman; Angela Bodino, eds. (2003). Racism: A Global Reader. M.E. Sharpe. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-7656-1059-1.
^ Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2003). "Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldûn Orientalist". History and Theory. 42 (1): 77–80. JSTOR 3590803.
^ "The Amazing Arab Scholar Who Beat Adam Smith by Half a Millennium – Evonomics". Evonomics. 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
^ Ahmad, Zaid (2003). The epistemology of Ibn Khaldun. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-415-61275-3.
^ Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2 Volumes), Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2017-02-05). Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2 Volumes).
^ "Full text of "Ibn Khaldun's Historiography"". archive.org. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
^ "How Far Are We From The Slippery Slope? The Laffer Curve Revisited" by Mathias Trabandt and Harald Uhlig, NBER Working Paper No. 15343, September 2009.
^ Laffer, Arthur. "The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ Brederode, Robert F. van (2009). Systems of general sales taxation : theory, policy and practice. Austin [Tex.]: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. p. 117. ISBN 978-90-411-2832-4.
^ a b c d e f g Simon, Robert (2002). Ibn Khaldun: History as Science and the Patrimonial Empire. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 18–20, 22–24. ISBN 978-963-05-7934-6.
^ a b c d e Alatas, Syed Farid (2013). Ibn Khaldun. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 106–09. ISBN 978-0-19-809045-8.
^ Fischel, Walter (1952). Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, A.D. 1401 (A.H. 803). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
^ Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works. The Other Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-983-9541-53-3.
^ Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works. The Other Press. pp. 118–19. ISBN 978-983-9541-53-3.
^ Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works. The Other Press. pp. 119–20. ISBN 978-983-9541-53-3.
^ Ameer Ali; Herb Thompson (1999). "The Schumpeterian Gap and Muslim Economic Thought". The Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics. 10: 31–49. doi:10.1177/02601079X99001000104.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., vol. 9, p. 148.
^ Arthur Laffer (June 1, 2004). "The Laffer Curve, Past, Present and Future". Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
^ Baali, Fuad (2005). The Science of Human Social Organization: Conflicting Views on Ibn Khaldun's (1332–1406) Ilm Al-Umran. Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 77–95. ISBN 978-0-7734-6279-3.
^ F.R.N. Nabarro; A.S. Argon (1996). Egon Orowan. 1901–1989. A Biographical Memoir (PDF). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
^ A. Lakhsassi (1996). "25 – Ibn Khaldun". In S.H. Nasr; O. Leaman (eds.). History of Islamic Philosophy. London: Routledge. pp. 350–64.
^ a b "2008 Ibn-Khaldun Essay Contest". www.atlasusa. Atlas Economic Research Foundation.
^ "Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun Exhibit Opens at Headquarters". un.org. United Nations. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ "Google Doodle: Birthday of Ibn Khaldun". google.com/doodle. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
Ana Maria C. Minecan, 2012 "El vínculo comunitario y el poder en Ibn Jaldún" in José-Miguel Marinas (Ed.), Pensar lo político: Ensayos sobre comunidad y conflicto, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid, 2012.
Malise Ruthven, "The Otherworldliness of Ibn Khaldun" (review of Robert Irwin, Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography, Princeton University Press, 2018, ISBN 9780691174662, 243 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (February 7, 2019), pp. 23–24, 26. "More than six centuries after Ibn Khaldun's death the modern world has much to learn from studying him. After the Muqaddima itself, Irwin's intellectual biography... is an excellent place to begin."
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ibn Khaldun.
Kuchinov A.M. Ibn Khaldun influence on social thought development // Lomonosov-2013. – Moscow, 2013. In Russian.
Master's thesis on Ibn Khaldun published by FFLCH-USP in 2017 Roschel, Renato - São Paulo, 2017. In Portuguese.
This page was last edited on 19 April 2019, at 18:50 (UTC).
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How should I approach a bank in getting 1.5 million for a real estate investment?
With regards to a bank, how you approach them likely won’t matter. Your deal will either fall into their guidelines or it won’t. You don’t mention whether it is commercial or residential. You do say “investment”, so I’ll assume it isn’t owner occupied residential, which plays by its own set of rules. Assuming a $1.5M loan, and a $200k down that is only 12% down, banks usually require at least 20%. In addition to the down a bank will likely require you have sufficient capital for repairs, reserves, etc). Bottom line, you should probably seek a partner, or hard money lender, not a bank.
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Plot In 1984, the Apple Macintosh 128K's voice demo fails less than an hour before its unveiling at Flint Center. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs demands engineer Andy Hertzfeld fix it, threatening to publicly implicate him in the presentation's credits if he does not. Hertzfeld finally suggests faking the demo using the prototype Macintosh 512K computer.
Jobs rants to marketing executive Joanna Hoffman about a ''Time'' magazine article exposing his paternity dispute with ex-girlfriend Chrisann Brennan – he denies he is the father of Brennan's five-year-old daughter, Lisa. Brennan arrives with Lisa to confront him – she is bitter over his denials and his refusal to support her despite his wealth. Jobs bonds with Lisa over her MacPaint art and agrees to provide more money and a house. Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak asks Jobs to acknowledge the Apple II team in his presentation, but Jobs feels that mentioning that aged, technically obsolete computer is unwise.
In 1984, the Apple Macintosh 128K's voice demo fails less than an hour before its unveiling at Flint Center. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs demands engineer Andy Hertzfeld fix it, threatening to publicly implicate him in the presentation's credits if he does not. Hertzfeld finally suggests faking the demo using the prototype Macintosh 512K computer.
By 1988, following the apparent failure of the Macintosh, Jobs has founded a new company, NeXT. Before the NeXT Computer launch at the War Memorial Opera House, he spends time with 9-year-old Lisa, but his relationship with Brennan is still strained – he accuses her of irresponsible behavior and of using Lisa to get money from him. Wozniak arrives and predicts the NeXT will be another failure. Jobs confronts him about his public criticism of him, and Wozniak questions Jobs' contributions to computing history. Jobs defends his role as that of a conductor, who directs "musicians" like Wozniak.
Apple CEO John Sculley demands to know why the world believes he fired Jobs – Jobs was actually forced out by the Apple board, who were resolute on updating the Apple II following the Macintosh's lackluster sales. Jobs lambasted the decision and dared them to cast a final vote on his tenure, despite Sculley's warnings. After Hoffman and Jobs discuss NeXT's unclear direction, she realizes that Jobs has designed the computer to entice Apple to buy the company and reinstate him.
By 1998, Apple has fired Sculley, purchased NeXT, and named Jobs CEO, and Jobs is about to unveil the iMac at Davies Symphony Hall. He is delighted by Hoffman's strong commercial forecasts, but furious that Lisa has allowed her mother to sell the house Jobs bought for them. Hoffman reminds Jobs that he threatened to withhold Lisa's college tuition – Hertzfeld admits that he paid Lisa's tuition and suggested she attend therapy. Wozniak again asks that Jobs credit the Apple II team during the presentation, and again he refuses.
Sculley arrives in secret and the two make amends. Jobs and Sculley discuss Jobs' life as an adopted child, and Jobs admits that his need for control stems from his feelings of powerlessness in being given up. At the behest of Hoffman, Jobs apologizes to Lisa for his mistakes, admitting that he is "poorly made". Lisa watches her father take the stage to introduce the iMac.
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Is there ex parte reexamination statistics narrowed to software patents only?
uspto.gov publish statistics quarterly, but the numbers are averaged from all industries and fields. I am trying to figure out whats chances a software patent had in 2011/2012 to go through a ex parte reexamination and come out with all its claims intact. Looking at reexamination certificates issued for 2011/09/30 -> 2012/09/30 as published by USPTO, I can see that about 12% of the certifications had all their claimed confirmed during that time frame, however, is that number the same for software patents specifically?
One big problem with such a question is that there is no such thing as "software patents". Software itself is not patentable, it is what the software does or is used to do -- the method -- that is patented. Software may be used to implement the whole invention (many data processing patents) or only one component of the invention (e.g. Diehr.) Many would not even consider Diehr to be a software patent, despite it being considered part of the "patent eligibility trilogy".
There are a number of categories and sub-categories ("art units") that patents are classified as, and you could try to carve out "software patents" based on some of the relevant categories, but that is still not going to be a very rough way of doing so. This is because art units are organized based on the field the invention relates to, rather than how the invention is implemented. Software simply happens to be how inventions could be implemented. As a very inaccurate example, a "security/authentication" art unit could encompass software methods such as the RSA algorithm as well as hardware solutions such as RSA tokens.
As an aside, one of the biggest shortcomings of many early research papers that try to analyze software patents (especially from authors such as Bessen, etc.) is that they are based on very inaccurate classification methods, such as PTO and EPO classifications. As such any conclusions are far from reliable.
So you can guess why the PTO won't even attempt to try to provide such statistics for "software patents": nobody, least of all the Supreme Court, seems to be able to concretely define what a non-abstract software patent is.
It's not that simple. The statistics only account for three situations.
At least one claim amended.
There are no statistics for at least one claim surviving,but in my experience it would be about 50%. Software claims don't get any special treatment.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged software uspto reexamination statistics or ask your own question.
How to determine eligibility for software patents?
Is there any online database that provides the firm level patent statistics for research purposes?
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Talk to a Chicagoan about their hometown and the topic will quickly move to weather: “You can get all four seasons in the same day.” “Nobody moves here for the weather.” “It’s always changing, so it’s a good conversation piece.” I simply say that Chicago’s weather is predictably unpredictable.
These quips wouldn’t be quite so funny if they weren’t true. Chicago weather is especially a gamble during the changeover seasons of autumn and spring. (The occasional April or October snow says it all.) You never quite know what to wear until the day is halfway over.
Thankfully, that doesn’t stop Chicago from planning outdoor activities. Ask anyone who has run the Chicago Marathon: race-day temperatures are often in question till the morning of.
No, your eyes do not deceive you: the high temperatures go as low as 40 degrees, while the low temperatures go as high as 70. Be sure to pack mittens and light clothing!
After our brief knit interlude (“knitterlude?”) we’re back on the restaurant inspection beat.
Restaurant owners have plenty of reasons to want to pass an inspection. For one, if an inspector from the city’s Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) finds enough problems, the restaurant may be subject to a follow-up inspection or even a temporary closing. Two, restaurants will soon have to display letter grades based on their inspection scores. This means potential customers will not only see a pass/fail mark, but they’ll see how well a restaurant passed. -and who wants the reputation of being a C-student eatery?
According to a recent New York Times article, proactive restaurants are bringing in consultants to help them stay inspection-ready. The consultants, some of them former DOHMH inspectors themselves, essentially perform a mock inspection to spot potential health code violations before a DOHMH team drops in. That gives restaurant owners a chance to remedy the problems before they are subject to an official inspection. It’s like getting an advance look at the big midterm exam, except no one will get expelled for it.
We think this is a great idea, as it never hurts to have experienced guidance. We also think it’s helpful to improve one’s understanding of the situation before calling in expert help. To that end, we explored the restaurant data in search of the top eleven most common critical inspection violations. (Why top eleven, instead of top ten? Well, because it’s one more.) Specifically, we reviewed the inspection data from 02 January 2009 through 27 March 2010. This data covered roughly 55,000 inspections across 23,000 restaurants. If a restaurant could tackle these issues on their own, ahead of time, then their inspection consultants could focus on other issues.
11 04O Evidence of, or flying insects in facility’s food and/ or non-food areas.
10 05D Hand washing facility not provided in or near food preparation area and toilet room. Hot and cold running water at adequate pressure not provided at facility. Soap and an acceptable hand-drying device not provided.
9 04N Evidence of, or live roaches in facility’s food and/ or nonfood areas.
8 04A Food Protection Certificate not held by supervisor of food operations.
7 06E Sanitized equipment or utensil, including in-use food dispensing utensil, improperly used or stored.
6 04I Raw, cooked or prepared food is adulterated, contaminated, cross-contaminated and/ or not discarded in accordance with HACCP plan.
5 06D Food contact surface not properly maintained, or not washed, rinsed and sanitized after each use and following any activity when contamination may have occurred.
4 06C Food not protected from potential source of contamination during storage, preparation, transportation, display or service.
3 02B Hot PHF not held at or above 140 degrees Fahrenheit.
2 02G Smoked fish and/ or ROP processed food held above 38 degrees Fahrenheit; other PHF held above 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Except during necessary preparation.
1 04M Evidence of, or live mice in facility’s food and/ or non-food areas.
PHF = potentially hazardous foods, e.g. food that must be cooked to a certain temperature in order be safely eaten.
ROP = reduced oxygen packaging, which is a fancy term for vacuum-sealing or any other method that draws the oxygen out of a product to help it stay shelf-stable.
We interrupt our coverage of New York City restaurant inspections to preview an upcoming post.
The knitting warriors are at it again.
You may recall our coverage of Sockwars IV, the knitting assassin game, some time ago. (In case you missed it: Sockwars is a take on the old assassin game, in which you “assassinate” your victim by knitting and mailing them a pair of socks. The organizer describes it as, “the largest, bloodiest, extreme knitting tournament in the world.” ) Sockwars V is now underway and there has been some serious yarn carnage. While the competition isn’t quite over, we couldn’t help but take a preliminary peek at the body count. Call it morbid curiosity.
Here we see that the assassinations come in waves. They’re closer together toward the start of the competition but become more spread out over time. This makes sense. In such a large competition I would expect a lot of people to get picked off early on, then the victors of those early battles are left to slug it out with one another.
See that? Friday has been the biggest day for assassinations, by far. We always figured Monday was the week’s designated low point; now these crazy knitters go ruining Friday! Is nothing sacred?
That’s all for now. We’ll bring you more in-depth analysis after the dust clears and one killer knitter has declared victory.
In our previous post, we noted that all 23,000 New York City eating establishments are subject to surprise inspections by the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). Before, we used the restaurant inspection data to learn a little more about New York itself. This time let’s assume the role of a dodgy restaurant owner: what tricks can we tease out of the data to avoid our due diligence in food handling and kitchen cleanliness?
We first asked whether any particular time of year was light on inspections. The charts hinted that some months may be more favorable than others; but after some numerical digging we learned that the variations could very well be due to chance. We saw similar results on the week-by-week data.
This chart shows what could be a pattern of peaks and valleys. Those spots that appear blank? They’re really just small values, close to zero. Closer review reveals that those dips occur on Sundays. What happens if we group the inspection counts by day of the week?
If it’s been a while since your last statistics class, this is a box-and-whiskers plot or simply box plot. For our purposes it’s a tad more useful than a standard bar plot or histogram. The box plot reflects the same general shape as our bar chart, but it also shows the spreads (the highs and lows) of the data as well as the median values (the lines in the middle of each box). Not only were there few Sunday restaurant inspections, but the number of Sunday inspections varied little every week.
In all seriousness, we hope that restaurant owners don’t take these findings to heart. Please keep your kitchens in order all seven days of the week. The LocalMaxima crew likes to dine out. A lot. Food-borne illnesses aren’t on our list of take-out favorites.
Have some interesting data you’d like us to check out? Need our help making sense of your company’s data? Please drop us a line. Thanks for reading.
A big city is a haven for analysis because there’s so much going on in a relatively small space: people, public transit, real estate, and anything else, they all represent data points. Since New York is formally divided into boroughs, city data analysis gets an additional categorical dimension: we get to see how the five closely-related parts compare to the whole. Whereas neighborhood boundaries can get fuzzy, and zip codes are too narrow, boroughs are distinct subsets of the overall city that have developed their own flavors and, some would argue, odors.
On the topic of flavors and odors, this time around we’re looking at restaurants. The city’s Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DHMH) pays surprise visits to restaurants to test how well they manage basics such as food handling and cleanliness. Here, the term “restaurant” is a wide net that includes everything from greasy spoons to fancy white-linen tablecloth numbers to corner coffee shops. If they serve anything to eat or drink, DHMH will check it out.
DHMH makes the raw inspection data available via the NYC Data Mine for anyone to review. We recently asked the data what it could tell us about New York City and its residents.
The first thing we noticed is just how many restaurants are out there. We counted about 23,000. This is based on the number of unique restaurants in the data set and the (hopefully reasonable!) assumption that every restaurant in the city gets inspected at least once a year. While some places have no doubt closed and new ones have opened, those fluctuations should be mild compared to the totals.
I expect few people will be shocked that Manhattan and Staten Island hold the extremes. That aside, the standalone numbers don’t tell us a whole lot. A restaurant client or owner or patron may be curious to know how these raw counts relate to other information, such as population.
Despite having the greatest number of restaurants, Manhattan has the smallest ratio of population to restaurant count. At only 200 people per establishment, I don’t understand why I have so much trouble getting a table. Maybe it’s me?
Whether you want to run a restaurant or just eat in one, you may also want to know about the competition: how many other restaurants are there within a given space? That is, what is the city’s restaurant density?
If you’re hungry and on foot, Manhattan is the place to be! At almost 400 eating establishments per square mile, you’ll practically trip over restaurants. (Of those, there are 8 Stabucks per square mile. That’s a lot of caffeine.) By comparison, the other boroughs may require that you know where to look.
In future posts, we’ll explore what the inspection data means for restaurant owners and consumers.
In future posts we’ll take some peeks at Data Mine data, both on its own and mixed with other sources. As always, we’ll share our findings with you here on our website.
One topic we won’t cover, though, is the correlation between emergency-response times and graffiti. That’s not because of a lack of interest. Quite the contrary. It was our first idea when we browsed the Data Mine’s catalog, and was slated for today’s post. While hunting around for some additional information on that topic, though, we stumbled onto some folks at NYU who had published their findings. (Kudos, by the by.) So please, give them a read, and come back to us next time for another New York topic.
Have some New York City data you’d like us to explore? Please tell us about it. As always, thanks for reading.
What’s your reaction to a bad movie? Do you mock it, MST3K-style? Perhaps you storm out of the cinema and attempt a refund? If you’re part of one particularly prickly crew, you post your thoughts on the “Mr. Cranky Rates the Movies!” website. (Warning: the reviews’ language will likely trip workplace internet filters. You were warned.) Providing a fistful of internet vigilante justice, the Mr. Cranky site is home to more than two thousand scathing movie reviews written by just a handful of people.
For fun, we’re taking a look at the Mr. Cranky reviews and we decided to share our initial results with you, our faithful readers.
We see here that most of the reviews cover releases from the past fifteen years. There are a few outliers though, including a small crop of films released in the early 1970s. There’s also a curious gap in 2007. Perhaps Team Cranky needs to rest up before they take on more pain?
We removed the outliers on either end and focused on the 1995-2006 region. This still comprises about 96% of the data set (about two-thousand movies).
If a movie is bad enough, we may say that it “bombed.” Instead of the standard one- to four-star ratings, Mr. Cranky’s system is based on explosives: from one bomb (hated the least) to four bombs, then dynamite, and finally, the nuke (hated the most).
Charting the review ratings, broken down by year, we see that Mr. Cranky has been judicious in dishing out the pain. Each year’s reviews form something of a bell shape, with most movies taking the middle rating of a three-bomb score (green in the chart below).
Given such consistency in the distribution, one would expect the Mr. Cranky crew to have some strict criteria for how to assign the ratings. The data we have here yield little insight into that process; all we can see is that there’s probably no bias in terms of a film’s release date. Perhaps its based on the number of child sidekicks, or car chases, or even child sidekicks chasing cars?
With more data, we would ideally be able to model the Mr. Cranky system and predict a movie’s rating. This makes for a fun party game, yes; but for movie executives such a formula could be useful. We wager Hollywood studios already have a screening process for scripts, but clearly some clunkers still make it through. What if the studios could employ a predictive model to enhance their accept/reject process? A successful model would permit them to divert funds toward sure-fire blockbusters and pull the plug on failures before they go too far.
Hmm… Hollywood, if you’re listening, drop us a line. We have an idea.
We’re not done here, not by a long shot. We’ll revisit the Mr. Cranky data to get a deeper look into the review process. Stay tuned.
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No reproduction without express written permission of LocalMaxima.
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climate change Paragraph: Climate change is the most serious issue at the moment over the world.
and those are created by the man.
in the rise of the earth’s average temperature.
Like Bangladesh, forcing the poor countries to face natural disasters and poverty.
ice sheets melting which will seriously Affect agriculture and livelihoods.
Bangladesh, for Its geographical Locations, is likely to be the most affected.
should take responsibilities to Protect the victimized countries.
The Maldives is also one of the worst victims of climate change.
which will uproot 25-30 million people of Bangladesh. These people will become refugees of climate change.
To reduce the bad impact of climate change people should be aware.
Tree plantation can reduce global warming which is the main natural reason for Climate Change.
man-made reason for climate change. Students should be careful to protect the environment and raise awareness.
Thus students can play a vital role to reduce the bad impact of climate change.
thanks for the climate change paragraph but one thing i want to request you that please add the meaning of not understandable words . it will help us to learn easily.
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This article is about the release of AP Police constable Results 2018, AP police constable cut off, AP Excise constable results, AP police constable Results 2018. If you are searching for AP police result then check the below given article.
AP Police Constable cut off marks 2018: The cut off marks is the scale of marks that is set to pass or fail the student. The cut off list is prepared according to how many candidates appeared for the exam.
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How will you do making sure everything is operating to maximum efficiency? You’ll manage.
As a Facilities Manager, you’ll oversee the services and processes that support the core business of a company. You’ll be involved in both strategic planning and day-to-day operations. Some areas of responsibility include procurement and contract management, building and grounds maintenance, and health and safety. In industrial settings, you’ll find ways to eliminate wastefulness in production processes by devising efficient ways to use workers, machines, materials, information and energy to make a product or provide a service.
In this technology you’ll learn to operate and maintain all the mechanical and electrical systems within various facilities, manage the activities of maintenance personnel, and work with developers on facilities designs and modifications. These skills will help you gain a strong foundation of understanding from supervision to safety, with the ability to tackle an organization’s electrical systems, mechanical repairs and more.
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Historic Context: Roadside Development on Minnesota Trunk Highways, 1920-1960.
Status: Intact, but in poor condition.
Constructed: 1941, by the National Youth Administration. Design attributed to Arthur R. Nichols.
Status: Restored ca. 1995 by MnDOT.
U.S. 65's crossing of the Minnesota/Iowa border is graced by the presence of two historic markers.
The smaller and older of the two is a grave like obelisk commemorating the completion of the Jefferson Highway across Iowa and Minnesota, dedicated by the governors of both states on October 28, 1930. The other more substantial structure is a rustic stone pedestal welcoming motorists to and from Minnesota, installed in 1941 by the National Youth Administration, a New Deal works program administered by the WPA. It was one of 18 stone markers installed on major border crossings around southern Minnesota at around the same time (16 of which survive).
The road past the site is on the same alignment as when it was completed over 80 years ago as the first paved highway between Albert Lea and Mason City, Iowa.
The two markers lie just 100 feet apart from each other on the east side of U.S. 65. There are no formal facilities here, but the lawn around the markers is kept mowed. 813th Ave (Co Rd 106) provides a convenient place to turn off the main highway and park without disrupting traffic. The historic location of the Jefferson Highway (as well as U.S. 65 and State Route 1) lies just to the east (see tour here).
General view of the markers at the state line, looking north from 813th Ave (Co Rd 106). The state keeps the area well maintained and mowed.
Close-up of the "IOWA" side of the Jefferson Highway monument. The monument is missing a few chunks of concrete and exhibits some orange lichen growth.
Minnesota side of the monument.
The "Welcome to Minnesota" marker as restored by MnDOT.
Closer view of the pedestal. The sign and its the wooden beams are replacements (the original sign read "Department of Highways" instead of "10,000 Lakes".) Note the U.S. 65 marker in the background.
South side of the marker with "Visit Again" for motorists leaving Minnesota for Iowa.
Construction Plans: State Project 2404-01, April 26, 1941.
Construction Project Log Record, Control Section 2404.
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There are two outlooks on plants and animals, including birds, derived from the Bible. Primarily, mankind is seen as guardians of all of nature, and therefore, we must act thoughtfully when dealing with animals, such as birds, or other life forms. Humanity is responsible for managing the resources provided by God with wisdom and care. By contrast, the other perspective pertains to the need to conquer all aspects of nature. Several consequences arise because of these almost contrary perspectives. People either choose to protect all wildlife, or they simply do not consider the outcomes of their actions which may impact birds and other animals and plants. A middle-ground may be in conservation efforts, monitored agriculture, and forest preservation. Without question, more awareness by practitioners of the religion takes animals such as birds into consideration.
Dove and Raven: Genesis 8:6-7 and Genesis 8:9-11 – In this biblical account of the great flood, Noah sends forth a raven to find out if the waters had receded, and it did not return. Later, he sent forth a dove for several trips, and it eventually returned with an “olive branch,” according to some versions of the story. The dove let Noah know that there was land available for him to rest his ark and begin rebuilding humanity. Some scholars suggest the returning dove symbolizes the coming of Jesus Christ, who offers mankind an olive branch, symbolizing an opportunity to have peace with God. On the other hand, this story probably contributed to the negative perceptions about ravens in western culture over time.
Dove: Mathew 3:16 – In this Bible verse, Jesus is baptized. The Spirit of God descends upon him. This event is compared to the landing of a “dove” upon Jesus. Jesus Christ is often referred to as the “Dove” in Christian literature. Some scholars trace the association of doves and love back to the Hindu faith.
Sparrows and Swallows: Psalms 84:3, Luke 12:6 and Mathew 10:29-31 – In these Bible verses, the reader is informed that God is observant of all His Creations. We are reminded, in God’s eyes, humanity is more valuable than all animals, including sparrows and swallows. However, the Bible makes readers aware of the idea that because of His love, all creatures have a home and a purpose. Whereas the sparrow represents the idea of the omnipresent and all-knowing God, the swallow symbolizes the resurrection of Jesus Christ because every spring, it reappears.
Which one of these hold a special spiritual significance to you?
None of these have any important meaning to me religiously.
Like Christianity, modern and ancient religions value birds as symbols. For instance, religions of Asia and the Middle East frequently relate birds to the concept of immortality. In fact, some spiritual belief systems even associate birds with the souls of departed individuals in Asia and Native American tribes. Likewise, older African religions equate birds with divinity. Perhaps, many of these recent and old religions suppose birds can communicate more directly with God because they sing and can soar to the “heavens.
The Bahá'í Faith – People who participate in this religious belief system: believe there is a progression of revelation, which is fundamental to the faith. This means prophets came to Earth to bring the message of God to humanity over time. They believe their prophet, Bahaullah, was the last one of these “manifestations” of God to do so. He is sometimes referred to as the “nightingale” by believers. Men and women are equal, like wings of a bird which must work together for success, followers believe. Established in 1863, worshipers in The Bahá'í faith believe in one God, the unity of mankind, and all the religions of the world are fundamentally the same. People who participate in the faith have a deep respect for all nature, including birds.
Wicca –Wicca honors nature and recognizes the “polarity of divinity.” This means the supernatural has both a male and female representation. Established around the 1950’s, the Wicca religion is relatively young, embracing druid, Egyptian, and other pagan faiths. Wiccans may practice magic and create spells; some believing they can transform into animals. They read warnings from such birds as crows, but let their personal experience and wisdom act as a guide. According to European legends, the dove is the only animal which a person practicing one area of the Wiccan faith cannot become.
The phenomenon of incorporating birds into religion has a long history in the cultures of mankind. In fact, a very popular bird was the phoenix – it symbolized long life, good fortune, and creation from destruction in myths. Also, classic Greek mythology portrays the goddess of wisdom, Athena, as an owl. In India, the Dravidians perceive the peacock as a symbol of “Mother Earth.” In addition, the ibis is seen as a representation of the god Thoth in an old Egyptian faith. Indeed, many pagan gods and goddesses were depicted as fowl by many cultures and belief systems before the time of Christ.
Hinduism – Hinduism recognizes animals as sacred and is against the breeding of birds for food. Coincidentally, fowls are an essential part of the faith because of what they mean to worshipers. For instance, Vishnu, the second god of the Hindu triumvirate, is believed to ride an eagle. Vishnu is responsible for restoring balance between evil and good on this planet, and he is believed to have been reincarnated nine times. Also, Kamadeva-the, another god in the faith, rides a dove. He is recognized as the god of love. Having a history dating back to about a thousand years before Christ, Hinduism is a major world religion with no definite founder.
Do you believe we can gather guidance and wisdom from observing birds?
I must agree with you. It's funny: we have crows that come around in flocks and call every so often. Our dogs love it.
I will be viewing your new work in the morning. I'm looking forward to it.
I would have to say the crow or raven have special significance for me, Tim. The crows wake me up every morning reminding me there’s work to do and another opportunity at life. They’re my mindfulness bell.
You, do the same, Ms. Abwilliams. I like creating these types of articles because they hopefully will promote understanding among us all. The world is becoming smaller and smaller and we all must rub elbows together now and then.
We know "cardinals" are just below the pope. (lol) Cardinal in the Catholic church actually came from the Latin word for "bishop," and it supposedly has nothing to do with the bird.
We often see red cardinals coming to our bird feeders outside, but I don't think they want us to do "Hail Mary" or anything like that.
Thanks for your comments, Abwilliams.
I agree, Ms. Dora. Just like there are different types of intellects (mental, social, physical), I believe God gave us an inherit spiritual intellect. He intends for us to learn from His Creations because they all are here for His Glory.
Very interesting article. Learned for the first time about the other-than-Christian views of birds. Yes we can learn from our observation of birds; we should pay attention.
Reverend, your comment is positive and uplifting. Thank you for the encouraging feedback. Thank you for keeping us Christians motivated in your work as well.
Tim, I love the way you described the birds and gave their symbols in the Bible along with the scriptures where they are mentioned. You did an excellent job with your images. I voted in each one of the polls you provided within your article.
Thanks, Sean. I've always believed what you said: the white dove, Our Lord, brought us hope. I appreciate your kind words and thoughts.
My dear Brother Tim, you always have such an excellent way to surprise us! Another perfect article, full of information but most of all, full of love for God's creation and His beings! You know that I share the same love, so I thank you very much for giving to the world this perception. Excellent research! I enjoyed it, and I learned a lot.
My little gift for your effort: What if the raven and the dove in Noah's story are used as symbols of thoughts and their power? After a great disaster -a problem we have faced in life- he thinks about the future. Negative thoughts -the raven- bring more fear and worry. Positive thoughts -the white dove- bring back hope!
This article was inspired by my love of nature and God. I appreciate any positive comments. Thank you for reading, and may your day be peaceful.
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